From - Mon Apr 21 19:59:15 2003 X-UIDL: 347345821 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A21B512000AC; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 19:43:23 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 2B8FDB491A; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 19:43:39 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3DFD1B495E for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 19:43:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001636F@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 19:43:19 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 14537 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 19:43:19 -0400 Received: from mail.ncat.org (du132.194.onewest.net) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001636E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 19:43:19 -0400 Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.238]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id h3LNhIx28177 for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 17:43:18 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <20030421175444.4359.qmail@web40510.mail.yahoo.com> <002301c30834$4330f770$a103fea9@jeffu9jv0ylyde> <3EA479F6.7020002@intrex.net> <003b01c30848$858f3b90$a103fea9@jeffu9jv0ylyde> <3EA4983C.7020108@intrex.net> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <3EA4832C.BE988C25@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2003 18:47:56 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: colloidal clay and rock phosphate To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -6.6 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347345821 Robert's description of his wife's batch of rice as a substrate to capture and culture beneficial microorganisms living in the forest floor is IM. EM, in contrast, is only made by master brewers. It is a specific set of microbes and microbial brewing process. Yet EM and IM are used in a similar way in terms of spraying on piles of manures, composts, and animal bedding to enhance microbial remediation... or to inoculate soils and plants with beneficial microbes, bioactive substances, and liquid nutrients. Steve Diver > From - Mon Apr 21 12:45:56 2003 X-UIDL: 347345766 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A11B719F00A0; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:15 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 0FE81B48B6; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:27 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C8C12B4925 for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:26 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id F30242003D; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:11 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from mail.ncat.org (unknown [65.19.194.132]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id EDBB52003A for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.238]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id h3LFf7x18770 for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 09:41:08 -0600 Message-ID: <3EA41228.1FE9BB6B@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2003 10:45:44 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Subject: [permaculture] BioImages - Virtual Field-Guide (UK) X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.1 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347345766 BioImages - Virtual Field-Guide (UK) | BioImages.org.uk http://www.bioimages.org.uk/ 3,187 Taxa 30,113 Images "BioImages (VFG-UK) is programmatically built from a 4th Dimension Database." Another database example with lots of plants, insects, and life form photos. The author made extensive use of a digitial camera to collect photo images of field specimans, as well as a flatbed scanner to compile "herbarium" samples of leaves and flowers and mushrooms in digital color. Shortcut to Taxonomy / Phyla / Database fields. http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/SHORTCUT.HTM Regards, Steve Diver _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Mon Apr 21 12:45:56 2003 X-UIDL: 347345766 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A11B719F00A0; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:15 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 0FE81B48B6; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:27 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C8C12B4925 for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:26 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id F30242003D; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:11 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from mail.ncat.org (unknown [65.19.194.132]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id EDBB52003A for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 11:41:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.238]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id h3LFf7x18770 for ; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 09:41:08 -0600 Message-ID: <3EA41228.1FE9BB6B@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2003 10:45:44 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Subject: [permaculture] BioImages - Virtual Field-Guide (UK) X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.1 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347345766 BioImages - Virtual Field-Guide (UK) | BioImages.org.uk http://www.bioimages.org.uk/ 3,187 Taxa 30,113 Images "BioImages (VFG-UK) is programmatically built from a 4th Dimension Database." Another database example with lots of plants, insects, and life form photos. The author made extensive use of a digitial camera to collect photo images of field specimans, as well as a flatbed scanner to compile "herbarium" samples of leaves and flowers and mushrooms in digital color. Shortcut to Taxonomy / Phyla / Database fields. http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/SHORTCUT.HTM Regards, Steve Diver _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Sun Apr 27 13:41:39 2003 X-UIDL: 347346125 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A3C8C95A00D6; Sun, 27 Apr 2003 12:22:32 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 4C400B484C; Sun, 27 Apr 2003 12:23:14 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n30.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n30.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.87]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 8906DB4813 for ; Sun, 27 Apr 2003 12:23:13 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3176-1051460548-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.193] by n30.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 27 Apr 2003 16:22:28 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (EGP: mail-8_2_6_6); 27 Apr 2003 16:22:27 -0000 Received: (qmail 62033 invoked from network); 27 Apr 2003 16:22:26 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 27 Apr 2003 16:22:26 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-m08.mx.aol.com) (64.12.136.163) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 27 Apr 2003 16:22:26 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m08.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v34.22.) id r.bb.30bf51c1 (15863) for ; Sun, 27 Apr 2003 12:22:24 -0400 (EDT) Received: from aol.com (mow-m18.webmail.aol.com [64.12.180.134]) by air-id06.mx.aol.com (v93.8) with ESMTP id MAILINID62-3df73eac03c0282; Sun, 27 Apr 2003 12:22:24 -0400 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: <2DABBDCE.4A564EA0.404D8829@aol.com> X-Mailer: Atlas Mailer 2.0 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Sun, 27 Apr 2003 12:22:24 -0400 Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Growing nematodes Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spam-itxsa: -8.2 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347346125 At SFI, we have been working on how to culture nematodes in soil or in compost. Not easy. Doing little plastic bins with different nematodes added to them is hard. Maintaining moisture is the tough part, because you forget to water the material in the bins, and then, guess what? Too dry, nematodes are dead. The bacterial-feeders are relatively much more easy to get going. In Bruce Elliott's worm growing systems, the bacterial-feeders will be maintained, and typically will be enhanced, with time. Mark Sturges' batch culture worm composting system grows some GREAT numbers of bacterial-feeding nematodes, wonderful numbers of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a few fungal-feeding nematodes. But you need an old-growth Doug fir forest to put your worm bins in to get the habitat that he has to grow these critters. Joe Richards worm compost (using a Bruce Elliott composting system) often has decent fungal-feeding nematodes, if I am recalling the data corrrectly. Some of the B&B worm composts we've seen also have good fungal-feeders, with nice bacterial-feeder numbers. We need to get these people on our website, so people know that they exist and have good product to sell. I of course always want more data to know that the good guys are being maintained properly, but that's the scientist in me -must have data! Have data, will teach. Should that be my motto? Please realize that I won't talk about something unless I have data. I'll say when there's no data, but then you cannot know whether I am saying that we have never tested, or the people who paid for the data won't let me talk about the results. Anyway, observation should lead people to the conclusion that the conditions in worm compost are right for most beneficial nematodes. The question becomes only whether they have achieved those condition in their worm compost. Still need data to know for certain. Can we get thermal compost with great beneficial nematodes numbers? We know that thermal compost CAN have good numbers, but so far, not consistently good numbers. But then most thermal composters don't manage their compost with an eye to maintaining good biology. They compost to reduce waste. They have the wrong attitude about the reason they make compost. We worked with Freedom Organics, in New York, and they do thermal composting correctly, with an eye to the biology. If anyone wants help making great thermal compost, they should contact Scott Schiable. I have his phone number if you want to call him and see if you can get his help. Work with the Master Composters in Eugene, OR shows that with small piles, the correct mix of starting materials and turning on time, will result in good numbers of bacterial-feeding, decent numbers of fungal-feeding nematodes, and even ok numbers of predatory nematodes. We're finishing up that work and will hopefully be publishing this data in the not too distant future. So, what is it about worm compost that sets the habitat correct for growing good nematodes? Maintenance of moisture. High numbers of bacteria and fungi (oh yeah, you have to be feeding the worms fungal foods in order to get the fungal-feeding nematodes. Another reason most thermal compost doesn't have decent fungal-feeders - too active or total fungal biomass). The good foods from the worms that support the continued growth of the beneficial species of bacteria and fungi. Modification of the bacterial, fungal and protozoan communities by the worms. Maybe modification of the nematode community as well, but we really don't have enough data on that to say for certain. Again, could thermal compost give us the same thing? Probably, but thermal composters have to compost correctly, with an eye to improving the microbioal populations in the correct fashion first. Large scale operators have to want to make a decent product, not just sell stuff. How do we effect this change? We have to educate the public first. Until thermal composting operations cannot sell their compost because the public refuses to buy it unless the right biology is present, they will not change. In municipal composting operations, the regs will have to be changed first, before the operators will make any change. And until they are forced to do composting correctly, we'll keep getting stinky, smelly "putrefying organic matter" that is sold as "compost". So, start insisting that the person selling you compost show you that the compost has decent biology BEFORE you will buy that compost. Check the SFI website for the composts that DO meet good biological standards. Sorry, a bit of a soapbox here. But you can see it's an issue we need to deal with. Any ideas on how to mobilize this change? Elaine Ingham President, Soil Foodweb Inc. SFI Corvallis, OR SFI Port Jefferson, NY SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands SFI Cambridge, New Zealand www.soilfoodweb.com ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Get A Free Psychic Reading! Your Online Answer To Life's Important Questions. http://us.click.yahoo.com/O10svD/Me7FAA/AG3JAA/0PSxlB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Wed May 07 13:19:01 2003 X-UIDL: 347346814 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id AC1A43B902A8; Wed, 07 May 2003 13:02:18 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id F1DB4B484F; Wed, 7 May 2003 13:02:39 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EF320B47E3 for ; Wed, 7 May 2003 13:02:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00019133@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 7 May 2003 13:02:24 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 18662 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 7 May 2003 13:02:24 -0400 Received: from mail.ncat.org (du132.194.onewest.net) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00019132@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 7 May 2003 13:02:20 -0400 Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.238]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id h47H24P25712 for ; Wed, 7 May 2003 11:02:07 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <3EB93D60.63DC2D0B@ncat.org> Date: Wed, 7 May 2003 12:07:44 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Phytoremediation + arsenic + Rufus Chaney To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347346814 The thread on phytoextraction of arsenic by fern in contaminated soils was on SANET in March 2001. Next, the question arose..... "what is done with these hyper-accumulating plants after they've sequestered heavy metals from contaminated soils and mine spoils"? It was was posed to Dr. Rufus Chaney, scientist for USDA-ARS on heavy metals, bioremediation, phytoremediation, composts, and biosolids. His informative reply was posted back to SANET, so you can just read the web archives. Subject: Phytoextraction of Arsenic with Fern, heavy metal re-use Date: Fri, 2 Mar 2001 21:18:26 -0600 Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0103&L=sanet-mg&P=R2570&I=-3 Rufus Chaney is with the USDA-ARS Laboratory known as Animal Manure and by-Products Laboratory. You can view titles of research projects and papers highlighting Chaney's work at the following websites. Rufus L Chaney USDA-ARS | Animal Manure and by-Products Laboratory http://www.nps.ars.usda.gov/people/people.htm?personid=949 Recent Publications Chaney et al | USDA-ARS | Animal Manure and by-Products Laboratory http://www.anri.barc.usda.gov/ambl/Chaney_pages/ambl_chaneyr_project_pub_P1.htm Publications Chaney et al | USDA-ARS | Animal Manure and by-Products Laboratory http://www.lpsi.barc.usda.gov/ambl/Ambl_publication.htm ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ This Kitchen Gardening article showed data on how much arsenic was found in vegetable garden soils within a few inches away from CCA-treated lumber used to make raised beds, versus arsenic levels in soils further away. This is a good article on this topic. Does Pressure-Treated Wood Belong in Your Garden? Here's the information to help you decide by Ruth Lively Kitchen Gardener magazine #15 http://www.taunton.com/finegardening/pages/g00028.asp ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Popular articles on phytoextraction of arsenic by fern + Rufus Chaney Plants Mop Arsenic Geotimes - Newsmagazine of the Earth Sciences | November 15 2002 http://www.geotimes.org/nov02/WebExtra111502.html Green Cleaners ScienceNow | 31 January 2001 http://bric.postech.ac.kr/science/97now/01_1now/010131c.html ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Technical papers by Rufus Chaney on phytoremediation + remediation + heavy metals. Phytoremediation of Soil Metals Chaney, R.L., M. Malik, Y.M. Li, S.L. Brown, J.S. Angle and A.J.M. Baker. 1997. Current Opinions in Biotechnology 8:279-284. http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/temp/opin_fin.htm In situ Remediation/Reclamation/Restoration of Metals Contaminated Soils using Tailor-Made Biosolids Mixtures. Chaney, R.L., S.L. Brown, J.S. Angle, T.I. Stuczynski, W.L. Daniels, C.L. Henry, G. Siebielec, Y.-M. Li, M. Malik, J.A. Ryan and H. Compton. 2000. In Proc Symposium on Mining, Forest and Land Restoration: The Successful Use of Residuals/Biosolids/Organic Matter for Reclamation Activities (Denver, CO, July 17-20, 2000). Rocky Mountain Water Environment Association, Denver, CO. http://www.rmwea.org/tech_papers/mine_forest_land_2000/Chaney.pdf ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Hazardous Waste Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) | EPA is a key website at EPA for remediation topics, databases, and documentation. http://www.clu-in.org/ The EPA document on arsenic treatment technologies: Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water EPA 542-R-02-004 "This report contains current information on the treatment technologies for wastes and environmental media containing arsenic. It summarizes information on 13 technologies used to treat arsenic, identifies sites and facilities where arsenic treatment has been used, and provides references to more detailed arsenic treatment information... Two technologies discussed in the report address soils, other solids, and water: electrokinetics and phytoremediation." Download Report (2.2MB/PDF) | Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water | EPA 542-R-02-004 http://clu-in.org:80/download/remed/542r02004/arsenic_report.pdf Download Appendix A (367K/PDF) | Literature Search Results http://clu-in.org:80/download/remed/542r02004/arsenic_report_app_a.pdf Download Appendix B (137K/PDF) | | Superfund Sites with Arsenic as a Constituent of Concern http://clu-in.org:80/download/remed/542r02004/arsenic_report_app_b.pdf ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mitch M. Lasat with EPA's Technology Innovation Office has published key documents on phytoremediation of heavy metals. The Use of Plants for the Removal of Toxic Metals from Contaminated Soil Mitch M. Lasat Hazardous Waste Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) | EPA http://www.clu-in.org/download/remed/lasat.pdf Phytoextraction of Metals from Contaminated Soil: A Review of Plants/Soil/Metal Interaction and Assessment of Pertinent Agronomic Issues Mitch M. Lasat Journal of Hazardous Substance Research | 5-1 | Volume Two http://www.engg.ksu.edu/HSRC/JHSR/vol2no5.pdf ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Bioremediation and phytoremediation topics come up now and again, so I just keep track of what Rufus Chaney and EPA put out. Earlier this year I posted a list of phytoremediation resources on the Permaculture list. [permaculture] Re: phytoremediation 28 January 2003 20:43 UTC http://csf.colorado.edu/archive/2003/permaculture/msg00082.html It contains key web-based resources on phytoremediation from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Missouri Botanical Garden. These include introductory fact sheets, technology handbooks, and resource guides. The following Internet seminar was an interesting example of web-based technology; e.g., you can put on a live Internet seminar with Audio and Slides, and then your panel can interact with participants through call-in questions. These slides shows are a fast way to learn about a topic, too. Phytotechnologies: An Internet Seminar | May 15, 2001 Sponsored by ITRC,EPA, BP Amoco, and RTDF http://www.clu-in.org/conf/itrc/phyto_051501/ Content: An online slide show featuring 60 slides and lecture notes; available in HTML and PDF formats. Regards, Steve Diver ATTRA http://attra.ncat.org =================================================== =================================================== From - Fri May 23 00:33:01 2003 X-UIDL: 347347762 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id ABAEBCCF009E; Thu, 22 May 2003 23:55:26 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 10872B49D4; Thu, 22 May 2003 23:56:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.107]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id E0F53B4E79 for ; Thu, 22 May 2003 23:55:14 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3705-1053661980-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.200] by n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 03:53:00 -0000 X-Sender: compostea@yahoo.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 90547 invoked from network); 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m8.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.76) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.183] by n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster From: "Terence Dodge" X-Originating-IP: 216.99.216.225 X-Yahoo-Profile: compostea MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 May 2003 03:52:58 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spam-itxsa: -28.4 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347762 --- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "jery_morgan" wrote: > I think i heard the soil under banannas and bamboo are rich in > beneficial soil life. I think one probably banannas high in bact. > and probably the bamboo high in fungi. does that sound right? Read a note in a bamboo publication that the same species of bamboo in two different but close location one near a stream the other not, had I recollect a bacterial dominance near the stream but somewhat more fungal in the grove away from the stream. Bamboo is a grass and grasses tend to be bacterial"but" depending on the soil (clay, sand, loam mix) a fungal bacterial blend is probably a good guess. Bananas well ask Dr. I, she has worked with banana growers in Australia. ------------------------ Yahoo! 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Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Thu May 22 01:10:38 2003 X-UIDL: 347347731 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id ADF5723D00D4; Wed, 21 May 2003 19:38:29 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 912DAB49BF; Wed, 21 May 2003 19:40:03 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n11.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n11.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.66]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 22DD2B49A8 for ; Wed, 21 May 2003 19:40:02 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3695-1053560306-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.94] by n11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 21 May 2003 23:38:27 -0000 X-Sender: jery_morgan@hotmail.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (EGP: mail-8_2_6_6); 21 May 2003 23:38:25 -0000 Received: (qmail 70923 invoked from network); 21 May 2003 23:38:25 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 21 May 2003 23:38:25 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.77) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 21 May 2003 23:38:25 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.150] by n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 21 May 2003 23:38:24 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <01C31EAB.31D09520.geomouchet@Qnet.com> User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster From: "jery_morgan" X-Originating-IP: 68.6.84.38 X-Yahoo-Profile: jery_morgan MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Wed, 21 May 2003 23:38:24 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spam-itxsa: -28.4 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347731 I think i heard the soil under banannas and bamboo are rich in beneficial soil life. I think one probably banannas high in bact. and probably the bamboo high in fungi. does that sound right? --- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, George and Paulette Mouchet wrote: > I posted this question awhile back and didn't get any response. I'll try again: > > Are there specific plants that attract and support high colonies of beneficial soil organisms? > > Paulette ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Get A Free Psychic Reading! Your Online Answer To Life's Important Questions. http://us.click.yahoo.com/Lj3uPC/Me7FAA/uetFAA/0PSxlB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Fri May 23 00:33:01 2003 X-UIDL: 347347762 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id ABAEBCCF009E; Thu, 22 May 2003 23:55:26 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 10872B49D4; Thu, 22 May 2003 23:56:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.107]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id E0F53B4E79 for ; Thu, 22 May 2003 23:55:14 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3705-1053661980-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.200] by n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 03:53:00 -0000 X-Sender: compostea@yahoo.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 90547 invoked from network); 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m8.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.76) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.183] by n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 03:52:59 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster From: "Terence Dodge" X-Originating-IP: 216.99.216.225 X-Yahoo-Profile: compostea MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 May 2003 03:52:58 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spam-itxsa: -28.4 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347762 --- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "jery_morgan" wrote: > I think i heard the soil under banannas and bamboo are rich in > beneficial soil life. I think one probably banannas high in bact. > and probably the bamboo high in fungi. does that sound right? Read a note in a bamboo publication that the same species of bamboo in two different but close location one near a stream the other not, had I recollect a bacterial dominance near the stream but somewhat more fungal in the grove away from the stream. Bamboo is a grass and grasses tend to be bacterial"but" depending on the soil (clay, sand, loam mix) a fungal bacterial blend is probably a good guess. Bananas well ask Dr. I, she has worked with banana growers in Australia. ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Get A Free Psychic Reading! Your Online Answer To Life's Important Questions. http://us.click.yahoo.com/Lj3uPC/Me7FAA/uetFAA/0PSxlB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Fri May 23 00:54:34 2003 X-UIDL: 347347763 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A42BBE4C009E; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:31:39 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 40D28B496B; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:33:19 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.70]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id D2C12B4911 for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:33:17 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3706-1053664296-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.196] by n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 04:31:36 -0000 X-Sender: lfl@intrex.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 35411 invoked from network); 23 May 2003 04:31:34 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m3.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 May 2003 04:31:34 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO smtp.intrex.net) (209.42.192.250) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 May 2003 04:31:34 -0000 Received: from intrex.net [209.42.230.8] by smtp.intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.13) id A42B12FB00BC; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:31:39 -0400 Message-ID: <3ECDD171.70304@intrex.net> Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.0.2) Gecko/20030208 Netscape/7.02 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com References: X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.230.8] From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." X-Yahoo-Profile: rpshovel MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 May 2003 00:44:49 -0700 Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spam-itxsa: -26.9 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347763 Terence Dodge wrote: > --- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "jery_morgan" wrote: > >>I think i heard the soil under banannas and bamboo are rich in >>beneficial soil life. I think one probably banannas high in bact. >>and probably the bamboo high in fungi. does that sound right? > > > Read a note in a bamboo publication that the same species of bamboo in two different but close location one near a stream the other not, >had I recollect a bacterial dominance near the stream but somewhat more fungal in the grove away from the stream. >Bamboo is a grass and grasses tend to be bacterial"but" depending on the soil (clay, sand, loam mix) a fungal bacterial blend is >probably a good guess. Bananas well ask Dr. I, she has worked with banana growers in Australia. Here's more about that from the sanet-mg list: [a reply to Jeff Lowenfels] -------- Original Message -------- Subject: Re: fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2003 14:13:58 +0000 From: gil carandang Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU jeff, thanks for the information. it is really of great help. currently, we do a lot of experimentations and observations on several vegetable families. we do our own microbial culture using lacto bacilli, forest and bamboo microorganism. apparently, the forest ones are much fungal and the bamboo much bacterial. lactic acid bacteria however is our main workhorse in composting, digestion and arresting foul odors. we do a lot of anaerobic fermentation. in fact, we ferment our materials first before we really compost them. we make special designer compost that includes several diversed materials of which we inoculate with beneficial indigenous microorganisms and add lots of bionutrients we normally extract from herbs. our designer compost we add rice bran and rice hull charcoal aside from microbes and bionutrients. this compost is what we will start using for our compost teas. anaerobic to aerobic? well, let's see. again, thanks. gil [a reply to Elaine Ingham] -------- Original Message -------- Subject: Re: fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 03:12:58 +0000 From: gil carandang Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU dear elaine, i appreciate greatly your response. in fact, you are right. there's a difference between the putrefactive and fermentative processes. putrefactive anaerobic results in real foul stinky smells like sewage. fermentative has much sour but not rotten smell. there are definite subtleties on the smells and experience is our best teacher. some people like the EM people also test the pH. anyway, you definitely can use the yogurt. i however, make our own lacto bacilli in a very simple way. we do a two stage process. we first trap several microbes to its food like carbohydrate and then saturate them (on the second stage) with milk. in this manner, we eliminate the other microbes and keep a pure lacto bacilli culture. we then add another kind of food to keep them alive rather than the customary refrigeration. in the countryside, at least in the philippines, we don't have refrigeration. it is very cheap to produce that it is almost unbelievable. i have a booklet on this process that i distributed at the recent ecofarm conference. anyone who will be interested would simply need to e-mail me at: gil_carandang@hotmail.com. i was also told that lacto bacilli is both anaerobic and aerobic. i guess it is more anaerobic or may we call facultative. lacto bacilli is really a microbial workhorse. it is normally associated with the word probiotics. and in organic agriculture, especially livestock, they use a lot of these and combined with immune booster herbs like aloe vera. again, most of highly nutritious foods are fermented foods. and lots of them are lactic acid fermented. in the same token, the microorganisms that we get from the forest are assumed by natural farmers to be beneficial (as you observe where you get them) and maybe more fungal in association. and the bamboo microorganism we use can be said to be more bacterial for its roots exudates attract a lot of beneficial bacteria. as natural farmers, do i still need tests and counts? probably yes. although most practical farmers will not have to. through our experimentations and observations, we should be able to "see". we natural farmers always believe that if we open our eyes, ears, heart and being to nature, nature will start to unfold its mysteries to us. the ultimate answer to all our agricultural questions lie not on man but on nature herself. as long as we align our methods to the workings of nature, we should be in good position. it is our holistic approach and broader realization and appreciation of nature that will guide us and not discriminating and dichotomized mindsets of the reductionist science. [...] again, thanks. gil carandang herbana farms philippines <><><> -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Get A Free Psychic Reading! Your Online Answer To Life's Important Questions. http://us.click.yahoo.com/Lj3uPC/Me7FAA/uetFAA/0PSxlB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Fri May 23 14:39:44 2003 X-UIDL: 347347781 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A7E259A00C4; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:10:10 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 53A72B4A26; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:11:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.76]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 1E508B4806 for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:11:49 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3710-1053706205-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.95] by n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 16:10:05 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 95863 invoked from network); 23 May 2003 16:10:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m7.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 May 2003 16:10:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-r07.mx.aol.com) (152.163.225.103) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 May 2003 16:10:02 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-r07.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v36.3.) id r.1a7.14a8c961 (3964) for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:09:42 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4@aol.com> To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com X-Mailer: 7.0 for Windows sub 10503 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 May 2003 12:09:40 EDT Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary" X-Spam-itxsa: -1 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347781 --part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Soil under any tree SHOULD be rich in microbial life. But often, it is NOT. Why? The chemicals we have been pouring on the soil. Different "-icides" and salts, otherwise called fertilizers. There is benefit in a fertilizer, true, but potentially a great deal of harm. Concentration is the key factor there. If bananas are healthy, they tend to be in the slightly bacterial to slightly fungal balance of fungi to bacteria. Actually the best banana I know (Ono Farms on Maui) has soil on the fungal side. Not hugely fungal, but on the fungal side. Lactic acid bacteria are not really conducive to growth of fungi, at least what I've seen. Making compost with fermentative bacteria TO START might prevent the putrefactive loss of N, S and P through volatilization, buut once the hot phase of the composting is over, then pushing the right fungi is important. But, yes, indigenous fungal species. Indigenous fermentative species as well. Buying EM or another bacterial inoculum might get things started in the right direction, but then you want to start saving and developing your own inoculum with time. That's the best way to get the species adapted to your local conditions. Get the "good-guy " fungi from soil under trees that are HEALTHY. Deep roots, going deep into the soil, not roots hampered by compaction, anaerobic conditions, and running along the surface of the soil. Elaine President, Soil Foodweb Inc. www.soilfoodweb.com SFI Oregon, USA SFI Australia SFI New York SFI Europe SFI New Zealand "Hope is not a feeling. It is not the belief that things will turn out well, but the conviction that what we are doing makes sense, no matter how things turn out." -- Vaclav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic --part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary Content-Type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Soil under any tree SHOULD be rich in microbial life. 

But often, it is NOT.  Why?  The chemicals we have been pouring on the soil.  Different "-icides" and salts, otherwise called fertilizers.  There is benefit in a fertilizer, true, but potentially a great deal of harm.  Concentration is the key factor there. 

If bananas are healthy, they tend to be in the slightly bacterial to slightly fungal balance of fungi to bacteria.  Actually the best banana I know (Ono Farms on Maui) has soil on the fungal side.  Not hugely fungal, but on the fungal side. 

Lactic acid bacteria are not really conducive to growth of fungi, at least what I've seen.  Making compost with fermentative bacteria TO START might prevent the putrefactive loss of N, S and P through volatilization, buut once the hot phase of the composting is over, then pushing the right fungi is important. 

But, yes, indigenous fungal species.  Indigenous fermentative species as well.  Buying EM or another bacterial inoculum might get things started in the right direction, but then you want to start saving and developing your own inoculum with time.  That's the best way to get the species adapted to your local conditions. 

Get the "good-guy " fungi from soil under trees that are HEALTHY.  Deep roots, going deep into the soil, not roots hampered by compaction, anaerobic conditions, and running along the surface of the soil.

Elaine
President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
www.soilfoodweb.com
SFI Oregon, USA
SFI Australia
SFI New York
SFI Europe
SFI New Zealand

"Hope is not a feeling. It is not the belief that things will turn out well, but the conviction that what we are doing makes sense, no matter how things turn out."   --  Vaclav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic


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--part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary-- From - Fri May 23 00:54:34 2003 X-UIDL: 347347763 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A42BBE4C009E; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:31:39 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 40D28B496B; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:33:19 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.70]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id D2C12B4911 for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:33:17 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3706-1053664296-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.196] by n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 04:31:36 -0000 X-Sender: lfl@intrex.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 35411 invoked from network); 23 May 2003 04:31:34 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m3.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 May 2003 04:31:34 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO smtp.intrex.net) (209.42.192.250) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 May 2003 04:31:34 -0000 Received: from intrex.net [209.42.230.8] by smtp.intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.13) id A42B12FB00BC; Fri, 23 May 2003 00:31:39 -0400 Message-ID: <3ECDD171.70304@intrex.net> Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.0.2) Gecko/20030208 Netscape/7.02 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com References: X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.230.8] From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." X-Yahoo-Profile: rpshovel MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 May 2003 00:44:49 -0700 Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spam-itxsa: -26.9 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347763 Terence Dodge wrote: > --- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "jery_morgan" wrote: > >>I think i heard the soil under banannas and bamboo are rich in >>beneficial soil life. I think one probably banannas high in bact. >>and probably the bamboo high in fungi. does that sound right? > > > Read a note in a bamboo publication that the same species of bamboo in two different but close location one near a stream the other not, >had I recollect a bacterial dominance near the stream but somewhat more fungal in the grove away from the stream. >Bamboo is a grass and grasses tend to be bacterial"but" depending on the soil (clay, sand, loam mix) a fungal bacterial blend is >probably a good guess. Bananas well ask Dr. I, she has worked with banana growers in Australia. Here's more about that from the sanet-mg list: [a reply to Jeff Lowenfels] -------- Original Message -------- Subject: Re: fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2003 14:13:58 +0000 From: gil carandang Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU jeff, thanks for the information. it is really of great help. currently, we do a lot of experimentations and observations on several vegetable families. we do our own microbial culture using lacto bacilli, forest and bamboo microorganism. apparently, the forest ones are much fungal and the bamboo much bacterial. lactic acid bacteria however is our main workhorse in composting, digestion and arresting foul odors. we do a lot of anaerobic fermentation. in fact, we ferment our materials first before we really compost them. we make special designer compost that includes several diversed materials of which we inoculate with beneficial indigenous microorganisms and add lots of bionutrients we normally extract from herbs. our designer compost we add rice bran and rice hull charcoal aside from microbes and bionutrients. this compost is what we will start using for our compost teas. anaerobic to aerobic? well, let's see. again, thanks. gil [a reply to Elaine Ingham] -------- Original Message -------- Subject: Re: fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 03:12:58 +0000 From: gil carandang Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU dear elaine, i appreciate greatly your response. in fact, you are right. there's a difference between the putrefactive and fermentative processes. putrefactive anaerobic results in real foul stinky smells like sewage. fermentative has much sour but not rotten smell. there are definite subtleties on the smells and experience is our best teacher. some people like the EM people also test the pH. anyway, you definitely can use the yogurt. i however, make our own lacto bacilli in a very simple way. we do a two stage process. we first trap several microbes to its food like carbohydrate and then saturate them (on the second stage) with milk. in this manner, we eliminate the other microbes and keep a pure lacto bacilli culture. we then add another kind of food to keep them alive rather than the customary refrigeration. in the countryside, at least in the philippines, we don't have refrigeration. it is very cheap to produce that it is almost unbelievable. i have a booklet on this process that i distributed at the recent ecofarm conference. anyone who will be interested would simply need to e-mail me at: gil_carandang@hotmail.com. i was also told that lacto bacilli is both anaerobic and aerobic. i guess it is more anaerobic or may we call facultative. lacto bacilli is really a microbial workhorse. it is normally associated with the word probiotics. and in organic agriculture, especially livestock, they use a lot of these and combined with immune booster herbs like aloe vera. again, most of highly nutritious foods are fermented foods. and lots of them are lactic acid fermented. in the same token, the microorganisms that we get from the forest are assumed by natural farmers to be beneficial (as you observe where you get them) and maybe more fungal in association. and the bamboo microorganism we use can be said to be more bacterial for its roots exudates attract a lot of beneficial bacteria. as natural farmers, do i still need tests and counts? probably yes. although most practical farmers will not have to. through our experimentations and observations, we should be able to "see". we natural farmers always believe that if we open our eyes, ears, heart and being to nature, nature will start to unfold its mysteries to us. the ultimate answer to all our agricultural questions lie not on man but on nature herself. as long as we align our methods to the workings of nature, we should be in good position. it is our holistic approach and broader realization and appreciation of nature that will guide us and not discriminating and dichotomized mindsets of the reductionist science. [...] again, thanks. gil carandang herbana farms philippines <><><> -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Get A Free Psychic Reading! Your Online Answer To Life's Important Questions. http://us.click.yahoo.com/Lj3uPC/Me7FAA/uetFAA/0PSxlB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Fri May 23 14:39:44 2003 X-UIDL: 347347781 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A7E259A00C4; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:10:10 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 53A72B4A26; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:11:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.76]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 1E508B4806 for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:11:49 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3710-1053706205-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.95] by n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 16:10:05 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 95863 invoked from network); 23 May 2003 16:10:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m7.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 May 2003 16:10:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-r07.mx.aol.com) (152.163.225.103) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 May 2003 16:10:02 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-r07.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v36.3.) id r.1a7.14a8c961 (3964) for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:09:42 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4@aol.com> To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com X-Mailer: 7.0 for Windows sub 10503 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 May 2003 12:09:40 EDT Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary" X-Spam-itxsa: -1 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347781 --part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Soil under any tree SHOULD be rich in microbial life. But often, it is NOT. Why? The chemicals we have been pouring on the soil. Different "-icides" and salts, otherwise called fertilizers. There is benefit in a fertilizer, true, but potentially a great deal of harm. Concentration is the key factor there. If bananas are healthy, they tend to be in the slightly bacterial to slightly fungal balance of fungi to bacteria. Actually the best banana I know (Ono Farms on Maui) has soil on the fungal side. Not hugely fungal, but on the fungal side. Lactic acid bacteria are not really conducive to growth of fungi, at least what I've seen. Making compost with fermentative bacteria TO START might prevent the putrefactive loss of N, S and P through volatilization, buut once the hot phase of the composting is over, then pushing the right fungi is important. But, yes, indigenous fungal species. Indigenous fermentative species as well. Buying EM or another bacterial inoculum might get things started in the right direction, but then you want to start saving and developing your own inoculum with time. That's the best way to get the species adapted to your local conditions. Get the "good-guy " fungi from soil under trees that are HEALTHY. Deep roots, going deep into the soil, not roots hampered by compaction, anaerobic conditions, and running along the surface of the soil. Elaine President, Soil Foodweb Inc. www.soilfoodweb.com SFI Oregon, USA SFI Australia SFI New York SFI Europe SFI New Zealand "Hope is not a feeling. It is not the belief that things will turn out well, but the conviction that what we are doing makes sense, no matter how things turn out." -- Vaclav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic --part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary Content-Type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Soil under any tree SHOULD be rich in microbial life. 

But often, it is NOT.  Why?  The chemicals we have been pouring on the soil.  Different "-icides" and salts, otherwise called fertilizers.  There is benefit in a fertilizer, true, but potentially a great deal of harm.  Concentration is the key factor there. 

If bananas are healthy, they tend to be in the slightly bacterial to slightly fungal balance of fungi to bacteria.  Actually the best banana I know (Ono Farms on Maui) has soil on the fungal side.  Not hugely fungal, but on the fungal side. 

Lactic acid bacteria are not really conducive to growth of fungi, at least what I've seen.  Making compost with fermentative bacteria TO START might prevent the putrefactive loss of N, S and P through volatilization, buut once the hot phase of the composting is over, then pushing the right fungi is important. 

But, yes, indigenous fungal species.  Indigenous fermentative species as well.  Buying EM or another bacterial inoculum might get things started in the right direction, but then you want to start saving and developing your own inoculum with time.  That's the best way to get the species adapted to your local conditions. 

Get the "good-guy " fungi from soil under trees that are HEALTHY.  Deep roots, going deep into the soil, not roots hampered by compaction, anaerobic conditions, and running along the surface of the soil.

Elaine
President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
www.soilfoodweb.com
SFI Oregon, USA
SFI Australia
SFI New York
SFI Europe
SFI New Zealand

"Hope is not a feeling. It is not the belief that things will turn out well, but the conviction that what we are doing makes sense, no matter how things turn out."   --  Vaclav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic


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--part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary-- From - Fri May 23 14:39:44 2003 X-UIDL: 347347781 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A7E259A00C4; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:10:10 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 53A72B4A26; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:11:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.76]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 1E508B4806 for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:11:49 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-3710-1053706205-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.95] by n20.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 May 2003 16:10:05 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 95863 invoked from network); 23 May 2003 16:10:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m7.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 May 2003 16:10:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-r07.mx.aol.com) (152.163.225.103) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 May 2003 16:10:02 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-r07.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v36.3.) id r.1a7.14a8c961 (3964) for ; Fri, 23 May 2003 12:09:42 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4@aol.com> To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com X-Mailer: 7.0 for Windows sub 10503 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 May 2003 12:09:40 EDT Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Re: plants that attract/support microbes? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary" X-Spam-itxsa: -1 X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347781 --part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Soil under any tree SHOULD be rich in microbial life. But often, it is NOT. Why? The chemicals we have been pouring on the soil. Different "-icides" and salts, otherwise called fertilizers. There is benefit in a fertilizer, true, but potentially a great deal of harm. Concentration is the key factor there. If bananas are healthy, they tend to be in the slightly bacterial to slightly fungal balance of fungi to bacteria. Actually the best banana I know (Ono Farms on Maui) has soil on the fungal side. Not hugely fungal, but on the fungal side. Lactic acid bacteria are not really conducive to growth of fungi, at least what I've seen. Making compost with fermentative bacteria TO START might prevent the putrefactive loss of N, S and P through volatilization, buut once the hot phase of the composting is over, then pushing the right fungi is important. But, yes, indigenous fungal species. Indigenous fermentative species as well. Buying EM or another bacterial inoculum might get things started in the right direction, but then you want to start saving and developing your own inoculum with time. That's the best way to get the species adapted to your local conditions. Get the "good-guy " fungi from soil under trees that are HEALTHY. Deep roots, going deep into the soil, not roots hampered by compaction, anaerobic conditions, and running along the surface of the soil. Elaine President, Soil Foodweb Inc. www.soilfoodweb.com SFI Oregon, USA SFI Australia SFI New York SFI Europe SFI New Zealand "Hope is not a feeling. It is not the belief that things will turn out well, but the conviction that what we are doing makes sense, no matter how things turn out." -- Vaclav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic --part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary Content-Type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Soil under any tree SHOULD be rich in microbial life. 

But often, it is NOT.  Why?  The chemicals we have been pouring on the soil.  Different "-icides" and salts, otherwise called fertilizers.  There is benefit in a fertilizer, true, but potentially a great deal of harm.  Concentration is the key factor there. 

If bananas are healthy, they tend to be in the slightly bacterial to slightly fungal balance of fungi to bacteria.  Actually the best banana I know (Ono Farms on Maui) has soil on the fungal side.  Not hugely fungal, but on the fungal side. 

Lactic acid bacteria are not really conducive to growth of fungi, at least what I've seen.  Making compost with fermentative bacteria TO START might prevent the putrefactive loss of N, S and P through volatilization, buut once the hot phase of the composting is over, then pushing the right fungi is important. 

But, yes, indigenous fungal species.  Indigenous fermentative species as well.  Buying EM or another bacterial inoculum might get things started in the right direction, but then you want to start saving and developing your own inoculum with time.  That's the best way to get the species adapted to your local conditions. 

Get the "good-guy " fungi from soil under trees that are HEALTHY.  Deep roots, going deep into the soil, not roots hampered by compaction, anaerobic conditions, and running along the surface of the soil.

Elaine
President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
www.soilfoodweb.com
SFI Oregon, USA
SFI Australia
SFI New York
SFI Europe
SFI New Zealand

"Hope is not a feeling. It is not the belief that things will turn out well, but the conviction that what we are doing makes sense, no matter how things turn out."   --  Vaclav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic


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To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to:
compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com



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--part1_1a7.14a8c961.2bffa1c4_boundary-- From - Sun May 25 21:45:41 2003 X-UIDL: 347347849 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A7B0FA0400BC; Sun, 25 May 2003 14:13:04 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id 919A91EC331; Sun, 25 May 2003 14:13:06 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id BA1071EC524 for ; Sun, 25 May 2003 14:13:05 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001BBFF@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 25 May 2003 14:13:14 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 19074 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 25 May 2003 14:13:14 -0400 Received: from smtp6.mindspring.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001BBFE@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 25 May 2003 14:13:14 -0400 Received: from sdn-ap-019neomahp0425.dialsprint.net ([63.191.97.171] helo=ncat.org) by smtp6.mindspring.com with esmtp (Exim 3.33 #1) id 19JzzL-0001Z4-00; Sun, 25 May 2003 14:12:55 -0400 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:0.9.4) Gecko/20011128 Netscape6/6.2.1 (CPQCA2C02) X-Accept-Language: en-us MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <5.1.0.14.2.20030520110810.0269f250@mail.ofrf.org> <001201c321b8$80240850$01ae1e43@stumpy> Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="------------050302020506010506060303" Message-ID: <3ED107AA.9090501@ncat.org> Date: Sun, 25 May 2003 13:12:58 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: strange brew Comments: To: elijah smith To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -0.8 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347347849 --------------050302020506010506060303 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit It sounds like a nature farming recipe. These include all kinds of on-farm biofertilizers and fermented extracts, made from local biomass sources and biological conversion processes. The red tinge may be a type of photosynthetic bacteria. EM (Effective Microorganism), one of the nature farming microbial tools, has these purple photosynthetic Rhodobacters, and an EM-treated hog-lagoon turned red is a sign of bioconversion. See: Enrichment & Isolation of Purple Non-Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria http://www.splammo.net/bact102/102pnsb.html Sudden Popularity of Soil Based Organisms (SBOs) as Probiotics In: http://www.antioxbrew.com/ What other details and background can you share, Elijah? Regards, Steve Diver ATTRA elijah smith wrote: > > > I need help identifying what sort of anaerobic bacteria we've grown. > Someone gave us a recipe for a sort of tea which is supposed to > "increase the amount of sunlight absorbed" when applied as a foliar > spray. The recipe goes like this: > > > > soak a pile of fish scales in water. Strain the water through red > cinder (we have a lot of this in Hawaii...). Let the water sit in a > full sealed glass jar in the sun. > > > > Well, we did it, and the glass jar sat and say for months and then all > of a sudden turned bright red - which was what was supposed to > happen... we can make more of it by just putting mixing it with clean > water and adding it to more jars; each in turn will turn red after a > bit. > > > > But what is it? Anyone ever heard of this stuff? Does it really > increase sunlight absorption? I though maybe 'cuz it was so red, it > might somehow let the plant intake a different part of the spectrum - > but I'm no scientist, I'm just guessing. > > > > Thanks! > > Elijah > > > --------------050302020506010506060303 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit It sounds like a nature farming recipe.  These include all kinds
of on-farm biofertilizers and fermented extracts, made from
local biomass sources and biological conversion processes.    

