[B-Greek] IOUDAIOS

Carl W. Conrad cwconrad at artsci.wustl.edu
Thu Jan 29 11:43:49 EST 2004


At 7:09 PM +0300 1/29/04, Iver Larsen wrote:
>> Certainly, what BDAG has done with
>> IOUDAIOS should give one great pause before affirming
>> that "BDAG said it, I believe it and that settles it
>> for me."
>
>Not having the latest edition of BDAG, I am curious as to what changes
>Danker has made to the definitions in BAGD. I see no problem in the BAGD
>definitions, except that the breaking up into 2 senses depending on whether
>it is used as a "real adjective" or as a "noun" is artificial and based on
>how to translate it into English. The word is an adjective which may be used
>substantively with an implicit head noun.

Just to satisfy the curiosity of Iver and others who might want to see what
all the fuss is about and judge to what extent they think that BDAG
mishandles the term IOUDAIOS, I have taken the pains to reproduce the BDAG
article on IOUDAIOS, which it does indeed identify as an adjective that may
be used as a substantive; I hope I've gotten all the Greek characters
satisfactorily transliterated:

IOUDAIOS, AIA, AION (Clearchus, the pupil of Aristotle, fgm. 6 [in Jos., C.
Ap. 1, 179]; Theophr., fgm. 151 W. [WJaeger, Diokles v. Karystos '38,
134-53: Theophrastus and the earliest Gk. report concerning the Judeans or
Jews]; Hecataeus of Abdera [300 BC] : 264 fgm. 25, 28, 2a Jac. [in Diod. S.
1, 28, 2] al.; Polyb.; Diod. S.; Strabo; Plut.; Epict. 1, 11, 12f, al.;
Appian, Syr. 50 §252f, Mithrid. 106 §498, Bell. Civ. 2, 90 §380; Artem. 4,
24 p. 217, 13; Diog. L. 1, 9; OGI 73, 4; 74, 3; 726, 8; CIG 3418; Ramsay,
CB I/2, 538 no. 399b t. no/mon tw×n Ei™oude÷wn [on I. in ins s. RKraemer,
HTR 82, '89, 35-53]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55; 56 [both III BC]; 57 [II BC]; BGU
1079, 25 [41 AD]; PFay 123, 16 [100 AD]; POxy 1189, 9; LXX; TestSol; AscIs
2:7; EpArist; SibOr; Philo, Joseph., Ar., Just., Tat. For a variety of
synonyms s. Schürer III 87-91.). Gener. as description of 'one who
identifies with beliefs, rites, and customs of adherents of Israel's Mosaic
and prophetic tradition' (the standard term in the Mishnah is 'Israelite').
(Since the term 'Judaism' suggests a monolithic entity that fails to take
account of the many varieties of thought and social expression associated
with such adherents, the calque or loanword 'Judean' is used in this and
other entries where I. is treated. Complicating the semantic problem is
the existence side by side of persons who had genealogy on their side and
those who became proselytes [on the latter cp. Cass. Dio 37, 17, 1; 67, 14,
2; 68, 1, 2]; also of adherents of Moses who recognized Jesus as Messiah
[s. Gal 2:13 in 2d below; s. also 2ea] and those who did not do so.
Incalculable harm has been caused by simply glossing I. with 'Jew', for
many readers or auditors of Bible translations do not practice the
historical judgment necessary to distinguish between circumstances and
events of an ancient time and contemporary ethnic-religious-social
realities, with the result that anti-Judaism in the modern sense of the
term is needlessly fostered through biblical texts.)
	1. pert. to being Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to
Mosaic tradition, Judean, as a real adj. (Philo, In Flacc. 29; Jos., Ant.
10, 265) ANHR I. (1 Macc 2:23; 14:33) Judean Ac 10:28; 22:3. ANQRWPOS
21:39. ARCIEREU 19:14. YEUDOPROFHTHS 13:6. EXORKISTAI 19:13. GUNH (Jos.,
Ant. 11, 185) 16:1. CWRA Mk 1:5.-But ghv J 3:22 is to be taken of Judea in
the narrower sense (s. Ioudai÷a 1), and means the Judean countryside in
contrast to the capital city. Of Drusilla, described as OUSA IOUDAIA being
Judean or Jewish, but for the view that IOUDAIOS is here a noun s. 2b.
	2. one who is Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to Mosaic
tradition, a Judean, IOUDAIOS as noun (so predom.). Since Jerusalem sets
the standard for fidelity to Israel's tradition, and since Jerusalem is
located in Judea, I. frequently suggests conformity to Israel's ancestral
belief and practice. In turn, the geographical name provided outsiders with
a term that applied to all, including followers of Jesus, who practiced
customs variously associated with Judea (note the Roman perception Ac 18:15
['Judeans' at Corinth]; 23:28).