The red tinge may be a type of photosynthetic bacteria.  

EM (Effective Microorganism), one of the nature farming
microbial tools, has these purple photosynthetic Rhodobacters,
and an EM-treated hog-lagoon turned red is a sign of bioconversion.  
 
See:

Enrichment & Isolation of Purple Non-Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria
http://www.splammo.net/bact102/102pnsb.html

Sudden Popularity of Soil Based Organisms (SBOs) as Probiotics 
In:
http://www.antioxbrew.com/

What other details and background can you share, Elijah?

Regards,

Steve Diver
ATTRA


elijah smith wrote:
 
I need help identifying what sort of anaerobic bacteria we've grown.  Someone gave us a recipe for a sort of tea which is supposed to "increase the amount of sunlight absorbed" when applied as a foliar spray.  The recipe goes like this:
 
soak a pile of fish scales in water.  Strain the water through red cinder (we have a lot of this in Hawaii...).  Let the water sit in a full sealed glass jar in the sun.
 
Well, we did it, and the glass jar sat and say for months and then all of a sudden turned bright red - which was what was supposed to happen... we can make more of it by just putting mixing it with clean water and adding it to more jars; each in turn will turn red after a bit. 
 
But what is it?  Anyone ever heard of this stuff?  Does it really increase sunlight absorption?  I though maybe 'cuz it was so red, it might somehow let the plant intake a different part of the spectrum - but I'm no scientist, I'm just guessing. 
 
Thanks!
    Elijah
 

--------------050302020506010506060303-- From - Thu May 29 00:45:45 2003 X-UIDL: 347348045 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A2C59A1B026C; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:17 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id C1ED81EC4B9; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:37 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4F5911EC43F for ; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:37 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001C441@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:31 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 21510 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:31 -0400 Received: from mail.ncat.org (du132.194.onewest.net) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001C440@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:30 -0400 Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.238]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id h4T3lEK24224 for ; Wed, 28 May 2003 21:47:14 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <3ED58470.9ADB0E6B@ncat.org> Date: Wed, 28 May 2003 22:54:24 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: IPM - Picturing Impact method + bio-lahang compost decomposer To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347348045 Here are some worthwhile resources for your sustainable toolbox on: *Picturing Impact method for farmer study groups *IPM in Indonesia *Conservation of natural enemies *Insect Zoo *Rice ecosystem IPM *IPM as an entry point for Sustainable Livelihoods *Ecological Foundations to Tropical Rice IPM *Living Soils *Tea IPM Ecological Guide The picturing impact method and the on-farm recipe to make bio-lahang as a compost decomposer led me to these resources. The first item is an article on Farmer Study Groups and Community IPM in Indonesia, from the current issue of LEISA, the magazine on low-external input and sustainable agriculture. A farmer study technique is to loan out cameras so participants take pictures of their fields and farming methods, then come back and label the pictures and share experiences and reflect on the situation under study. Picturing Impact! by John Pontius LEISA / ILEIA | Vol. 19, No. 1 | March 2003 "Learning with Farmer Field Schools" issue http://www.ileia.org//2/19-1/18_21.PDF ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The full report can be viewed online in PDF and DOC: Picturing Impact: Participatory Evaluation of Community IPM in Three West Java Villages Dr. John C. Pontius FAO Regional Community IPM Program International Learning Workshop on Farmer Field Schools (FFS), October 2002, Yogyakarta, Indonesia http://www.eseap.cipotato.org/upward/Events/FFS-Workshop-Yogya2002/02-Pontius.pdf 45-page PDF Picturing Impact: Participatory Evaluation of Community IPM in Three West Java Villages http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Picturing%20Impact/Picturing%20Impact%20top%20page.html Especially see: Chapter 4. Picturing Impact - Main Report 40-page DOC version "The goal of this study was to learn about the impact of Community IPM on poverty in farming communities. The study was carried out by farmers themselves, who took photographs of what they considered to be indicators of impact. The data consists of 84 photographs with captions." The entries on indigenous microbe preparation for "compost decomposers" and plant extracts for pest control remind me of on-farm recipes in nature farming. Excerpts: "The photograph is of a mixture of goat manure, leaves, and 'biolahang' (a decomposer that we make from 'lahang' or sugar palm sap, slices of banana tree trunks, and water). The compost is ripening. Good quality compost needs to ripen for anywhere from a week to 10 days. Biolahang is mixture that we make to speed the ripening process. There are many similar commercial products, but having tested them all against our decomposer, we know that ours is as good as any." - Yakub Syah | page 23 "Our decomposer is made from 'lahang' (sugar palm sap), slices of banana tree trunks, and water. Tirta Bumi tested the decomposer against a product called EMBIO, which is quite expensive. Bio-lahang is the equal of EMBIO. Yakub Syah | page 24 "Spider Gate. One of our efforts is to spread the word about IPM. We built this gate, which we decorated with pictures of spiders, a symbol of the need to conserve natural enemies. You could say that the gate has also become a symbol for our village, which we believe, has become an IPM village. Jarot Indraloka | page 25 "IPM activities have helped farmers to become scientists. This photo is of 'bio-lahang', the decomposer that we created and tested. It's cheap and performs as well as EM4 and EMBIO, which are both very expensive commercial products. If we can make it cheap, why should we buy something expensive? Aos Rosidin | page 30" ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Other resources at this IPM site: Community Integrated Pest Management / formerly FAO Programme for Community IPM in Asia http://www.CommunityIPM.org .From Farmer Field Schools to Community IPM: Ten Years of IPM Training in Asia Editors: John Pontius, Russ Dilts, Andrew Bartlett April 2001 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/10%20Years%20of%20IPM/10Years-Main.htm A detailed description of the development of Farmer Field Schools, including historical context, educational foundations, ecological principles and lessons learned. The document consists of 145 pages with many photographs, boxes and diagrams. To make it easier to download, the document has been split into 8 chapters Especially see: Chapter 3: The IPM Farmer Field School Chapter 6: Ecological Principles Underlying the FFS conservation of beneficial insects, spiders, and snakes ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Toxic Trail - A BBC documentary in the 'Earth Report' series http://www.communityipm.Org/ToxicTrail.htm ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tea IPM Ecological Guide Michael R. Zeiss, Koen den Braber Translated by Tran Thanh Nam Published by CIDSE, April 2001 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/Tea_Eco-Guide.html Especially see: Chapter Three: The Living Soil ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Living Soils: Training Exercises for Integrated Soils Management William Settle, 2000 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Living%20Soils/living%20soils.html 101-pages, tables, diagrams, 31 excercises ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Field Guide on Peanuts http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/PeanutIPMguide.zip See: Chapter 4, Insect Zoo ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Settle, W.H. et al. 1996. Managing Tropical Rice Pests Through Conservation of Generalist Natural Enemies and Alternative Prey. Ecology, 77(7): 1975-1988 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Ecol_settle.pdf 15-page PDF, classic article Mangan, J., and M.S.Mangan 1998. A comparison of two IPM training strategies in China: the importance of concepts or the rice ecosystem for sustainable insect pest management. Agriculture and Human Values 15: 209-221. http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/China-concepts.doc 22-page DOC ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ IPM as an entry point for Sustainable Livelihoods http://www.communityipm.Org/Concepts/sustlive01.htm "never in my wildest dreams did I think that a program about 'bugs' would bring the dawn of democracy and liberation to Indonesian villages" ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Ecological Foundations to Tropical Rice IPM http://www.communityipm.Org/Concepts/ecology01.html A practical guide to the ecological dynamics of the irrigated rice ecosystem, based on the classic paper in Ecology by William Settle in 1996. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Regards, Steve Diver NCAT / ATTRA =================================================== =================================================== From - Thu May 29 00:45:41 2003 X-UIDL: 347348031 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id AA57E96100BA; Wed, 28 May 2003 17:29:59 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id A51C41EC3D1; Wed, 28 May 2003 17:30:15 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AC1BA1EC6D2 for ; Wed, 28 May 2003 17:30:11 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001C3A1@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 28 May 2003 17:30:06 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 21340 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 28 May 2003 17:30:06 -0400 Received: from web21205.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001C3A0@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 28 May 2003 17:30:06 -0400 Received: from [12.31.96.58] by web21205.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Wed, 28 May 2003 14:29:48 PDT MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20030528212948.10604.qmail@web21205.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Wed, 28 May 2003 14:29:48 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Dale Wilson Subject: Re: gmo farming To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <007a01c324a9$a8d1caa0$6c8a7dc2@eircom> Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -1 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347348031 Hello John, > It is my feeling that gmo's are so popular in > the States because farmers worldwide have it very difficult > to make a living whatever they grow or produce. I think that is a big part of it. In the US corn belt, farmers either have to become very large, (thousands of acres), or they have to take an outside job. If one or two people are caring for a thousand acres of soybeans, the Roundup-Ready trait is a logistical Godsend. > GMO was " substantially" equivalent to the normal crop. It was > something that could be grown by the same methods used before and it > still had a flavor of being something new and exithing. That must > have lured many farmers into it for the first time. The seed industry jumped in with input traits (Insect and herbicide resistance) because these things are technically fairly straightforward. Many now believe that introducing *input-trait* GMO's first was a political blunder. The public haven't a clue, and do not care about the trials and tribulations of farmers, and input traits have no value in the larger political marketplace. It would have been better to first introduce traits that the consumer wants, like high vitamins, or better flavor, to help win the political battle over GMO's. Of course, such traits are kind of nebulous for corn and soybeans! (poor corn, poor soybeans, such boring crops, unless one looks closely) > The inertia for moving back to conventional seeds is partly caused > because there are no longer sufficient conventional seeds readilly > available. Naw, I know of people, and whole communities that grow non-GMO crops because they get a premium price. The seed company I am in now (Fielder's Choice) sold plenty of non-GMO seed. This is all market-driven, and I don't believe there is any groundswell away from GMO's. In fact, last year there was serious European Corn Borer pressure, and this has increased sales of Bt corn. Rootworm-resistant corn has just come on the market, and that is increasing demand for GMO seed too. Dale __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Calendar - Free online calendar with sync to Outlook(TM). http://calendar.yahoo.com From - Thu May 29 00:45:45 2003 X-UIDL: 347348045 X-Mozilla-Status: 1001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A2C59A1B026C; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:17 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id C1ED81EC4B9; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:37 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4F5911EC43F for ; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:37 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001C441@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:31 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 21510 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:31 -0400 Received: from mail.ncat.org (du132.194.onewest.net) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001C440@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 28 May 2003 23:47:30 -0400 Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.238]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id h4T3lEK24224 for ; Wed, 28 May 2003 21:47:14 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <3ED58470.9ADB0E6B@ncat.org> Date: Wed, 28 May 2003 22:54:24 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: IPM - Picturing Impact method + bio-lahang compost decomposer To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347348045 Here are some worthwhile resources for your sustainable toolbox on: *Picturing Impact method for farmer study groups *IPM in Indonesia *Conservation of natural enemies *Insect Zoo *Rice ecosystem IPM *IPM as an entry point for Sustainable Livelihoods *Ecological Foundations to Tropical Rice IPM *Living Soils *Tea IPM Ecological Guide The picturing impact method and the on-farm recipe to make bio-lahang as a compost decomposer led me to these resources. The first item is an article on Farmer Study Groups and Community IPM in Indonesia, from the current issue of LEISA, the magazine on low-external input and sustainable agriculture. A farmer study technique is to loan out cameras so participants take pictures of their fields and farming methods, then come back and label the pictures and share experiences and reflect on the situation under study. Picturing Impact! by John Pontius LEISA / ILEIA | Vol. 19, No. 1 | March 2003 "Learning with Farmer Field Schools" issue http://www.ileia.org//2/19-1/18_21.PDF ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The full report can be viewed online in PDF and DOC: Picturing Impact: Participatory Evaluation of Community IPM in Three West Java Villages Dr. John C. Pontius FAO Regional Community IPM Program International Learning Workshop on Farmer Field Schools (FFS), October 2002, Yogyakarta, Indonesia http://www.eseap.cipotato.org/upward/Events/FFS-Workshop-Yogya2002/02-Pontius.pdf 45-page PDF Picturing Impact: Participatory Evaluation of Community IPM in Three West Java Villages http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Picturing%20Impact/Picturing%20Impact%20top%20page.html Especially see: Chapter 4. Picturing Impact - Main Report 40-page DOC version "The goal of this study was to learn about the impact of Community IPM on poverty in farming communities. The study was carried out by farmers themselves, who took photographs of what they considered to be indicators of impact. The data consists of 84 photographs with captions." The entries on indigenous microbe preparation for "compost decomposers" and plant extracts for pest control remind me of on-farm recipes in nature farming. Excerpts: "The photograph is of a mixture of goat manure, leaves, and 'biolahang' (a decomposer that we make from 'lahang' or sugar palm sap, slices of banana tree trunks, and water). The compost is ripening. Good quality compost needs to ripen for anywhere from a week to 10 days. Biolahang is mixture that we make to speed the ripening process. There are many similar commercial products, but having tested them all against our decomposer, we know that ours is as good as any." - Yakub Syah | page 23 "Our decomposer is made from 'lahang' (sugar palm sap), slices of banana tree trunks, and water. Tirta Bumi tested the decomposer against a product called EMBIO, which is quite expensive. Bio-lahang is the equal of EMBIO. Yakub Syah | page 24 "Spider Gate. One of our efforts is to spread the word about IPM. We built this gate, which we decorated with pictures of spiders, a symbol of the need to conserve natural enemies. You could say that the gate has also become a symbol for our village, which we believe, has become an IPM village. Jarot Indraloka | page 25 "IPM activities have helped farmers to become scientists. This photo is of 'bio-lahang', the decomposer that we created and tested. It's cheap and performs as well as EM4 and EMBIO, which are both very expensive commercial products. If we can make it cheap, why should we buy something expensive? Aos Rosidin | page 30" ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Other resources at this IPM site: Community Integrated Pest Management / formerly FAO Programme for Community IPM in Asia http://www.CommunityIPM.org .From Farmer Field Schools to Community IPM: Ten Years of IPM Training in Asia Editors: John Pontius, Russ Dilts, Andrew Bartlett April 2001 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/10%20Years%20of%20IPM/10Years-Main.htm A detailed description of the development of Farmer Field Schools, including historical context, educational foundations, ecological principles and lessons learned. The document consists of 145 pages with many photographs, boxes and diagrams. To make it easier to download, the document has been split into 8 chapters Especially see: Chapter 3: The IPM Farmer Field School Chapter 6: Ecological Principles Underlying the FFS conservation of beneficial insects, spiders, and snakes ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Toxic Trail - A BBC documentary in the 'Earth Report' series http://www.communityipm.Org/ToxicTrail.htm ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tea IPM Ecological Guide Michael R. Zeiss, Koen den Braber Translated by Tran Thanh Nam Published by CIDSE, April 2001 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/Tea_Eco-Guide.html Especially see: Chapter Three: The Living Soil ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Living Soils: Training Exercises for Integrated Soils Management William Settle, 2000 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Living%20Soils/living%20soils.html 101-pages, tables, diagrams, 31 excercises ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Field Guide on Peanuts http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/PeanutIPMguide.zip See: Chapter 4, Insect Zoo ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Settle, W.H. et al. 1996. Managing Tropical Rice Pests Through Conservation of Generalist Natural Enemies and Alternative Prey. Ecology, 77(7): 1975-1988 http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/Ecol_settle.pdf 15-page PDF, classic article Mangan, J., and M.S.Mangan 1998. A comparison of two IPM training strategies in China: the importance of concepts or the rice ecosystem for sustainable insect pest management. Agriculture and Human Values 15: 209-221. http://www.communityipm.Org/docs/China-concepts.doc 22-page DOC ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ IPM as an entry point for Sustainable Livelihoods http://www.communityipm.Org/Concepts/sustlive01.htm "never in my wildest dreams did I think that a program about 'bugs' would bring the dawn of democracy and liberation to Indonesian villages" ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Ecological Foundations to Tropical Rice IPM http://www.communityipm.Org/Concepts/ecology01.html A practical guide to the ecological dynamics of the irrigated rice ecosystem, based on the classic paper in Ecology by William Settle in 1996. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Regards, Steve Diver NCAT / ATTRA =================================================== =================================================== From - Fri May 30 12:13:10 2003 X-UIDL: 347348156 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id AE0C97BC00BC; Fri, 30 May 2003 10:43:24 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id 3B56E1EC565; Fri, 30 May 2003 10:43:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9384B1EC458 for ; Fri, 30 May 2003 10:43:49 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001CAD4@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 30 May 2003 10:43:36 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 23487 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 30 May 2003 10:43:36 -0400 Received: from um-msxproto2.um.umsystem.edu by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0001CAD3@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 30 May 2003 10:43:36 -0400 Received: from UM-EMAIL1.um.umsystem.edu ([207.160.156.131]) by um-msxproto2.um.umsystem.edu with Microsoft SMTPSVC(5.0.2195.6673); Fri, 30 May 2003 09:43:18 -0500 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft Exchange V6.0.6375.0 content-class: urn:content-classes:message MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----_=_NextPart_001_01C326B9.CF17BB93" X-MS-Has-Attach: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: Thread-Topic: Alternatives for failed vermiculture businesses Thread-Index: AcMmXxxyRNcvWLTHSH2f5cXpifISEAAWeLig X-OriginalArrivalTime: 30 May 2003 14:43:18.0345 (UTC) FILETIME=[CF31AB90:01C326B9] Message-ID: <4384FDFD25895C42A5A2B0FD993005110C6CBE@UM-EMAIL1.um.umsystem.edu> Date: Fri, 30 May 2003 09:43:18 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: "Kelly, Debi" Subject: Re: Alternatives for failed vermiculture businesses Comments: cc: "Starbuck, Christopher J." To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 1.4 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-Spam-Prob: 0.000056 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347348156 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------_=_NextPart_001_01C326B9.CF17BB93 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I've had numerous calls concerning B&B going belly up and what were = other options for their worms. Come to find out the owner had a heart = attack and died. His wife no longer wanted to keep the business. =20 =20 At the National Small Farm Trade Show and Conference last November, a = gentleman with B&B came to my exhibit and visited with me about B&B. In = Jan of this year, he sent me a letter saying he had broken off from B&B = and had started his own business. His info is at = http://www.organicsystemsinc.com/ =20 A lady who called my office said she had been talking with CRS about = contracting raising worms. I had not heard of them. Here is their info = http://www.crsnv.com/main.shtml =20 I have no expertise or comments about either of these operations. If = anyone else does or you know of other operations, please pass it along. =20 debi kelly MAC =20 Debi Kelly, Project Manager Missouri Alternatives Center 531 Clark Hall Columbia MO 65211-4423 573-882-1905 (800-433-3704 MO only) 573-884-4336 - fax kellyd@umsystem.edu http://agebb.missouri.edu/mac =20 "There's no need to sustain the farm if there's no family to be = sustained upon it." =20 -----Original Message----- From: CAVM@AOL.COM [mailto:CAVM@AOL.COM] Sent: Thursday, May 29, 2003 10:54 PM To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Subject: Alternatives for failed vermiculture businesses =20 We are preparing a two day series of seminars for the benefit of the = individuals who became involved with the failed B&B Worm business. = Several thousand folks, about 40% farmers, bought into the failed = venture to raise worms for B&B of Oklahoma. Since B&B filed bankruptcy = a few weeks ago these people stand to lose substantial investments. We hoped that Steve Diver and others on this list who have ideas = concerning the options available to these worm farmers would make = suggestions online. Perhaps some would even be willing to speak at or = exhibit at the seminars. In the interest of putting out information in a timely manner we hope to = put something together for as soon as the last weekend of July. Perhaps = a Sunday-Monday seminar in Owensboro, KY. We have about 800 worm = farmers within 100 miles of Owensboro, perhaps more than 1000. If we = consider northern TN, eastern MO, and eastern AR we could easily be = dealing with 2000 individuals. We plan to spend the first day discussing what should have been the = proper worm to raise, what can be done with worms, the value and = marketing of castings, etc. The second day we expect to cover alternatives available to those folks = who decide to get out of worms but want to continue in a self-employment = role using the skills and assets obtained while raising worms. Thank you Cornelius A. Van Milligen Kentucky Enrichment Inc. CAVM@AOL.com www.kentuckyenrichment.com ------_=_NextPart_001_01C326B9.CF17BB93 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

I’ve had numerous calls = concerning B&B going belly up and what were other options for their worms.  Come to find out the owner had = a heart attack and died.  His wife = no longer wanted to keep the business. 

 

At the National Small Farm Trade Show and Conference last November, a gentleman with B&B came to my exhibit = and visited with me about B&B.  = In Jan of this year, he sent me a letter saying he had broken off from = B&B and had started his own business.  = His info is at http://www.organicsystemsinc.c= om/

 

A lady who called my office said she had = been talking with CRS about contracting raising worms.  I had not heard of them.  Here is their info http://www.crsnv.com/main.shtml<= /a>

 

I have no expertise or comments about = either of these operations.  If = anyone else does or you know of other operations, please pass it = along.

 

debi = kelly

MAC

 

Debi Kelly, Project Manager

Missouri Alternatives Center

531 Clark Hall

Columbia MO 65211-4423

573-882-1905 (800-433-3704 MO = only)

573-884-4336 - fax

kellyd@umsystem.edu

http://agebb.missouri.edu/mac

 

"There's no need to sustain the = farm if there's no family to be sustained upon = it."

 

-----Original Message-----
From: CAVM@AOL.COM [mailto:CAVM@AOL.COM]
Sent: Thursday, May 29, = 2003 10:54 PM
To: = SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU
Subject: Alternatives for = failed vermiculture businesses

 

We are preparing a two day series of seminars for the benefit of the = individuals who became involved with the failed B&B Worm business.  Several = thousand folks, about 40% farmers, bought into the failed venture to raise worms = for B&B of Oklahoma.  Since B&B filed bankruptcy a few weeks = ago these people stand to lose substantial investments.

We hoped that Steve Diver and others on this list who have ideas = concerning the options available to these worm farmers would make suggestions = online.  Perhaps some would even be willing to speak at or exhibit at the = seminars.

In the interest of putting out information in a timely manner we hope to = put something together for as soon as the last weekend of July.  = Perhaps a Sunday-Monday seminar in Owensboro, KY.  We have about 800 worm = farmers within 100 miles of Owensboro, perhaps more than 1000.  If we = consider northern TN, eastern MO, and eastern AR we could easily be dealing with = 2000 individuals.

We plan to spend the first day discussing what should have been the = proper worm to raise, what can be done with worms, the value and marketing of = castings, etc.

The second day we expect to cover alternatives available to those folks = who decide to get out of worms but want to continue in a self-employment = role using the skills and assets obtained while raising worms.

Thank you

Cornelius A. Van Milligen
Kentucky Enrichment Inc.
CAVM@AOL.com
www.kentuckyenrichment.com
<= /p>

------_=_NextPart_001_01C326B9.CF17BB93-- From - Thu Jul 03 12:02:05 2003 X-UIDL: 347350484 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A5E193AA008C; Thu, 03 Jul 2003 07:39:13 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id DF2F41EC69E; Thu, 3 Jul 2003 07:41:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6DEAE1EC692 for ; Thu, 3 Jul 2003 07:41:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00020E47@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 3 Jul 2003 7:39:36 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 21448 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 3 Jul 2003 07:39:36 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay7-f30.bay7.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00020E46@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 3 Jul 2003 7:39:36 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Thu, 3 Jul 2003 04:39:09 -0700 Received: from 203.168.19.58 by by7fd.bay7.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Thu, 03 Jul 2003 11:39:09 GMT X-Originating-IP: [203.168.19.58] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 03 Jul 2003 11:39:09.0618 (UTC) FILETIME=[B7AF3920:01C34157] Message-ID: Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2003 11:39:09 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Fwd: [SANET-MG] Technology Culture of Indigenous Microorganisms To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -0.3 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-Spam-Prob: 0.014414 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347350484 hi all! i will be lecturing on the technology culture of beneficial indigenous microorganisms and bionutrients this july 11 at ISEES univ. of minnesota in st. paul for the organic aquaculture workshop. and in august 24, 2003, will also be doing one at solfest in hopland, california. ecofarm association of watsonville, california is hooking me up to conduct seminars and workshops on the technology while i am in the united states. i will arrive july 10 at st. paul and will leave for manila august 28. i am taking this opportunity to offer this asian natural farming technology that wiill really empower the american farmers. if anyone or group that will be interested to take advantage of my presence in the united states, you can e-mail me. you can organize an hour lecture or a whole day hands-on workshop on the said technology. after st. paul, minnesota, i intend to visit iowa and philadelphia. i also have a plan to visit new mexico. and most of the time, i will be based in santa cruz, california. many thanks folks! gil carandang herbana farms philippines >From: "gil carandang" >To: gil_carandang@hotmail.com >Subject: Fwd: [SANET-MG] Technology Culture of Indigenous Microorganisms >Date: Mon, 28 Apr 2003 17:29:19 +0000 > > > > > > > > >>From: gil carandang >>Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group >> >>To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >>Subject: [SANET-MG] Technology Culture of Indigenous Microorganisms >>Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 16:20:12 +0000 >> >>Hi all! >>Since I mentioned to my e-mail to Dr.. Elaine Ingham about the culture of >>indigenous microorganisms for agriculture, a lot of people have e-mailed >>me >>on the booklet. I am then posting the details on this booklet: >> >>Technology of Culturing Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms and >>Bionutrients for use in Agricultural Crops and Livestock >> >>Last January 23, 2003 Gil Carandang of Herbana Farms, a leading organic >>and >>natural farming advocate from the Philipines and who recently completed >>Apprenticeship in Ecological Horticulture at the University of California >>Santa Cruz, had just conducted a workshop on Indigenous Microorganism: >>Grow >>Your Own at the annual Ecological Farming Conference in Asilomar >>(Monterey, >>California) on full-packed crowd. >> >>Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO): Grow Your Own >>The recent interest in building microorganism populations for fertility >>and >>pathogen control has given many farmers food for thought. Compost teas >>are >>now becoming extremely high in concentrations of beneficial >>microorganisms. >>This interest is not so new in Asian countries, however, where "Nature >>Farming" and "Effective Microorganisms" or EM Technology has been popular >>for years. Buying starter cultures of beneficiaal microorganisms can be >>expensive for farmers. Now a relatively new movement is empowering >>farmers >>with knowledge about culturing, increasing and applying local or >>"indigenous" on-farm beneficial microorganisms. Learn the basic theory >>and >>techniques for growing these farming companions to help increase yields >>and >>reduce problems. >> >>"The best workshop I had in 18 years!" >>- Jim Nelson >> Camp Joy Gardens >> Boulder Creek, California >> >>Learn to culture Lacto Bacilli, the workhorse of the beneficial indigenous >>microorganisms. Lacto Bacilli arrest foul odors and improve digestion, >>nutrient intake. >>-Forest microorganism. Culture diversed, powerful beneficial indigenous >>microorganisms from the forest and apply them to your garden and farm and >>improve soil fertility. >>-Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms produce enzymes and natural >>antibiotic >>that control pathogens like e. coli and salmonella. >>-Bionutrients. Fermented plant extracts to improve soil fertilty, control >>pests and diseases, increase microbial diversity and ecology. >> >>Did you know that you can gather plants in your farm and use them as >>fermented extracts to improve plant growth serving as natural growth >>promotants? >>... and many more! >> >>The booklet on this amazing natural farming technology is now available. >>You can organize your own workshop to learn this Asian Natural Farming >>technology empowering farmers, self-generating their own inputs through >>the >>culture of these Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms and Bionutrients. >>Gil >>Carandang can be reached through e-mail: gil_carandang@hotmail.com >> >> >> >> >>_________________________________________________________________ >>Tired of spam? Get advanced junk mail protection with MSN 8. >>http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail > _________________________________________________________________ The new MSN 8: advanced junk mail protection and 2 months FREE* http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail From - Mon Jul 21 00:11:34 2003 X-UIDL: 347351763 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id ACC0DCE40090; Sun, 20 Jul 2003 19:58:56 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id 13EA61EC622; Sun, 20 Jul 2003 19:59:06 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C9A621EC569 for ; Sun, 20 Jul 2003 19:59:04 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00022E4E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 20 Jul 2003 19:58:46 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 24102 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 20 Jul 2003 19:58:46 -0400 Received: from pony.its.uwo.ca by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00022E4D@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 20 Jul 2003 19:58:45 -0400 Received: from spork.its.uwo.ca (hurdle.its.uwo.ca [129.100.254.76]) by pony.its.uwo.ca (8.12.9/8.12.9) with ESMTP id h6KNwFe6017153 for ; Sun, 20 Jul 2003 19:58:15 -0400 (EDT) Received: from uwo.ca (hs6-8.onemeg.uwo.ca [129.100.6.8]) by spork.its.uwo.ca (8.12.9/8.12.9) with ESMTP id h6KNwEpC029367 for ; Sun, 20 Jul 2003 19:58:14 -0400 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.4) Gecko/20030624 Netscape/7.1 (ax) X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <312084577.20030720175752@gmx.net> Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="------------000404090903090204000506" Message-ID: <3F1B2CAF.1040503@uwo.ca> Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2003 19:58:39 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: joe cummins Subject: Re: spinosad a product of a fungus in organic production? To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <312084577.20030720175752@gmx.net> Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -1.3 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-Spam-Prob: 0.000002 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347351763 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------000404090903090204000506 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-15; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Hello Douglas and Joe Nessim, I am grateful for your valuable comments. I thank Douglas for reminding me that actinomycetes are bacteria and not fungi. Acinomyceters are filamentous spore forming bacteria that tend to hang around a lot with fungi.Actinomycetes make most antibiotics. Years ago when I was a student the actinomycetes were frequently called fungi or undecided but that debate was cleared up a long time ago. Now it is impolite to call actinomycetes fungi. I understand that the spinosad is produced by fermentation and not by chemical synthesis. So long as the insecticide is produced by bacteria it seems artificial do differ it from Bt. Douglas Hinds wrote: >Hello Joe and other saneters following this thread. > >Responding to your reply to Joe Cummins reading whether spinosad is >suitable for use in organic food production: > >JN> Yes, spinosad is very effective. A product called Tracer that >JN> contains 480 gr./liter spinosad is used here in Israel against >JN> the larva of a night moth that attacks dates (Batrachedra >JN> amydraula), and replaced previous conventional pesticides (such >JN> as Dursban) that were being used. > >That is very good to know. It would also be good to know the name of >the fungi which produces the substance found to have antibiotic >activity (which evidently has been named spinodad), so I checked it >out: > > Spinosad gets its name from the microbe that produces it, a > soil-dwelling bacterium called Saccharopolyspora spinosa. > http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/apr00/crop0400.htm > >JN> HOWEVER -- this product has NOT been certified for use in >JN> organic agriculture here, and is not on the lists of approved >JN> materials certified by IFOAM. > >Not having been approved is one thing and having been rejected is >another and very different matter. Perhaps it hasn't been evaluated >yet. If it WAS evaluated and was rejected, on what grounds was that >decision made? > >JN> I've just rechecked their website, and if I'm not mistaken >JN> spinosad does not appear on the list. You can check this at : >JN> http://www.ifoam.org/standard/norms/ibs.pdf > >The word "spinosad" doesn't appear on the IFOAM list nor is it >contained anywhere in the file you mention above. That may suggest >that it hasn't been evaluated. (More on this below). > >JN> I believe the reason for not approving the substance has to do with the >JN> technology behind its production, and not because the agent itself is not >JN> natural.Possibly even uses some sort of genetic engineering, but I'm not >JN> certain about that. > >You are assuming the spinosad was rejected, then. However, that may >not be the case. We need to know that. > >JN> Whether this brand name (Tracer) is equivalent to the products >JN> approved by OMRI is something I don't know. OMRI might also be >JN> less strict than IFOAM. However, since this could possibly have >JN> something to do with your field of expertise, it might benefit >JN> this list if you could find out why spinosad has been approved >JN> by OMRI but not by IFOAM. > >1).- The nature and source of the substance would seem to qualify it > for organic food production, so if in fact it WAS rejected, it > must have been due to some other reason, such as the one you > suggested. (A number of Bt strains HAVE been genetically > modified, for instance - but that wouldn't rule out Bt strains > that weren't). > >2).- No global standards exist for providing organic certification. > Instead, each country (i.e. the USA or Japan) or commercial > block (i.e the European Union) has developed it's own standards > for allowing a product to be marketed as organic. > > In the case of the USA, the Organic Food Production Act (OFPA) > of 1990 (but which took effect only last year), mandates the > need to have organic products certified as such by one of a > number of organic certification agencies accredited by the > USDA. Otherwise (with a few minor exceptions), your product can > not be sold as organic. > > The reverse is also true. If your products have been certified > as organic by any one of a number of organic certification > agencies accredited by the USDA, then your product is organic, > period. > > Where does the IFOAM fit in? It doesn't! In the US organic > market, IFOAM's standards do not determine what is and isn't > organic. Furthermore, a number of the organic certification > agencies accredited by the USDA aren't even members of the > IFOAM. > > So, obviously, you need to know in which market your products > will be sold in before you plant, as well as use methods that > meet the official standards of that particular market, and use > an organic certification agency accredited by the organism > responsible for overseeing that market. > > For someone who ships to various markets, each with similar yet > slightly different standards, it may be wise to choose a method > capable of being certified in any and all of them (such as the > one I suggest below). > >3).- Being able insure the presence of the fungi itself in the soil > and on the plant would seem to me to be a preferable solution, > with inoculated compost and compost tea providing the same (or > perhaps better) results with less cost, along with an added > degree of prevention. Furthermore (unless compost tea is not > permitted), you're much more likely to satisfy the > certification requirements of all major organic markets. > > > >>>From: joe cummins >>>To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >>>Subject: [SANET-MG] spinosad a product of a fungus in organic production? >>>Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2003 13:08:28 -0400 >>> >>>An antibiotic product of a fungus, Spinosad, is providing effective >>>insect control. Is this product suitable for use in organic food >>>production? I do not know the answer and look forward to opinion from >>>organic gardeners. >>> >>> > > > >>>jc >>> >>> > >Douglas Hinds >Centro para el Desarrollo Comunitario y Rural (CeDeCoR), A.C. >(Center for Community and Rural Development, a non-profit organization), > >Coordinador Nacional para Producción Organica, >Confederacion Nacional de Propietarios Rurales > >Dir. Gral de Proyectos Especiales, >Consejo Suprema Nacional Indigena > >All in Mexico > >Also: Chair of the Working Group on Organic Pineapple of the >International Society for Horticultural Science and Consultant for >the FAO group formed to draft a Technical Manual on Organic >Pineapple Production > >-- > >******************************************************** > >To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: >1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; >2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > >Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html > > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html --------------000404090903090204000506 Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-15 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Hello Douglas and Joe Nessim,
I am grateful for your valuable comments.
I thank Douglas for reminding me that actinomycetes are bacteria and not fungi. Acinomyceters are filamentous spore forming bacteria that tend to hang around a lot with fungi.Actinomycetes make most antibiotics. Years ago when I was a student the actinomycetes were frequently called fungi or undecided but that debate was cleared up a long time ago. Now it is impolite to call actinomycetes fungi.
I understand that the spinosad is produced by fermentation and not by chemical synthesis. So long as the insecticide is produced by bacteria it seems artificial do differ it from Bt.

Douglas Hinds wrote:
Hello Joe and other saneters following this thread.

Responding to your reply to Joe Cummins reading whether spinosad is
suitable for use in organic food production:

JN> Yes, spinosad is very effective. A product called Tracer that
JN> contains 480 gr./liter spinosad is used here in Israel against
JN> the larva of a night moth that attacks dates (Batrachedra
JN> amydraula), and replaced previous conventional pesticides (such
JN> as Dursban) that were being used.

That is very good to know. It would also be good to know the name of
the fungi which produces the substance found to have antibiotic
activity (which evidently has been named spinodad), so I checked it
out:

  Spinosad gets its name from the microbe that produces it, a
  soil-dwelling bacterium called Saccharopolyspora spinosa.
  http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/apr00/crop0400.htm

JN> HOWEVER -- this product has NOT been certified for use in
JN> organic agriculture here, and is not on the lists of approved
JN> materials certified by IFOAM.

Not having been approved is one thing and having been rejected is
another and very different matter. Perhaps it hasn't been evaluated
yet. If it WAS evaluated and was rejected, on what grounds was that
decision made?

JN> I've just rechecked their website, and if I'm not mistaken
JN> spinosad does not appear on the list. You can check this at :
JN> http://www.ifoam.org/standard/norms/ibs.pdf

The word "spinosad" doesn't appear on the IFOAM list nor is it
contained anywhere in the file you mention above. That may suggest
that it hasn't been evaluated. (More on this below).

JN>   I believe the reason for not approving the substance has to do with the
JN> technology behind its production, and not because the agent itself is not
JN> natural.Possibly even uses some sort of genetic engineering, but I'm not
JN> certain about that.

You are assuming the spinosad was rejected, then. However, that may
not be the case. We need to know that.

JN> Whether this brand name (Tracer) is equivalent to the products
JN> approved by OMRI is something I don't know. OMRI might also be
JN> less strict than IFOAM. However, since this could possibly have
JN> something to do with your field of expertise, it might benefit
JN> this list if you could find out why spinosad has been approved
JN> by OMRI but not by IFOAM.

1).- The nature and source of the substance would seem to qualify it
     for organic food production, so if in fact it WAS rejected, it
     must have been due to some other reason, such as the one you
     suggested. (A number of Bt strains HAVE been genetically
     modified, for instance - but that wouldn't rule out Bt strains
     that weren't).

2).- No global standards exist for providing organic certification.
     Instead, each country (i.e. the USA or Japan) or commercial
     block (i.e the European Union) has developed it's own standards
     for  allowing a product to be marketed as organic.

     In the case of the USA, the Organic Food Production Act (OFPA)
     of 1990 (but which took effect only last year), mandates the
     need to have organic products certified as such by one of a
     number of organic certification agencies accredited by the
     USDA. Otherwise (with a few minor exceptions), your product can
     not be sold as organic.

     The reverse is also true. If your products have been certified
     as organic by any one of a number of organic certification
     agencies accredited by the USDA, then your product is organic,
     period.

     Where does the IFOAM fit in? It doesn't! In the US organic
     market, IFOAM's standards do not determine what is and isn't
     organic. Furthermore, a number of the organic certification
     agencies accredited by the USDA aren't even members of the
     IFOAM.

     So, obviously, you need to know in which market your products
     will be sold in before you plant, as well as use methods that
     meet the official standards of that particular market, and use
     an organic certification agency accredited by the organism
     responsible for overseeing that market.

     For someone who ships to various markets, each with similar yet
     slightly different standards, it may be wise to choose a method
     capable of being certified in any and all of them (such as the
     one I suggest below).

3).- Being able insure the presence of the fungi itself in the soil
     and on the plant would seem to me to be a preferable solution,
     with inoculated compost and compost tea providing the same (or
     perhaps better) results with less cost, along with an added
     degree of prevention. Furthermore (unless compost tea is not
     permitted), you're much more likely to satisfy the
     certification requirements of all major organic markets.

  
From: joe cummins <jcummins@UWO.CA>
To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU
Subject: [SANET-MG] spinosad a product of a fungus in organic production?
Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2003 13:08:28 -0400

An antibiotic product of  a fungus, Spinosad, is providing effective
insect control. Is this product suitable for  use in organic food
production? I do not know the answer and look forward to opinion from
organic gardeners.
      

  
jc
      

Douglas Hinds
Centro para el Desarrollo Comunitario y Rural (CeDeCoR), A.C.
(Center for Community and Rural Development, a non-profit organization),

Coordinador Nacional para Producción Organica,
Confederacion Nacional de Propietarios Rurales

Dir. Gral de Proyectos Especiales,
Consejo Suprema Nacional Indigena

All in Mexico

Also: Chair of the Working Group on Organic Pineapple of the
International Society for Horticultural Science and Consultant for
the FAO group formed to draft a Technical Manual on Organic
Pineapple Production

--

********************************************************

To unsubscribe from SANET-MG:
1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or;
2- Send a message to <listserv@sare.org> from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message.

Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html
  

&NBSP;

*****************************************************

To unsubscribe from SANET-MG:

1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or;

2- Send a message to mailto:listserv@sare.org from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message.

&NBSP;

Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html

&NBSP;

--------------000404090903090204000506-- From - Wed Jul 30 12:36:05 2003 X-UIDL: 347352515 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id AB21A9970062; Wed, 30 Jul 2003 11:58:25 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id 5D4271ECFF1; Wed, 30 Jul 2003 11:47:15 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C56981ECE49 for ; Wed, 30 Jul 2003 11:47:14 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id EE65A200B0; Wed, 30 Jul 2003 11:45:39 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from mail.ncat.org (unknown [65.19.194.132]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 64B0B20088 for ; Wed, 30 Jul 2003 11:45:37 -0400 (EDT) Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.84]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id h6UFjdd26060 for ; Wed, 30 Jul 2003 09:45:39 -0600 Message-ID: <3F27E829.2030700@ncat.org> Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2003 10:45:45 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Subject: [permaculture] Re: Permaculture contacts in or near Bombay India X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.2 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-Spam-Prob: 0.014414 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347352515 Hi Debra - Your web page is beautiful and inspiring. A yurt is a nice abode. I can provide some contacts for India, but let me get back later with details. E.g., Pune, India.... which is about 4 hours away from Bombay/Mumbai by bus, is home to a half dozen institutes and organizations developing and promoting vermicomposting / vermiculture. See: [permaculture] Vermicompost + Cuba + India 30 May 2002 http://csf.colorado.edu/archive/2002/permaculture/msg01124.html E.g., Near Bombay you have the state of Gujarat. The Bombay- Gujarat region is where Swadhyaya movement is centered. Led by teacher Pandurang Shrastri Athavale, the Swadhyaya movement is keen on plant-based pest control, vermicomposting, organic farming, alternative crops, water well recharge, and related green technologies. It promotes the ancient teachings of India -- the Vedas and Upanishads -- as a framework for modern living and re-integration following cultural displacement by European colonialism. It promotes villagers working and eating together on volunteer farms, also learning these green technologies -- Hindus, Muslims, and Christains working together -- who then take these appropriate technologies back to their villages and teach. When you consider that every one of the 19,000 villages in Gujarat has been visited by Swadhyaya, and you observe how it teaches, it becomes apparent that Swadhyaya is one of the most powerful appropriate technology dissimenation programs in the world. Organic organic farming and biodynamic farming in India is growing by leaps and bounds. The climate is amenable to polyculture food plants extraordinairre, and good quality cow dung is available for good quality BD preprations like BD 500, Cow Patty Pit (CPP), BD compost, vermicompost. Here is my biblio on Plants and Agriculture of India, which you may find helpful: Selected Bibliography on the Useful Plants and Agriculture of India http://www.ipa.net/~steved/plants-india.html Regards, Steve Diver steved@ncat.org ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Title: Permaculture contacts in or near Bombay India Ill be traveling to Bombay India the December to attend a friends wedding. Afterwards, Ill have a couple weeks to explore some of my interests. Does anyone know of permaculture / ecological building and or interesting organic garden projects in or near the Bombay area that we could visit? Thanks Much, Debra Amerson, MA Business Artist & Plantscape Designer Plantris Healthy Habitats With Plants & Art Voice 415.267.7606 Fax 415.488.1564 debra@plantris.com http://www.plantris.com ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Sat Aug 02 14:03:01 2003 X-UIDL: 347352705 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A2B998E023C; Sat, 02 Aug 2003 13:19:53 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id C08791EE7BB; Sat, 2 Aug 2003 11:07:14 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 1D5AF1F0281 for ; Sat, 2 Aug 2003 10:33:32 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0002494A@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 2 Aug 2003 10:32:14 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 21670 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 2 Aug 2003 10:32:14 -0400 Received: from priv-edtnes61.telusplanet.net (outbound01.telus.net) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00024949@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 2 Aug 2003 10:32:14 -0400 Received: from x4s0z7 ([207.6.52.152]) by priv-edtnes61.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.5.01.05.17 201-253-122-126-117-20021021) with SMTP id <20030802143140.TUBJ20544.priv-edtnes61.telusplanet.net@x4s0z7> for ; Sat, 2 Aug 2003 08:31:40 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2910.0) X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.2615.200 Importance: Normal Message-ID: Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2003 07:31:47 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Rochelle Subject: let the soil work for us - now available online To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -0.4 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-Spam-Prob: 0.014414 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347352705 “Let the soil work for us” by Elliott, E. T. and Coleman, D. C. the Ecological Bulletin article Joel Gruver has referenced more than once on SANET is now posted at http://www.certifiedorganic.bc.ca/rcbtoa/training/soil-article.html Would like to express my appreciation to David Coleman, Ecological Bulletin, Mary Gold (AFSIC) and Joel Gruver who each helped bring this to fruition. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Rochelle Eisen COABC's Cyber-Help Coordinator Site 48 RR3 C7 Summerland BC Canada V0H 1Z0 250.494.7980 (p) 250.494.7985 (f) Cyber-Help For Organic Farmers http://www.certifiedorganic.bc.ca/rcbtoa Subscribe to our Cyber-Help Newsletter mailto:cyber-help@jnweb.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Sun Sep 21 10:50:57 2003 X-UIDL: 347355843 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A78A95C90040; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 01:30:50 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id 9BE6E1EC53A; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 01:32:41 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 1D9671EC4B9 for ; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 01:32:41 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0CB482003E; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 01:30:37 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from omta08.mta.everyone.net (sitemail3.everyone.net [216.200.145.37]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id CAD402003E for ; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 01:30:34 -0400 (EDT) Received: from sitemail.everyone.net (unknown [216.200.145.29]) by omta08.mta.everyone.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 36A6641FDF for ; Sat, 20 Sep 2003 22:30:34 -0700 (PDT) Received: by sitemail.everyone.net (Postfix, from userid 99) id EE88743DE; Sat, 20 Sep 2003 22:30:33 -0700 (PDT) Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----------=_1064122233-24290-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary Mime-Version: 1.0 X-Mailer: MIME-tools 5.41 (Entity 5.404) Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2003 22:30:33 -0700 (PDT) From: liion sastar To: "Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts" Subject: Re: [compostteas] e. coli suppression X-Originating-Ip: [4.41.84.101] Message-Id: <20030921053033.EE88743DE@sitemail.everyone.net> X-BeenThere: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.2 Precedence: list Reply-To: "Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts" List-Id: Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Spam-itxsa: 1.3 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347355843 This is a multi-part message in MIME format... ------------=_1064122233-24290-1 Content-Type: text/plain Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit suppression is by what is known as "eco-sterilizing". there is a finite amount of space within any solution, that is its holding capacity for life. if you fill all of the spaces with probiotic life forms, there with be no available room for pathogenic forms to live. both forms take to different environments to live. most pathogens thrive in anaerobic conditions, that is why compost teas must have an air pump. any space within the solution that become less than oxygenated would have the possibility to become breeding grounds for the pathogens. em, effective microorganism, is a collection of probiotic forms that work in an anaerobic environ. these are reported to inhibit not so friendly forms as well as use them as food. check out soilfoodweb.com... some leaders in the information revolution --- "nafiisa sobratee" wrote: _____________________________________________________________ Learn about the power of raw foods at ---> http://www.rawfoods.com ------------=_1064122233-24290-1 Content-Type: message/rfc822 Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary Mime-Version: 1.0 X-Mailer: MIME-tools 5.41 (Entity 5.404) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by imta14.mta.everyone.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8DB15185807 for ; Thu, 11 Sep 2003 22:17:08 -0700 (PDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id D20012002F; Fri, 12 Sep 2003 01:17:06 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from hotmail.com (law10-f74.law10.hotmail.com [64.4.15.74]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id C7BFB20016 for ; Fri, 12 Sep 2003 01:17:04 -0400 (EDT) Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Thu, 11 Sep 2003 22:17:04 -0700 Received: from 202.123.10.241 by lw10fd.law10.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Fri, 12 Sep 2003 05:17:03 GMT X-Originating-IP: [202.123.10.241] X-Originating-Email: [nafiisas@hotmail.com] From: "nafiisa sobratee" To: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 05:17:03 +0000 Mime-Version: 1.0 Message-ID: X-OriginalArrivalTime: 12 Sep 2003 05:17:04.0227 (UTC) FILETIME=[1A6A6B30:01C378ED] Subject: [compostteas] e. coli suppression X-BeenThere: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.2 Precedence: list Reply-To: "Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts" List-Id: Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="===============70961742176905407==" Sender: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org --===============70961742176905407== Content-Type: text/html

dear members

could somebody explain to me the mechanism of pathogen suppresion in compost, especially with reference to e. coli, fecal streptococcus.

I would also appreciate if i could be informed about any website, treating such info.

Nafiisa



Add photos to your messages with MSN 8. Get 2 months FREE*. --===============70961742176905407== Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline _______________________________________________ compostteas mailing list compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/compostteas --===============70961742176905407==-- ------------=_1064122233-24290-1 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline _______________________________________________ compostteas mailing list compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/compostteas ------------=_1064122233-24290-1-- From - Sun Sep 21 17:36:16 2003 X-UIDL: 347355875 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A8AC7AE0002C; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 16:23:08 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id EBA8C1EC656; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 16:24:59 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 938701EC64B for ; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 16:24:59 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 76D9C2002E; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 16:22:52 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from cornell.edu (cornell.edu [132.236.56.6]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6F1D82002E for ; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 16:22:51 -0400 (EDT) Received: from KIWIBEAN.cornell.edu ([132.236.142.28]) by cornell.edu (8.9.3p2/8.9.3) with ESMTP id QAA06209 for ; Sun, 21 Sep 2003 16:22:49 -0400 (EDT) Message-Id: <5.2.1.1.2.20030921155838.02caec78@postoffice8.mail.cornell.edu> X-Sender: alh54@postoffice8.mail.cornell.edu (Unverified) X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 5.2.1 Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2003 16:22:50 -0400 To: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org From: allisonhornor Mime-Version: 1.0 Subject: [compostteas] E. coli and compost teas X-BeenThere: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.2 Precedence: list Reply-To: "Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts" List-Id: Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="===============60557676996516752==" Sender: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Spam-itxsa: 2.8 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347355875 --===============60557676996516752== Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="=====================_2487897==.ALT" --=====================_2487897==.ALT Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; format=flowed Just a note about Nafiisa Sobratee's message...E. coli are facultative aerobes, which means that they prefer to live in anaerobic environments, but can live and reproduce very well in aerobic environments. In fact, when scientists work with E. coli in the laboratory, we use aerobic conditions. There is some evidence and preliminary data that human pathogens are not a significant concern in compost tea if they are not present in the compost used to brew the tea, but there have been no articles published in peer reviewed scientific journals on this topic. Remember also that E. coli are soil microorganisms and live in many soil environments. There are many different strains of E. coli, some that are harmless to humans, some that are mildly pathogenic and some, like E. coli 0157:H7, that are extremely virulent to humans. I think the more important question to ask is: "are there virulent strains of E. coli in compost tea?" Several different researchers, including myself are working on this topic and at least one paper (from researchers at Soil Foodweb Incorporated) is in the review process and due to be published soon. It will be very interesting to see the results of this research. Currently the use of compost tea is not permitted under the new National Organic Program (USDA Organic) because of concerns about E. coli and other pathogens. Hopefully research in this area will define safe ways to brew and apply compost tea so that this emerging sustainable technology can continue to be used in agricultural systems. Allison Hornor ---------- Allison L. Hornor Graduate Student Department of Crop and Soil Science Cornell University 706 Bradfield Hall (607) 255-3226 ---------- --=====================_2487897==.ALT Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Just a note about Nafiisa Sobratee's message...E. coli are facultative aerobes, which means that they prefer to live in anaerobic environments, but can live and reproduce very well in aerobic environments. In fact, when scientists work with E. coli in the laboratory, we use aerobic conditions. There is some evidence and preliminary data that human pathogens are not a significant concern in compost tea if they are not present in the compost used to brew the tea, but there have been no articles published in peer reviewed scientific journals on this topic. Remember also that E. coli are soil microorganisms and live in many soil environments. There are many different strains of E. coli, some that are harmless to humans, some that are mildly pathogenic and some, like E. coli 0157:H7, that are extremely virulent to humans. I think the more important question to ask is: "are there virulent strains of E. coli in compost tea?" Several different researchers, including myself are working on this topic and at least one paper (from researchers at Soil Foodweb Incorporated) is in the review process and due to be published soon. It will be very interesting to see the results of this research. Currently the use of compost tea is not permitted under the new National Organic Program (USDA Organic) because of concerns about E. coli and other pathogens. Hopefully research in this area will define safe ways to brew and apply compost tea so that this emerging sustainable technology can continue to be used in agricultural systems.

Allison Hornor


Allison= L. Hornor
Graduate Student
Department of Crop and Soil Science
Cornell University
706 Bradfield Hall
(607) 255-3226