	a. (hO J) I. Judean (w. respect to birth, nationality, or cult) J
3:25; (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 57, 5 [II BC] par Ioudai÷ou=from a Judean) 4:9;
18:35; Ac 18:2, 24; 19:34; Ro 1:16; 2:9f, 17, 28f (on the 'genuine' Judean
cp. Epict. 2, 9, 20f TWi ONTI IOUDAIWi . . . LOGWi MEN IOUDAIOI, ERGWi
D'ALLO TI); 10:12; Gal 2:14; 3:28; Col 3:11.-Collective sing. (Thu. 6, 78,
1 hO AQHNAIOS, hO SURAKOSIOS; EpArist 13 oJ Pe÷rshß; B-D-F §139; Rob. 408)
Ro 3:1.
	b. of Drusilla ou¡sa Ioudai÷a being a Judean Ac 24:24, but for the
simple adjectival sense s. 1 end.
	c. (hOI) IOUDAIOI (on the use of the art. B-D-F §262, 1; 3) the
Judeans  hOI FARISAIOI KAI PANTES hOI IOUDAIOI Mk 7:3; TO PASCA TWN
IOUDAIWN J 2:13; cp. 5:1; 6:4; 7:2; hO BASILEUS TWN IOUDAIWN (Appian,
Mithrid. 117 §573 IOUDAIWN BASILEUS ARISTOBOULOS) Mt 2:2; 27:11, 29 (in
these three last pass., IOUDAIOS is used by non-Israelites; Mt's preferred
term is ISRAHL); Mk 15:2 and oft. POLIS TWN IOUDAIWN Lk 23:51; EQNOS TWN
IOUDAIWN Ac 10:22; LAOS TWN IOUDAIWN 12:11. CWRA TWN IOUDAIWN 10:39 (Just.,
A I, 34, 2; cp. A I, 32, 4 hH GH IOUDAIWN). ARCWN TWN IOUDAIWN J 3:1;
SUNAGWGH TWN IOUDAIWN Ac 14:1a. Cp. J 2:6; 4:22; 18:20. IOUDAIOI KAI
hELLHNES (on the combination of the two words s. B-D-F §444, 2: w. te . . .
kai÷) Judeans and Hellenes Ac 14:1b; 18:4; 19:10; 20:21; 1 Cor 1:24; 10:32;
12:13; PtK 2 p. 15, 7; EQNH TE KAI IOUDAIOI.=non-Judeans and Judeans Ac
14:5; cp. ISm 1:2. IOUDAIOI TE KAI PROSHLUTOI Judeans and proselytes Ac
2:11; cp. 13:43; hOI KATA TA EQNH IOUDAIOI the Judeans who live among the
nations (in the Diaspora) 21:21. Judeans and non-Judeans as persecutors of
Christians MPol 12:2; cp. also 13:1; 17:2; 18:1; 1 Th 2:14 (Polytheists,
Jews, and Christians Ar. 2, 1).-Dg 1.-Without the art. (cp. 19:3 FARISAIOI)
Mt 28:15, suggesting that not all 'Judeans' are meant, and without ref. to
Israel, or Jews, as an entity.
	d. a Mosaic adherent who identifies with Jesus Christ Judean Gal
2:13; cp. Ac 21:20 and ea below. On Rv 2:9; 3:9 s. Mussies 195.
	e. in J  IOUDAIOI or 'Judeans' for the most part (for exceptions s.
a and c) constitute two groups
	a. those who in various degrees identify with Jesus and his
teaching J 8:52; 10:19-21; 11:45; 12:11 al.
	b. those who are in opposition to Jesus, with special focus on
hostility emanating from leaders in Jerusalem, center of Israelite belief
and cult; there is no indication that John uses the term in the general
ethnic sense suggested in modern use of the word 'Jew', which covers
diversities of belief and practice that were not envisaged by biblical
writers, who concern themselves with intra-Judean (intra-Israelite)
differences and conflicts: 1:19; 2:18, 20; 5:10, 15f; 6:41, 52 (a debate);
7:1, 11, 13; 9:18, 22; 10:24, 31, 33 (in contrast to the POLLOI from
'beyond the Jordan', 10:40-42, who are certainly Israelites) 11:8; 13:33;
18:14. S. Hdb. exc. on J 1:19 and, fr. another viewpoint, JBelser, TQ 84,
1902, 265ff; WLütgert, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 147ff, Schlatter Festschr.
1922, 137-48; GBoccaccini, Multiple Judaisms: BRev XI/1 '95, 38-41, 46.-J
18:20 affirms that Jesus did not engage in sectarian activity. Further on
anti-Judean feeling in J, s. EGraesser, NTS 11, '64, 74-90; DHare, RSR,
July, '76, 15-22 (lit.); Hdb. exc. on J 1:19; BHHW II 906-11, 901f,
905.-LFeldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World '93.-MLowe, Who Were
the IOUDAIOI?: NovT 18, '76, 101-30; idem Ioudaiˆoi of the Apocrypha [NT]:
NovT 23, '81, 56-90; UvonWahlde, The Johannine 'Jews'-A Critical Survey:
NTS 28, '82, 33-60; JAshton, ibid. 27, '85, 40-75 (J).-For impact of
IOUDAIOI on gentiles s. ESmallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule fr. Pompey to
Diocletian '81; SCohen, Crossing the Boundary and Becoming a Jew: HTR 82,
'89, 13-33; PvanderHorst, NedTTs 43, '89, 106-21 (c. 200 AD); PSchäfer,
Judeophobia, Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World '97.-On the
whole word s. ÔIsrah/l end. For IOUDAIOI in ins s. SEG XXXIX, 1839. M-M.
EDNT. TW.
-- 

Carl W. Conrad
Department of Classics, Washington University (Emeritus)
1989 Grindstaff Road/Burnsville, NC 28714/(828) 675-4243
cwconrad at artsci.wustl.edu
WWW: http://www.ioa.com/~cwconrad/



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