--=====================_2487897==.ALT-- --===============60557676996516752== Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline _______________________________________________ compostteas mailing list compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/compostteas --===============60557676996516752==-- From - Thu Oct 02 14:28:53 2003 X-UIDL: 347356683 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A4554B600076; Thu, 02 Oct 2003 13:45:57 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id C19271EC79D; Thu, 2 Oct 2003 12:51:28 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5C81C1EC769 for ; Thu, 2 Oct 2003 12:51:28 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00037955@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 2 Oct 2003 12:49:11 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 38107 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 2 Oct 2003 12:49:11 -0400 Received: from scc031.its.state.nc.us by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00037953@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 2 Oct 2003 12:49:11 -0400 Received: from ncsu.edu ([207.4.153.132]) by scc031.its.state.nc.us (8.12.10/8.12.10/DFR) with ESMTP id h92GmOQL005520; Thu, 2 Oct 2003 12:48:24 -0400 (EDT) X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.76 [en] (Windows NT 5.0; U) X-Accept-Language: en MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Filter-Version: 1.12 (scc031) Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <3F7C5686.84554B66@ncsu.edu> Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2003 12:47:02 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Debbie Roos Organization: NC Cooperative Extension Service Subject: NC workshop on compost and compost tea To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -0.1 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347356683 Enhancing Sustainability Workshop: Compost Teas, Compost, and On-farm Beneficial Microbe Extracts October 20, 2003 Pittsboro, NC The Chatham County Center of North Carolina Cooperative Extension will present a crop production workshop as part of its Enhancing Sustainability Workshop Series on Monday, October 20, from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. in the auditorium of the Agricultural Building in Pittsboro, North Carolina. “Compost Teas, Compost, and On-farm Beneficial Microbe Extracts” will be presented by Steve Diver, a Program Specialist from ATTRA (Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas), the USDA-funded national sustainable agriculture information service of the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) based in Arkansas; Dr. Frank Louws, North Carolina State University Researcher and Extension Plant Pathologist specializing in sustainable disease management for NC growers; and Debbie Roos, Agricultural Extension Agent with North Carolina Cooperative Extension in Chatham County. The program is outlined below. Compost Teas * History of Compost Teas * Types of Compost Teas and Extracts * Components of Compost Teas * Use and Benefits of Compost Teas * Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere Target Sites * Rhizosphere Benefits for Microorganisms * Soil Foodweb Concepts * Compost Teas for Disease Suppression * Mechanisms and Target Pathogens * Compost Tea Production Methods * Brewing Compost Teas * Compost Tea Recipes * Compost Tea Brewing Equipment: Commercial-scale and Home-made * Minimum Standards for Compost * Pathogen Risk Reduction * Compost Tea Use in North Carolina - What Are Farmers Doing? Compost, Humus, and the Living Soil * Soil Foodweb Concepts * Compost Methods * Farm-scale Compost Turners * Compost Quality and Standards * Humified Compost * Mineralization Rate * Using Compost as an Inoculant to Improve Crop Vigor - NC Research Parallel On-farm Extracts and Beneficial Microbe Inoculation Systems * Effective Microorganisms * Indigenous Microorganisms * Biodynamic Preparations * Cow Patty Pit * Fermented Plant Extracts * Purchased Inputs and On-farm Inputs * Alternative Farming Systems Tools: Nature Farming, Biodynamics, BioOrganics * Substrate and Microbial Culture * Benefits of Plant and Compost Extracts The cost of the workshop will be $20 and includes lunch and a comprehensive resource notebook. Pre-registration is required by October 10. Contact Debbie Roos at 919-542-8202 for more information. To register, download a registration form from the Workshop section of the Growing Small Farms website at http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/index.html and mail it with your check to Debbie Roos, PO Box 279, Pittsboro, NC 27312. Hotel information is available upon request. -- Debbie Roos Agricultural Extension Agent, Organic and Sustainable Agriculture North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences North Carolina Cooperative Extension, Chatham County Center Growing Small Farms Website: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/index.html Post Office Box 279 Pittsboro, NC 27312 E-mail: debbie_roos@ncsu.edu Phone: 919.542.8202 FAX: 919.542.8246 ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Thu Oct 16 12:06:43 2003 X-UIDL: 347357431 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A88278A400F8; Thu, 16 Oct 2003 08:01:06 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1004) id 2104D1EC4E8; Thu, 16 Oct 2003 08:01:15 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 47EBD1EC4DE for ; Thu, 16 Oct 2003 08:01:14 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0003AE01@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Oct 2003 8:01:30 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 46352 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 16 Oct 2003 08:01:30 -0400 Received: from terpsi.otenet.gr by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0003ADFF@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Oct 2003 8:01:30 -0400 Received: from [212.205.226.160] (thes530-c160.otenet.gr [212.205.226.160]) by terpsi.otenet.gr (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id h9GC0bE5018639 for ; Thu, 16 Oct 2003 15:00:39 +0300 (EEST) Mime-Version: 1.0 X-Sender: adriane@mail.otenet.gr Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" ; format="flowed" Message-ID: Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2003 15:00:31 +0300 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Christos Vasilikiotis Subject: Agroecology Online - Register by Oct. 24 2003 To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347357431 Agroecology International Course A new international online course on the theory and practice of agroecology and its applications to the design of biodiverse and sustainable agroecosystems is being offered this fall, October 27 - December 12, 2003. REGISTRATION DEADLINE: October 24, 2003 To register, please fill out the course registration form which is available from the course web site (). For further info send e-mail to christos@porfyra.com -- ---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*--- Adriane Vasilikioti Adriane@porfyra.com Thessaloniki, GREECE ++30 2310.829-286 ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html ---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*---*--- From - Wed Nov 05 19:56:15 2003 X-UIDL: 347358771 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A7432DF90076; Wed, 05 Nov 2003 17:18:43 -0500 Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 46E931F3439 for ; Wed, 5 Nov 2003 15:02:48 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0003F097@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 5 Nov 2003 15:03:37 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 66205 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 5 Nov 2003 15:03:37 -0500 Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0003F095@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 5 Nov 2003 15:03:37 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Message-ID: Date: Wed, 5 Nov 2003 15:03:37 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: full throttle To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347358771 Joel - I know you have ideas on where that N is coming from. I'll be interested to hear your thoughts. Microbial biomass, humus complex, N pools, OM pools... protozoan grazing... the whole basis of organic agriculture is based on a holistic system with mutliple components interacting to support a cycle of nutrient availability, growth promotion, and plant protection. We have evidence that microorganisms communicate with plant roots and make nutrients available as the plant needs them, during certain periods of the growing season. Later in the growing season, these same nutrients are not produced by the rhizosphere community. Anyways, mineralization also came up on the U.S. Compost Council list regarding compost mineraliztaion rates. Greg Evanylo at Virginia Tech completed recent SARE research on agronomic rates of compost. He shared ideas and figures on N mineralization from composts, worth bookmarking for future reference. Yet, again, crop response in the field is greater than what compost mineralization rates predict. Interestingly, I'm on the road in Davis, California. This is a very productive agricultural region. The size of the trees and the diversity of plant species to choose from for landscaping and food production is amazing. UC-SAREP at UC-Davis has published helpful papers and publications on organic matter, worms, etc. In my travels, observations on sustainability are striking. How will population growth, resource consumption, fossil fuel reserves, transportation methods and building structures, and global warming effect our lives and our lifestyles in 5, 10, 20, and 50 years? It occurs to me that we may have to look at a lifestyle based on the bicycle and other non-fossil fuel driven transporation, in the next decade or two. This will also be a time when home food production becomes the norm, rather than reliance on shipped-in food and commercial agriculture. I realize this is a bleak picture, but it an impression that is real. How do you support these megatropolis populations with all those cars zooming around, when fossil fuel reserves are predicted to zero out in less than 100 years? Steve Diver NCAT / ATTRA On Wed, 5 Nov 2003 14:07:27 -0500, Joel Gruver wrote: >2 weeks ago I asked several soil scientists with long careers investigating= >nitrogen management to estimate how many lbs of the N taken up by a typical= >NC corn crop comes from the mineralization of organic matter. > >They all estimated 20-40 lbs and presented the following rationale (2% >mineralization of 1% OM (~10 tons of OM in an acre plow layer) with a 5% N >content =E0 20 lbs N). > >They all agreed that : >a 150 bushel/acre corn crop will take up 150-170 lbs/acre of N >150 lbs/acre of fertilizer N is a normal rate >fertilizer uptake efficiency is not likely to exceed 50%. > >I then showed them the following calculation: >total N uptake =96 50% of fertilizer N =3D 75 =96 95 lbs of soil N/acre >and asked them where all this soil N was coming from if organic matter was >only providing 20-40 lbs. > >They all seemed genuinely perplexed=85 as if they had never contemplated th= is >question. > >Joel Gruver >Department of Soil Science >NC State University >919 515 4270 >jgruv@hotmail.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Fri Nov 14 15:35:25 2003 X-UIDL: 368600024 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A2864E98006A; Fri, 14 Nov 2003 14:52:38 -0500 Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2548A1EC57B for ; Fri, 14 Nov 2003 14:52:38 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00041753@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 14 Nov 2003 14:53:29 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 37726 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 14 Nov 2003 14:53:29 -0500 Received: from mta5.srv.hcvlny.cv.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00041751@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 14 Nov 2003 14:53:29 -0500 Received: from Harold (ool-4356fecc.dyn.optonline.net [67.86.254.204]) by mta5.srv.hcvlny.cv.net (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.16 (built May 14 2003)) with SMTP id <0HOC007PYXVM9M@mta5.srv.hcvlny.cv.net> for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 14 Nov 2003 14:52:35 -0500 (EST) MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.6604 (9.0.2911.0) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal Message-ID: Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2003 14:52:36 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: chris reid Subject: Compost Tea Experiences, Questions, and Recommendations To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <200311120736.1ajX3h4BR3NZFl40@penguin> Precedence: list X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368600024 Over the past few months, I've been putting together a document of ideas, experiences and best practices in aerobically active compost tea (AACT) brewing and use, as part of a Yahoo compost tea e-group moderated by Jeff Lowenfels. I use the tea in my landscaping practice, and others use it in gardens, farms, and even some use it for houseplants. The interest and impetus for putting together this document was that it is not easy to gather together the information to brew good tea. Elaine Ingham's Compost Tea Brewing Manual provides a wealth of useful information, but I find there is even more to know than is provided in this pioneering document. As a result of this still-incomplete project, I've now been asked to speak at a local conference on the topic of compost tea. I just began using it last summer, so it is premature to draw public conclusions about my own limited experiences and I think it best and most responsible to function and speak more as a reporter who has spoken to many others about their experiences. So now you have the background. In preparation for the conference talk, I'm interested in hearing from anyone using compost tea in farm, garden, or landscape settings. What has your experience been? What kind of setup, ingredients, and recipes are you using? Have you tested your teas? What are the results - positive and unintended or negative -- that you believe you have observed? What other inputs or practices are you using in the plots where you are using tea? I am clear that some of the information will be anecdotal, other info more documentable. I welcome comments either on or off list. Thanks, Chris Reid ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Thu Nov 20 23:15:24 2003 X-UIDL: 368600637 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AC081C550092; Thu, 20 Nov 2003 22:52:40 -0500 Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 59C5A1EC6D0 for ; Thu, 20 Nov 2003 22:52:39 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000433C5@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 20 Nov 2003 22:53:10 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 41585 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 20 Nov 2003 22:53:09 -0500 Received: from web11207.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000433BA@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 20 Nov 2003 22:53:08 -0500 Received: from [64.165.213.122] by web11207.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Thu, 20 Nov 2003 19:52:13 PST MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20031121035213.31213.qmail@web11207.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Thu, 20 Nov 2003 19:52:13 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Lion Kuntz Subject: Nutrient Quantity, of Nutrient ACCESS? To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368600637 No disrespect to Joel, but several hundred thousand 3rd world farmers have personal hands-on experiences only now beginning to receive agronomic research attention in the USA... http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/moist/Roland.pdf Nutrient Quantity or Nutrient Access? A New Understanding of How to Maintain Soil Fertility in the Tropics By Roland Bunch INTRODUCTION If we are to achieve or maintain high levels of agricultural productivity in the tropics, it is crucial that we properly understand the relationship between nutrients in the soil and crop productivity. This understanding is especially important if we wish to achieve such productivity at the lowest possible costs, both economic and ecological. The thesis of this paper is that the conventional view of the relationship between soil nutrients and crop productivity in the tropics is leading to both damaging agricultural policies and inefficient and damaging farm-level practices. Of prime importance to small-scale farmers worldwide is that this conventional concept results in the consistent recommendation of the use of huge quantities of chemical fertilizers that are biologically unnecessary, economically extravagant and ecologically damaging. The ecological damage caused by chemical fertilizer in its own right is perhaps not that great. Nevertheless, if we include its indirect impact caused by the fact that most small-scale farmers reduce their use of organic matter (o.m.) once they start using chemical fertilizers, the indirect ecological damage brought about by chemical fertilizers in developing world agriculture and ecology is nothing short of breath-taking. The present paper cannot delve deeply into soil chemistry and biology. For a much more in-depth analysis of the chemical and biological issues described herein, the best book at present (unfortunately available only in Spanish and Portuguese) is Ana Primavesi's The Ecological Management of the Soil. (Primavesi) Nevertheless, the present paper will describe, in general, a new conception of the fertility of tropical soils, and then, again very generally, ways in which that theory can be put into practice. It should also be mentioned that much of the theory described in this paper was originally developed by Drs. Artur and Ana Primavesi. Furthermore, the Primavesis' theories have been widely validated by hundreds of thousands of small farmers in southern Brazil with the technical support of people such as Valdemar Hercilio (Salgado) de Freitas, Claudino Monegat and Ademir Calegari. Those of us trying to improve small farmers' productivity owe a deep debt of gratitude to these people. THE CONVENTIONAL CONCEPT OF SOIL FERTILITY Soil fertility is not an easy concept to define, (Cresser) but for the purposes of this paper, we will use the definition of soil fertility presented in Anthony Young's book Agroforestry for Soil Conservation: "soil fertility...is the capacity of soil to support the growth of plants, on a sustained basis, under given conditions of climate and other relevant properties of land." We choose this definition, rather than the much more limited one that takes into account only the soil content of available nutrients, because we agree with Young that the latter definition "leads to a myopic view of soil management, to the neglect of physical and biological properties." (Young) The traditional concept of soil fertility basically maintains that fertility is largely a reflection of the overall quantities or concentration of nutrients in the soil. That is, plant nutrition is to be maximized primarily by ensuring that all the essential nutrients are present in the soil in significant concentrations. Therefore, if a farmer applies sufficiently large amounts of primarily chemical fertilizer, uses the right balance of NPK, and the soil has an acceptable pH and sufficiently high cation exchange capacity (CEC) to hold those nutrients in place, the farmer will have efficiently achieved good soil fertility. The basic idea is that the soil operates like a bank: add more nutrients repeatedly, over a long period of time, and these nutrients will gradually build up, like a savings account, increasing the soil's fertility and therefore crop productivity. Although there are, of course, other factors that must be taken into account, primarily physical and chemical processes like leaching, soil pH, the soil's CEC and nutrient fixation, the basic idea is that the soil acts more or less like a static recipient of nutrients. Thus, the vast majority of the effort and experimentation of these traditional theorists have had to do with overall nutrient levels and their physical movement, mineralization and leaching within the soil profile. For the purposes of this paper, this idea of soil fertility will be called the Nutrient Quantity Concept. The priorities of the adherents of this Concept are seen very clearly in the books they write on the subject of soil properties and management. A typical textbook, based on the Nutrient Quantity Concept--even one dealing with tropical soils-- dedicates three chapters (73 pages) to NPK, while not dedicating even a single chapter to either organic matter (o.m.) or soil biology. (Committee on Tropical Soils) Even a book published as recently as 1997 on soil fertility in Africa dedicates two long chapters (82 pages) to NP, and only a fraction of one chapter (8 pages) to specifically organic inputs. (Buresh) Other factors are mentioned in these publications, but chemical sources and quantities of NPK dominate heavily the entire discussion. A common conclusion drawn from this conception by its proponents as late as 1997 is that in Africa "mineral fertilizers should be at the core of strategies to restore soil fertility and raise crop production." (Quiñones) Another major proponent of this conception wrote in 1994: "Some people say that Africa's food problems can be solved without the application of chemical fertilizers. They're dreaming." (Borlaug) The Financial Times goes on to write that the same author said that, "Sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest use of fertilizer in the world and soil nutrients were so low that other efforts to raise crop productivity would not be successful until fertility was improved." (Borlaug) By "fertility" being "improved," he is referring specifically to the application of chemical fertilizers. First, allow me to include a short explanation for the benefit of the layman. Crops are capable of absorbing some nutrients that exist in the soil at levels of less than 0.2 parts per million, while other nutrients are often difficult to absorb at 100 times that concentration. (Ahn) Thus there is, in fact, little relationship between a plant's physical ability to absorb a nutrient and the nutrient's concentration in the soil. Also, plants do not absorb the various nutrients primarily according to the levels present in the soils, but rather in accordance with the plants' own needs, and in ratios between the nutrients that are relatively stable for each species or variety of plant, regardless of the supply of the nutrient in the soil. Thus, the Nutrient Quantity Concept is really saying that, other conditions being adequate, the growth or productivity of any plant will depend largely on the quantity and availability of the nutrient in the soil that is proportionately least adequate in relation to the total amount of that nutrient necessary for the plant to achieve maximum growth, and that in practice maximum crop growth should be achieved by having large enough reserves of these nutrients in the soil so that adequate quantities of them will exist in available forms. (Cresser) THE INADEQUACIES OF THE NUTRIENT QUANTITY CONCEPT Theoretical Inadequacies of the Concept First, the Nutrient Quantity Concept, in its simplified, "banking" form, is very unrepresentative of what actually happens in the soil. Far more important for productivity than the total quantity of any single nutrient or group of nutrients is the chemical form in which it occurs, the depth in the soil at which it occurs, the kinds and numbers of macro and microorganisms that exist, the presence of soil compaction layers, and the equilibrium that exists between the nutrients, the pH of the soil, its moisture content, its organic matter content, its macro and microorganisms, its texture and structure, etc. Furthermore, these factors constantly impact on each other, creating a very complex and constantly changing environment within the soil, or, more accurately, a constantly changing complex of varying microenvironments within the soil. These factors may make it possible for a plant, in a particular time frame, to access a majority of the total store of a given nutrient in the soil, or much less than 1 % of the total store of that same nutrient. In other words, the same nutrient that is in the same total concentration within two different soils may well be fifty to one hundred times more available to a plant in one of those soils than in the other. Obviously, the total amount of a nutrient in the soil is nowhere near as important in terms of the soil's fertility as is the availability of that nutrient to the plants growing on it. Of course, the body of literature and scientific conclusions that have grown up around the Nutrient Quantity Concept, if taken in its total complexity, admits as much. The data of soil science, as a whole, take into account fairly well the fact that all the above-mentioned factors can affect fertility (although soil science could certainly be a good deal more aware of certain of these factors, especially the biological ones). In fact, quite surprisingly, the science built up around the Nutrient Quantity Concept in no way contradicts the very different conception of what is required to achieve soil fertility that will be described below. Where the advocates of the Nutrient Quantity Concept of soil fertility have apparently gone wrong is in the conclusions they have made about soil fertility, based almost entirely upon only a certain, specific selection of these scientific findings. That is, the experiments, although heavily lop-sided in the dominance of their preoccupation with chemical fertilizers, do not necessarily support the Nutrient Quantity Concept any more than they support the concept presented below. What has apparently happened is that one particular fact has come to totally dominate people's thinking about soil nutrients. This is the fact that, in a uniform soil environment, the larger the total quantities of a nutrient that exist in a given soil, the larger will be the quantity of that nutrient that is in available forms. Even though there is ample proof that in a non-uniform soil, and in countless specific cases, this relationship does not exist at all, many conventional soil scientists continue to see this relationship as the most important single logical basis to soil fertility management. (See, for example, Cresser) To cite an extreme but very common example, even when the availability to plants of soil phosphorus is known to be as many as fifty times greater in an organic environment than in an infertile acid soil environment, the Nutrient Quantity Concept still leads virtually all conventional soil scientists to recommend applying additional chemical phosphorus to the acid soil rather than finding or creating an organic microenvironment within that soil in which to apply a much smaller dose of (organic or inorganic) phosphorus. Thus, in a very few words, the Nutrient Quantity Concept does not differ from the concept to be presented below, in its scientific, experimental undergirding. Rather, the difference lies in the somewhat arbitrary decision to emphasize the relationship between total nutrient quantity and the quantity of nutrients available to growing crops, even though scientific evidence shows that this relationship is in most cases tenuous, at best, especially in the case of small farmers in the tropics. A second major error of the Nutrient Quantity Concept is that it seems to presuppose that these nutrients are being more stable in the soil than their own research shows they actually are, especially where the CEC of the soil is quite low and/or erosion is occurring. The idea of building up nutrients in the soil would seem to presuppose that those nutrients will remain there over, say, twenty years or so. Yet virtually all of the N, much of the K, and even small amounts of the P applied as chemical fertilizers today, will not be there twenty years from now, even if no plants were using them. And on low CEC soils and erodible hillsides, the loss of even P can be considerable. In short, the farmers' "money" is constantly leaking out of the "bank". And, sadly, the more money there is in the bank, the more will leak out. This assumption of the persistence of nutrients in the soil seems to be assumed, also, when conventional scientists criticize those who propose using large amounts of o.m. for maintaining soil fertility. Nutrient Quantity proponents worry at considerable length that organic inputs cannot maintain soil nutrient levels over the long term, and that they do not produce as much long-lasting humus as often as we all would like. (Buresh) They seem to forget that chemical fertilizers do not maintain the levels of most micronutrients, either. Of more importance economically, chemical fertilizers, as used by small farmers, do not maintain soil pH. (And even if farmers could, theoretically, avoid acidifying their soils with chemical fertilizers, the costs of liming or using the more expensive alkaline fertilizers is seldom included in economic analyses of the costs of chemical fertilizer use.) Of course, because of the leaking from the bank, chemical fertilizers, even when used in recommended quantities, may not achieve the long-term levels of total nutrients desired. Thus, organic amendments are little different from chemical fertilizers in not being able to increase soil nutrient quantities dramatically over time in the tropics, especially under small farmer conditions. This is not to say we should give up on striving toward at least soil nutrient maintenance over the long run, but rather to say that the use of chemical fertilizers exclusively, in the case of small farmer agriculture, will very likely achieve no more long-term improvement in nutrient quantities than will the use of o.m. exclusively. Just as most small farmers often, but not always, lack the o.m. to increase stores of P, for instance, they also usually lack the cash (and often the profitability of chemical fertilizers on their depleted lands far from markets) to buy sufficient chemical fertilizer. Furthermore, neither this paper nor most of those people who use low input agriculture oppose all use of chemical fertilizers. The replacement of some chemical elements in the soil (mostly P), under certain conditions, and in moderate amounts, is, for us, perfectly acceptable, if not desirable. The third error of the Nutrient Quantity Concept is that its proponents have largely avoided taking into account the tremendous impact in tropical soils of such factors as their macro and microbiology, o.m. content, microenvironments and compaction layers. Inadequacies in Practice Based on these theoretical considerations, most conventional soil scientists have come to a series of extremely far-reaching conclusions. Among these, they have concluded that the best, most efficient way of improving the soil fertility of the developing world's resource-poor farmers is to apply tremendous quantities of NPK along with, perhaps, a small supplement of o.m. They have concluded that "low external input" technologies must inevitably lead to "low output" results. They have therefore further concluded that "ecological agriculture" is inevitably unproductive and has virtually no future. And finally, they have concluded that soils with very low CEC's, like those of most of West Africa, have very little potential for decent crop productivity. None of these conclusions is based on the scientific understanding we have of soils in its totality. And concrete evidence from tens of thousands of farms around the world, as well as from many scientific experiments, provides considerable evidence that not one of these conclusions is, in fact, accurate. Thus, the Nutrient Quantity Concept is failing us. It is failing to lead us to proper conclusions about agricultural priorities. It is failing to predict what will happen if we apply a whole range of agricultural technologies that are now being tried in the tropics, and it is failing to help us understand a series of both natural and agricultural phenomena that we are observing. Above all, it is failing to lead us to promising new technologies that can provide tremendous benefits at low cost to poorer farmers within the tropics. Let's look a little more closely at these failings. One of the main negative impacts of the traditional Nutrient Quantity Concept in tropical environments is that it has caused many scientists to dismiss ecological agriculture out of hand. It has become almost a mantra of some of these scientists that "low input agriculture is low output agriculture." After all, according to the Nutrient Quantity Concept way of thinking, if not much is put into the bank account, not much can be withdrawn. Thus a whole series of promising technologies for increasing agricultural productivity–mostly those which are included in approaches referred to as ecological agriculture or agroecology--have been largely ignored by the dominant members of the scientific community, (Anonymous; Pretty and Hine) to the tremendous detriment of farmers in the tropics. In fact, millions of small-scale farmers in developing countries, representing well over 3 % of the total, have adopted ecological agriculture practices in just the last ten years, (Pretty and Hine) yet these practices are largely ignored by conventional soil scientists. Another major negative impact of the application of this Concept is the claim that because many tropical soils have very low CEC's, they will never be able to produce large harvests. Because such soils cannot hold very many nutrients over a crop's entire life-span, it is said they will never be able to support maximum output. This conception of the dynamics of soil fertility has caused huge areas of the tropics to be written off as "low-potential" areas, where significant investments in agricultural development are therefore not advisable. (Mosher) As a result, hundreds of millions of people have been condemned to a not-so-benign neglect and perpetually low productivity. Since these people often were already among the poorest of the poor, this mistaken policy has aggravated already serious problems of economic injustice and downright hunger. And all because of a theory of soil fertility that is questionable at best. Another factor that becomes extremely important for those of us who focus our work on the poorer farmers of the tropics is that the Nutrient Quantity Concept leads almost inevitably to an excessively high use of chemical fertilizers. The cost of chemical fertilizer very frequently represents the largest single cash cost of resource-poor farmers in the tropics. Yet experience in nation after nation has shown that for a much lower total expense, farmers can achieve the same or even higher yields. Furthermore, as the years go by, the use of most chemical fertilizers mine the soil of micronutrients, acidify the soil even more, and help to erode away, burn out, or simply fail to replace the soil's o.m. In time, these factors all work together to reduce the response that chemical fertilizers achieve in terms of productivity, to the point that, in many cases, there remains no net economic advantage to their use whatsoever. Furthermore, the recent staggering increase in petroleum prices (from $ 12.00 a barrel to somewhere between $ 19.00 and $ 32.00 a barrel) is going to result in major increases in the real farm gate cost of fertilizers, both because of increased costs of production and increased transport costs. Thus, tens of millions of small-scale farmers for whom chemical fertilizer is presently economically advantageous will find that in the future that advantage will have largely or totally disappeared. Thus, it is extremely important that we all learn as much as we can about the technological possibilities that will still allow farmers to increase and maintain their productivity without depending so heavily on increasingly expensive chemical fertilizers. An additional major problem of the traditional Nutrient Quantity Concept is that increasing observation, especially of ecological or low external input agriculture, is showing that the Concept's predictive abilities are seriously lacking. Crop productivity, in most such cases, is not basically, or even approximately, a factor of the overall amount of nutrients in the soil, or of the CEC of the soil. Very high levels of productivity are being achieved on soils that, according to the traditional Concept, could never produce such yields, and with applications of nutrients that are anywhere from one-half to one-tenth the quantities the Nutrient Quantity Concept would indicate are necessary. Recent scientific experiments with o.m. and fertilizer use in Africa, where scientists cannot explain 7 with conventional theories the yields that were achieved, are typical. (Palm) In what specific cases has the Nutrient Quantity Concept failed to predict present phenomena? - The increases in yields achieved by the use of green manure/cover crops (gm/cc's) in system after system are greater than the conventional Concept would have predicted. With increases of only perhaps 100 kg of fixed N and no additional P or K, yields of maize crops have often doubled. (Buckles; Bunch and Lopez; Pretty and Hine, for example) Furthermore, yields of 2.5 t/ha have continued to be produced on relatively poor, humid tropical soils every year for 40 years, with no application of chemical NPK. Of course, what is happening here is due to biological, physical, and chemical dynamics within the soil, not just those of soil nutrients. Nevertheless, according to the Nutrient Quantity Concept, the levels of P, at least, should have become a major limiting factor years ago. Yet applications of chemical P on these soils still, after forty years, give no economic response. (Buckles) Perhaps it should be added here that "green manure/cover crops" is a technology that is traditional in many tropical areas, but which have only been developed over the last fifteen years in Brazil and Mesoamerica and spread around the world largely by NGO's in the last five years or so. This technology, not to be confused with traditional "green manuring," grows biomass, often leguminous, intercropped with regular crops, under fruit trees, during the dry season, during frosty periods or on degraded soils too poor for cropping (i.e. on land with little or no opportunity cost), thereby adding huge net quantities of high-nutrient biomass in situ to agricultural systems and applying it to the surface where it is highly accessible to subsequent crops. (See Bunch 2001) "Dispersed trees" is another traditional practice around the world which has only recently been studied and promoted in Central America, but which apparently has tremendous potential for increasing biomass production in much of the lowland tropics. -In Madagascar, hundreds of farmers are now using a System of Rice Intensification (SRI) that frequently achieves yields of 12 to 15 t/ha, and occasionally 18 t/ha, using only moderate amounts of compost and no chemical fertilizer on low CEC, acid soils (a classic case of "low potential soils"). (Uphoff) Yet the world's rice experts hold that the "biological maximum" for the rice plant is less than 10 t/ha. As one scientist has written, "yields for multiple varieties peak out at about 8 t/ha, even with high N applications, up to 200 kg/ha." (Ladha, et al.). Furthermore, even with applications of 200 kg/ha of N, N assimilation is considered to be the limiting factor for rice production. (Uphoff) In this case, the difference in yields between conventional rice and SRI rice is probably due to a whole series of factors, but whatever the reasons may be, the "low input agriculture is low output agriculture" attitude cannot come even close to explaining rice yields of 15 t/ha on these "low potential" soils with so little N introduced into the system. - In the case of West Africa's very old, low CEC soils, books based on the Nutrient Quantity Concept claim good yields can only be achieved with major applications of chemical nutrients. (Avery) Yet around people's homes (admittedly on very small plots), African women frequently grow 4-mt-tall, 4 t/ha maize. How? Through the daily application of grey water and kitchen scraps from the household. And the soil is the same soil as in their fields a few mts away. - The age-old, world-wide regeneration of soils by means of traditional slash-and-burn, or shifting agriculture, techniques cannot be fully explained by the dominant interpretation of the Nutrient Quantity Concept, either. Attempts have been made to somehow help the Concept explain this regeneration of the soil through the idea of nutrient pumping. But the amount of nutrients pumped by trees is frequently not enough to explain the renewed fertility. In many cases, there are precious few nutrients in the subsoil that the trees could pump, even if they were physically capable of pumping the required quantities. And, of course, the concentration of nutrients in the soils from which they are being pumped is only a fraction of what the Nutrient Quantity Theory would consider sufficient for adequate for plant growth. Furthermore, I have personally asked West African farmers to show me which fields were ready to be "slashed and burned," and close to half of the indicated fields had no visible vegetation on them other than grasses. Certainly farmers whose food supply has depended for generations on their ability to accurately identify regenerated soils could not be mistaken half the time. And if grasses can regenerate soils by themselves, how can the Nutrient Quantity Concept explain this worldwide phenomenon? - The biomass productivity of natural rainforests is also much higher than its CEC would allow under the traditional Concept. Interestingly enough, in this case, scientists who normally adhere to the Nutrient Quantity Concept freely admit that the rapid recycling of nutrients in tropical rainforests permits tremendous levels of biomass production in the presence of very low levels of nutrients and CEC's in the soil in general. Nevertheless, they have been largely unwilling to entertain the possibility that this same phenomenon of the rapid circulation of nutrients could be the basis of highly productive crop agriculture under similar conditions. Put another way, Nutrient Quantity proponents freely admit in the case of rainforests that "low input forests produce high output forests," yet they refuse to admit that the same principle might be applicable to agriculture in the very same environments. This use of one rationale for proven rainforest productivity while refusing to admit to the possibility of the very same process in agriculture would seem to represent a serious lack of logical consistency. Nutrient pumping might seem to cloud the above issue somewhat. Nevertheless, many rainforests produce prodigious amounts of biomass above subsoils whose provision of nutrients, even under extremely efficient nutrient pumping, would be less than those nutrients added artificially under many "low external input" systems. We should also remember that the areas deep in the soil from which these nutrients are presumably "pumped," virtually always possess much lower concentrations of nutrients than do the soils above them. Therefore, even with nutrient pumping, natural forests provide clear evidence that sufficient nutrients for very high levels of biomass production are being extracted from soils with extremely low total concentrations of nutrients. Furthermore, low external input agroforestry systems also pump nutrients. Thus, the logic of the Nutrient Quantity advocates remains problematic at best. -Chemical fertilizer companies are dedicating millions of dollars to research on "slow-release" forms of chemical fertilizer. This means, in effect, that the fertilizer companies themselves (which, not surprisingly, are among the most vociferous proponents of the Nutrient Quantity Concept) are admitting--through their actions, if not their words--that the overall quantity of nutrients available at any given time is not the primary issue in productivity. Of course, one could argue that slow-release fertilizer is being developed because its ecological benefits will demand a sacrifice in productivity from farmers. Nevertheless, research on slowrelease fertilizers has shown no such significant reduction in yields. Thus, the very development of this kind of fertilizer is an admission that, at least where this fertilizer is successful in terms of productivity, the constant supply of nutrients is more important than the total quantity available at any particular time. Given the apparent inaccuracies and even logical inconsistencies of the traditional Nutrient Quantity Concept, it is time to develop a new, more comprehensive and accurate concept of soil fertility in the tropics. THE NUTRIENT ACCESS CONCEPT OF TROPICAL SOIL FERTILITY An Illustrative Experiment To illustrate the new concept, I will first describe an experiment reported in Ana Primavesi's The Ecological Management of the Soil. (Primavesi) In this experiment, crops were grown in four hydroponic solutions. In the first solution, a normal concentration of nutrients for maximum maize plant development was used, and replenished every 4 days. In the second, twice the normal concentration was used and replenished every 4 days. In the third, the normal solution was diluted 50 times and also replenished every 4 days. And in the fourth case, the solution used was diluted 50 times the normal concentration, as in the third case, but was replenished every 2 days. Plant growth (measured in grams of dry weight) in the second case was less than in the first. In the third case, as either theory would predict, the growth of the plants was 28% less than in the first. But in the fourth, quite surprisingly, the growth of the plants was slightly superior to that in the first case. That is, even when the nutrient solution was 1/50 what the traditional Nutrient Quantity Concept would have seen as optimal, the plants grew equally well, as long as the solution was replaced frequently enough and the roots could access the nutrients. That is, crop growth above a certain extremely low concentration, does not depend on the concentration of nutrients. It depends, rather, on the constant access of plant roots to the nutrients, even when these nutrients exist in very low concentrations. The Nutrient Quantity Concept's remedy of increasing the concentration of nutrients by applying large amounts of chemical fertilizer misses the point almost entirely. What is needed is a constant supply of even a very small but wellbalanced amount of nutrients over time, and the unobstructed access of plant roots to these nutrients. This experiment shows that the relationship between concentrations or overall quantities of nutrients and plant growth is, above a certain minimum concentration, altogether nonexistent. As long as plants enjoy the right conditions of nutrient balance, accessibility to nutrients, and a constant resupply of nutrients, the relationship between the concentration of nutrients in the soil and its productivity is either zero (i.e. there is no relationship) or negative (i.e. more concentrated nutrients reduce plant productivity). So why is this fact more relevant to tropical soils and farmers than to temperate-zone soils and farmers? Very simply, tropical soils tend to have fewer cation-exchange sites, and therefore lower concentrations of nutrients. Because of this paucity of CEC, it is also much more difficult and costly for farmers to raise those concentrations of nutrients over the medium to long term. Second, the ambient heat of the tropics makes it difficult or impossible for plants to create the osmotic pressure to be able to absorb nutrients from highly concentrated solutions. (Primavesi) Therefore, plants in the lowland tropics often thrive better on more limited concentrations of nutrients (as was illustrated by the second case in the experiment above), as long as the remaining conditions are fulfilled. Thirdly, farmers who work by hand or animal traction, can more easily micromanage their soils, creating varied microenvironments, in some of which nutrients are accessible, even if the total soil environment is deficient in accessible nutrients. And lastly, while northern farmers can often afford to fertilize their soils more heavily than need be for present purposes, resource-poor farmers in the developing countries just cannot afford to over-fertilize. Furthermore, in high-rainfall or steeply sloped areas, resource-poor farmers would lose more of those nutrients than do their northern colleagues. The Concept The new concept of soil fertility emphasizes not the concentration of nutrients in the soil, but rather the maximization of the access of plant roots to soil nutrients. Thus I will herein call it the Nutrient Access Concept of soil fertility. The Nutrient Access Concept of soil fertility in the tropics posits the following: Maximum plant growth can best and most cheaply be achieved in the tropics by: 1) the constant supply of soil nutrients (most inexpensively achieved with fairly low concentrations), 2) a healthy balance between the nutrients, and 3) maximum access of plant roots to these nutrients (i.e. the maintenance of good soil structure and/or mulches). THE ADEQUACY OF THE NUTRIENT ACCESS CONCEPT Of course, the first question we must ask is whether the Nutrient Access Concept can explain the phenomena mentioned above better than the Nutrient Quantity Concept could. First of all, the Nutrient Access Concept does not deny that heavy concentrations of nutrients can produce high yields in many circumstances, especially in cooler climes, and when soils are compacted or optimal soil structure has otherwise been damaged, CEC is high and farmers are well- capitalized. It would tend to indicate that high-input agriculture is probably more expensive than it need be to achieve maximum productivity, but it does not deny that high levels of productivity can be achieved through high concentrations of nutrients in developed nation agriculture, and even highly capitalized plantation agriculture on the best soils of the tropics. Where the Nutrient Access Concept does point to agricultural practices of a radically different kind is where soils have very low CEC’s, where soil o.m. is or could be abundant and cheap, where capital is scarce, and/or where temperatures are high. But in these situations, very common in the tropics, would the Nutrient Access Concept be any more useful than the Nutrient Quantity Concept? Adequacy in Practice The Nutrient Access Concept has already led, in southern Brazil (Bunch, 1994) and small pockets of farmers in country after country, to competitive yields at relatively low costs, often on what were previously considered “low potential” soils, and with a much more positive long-term ecological impact than that of agriculture according to the traditional Nutrient Quantity Concept. (Pretty and Hine) These experiences, plus the nature of the Nutrient Access Concept itself, would indicate that there is a good chance that this Concept could reduce significantly the costs of producing competitive yields in the tropics. For small-scale, poor farmers, especially on impoverished soils with low CEC’s, the technology resulting from the Nutrient Access Concept could be a major life-saver, both literally and figuratively. The Nutrient Access Concept provides absolutely no rationale for the present unjust discrimination against those farming on so-called “low potential” soils. Instead, it supports the idea that with fairly small, inexpensive applications of highly accessible nutrients, these soils can produce harvests several times their present levels. The “potential” of the soil depends more on the proper management of the soil than it does on the addition of large quantities of very expensive nutrients. It would also call into question efforts to introduce and subsidize tremendous quantities of expensive chemical fertilizers to dozens of African nations already on the brink of bankruptcy. Presently, there is a lot of discussion about the possibility of bringing the “Green Revolution” to Africa. Proposals center on the idea that the World Bank and other major financial institutions should make a concerted effort to introduce and subsidize chemical fertilizers in Africa because of the perceived dangers of “soil nutrient depletion”. (See IFPRI, SSSA) These proposals, of course, fly in the face of increasing petroleum prices and a decade of Neoliberal efforts to reduce artificial governmental subsidies. But more basically, the perception that reduced levels of nutrients in Africa’s soils will inevitably preclude high levels of production is, of course, based on the Nutrient Quantity Concept. Adoption of the Nutrient Access Concept would force a major rewrite of these proposals, orienting them instead toward the achievement of increased yields through higher levels of biomass production, soil structure improvement and mulch-based systems, rather than through the unsustainable use of billions of dollars of increasingly expensive chemical fertilizers. Of course, even if we believed the Nutrient Quantity Theory, we have mentioned above that small farmers’ lack of financial resources and the lack of their depleted soils’ response to chemical fertilizers are a major an obstacle to maintaining or increasing soil nutrient levels with chemical fertilizers just as their lack of access to sufficient o.m. prevents them from doing the same with o.m. And with intercropped or dry season gm/cc’s and/or dispersed trees, the former limitation may be much greater than the latter. If this is the case, someone must explain why, if African soil fertility is to be subsidized, it would be better to subsidize chemical fertilizers and rock phosphate to the total exclusion of subsidies of the dispersed planting of trees or of the price of green manure/cover crop grains. Adequacy in Explaining the Observed Phenomena The Nutrient Access Concept can explain very adequately those observed phenomena that the traditional theory cannot: - Yields in gm/cc and agroforestry systems do not depend on high concentrations of nutrients. Rather, they depend on the fixation of N and the recycling of large amounts of o.m., which makes the P and other nutrients in the soils much more soluble (i.e. chemically available), and places most of these nutrients near the soil surface, where they are easily accessible to plant roots. Such systems can therefore produce good yields over long periods of time with low or no applications of additional nutrients (though eventually some nutrients, notably P, obviously have to be added to achieve sustainability). - The SRI yields are achieved on very poor soils with only limited applications of compost because the rest of the technological package aerates the soil and makes the plants grow close to six times more roots per plant than does the conventional rice system, thereby allowing the plants to access many more of the limited nutrients in the soil. (Uphoff) - West Africa’s extremely poor soils with very low CEC’s produce well near people’s compounds because the o.m. thrown out of the kitchens maintains a small, steady supply of nutrients, and therefore low CEC’s are sufficient to hold the nutrients necessary for a few hours or days until more nutrients are released from the next day’s discarded o.m. - The regeneration of tropical soils through fallowing does not occur primarily because large quantities of nutrients are brought to the surface and kept there. Rather, the large amounts of biomass deposited on the soil by the regrowth of forests or grasslands either maintain or, gradually and over a number of years, improve the soil structure, so that the newly cleared land allows crops to access much more efficiently the low concentrations of nutrients that exist in the upper horizons of the profile. Meanwhile, the organic matter on the soil surface or near it, produced during years of fallow, continues to supply nutrients in small quantities that can maintain reasonably high levels of productivity, at least for a year or two. - Likewise, the same process maintains the impressive productivity of rainforests for millennia. Optimal soil structure and mulches are maintained, maximizing the access of the forest’s trees to the few nutrients that are constantly being supplied through soil o.m. mineralization. And, to some extent, deeper tree roots, having a tremendous number of feeder roots like the rice under SRI, can capture large amounts of nutrients even in soil horizons with extremely low concentrations of nutrients. In this last case, of course, the Nutrient Quantity people would largely agree with this analysis. What they cannot explain is how forests can grow so well on the basis of these very low concentrations of nutrients when, according to their Concept, low nutrient levels (i.e.. “low inputs”), in whatever part of the soil profile and of whatever origin, should result in the low productivity (i.e. “low outputs”) of the entire system. - Lastly, it is quite obvious that the research on, and benefits of, slow-release chemical fertilizer is much more understandable based upon the Nutrient Access Concept than upon the Nutrient Quantity Concept. The above explanations are, of course, quite simplistic. Much more is happening in the soil than these explanations would indicate. Plants’ access to nutrients, though certainly helped by applying the nutrients to the soil surface or together with o.m., or very near the seed, or by plants’ growing in well-flocculated soils free of compaction layers, is a very complicated phenomenon which involves a large number of factors. These would include those of soil temperature, soil o.m. levels, pH, soil chemical properties, the presence of compaction layers, and nutrient positioning and equilibrium, all of which are in turn affected by the activity of hundreds of thousands of microorganisms in every teaspoonful of soil. Thus, nutrient access involves a whole series of dynamics which we only somewhat dimly understand as yet. Nevertheless, the Nutrient Access Concept seems to come much closer to explaining the overall sum or average of all these varied and mysterious processes than does the Nutrient Quantity Concept. PUTTING THE NUTRIENT ACCESS CONCEPT INTO PRACTICE It will be immediately evident to many people that the Nutrient Access Concept can most easily be put into practice through the copious use of o.m. O.m. can and does supply low to medium concentrations of nutrients, and almost always in well-balanced quantities. Furthermore, o.m., by its very nature, has a slow-release mechanism, allowing the nutrients to become available to plants over a period of several months or years. And lastly, though this mechanism is somewhat slower and sometimes problematic in improving the structure of heavily compacted soils, soil o.m. does serve to gradually improve soil structure. Soil o.m. does so both directly, through the provision of binding materials to improve flocculation, and indirectly, by feeding earthworms and other soil organisms, both macro and micro, which also improve soil structure. (Minnich) Experience shows that the best way to apply o.m. in order to improve soil dynamics in these three respects, as well as to reduce costs, is to apply it either to the soil surface or, during the period of transition, within 20 cm of the surface. Although there is still some argument as to how the o.m. should be applied to the soil the first year or two of a transition into mulch-based agriculture (when soil compaction below the surface is a serious limiting factor), experience tells us that after the first year or two, virtually all the o.m. should be applied to the soil surface. (See, for instance, Primavesi; MAG/DGP) It should be mentioned here that the Nutrient Access Concept does not necessarily support the total discontinuation of the use of chemical fertilizer. While organic agriculture proponents may agree with this Concept, the Concept does not necessarily support a totally organic approach. What the Concept does do is open the door to a greatly reduced use of chemical fertilizers in the short run, and the gauging of their use in the long run more according to the replacement levels of net losses of nutrients for the purpose of sustainability (minus those nutrients supplied by o.m. and N fixation), rather than the much higher levels of use presently thought to be the only way to significantly increase productivity. The Five Principles of Agriculture for the Humid Tropics Based on the Nutrient Access Theory, an increasing number of institutions involved around the world in small farmer agriculture have begun to use some or all of the following Five Principles of soil management (Bunch, 1995): 1) Maximize o.m. production. Frequently, small-scale farmers can increase dramatically the amount of o.m. their fields produce while maintaining yields and only increasing costs slightly, if at all. In fact, many gm/cc and agroforestry systems reduce the amount of labor needed for controlling weeds, thereby increasing overall o.m. production while at the same time decreasing costs. Increases in o.m. production can be achieved by using the intercropping of either various crops or gm/cc’s with annuals or tree crops (as in dispersed tree systems), by establishing two- to four-story fields and gardens, and by growing trees or gm/cc’s on wasteland or during the dry season. In droughty areas, an increased provision of water in whatever form can also result in greater levels of biomass production. Obviously, the more biomass we produce in situ, the more we will have for applying to the soil, thereby making the provision of nutrients to the soil greater and more constant. If animals are present in the farming systems, they will also be more numerous and/or produce more manure per animal if they have more biomass to consume. 2) Keep the soil covered. Soil exposed to the tropical sun produces more weeds (which are another form of biomass, but may compete with crops and/or occasion a good deal of work). Unprotected soil also becomes very hot, causing a series of problems, including the more rapid rate of soil o.m. burn-out, the reduction in crop growth rates and the death of beneficial macro and microorganisms. Shifting agriculture has been motivated in most places in the world by either declining soil fertility or increasing noxious weed growth. Once we maximize biomass production and keep the soil shaded, both of these problems are largely eliminated. The need to let the land lie fallow for years is thus also eliminated, as has been shown in country after country with the use of gm/cc’s. It is interesting to note that virtually all the systems of improved fallows or gm/cc’s that farmers have developed on their own, have increased both soil cover and the overall production of biomass, as compared to the previous shifting agriculture systems. Keeping the soil covered is obviously consistent with the Nutrient Access Concept because it reduces the decomposition rate of soil o.m., thereby making sure the provision of nutrients to the soil lasts longer and is more constant, even if mulches tend to lose a certain amount of N to volatilization. 3) Use zero tillage. Many traditional agriculture systems use zero tillage. However, these systems are often not very productive over time, because, in the absence of large amounts of soil o.m., nutrients are no longer constantly supplied to the soil and soil structure deteriorates quite rapidly. If, however, zero tillage is used in the presence of a maximum production of biomass, then both the supply of nutrients and good soil structure can be maintained. Thus, in contrast to many traditional zero till systems, those systems with plentiful biomass production can remain highly productive over decades, as a whole series of gm/cc and agroforestry systems have proven. Often zero tillage cannot be practiced the first or second year of the transition, but as soil o.m. levels increase and the soil becomes covered, the populations of organisms that naturally till the soil increase rapidly, making further tillage by the farmer unnecessary. (Scientists have shown, for instance, that earthworms alone can move more soil/ha/year than is moved with one ploughing using a tractor-pulled moldboard plough.) (Minnich) In the conventional textbooks, zero tillage is linked with a major increase in the use of herbicides. However, if the soil is kept covered through an adequate use of gm/cc’s and agroforestry, most small-scale farmers will find they never, or only very rarely, need to use herbicides. Zero tillage has an important relationship to the Nutrient Access Concept, because tillage both damages soil structure and increases the rate of soil o.m. burn-out. Furthermore, tillage exposes the soil (i.e. violates the principle of keeping the soil covered) and removes or incorporates the mulch, which violates the fifth principle below. 4) Maximize biodiversity. Some gm/cc users report achieving slightly better yields with a mixed selection of gm/cc’s. Nevertheless, this principle will find its primary importance not in the short run, but rather in maintaining the systems’ long-term sustainability. It can also be very important in maintaining the balance of nutrients required by the Nutrient Access Concept. (Primavesi) 5) Feed the crops largely through the mulch. Many humid tropical soils, with their pH’s below 5.0, their aluminum toxicity and compaction layers, are not very hospitable environments for crop roots. Thus, crops will often grow much better if they can also access nutrients from a thick litter layer or mulch. In fact most, if not all, crops that grow in the humid tropics will spread the vast majority of their feeder roots immediately under or even up into a mulch layer as long as it remains fairly moist. That is, they will feed much more readily from inside and immediately below the litter layer than from the soil itself. Even the impact of chemical fertilizers can sometimes be greatly increased by being applied to the mulch rather than the soil. In Costa Rica, edible bean yields in the “frijol tapado” system, a traditional slash-mulch system, were not increased much at all above the traditional 500 kg/ha when chemical phosphorus was applied to the soil. However, yields rose two to three times traditional yields (to above 2 t/ha) when the inorganic P was applied directly to the mulch. Researchers in Africa have also noted that fertilizers applied to mulching materials are more efficient than when incorporated into the soil. (Thurston) Basically, feeding plants through the mulch helps compensate for less than ideal conditions of soil structure or root growth, providing a supplemental source of readily available nutrients in small but constant quantities right at the soil surface, thereby making it less necessary for crops to develop huge root systems that extend deep into the soil profile. Obviously, plants’ access to nutrients will be better if the nutrients are on the soil surface than if they are three feet below it, especially in impoverished, acidic soils with problems of aluminum toxicity. These same rules may well apply not only to the humid tropics, but to the semi-arid tropics, as well. Reports from some semi-arid areas indicate that this is the case. Nevertheless, there still exist some doubts as to what extent crops can survive during, and recover after, the mulch has dried out completely due to the frequent droughts in such areas. Much more experimental evidence is needed in this case. Small farmers and NGO’s have developed a number of other simple ways that plants’ access to nutrients can be inexpensively enhanced during the transition period. Edwin Asante, of World Vision/Rwanda, for instance, has developed a sort of small farmer version of precision planting for potatoes. In this case, an 8-cm ball of o.m., lime, and about one-fourth the normally recommended amount of chemical fertilizer are placed less than 0.5-cm directly below the seed. Yields in impoverished soils with a pH of 3.5 have averaged 20 t/ha, as opposed to 9 t/ha without precision planting. (Personal communication during field visit) In Honduras, Elías Sánchez developed a type of strip tillage or in-row tillage (locally called “minimum tillage” or “labranza mínima”) which concentrates the o.m. in the crop row, where it is more accessible. And Dr. Erich Raddatz is developing mycorrhiza strains that can double fruit production by increasing plants’ access to nutrients. (Personal communication) These Five Principles, apart from having proven themselves time and time again among small farmers around the world, are the self-same principles a humid tropical forest employs to maintain its high “productivity” during millennia, even on soils with very low CEC’s. A tropical rainforest maximizes biomass production and biodiversity, keeps the soil shaded at all times, and feeds its plants largely through the litter layer. And, of course, no human beings have to plough a forest to keep it growing lush and green, century after century. Thus, the sustainability of forest ecology over the millennia provides important evidence that tropical agriculture following these Five Principles should also be sustainable over long periods of time. The small amount of scientific research done on this issue so far tends to support this conclusion. (Buckles) ADDITIONAL IMPACTS OF THE NUTRIENT ACCESS CONCEPT One major result we could expect of the Nutrient Access Concept of soil fertility would be an increase in optimism about the plight of resource-poor farmers. They are, by the conventional Concept, in serious, perhaps insurmountable, trouble. Their soils are increasingly depleted of nutrients. (Buresh; Henao) Furthermore, they have no hope of increasing their soils’ nutrient supplies sufficiently with o.m., and they have far too little money to invest in chemical fertilizers, even if the impact of fertilizers on their impoverished soils were enough to cover the investment. To add insult to injury, the world’s rich nations have now decided that somehow these unfortunate people are on a level playing field with rich European and American farmers, and therefore should have to compete with them without the assistance of protective trade barriers. But given the Nutrient Access Concept, even those farmers with heavily depleted soils should be able to increase their yields dramatically with very little investment other than that of more increased knowledge and the adoption of new agricultural techniques. Gm/cc’s provide cheaper nitrogen than fertilizer factories, while zero tillage and cover crops can eliminate the comparative advantage provided by tractors. Whether most villager farmers will ever be able to compete with European or American farmers is still doubtful, but at least they should be able to produce enough for their own consumption to eat well. Although if conventional farmers in the First World persist in using increasingly expensive fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers at the present exorbitant rate, the poor just might be able to compete, after all. A second impact of the Nutrient Access Concept would be that the world’s agriculture will become a good deal more sustainable. Increased sustainability will come from the reduced use of chemical fertilizers (reducing groundwater and stream pollution, nutrient imbalances and soil acidification), from the positive impacts on the environment of increased biomass production, soil cover, soil o.m. and biodiversity, and from the decrease of farmer dependency on increasingly expensive fossil fuels. NOTES Ahn, Peter Martin (1993) Tropical Soils and Fertilizer Use, Essex, Longman Group UK Ltd. ______________ (1999) Alternatives to Conventional Modern Agriculture for Meeting World Food Needs in the Next Century, Report of the Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture, and Development’s (CIIFAD) conference on “Sustainable Agriculture: Evaluation of New Paradigms and Old Practices,” at Bellagio, Italy, April 26-30. 18 Borlaug, Norman (1998) as quoted in Dennis Avery, Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Plastics, The Environmental Triumph of High-Yield Farming, Indianapolis, Indiana, the Hudson Institute. Buckles, Daniel, et al. (1998) Cover Crops in Hillside Agriculture, Farmer Innovation with Mucuna, Ottawa, Canada, International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Bunch, Roland (1994) “EPAGRI’s Work in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, Major New Possibilities for Resource-Poor Farmers,” photocopied. Bunch, Roland (1995) “An Odyssey of Discovery, Principles of Agriculture for the Humid Tropics,” ILEIA Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 3, October. Bunch, Roland (2001) “A Proven Technology for Intensifying Shifting Agriculture, Green Manure/Cover Crop Experience Around the World,” and “Achieving the Adoption of Green Manure/Cover Crops,” both presented at the International Institute for Rural Reconstructon (IIRR’s) Conference on “Best Practices in Shifting Agriculture and the Conservation of Natural Resources in Asia,” held August 14-26 at Silang, Cavite, the Philippines. Both are soon to be published by IIRR. Bunch, Roland and Gabino López (1995) Soil Recuperation in Central America, Sustaining Innovation after Intervention, Gatekeeper Series No. 55, London, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Buresh, Roland J., et al., eds. (1997) Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa, SSSA Special Publication No. 51, Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) and International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). Committee of Tropical Soils, Agriculture Board, and National Research Council (1972) Soils of the Humid Tropics, Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Cresser, Malcolm, et al. (1993) Soil Chemistry and its Applications, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press. Henao, Julio and Carlos Baanante (1999) “Nutrient Depletion in the Agricultural Soils of Africa,” 2020 Vision Brief 62, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C., October. Ladha, J. K., et al. (1998) “Opportunities for Increased Nitrogen-use Efficiency from Improved Lowland Rice Germplasm,” Field Crops Research, Vol. 56. Minnich, Jerry (1977) The Earthworm Book, How to Raise and Use Earthworms for Your Farm and Garden, Emmaus, Pennsylvania, Rodale Press. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG)/Dirección General de Planificación (DGP) (1995) Siembra Directa, Primer Encuentro de Productores, Organizaciones y Técnicos, Asunción, La Rural Ediciones. Mosher, A. T. (1971) To Create a Modern Agriculture, Organization and Planning, New York, Agricultural Development Council, Inc. Palm, Cheryl A., et al. (1997) “Combined Use of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources for Soil Fertility Maintenance and Replenishment,” in Roland J. Buresh, et al., eds., Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa, SSSA Special Publication No. 51, Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) and International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). Pretty, Jules and Rachel Hine (2000) Feeding the World with Sustainable Agriculture, A Summary of New Evidence, Colchester, UK, University of Essex. Primavesi, Ana (1982) Manejo Ecológico del Suelo, La Agricultura en Regiones Tropicales, Quinta Edición, Buenos Aires, Librería “El Ateneo” Editorial. Quiñones, Marco A., et al. (1997) in Roland J. Buresh, et al., eds., Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa, SSSA Special Publication No. 51, Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) and International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). Thurston, H. David (1997) Slash/Mulch Systems: Sustainable Methods for Tropical Agriculture, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press. Uphoff, Norman (2000) “How Can ‘The Biological Maximum’ for Rice be Exceeded? Possible Explanations for the High Yields Observed with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI),” draft copy, printed paper. Young, Anthony (1989) Agroforestry for Soil Conservation, Oxon, UK, C.A.B International. ===== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sincerely, Lion Kuntz Santa Rosa, California, USA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Palaces4People/ http://P4P.blogspot.com http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Proposal/Palaces_For_The_People.html http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Challenges/Asia_Floods/Wet/All_Wet.html http://www.ecosyn.us/Interesting/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Free Pop-Up Blocker - Get it now http://companion.yahoo.com/ ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Fri Dec 05 14:19:28 2003 X-UIDL: 368602221 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A1A5B19B002E; Fri, 05 Dec 2003 13:42:45 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 33B0BB134; Fri, 5 Dec 2003 13:42:50 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 18B4BAFEC for ; Fri, 5 Dec 2003 13:42:50 -0500 (EST) Received: from n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.70]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id AD782AF57 for ; Fri, 5 Dec 2003 13:42:37 -0500 (EST) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-6349-1070649746-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.193] by n15.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 05 Dec 2003 18:42:28 -0000 X-Sender: wormwomantwo@yahoo.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 59671 invoked from network); 5 Dec 2003 18:41:49 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 5 Dec 2003 18:41:49 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n23.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.79) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 5 Dec 2003 18:41:49 -0000 Received: from [66.218.66.142] by n23.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 05 Dec 2003 18:41:21 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.79 From: "Linda" X-Originating-IP: 68.227.35.139 X-Yahoo-Profile: wormwomantwo MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 05 Dec 2003 18:41:18 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Good news? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368602221 I just ran accross this while surfing, cold weather allows for that,=20 and was quite surprised. CONTACT: Lynn Rogers, President/Chief Scientist Microbial Matrix Systems Inc. 33935 Hwy 99E Tangent, OR 97389 PH:(541) 967-0554FX:(541) 967-4025 http://www.microbialmatrix.com =20 New Laboratory to Offer Services for Managing Microbial Component of=20 Soil, Compost and Compost Tea =20 Tangent, OR =96 December 23, 2002 =96 Opening its doors in January, a new=20 laboratory in Tangent, Oregon will offer analytical services and=20 consultation in the assessment and management of the microbial=20 component of soil, compost and compost teas.=20 =20 Microbial Matrix Systems, Inc. (MMS) was formed by Lynn Rogers,=20 CEO/Chief Scientist. MMS will offer analysis and advice to its=20 clients on how to build the biological component of their compost,=20 compost tea and soil. A diverse and healthy biological component=20 promotes nutrient cycling and improves physical characteristics of=20 the soil.=20 =20 MMS's unique approach begins with a preliminary diagnosis, verified=20 with appropriate diagnostic tests, and followed by a final report=20 that interprets all findings in an understandable form to help its=20 clients manage the microbial biomass of soil, compost or compost tea.=20 =20 MMS offers innovative diagnostic tests to evaluate the ability of its=20 clients' soil, compost, or compost tea matrix to suppress disease,=20 increase drought resistance, retain and recycle nutrients, and=20 improve soil structure. 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Free s/h on orders $50 or more to the US & Canada. http://www.c1tracking.com/l.asp?cid=3D5511 http://us.click.yahoo.com/mOAaAA/3exGAA/qnsNAA/0PSxlB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com =20 Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/=20 From - Sat Jan 03 12:36:46 2004 X-UIDL: 368605395 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A8F82C00096; Sat, 03 Jan 2004 12:16:40 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 68F4AAD93; Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:16:38 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2E5B1B007 for ; Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:16:38 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D2B6BAD81 for ; Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:16:37 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004C979@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:17:37 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 37139 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:17:37 -0500 Received: from imo-m04.mx.aol.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004C978@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:17:36 -0500 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m04.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v36_r4.8.) id d.11b.2c968ced (16098) for ; Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:16:32 -0500 (EST) Received: from aol.com (mow-d20.webmail.aol.com [205.188.139.161]) by air-id11.mx.aol.com (v97.14) with ESMTP id MAILINID112-3ee23ff6f8f09a; Sat, 03 Jan 2004 12:16:32 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Mailer: Atlas Mailer 2.0 X-AOL-IP: 12.241.208.29 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <74658086.5DFF86F8.404D8829@aol.com> Date: Sat, 3 Jan 2004 12:16:32 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Elaine Ingham Subject: Re: looking for a cover/companion crop in corn To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368605395 Researchers at Washington State in Pullman have tested and use purselane. I believe the cultivar they use has a long day requirement to go to seed, so not that much seed is produced. It is also a short cultivar. You can drive on it and it survives. They strip till into the cover crop in the spring and it takes until mid-summer for the purselane to grow back into the row. They can get on their fields much earlier, because they don't have the mud, and the plants give support to the tires. If you don't like purselane, investigate other short, good-crown, enough seeds to fill in bare areas, overwinters, doesn't tiller, can be driven on, plants that we have considered weeds up to now. Try 5 or 6 different "weeds" in different areas of your field to see which works best. Mix them all together in one area and see if that doesn't work. Talk to your extension botanist or University plant ecologist about which plants have the characteristics you want. Don't forget to check out the native species as well, although seed availability can be a limitation. But if enough folks start doing this, that problem goes away. Territorial Seed here in Cottage Grove, Oregon would probably help by growing the seed for you, if you contact and talk with them. But you maybe have a specialty seed company more local you could work with. Elaine Ingham President, Soil Foodweb Inc. SFI Corvallis, OR SFI Port Jefferson, NY SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands SFI Cambridge, New Zealand www.soilfoodweb.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Fri Jan 09 21:12:41 2004 X-UIDL: 368606278 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ABFA534200F8; Fri, 09 Jan 2004 19:48:58 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 5522ABB2F; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:48:58 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 392F7BA72 for ; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:48:58 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AC936BA6C for ; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:48:57 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004E6DB@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:49:57 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 46161 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:49:57 -0500 Received: from web11208.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004E6DA@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:49:57 -0500 Received: from [67.124.111.30] by web11208.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Fri, 09 Jan 2004 16:48:54 PST MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20040110004854.8591.qmail@web11208.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Fri, 9 Jan 2004 16:48:54 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Lion Kuntz Subject: Your Challenge Accepted -- Here are links to data To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <5.2.0.9.0.20040109181048.027c0640@gwpop.wvu.edu> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368606278 --- James Kotcon wrote: [snip] > I would be interested in any data > challenging my assumption that > the same physical, chemical, and biological > phenomena occur in both > conventional and organic systems. > > Jim Kotcon Oh, where to start... Firstly, seek out studies demonstrating the "burn-off" of organic matter in chemical nitrogen fertilized soils. As N is often a leading limiting factor in soils preventing population explosions of mibrobial life, additions of pure N are all that are needed to ignite this explosion. Soon thereafter the other nutrients are incorporated in the dominant lifeforms. A secondary population explosion goes on of their predators. The high turnover of microbes reduces the C ratio be exhalation of CO2. The rapid loss of carbon seriously affects the tilth qualities of the soils. Only photosynthesizers can add C from the atmosphere Then seek out the studies on actinomycetes phosphate-pump soil function. With the reduced C comes the death of the actinomycetes, whom cannot sustain the phosphorus transfer from high to low gradients. Increased dependancy on phosphate inputs are now required. With depleted C mobile N has fewer binding sites and leaching problems can occur. Plus more frequent applications of higher levels of N become necessary. Organic systems do not add external N whatsoever, but grow it directly on the spot in many cases, but some add compost or manures to add OM including bound N. Reduced C levels also has drastically lower mycorrhizia populations, which stresses the plants required to more work to obtain their nutrients. High levels of organic material buffer pH, and greatly improve plant-availability of nutrients bound to the many binding sites on the molecules. The diverse micro-ecosystems supports a great myriad of organisms which burrow, tunnel and churn the soil, aerating it and making nutrients available to the community through their wide toolkits of chemotrophy, lithotrophy and metabolic acids/enzymes. Your statement indicates you have not made the most superficial comparison of the two diverse paradigms. Here are starting links pages I collected several years ago. If links are dead, try them on the waybackmachine.com archives: http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/SoilLife/Soil_Life_01.html Other collections of pages on thems can be found here: http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/VisualLinks01.html In fact, here are the contents of my ecoag-links: http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Links_Files.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/alcohol_distill_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/biomass_crops_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/chicken_manure01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/duckweed_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/earthworms_01.htm http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/easy_mushrooms_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/eco-san_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/eco-san_refs_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/eco-san-safety-01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/herbs_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/Hog_Pollution.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/low_tech_mushrooms01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/mesclun_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/microdiversity.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/nutrition_protein_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/pathogen_safety_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/rabbit_manure01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/sprouting_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/water_hyacinth01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/Water_Pure_WH_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Ag_Biomass/Ag_Biomass_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Bamboo/Bamboo_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Biodiversity/Biodiversity_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/CompanionPlanting/CompanionPlanting_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/WOFE/Homeless_Women_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Knowledgebase/Knowledgebase_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/MushroomTek/MushroomTek_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/MushroomTek/MushroomTek_02.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/ProtectedGrowing/ProtectedGrowing_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Rabbits/Rabbits_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Santa_Cruz/Santa_Cruz_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Sebastopol/Sebastopol_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/SoilLife/Soil_Life_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Visual_Links_Pages.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/VisualLinks01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/WastesRecycling/WastesRecycling_01.html Last updated 17.2.2003 ===== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sincerely, Lion Kuntz Santa Rosa, California, USA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Suggested Websites: Wesley Clark for President http://www.clark04.com/ http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Ecosyn/Flowchart.html http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Ecosyn/IBS_Math.html http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Proposal/Palaces_For_The_People.html http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Palaces4People/ http://P4P.blogspot.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Hotjobs: Enter the "Signing Bonus" Sweepstakes http://hotjobs.sweepstakes.yahoo.com/signingbonus ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Fri Jan 09 21:12:41 2004 X-UIDL: 368606278 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ABFA534200F8; Fri, 09 Jan 2004 19:48:58 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 5522ABB2F; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:48:58 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 392F7BA72 for ; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:48:58 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AC936BA6C for ; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:48:57 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004E6DB@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:49:57 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 46161 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:49:57 -0500 Received: from web11208.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004E6DA@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 9 Jan 2004 19:49:57 -0500 Received: from [67.124.111.30] by web11208.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Fri, 09 Jan 2004 16:48:54 PST MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20040110004854.8591.qmail@web11208.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Fri, 9 Jan 2004 16:48:54 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Lion Kuntz Subject: Your Challenge Accepted -- Here are links to data To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <5.2.0.9.0.20040109181048.027c0640@gwpop.wvu.edu> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368606278 --- James Kotcon wrote: [snip] > I would be interested in any data > challenging my assumption that > the same physical, chemical, and biological > phenomena occur in both > conventional and organic systems. > > Jim Kotcon Oh, where to start... Firstly, seek out studies demonstrating the "burn-off" of organic matter in chemical nitrogen fertilized soils. As N is often a leading limiting factor in soils preventing population explosions of mibrobial life, additions of pure N are all that are needed to ignite this explosion. Soon thereafter the other nutrients are incorporated in the dominant lifeforms. A secondary population explosion goes on of their predators. The high turnover of microbes reduces the C ratio be exhalation of CO2. The rapid loss of carbon seriously affects the tilth qualities of the soils. Only photosynthesizers can add C from the atmosphere Then seek out the studies on actinomycetes phosphate-pump soil function. With the reduced C comes the death of the actinomycetes, whom cannot sustain the phosphorus transfer from high to low gradients. Increased dependancy on phosphate inputs are now required. With depleted C mobile N has fewer binding sites and leaching problems can occur. Plus more frequent applications of higher levels of N become necessary. Organic systems do not add external N whatsoever, but grow it directly on the spot in many cases, but some add compost or manures to add OM including bound N. Reduced C levels also has drastically lower mycorrhizia populations, which stresses the plants required to more work to obtain their nutrients. High levels of organic material buffer pH, and greatly improve plant-availability of nutrients bound to the many binding sites on the molecules. The diverse micro-ecosystems supports a great myriad of organisms which burrow, tunnel and churn the soil, aerating it and making nutrients available to the community through their wide toolkits of chemotrophy, lithotrophy and metabolic acids/enzymes. Your statement indicates you have not made the most superficial comparison of the two diverse paradigms. Here are starting links pages I collected several years ago. If links are dead, try them on the waybackmachine.com archives: http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/SoilLife/Soil_Life_01.html Other collections of pages on thems can be found here: http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/VisualLinks01.html In fact, here are the contents of my ecoag-links: http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Links_Files.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/alcohol_distill_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/biomass_crops_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/chicken_manure01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/duckweed_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/earthworms_01.htm http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/easy_mushrooms_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/eco-san_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/eco-san_refs_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/eco-san-safety-01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/herbs_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/Hog_Pollution.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/low_tech_mushrooms01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/mesclun_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/microdiversity.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/nutrition_protein_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/pathogen_safety_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/rabbit_manure01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/sprouting_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/water_hyacinth01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/Water_Pure_WH_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Ag_Biomass/Ag_Biomass_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Bamboo/Bamboo_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Biodiversity/Biodiversity_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/CompanionPlanting/CompanionPlanting_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/WOFE/Homeless_Women_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Knowledgebase/Knowledgebase_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/MushroomTek/MushroomTek_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/MushroomTek/MushroomTek_02.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/ProtectedGrowing/ProtectedGrowing_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Rabbits/Rabbits_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Santa_Cruz/Santa_Cruz_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Sebastopol/Sebastopol_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/SoilLife/Soil_Life_01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/Visual_Links_Pages.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/VisualLinks01.html http://ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/Visual_Pages/WastesRecycling/WastesRecycling_01.html Last updated 17.2.2003 ===== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sincerely, Lion Kuntz Santa Rosa, California, USA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Suggested Websites: Wesley Clark for President http://www.clark04.com/ http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Ecosyn/Flowchart.html http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Ecosyn/IBS_Math.html http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Proposal/Palaces_For_The_People.html http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Palaces4People/ http://P4P.blogspot.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Hotjobs: Enter the "Signing Bonus" Sweepstakes http://hotjobs.sweepstakes.yahoo.com/signingbonus ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Fri Jan 16 11:26:50 2004 X-UIDL: 368606952 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A73CB51003E; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 10:46:04 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id B2639B9CD; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 10:46:04 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 97732B9C9 for ; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 10:46:04 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0BD09B99E for ; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 10:46:04 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004F89C@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 10:47:04 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 51539 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 10:47:04 -0500 Received: from mail.ncat.org (209.137.246.130:4526) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004F89B@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 10:47:04 -0500 Received: from ncat.org ([130.184.56.84]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id i0GFkJp26830 for ; Fri, 16 Jan 2004 08:46:19 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <1074012930.18176.478.camel@redoak.complum.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <400806AA.80300@ncat.org> Date: Fri, 16 Jan 2004 09:43:38 -0600 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: ACRES observations To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368606952 Hey, it was Carey Reams who used the terms anionic and cationic in a different manner than common usage in chemical textbooks. But so what, Carey Reams was a clairovoyant medical doctor and chemistry genius who became an ecofarming advisor to raise nutritionally sound produce for humans.... since conventional produce had gotten so poor. One of the large farms in California reduced their pesticide bill by half a million dollars after adopting the Reams fertility program.... since the Reams approach pays close to attention to healthy plants. I doubt the farm manager worried about terminology that "conformed", eh? Neal Kinsey was a student of William Albrecht at Univ of Missouri, and thank goodness because Kinsey can teach the Albrecht soil test calcuations and explain the Albrecht soil fertility approach better than any book. Don Schriefer has two books and they provide an excellent overview of the ecofarming approach to soil management. "From the Soil Up" and "Agriculture in Transition." Gary Zimmer's book is really good, "The Biological Farmer", so are the booklets from Midwestern Bio-Ag: "Crop Pests and Fertilizers - Is There a Connection", "Roots - The Hidden Half".... so is their soil fertilty manual that explains Albrecht-style soil test interpretation in detail. Steve Diver http://www.attra.ncat.org Art Petrzelka wrote: >Thanks, Joel, for your critique. I appreciate the time that you took to >help meout. > >The chemistry and scientific method in Acres U.S.A. is atrocious if you >try to treat it as traditional chemistry. When reading Neal Kinsey's >Hand's on Agronomy, I had to suspend my prior assumptions of chemistry, >small as they are, so that I could try to understand what he was saying. >That group has its own terminology, which can unfortunately be mistaken >for chemistry. Kinsey's use of anion/cation, for instance, is contrary >to common usage. > >Maybe I'm more amenable to this because of my education as an engineer. >We're used to warping science to fit practical matters. The Chemistry, >Math and Physics profs used to hate to teach us. They thought that we >were hopelessly inaccurate. :-) I almost said imprecise, because that >is the engineer's most feared fault. Precision over accuracy, that's our >game! > >But, back to chemistry, I don't know of any other game in town that >addresses the minor minerals. I got soil tests through the state >extension service last spring. All I get is NPK, organic matter (which >was excellent) and pH. Two of those five are going to vary quite a bit >over the season. It was a cheap test, but the results I got weren't >worth the time and effort. > >I got some names of soil testing labs through ATTRA, and have identified >ten labs that do more than NPK. Only two of them do not appear to be >associated with one of the Albrecht-derivative firms that advertise in >Acres U.S.A: University of Maine and MDS Harris. The number and mix of >minerals that are tested for vary from firm to firm. I just checked one, >and it tests for twelve minerals, not the 17 that you mentioned for >plants, or even the 15 or so that Albrecht mentions. > >What's a farmer to do? It seems that I have to take some chaff with the >wheat, and hope I can winnow it out on my own. I believe that those >minor minerals are important, and I don't know how to get them balanced >without going through Acres. They are the only resource I have right >now. > >A minor quibble with the chart in "Has your soil got guts?": They >shifted the axes on the graph, and read it off the unshifted axes. The >elements that are in shortest supply are H, N & C, not N, P, S & C as >stated. Shortage is indicated by maximum distance from the 45 degree >(shifted) axis. > >I ordered "From the Soil Up" by Donald Schiefer, and am looking forward >to learning more. > >If you were going to recommend any one book, or small set of books, for >a farmer to study, what would you pick? > > > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Sun Jan 18 15:40:00 2004 X-UIDL: 368607151 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A7C663A8011C; Sun, 18 Jan 2004 15:08:38 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id F41FFB96C; Sun, 18 Jan 2004 15:08:38 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D75AFB948 for ; Sun, 18 Jan 2004 15:08:37 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5EEC8B8FB for ; Sun, 18 Jan 2004 15:08:37 -0500 (EST) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004FECA@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 18 Jan 2004 15:09:21 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 53416 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 18 Jan 2004 15:09:20 -0500 Received: from imo-d03.mx.aol.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0004FEC4@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 18 Jan 2004 15:09:20 -0500 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-d03.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v36_r4.12.) id d.193.24c7750d (2168) for ; Sun, 18 Jan 2004 15:08:09 -0500 (EST) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Mailer: 7.0 for Windows sub 10503 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <193.24c7750d.2d3c41a9@aol.com> Date: Sun, 18 Jan 2004 15:08:09 EST Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Elaine Ingham Subject: Re: help on a planting problem To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368607151 Dale gives some good suggestions. Test and see what plants will be stunted or prevented from growing. But I would also get out there now, if possible, and enhance the biology that will break down the toxics. We've done a little work with several herbicides on golf and sports turf, in the New York, New Jersey and Philadelphia areas, and if you are interested in the data, I can pass your name on to the people who did the work, and they will get back to you if they are interested. Sorry, not in the scientific literature and not ever likely to be. Actively aerated compost tea was applied to the snow surface. Improved litter decomposition was observed after the snow melted. Improved organism numbers were observed on the litter and were apparently decomposing plant debris under the snow, in the zone of free water under the insulation of snow. This has been reported several times in the scientific literature, the first report that I am aware in a paper back in 1986. Plant litter material was decomposing under the snow. Herbicides had been used on both the sports turf and the golf greens. There was no noticable herbicide residual impact in these turf areas the next spring. Presumably the herbicides had been degraded along with the plant litter material. We did a study two years ago showing that dioxin was decomposed below regulatory levels within two months of adding compost tea (we selected for a diversity of organisms that were known to attack dioxin-like substrates). So, using Actively Aerated Compost Tea suggests a possible approach to reducing the herbicide. But apply it now, at about 15 to 20 gal per acre, depending on how good the tea is. By good, I mean adequate biology in the tea. Many herbicides are broken down rapidly by a certain set of fungi (which do not grow on any plate media that we know about), and we need to make sure those fungi are present in the tea. that means they need to be in the compost you use. Chat with me about where you find that kind of compost. If you don't have a way to apply a liquid in the winter (application of a water based material is "fun" when the temperature in below freezing), then wait until the soil warms to 45 to 50 degrees, and apply 15 to 20 gal of the compost tea to the soil surface. Roll the seeds you want to plant in a combination of actively aerated compost tea and mycorrhizal spores. Some evidence that colonization of the roots of the plants by the fungi will alleviate impacts of toxic material on the roots. Presumably, protection from the herbicide could occur. Finally, application of the actively aerated compost tea to the foliage of the plant, as suggested by a previous poster, might be beneficial in protecting the plant from foliar problems, but you really need to start to decompose the herbicide before the seeds go on the soil. So, it may be possible to start the remediation effort now, during the winter, if you have snow on the soil surface. Otherwise, get the compost tea down ASAP in the spring, at least two weeks before planting the seeds. Use Dale's suggestions to test to determine if the Actively Aerated Compost Tea actually helped reduce a residual effect (soil without the tea, soil with the tea, plant seeds of something that should be affected by the herbicide, and watch plant growth). You need biologically active, high fungal species diversity, aerobic compost tea. Please check the International Compost Tea Council website - www.intlctc.com is the website address, or check www.soilfoodweb.com - we've just added a whole new section on compost tea on the website. Please let me know what happens! Elaine Ingham President, Soil Foodweb Inc. www.soilfoodweb.com SFI Oregon, USA SFI Australia SFI New York SFI Europe SFI New Zealand "Hope is not a feeling. It is not the belief that things will turn out well, but the conviction that what we are doing makes sense, no matter how things turn out." -- Vaclav Havel, former President of the Czech Republic ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html From - Thu Jan 22 03:21:10 2004 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 FCC: mailbox://lfl@pop.intrex.net/Sent X-Identity-Key: id4 Date: Thu, 22 Jan 2004 03:21:10 -0800 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm X-Mozilla-Draft-Info: internal/draft; vcard=0; receipt=0; uuencode=0 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Steve Diver: Re: ACRES observations Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Date: Fri, 16 Jan 2004 09:43:38 -0600 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: ACRES observations Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Hey, it was Carey Reams who used the terms anionic and cationic in a different manner than common usage in chemical textbooks. But so what, Carey Reams was a clairovoyant medical doctor and chemistry genius who became an ecofarming advisor to raise nutritionally sound produce for humans.... since conventional produce had gotten so poor. One of the large farms in California reduced their pesticide bill by half a million dollars after adopting the Reams fertility program.... since the Reams approach pays close to attention to healthy plants. I doubt the farm manager worried about terminology that "conformed", eh? Neal Kinsey was a student of William Albrecht at Univ of Missouri, and thank goodness because Kinsey can teach the Albrecht soil test calcuations and explain the Albrecht soil fertility approach better than any book. Don Schriefer has two books and they provide an excellent overview of the ecofarming approach to soil management. "From the Soil Up" and "Agriculture in Transition." Gary Zimmer's book is really good, "The Biological Farmer", so are the booklets from Midwestern Bio-Ag: "Crop Pests and Fertilizers - Is There a Connection", "Roots - The Hidden Half".... so is their soil fertilty manual that explains Albrecht-style soil test interpretation in detail. Steve Diver http://www.attra.ncat.org Art Petrzelka wrote: >Thanks, Joel, for your critique. I appreciate the time that you took to >help meout. > >The chemistry and scientific method in Acres U.S.A. is atrocious if you >try to treat it as traditional chemistry. When reading Neal Kinsey's >Hand's on Agronomy, I had to suspend my prior assumptions of chemistry, >small as they are, so that I could try to understand what he was saying. >That group has its own terminology, which can unfortunately be mistaken >for chemistry. Kinsey's use of anion/cation, for instance, is contrary >to common usage. > >Maybe I'm more amenable to this because of my education as an engineer. >We're used to warping science to fit practical matters. The Chemistry, >Math and Physics profs used to hate to teach us. They thought that we >were hopelessly inaccurate. :-) I almost said imprecise, because that >is the engineer's most feared fault. Precision over accuracy, that's our >game! > >But, back to chemistry, I don't know of any other game in town that >addresses the minor minerals. I got soil tests through the state >extension service last spring. All I get is NPK, organic matter (which >was excellent) and pH. Two of those five are going to vary quite a bit >over the season. It was a cheap test, but the results I got weren't >worth the time and effort. > >I got some names of soil testing labs through ATTRA, and have identified >ten labs that do more than NPK. Only two of them do not appear to be >associated with one of the Albrecht-derivative firms that advertise in >Acres U.S.A: University of Maine and MDS Harris. The number and mix of >minerals that are tested for vary from firm to firm. I just checked one, >and it tests for twelve minerals, not the 17 that you mentioned for >plants, or even the 15 or so that Albrecht mentions. > >What's a farmer to do? It seems that I have to take some chaff with the >wheat, and hope I can winnow it out on my own. I believe that those >minor minerals are important, and I don't know how to get them balanced >without going through Acres. They are the only resource I have right >now. > >A minor quibble with the chart in "Has your soil got guts?": They >shifted the axes on the graph, and read it off the unshifted axes. The >elements that are in shortest supply are H, N & C, not N, P, S & C as >stated. Shortage is indicated by maximum distance from the 45 degree >(shifted) axis. > >I ordered "From the Soil Up" by Donald Schiefer, and am looking forward >to learning more. > >If you were going to recommend any one book, or small set of books, for >a farmer to study, what would you pick? -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Thu Jan 22 03:16:19 2004 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 FCC: mailbox://lfl@pop.intrex.net/Sent X-Identity-Key: id4 Date: Thu, 22 Jan 2004 03:16:19 -0800 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm X-Mozilla-Draft-Info: internal/draft; vcard=0; receipt=0; uuencode=0 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Steve Diver: Black soldier fly larvae for organic waste bioconversion Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Date: Wed, 21 Jan 2004 11:23:38 -0600 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Black soldier fly larvae for organic waste bioconversion Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Black soldier fly larvae for organic waste bioconversion 1. Dr. Paul Olivier with Engineering, Separation and Recycling LLC in Louisiana shared resources on black soldier fly larvae on the U.S. Compost Countil List.... USCC. The Bio-Conversion of Putrescent Wastes with Black Soldier Fly Larvae http://www.esrla.com/brazil/frame.htm Interestingly, he is author of..... The Universe is One, Towards a Theory of Knowledge and Life by Paul A. Olivier http://www.amazon.com 2. A collection of resources on BSF were posted on USCC in June 2003: USCC Web Email Archives http://mailman.cloudnet.com/pipermail/compost/ 2003-June Archives by Subject http://mailman.cloudnet.com/pipermail/compost/2003-June/subject.html 3. Jacky Foo with Integrated Biosystems Network of IOBB hosted an electronic workshop on BSF. See the papers and discussion at: Black Soldier Fly and Waste Recycling/Management http://segate.sunet.se/archives/et-jizo.html Here is the agenda with papers: Date: Thu, 11 Apr 2002 18:43:35 +0200 Sender: Insect Larvae in Organic Waste Recycling & Management From: List-administrator Subject: Papers for e-discussion http://segate.sunet.se/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind02&L=et-jizo&H=1&O=D&P=2300 -----Original Message----- From: Jacky Foo I am happy to announce that the following materials are now available on the web and they will serve as discussion papers for the e-workshop (15 April to 17 May) on "Insect Larvae in Organic Waste Recycling and Management" (1) Paul Olivier (USA). The Bio-Conversion of Putrescent Waste http://www.esrla.com/brasil/frame.htm Or http://www.esrla.com/pdf/Brazil.pdf (2) Kevin Warburton & Vivienne Hallman (Australia). Processing of organic materials by the soldier fly, Hermetia illicens http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Ras/01-174.pdf Page 118-129 (3) Craig Sheppard (USA). Black Soldier Fly and Others for Value-Added Manure Management Abstract: http://nespal.cpes.peachnet.edu/sustain/fly2.asp Full paper: http://nespal.cpes.peachnet.edu/sustain/ibs_conf.pdf (4) Tran Tan Viet (Vietnam). Mass Production of Insect larvae http://www.esrla.com/tran/index.htm (under construction) (5) Lylian Rodriguez, Siv Kong & Thomas R Preston (Cambodia). Insect larvae as recycling agents: an alternative for the conversion of organic wastes into high quality protein 4. Electronic Forum on Area-Wide Integration of Specialized Crop and Livestock Production hosts a paper by Paul Olivier: Larval Bio-conversion by Paul Olivier http://lead.virtualcentre.org/en/ele/awi_2000/particip/oliver.pdf 5. Animal and Dairy Science at University of Georgia hosts a paper on BSF by Newton and Sheppard. Soldier Fly Benefits: House Fly Control, Manure Volume Reduation, and Manure Nutrient Recycling G. L. Newton, D. C. Sheppard, S. A. Thompson, and S. I. Savage http://www.ads.uga.edu/annrpt/1995/95_311.htm "A USDA Southern Region SARE/ACE grant (LS90-27, A Low Input Manure Management System in Animal Housing for House Fly Control, Waste Reduction and Feed Production) supported much of the research for this report." Best regards, Steve Diver http://www.attra.ncat.org -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Sat Mar 27 02:31:04 2004 X-UIDL: 368613937 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE24259E00E6; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:36 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 86761AEAC; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:36 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 69DE6AEA8 for ; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:36 -0500 (EST) Received: from n33.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n33.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.101]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 80A0DAE5E for ; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:35 -0500 (EST) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-7807-1080368674-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.193] by n33.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:34 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 40897 invoked from network); 27 Mar 2004 06:24:33 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:33 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n17.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.72) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:33 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.180] by n17.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:31 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.72 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 130.184.56.141 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Sat, 27 Mar 2004 06:24:30 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: Observing Microbial Biofilms on Leaf Surfaces + Isolation of Culturable Micr Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Note: Total weight is 5. NOABUSE, SUBJSPACES-10, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368613937 Hi Bob - SFI uses fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in combination with epifluorescent microscopy to measure active microbial biomass, and a range of microscopy methods for all the different parameters they measure. Elaine can provide exact details. Elaine's methodologies were developd through graduate and post-graduate research going back to early 1980s. See a bibliography of her papers at: Sunburst Nominees with SFI | Australia http://www.sunnom.com.au/sfi/members.htm For example: Ingham, E. R., and D. A. Klein. 1984. Soil fungi: relationships between hyphal activity and staining with fluorescein diacetate. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 16:273-278. Ingham, E.R. and D.A. Klein. (1984). Soil fungi: Measurement of hyphal length. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:279-280. Stamatiadis, S., J.W. Doran and E.R. Ingham. (1990). Use of staining and inhibitors to separate fungal and bacterial activity in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:81-88. Mary Appelhof published an article in WormEzine (August 2003) that summarized the SFI lab techniques: "Another capability that Dr. Ingham has is to determine which cells are active at the time the lab receives the samples. Many bacteria, protozoa, and fungi would be in a dormant or inactive state. Others are actively metabolizing at the time they make the preparation. By adding fluorescein diacetate (FDA) to the preparations, any cell whose mitochondria are active take up the FDA. When the technicians look at the sample using ultraviolet light with the microscope, the active cells show up a bright fluorescent yellow/green. By using a dark field on the microscope the bright yellow-green cells show up very readily, enabling the viewer to ascertain the number of active bacteria, fungi, or protozoa as compared with the total numbers or hyphal length." Etc... keep reading, this article provides an excellent summary of SFI procedures. WormEzine Vol. 2, No. 7 August 2003 http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/WormEzine_2-7.pdf FDA and acridine orange (used in the French study) are fluorochromes. There's a whole bunch of the fluorochromes. See: Nikon Microscopy: Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) Filter Set http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/fluorescence/f iltercubes/yfp/yfphome.html Fluorochromes and recommended filter pairs http://www.mtxlsi.com/fluorofilters.htm Regards, Steve Diver --- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "bobkacalek" wrote: > Hi Steve, > Thanks for sharing, very interesting. > The advantage of quality ACT is the abundance of diversity in Micro- > organisms delivered vs one or two specific cultures. > Are the methods described (Epifluorescence microscopy, scanning > electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used > to observe microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces)similar to > methods used by SFI? Maybe Dr. E will respond? > Thanks Again, > bob > > ------------------------ Yahoo! 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Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Fri Mar 26 13:43:53 2004 X-UIDL: 368613893 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AFC3EB660128; Fri, 26 Mar 2004 11:52:19 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 59438BEA0; Fri, 26 Mar 2004 11:52:19 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3D778BE96 for ; Fri, 26 Mar 2004 11:52:19 -0500 (EST) Received: from n9.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n9.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.93]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 62A09BDC7 for ; Fri, 26 Mar 2004 11:52:18 -0500 (EST) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-7805-1080319937-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.197] by n9.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Mar 2004 16:52:18 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 42914 invoked from network); 26 Mar 2004 16:52:06 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.166) by m4.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 26 Mar 2004 16:52:06 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n27.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.83) by mta5.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 26 Mar 2004 16:52:06 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.129] by n27.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Mar 2004 16:51:53 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.83 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 130.184.56.141 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2004 16:51:49 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Observing Microbial Biofilms on Leaf Surfaces + Isolation of Culturable Microbes Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Note: Total weight is 5. NOABUSE, SUBJSPACES-10, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368613893 APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1997, p. 1570=961576 Methods for Observing Microbial Biofilms Directly on Leaf Surfaces=20 and Recovering Them for=09 http://nature.berkeley.edu/icelab/jmm/aem97.pdf CINDY E. MORRIS, JEAN-MICHEL MONIER, AND MARIE-AGNE`S JACQUES Station de Pathologie Ve=B4ge=B4tale, INRA, Domaine St. Maurice, France ABSTRACT Epifluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to observe microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces. Biofilms were observed on leaves of all species sampled (spinach, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, celery, leeks, basil, parsley, and broad-leaved endive), although the epifluorescent images were clearest when pale green tissue or cuticle pieces were=20 used. With these techniques, biofilms were observed that were about=20 20 mm in depth and up to 1 mm in length and that contained copious exopolymeric matrices, diverse morphotypes of microorganisms, and debris. The epifluorescence techniques described here can be used to rapidly determine the abundance and localization of biofilms on=20 leaves. An additional technique was developed to recover individual biofilms or portions of single biofilms from leaves and to=20 disintegrate them for isolation of the culturable microorganisms=20 they contained. Nineteen biofilms from broad-leaved endive, spinach, parsley, and olive leaves were thus isolated and characterized to illustrate the applications of this technique. Excerpts: INTRODUCTION It is well documented that leaves of herbaceous and woody plants are colonized by numerous species of bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi... In many environments, it is common to find assemblages of microorganisms adherent to each other and/or to a surface and embedded in a matrix of exopolymers (8). These assemblages are referred to as biofilms... (i) Biofilms are composed of an exopolymeric matrix and multiple=20 layers of microbial cells leading to the creation of physical=20 barriers and the establishment of chemical gradients. (ii) They generally contain multiple species of microorganisms, fostering metabolic and genetic exchange. (iii) Many biofilm cells are=20 attached to a surface... MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material. Leaves were sampled from commercially produced=20 spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Battavian lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. pekinensis),=20 celery (Apium graveolens), leeks (Allium porrum), basil=20 (Ocimum basilicum), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) purchased=20 at a local supermarket. Leaves of broad-leaved endive (Cichorium endivia var. latifolia, cultivar Samy) were collected from mature plants in experimental field plots cultivated as described=20 previously (18) in Montfavet, France, or purchased at a=20 supermarket... Preparation of plant material for microscopic observation. Leaves=20 of all plants except parsley were cut into squares of approximately=20 1 by 1 cm. For some leaves of broad-leaved endive, the cuticle=20 was also peeled off. Parsley leaflets were cut off the petioles=20 but were not cut into pieces. For epifluorescence microscopy,=20 leaflets, leaf pieces, or cuticle pieces were soaked in a solution=20 of acridine orange (0.01% in acetate buffer [pH 4]) for 2 min,=20 rinsed twice in distilled water, set on microscope slides, and=20 observed with an Olympus BHS microscope (Olympus Optical, Co.,=20 Tokyo, Japan; light source model BH.RFL.W) under UV light=20 filtered through a blue filter... RESULTS In situ observation. Aggregates of microorganisms embedded in an exopolymeric matrix were observed on all leaf material stained with acridine orange and examined by epifluorescence light microscopy, including broad-leaved endive (Fig. 1), spinach, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, celery, leeks, basil,=20 and parsley. Epifluorescence microscopic images of biofilms on broad-leaved endive were of the best resolution either when the cuticle was peeled from the leaf surface and mounted under a coverslide (Fig. 1A) or when biofilms were located on flat, etiolated portions of the leaf.... Biofilms were observed on all parts of the leaves (margin, base, and upper and lower surfaces). In the case of broadleaved endive, we observed about 100 biofilms. These biofilms were found most often at the leaf base and were rarely on the margin of green leaf tissue. About 90% of them were attached to trichomes (Fig. 1A and C).... SEM examination of leaf surfaces confirmed that biofilms could be readily observed on naturally contaminated leaf=20 surfaces. Biofilms observed by SEM were as large as 1 mm=20 in length (Fig. 2) or were in networks extending for several millimeters and were composed of a copious exopolymer matrix and numerous microbial morphotypes resembling bacteria,=20 filamentous fungi, and yeasts as well as debris-like particles. DISCUSSION The techniques reported here permitted us to illustrate that biofilms in the phyllosphere may be tens of micrometers thick, may have a copious exopolymeric matrix, and may form extensive networks several millimeters long.... The isolation technique described in this study allows for collection of a wide range of bacteria and other microorganisms coexisting in close physical proximity... Using the technique presented here, we have illustrated that=20 diverse microorganisms, including both gram-positive and=20 gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts and filamentous fungi,=20 may inhabit the same biofilm in the phyllosphere as has been=20 observed in other environments (4, 22, 28)... The isolation technique we describe here will allow phyllosphere=20 ecologists to determine which microorganisms are frequently=20 associated in biofilms. This may lead to the identification of=20 saprophytic organisms that play a role in plant disease processes=20 incited by phytopathogenic organisms with which they are associated=20 or may help to explain mechanisms of genetic exchange observed on leaf surfaces... Characterization of the microbial components of individual=20 biofilms in the phyllosphere may lead to new hypotheses about=20 trophic interactions or chemical communication among these=20 organisms. =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D SD comment:=20 Compost teas have significant influence on microorganism populations in the rhizophere and phyllosphere.=20=20 While biofilms are problematic in compost tea brewers,=20 they are normal and beneficial in the phyllosphere.=20 This paper elucidates direct observation of phyllosphere organisms, and alludes to culture methods to isolate=20 microorganisms.=20=20=20 Isolation of soil and compost microbes for identification by gas chromatography, following by culturing of selected=20 beneficial strains in fermentation flasks, then adding back=20 into compost teas prior to field application, as a liquid=20 biological injection into irrigation lines, has been done=20 by Midwest BioSystems in conjunction with Agri-Energy Resources Lab, for example.=20 Steve Diver =20 Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/compost_tea/ <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ =20 From - Sat Mar 27 02:31:04 2004 X-UIDL: 368613937 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE24259E00E6; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:36 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 86761AEAC; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:36 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 69DE6AEA8 for ; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:36 -0500 (EST) Received: from n33.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n33.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.101]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 80A0DAE5E for ; Sat, 27 Mar 2004 01:24:35 -0500 (EST) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-7807-1080368674-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.193] by n33.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:34 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 40897 invoked from network); 27 Mar 2004 06:24:33 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:33 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n17.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.72) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:33 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.180] by n17.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 27 Mar 2004 06:24:31 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.72 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 130.184.56.141 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Sat, 27 Mar 2004 06:24:30 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: Observing Microbial Biofilms on Leaf Surfaces + Isolation of Culturable Micr Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Note: Total weight is 5. NOABUSE, SUBJSPACES-10, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368613937 Hi Bob - SFI uses fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in combination with epifluorescent microscopy to measure active microbial biomass, and a range of microscopy methods for all the different parameters they measure. Elaine can provide exact details. Elaine's methodologies were developd through graduate and post-graduate research going back to early 1980s. See a bibliography of her papers at: Sunburst Nominees with SFI | Australia http://www.sunnom.com.au/sfi/members.htm For example: Ingham, E. R., and D. A. Klein. 1984. Soil fungi: relationships between hyphal activity and staining with fluorescein diacetate. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 16:273-278. Ingham, E.R. and D.A. Klein. (1984). Soil fungi: Measurement of hyphal length. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:279-280. Stamatiadis, S., J.W. Doran and E.R. Ingham. (1990). Use of staining and inhibitors to separate fungal and bacterial activity in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:81-88. Mary Appelhof published an article in WormEzine (August 2003) that summarized the SFI lab techniques: "Another capability that Dr. Ingham has is to determine which cells are active at the time the lab receives the samples. Many bacteria, protozoa, and fungi would be in a dormant or inactive state. Others are actively metabolizing at the time they make the preparation. By adding fluorescein diacetate (FDA) to the preparations, any cell whose mitochondria are active take up the FDA. When the technicians look at the sample using ultraviolet light with the microscope, the active cells show up a bright fluorescent yellow/green. By using a dark field on the microscope the bright yellow-green cells show up very readily, enabling the viewer to ascertain the number of active bacteria, fungi, or protozoa as compared with the total numbers or hyphal length." Etc... keep reading, this article provides an excellent summary of SFI procedures. WormEzine Vol. 2, No. 7 August 2003 http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/WormEzine_2-7.pdf FDA and acridine orange (used in the French study) are fluorochromes. There's a whole bunch of the fluorochromes. See: Nikon Microscopy: Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) Filter Set http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/fluorescence/f iltercubes/yfp/yfphome.html Fluorochromes and recommended filter pairs http://www.mtxlsi.com/fluorofilters.htm Regards, Steve Diver --- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "bobkacalek" wrote: > Hi Steve, > Thanks for sharing, very interesting. > The advantage of quality ACT is the abundance of diversity in Micro- > organisms delivered vs one or two specific cultures. > Are the methods described (Epifluorescence microscopy, scanning > electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used > to observe microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces)similar to > methods used by SFI? Maybe Dr. E will respond? > Thanks Again, > bob > > ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Buy Ink Cartridges or Refill Kits for your HP, Epson, Canon or Lexmark Printer at MyInks.com. Free s/h on orders $50 or more to the US & Canada. http://www.c1tracking.com/l.asp?cid=5511 http://us.click.yahoo.com/mOAaAA/3exGAA/qnsNAA/0PSxlB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/compost_tea/ <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: compost_tea-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ From - Thu Apr 01 14:21:04 2004 X-UIDL: 368614296 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A65FC12900B0; Thu, 01 Apr 2004 13:58:39 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 6976DD2E8; Thu, 1 Apr 2004 13:58:39 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4D2D3D2DC for ; Thu, 1 Apr 2004 13:58:39 -0500 (EST) Received: from intrex.net (client230-16.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.230.16]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B8944D2A4 for ; Thu, 1 Apr 2004 13:58:37 -0500 (EST) Message-ID: <406C95BC.8010505@intrex.net> Date: Thu, 01 Apr 2004 14:20:44 -0800 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Workshops: "gil carandang", "indigenous microorganisms" Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368614296 Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2004 09:08:16 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Re: Tilth Apprentice Placement Service Updated for 2004 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed in a few weeks i will be posting our apprenticeship in tropical organic agriculture at herbana farms in the philippines. it is a six-month program with special focus on natural farming technology. i'll send more details later. thanks, gil carandang herbana farms philippines >From: Chrys Ostrander >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: [SANET-MG] Tilth Apprentice Placement Service Updated for 2004 >Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2004 14:19:40 -0800 > >Tilth Producers is Washington State's Organic and Sustainable growers' >Organization. Each year it publishes the Tilth Apprentice Placement Service >Listing as a way for folks seeking work experience on organic and >sustainable farms to connect with farmers seeking apprentices. > >I have just updated the Placement Service listings for 2004 on the Tilth >Producers website: >http://www.tilthproducers.org. > >Seventy-four farms are listed and their apprentice position openings are >described. Check it out today! > >The actual apprenticeship arrangement will be made directly between the >participating farms and apprentices. As such, the Tilth Placement Service >and the Tilth Producers organization cannot guarantee the satisfaction of >the farmers or the apprentices. > >Yours truly, >Chrys Ostrander >Web Designer for Tilth Producers > > >******************************************************** > >To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: >1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by >typing in your e-mail address or; >2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the >list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > >Visit the SANET-MG archives at: >http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html _________________________________________________________________ Add photos to your e-mail with MSN 8. Get 2 months FREE*. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/featuredemail ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html Back to: Top of message | Previous page | Main SANET-MG page LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Date: Tue, 30 Mar 2004 10:46:24 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Re: your input needed Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed you might be interested on an in-depth workshop on indigenous microorganisms, grow your own -- beneficial indigenous microorganisms and bionutrients in natural farming. i did two workshops years 2003 and 2004 for ecofarm conference in monterey, california and did several one-day workshops in california. you may search "gil carandang", "indigenous microorganisms". let me know and i can tailor a workshop on the subject which participants will actually learn how to culture these beneficial indigenous microorganisms, empowering farmers. thanks, gil carandang herbana farms philippines >From: Maura McDermott >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: [SANET-MG] your input needed >Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2004 13:16:55 -0600 > >Fall Workshops: Your Input Needed > >The Kerr Center is planning The Future Farms 2004 conference for November, >and we need your help. > >In the past, many of our conference attendees have indicated they would >like >more in-depth information than can be conveyed in an hour-long session on >topics that would help them start a new farm enterprise or sustainably >manage existing crops/livestock. So we are planning a conference that will >consist of several in-depth, day or half-day workshops on topics of >interest >to small scale farmers/ranchers in Oklahoma and adjoining states who might >attend. > >We need you to let us know what topic or topics you would like to see >covered in a workshop. Below are a list of possibilities, gleaned from past >conference evaluations. >PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ADD YOUR OWN IDEA/TOPIC. > >Print this form and mail to: Maura McDermott, Kerr Center, PO Box 588 >Poteau, OK 74953 >Or you may easily email us your suggestions from our web site >www.kerrcenter.com-- this form is online there. Please contact us by May >1. > >Possible Workshop Topics (Please check) > > >Organic _____________(name crops) >__production >__marketing > >__Building healthy soil > >__Season Extension Ideas > >__Rotational/Cell grazing > >__Growing “ethnic” crops > >__CSAs/Subscription Farming > >__Agritourism > >__Raising heritage breeds of livestock > >__Grass-fed beef >__production >__processing/marketing > >__Natural beef >__production >__processing/ marketing > >__Organic beef >__production >__processing/marketing > >__Financing alternative enterprises > >__Business/record keeping for farm enterprises > >__Grants for farmers > >__Herbs >__production >__marketing > >__Honey: >__production >__marketing > >__Cut flowers >__production > __marketing > >__Farmers’ markets: > __how to start > __selling at > >__Producing/selling to schools and institutions > >OTHER_______________________________________________________________________ > >____________________________________________________________________________ > >____________________________________________________________________________ > >___________________________________________ > >Instructors you would like to hear? > >____________________________________________________________________________ >__ > > >Your name, address (optional) > > > >Maura McDermott >Communications Director >Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture >PO Box 588 >Poteau, OK 74953 >918.647.9123 >www.kerrcenter.com > >"There is one thing stronger than all the armies in the world: and that is >an idea whose time has come." --Victor Hugo > >******************************************************** > >To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: >1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by >typing in your e-mail address or; >2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the >list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > >Visit the SANET-MG archives at: >http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html _________________________________________________________________ The new MSN 8: smart spam protection and 2 months FREE* http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html Back to: Top of message | Previous page | Main SANET-MG page LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Mon Apr 12 11:43:03 2004 X-UIDL: 368615063 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A31881D600E0; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:28 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id A03A4AB87; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:28 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7A43DAB82 for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:28 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n22.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n22.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.78]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 44DDFA9D1 for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:27 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8033-1081778965-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.192] by n22.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 12 Apr 2004 14:09:26 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 18157 invoked from network); 12 Apr 2004 14:09:23 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.172) by m10.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 12 Apr 2004 14:09:23 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-m22.mx.aol.com) (64.12.137.3) by mta4.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 12 Apr 2004 14:09:23 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m22.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r1.2.) id r.117.314dc846 (15901) for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:10 -0400 (EDT) Received: from aol.com (mow-m15.webmail.aol.com [64.12.180.131]) by air-id09.mx.aol.com (v98.19) with ESMTP id MAILINID94-3e1d407aa306263; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:10 -0500 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: <25F91835.2B72567B.404D8829@aol.com> X-Mailer: Atlas Mailer 2.0 X-AOL-IP: 24.21.158.7 X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 64.12.137.3 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:10 -0400 Subject: Re: [compost_tea] numbers Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615063 Hi Anthony - 

I'm out of time!  But here's a first pass at the explanation for you!  Back in two weeks!

Numbers of individuals in soil.  OK, here goes. 

That's not possible to say, really, for fungi.  A fungal individual is difficult to know for certain.  Plate counts mess up on that measurement - in general, plate counts give you "how many spores of fungi and pieces of hyphal strands were the fungi broken into when you shook your sample", which isn't really a useful piece of information. 

Colony forming units - CFU - do not tell you if the fungal propagule was a spore, a tiny piece of hypha, or a mat of hyphae.  You need to do biomass, that's all there is to it, when you are dealing with fungi. 

Especially when you want to compare fungi and bacteria, comparing numbers is just plain nonsense.  We could tell you how many individual strands of fungi are present in soil, but that is dependent on whether the soil was just plowed, or not.  Doesn't relate to anything useful. 

But what about bacteria?  Bacteria clump together, they like to form colonies.  Just like people.  People clump together in villages, towns, cities, etc..  The group helps each individual better.  Think of a bacterial colony as being like a neighborhood of similar ethnic people. 

Plate count approaches cannot separate all the colonies into the individuals, so plate counts always underestimate the actual number of individuals - but you don't know by how much.  How many colonies were broken up when you shook your soil sample in buffer?  How many were not, or were partially broken up? don't know.  So, what are you getting when you run a plate count? 

In direct microscopy, we count the individual bacteria that we can see, including the bacteria in colonies, measure length and width, and then using the typical density of bacteria in soil, determined over the years by lots of testing and which varies from soil to soil, season to season, we can determine biomass of bacteria in soil. 

We are working on differences in bacterial and fungial densities in the rhizosphere of different agricultural plants right now, so that will be put into the data that will be used to fine-tune the SFI report based on each plant that you tell us has been growing in the area you want to know about. 

A good test for a lab that says they are doing direct measurements, but are perhaps not actually giving good data because they don't work with the person who developed the direct microscopic techniques they purport to use, is to ask them how they figured out density of bacteria and fungi in soil.  What values do they use in their spread sheets, and how those values change with season. 

SFI labs direct that question to me, because I developed the knowledge.  Sharing that knowledge, having someone able to understand that level of seasonal change, and understand how to do the assessment, generally takes a minimum of Ph.D. in microbiology.  So, yes, other academics can tell you the reason you need to pay attention to this, but only by working with SFI labs will you get the knowledge that has already worked that one out. 

People who stopped by SFI and spent a week, or even a couple years, "training" with SF were not given this information.  They can't explain where each value in our spread sheets comes from, and of course, that's critical in order to change the seasonal parameters, the plant parameters, that need to be changed. 

Anyway, on to the numbers.  We explain numbers versus biomass in SFI courses, so, if this discussion is a bit too much, please come to one of those classes. 

Bacteria generally run about 1 million per gram (about a teaspoon) of dry weight of soil in conventional agricultural soil.  Typically a plate count will overestimate the actual numbers of bacterial individuals, because the plate count will include dormant stages of bacteria, not just the active bacterial cells.  That's a problem.  If the information you need is - how many functioning cells in my soil - then you cannot get that knowledge from a plate count. 

Bacterial numbers in HEALTHY agricultural soil, healthy defined by the plant can grow without pesticides or inorganic fertilizer to help it survive (not on drugs, if you will) are typically about 600 million per gram dry weight of soil. 

Numbers of bacteria per gram in a conventional lawn, maintained by a chemical service?  You may have only disease - causers, and you may have only a few thousand per gram.  Pesticides kill things.  Oh, surprise. 

In a healthy lawn, which is disease-free, so not requiring any pesticides, we can find up to 2,000 million bacteria per gram of soil.  But that better be balanced by a fungal biomass to balance nitrogen in a proper ratio to grow your perennial grasses. 

The proper biology does that for you.  You must get the ratio of fungi to bacteria correct, for the plant you want to grow, or you may be setting the stage to grow weeds better than the plant you want to grow. 

If that statement confused you, it may be time to come to an SFI class. 

In a field of soil (about 2 million lbs of soil in the top ten inches in an acre of soil), that's well into the billions of individuals of bacteria, and possibly fungi.  

You need to be very careful when someone is talking about numbers of individuals of bacteria or fungi that you get the units correct.  Did they say billions of individuals per gram of ag soil?  Then they are not correct. 

Did they say billions of individuals per gram soil in an old growth forest?  They are correct.  How productive a system are you talking about? 

If they say billions of individuals in an ag FIELD, then they MAY be correct.  In an old growth forest stand of trees?  They are being too conservative. 

And that's just bacteria and fungi.  what about protozoa?  Add them in. 

Nematodes?  Microarthropods?  You CANNOT have a healthy old growth forest without several hundred thousand microarthropods doing their thing, during the right times of the year. 

Seasonal processes going on there, and we need to make sure they are there, in order to have a healthy forest. 

Much to understand.  But not impossible, nor even all that complex, if you get an understanding of how it all works together.  There's a great deal of "well, of course that's how it works", once you have someone explain the functions of the different critters for you. 

Elaine Ingham
President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
SFI Corvallis, OR
SFI Port Jefferson, NY
SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia
SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands
SFI Cambridge, New Zealand
SFI Culiacan, Mexico
SFI Jerome, Idaho
http://www.soilfoodweb.com


Yahoo! Groups Links

From - Mon Apr 12 11:43:03 2004 X-UIDL: 368615063 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A31881D600E0; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:28 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id A03A4AB87; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:28 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7A43DAB82 for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:28 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n22.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n22.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.78]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 44DDFA9D1 for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:27 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8033-1081778965-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.192] by n22.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 12 Apr 2004 14:09:26 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 18157 invoked from network); 12 Apr 2004 14:09:23 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.172) by m10.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 12 Apr 2004 14:09:23 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-m22.mx.aol.com) (64.12.137.3) by mta4.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 12 Apr 2004 14:09:23 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m22.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r1.2.) id r.117.314dc846 (15901) for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:10 -0400 (EDT) Received: from aol.com (mow-m15.webmail.aol.com [64.12.180.131]) by air-id09.mx.aol.com (v98.19) with ESMTP id MAILINID94-3e1d407aa306263; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:10 -0500 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: <25F91835.2B72567B.404D8829@aol.com> X-Mailer: Atlas Mailer 2.0 X-AOL-IP: 24.21.158.7 X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 64.12.137.3 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2004 10:09:10 -0400 Subject: Re: [compost_tea] numbers Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615063 Hi Anthony - 

I'm out of time!  But here's a first pass at the explanation for you!  Back in two weeks!

Numbers of individuals in soil.  OK, here goes. 

That's not possible to say, really, for fungi.  A fungal individual is difficult to know for certain.  Plate counts mess up on that measurement - in general, plate counts give you "how many spores of fungi and pieces of hyphal strands were the fungi broken into when you shook your sample", which isn't really a useful piece of information. 

Colony forming units - CFU - do not tell you if the fungal propagule was a spore, a tiny piece of hypha, or a mat of hyphae.  You need to do biomass, that's all there is to it, when you are dealing with fungi. 

Especially when you want to compare fungi and bacteria, comparing numbers is just plain nonsense.  We could tell you how many individual strands of fungi are present in soil, but that is dependent on whether the soil was just plowed, or not.  Doesn't relate to anything useful. 

But what about bacteria?  Bacteria clump together, they like to form colonies.  Just like people.  People clump together in villages, towns, cities, etc..  The group helps each individual better.  Think of a bacterial colony as being like a neighborhood of similar ethnic people. 

Plate count approaches cannot separate all the colonies into the individuals, so plate counts always underestimate the actual number of individuals - but you don't know by how much.  How many colonies were broken up when you shook your soil sample in buffer?  How many were not, or were partially broken up? don't know.  So, what are you getting when you run a plate count? 

In direct microscopy, we count the individual bacteria that we can see, including the bacteria in colonies, measure length and width, and then using the typical density of bacteria in soil, determined over the years by lots of testing and which varies from soil to soil, season to season, we can determine biomass of bacteria in soil. 

We are working on differences in bacterial and fungial densities in the rhizosphere of different agricultural plants right now, so that will be put into the data that will be used to fine-tune the SFI report based on each plant that you tell us has been growing in the area you want to know about. 

A good test for a lab that says they are doing direct measurements, but are perhaps not actually giving good data because they don't work with the person who developed the direct microscopic techniques they purport to use, is to ask them how they figured out density of bacteria and fungi in soil.  What values do they use in their spread sheets, and how those values change with season. 

SFI labs direct that question to me, because I developed the knowledge.  Sharing that knowledge, having someone able to understand that level of seasonal change, and understand how to do the assessment, generally takes a minimum of Ph.D. in microbiology.  So, yes, other academics can tell you the reason you need to pay attention to this, but only by working with SFI labs will you get the knowledge that has already worked that one out. 

People who stopped by SFI and spent a week, or even a couple years, "training" with SF were not given this information.  They can't explain where each value in our spread sheets comes from, and of course, that's critical in order to change the seasonal parameters, the plant parameters, that need to be changed. 

Anyway, on to the numbers.  We explain numbers versus biomass in SFI courses, so, if this discussion is a bit too much, please come to one of those classes. 

Bacteria generally run about 1 million per gram (about a teaspoon) of dry weight of soil in conventional agricultural soil.  Typically a plate count will overestimate the actual numbers of bacterial individuals, because the plate count will include dormant stages of bacteria, not just the active bacterial cells.  That's a problem.  If the information you need is - how many functioning cells in my soil - then you cannot get that knowledge from a plate count. 

Bacterial numbers in HEALTHY agricultural soil, healthy defined by the plant can grow without pesticides or inorganic fertilizer to help it survive (not on drugs, if you will) are typically about 600 million per gram dry weight of soil. 

Numbers of bacteria per gram in a conventional lawn, maintained by a chemical service?  You may have only disease - causers, and you may have only a few thousand per gram.  Pesticides kill things.  Oh, surprise. 

In a healthy lawn, which is disease-free, so not requiring any pesticides, we can find up to 2,000 million bacteria per gram of soil.  But that better be balanced by a fungal biomass to balance nitrogen in a proper ratio to grow your perennial grasses. 

The proper biology does that for you.  You must get the ratio of fungi to bacteria correct, for the plant you want to grow, or you may be setting the stage to grow weeds better than the plant you want to grow. 

If that statement confused you, it may be time to come to an SFI class. 

In a field of soil (about 2 million lbs of soil in the top ten inches in an acre of soil), that's well into the billions of individuals of bacteria, and possibly fungi.  

You need to be very careful when someone is talking about numbers of individuals of bacteria or fungi that you get the units correct.  Did they say billions of individuals per gram of ag soil?  Then they are not correct. 

Did they say billions of individuals per gram soil in an old growth forest?  They are correct.  How productive a system are you talking about? 

If they say billions of individuals in an ag FIELD, then they MAY be correct.  In an old growth forest stand of trees?  They are being too conservative. 

And that's just bacteria and fungi.  what about protozoa?  Add them in. 

Nematodes?  Microarthropods?  You CANNOT have a healthy old growth forest without several hundred thousand microarthropods doing their thing, during the right times of the year. 

Seasonal processes going on there, and we need to make sure they are there, in order to have a healthy forest. 

Much to understand.  But not impossible, nor even all that complex, if you get an understanding of how it all works together.  There's a great deal of "well, of course that's how it works", once you have someone explain the functions of the different critters for you. 

Elaine Ingham
President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
SFI Corvallis, OR
SFI Port Jefferson, NY
SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia
SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands
SFI Cambridge, New Zealand
SFI Culiacan, Mexico
SFI Jerome, Idaho
http://www.soilfoodweb.com


Yahoo! Groups Links

From - Mon Apr 12 23:44:06 2004 X-UIDL: 368615124 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A80F35110120; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:35 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id A8D60C27F; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:35 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8DDE3C26C for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:35 -0400 (EDT) Received: from intrex.net (client230-16.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.230.16]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C1E5DBE0F for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:33 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <407B8781.8070600@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:24:01 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Cultivating diversity underground for better yields above - http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/0903/daviddouds.shtml Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615124 http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/0903/daviddouds.shtml Cultivating diversity underground for better yields above Research at The Rodale Institute® demonstrates how sustainable farming practices can boost yields by nurturing beneficial soil fungi. By Laura Sayre About this series: As some of you may know, The Rodale Institute®, which publishes The New Farm®, is home to the longest running field trials in the country comparing organic and conventional systems of farming called The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial® (FST). The data from that 23 years of research is a real treasure trove of insight into the economic, ecological and agronomic benefits of organic farming. In addition to this long-running Farming Systems Trial, we have a variety of other research in progress at The Institute. David Douds, as you’ll read in this story, has been studying soil fungi here at The Institute’s research farm for 15 years. We’re engaged in no-till research, weed research, compost tea research, composting research, water quality research, and much more. Until now, much of the light we’re generating here on our research farm has been hidden under the proverbial barrel, but we’re taking off the barrel and busting it up for firewood. We’re going let the light of the amazing research being done here shine on farmers, consumers and environmental activities. Over the next year we’ll be running a series of stories, about one a month, on the significance of our research ... and its practical applications. That includes a few stories on equipment construction—a front-mounted roller for no-till, and a compost turner converted from a junked 18-wheeler. So sit tight, and be prepared to be amazed, starting with David Douds’ discoveries about how you can increase vegetable yields by 50 percent using homemade fungal inoculants. Enjoy, Chris Hill Executive Editor p.s. Interested in hearing more about how you can take part in the mycorrhizae revolution? Click here and let us know. Send your name, phone number and e-mail address with your note so we can follow-up with you. "Overall, Douds’ work suggests that a small amount of mixed MF inoculant can be substituted for a large amount of fertilizer--with no loss of yield, greatly reduced environmental impact, and lower production costs." Home-grown mycorrhizal inoculum can be produced at a fraction of the cost of purchasing commercial mixes. "I've done some preliminary calculations," says Douds. "The on-farm system produces 100 million propagules for approximately $50, not counting the cost of the farmer's labor, which is fairly minimal. To purchase 100 million propagules as listed on the bag of some commercial mixes would cost anywhere from $8,000 to $40,000." FACT SHEET: Mycorrhizae Above: USDA soil microbiologist David Douds with a carrot root-mycorrhizal fungi culture. Under the leadership of Dr. Douds, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil innoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs. (Photo by Peggy Greb, courtesy of the Agricultural Research Service Photo Unit.) September 29, 2003: You've read the amazing facts and figures: one teaspoon of healthy topsoil can contain millions of individual microorganisms, all playing a part in the functioning of the soil ecosystem. But how much do you really know about the action of those diverse species and how to maximize their presence in your own fields? Ongoing research at The Rodale Institute® sheds light on one important component of the soil community--mycorrhizal fungi--and its impact on agricultural production. Under the leadership of Dr. David Douds, a soil microbiologist with the USDA's Agricultural Research Service, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil inoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs. A mycorrhizal primer Mycorrhizae are soil-dwelling fungi that live in and around the roots of plants ('myco-rrhizae' means 'fungus-root'). The fungi and the plants form mutually beneficial associations in which the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plants and the plants receive nutrients and other benefits from the fungi. Since the first mycorrhizae species were described by a German botanist in the 1880s, researchers have discovered that approximately 80% of all land plants form mycorrhizal associations. The relationship is so widespread, in fact, that it is sometimes referred to as 'the Universal Symbiosis,' and is believed to have played a key role in the evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial plant forms. Today, scientists divide mycorrhizae into two major types: endomycorrhizae, which penetrate and colonize plant roots, and ectomycorrhizae, which form sheaths around plant roots. Whereas ectomycorrhizal relationships tend to be highly specialized--with some 6000 fungal species worldwide associated with tree species of the oak, beech, and pine families, among others--endomycorrhizal associations are more generalized as well as more widespread, with fewer than 150 fungal species opportunistically colonizing the roots of the vast majority of terrestrial plant families. Ectomycorrhizal inoculants are already widely used in commercial forestry, but the possibility of developing endomycorrhizal inoculants for production agriculture is a more recent idea. "These are beneficial soil fungi that colonize the roots of plants and help them take up phosphorus" and other immobile soil nutrients, such as zinc and copper, Douds explains. "The fungus colonizes the root and it also grows out into the soil; the part of the fungus that's in the soil acts as an extension of the root system, to explore a greater volume of soil and take up nutrients and bring them back into the root." In addition to facilitating nutrient uptake, some mycorrhizae secrete a gluey substance, called glomalin, which helps develop soil structure and soil aggregation; others may help plants fight disease. Yet because endomycorrhizae are 'obligate symbionts'--they must have living plant roots to colonize in order to complete their life cycle--their numbers will decline under conventional agricultural monocultures, which have living crop covers fewer months of the year than organic rotations. The drop in yields typically seen after the first year of cultivation on virgin prairie or forest soils is probably attributable in part to the loss of native mycorrhizae, Douds says. Fifteen years of research prove benefits of fungi Douds has been conducting research in collaboration with The Rodale Institute since 1989, his first year at the Agricultural Research Service's Eastern Regional Research Center in Wyndmoor, on the outskirts of Philadelphia. "Some employees of The Institute farm came down to our research center as part of a kind of an interagency show-and-tell about research programs and facilities and what all we could do to help each other," Douds recalls. "Rhonda Janke"--The Institute's research agronomist at the time--"gave a presentation about The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial," a side-by-side comparison of organic and conventional production systems. Douds recognized it as a great opportunity to study endomycorrhizal associations. "Later that year I started sampling, and right off learned that [the soils under] the conventional farming systems had fewer mycorrhizal fungi than the soils under the low-input farming systems. So right away we all got excited and we branched out from there." Since that first season, Douds' work at The Rodale Institute’s 333-acre experimental farm has progressed in three overlapping phases: In the first phase, from 1989 to 1995, Douds and his team surveyed native mycorrhizal fungi (MF) populations at Rodale and examined the impact of different agricultural practices--including tillage regimes, crop rotations, and soil amendments--on those populations. The second phase, which is still ongoing, looks at the utilization of MF by crop plants, comparing yields in the presence and absence of different MF species. The third phase seeks to apply those findings by devising a simple, on-farm MF inoculum production system, so that farmers can harness the benefits of endomycorrhizae without spending lots of money on commercial mixes. (Commercial products already on the market include Bio/Organics Endomycorrhizal Inoculant [$79.95 for 3 lbs, labeled to treat 500 plants], Plant Success Mycorrhizae Tablets [$19.95 for 100 tablets, labeled to treat 50 plants up to 1 ft tall], and Earthroots VAM Fungi by First Fruits LLC [$15 for 3 lbs, labeled to treat 200 seedlings].) On-farm production of mycorrhizal inoculant in test enclosures at The Rodale Institute’s farm. Douds chose bahiagrass as a host plant "because it's a tropical grass and the first frost will kill the shoot growth"--so it won't escape to become a new local weed and won't harbor any pests or pathogens that might affect either resident crops or northern native grasses. Agronomic practices that boost—or depress— mycorrhizal levels Although the first phase of Douds's research found larger and more diverse MF populations in organically-managed soils than in conventionally-managed ones, it also revealed how specific agronomic practices can boost or depress MF levels. "Over-wintering cover crops. . . are very beneficial to mycorrhizal fungi," Douds notes, whereas "tillage disrupts the mycorrhizal fungi in the soil and serves to decrease the initial colonization of the plants." Based on these findings, Douds emphasizes that all farmers, organic or conventional, can take steps to nurture the MF already present in their fields: reduce tillage, he says, use fungicides sparingly, and--most important--maximize cover cropping. "Over-wintering cover crops give the MF a host plant to colonize when there's no cash crop growing on the soil," Douds explains. In the coldest part of the year the MF go dormant, but during warm spells in early spring and late fall, the MF will try to grow, and can exhaust their reserves if they find no plant hosts. "During these periods. . . the fungus is still respiring, it's still burning up its carbohydrate storage in the spores, it's burning up the lipids that were stored," leaving it "less viable when the time comes finally for the crop plant to be present." A cover crop or even just a weedy fallow will maintain healthy MF populations, which can then benefit the cash crop coming on to the field. Crop rotations are another factor to consider, since a handful of crop species belong to plant families that do not form mycorrhizal associations (said to be 'non-mycotrophic'), including the Brassicaceae (rape, broccoli, cabbage, turnips, etc), the Chenopodiaceae (beets, spinach), and the Polygonaceae (buckwheat). Not only will these crops not benefit from the presence of MF, but MF levels in the soil will be depressed after these crops are grown, potentially showing an effect on any mycotrophic crops which follow. Potatoes and peppers inoculated with mycorrhizae get yield boosts of up to 50 percent! In the second phase of his research, looking at the impact of MF on crop yields, Douds began inoculating plants in the greenhouse and then tracking their performance in the field. "We had some plants that were inoculated with a control mix with no inoculum, another one inoculated with a mix of mycorrhizal fungi, and another inoculated with just one species commonly present in commercial inoculum," Douds explains. "We transplanted them into the Compost Utilization Trial,"--another ongoing experiment at The Rodale Institute--"and we found over the course of the 3-year experiment that the mixture of mycorrhizal fungi increased the yield of marketable-sized peppers up to a maximum of 34% over the control. Last year we tried inoculating potatoes, and we got up to a 50% increase over the controls." David Douds and a research intern dig potatoes in this season's mycorrhizal test plot at the Rodale Experimental Farm. In last year's trials, potatoes grown with mycorrhizal fungi showed yield increases of as much as 50%. Other crops known to respond dramatically to mycorrhizal colonization include citrus, onion, and strawberries. This year they are repeating the potato trial, measuring yields under four different treatments: one with no added MF; one with a commercially available MF; one with a mixed MF inoculant grown in a leaf compost and vermiculite medium; and one with a mixed MF inoculant grown in a dairy manure compost and vermiculite medium. Overall, this work suggests that a small amount of mixed MF inoculant can be substituted for a large amount of fertilizer--with no loss of yield, greatly reduced environmental impact, and lower production costs. One unexpected finding of Douds' work at Rodale "is that mycorrhizae can be used to increase the yield of crops even in soils that are very high in phosphorous." Some of the soils at the Rodale Farm which have been heavily composted, Douds notes, "have available P in excess of 300 parts/million"--well above the level at which mycorrhizal responses are typically seen, around 20-50 ppm available P. "The generalization would be that P as high as 300 would be a situation in which the plant can take up all the P that it needs by itself without relying on the mycorrhizal fungi." Douds believes that at high nutrient levels, some of the other benefits of MF--enhanced disease resistance, improved soil aggregation and better water relations--could be showing an effect. Build your own on-farm inoculum production system The third phase of Douds' research at Rodale Farm focuses on developing an inexpensive, practicable system for on-farm production of mycorrhizae inoculant. As obligate symbionts, endomycorrhizae have so far resisted attempts to create what scientists call axenic (or isolated, single-species) cultures--they can only be grown in the presence of a host plant. Douds' system works within this constraint, using bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), a tropical grass native to the southeastern US, as a host. A myccorhizae factory: The basic procedure is for the farmer to construct a simple enclosure out of landscape fabric, fill it with a mixture of compost and vermiculite, and then transplant pre-colonized bahiagrass seedlings into the mixture. Over the course of the growing season the bahiagrass spreads within the enclosure and the mycorrhizal fungi spread and reproduce along with it. When the grass dies back in the winter, the farmer is left with a concentrated mycorrhizal inoculant that can be incorporated into his or her potting mix when starting seedlings in the greenhouse the following spring. The basic procedure is for the farmer to construct a simple enclosure out of landscape fabric (75 cm square and 20 cm high), fill it with a mixture of compost and vermiculite, and then transplant pre-colonized bahiagrass seedlings into the mixture. Over the course of the growing season the bahiagrass spreads within the enclosure and the mycorrhizal fungi spread and reproduce along with it. When the grass dies back in the winter, the farmer is left with a concentrated mycorrhizal inoculant that can be incorporated into his or her potting mix when starting seedlings in the greenhouse the following spring. This year, Douds gave inoculated bahiagrass seedlings and other materials to a few Pennsylvania farmers to see how the method fares in the real-life conditions of farming. Meanwhile, Douds has 12 soil enclosures growing at the Rodale Farm in an experimental grid designed to identify optimum growth media. Douds chose three different kinds of compost--yard-clippings compost, controlled microbial compost, and dairy manure-leaf compost--and then diluted each kind with vermiculite at four different ratios, ranging from 1 part compost:2 parts vermiculite, down to 1 part compost:49 parts vermiculite. Each soil enclosure, finally, has nine separate sections, three with no inoculant and three each with two different mixtures of MF. At the end of the season, says Douds, "we'll sample the mixtures from within each enclosure, quantify the inoculum production, and then hopefully develop a prediction formula, where the optimum ratio [of compost to vermiculite] is a function" of the nutrient analysis and other properties of the compost. All the farmer will need to do, then, is get the nutrient analysis of his or her compost, plug it in to the formula, and find the optimal ratio of compost to vermiculite to use for his or her farm. "On-farm methods have several advantages over commercial inoculants," Douds explains. In the first place, whereas commercial formulae typically only contain a single MF species (frequently Glomus intraradices), Douds' method yields a diverse inoculum containing many MF species. This is crucial because MF show significant 'functional diversity'--"some are good at holding the soil together, some are good at gathering nutrients," others help fight disease. A second, related advantage is that by mixing in some soil from a nearby woodland, prairie, or hedgerow, the farmer can use Douds's system "to produce the native or indigenous strains of mycorrhizal fungi. . . the ones that are already adapted to his [or her] particular soil conditions." This could be especially important on problem soils, such as those with high aluminum, say, or high or low pH, where commercially-produced fungi may not survive. Growing fungi in real life: David Douds with one of his on-farm mycorrhizal fungi production systems at Shenk's Berry Farm in Lititz, PA. John Shenk, the cooperating farmer, grows 5 acres of strawberries, 3 acres of raspberries, and 10 acres of mixed vegetables in a low-input system, selling on-farm and at the Clark Park Farmers Market in Philadelphia. "We try to farm thoughtfully," says Shenk. "And do lots of reading and research to keep improving our farming methods." Next season, Shenk will incorporate the soil from the enclosure into his greenhouse potting mix. Last but not least, home-grown mycorrhizal inoculum can be produced at a fraction of the cost of purchasing commercial mixes. "I've done some preliminary calculations," says Douds. "The on-farm system produces 100 million propagules [in a single enclosure] for approximately $50, not counting the cost of the farmer's labor, which is fairly minimal. To purchase 100 million propagules as listed on the bag of some commercial mixes would cost anywhere from $8,000 to $40,000." Commercial inoculants are sold in a peat- or vermiculite-based medium, so purchasers have to buy (and pay to have shipped) a large volume of material to get a small number of viable MF propagules--another reason it makes more sense to grow your own. At the moment, Douds' system (like commercial MF inoculant) is suitable for two types of farms: vegetable growers on any scale who produce their own seedlings and can mix the inoculum into their potting mix; and smaller, labor-intensive farms or urban gardens where "the inoculum can be incorporated by hand, directly into the planting furrow or planting hole." Farmers growing field crops on a large scale can only take advantage of MF inoculants if they want to try them out in a relatively small area. "Delivery of MF inoculum to the field is a problem," acknowledges Douds. "Commercial companies are working on this for their particular inocula." He smiles. We can only hope that he will be too. OPX™ e-letters to the e-editors news & research columnists gleanings 1000 stories talking shop certification the pig page this farm life newsletters mid-atlantic marketing new farm japan FARM LOCATOR™ PRESS ROOM Farmers: Is organic certification worth it? CAST YOUR VOTE NOW Stay Up-to-Date – Sign up for our Newsletter NewFarm.org changes daily! Don't miss out on the latest interactive features, columns and news. Sign up now for our monthly e-newsletter and stay connected. ACTION ALERTS • Save foundation seed stocks from GM contamination • Support Saskatchewan farmers in efforts to block GM wheat • Raise your voice against factory hog operations Share Your Stories Are you a farmer? A consumer? Whatever story you have to tell, let it be an inspiration to others. Share it with us now... T H E N E W F A R M – R E G E N E R A T I V E A G R I C U L T U R E W O R L D W I D E ©2004 The Rodale Institute® • PRIVACY POLICY • Design: www.homeworkdesign.com Check out our other sites: The Rodale Institute® • Kidsregen.org -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Mon Apr 12 23:44:06 2004 X-UIDL: 368615124 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A80F35110120; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:35 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id A8D60C27F; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:35 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8DDE3C26C for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:35 -0400 (EDT) Received: from intrex.net (client230-16.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.230.16]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C1E5DBE0F for ; Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:01:33 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <407B8781.8070600@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:24:01 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Cultivating diversity underground for better yields above - http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/0903/daviddouds.shtml Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615124 http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/0903/daviddouds.shtml Cultivating diversity underground for better yields above Research at The Rodale Institute® demonstrates how sustainable farming practices can boost yields by nurturing beneficial soil fungi. By Laura Sayre About this series: As some of you may know, The Rodale Institute®, which publishes The New Farm®, is home to the longest running field trials in the country comparing organic and conventional systems of farming called The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial® (FST). The data from that 23 years of research is a real treasure trove of insight into the economic, ecological and agronomic benefits of organic farming. In addition to this long-running Farming Systems Trial, we have a variety of other research in progress at The Institute. David Douds, as you’ll read in this story, has been studying soil fungi here at The Institute’s research farm for 15 years. We’re engaged in no-till research, weed research, compost tea research, composting research, water quality research, and much more. Until now, much of the light we’re generating here on our research farm has been hidden under the proverbial barrel, but we’re taking off the barrel and busting it up for firewood. We’re going let the light of the amazing research being done here shine on farmers, consumers and environmental activities. Over the next year we’ll be running a series of stories, about one a month, on the significance of our research ... and its practical applications. That includes a few stories on equipment construction—a front-mounted roller for no-till, and a compost turner converted from a junked 18-wheeler. So sit tight, and be prepared to be amazed, starting with David Douds’ discoveries about how you can increase vegetable yields by 50 percent using homemade fungal inoculants. Enjoy, Chris Hill Executive Editor p.s. Interested in hearing more about how you can take part in the mycorrhizae revolution? Click here and let us know. Send your name, phone number and e-mail address with your note so we can follow-up with you. "Overall, Douds’ work suggests that a small amount of mixed MF inoculant can be substituted for a large amount of fertilizer--with no loss of yield, greatly reduced environmental impact, and lower production costs." Home-grown mycorrhizal inoculum can be produced at a fraction of the cost of purchasing commercial mixes. "I've done some preliminary calculations," says Douds. "The on-farm system produces 100 million propagules for approximately $50, not counting the cost of the farmer's labor, which is fairly minimal. To purchase 100 million propagules as listed on the bag of some commercial mixes would cost anywhere from $8,000 to $40,000." FACT SHEET: Mycorrhizae Above: USDA soil microbiologist David Douds with a carrot root-mycorrhizal fungi culture. Under the leadership of Dr. Douds, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil innoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs. (Photo by Peggy Greb, courtesy of the Agricultural Research Service Photo Unit.) September 29, 2003: You've read the amazing facts and figures: one teaspoon of healthy topsoil can contain millions of individual microorganisms, all playing a part in the functioning of the soil ecosystem. But how much do you really know about the action of those diverse species and how to maximize their presence in your own fields? Ongoing research at The Rodale Institute® sheds light on one important component of the soil community--mycorrhizal fungi--and its impact on agricultural production. Under the leadership of Dr. David Douds, a soil microbiologist with the USDA's Agricultural Research Service, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil inoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs. A mycorrhizal primer Mycorrhizae are soil-dwelling fungi that live in and around the roots of plants ('myco-rrhizae' means 'fungus-root'). The fungi and the plants form mutually beneficial associations in which the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plants and the plants receive nutrients and other benefits from the fungi. Since the first mycorrhizae species were described by a German botanist in the 1880s, researchers have discovered that approximately 80% of all land plants form mycorrhizal associations. The relationship is so widespread, in fact, that it is sometimes referred to as 'the Universal Symbiosis,' and is believed to have played a key role in the evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial plant forms. Today, scientists divide mycorrhizae into two major types: endomycorrhizae, which penetrate and colonize plant roots, and ectomycorrhizae, which form sheaths around plant roots. Whereas ectomycorrhizal relationships tend to be highly specialized--with some 6000 fungal species worldwide associated with tree species of the oak, beech, and pine families, among others--endomycorrhizal associations are more generalized as well as more widespread, with fewer than 150 fungal species opportunistically colonizing the roots of the vast majority of terrestrial plant families. Ectomycorrhizal inoculants are already widely used in commercial forestry, but the possibility of developing endomycorrhizal inoculants for production agriculture is a more recent idea. "These are beneficial soil fungi that colonize the roots of plants and help them take up phosphorus" and other immobile soil nutrients, such as zinc and copper, Douds explains. "The fungus colonizes the root and it also grows out into the soil; the part of the fungus that's in the soil acts as an extension of the root system, to explore a greater volume of soil and take up nutrients and bring them back into the root." In addition to facilitating nutrient uptake, some mycorrhizae secrete a gluey substance, called glomalin, which helps develop soil structure and soil aggregation; others may help plants fight disease. Yet because endomycorrhizae are 'obligate symbionts'--they must have living plant roots to colonize in order to complete their life cycle--their numbers will decline under conventional agricultural monocultures, which have living crop covers fewer months of the year than organic rotations. The drop in yields typically seen after the first year of cultivation on virgin prairie or forest soils is probably attributable in part to the loss of native mycorrhizae, Douds says. Fifteen years of research prove benefits of fungi Douds has been conducting research in collaboration with The Rodale Institute since 1989, his first year at the Agricultural Research Service's Eastern Regional Research Center in Wyndmoor, on the outskirts of Philadelphia. "Some employees of The Institute farm came down to our research center as part of a kind of an interagency show-and-tell about research programs and facilities and what all we could do to help each other," Douds recalls. "Rhonda Janke"--The Institute's research agronomist at the time--"gave a presentation about The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial," a side-by-side comparison of organic and conventional production systems. Douds recognized it as a great opportunity to study endomycorrhizal associations. "Later that year I started sampling, and right off learned that [the soils under] the conventional farming systems had fewer mycorrhizal fungi than the soils under the low-input farming systems. So right away we all got excited and we branched out from there." Since that first season, Douds' work at The Rodale Institute’s 333-acre experimental farm has progressed in three overlapping phases: In the first phase, from 1989 to 1995, Douds and his team surveyed native mycorrhizal fungi (MF) populations at Rodale and examined the impact of different agricultural practices--including tillage regimes, crop rotations, and soil amendments--on those populations. The second phase, which is still ongoing, looks at the utilization of MF by crop plants, comparing yields in the presence and absence of different MF species. The third phase seeks to apply those findings by devising a simple, on-farm MF inoculum production system, so that farmers can harness the benefits of endomycorrhizae without spending lots of money on commercial mixes. (Commercial products already on the market include Bio/Organics Endomycorrhizal Inoculant [$79.95 for 3 lbs, labeled to treat 500 plants], Plant Success Mycorrhizae Tablets [$19.95 for 100 tablets, labeled to treat 50 plants up to 1 ft tall], and Earthroots VAM Fungi by First Fruits LLC [$15 for 3 lbs, labeled to treat 200 seedlings].) On-farm production of mycorrhizal inoculant in test enclosures at The Rodale Institute’s farm. Douds chose bahiagrass as a host plant "because it's a tropical grass and the first frost will kill the shoot growth"--so it won't escape to become a new local weed and won't harbor any pests or pathogens that might affect either resident crops or northern native grasses. Agronomic practices that boost—or depress— mycorrhizal levels Although the first phase of Douds's research found larger and more diverse MF populations in organically-managed soils than in conventionally-managed ones, it also revealed how specific agronomic practices can boost or depress MF levels. "Over-wintering cover crops. . . are very beneficial to mycorrhizal fungi," Douds notes, whereas "tillage disrupts the mycorrhizal fungi in the soil and serves to decrease the initial colonization of the plants." Based on these findings, Douds emphasizes that all farmers, organic or conventional, can take steps to nurture the MF already present in their fields: reduce tillage, he says, use fungicides sparingly, and--most important--maximize cover cropping. "Over-wintering cover crops give the MF a host plant to colonize when there's no cash crop growing on the soil," Douds explains. In the coldest part of the year the MF go dormant, but during warm spells in early spring and late fall, the MF will try to grow, and can exhaust their reserves if they find no plant hosts. "During these periods. . . the fungus is still respiring, it's still burning up its carbohydrate storage in the spores, it's burning up the lipids that were stored," leaving it "less viable when the time comes finally for the crop plant to be present." A cover crop or even just a weedy fallow will maintain healthy MF populations, which can then benefit the cash crop coming on to the field. Crop rotations are another factor to consider, since a handful of crop species belong to plant families that do not form mycorrhizal associations (said to be 'non-mycotrophic'), including the Brassicaceae (rape, broccoli, cabbage, turnips, etc), the Chenopodiaceae (beets, spinach), and the Polygonaceae (buckwheat). Not only will these crops not benefit from the presence of MF, but MF levels in the soil will be depressed after these crops are grown, potentially showing an effect on any mycotrophic crops which follow. Potatoes and peppers inoculated with mycorrhizae get yield boosts of up to 50 percent! In the second phase of his research, looking at the impact of MF on crop yields, Douds began inoculating plants in the greenhouse and then tracking their performance in the field. "We had some plants that were inoculated with a control mix with no inoculum, another one inoculated with a mix of mycorrhizal fungi, and another inoculated with just one species commonly present in commercial inoculum," Douds explains. "We transplanted them into the Compost Utilization Trial,"--another ongoing experiment at The Rodale Institute--"and we found over the course of the 3-year experiment that the mixture of mycorrhizal fungi increased the yield of marketable-sized peppers up to a maximum of 34% over the control. Last year we tried inoculating potatoes, and we got up to a 50% increase over the controls." David Douds and a research intern dig potatoes in this season's mycorrhizal test plot at the Rodale Experimental Farm. In last year's trials, potatoes grown with mycorrhizal fungi showed yield increases of as much as 50%. Other crops known to respond dramatically to mycorrhizal colonization include citrus, onion, and strawberries. This year they are repeating the potato trial, measuring yields under four different treatments: one with no added MF; one with a commercially available MF; one with a mixed MF inoculant grown in a leaf compost and vermiculite medium; and one with a mixed MF inoculant grown in a dairy manure compost and vermiculite medium. Overall, this work suggests that a small amount of mixed MF inoculant can be substituted for a large amount of fertilizer--with no loss of yield, greatly reduced environmental impact, and lower production costs. One unexpected finding of Douds' work at Rodale "is that mycorrhizae can be used to increase the yield of crops even in soils that are very high in phosphorous." Some of the soils at the Rodale Farm which have been heavily composted, Douds notes, "have available P in excess of 300 parts/million"--well above the level at which mycorrhizal responses are typically seen, around 20-50 ppm available P. "The generalization would be that P as high as 300 would be a situation in which the plant can take up all the P that it needs by itself without relying on the mycorrhizal fungi." Douds believes that at high nutrient levels, some of the other benefits of MF--enhanced disease resistance, improved soil aggregation and better water relations--could be showing an effect. Build your own on-farm inoculum production system The third phase of Douds' research at Rodale Farm focuses on developing an inexpensive, practicable system for on-farm production of mycorrhizae inoculant. As obligate symbionts, endomycorrhizae have so far resisted attempts to create what scientists call axenic (or isolated, single-species) cultures--they can only be grown in the presence of a host plant. Douds' system works within this constraint, using bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), a tropical grass native to the southeastern US, as a host. A myccorhizae factory: The basic procedure is for the farmer to construct a simple enclosure out of landscape fabric, fill it with a mixture of compost and vermiculite, and then transplant pre-colonized bahiagrass seedlings into the mixture. Over the course of the growing season the bahiagrass spreads within the enclosure and the mycorrhizal fungi spread and reproduce along with it. When the grass dies back in the winter, the farmer is left with a concentrated mycorrhizal inoculant that can be incorporated into his or her potting mix when starting seedlings in the greenhouse the following spring. The basic procedure is for the farmer to construct a simple enclosure out of landscape fabric (75 cm square and 20 cm high), fill it with a mixture of compost and vermiculite, and then transplant pre-colonized bahiagrass seedlings into the mixture. Over the course of the growing season the bahiagrass spreads within the enclosure and the mycorrhizal fungi spread and reproduce along with it. When the grass dies back in the winter, the farmer is left with a concentrated mycorrhizal inoculant that can be incorporated into his or her potting mix when starting seedlings in the greenhouse the following spring. This year, Douds gave inoculated bahiagrass seedlings and other materials to a few Pennsylvania farmers to see how the method fares in the real-life conditions of farming. Meanwhile, Douds has 12 soil enclosures growing at the Rodale Farm in an experimental grid designed to identify optimum growth media. Douds chose three different kinds of compost--yard-clippings compost, controlled microbial compost, and dairy manure-leaf compost--and then diluted each kind with vermiculite at four different ratios, ranging from 1 part compost:2 parts vermiculite, down to 1 part compost:49 parts vermiculite. Each soil enclosure, finally, has nine separate sections, three with no inoculant and three each with two different mixtures of MF. At the end of the season, says Douds, "we'll sample the mixtures from within each enclosure, quantify the inoculum production, and then hopefully develop a prediction formula, where the optimum ratio [of compost to vermiculite] is a function" of the nutrient analysis and other properties of the compost. All the farmer will need to do, then, is get the nutrient analysis of his or her compost, plug it in to the formula, and find the optimal ratio of compost to vermiculite to use for his or her farm. "On-farm methods have several advantages over commercial inoculants," Douds explains. In the first place, whereas commercial formulae typically only contain a single MF species (frequently Glomus intraradices), Douds' method yields a diverse inoculum containing many MF species. This is crucial because MF show significant 'functional diversity'--"some are good at holding the soil together, some are good at gathering nutrients," others help fight disease. A second, related advantage is that by mixing in some soil from a nearby woodland, prairie, or hedgerow, the farmer can use Douds's system "to produce the native or indigenous strains of mycorrhizal fungi. . . the ones that are already adapted to his [or her] particular soil conditions." This could be especially important on problem soils, such as those with high aluminum, say, or high or low pH, where commercially-produced fungi may not survive. Growing fungi in real life: David Douds with one of his on-farm mycorrhizal fungi production systems at Shenk's Berry Farm in Lititz, PA. John Shenk, the cooperating farmer, grows 5 acres of strawberries, 3 acres of raspberries, and 10 acres of mixed vegetables in a low-input system, selling on-farm and at the Clark Park Farmers Market in Philadelphia. "We try to farm thoughtfully," says Shenk. "And do lots of reading and research to keep improving our farming methods." Next season, Shenk will incorporate the soil from the enclosure into his greenhouse potting mix. Last but not least, home-grown mycorrhizal inoculum can be produced at a fraction of the cost of purchasing commercial mixes. "I've done some preliminary calculations," says Douds. "The on-farm system produces 100 million propagules [in a single enclosure] for approximately $50, not counting the cost of the farmer's labor, which is fairly minimal. To purchase 100 million propagules as listed on the bag of some commercial mixes would cost anywhere from $8,000 to $40,000." Commercial inoculants are sold in a peat- or vermiculite-based medium, so purchasers have to buy (and pay to have shipped) a large volume of material to get a small number of viable MF propagules--another reason it makes more sense to grow your own. At the moment, Douds' system (like commercial MF inoculant) is suitable for two types of farms: vegetable growers on any scale who produce their own seedlings and can mix the inoculum into their potting mix; and smaller, labor-intensive farms or urban gardens where "the inoculum can be incorporated by hand, directly into the planting furrow or planting hole." Farmers growing field crops on a large scale can only take advantage of MF inoculants if they want to try them out in a relatively small area. "Delivery of MF inoculum to the field is a problem," acknowledges Douds. "Commercial companies are working on this for their particular inocula." He smiles. We can only hope that he will be too. OPX™ e-letters to the e-editors news & research columnists gleanings 1000 stories talking shop certification the pig page this farm life newsletters mid-atlantic marketing new farm japan FARM LOCATOR™ PRESS ROOM Farmers: Is organic certification worth it? CAST YOUR VOTE NOW Stay Up-to-Date – Sign up for our Newsletter NewFarm.org changes daily! Don't miss out on the latest interactive features, columns and news. Sign up now for our monthly e-newsletter and stay connected. ACTION ALERTS • Save foundation seed stocks from GM contamination • Support Saskatchewan farmers in efforts to block GM wheat • Raise your voice against factory hog operations Share Your Stories Are you a farmer? A consumer? Whatever story you have to tell, let it be an inspiration to others. Share it with us now... T H E N E W F A R M – R E G E N E R A T I V E A G R I C U L T U R E W O R L D W I D E ©2004 The Rodale Institute® • PRIVACY POLICY • Design: www.homeworkdesign.com Check out our other sites: The Rodale Institute® • Kidsregen.org -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Tue Apr 13 22:27:01 2004 X-UIDL: 368615218 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A42C6F0900A8; Tue, 13 Apr 2004 19:13:48 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 3E026D56D; Tue, 13 Apr 2004 19:13:48 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 21479D519 for ; Tue, 13 Apr 2004 19:13:48 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n7.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n7.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.91]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 10D5BD1CB for ; Tue, 13 Apr 2004 19:13:47 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8042-1081897949-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.27] by n7.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 13 Apr 2004 23:13:46 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 18768 invoked from network); 13 Apr 2004 23:12:29 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.167) by m21.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 13 Apr 2004 23:12:29 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n6.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.90) by mta6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 13 Apr 2004 23:12:29 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.138] by n6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 13 Apr 2004 23:11:41 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.90 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 130.184.56.141 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2004 23:11:39 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Interview with a Fungus Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615218 "Since it began in 2000, The Economist and Shell Writing Prize has
sought to encourage future thinking.

The 2003 essay competition posed the question "Do we need nature?"

Nearly 6,000 people, from all over the world, offered answers.

The first prize of $20,000 was won by Diane Brooks Pleninger from
Anchorage, Alaska, whose essay below, inverted the question neatly
and informatively."


INTERVIEW WITH A FUNGUS
By Diane Brooks Pleninger

D.P. Good evening, viewers. Our guest this evening is Pilobolus
crystallinus, author of the award winning best seller, "Do We
Need Mankind? A Fungal Perspective'. Mr. Pilobolus is a member of the
kingdom Fungi, class Zygomycetes. He is a scholar, lecturer,
dung-dweller and author of numerous scientific articles and papers
as well as several books for popular audiences. Welcome, Mr.
Pilobolus.

P.c. Thank you, Diane. Good to be here.

D.P. Mr. Pilobolus, your most recent work raises tantalizing questions
about the future of the biosphere and the role that you and other
inhabitants of this planet will play in it. Tell us how you came to
write this book.

P.c. The book resulted from a series of symposia I attended over the
past two centuries under the sponsorship of the World Federation of
Fungi, on the topic, "What Does Nature Need?' The Academy
of the WFF is constituted of one delegate from each family of fungi.
I was fortunate to represent the Pilobolaceae. Conferences were held
decadally in many different parts of the world. Matters particular to
the host locale were given close consideration, but the global
perspective of the Academy was never eclipsed.

D.P. The 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have been a revolutionary
period in the biosphere. How have fungi been affected by the events of
modern history?

P.c. The modern history of the fungi, which I date from about 400m
years ago, has been a remarkable success story. The fungi occupy two
vital niches in nature whose importance has never been challenged. In
one niche, we are drivers of the carbon cycle, elite teams of
detritivores whose mission is to digest organic matter and return the
component parts to the ecological system. Without our work, life on
earth would long since have ground to a halt for lack of raw
materials. In another niche, we act in partnership with the roots of
plants to extend their reach into the soil environment and enhance
their uptake of water and nutrients. These partnerships are called
mycorrhizas -- myco for the fungus, rhiza for the root. Animals in
turn feed on plants and benefit from this arrangement. So the fungi
play two very distinct roles worldwide, and both roles are critical to
maintaining the biosphere in good working order.

D.P. Where does mankind come into your history?

P.c. Mankind comes into our history about 20,000 years ago, at the
time they discovered the uses of alcoholic fermentation. We credit the
genus Saccharomyces with this development. Ancestral spores of that
yeast settled in a pot of gruel prepared by a group of hominids whose
existence up to that point was best described as nasty, brutish
and short. This began what we call the honeymoon period in the
relationship of man and fungus. Unfortunately, the honeymoon
didn't last very long.

D.P. What happened to end it?

P.c. Two things happened. Agriculture was one. Mono-cropping and
animal husbandry led to concentrations of plant and animal
populations that were vulnerable to certain of our members,
particularly the smuts, rusts, mildews and blights. Some crops and
herds proved to be sensitive to basic fungal metabolites. For
instance, my colleague Claviceps purpurea produces the biochemical
ergot. Ergot causes gangrene, madness and death in certain animals,
among them humans. However, there is no credible scientific evidence
that ergot evolved in C. purpurea with harm to megafauna in mind. The
same may be said of Aspergillus flavus, which occurs on nuts and
grains in the field and in storage. The aflatoxins produced by A.
flavus are among the most powerful poisons and carcinogens on earth.
Introduced into human environments, they are nothing less than weapons
of mass destruction. To A. flavus, they are merely metabolic
byproducts, with perhaps a touch of self-defence function as well.

The other change for the worse resulted from transportation. The rapid
movement of species around the globe allowed no time for immunities to
develop in local populations. Many fungal species have been vilified
for causing mass exterminations of elms, chestnuts, potatoes and other
plants. This mirrors the unhappy experience of animal and viral
microorganisms implicated in plagues and epidemics. The real culprits,
of course, are the humans who transport exotics from continent to
continent without considering the consequences.

D.P. As you see it, what has been the human purpose during recent
centuries?

P.c. With the advantage of hindsight, I think we can summarize it as a
failed experiment in individualism. The idea of the individual
-- and there is no fungal equivalent -- arose during a period of rapid
change in human society. In the abstract, individualism looked
defensible, even appealing. The ideal individual was to be educated
and enlightened, someone we'd all like to know. However, as a
practical matter, the culture of enlightened individualism reformed
itself after a brief period into a cult of personal freedom. Over the
next several centuries, unbridled personal freedom and chance
distributions of natural resources led to the creation of certain
wealthy and isolated colonies of humans. Their prosperity excited envy
and the rest of the world did what they could to emulate them. Large
populations of humans moved from a very simple experience of the
natural world to the expectation of a lifestyle similar to what the
exploiters were enjoying. This clamour for plenitude -- for meat in
daily diets, for manufactured goods, for personal comfort, for leisure
activities -- put enormous stress on the biosphere.

D.P. As we know, humans failed to reverse this trend. Can you explain
their failure to act?

P.c It certainly wasn't for want of trying. If you visit the
media archives of mankind -- and we fungi are able to do so freely in
spite of their effor ts to exclude us -- you will see that
environmental issues were at the forefront of concern in all the
wealthier nations for the past century and a half. Treaties,
regulations, protocols and public opinion were all used to stem the
tide of harmful practices. But events outstripped them. Chief among
these events was population growth. Population growth outpaced the
effectiveness of trade boycotts. The offenders were able to simply
form trade blocks of their own. Population growth outran the ability
of the media to cultivate public awareness of environmental issues.
And of course, population growth added to the pressure on the
biosphere as more and more people demanded higher standards of
living.

A couple of analogies can help us visualize what was happening. One is
the problem of the universal solvent. If there were such a substance,
what would you keep it in? The phenomenon of affluence turned out to
be a sort of universal solvent. Nothing could contain it. Affluence
was a marker of evolutionary s uccess. Eventually, the cultural and
political meanings intersected and in many parts of the world, it
became seditious to propose programmes regulating or moderating
affluence.

More insight is provided by the old canard about bread and circuses,
which refers to the stultifying effects of amusement. Poor quality
information tends to ferment into low-grade entertainment. Under the
sulphurous glare of continuous, worldwide news broadcasts, human
institutions -- government, military, religious, the culture itself --
became subjects of human amusement. This unrelenting, self-referential
entertainment left a large part of mankind chronically inebriated and
fundamentally uneducable. The ideal of public education was a notable
casualty. I discuss this phenomenon fully in my chapter, "The Second
Fermentation."

D.P. Many times in your book, you mention what in earlier centuries
would have been called "values" -- altruism, moderation, that sort of
thing. How do the fungi define ethical values? Or perhaps you call
them spiritual values?

P.c. (Laughs) Much of what others consider spiritual, we call secular.
This does not mean we are without a theology. In fact, I have devoted
an entire chapter to formal fungal theology.

D.P. Can you tell us briefly about fungal theology?

P.c. There are two major systems of mycotheism in the fungal world.
The more recent religion is only about 50m years old, but it has a
strong representation among the younger orders. The older religion is
more widespread, although it is also more rationalized from the
original texts. Overall, 99.4% of fungi are adherents of one or the
other faith. But the important thing to note is that there are no
tensions, no doctrinal disputes between the two theisms. The core
principle of both religions is identical.

D.P. And that principle is.....?

P.c. Whereas the root principle of virtually all the religions of
mankind is behaviour modification, our core religious value is species
recognition. The fungi comprise nearly a million and a half species
and uncounted millions of mating types. The pressures that result from
diversity of this magnitude cannot be overstated. We have long
recognized that the best way to maintain order in the system is to
encourage institutionalized mycotheism. As a result, we are widely
considered to be the polity most capable of reaching consensus amongst
ourselves and acting in concert upon that consensus.

D.P. How do you describe the present relationship between nature and
mankind? Conflict? Detente? Symbiosis?

P.c. I can only speak for the fungi, who characterize mankind as
expendable. My chapter, "Many Keystones, One Arch," explores the uses
that mankind has made of the fungi, which range from antibiotics and
immunosuppressants to papermaking to bread, beer, cheeses and wines
and the familiar delights of mycophagy. Our members observed and
recorded millions of human-fungus interactions over a period of two
centuries.

Again, humans cannot escape our observation. We are everywhere: on
their skins, in their homes, underground, in the stratosphere. After
intensive analysis of these data, the Academy was not able to identify
even one indispensable human-fungus transaction. No obligate
parasitism, no essential relationships, no sine qua non. I ask readers
to remember this important fact as they learn the startling outcome of
our deliberations.

D.P. Without revealing the ending to your book, can you speak briefly
about the last chapter?

P.c. Recently, the Academy convened a plenary forum to review our
findings concerning the place of mankind in the world ecosystem. We
evaluated the state of the biosphere, giving due weight to
mankind's most recent energy policies, bioengineering innovations,
developments in agriculture, industry and transportation, the efforts
made toward environmental remediation and detoxification of hazardous
and radioactive wastes. We considered the question of just how much
perturbation of the natural order we should tolerate from human
activities. We agreed that the biosphere presently stands
at 9.6 on a scale of disturbance ranging from zero to ten. Based upon
these findings, the Academy adopted a position statement which we
presented to the WFF. I have taken the title of that statement for my
last chapter, "The Knot of a Thousand Tyings."

D.P. Can you summarize this position statement for us?

P.c. I'd like to read from it, if I may.

D.P. Please do.

P.c. "Our members do not recoil from the future. We believe that life
on earth is embarked on a unique trajectory, one that will not be
repeated. We believe that the outward journey has entailed a long and
intricate interweaving of the interests of all living things. We
believe that the homeward path will entail the systematic unweaving of
those threads. We believe we are eminently suited for a role in this
process."

D.P. And here, we must encourage our listeners to read your book.
"Do We Need Mankind? A Fungal Perspective." Pilobolus crystallinus,
thank you so much for joining us today.

P.c. Thank you for having me, Diane.


Source:

http://www.shelleconomistprize.com/essays/1st_prize_
Diane_Brooks_Pleninger.pdf

http://www.shelleconomistprize.com

===========================================================
===========================================================



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From - Mon Apr 19 13:30:49 2004 X-UIDL: 368615602 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AD19414600AE; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 11:15:37 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 87CB7D640; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 11:15:37 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6C2DAD8BC for ; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 11:15:37 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n46.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n46.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.67.23]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 51DF4D785 for ; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 11:15:32 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8105-1082387721-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.30] by n46.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 19 Apr 2004 15:15:25 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 33465 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2004 15:15:20 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.172) by m24.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 19 Apr 2004 15:15:20 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n38.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.106) by mta4.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 19 Apr 2004 15:15:20 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.143] by n38.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 19 Apr 2004 15:15:10 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.106 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 130.184.56.141 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Mon, 19 Apr 2004 15:15:08 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: compost tea additives and NOSB Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615602 A lot of people in farming have been **shocked** at
the narrow view of compost, vermicompost, processed
manures and compost teas in the NOP. 

The compost practice standards were lifted from a
EPA Biosolids rule known as "processes to further
reduce pathogens", PFRP's, to meet time and temperature
requirements to kill human pathogens in sewage sludge
and APPLIED organic farmers as a regulatory practice!!

In response to protests from organic farmers, the
NOSB formed the Compost Task Force to updgrade
practice standards for compost in NOP 205.203(2). 

Here is the report.  It looks like May 2002, and
since it has not been enacted, that tells you how
slow the process is to change NOP, a federal law.

Compost Task Force Final Report
http://www.ams.usda.gov/nosb/finalrecommendations/
may02/composttaskforce.pdf

In fact, NOP rules are so stifling on compost, processed
manures, and compost teas that Oregon Tilth and Oregon
State University sponsored a national summit on human
pathogens from livestock manures to bring people together
and discuss the situation and make recommendations and
suggestions to upgrade these uses... in June 2003...
recognizing there is a disconnect between every day
organic farming and "regulatory text" that codifies
farming practices.

See:

Human Pathogens from Livestock Manures: Proceedings
of a National Summit
http://www.tilth.org/site/Publications/pathogen_summit.pdf

The NOSB Compost Tea Task Force was formed to upgrade
compost tea practice standards.

It notes that compost substrate to make compost teas can
be NOP compliant compost OR compost that follows guidelines
set forth by the the NOSB Compost Task Force. 

Under (1) the current climate at USDA which is focused on
pathogens in animal manures and potential contamination of
edible crops and food supply and (2) scientific studies that
show multiple-week survival of pathogens applied to vegetable
crops, and (3) studies that show sweet teas can grow pathogens
-- whether you agree with the brewing protocals or not -- the
CTTF came up with the recommendations that you see. 

Keep in mind that zero published studies on modern ACT's
and pathogen survival are available in the literature, today.

There is a lab in TN that is providing an E. coli test for
composters for $15. 

Steve Diver



--- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "ericgoodenough" <sfo@g...> wrote:
> NOSB CTTF defines compost tea additives as "Materials other than
> water and compost added at the start of the compost tea making
> process to increase microbial biomasss/populations."
>
> Now, if I read this correctly, then kelp, rock powders, fish,
> humates, molasses, sugar, juice, oat flour, crab shell, ......THESE
> ARE ALL ADDITIVES INTENDED TO INCREASE MICROBIAL BIOMASS!
>
> Therefore, if you use these things you will be subject to
pre-testing
> to verify that your tea does not contain pathogens.  Two tests are
> required and the average result is used to "prove" your process is
> clean.  IF YOU CHANGE YOUR RECIPE (or your brew time, or your air
> input, or your start temp, or your water supply) YOU WILL NEED TO
> ORDER UP ANOTHER SET OF TESTS.
>
> Of course, if you choose to abide by the 90/120 day pre-harvest
> interval restrictions (in other words if you apply CT no sooner
than
> 90 pre-harvest for produce not in direct contact with the soil and
> 120 days for produce in contact with the soil), then of course you
> are all set.  I'm not sure which interval (90 or 120?) I will be
> forced to use for my apples, but if I am limited to using a foliar
> ACT before May 15 (120 interval) or June 15 (90 day  interval) it
> doesn't matter!  THE BOTTOM LINE IS I'VE JUST LOST A TOOL I COULD
USE
> TO OUT-COMPETE APPLE SCAB, SOOTY BLOTCH, FLYSPECK, FIREBLIGHT,
BLACK
> KNOT, ETC. ETC.!  (UNLESS, OF COURSE, I BREW MY TEA WITH ONLY
COMPOST
> AND WATER!)
>
> Is anyone enlivening their compost with oat flour?  My bet is that
> this practice will cause concern because your compost is no
> longer "finished" according to standards and/or the material will
be
> considered a "compost tea additive."
>
> I've been making vermi- and thermal composts for tea brewing
without
> the use of manure feedstocks so I could avoid the pre-harvest
> interval headaches.  The CTTF is recommending that CT should be
made
> with "compliant compost or vermicompost, using the NOSB guidelines
> set forth on April 18, 2002"  CAN ANYONE POINT ME TO THE GUIDELINES
> FOR VERMICOMPOST?  DOES IT NEED TO GO THROUGH THE THREE-DAY HEATING
> PROCESS?  OH, BY THE WAY, IF YOU'VE BEEN MAKING YOUR VERMI- OR
> THERMAL COMPOST WITHOUT MANURE TO AVOID THE PRE-HARVEST INTERVAL
THE
> CTTF IS NOW RECOMMENDING THAT EVEN COMPOST MADE FROM 100% PLANT
> FEEDSTOCK MATERIALS IS TO BE CONSIDERED THE SAME AS OTHER COMPOSTS
> (WHEN MAKING COMPOST TEA) BECAUSE "NON-MANURE COMPOST FEEDSTOCKS
MAY
> HARBOR HIGH LEVELS OF FECAL BACTERIA."
>
> Folks, if these receommendations are accepted, I believe Compost
Tea
> will become an excellent tool for the corporate organic growers who
> can afford the cost associated with testing and re-testing and
> recordkeeping.  It may be that, again, the big guys get to reap the
> rewards of the long fight to creat organic standards while the rest
> of us local growers interested in food integrity and security move
> on.  Organic ain't what it used to be.  I know these are just
> recommendations but I am inching closer to the ledge.  Can somebody
> talk me down?



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From - Mon Apr 19 13:30:48 2004 X-UIDL: 368615595 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A422614300F8; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:50 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 6BDB6AC14; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:50 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 50D39ABE3 for ; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.77]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 95042AA18 for ; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:49 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8104-1082377248-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.195] by n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:49 -0000 X-Sender: sfo@gwi.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 8156 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2004 12:20:47 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:47 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n35.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.103) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:47 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.162] by n35.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:37 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.103 From: "ericgoodenough" X-Originating-IP: 216.195.150.187 X-Yahoo-Profile: ericgoodenough MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Mon, 19 Apr 2004 12:20:36 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] compost tea additives and NOSB Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615595 NOSB CTTF defines compost tea additives as "Materials other than
water and compost added at the start of the compost tea making
process to increase microbial biomasss/populations."

Now, if I read this correctly, then kelp, rock powders, fish,
humates, molasses, sugar, juice, oat flour, crab shell, ......THESE
ARE ALL ADDITIVES INTENDED TO INCREASE MICROBIAL BIOMASS!

Therefore, if you use these things you will be subject to pre-testing
to verify that your tea does not contain pathogens.  Two tests are
required and the average result is used to "prove" your process is
clean.  IF YOU CHANGE YOUR RECIPE (or your brew time, or your air
input, or your start temp, or your water supply) YOU WILL NEED TO
ORDER UP ANOTHER SET OF TESTS.

Of course, if you choose to abide by the 90/120 day pre-harvest
interval restrictions (in other words if you apply CT no sooner than
90 pre-harvest for produce not in direct contact with the soil and
120 days for produce in contact with the soil), then of course you
are all set.  I'm not sure which interval (90 or 120?) I will be
forced to use for my apples, but if I am limited to using a foliar
ACT before May 15 (120 interval) or June 15 (90 day  interval) it
doesn't matter!  THE BOTTOM LINE IS I'VE JUST LOST A TOOL I COULD USE
TO OUT-COMPETE APPLE SCAB, SOOTY BLOTCH, FLYSPECK, FIREBLIGHT, BLACK
KNOT, ETC. ETC.!  (UNLESS, OF COURSE, I BREW MY TEA WITH ONLY COMPOST
AND WATER!)

Is anyone enlivening their compost with oat flour?  My bet is that
this practice will cause concern because your compost is no
longer "finished" according to standards and/or the material will be
considered a "compost tea additive."

I've been making vermi- and thermal composts for tea brewing without
the use of manure feedstocks so I could avoid the pre-harvest
interval headaches.  The CTTF is recommending that CT should be made
with "compliant compost or vermicompost, using the NOSB guidelines
set forth on April 18, 2002"  CAN ANYONE POINT ME TO THE GUIDELINES
FOR VERMICOMPOST?  DOES IT NEED TO GO THROUGH THE THREE-DAY HEATING
PROCESS?  OH, BY THE WAY, IF YOU'VE BEEN MAKING YOUR VERMI- OR
THERMAL COMPOST WITHOUT MANURE TO AVOID THE PRE-HARVEST INTERVAL THE
CTTF IS NOW RECOMMENDING THAT EVEN COMPOST MADE FROM 100% PLANT
FEEDSTOCK MATERIALS IS TO BE CONSIDERED THE SAME AS OTHER COMPOSTS
(WHEN MAKING COMPOST TEA) BECAUSE "NON-MANURE COMPOST FEEDSTOCKS MAY
HARBOR HIGH LEVELS OF FECAL BACTERIA."

Folks, if these receommendations are accepted, I believe Compost Tea
will become an excellent tool for the corporate organic growers who
can afford the cost associated with testing and re-testing and
recordkeeping.  It may be that, again, the big guys get to reap the
rewards of the long fight to creat organic standards while the rest
of us local growers interested in food integrity and security move
on.  Organic ain't what it used to be.  I know these are just
recommendations but I am inching closer to the ledge.  Can somebody
talk me down?





Yahoo! Groups Links

From - Mon Apr 19 13:30:48 2004 X-UIDL: 368615595 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A422614300F8; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:50 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 6BDB6AC14; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:50 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 50D39ABE3 for ; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.77]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 95042AA18 for ; Mon, 19 Apr 2004 08:20:49 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8104-1082377248-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.195] by n21.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:49 -0000 X-Sender: sfo@gwi.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 8156 invoked from network); 19 Apr 2004 12:20:47 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:47 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n35.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.103) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:47 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.162] by n35.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 19 Apr 2004 12:20:37 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.103 From: "ericgoodenough" X-Originating-IP: 216.195.150.187 X-Yahoo-Profile: ericgoodenough MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Mon, 19 Apr 2004 12:20:36 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] compost tea additives and NOSB Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368615595 NOSB CTTF defines compost tea additives as "Materials other than
water and compost added at the start of the compost tea making
process to increase microbial biomasss/populations."

Now, if I read this correctly, then kelp, rock powders, fish,
humates, molasses, sugar, juice, oat flour, crab shell, ......THESE
ARE ALL ADDITIVES INTENDED TO INCREASE MICROBIAL BIOMASS!

Therefore, if you use these things you will be subject to pre-testing
to verify that your tea does not contain pathogens.  Two tests are
required and the average result is used to "prove" your process is
clean.  IF YOU CHANGE YOUR RECIPE (or your brew time, or your air
input, or your start temp, or your water supply) YOU WILL NEED TO
ORDER UP ANOTHER SET OF TESTS.

Of course, if you choose to abide by the 90/120 day pre-harvest
interval restrictions (in other words if you apply CT no sooner than
90 pre-harvest for produce not in direct contact with the soil and
120 days for produce in contact with the soil), then of course you
are all set.  I'm not sure which interval (90 or 120?) I will be
forced to use for my apples, but if I am limited to using a foliar
ACT before May 15 (120 interval) or June 15 (90 day  interval) it
doesn't matter!  THE BOTTOM LINE IS I'VE JUST LOST A TOOL I COULD USE
TO OUT-COMPETE APPLE SCAB, SOOTY BLOTCH, FLYSPECK, FIREBLIGHT, BLACK
KNOT, ETC. ETC.!  (UNLESS, OF COURSE, I BREW MY TEA WITH ONLY COMPOST
AND WATER!)

Is anyone enlivening their compost with oat flour?  My bet is that
this practice will cause concern because your compost is no
longer "finished" according to standards and/or the material will be
considered a "compost tea additive."

I've been making vermi- and thermal composts for tea brewing without
the use of manure feedstocks so I could avoid the pre-harvest
interval headaches.  The CTTF is recommending that CT should be made
with "compliant compost or vermicompost, using the NOSB guidelines
set forth on April 18, 2002"  CAN ANYONE POINT ME TO THE GUIDELINES
FOR VERMICOMPOST?  DOES IT NEED TO GO THROUGH THE THREE-DAY HEATING
PROCESS?  OH, BY THE WAY, IF YOU'VE BEEN MAKING YOUR VERMI- OR
THERMAL COMPOST WITHOUT MANURE TO AVOID THE PRE-HARVEST INTERVAL THE
CTTF IS NOW RECOMMENDING THAT EVEN COMPOST MADE FROM 100% PLANT
FEEDSTOCK MATERIALS IS TO BE CONSIDERED THE SAME AS OTHER COMPOSTS
(WHEN MAKING COMPOST TEA) BECAUSE "NON-MANURE COMPOST FEEDSTOCKS MAY
HARBOR HIGH LEVELS OF FECAL BACTERIA."

Folks, if these receommendations are accepted, I believe Compost Tea
will become an excellent tool for the corporate organic growers who
can afford the cost associated with testing and re-testing and
recordkeeping.  It may be that, again, the big guys get to reap the
rewards of the long fight to creat organic standards while the rest
of us local growers interested in food integrity and security move
on.  Organic ain't what it used to be.  I know these are just
recommendations but I am inching closer to the ledge.  Can somebody
talk me down?





Yahoo! Groups Links

From - Fri Apr 23 15:30:33 2004 X-UIDL: 368616031 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ACFB64FB00B2; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 14:14:19 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id EFFEFB45C; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 14:14:19 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D1950B39D for ; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 14:14:19 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 421E5AF8A for ; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 14:14:18 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000652D3@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 14:14:04 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 46099 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 14:14:04 -0400 Received: from mail.ncat.org (209.137.246.130:2942) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000652CF@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 14:14:03 -0400 Received: from ncat.org ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id i3NIEBl16444 for ; Fri, 23 Apr 2004 12:14:11 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <40895C9A.7060405@ncat.org> Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2004 13:12:42 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: [SANET-MG] Water-Quality Data for Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 4. SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368616031 Recently I attended a lecture that addressed influence of xenobiotics on water quality and human health, referring to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These include: Pesticides Pharmaceuticals Veterinary / human antibiotics Industrial / household compounds Hormones and sterols A few more pieces of information have come to my attention. During 1999-2000, a reconnaissance of United States water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey for pharmaceuticals and other wastewater contaminants indicated that 80% of the streams (139 streams from 30 states) sampled had measurable levels of contamination. These findings were said to be reminiscent of Rachael Carson's "Silent Spring" with regards to the potential impact of these compounds to our environment. Here's a few resources to add to your environmental toolbox. Regards, Steve Diver ================================================= 1. A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos foreign ; bios life ) is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs; carcinogens; and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means. (1997) http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/XT06755a.pdf ================================================= 2. Water-Quality Data for Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000 By Kimberlee K. Barnes, Dana W. Kolpin, Micheal T. Meyer, E. Micheal Thurman, Edward T. Furlong, Steven D. Zaugg, and Larry B. Barber USGS Open-File Report 02-94 | Published in 2002 http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/OFR-02-94/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Figure 2. Most frequently detected compounds http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/OFR-02-94/figure2.html ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Introduction Little is known about the extent of environmental occurrence, transport, and ultimate fate of many synthetic organic chemicals after their intended use, particularly pharmaceuticals and personal care products that are designed to stimulate a physiological response in humans, plants, and animals... organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) Analytical methods targeted broad categories of OWC's (Tables 2-6): antibiotic compounds human prescription and nonprescription drugs and their metabolites pesticides industrial chemicals steroids and hormones ================================================= 3. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams USGS Fact Sheet FS-027-02 | June 2002 http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-027-02/index.html ================================================= 4. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: A National Reconnaissance Dana W. Kolpin, Edward T. Furlong, Michael T. Meyer, E. Michael Thurman, Steven D. Zaugg, Larry B. Barber, and Herbert T. Buxton Environ. Sci. Technol.; 2002; 36(6) pp 1202 - 1211; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es011055j ================================================= 5. Research on Emerging Water Quality Issues USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants in the Nation's Water Resources ================================================= 6. Drugging Our Water - We Flush It, Then We Drink It by Melissa Knopper http://www.emagazine.com/january-february_2003/0103gl_health.html Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water Supplies by Kelly A. Reynolds Water Conditioning and Purification Magazine June 2003: Volume 45, Number 6 http://www.wcp.net/column.cfm?T=T&ID=2199 ================================================= 7. Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, MS/MS and Time of Flight MS: Analyses of Emerging Contaminants Edited by I. Ferrer and E. M. Thurman Oxford University Press, New York American Chemical Society Symposium Series 850. 2003. 415 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np030715q Handbook on the super latest analytical laborotory methods to detect EDC's, used in the USGS study relating to "National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants in the Nation's Water Resources." "Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, MS/MS and Time of Flight MS: Analyses of Emerging Contaminants is a timely text that introduces sensitive analytical techniques to address environmental water quality... " "While there are no theoretical discussions on mass spectrometry, the text does provide informative detail on the strengths and weaknesses of the various mass spectrometers (Q-TOF MS/MS, QIT MS/MS, triple quadrupole MS/MS) and their application toward monitoring emerging contaminants: pharmaceuticals, hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, natural products, and surfactants.... " ================================================= 8. Iowa Dept of Natural Resources / Iowa Geological Survey / Water Monitoring http://wqm.igsb.uiowa.edu/ Emerging Water Quality Issues Iowa's Water - Ambient Monitoring Program Water Quality Fact Sheet 2001-8 http://wqm.igsb.uiowa.edu/publications/fact%20sheets/emerging/PESTICIDES.htm http://wqm.igsb.uiowa.edu/publications/fact%20sheets/wfs20018.pdf Pharmaceuticals, Pesticide Degradates, and Other Emerging Contaminants in Water: New Analytical Tools Play Key Roles in Water Research Doug Schnoebelen | U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City 27-slides in PowerPoint (online in HTML) http://wqm.igsb.uiowa.edu/monitoring%20conference/power%20point/presentations/09dougemerging.htm Herbicide degradates significantly increase overal occurrence Acetanilide degradates most frequently detected compounds Pharmaceuticals Veterinary and human antibiotics Human drugs Industrial/Household compounds Hormones and sterols ================================================= 9. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) as Environmental Pollutants U.S. EPA http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/chemistry/pharma/index.htm Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) as Environmental Pollutants = Pollution from Personal Actions Christian G. Daughton, Ph.D. Chief, Environmental Chemistry Branch, Environmental Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada 60-slides in PowerPoint (download) http://www.epa.gov/osp/regions/emerpoll/daughton.ppt Presented at: U.S. EPA Emerging Pollutants Workshop 11-14 August 2003 | Chicago, IL ================================================= ================================================= ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Apr 26 14:04:19 2004 X-UIDL: 368616123 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A2579DFD00CA; Sun, 25 Apr 2004 23:30:31 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 95384C2A8; Sun, 25 Apr 2004 23:30:31 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 79EE5C246 for ; Sun, 25 Apr 2004 23:30:31 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n36.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n36.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.104]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id EBE59C1AE for ; Sun, 25 Apr 2004 23:30:30 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8165-1082950226-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.201] by n36.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2004 03:30:30 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 26145 invoked from network); 26 Apr 2004 03:30:25 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m9.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 26 Apr 2004 03:30:25 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n8.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.92) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 26 Apr 2004 03:30:28 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.165] by n8.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2004 03:29:37 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.92 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 63.190.64.33 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2004 03:29:36 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Source for "Oklahoma Humus" -- Infinity Fertilizer Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368616123 Compost tea practitioners are familiar with
Alaska Humus and they've heard of Georgia Humus.

Now, you can add Oklahoma Humus to your toolbox.

Passing along this source I just learned about
on Earth Day, April 22nd. 

Infinity Fertilizer
[Contact:  Richard Eckstein]
P.O. Box 89
Wildwood, OK  74964
918-422-4177
918-422-4177 FAX
richard@infinityfertilizer.com
http://www.infinityfertilizer.com
50-lb bag / $30

Richard said it comes from his family farm,
which has a 1,000 acre timber stand in the
Ozark Hills of Eastern Oklahoma. Basically, this
is forest humus that is bagged and sold as
an organic fertilizer.  

Based on the sample I obtained, it looks
and feels like a forest soil with lots of
organic matter but also clay.  It is
heavier than compost or peat humus.  

Richard hasn't run any microbiological lab
tests, yet. 

I'm passing this along in case you want to
try it out as a specialized substrate for
humus tea containing wild microbial strains
from Oklahoma.

Steve Diver



Yahoo! Groups Links

From - Tue May 04 00:01:07 2004 X-UIDL: 368616871 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AF72815100E2; Mon, 03 May 2004 23:35:14 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 778F4CFDB; Mon, 3 May 2004 23:35:14 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5C0D6CFD7 for ; Mon, 3 May 2004 23:35:14 -0400 (EDT) Received: from intrex.net (client230-16.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.230.16]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D4EF1CEDA for ; Mon, 3 May 2004 23:35:13 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <40973F06.80109@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 03 May 2004 23:58:14 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Molasses applied to soils feeds soil microbes Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368616871 Steve Diver steved at ncat.org Mon May 3 10:27:19 EDT 2004 * Previous message: [Market-farming] Speaking of sweeter... * Next message: [Market-farming] asparagus * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Molasses applied to soils feeds soil microbes. Activating soil biology can impact above-ground insect pests by altering plant metabolism -- especially relating to sap pH and amino acids -- in addition to controlling to soil-borne diseases which are the usual target pathogens of enhanced soil biology. Likewise, I recall some research underway to understand the effect of compost utilization on arthropod pests. Likewise, I recall some research on infra-red detection of hot zones on plant surfaces where insects attacked. The application of humus management=biology, mineral balancing, and energetics is the three-part approach in ecofarming. Steve Diver -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Thu May 06 13:51:38 2004 X-UIDL: 368617124 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A0169EE009A; Thu, 06 May 2004 13:04:22 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 12BE9A9A9; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:22 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EA636C8D6 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:21 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7BC86C8B8 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:21 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2AFF8200D5; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:20 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: organicviticulture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from pop.hevanet.com (pop.hevanet.com [198.5.254.15]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 30E9A200D2 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:17 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [130.94.165.224] (ts04-ip108.hevanet.com [130.94.165.224]) by pop.hevanet.com (8.11.6p3/8.11.6p3) with ESMTP id i46H4FT95396 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 10:04:15 -0700 (PDT) User-Agent: Microsoft-Outlook-Express-Macintosh-Edition/5.02.2022 Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 10:04:14 -0700 From: "Lon J. Rombough" To: organicviticulture Message-ID: In-Reply-To: Mime-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit Subject: [organicviticulture] FW: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work X-BeenThere: organicviticulture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.4 Precedence: list Reply-To: Organic Grape Culture List-Id: Organic Grape Culture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: organicviticulture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: organicviticulture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617124 ---------- From: ARS News Service Reply-To: ARS News Service Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 11:49:55 -0400 To: ARS News subscriber Subject: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work STORY LEAD: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work ___________________________________________ ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA David Elstein, (301) 504-1654, delstein@ars.usda.gov May 6, 2004 ___________________________________________ Certain fertilizers can actually inhibit beneficial, naturally occurring fungi that help plants use water and nutrients while suppressing diseases, according to an Agricultural Research Service scientist studying these beneficial root-dwelling fungi. ARS plant pathologist Robert Linderman at the Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Ore., is studying how these fungi, called mycorrhizae, interact with fertilizers and other soil amendments that have been commonly used in agriculture over the past half century. Linderman is one of only a few scientists studying how mycorrhizae affect the nutrition and health of nursery crops. He has measured the level of mycorrhizal colonization of roots to see whether various materials added to soil help or inhibit fungal growth. He studied a range of commercial fertilizers and found that organic ones are usually compatible with mycorrhizae, while phosphorus-rich inorganic fertilizers usually inhibit them. He also looked at peat moss, a popular additive to potting mixes used to grow nursery crops. He found that in some cases it helps mycorrhizal associations, while in others it hinders the fungi. Coir, a coconut fiber that has become a popular potting mix additive, does not inhibit mycorrhizae, but it may reduce growth of some plants. Linderman is currently studying various types of composts to see what, if any, effect they'll have on the establishment of mycorrhizae. His initial finding is that some composts may suppress the fungi because of high phosphorus levels. After spending years researching these important fungi, Linderman believes that he will now be able to advise growers as to which potting mix additives will help establish mycorrhizae that can enhance plant growth and health. Read more about this research in the May 2004 issue of Agricultural Research magazine, available online at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may04/fungi0504.htm ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency. ___________________________________________ * This is one of the news reports that ARS Information distributes to subscribers on weekdays. * Start, stop or change an e-mail subscription at www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/subscribe.htm * NewsService@ars.usda.gov | www.ars.usda.gov/news * Phone (301) 504-1638 | fax (301) 504-1648 _______________________________________________ organicviticulture mailing list organicviticulture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/organicviticulture From - Thu May 06 13:51:38 2004 X-UIDL: 368617124 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A0169EE009A; Thu, 06 May 2004 13:04:22 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 12BE9A9A9; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:22 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EA636C8D6 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:21 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7BC86C8B8 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:21 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2AFF8200D5; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:20 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: organicviticulture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from pop.hevanet.com (pop.hevanet.com [198.5.254.15]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 30E9A200D2 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:04:17 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [130.94.165.224] (ts04-ip108.hevanet.com [130.94.165.224]) by pop.hevanet.com (8.11.6p3/8.11.6p3) with ESMTP id i46H4FT95396 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 10:04:15 -0700 (PDT) User-Agent: Microsoft-Outlook-Express-Macintosh-Edition/5.02.2022 Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 10:04:14 -0700 From: "Lon J. Rombough" To: organicviticulture Message-ID: In-Reply-To: Mime-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit Subject: [organicviticulture] FW: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work X-BeenThere: organicviticulture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.4 Precedence: list Reply-To: Organic Grape Culture List-Id: Organic Grape Culture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: organicviticulture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: organicviticulture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617124 ---------- From: ARS News Service Reply-To: ARS News Service Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 11:49:55 -0400 To: ARS News subscriber Subject: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work STORY LEAD: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work ___________________________________________ ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA David Elstein, (301) 504-1654, delstein@ars.usda.gov May 6, 2004 ___________________________________________ Certain fertilizers can actually inhibit beneficial, naturally occurring fungi that help plants use water and nutrients while suppressing diseases, according to an Agricultural Research Service scientist studying these beneficial root-dwelling fungi. ARS plant pathologist Robert Linderman at the Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Ore., is studying how these fungi, called mycorrhizae, interact with fertilizers and other soil amendments that have been commonly used in agriculture over the past half century. Linderman is one of only a few scientists studying how mycorrhizae affect the nutrition and health of nursery crops. He has measured the level of mycorrhizal colonization of roots to see whether various materials added to soil help or inhibit fungal growth. He studied a range of commercial fertilizers and found that organic ones are usually compatible with mycorrhizae, while phosphorus-rich inorganic fertilizers usually inhibit them. He also looked at peat moss, a popular additive to potting mixes used to grow nursery crops. He found that in some cases it helps mycorrhizal associations, while in others it hinders the fungi. Coir, a coconut fiber that has become a popular potting mix additive, does not inhibit mycorrhizae, but it may reduce growth of some plants. Linderman is currently studying various types of composts to see what, if any, effect they'll have on the establishment of mycorrhizae. His initial finding is that some composts may suppress the fungi because of high phosphorus levels. After spending years researching these important fungi, Linderman believes that he will now be able to advise growers as to which potting mix additives will help establish mycorrhizae that can enhance plant growth and health. Read more about this research in the May 2004 issue of Agricultural Research magazine, available online at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may04/fungi0504.htm ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency. ___________________________________________ * This is one of the news reports that ARS Information distributes to subscribers on weekdays. * Start, stop or change an e-mail subscription at www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/subscribe.htm * NewsService@ars.usda.gov | www.ars.usda.gov/news * Phone (301) 504-1638 | fax (301) 504-1648 _______________________________________________ organicviticulture mailing list organicviticulture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/organicviticulture From - Thu May 06 14:00:35 2004 X-UIDL: 368617131 X-Mozilla-Status: 1001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A7D563BE0126; Thu, 06 May 2004 13:37:25 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 3A190B142; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:37:25 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 1D57BB0D8; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:37:25 -0400 (EDT) Received: from intrex.net (client230-16.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.230.16]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 06292AD4C; Thu, 6 May 2004 13:37:22 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <409AA76B.7090402@intrex.net> Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 14:00:27 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org Subject: FW: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work & FWD: Boost yields by nurturing beneficial soil fungi Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617131 ---------- From: ARS News Service Reply-To: ARS News Service Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 11:49:55 -0400 To: ARS News subscriber Subject: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work STORY LEAD: Helping Beneficial Fungi Work ___________________________________________ ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA David Elstein, (301) 504-1654, delstein@ars.usda.gov May 6, 2004 ___________________________________________ Certain fertilizers can actually inhibit beneficial, naturally occurring fungi that help plants use water and nutrients while suppressing diseases, according to an Agricultural Research Service scientist studying these beneficial root-dwelling fungi. ARS plant pathologist Robert Linderman at the Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Ore., is studying how these fungi, called mycorrhizae, interact with fertilizers and other soil amendments that have been commonly used in agriculture over the past half century. Linderman is one of only a few scientists studying how mycorrhizae affect the nutrition and health of nursery crops. He has measured the level of mycorrhizal colonization of roots to see whether various materials added to soil help or inhibit fungal growth. He studied a range of commercial fertilizers and found that organic ones are usually compatible with mycorrhizae, while phosphorus-rich inorganic fertilizers usually inhibit them. He also looked at peat moss, a popular additive to potting mixes used to grow nursery crops. He found that in some cases it helps mycorrhizal associations, while in others it hinders the fungi. Coir, a coconut fiber that has become a popular potting mix additive, does not inhibit mycorrhizae, but it may reduce growth of some plants. Linderman is currently studying various types of composts to see what, if any, effect they'll have on the establishment of mycorrhizae. His initial finding is that some composts may suppress the fungi because of high phosphorus levels. After spending years researching these important fungi, Linderman believes that he will now be able to advise growers as to which potting mix additives will help establish mycorrhizae that can enhance plant growth and health. Read more about this research in the May 2004 issue of Agricultural Research magazine, available online at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may04/fungi0504.htm ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency. ___________________________________________ * This is one of the news reports that ARS Information distributes to subscribers on weekdays. * Start, stop or change an e-mail subscription at www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/subscribe.htm * NewsService@ars.usda.gov | www.ars.usda.gov/news * Phone (301) 504-1638 | fax (301) 504-1648 -------------------------------------------- -------- Original Message -------- Subject: Cultivating diversity underground for better yields above http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/0903/daviddouds.shtml Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2004 23:24:01 -0700 http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/0903/daviddouds.shtml Cultivating diversity underground for better yields above Research at The Rodale Institute® demonstrates how sustainable farming practices can boost yields by nurturing beneficial soil fungi. By Laura Sayre About this series: As some of you may know, The Rodale Institute®, which publishes The New Farm®, is home to the longest running field trials in the country comparing organic and conventional systems of farming called The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial® (FST). The data from that 23 years of research is a real treasure trove of insight into the economic, ecological and agronomic benefits of organic farming. In addition to this long-running Farming Systems Trial, we have a variety of other research in progress at The Institute. David Douds, as you’ll read in this story, has been studying soil fungi here at The Institute’s research farm for 15 years. We’re engaged in no-till research, weed research, compost tea research, composting research, water quality research, and much more. Until now, much of the light we’re generating here on our research farm has been hidden under the proverbial barrel, but we’re taking off the barrel and busting it up for firewood. We’re going let the light of the amazing research being done here shine on farmers, consumers and environmental activities. Over the next year we’ll be running a series of stories, about one a month, on the significance of our research ... and its practical applications. That includes a few stories on equipment construction—a front-mounted roller for no-till, and a compost turner converted from a junked 18-wheeler. So sit tight, and be prepared to be amazed, starting with David Douds’ discoveries about how you can increase vegetable yields by 50 percent using homemade fungal inoculants. Enjoy, Chris Hill Executive Editor p.s. Interested in hearing more about how you can take part in the mycorrhizae revolution? Click here and let us know. Send your name, phone number and e-mail address with your note so we can follow-up with you. "Overall, Douds’ work suggests that a small amount of mixed MF inoculant can be substituted for a large amount of fertilizer--with no loss of yield, greatly reduced environmental impact, and lower production costs." Home-grown mycorrhizal inoculum can be produced at a fraction of the cost of purchasing commercial mixes. "I've done some preliminary calculations," says Douds. "The on-farm system produces 100 million propagules for approximately $50, not counting the cost of the farmer's labor, which is fairly minimal. To purchase 100 million propagules as listed on the bag of some commercial mixes would cost anywhere from $8,000 to $40,000." FACT SHEET: Mycorrhizae Above: USDA soil microbiologist David Douds with a carrot root-mycorrhizal fungi culture. Under the leadership of Dr. Douds, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil innoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs. (Photo by Peggy Greb, courtesy of the Agricultural Research Service Photo Unit.) September 29, 2003: You've read the amazing facts and figures: one teaspoon of healthy topsoil can contain millions of individual microorganisms, all playing a part in the functioning of the soil ecosystem. But how much do you really know about the action of those diverse species and how to maximize their presence in your own fields? Ongoing research at The Rodale Institute® sheds light on one important component of the soil community--mycorrhizal fungi--and its impact on agricultural production. Under the leadership of Dr. David Douds, a soil microbiologist with the USDA's Agricultural Research Service, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil inoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs. A mycorrhizal primer Mycorrhizae are soil-dwelling fungi that live in and around the roots of plants ('myco-rrhizae' means 'fungus-root'). The fungi and the plants form mutually beneficial associations in which the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plants and the plants receive nutrients and other benefits from the fungi. Since the first mycorrhizae species were described by a German botanist in the 1880s, researchers have discovered that approximately 80% of all land plants form mycorrhizal associations. The relationship is so widespread, in fact, that it is sometimes referred to as 'the Universal Symbiosis,' and is believed to have played a key role in the evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial plant forms. Today, scientists divide mycorrhizae into two major types: endomycorrhizae, which penetrate and colonize plant roots, and ectomycorrhizae, which form sheaths around plant roots. Whereas ectomycorrhizal relationships tend to be highly specialized--with some 6000 fungal species worldwide associated with tree species of the oak, beech, and pine families, among others--endomycorrhizal associations are more generalized as well as more widespread, with fewer than 150 fungal species opportunistically colonizing the roots of the vast majority of terrestrial plant families. Ectomycorrhizal inoculants are already widely used in commercial forestry, but the possibility of developing endomycorrhizal inoculants for production agriculture is a more recent idea. "These are beneficial soil fungi that colonize the roots of plants and help them take up phosphorus" and other immobile soil nutrients, such as zinc and copper, Douds explains. "The fungus colonizes the root and it also grows out into the soil; the part of the fungus that's in the soil acts as an extension of the root system, to explore a greater volume of soil and take up nutrients and bring them back into the root." In addition to facilitating nutrient uptake, some mycorrhizae secrete a gluey substance, called glomalin, which helps develop soil structure and soil aggregation; others may help plants fight disease. Yet because endomycorrhizae are 'obligate symbionts'--they must have living plant roots to colonize in order to complete their life cycle--their numbers will decline under conventional agricultural monocultures, which have living crop covers fewer months of the year than organic rotations. The drop in yields typically seen after the first year of cultivation on virgin prairie or forest soils is probably attributable in part to the loss of native mycorrhizae, Douds says. Fifteen years of research prove benefits of fungi Douds has been conducting research in collaboration with The Rodale Institute since 1989, his first year at the Agricultural Research Service's Eastern Regional Research Center in Wyndmoor, on the outskirts of Philadelphia. "Some employees of The Institute farm came down to our research center as part of a kind of an interagency show-and-tell about research programs and facilities and what all we could do to help each other," Douds recalls. "Rhonda Janke"--The Institute's research agronomist at the time--"gave a presentation about The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial," a side-by-side comparison of organic and conventional production systems. Douds recognized it as a great opportunity to study endomycorrhizal associations. "Later that year I started sampling, and right off learned that [the soils under] the conventional farming systems had fewer mycorrhizal fungi than the soils under the low-input farming systems. So right away we all got excited and we branched out from there." Since that first season, Douds' work at The Rodale Institute’s 333-acre experimental farm has progressed in three overlapping phases: In the first phase, from 1989 to 1995, Douds and his team surveyed native mycorrhizal fungi (MF) populations at Rodale and examined the impact of different agricultural practices--including tillage regimes, crop rotations, and soil amendments--on those populations. The second phase, which is still ongoing, looks at the utilization of MF by crop plants, comparing yields in the presence and absence of different MF species. The third phase seeks to apply those findings by devising a simple, on-farm MF inoculum production system, so that farmers can harness the benefits of endomycorrhizae without spending lots of money on commercial mixes. (Commercial products already on the market include Bio/Organics Endomycorrhizal Inoculant [$79.95 for 3 lbs, labeled to treat 500 plants], Plant Success Mycorrhizae Tablets [$19.95 for 100 tablets, labeled to treat 50 plants up to 1 ft tall], and Earthroots VAM Fungi by First Fruits LLC [$15 for 3 lbs, labeled to treat 200 seedlings].) On-farm production of mycorrhizal inoculant in test enclosures at The Rodale Institute’s farm. Douds chose bahiagrass as a host plant "because it's a tropical grass and the first frost will kill the shoot growth"--so it won't escape to become a new local weed and won't harbor any pests or pathogens that might affect either resident crops or northern native grasses. Agronomic practices that boost—or depress— mycorrhizal levels Although the first phase of Douds's research found larger and more diverse MF populations in organically-managed soils than in conventionally-managed ones, it also revealed how specific agronomic practices can boost or depress MF levels. "Over-wintering cover crops. . . are very beneficial to mycorrhizal fungi," Douds notes, whereas "tillage disrupts the mycorrhizal fungi in the soil and serves to decrease the initial colonization of the plants." Based on these findings, Douds emphasizes that all farmers, organic or conventional, can take steps to nurture the MF already present in their fields: reduce tillage, he says, use fungicides sparingly, and--most important--maximize cover cropping. "Over-wintering cover crops give the MF a host plant to colonize when there's no cash crop growing on the soil," Douds explains. In the coldest part of the year the MF go dormant, but during warm spells in early spring and late fall, the MF will try to grow, and can exhaust their reserves if they find no plant hosts. "During these periods. . . the fungus is still respiring, it's still burning up its carbohydrate storage in the spores, it's burning up the lipids that were stored," leaving it "less viable when the time comes finally for the crop plant to be present." A cover crop or even just a weedy fallow will maintain healthy MF populations, which can then benefit the cash crop coming on to the field. Crop rotations are another factor to consider, since a handful of crop species belong to plant families that do not form mycorrhizal associations (said to be 'non-mycotrophic'), including the Brassicaceae (rape, broccoli, cabbage, turnips, etc), the Chenopodiaceae (beets, spinach), and the Polygonaceae (buckwheat). Not only will these crops not benefit from the presence of MF, but MF levels in the soil will be depressed after these crops are grown, potentially showing an effect on any mycotrophic crops which follow. Potatoes and peppers inoculated with mycorrhizae get yield boosts of up to 50 percent! In the second phase of his research, looking at the impact of MF on crop yields, Douds began inoculating plants in the greenhouse and then tracking their performance in the field. "We had some plants that were inoculated with a control mix with no inoculum, another one inoculated with a mix of mycorrhizal fungi, and another inoculated with just one species commonly present in commercial inoculum," Douds explains. "We transplanted them into the Compost Utilization Trial,"--another ongoing experiment at The Rodale Institute--"and we found over the course of the 3-year experiment that the mixture of mycorrhizal fungi increased the yield of marketable-sized peppers up to a maximum of 34% over the control. Last year we tried inoculating potatoes, and we got up to a 50% increase over the controls." David Douds and a research intern dig potatoes in this season's mycorrhizal test plot at the Rodale Experimental Farm. In last year's trials, potatoes grown with mycorrhizal fungi showed yield increases of as much as 50%. Other crops known to respond dramatically to mycorrhizal colonization include citrus, onion, and strawberries. This year they are repeating the potato trial, measuring yields under four different treatments: one with no added MF; one with a commercially available MF; one with a mixed MF inoculant grown in a leaf compost and vermiculite medium; and one with a mixed MF inoculant grown in a dairy manure compost and vermiculite medium. Overall, this work suggests that a small amount of mixed MF inoculant can be substituted for a large amount of fertilizer--with no loss of yield, greatly reduced environmental impact, and lower production costs. One unexpected finding of Douds' work at Rodale "is that mycorrhizae can be used to increase the yield of crops even in soils that are very high in phosphorous." Some of the soils at the Rodale Farm which have been heavily composted, Douds notes, "have available P in excess of 300 parts/million"--well above the level at which mycorrhizal responses are typically seen, around 20-50 ppm available P. "The generalization would be that P as high as 300 would be a situation in which the plant can take up all the P that it needs by itself without relying on the mycorrhizal fungi." Douds believes that at high nutrient levels, some of the other benefits of MF--enhanced disease resistance, improved soil aggregation and better water relations--could be showing an effect. Build your own on-farm inoculum production system The third phase of Douds' research at Rodale Farm focuses on developing an inexpensive, practicable system for on-farm production of mycorrhizae inoculant. As obligate symbionts, endomycorrhizae have so far resisted attempts to create what scientists call axenic (or isolated, single-species) cultures--they can only be grown in the presence of a host plant. Douds' system works within this constraint, using bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), a tropical grass native to the southeastern US, as a host. A myccorhizae factory: The basic procedure is for the farmer to construct a simple enclosure out of landscape fabric, fill it with a mixture of compost and vermiculite, and then transplant pre-colonized bahiagrass seedlings into the mixture. Over the course of the growing season the bahiagrass spreads within the enclosure and the mycorrhizal fungi spread and reproduce along with it. When the grass dies back in the winter, the farmer is left with a concentrated mycorrhizal inoculant that can be incorporated into his or her potting mix when starting seedlings in the greenhouse the following spring. The basic procedure is for the farmer to construct a simple enclosure out of landscape fabric (75 cm square and 20 cm high), fill it with a mixture of compost and vermiculite, and then transplant pre-colonized bahiagrass seedlings into the mixture. Over the course of the growing season the bahiagrass spreads within the enclosure and the mycorrhizal fungi spread and reproduce along with it. When the grass dies back in the winter, the farmer is left with a concentrated mycorrhizal inoculant that can be incorporated into his or her potting mix when starting seedlings in the greenhouse the following spring. This year, Douds gave inoculated bahiagrass seedlings and other materials to a few Pennsylvania farmers to see how the method fares in the real-life conditions of farming. Meanwhile, Douds has 12 soil enclosures growing at the Rodale Farm in an experimental grid designed to identify optimum growth media. Douds chose three different kinds of compost--yard-clippings compost, controlled microbial compost, and dairy manure-leaf compost--and then diluted each kind with vermiculite at four different ratios, ranging from 1 part compost:2 parts vermiculite, down to 1 part compost:49 parts vermiculite. Each soil enclosure, finally, has nine separate sections, three with no inoculant and three each with two different mixtures of MF. At the end of the season, says Douds, "we'll sample the mixtures from within each enclosure, quantify the inoculum production, and then hopefully develop a prediction formula, where the optimum ratio [of compost to vermiculite] is a function" of the nutrient analysis and other properties of the compost. All the farmer will need to do, then, is get the nutrient analysis of his or her compost, plug it in to the formula, and find the optimal ratio of compost to vermiculite to use for his or her farm. "On-farm methods have several advantages over commercial inoculants," Douds explains. In the first place, whereas commercial formulae typically only contain a single MF species (frequently Glomus intraradices), Douds' method yields a diverse inoculum containing many MF species. This is crucial because MF show significant 'functional diversity'--"some are good at holding the soil together, some are good at gathering nutrients," others help fight disease. A second, related advantage is that by mixing in some soil from a nearby woodland, prairie, or hedgerow, the farmer can use Douds's system "to produce the native or indigenous strains of mycorrhizal fungi. . . the ones that are already adapted to his [or her] particular soil conditions." This could be especially important on problem soils, such as those with high aluminum, say, or high or low pH, where commercially-produced fungi may not survive. Growing fungi in real life: David Douds with one of his on-farm mycorrhizal fungi production systems at Shenk's Berry Farm in Lititz, PA. John Shenk, the cooperating farmer, grows 5 acres of strawberries, 3 acres of raspberries, and 10 acres of mixed vegetables in a low-input system, selling on-farm and at the Clark Park Farmers Market in Philadelphia. "We try to farm thoughtfully," says Shenk. "And do lots of reading and research to keep improving our farming methods." Next season, Shenk will incorporate the soil from the enclosure into his greenhouse potting mix. Last but not least, home-grown mycorrhizal inoculum can be produced at a fraction of the cost of purchasing commercial mixes. "I've done some preliminary calculations," says Douds. "The on-farm system produces 100 million propagules [in a single enclosure] for approximately $50, not counting the cost of the farmer's labor, which is fairly minimal. To purchase 100 million propagules as listed on the bag of some commercial mixes would cost anywhere from $8,000 to $40,000." Commercial inoculants are sold in a peat- or vermiculite-based medium, so purchasers have to buy (and pay to have shipped) a large volume of material to get a small number of viable MF propagules--another reason it makes more sense to grow your own. At the moment, Douds' system (like commercial MF inoculant) is suitable for two types of farms: vegetable growers on any scale who produce their own seedlings and can mix the inoculum into their potting mix; and smaller, labor-intensive farms or urban gardens where "the inoculum can be incorporated by hand, directly into the planting furrow or planting hole." Farmers growing field crops on a large scale can only take advantage of MF inoculants if they want to try them out in a relatively small area. "Delivery of MF inoculum to the field is a problem," acknowledges Douds. "Commercial companies are working on this for their particular inocula." He smiles. We can only hope that he will be too. OPX™ e-letters to the e-editors news & research columnists gleanings 1000 stories talking shop certification the pig page this farm life newsletters mid-atlantic marketing new farm japan FARM LOCATOR™ PRESS ROOM Farmers: Is organic certification worth it? CAST YOUR VOTE NOW Stay Up-to-Date – Sign up for our Newsletter NewFarm.org changes daily! Don't miss out on the latest interactive features, columns and news. Sign up now for our monthly e-newsletter and stay connected. ACTION ALERTS • Save foundation seed stocks from GM contamination • Support Saskatchewan farmers in efforts to block GM wheat • Raise your voice against factory hog operations Share Your Stories Are you a farmer? A consumer? Whatever story you have to tell, let it be an inspiration to others. Share it with us now... T H E N E W F A R M – R E G E N E R A T I V E A G R I C U L T U R E W O R L D W I D E ©2004 The Rodale Institute® • PRIVACY POLICY • Design: www.homeworkdesign.com Check out our other sites: The Rodale Institute® • Kidsregen.org From - Fri May 07 01:13:14 2004 X-UIDL: 368617184 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A1274490074; Fri, 07 May 2004 00:31:35 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 277F6B4E8; Fri, 7 May 2004 00:31:35 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0B331B4DE for ; Fri, 7 May 2004 00:31:35 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n26.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n26.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.82]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 6325EB3C4 for ; Fri, 7 May 2004 00:31:34 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8369-1083904293-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.31] by n26.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 07 May 2004 04:31:33 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 74142 invoked from network); 7 May 2004 04:31:32 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m25.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 7 May 2004 04:31:32 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n5.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.89) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 7 May 2004 04:31:32 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.188] by n5.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 07 May 2004 04:31:27 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <4B70C2E2.00397024.404D8829@aol.com> User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.89 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 130.184.56.141 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 07 May 2004 04:31:27 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: Web of Life Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617184 Siegfried and Uta Luebke in Austria developed the Controlled
Microbial Composting system. 

When I studied under the Luebkes they alluded to the work
of Raoul France and his wife, Annie France-Harrar. They
especially referred to Raoul France's book "Bios, die Gesetze
der Welt" (Bios: The Laws of the World).

Since Raoul France's body of work is published in German,
it is not readily accessible.

However, an English-language biography was published in 2000
and it provides a fascinating account of Raoul France's
lifetime achievements in microbiology, accompanied by an
extensive bibliography. 

See:

Raoul France' and the Doctrine of Life. 2000. By Rene'Romain
Roth.  1st Books Library, Bloomington, IN. 320 p.

France' is considered the father of soil ecology, and coined
the terms and underlying concepts for "edaphon," "biocenotics",
"biotechnik", "bionics," and "psychobiology." 

This is an excellent biography; it is fascinating. It provides
insight to Raoul France's studies in microbiology, microscopy,
soil ecology, and onwards to the unifying philosophical
systems he developed resulting in "Bios: The Laws of the World",
and so forth, dating from 1892 to 1943.

Raoul, who was director of the Munich Biological Institute,
published dozens of papers and books, for example:

"Forays into a Drop of Water"

"Edaphon - A New Biological Community"

"Studies on Edaphic Organisms"

"Edaphon - Studies in the Ecology of Soil-inhabiting
Microorganisms"

In 1950, Annie France-Harrar published "The Last Chance for
a Future Without Want" through the Bavarian Agricultural
Publishing House.  The book "created a sensation among
soil scientists and agronomists because it sounded an alarm
for the future food supply of humanity by drawing attention
to the danger of humus destruction and soil erosion."

This resulted in an invitation from the Mexican government
to help remediate soils in Mexico.  Annie subsequently worked
in a microbial laboratory in Mexico from 1955 to 1961. They
developed a new type of fertilizer called "Edaphon-humus"
bricks which "contained a selection of soil-inhabiting
microorganisms in pure culture and which were used
to inoculate agricultural soil with humus-producing
microbionts." 

"Besides, she also created "Petrfil" bricks which
contained lithobionts; i.e., microorganisms that
inhabited rock surfaces and caused rocks to disintegrate
into soil."

On the web, when you look for Annie France-Harrar,
many of the websites pertain to wurmhumus, regenwurm,
regenwurmfarm, humusproduktion, and so forth. 

Altogether, 36 books by Annie and 84 books by Raoul;
one together; plus hundreds of articles and journal
papers.

Thought ya'll might find these people interesting as
a resource on earlier developments in soil ecology,
humus, and microbes.

Regards,
Steve Diver


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From - Fri May 07 00:29:27 2004 X-UIDL: 368617176 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A5B8153001E; Thu, 06 May 2004 23:42:48 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 16410B6E1; Thu, 6 May 2004 23:09:56 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EBD49ABCB for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 23:09:55 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n24.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n24.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.80]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 3A5A7B6D2 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 23:09:55 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8360-1083899394-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.28] by n24.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 07 May 2004 03:09:54 -0000 X-Sender: steved@ncat.org X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 89299 invoked from network); 7 May 2004 03:09:54 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.167) by m22.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 7 May 2004 03:09:54 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n5.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.89) by mta6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 7 May 2004 03:09:53 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.182] by n5.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 07 May 2004 03:09:53 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.89 From: "Steve Diver" X-Originating-IP: 130.184.56.141 X-Yahoo-Profile: steved3602002 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 07 May 2004 03:09:52 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: biological transmutation of elements? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617176 Thanks for the resource pointer, Eric

http://www.cheniere.org/books/aids/ch5.htm

That link is Thomas Beardon who is an advanced thinker
and writer in alternative energies and physics, authoring
books from "Excalibur Briefing: Explaining Paranormal Phenomena"
to "Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles."

The earlier link to kronia.com was interesting; worth
an addition to the Kervran toolbox.

http://www.kronia.com/thoth/thoVI-06.txt

It gets into microbes and mineralization from
parent rock.

As an aside, microbial action on parent rock
material in itself has an interesting connection to
compost teas.  Mineralization and solubilization in
the compost windrow due to organic acids and microbial-based
enzyme systems can have a powerful effect.  For example,
there is a practice of amending compost piles with rock
phosphate and also rock dust.  Trace elements play
a critical role in enzyme metabolism. 

WHEN you combine minerals, microbes, organic matter,
clay, and humus... you have synergies that result in
biotic-mineral complexes, organo-mineral complexes,
and chelates.  Basically, compost itself is a transmutation,
a biotransformation of raw organic materials into complex
humic molecules and polymers.

The number of biochemical reactions and combinations
thereof are incalculable.

It is said that no two humic substances are alike;
they are like snowflakes.  Further, they shape shift
like chameleons as the pH and environment changes.

Just this week I came across an excellent review paper you
may want for your microbe-mineral toolbox.

Degradation of Soil Minerals by Organic Acids
Kim H. Tan
Soil Sci Soc Am, Spec Publ No. 17 (19867)

There is a classic book, one of the very first
academic books on alternative agriculture, that
has a chapter on biological transmutation.  It was
based on a symposium in Europe.  The title was
"Alternative Methods of Agriculture", edited by
R. Boeringa, published by Elsevier in 1980.

It was re-published from the journal "Agriculture and
Environment," the precursor journal to "Agriculture,
Ecosystems, and Environment."

Agriculture and Environment 5 (1-2): 1-199. (1980)

Interestingly, there is a significant collection
on biological transmutation at the following site,
based on the work of Prof. L.W.J. Holleman.

"A Review of Research on the Biological Transmutation of
Chemical Elements," Based on an unfinished paper by
Prof. L.W.J. Holleman
Translated and completed by David Cuthbertson.
http://www.science.inthegreen.btinternet.co.uk/stc
hting/holleman/holleman.htm

Table of Contents
http://www.science.inthegreen.btinternet.co.uk/stc
hting/holleman/contents.htm

Bibliography
http://www.science.inthegreen.btinternet.co.uk/stc
hting/holleman/bibliog.htm

"The aim of this critical review is (and was) to present the work
of Professor L.W.J. Holleman on a series of experiments on the
possible biological transmutation of chemical elements in cultures
of the alga Chlorella vulgaris to as wide an audience as possible."

"At the centre of this review lies an experiment that was for
Holleman the culmination of a life long search to prove the
existence of the biological transmutation of chemical elements.
The inspiration for this work was the Biodynamic Agriculture Course,
a series of lectures by Rudolf Steiner."


Regards,

Steve Diver



--- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, "ericgoodenough" <sfo@g...> wrote:
> At the risk of moving slightly off-topic, here is just one of the
> many links(http://www.cheniere.org/books/aids/ch5.htm) for anyone
> with an open mind and an interest in biological transmutation of
> elements by plants, animals and microbes.  There are even
references!


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From - Fri May 07 00:29:23 2004 X-UIDL: 368617162 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AF2A76360134; Thu, 06 May 2004 19:50:02 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 62BF9AD63; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:50:02 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 47E86AD51 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:50:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n28.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n28.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.84]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 6B96DACDE for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:50:01 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8344-1083847136-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.160] by n28.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 06 May 2004 12:38:58 -0000 X-Sender: sfo@gwi.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 42703 invoked from network); 6 May 2004 12:38:55 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.167) by m20.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 6 May 2004 12:38:55 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n24.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.80) by mta6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 6 May 2004 12:38:55 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.168] by n24.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 06 May 2004 12:38:33 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <003c01c432bf$33ec8f20$6401a8c0@charterpipeline.net> User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.80 From: "ericgoodenough" X-Originating-IP: 216.195.152.159 X-Yahoo-Profile: ericgoodenough MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 12:38:32 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: metal chelates-application rates Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617162 Thanks, Ted.  Yes, leaf assays showed similar deficiencies as soil
assays.  Although there are some who claim that leaf assays are
limited to an index since some of the measures dissipate
(volatilize?) soon after detachment from the plant and in transit or
while awaiting the assay.

Your point about <our soil showed that we needed certain inputs but
plant assays showed as if the soil had adequate minerals for plant
health> is interesting.  There are some who claim that elements may
be transmuted (is that the right term?) from one element to another. 
Not hard to accept, really, it's just an electrical phenomemon.  I
don't think we should underestimate our plant brethren.

In addition, I've heard it said that plants may take fully 80% of
their nutrition from the atmosphere.  Lots of C, O, N, H and others
there for sure!  Conventional linear thinking has us duped into
believing the "dirt" merely props the plant up and stuff needs to be
added for a plant to grow.  80%!  Kind of puts a different spin on
our soil-borne efforts, no?  In other words, assuming a perfect
atmosphere (right!), then if a plant is sufficient or deficient, it's
what we are doing or not doing in the soil (the 20%, if you will)
that makes the difference (GMO's and variety differences aside).  Fix
the 20% to harvest the 80%?  Pretty good investment. 


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From - Fri May 07 00:29:23 2004 X-UIDL: 368617163 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AF9810F100E8; Thu, 06 May 2004 19:51:52 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 139DEB48F; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:51:52 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EAA7DB402 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:51:51 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n19.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n19.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.74]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 5BA52B5FB for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:51:51 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8354-1083882203-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.198] by n19.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 06 May 2004 22:23:23 -0000 X-Sender: sfo@gwi.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 77507 invoked from network); 6 May 2004 22:23:22 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m5.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 6 May 2004 22:23:22 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n17.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.72) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 6 May 2004 22:23:22 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.141] by n17.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 06 May 2004 22:23:01 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.72 From: "ericgoodenough" X-Originating-IP: 216.195.150.250 X-Yahoo-Profile: ericgoodenough MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 22:23:00 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] biological transmutation of elements? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617163 At the risk of moving slightly off-topic, here is just one of the
many links(http://www.cheniere.org/books/aids/ch5.htm) for anyone
with an open mind and an interest in biological transmutation of
elements by plants, animals and microbes.  There are even references!

I'd insert a rose here for Bob if I had one.  How does he do that? 



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From - Tue May 04 17:15:54 2004 X-UIDL: 368616926 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A1B17EA600D0; Tue, 04 May 2004 16:48:49 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id BB905C08D; Tue, 4 May 2004 16:48:49 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9EA0DBF70 for ; Tue, 4 May 2004 16:48:49 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.107]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 166B7BEB3 for ; Tue, 4 May 2004 16:48:49 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8321-1083703727-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.29] by n39.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 04 May 2004 20:48:48 -0000 X-Sender: sfo@gwi.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 7025 invoked from network); 4 May 2004 20:48:46 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m23.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 4 May 2004 20:48:46 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n11.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.66) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 4 May 2004 20:48:46 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.148] by n11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 04 May 2004 20:47:17 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.66 From: "ericgoodenough" X-Originating-IP: 216.195.152.131 X-Yahoo-Profile: ericgoodenough MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Tue, 04 May 2004 20:47:16 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] metal chelates Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368616926 Anyone have any experience with metal chelates?  I am considering a
foliar application of copper chelate and/or manganese chelate to
apple trees.  I'd love to save a trip through the ordhards by
combining ACT and the chelates.  Will copper chelate (or others) pose
a threat to our microbes?


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From - Wed May 05 10:51:59 2004 X-UIDL: 368616965 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A9212B9C0058; Wed, 05 May 2004 09:16:17 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id BA8A4B9CE; Wed, 5 May 2004 09:16:17 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 93E94B9A8 for ; Wed, 5 May 2004 09:16:17 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n48.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n48.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.67.25]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 90622B877 for ; Wed, 5 May 2004 09:16:16 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8328-1083762974-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.27] by n48.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 05 May 2004 13:16:16 -0000 X-Sender: sfo@gwi.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 36574 invoked from network); 5 May 2004 13:16:13 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.167) by m21.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 5 May 2004 13:16:13 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n11.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.66) by mta6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 5 May 2004 13:16:13 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.135] by n11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 05 May 2004 13:16:05 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <02678D44.1EF01B15.404D8829@aol.com> User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.66 From: "ericgoodenough" X-Originating-IP: 216.195.150.202 X-Yahoo-Profile: ericgoodenough MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Wed, 05 May 2004 13:16:04 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: metal chelates-application rates Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368616965 International Ag Labs notes that our soils are deficient in copper
and manganese.  Recommendation:  10# copper sulfate and 10# manganse
sulfate applied to soil, ideally in fall.  I don't want to wait until
fall and I like the efficiency of foliar applications.  Metal
chelates (for instance Baicor products, I gather, are much more plant
friendly and more quickly assimilable as they have already been
processed by plant enzymes, etc. (I'm a little fuzzy on the science,
can you tell?)

Folks at Baicor (Dr. Miller) have suggested using their organically
certified chelates.  Both the copper and manganese solutions are 5%. 
Dr. Miller says flat out that he does not know the effect of the
chelates on microbes in tea but suspects that any antagonistic
effects might be concentration dependent.  He does not feel that the
chelates will have a negative effect on the metabolites that are in
the tea, but is unsure about organisms themselves.  He says the
chelates will internalize quickly into the plant and not remain on
the leaf.

Dr. Miller's recommendation is for 1 - 2 gallons of Manganese chelate
and 0.5 to 1 gallon of copper chelate.  In our case that would be
mixed with approximately 200 gallons of water and 20 gallons of tea
for our foliar program (four 50 gallon tanks per acre with chelate,
tea, kelp, fish, molasses, minerals and spreader/sticker).  It's our
hope that the copper chelate and the tea will be helfpul with apple
scab (Venturia sp.)and help make up plant tissue and soil
deficiencies through translocation.

Thanks for any comments.


--- In compost_tea@yahoogroups.com, soilfoodweb@a... wrote:
>
> The effect on the microorganisms depends on concentration.  In
general, when a heavy metal is chelated, it is must less likely to be
toxic directly to the microoganisms, unless at high concentration.
>
> So, what is the level you will apply?  Generally trees need just a
tiny amount of a heavy metal, especially when the metal is chelated,
so I expect you would not apply much concentration.
>
> But expectation and reality can be far apart, so let us know how
much you are putting on....
>
>
> Elaine Ingham
> President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
> SFI Corvallis, OR
> SFI Port Jefferson, NY
> SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia
> SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands
> SFI Cambridge, New Zealand
> SFI Culiacan, Mexico
> SFI Jerome, Idaho
> http://www.soilfoodweb.com


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From - Fri May 07 00:29:23 2004 X-UIDL: 368617162 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AF2A76360134; Thu, 06 May 2004 19:50:02 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 62BF9AD63; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:50:02 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 47E86AD51 for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:50:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n28.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n28.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.84]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 6B96DACDE for ; Thu, 6 May 2004 19:50:01 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-8344-1083847136-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.160] by n28.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 06 May 2004 12:38:58 -0000 X-Sender: sfo@gwi.net X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 42703 invoked from network); 6 May 2004 12:38:55 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.167) by m20.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 6 May 2004 12:38:55 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n24.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.80) by mta6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 6 May 2004 12:38:55 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.168] by n24.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 06 May 2004 12:38:33 -0000 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <003c01c432bf$33ec8f20$6401a8c0@charterpipeline.net> User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.80 From: "ericgoodenough" X-Originating-IP: 216.195.152.159 X-Yahoo-Profile: ericgoodenough MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Thu, 06 May 2004 12:38:32 -0000 Subject: [compost_tea] Re: metal chelates-application rates Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617162 Thanks, Ted.  Yes, leaf assays showed similar deficiencies as soil
assays.  Although there are some who claim that leaf assays are
limited to an index since some of the measures dissipate
(volatilize?) soon after detachment from the plant and in transit or
while awaiting the assay.

Your point about <our soil showed that we needed certain inputs but
plant assays showed as if the soil had adequate minerals for plant
health> is interesting.  There are some who claim that elements may
be transmuted (is that the right term?) from one element to another. 
Not hard to accept, really, it's just an electrical phenomemon.  I
don't think we should underestimate our plant brethren.

In addition, I've heard it said that plants may take fully 80% of
their nutrition from the atmosphere.  Lots of C, O, N, H and others
there for sure!  Conventional linear thinking has us duped into
believing the "dirt" merely props the plant up and stuff needs to be
added for a plant to grow.  80%!  Kind of puts a different spin on
our soil-borne efforts, no?  In other words, assuming a perfect
atmosphere (right!), then if a plant is sufficient or deficient, it's
what we are doing or not doing in the soil (the 20%, if you will)
that makes the difference (GMO's and variety differences aside).  Fix
the 20% to harvest the 80%?  Pretty good investment. 


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From - Sat May 15 13:14:06 2004 X-UIDL: 368617738 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A4ECE266001E; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:24 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 8F8BEB2BB; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:24 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 75B31B2B4 for ; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:24 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0534EB117 for ; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:24 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0006A5B3@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:15 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 70089 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:15 -0400 Received: from imo-m16.mx.aol.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0006A5B0@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:14 -0400 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m16.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r1.3.) id d.155.34f28791 (16087) for ; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:06 -0400 (EDT) Received: from aol.com (mow-m09.webmail.aol.com [64.12.184.137]) by air-id10.mx.aol.com (v99_r4.3) with ESMTP id MAILINID104-3ed740a644da82; Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:06 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Mailer: Atlas Mailer 2.0 X-AOL-IP: 24.21.158.7 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <4CAD47D7.6E4E2A75.404D8829@aol.com> Date: Sat, 15 May 2004 12:27:06 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Elaine Ingham Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] soil amendments from composting v fermentation To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617738 Anaerobic metabolism includes several metabolic pathways, and the different end products from the different pathways need to be differentiated, because some pathways end up with plant toxic materials being produced, while others do not. However, all anaerobic processes result in significantly acidic organic acids being produced, which may or may not be a problem for your plants. Depends on the plants being grown, right? What pH do they need? Those organisms that produce mainly lactic and proprionic acid as the main metabolic end products and do not produce hydrogen sulfide or ammonia. They can make phosphine gas, however, which means your PO4 may be out-gassing. So, a little sour smell to the process, some loss pf PO4, somewhat low pH metabolites produced. This may not lower pH in hte pile much, since the acids mix with the organic matter that have a higher pH. Most people use the term "fermentative metabolism" for these metabolic processes. Wine and beer production use particular species that perform this type of anaerobic metabolism. Can we call this kind of anaerobic metabolism fermentation, please. As opposed to putrefaction. Putrefactive processes make the really bad smells, because hydrogen sulfide production is a putrefactive process. Ammonia is also produced, along with phosphine gas, and a host of really bad smelling organic acids, from vinegar (acetic acid) to vomit (valeric acid) to putrescine. Alcohol is produced by the bacteria in significant quantities, high enough concentration to kill plant roots. This can be a real problem if you use mulch that has suffered this kind of anaerobic metabolism. Note that I do not call this compost, becasue it is not compost. Putrefactive anaerobic conditions are what you want to avoid. If the compost pile becomes anaerobic, you need to turn it or dilute the food resources to slow the bacteria and fungi down. Bacteria and fungi can grow so fast that they use up most of the oxygen in the pile. They use up the oxygen because they are growing on the foods in the pile so fast. As they grow, they generate heat. Thus, if you are careful to never let the pile go anaerobic, heat will tell you when to turn. But if the pile goes anaerobic, then heat is not related to anything positive anymore. Composting is by definition an AEROBIC process. Worm compost has to be aerobic, because the worms require aerobic levels of oxygen. But the lower layers in a worm compost can go anaerobic. If that happens, the worms will no longer go down deep into the pile. And it is the SUM of the pile that needs to be considered. Pockets of the organic matter can have low oxygen, where the anaerobic metabolites will move into the aerobic areas, but as long as most of the pile is aerobic, the anaerobic metabolites get consumed by the aerobic organisms, and just help increase diversity in the pile. What's the right balance to achieve a pile that is enough aerobic? That's what the microbiology of compost course is about that I teach. A couple students are involved right now in replicating the process so we have the solid, scientifically sound results to present. Elaine Ingham President, Soil Foodweb Inc. SFI Corvallis, OR SFI Port Jefferson, NY SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands SFI Cambridge, New Zealand SFI Culiacan, Mexico SFI Jerome, Idaho http://www.soilfoodweb.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon May 17 22:04:17 2004 X-UIDL: 368617965 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A320895A0096; Mon, 17 May 2004 18:56:32 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 8DE22C664; Mon, 17 May 2004 18:56:32 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6E1E7C641 for ; Mon, 17 May 2004 18:56:32 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EC8B1C604 for ; Mon, 17 May 2004 18:56:31 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0006AD75@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 17 May 2004 18:56:23 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 72275 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 17 May 2004 18:56:23 -0400 Received: from mail.ncat.org (209.137.246.130:2601) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0006AD72@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 17 May 2004 18:56:23 -0400 Received: from ncat.org ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id i4HMuQl15436 for ; Mon, 17 May 2004 16:56:26 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <40A942AD.9020401@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 17 May 2004 17:54:37 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: [SANET-MG] Protozoa and plant growth: the microbial loop in soil revisited | New Phytologist To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 4. SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368617965 Here is a new article in the prestigious Tansley Reviews series, from New Phytologist, on protozoa and plant growth... to add to your soil biota / soil foodweb toolbox. Regards, Steve Diver **************************************************** Protozoa and plant growth: the microbial loop in soil revisited A Tansley Review New Phytologist Volume 162 Issue 3 Page 617 - June 2004 Michael Bonkowski Rhizosphere Ecology Group, Institut für Zoologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01066.x http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01066.x/abs Summary I. The rhizosphere interface of microbial and faunal interactions II. Microfauna and plant growth III. Victims and benefactors: how grazers affect bacterial community composition IV. Nonmotile plants with flexible strategies V. Case study: root foraging and microfaunal activity VI. Friend or foe? Microbial signals and the manipulation of root architecture VII. Carbon is the currency: microfauna interactions with mycorrhiza VIII. The plant bridging above- and below-ground processes IX. From microscale to macroscale: interactions at the plant community level X. Conclusions and future research Acknowledgements References **************************************************** **************************************************** ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Jun 07 13:19:54 2004 X-UIDL: 368619200 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A3941560150; Mon, 07 Jun 2004 11:02:44 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 7BD42BB74; Mon, 7 Jun 2004 11:02:44 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4D9A7BB57 for ; Mon, 7 Jun 2004 11:02:44 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n32.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n32.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.100]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 55248B8FA for ; Mon, 7 Jun 2004 11:02:42 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-9018-1086620560-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.28] by n32.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 07 Jun 2004 15:02:41 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 75777 invoked from network); 7 Jun 2004 15:02:39 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.172) by m22.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 7 Jun 2004 15:02:39 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-m14.mx.aol.com) (64.12.138.204) by mta4.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 7 Jun 2004 15:02:39 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m14.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r2.6.) id r.59.dc3ca5f (15888) for ; Mon, 7 Jun 2004 11:02:06 -0400 (EDT) Received: from aol.com (mow-d26.webmail.aol.com [205.188.139.167]) by air-id08.mx.aol.com (v99_r4.8) with ESMTP id MAILINID83-3e1040c4836e396; Mon, 07 Jun 2004 11:02:06 -0400 To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: <6D721659.4F7AE3CF.404D8829@aol.com> X-Mailer: Atlas Mailer 2.0 X-AOL-IP: 24.21.158.7 X-AOL-Language: english X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 64.12.138.204 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Mon, 07 Jun 2004 11:02:06 -0400 Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Re: Re: Aged manure? Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368619200 Hi Kirk -

If you don't like the confusion in which the world of composting is stuck, then be part of the solution, instead of continuing to confuse the situation.

It doesn't help the world of composting if you are not willing to define things clearly. 

Compost has to have been processed properly.  That term MUST be reserved to mean something specific. 

I don't care that some people have applied the definition incorrectly.  Start using the the term correctly, now, and you will begin to help instead of hinder.

Aged manure - if it has been composted, then call it compost. 

If manure has NOT been composted, then call it aged manure if it has sat around for a time.  How long?  What are the conditions that define aged manure becoming.... soil?  When might manure sit long enough, with adequate microbial processes, that it now becomes soil?

But if it is processed in that fashion, it is not compost.  Stop trying to muddy the waters and call it compost.  Stop with the some people do it this way, others that and isn't it all compost?  It is NOT compost unless specific conditions  are met.   

If dung beetles have processed manure, then perhaps there is no difference between dung-processed material and earthworm castings.  But how would you KNOW?

I would love it if Pat and Dick Richardson would document that.  It would be useful to get dung beetles recognized as having a commercial importance.  Pat and Dick have done so much for getting dung beetles as recognized as they are today, but there is still a great deal that needs doing! 

What terms that could be developed for all the permutations of partially composted material?  HELP the world of compost by coming up with the categories, defining them clearly, working to develop a consensus, and developing the scientific database that is needed to define these semi-composted materials.

Compost should be defined based on the starting materials used, and on the biological and chemical composition of the final product. 

IF we had data, we might be able to say that with a mix of certain starting materials, the final product ALWAYS has this biology and this chemistry. 

Kirk, I appreciate that you want the NOSB to do a better job, but the limits of the DATA are what push the NOSB and the USDA to their attitudes. 

Provide DATA that show that E. coli do not survive in thermal compost, in aged manure, in partically-composted materials (come up with better terms than that for each of the situations you want to have considered), in worm caste, produced under whatever conditions.  Define the conditions.

Do not try to make one study, the Eastman study, in the limited conditions of that study, suffice for all worm compost made everywhere. 

If you can't afford to run experiments that show what happens to human pathogens in all these different conditions of storing waste material, or show what happens to helminths when you treat wastes with worms, or dung beetles, or by heating with micrcobes, please recognize that you rely on rapid microbial growth to do the job.  But who herds the microbes?  Is it a turner, or worms, or dung bettles or enchytraeids doing the microbe herding? 

Define what you are talking about, help put this information into a useful form.  Otherwise, you just keep spinning your wheels, getting nowhere. 

Define the kinds of composting, the kinds of storage.  If you can't do the work, then read and put together a summary of all the data on composting.  That would help give a basis from which to start a series of experiments. 

Put together categories, define the categories that you think would encompass your problems, and do some literature work. 

You put that together, and then I'll put together the proposal to submit to a funding agency to get the work done.  I don't have the time to do the lit research. 

I'm asking for help, Kirk, or anyone else out there wanting to work on this.  Do the lit reviews, do the summarization, and define what you think are the important categories based on the knowledge we have.  Hopefully, while you do that, I can publish the data I do have.  We can then develop the next proposal. 

There just isn't enough time in a day for me to get to teh literature review.  Especiaily since I try to answer questions on this list.  Which is most important?  Answering questions here, publishing data, or continuing to help growers do the biological conversion? 

All of the above.  Then please help by getting the literature  reviewed.  Let us ALL work out the categories of what we think is important. 

Will that be a great discussion! 

Hand off back to you, Kirk!  Willing to work on this on the compost tea list? 

Elaine Ingham
President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
SFI Corvallis, OR
SFI Port Jefferson, NY
SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia
SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands
SFI Cambridge, New Zealand
SFI Culiacan, Mexico
SFI Jerome, Idaho
http://www.soilfoodweb.com

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From - Thu Jun 24 21:35:14 2004 X-UIDL: 368620573 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A36B1ADB00FA; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:35:55 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1FA6BBDAD; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:35:55 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 04416C39C for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:35:55 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n13.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n13.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.68]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 3A39CBDB6 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:35:54 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-7527208-9279-1088123753-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.67.193] by n13.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 25 Jun 2004 00:35:53 -0000 X-Sender: Soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Apparently-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 66572 invoked from network); 25 Jun 2004 00:35:52 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.172) by m11.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 25 Jun 2004 00:35:52 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO imo-m25.mx.aol.com) (64.12.137.6) by mta4.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 25 Jun 2004 00:35:52 -0000 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m25.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r2.6.) id r.89.e358b30 (4238) for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:35:35 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <89.e358b30.2e0ccd57@aol.com> To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com X-Mailer: 9.0 for Windows sub 5030 X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 64.12.137.6 From: soilfoodweb@aol.com X-Yahoo-Profile: soilfoodweb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com; contact compost_tea-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:35:35 EDT Subject: Re: [compost_tea] Re: Soil Biology Primer Reply-To: compost_tea@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="-----------------------------1088123735" X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: sentto-7527208-9279-1088123753-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com [66.218.66.68] X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368620573 -------------------------------1088123735 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Bacteria are in general 2 to 5 micrometers in length, 1 to 3 micrometers in width. Fungi are generally 2.5 micrometers in width, can be miles in length. Protozoa vary from 5 micrometer width for the little guys to 100 micrometers for the big guys, all sorts of shapes. Soil nematodes are 10 to 50 micrometers width, to 10 to 20, up to 1 cm length. Magnifications were 1000X for the stained bacterial pictures, to 400X for some of the bacteria, 200 X for the fungi, to 6 X for the arthropods. Does that help? Sorry I was so slow getting back. Elaine R. Ingham Soil Foodweb Inc., Corvallis, Oregon Soil Foodweb Inc., Port Jefferson, New York Soil Foodweb Institute, Lismore Australia Soil Foodweb Institue Cambridge, New Zealand Soil Foodweb Inc., Hilversum, The Netherlands Laboratorios de Soil Foodweb, Culiacan, Mexico Soil Foodweb Inc., Jerome, Idaho -------------------------------1088123735 Content-Type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Bacteria are in general 2 to 5 micrometers in length, 1 to 3 micrometers in width.
 
Fungi are generally 2.5 micrometers in width, can be miles in length. 
 
Protozoa vary from 5 micrometer width for the little guys to 100 micrometers for the big guys, all sorts of shapes. 
 
Soil nematodes are 10 to 50 micrometers width, to 10 to 20, up to 1 cm length.
 
Magnifications were 1000X for the stained bacterial pictures, to 400X for some of the bacteria, 200 X for the fungi, to 6 X for the arthropods. 
 
Does that help?  Sorry I was so slow getting back. 
 
 
Elaine R. Ingham
Soil Foodweb Inc., Corvallis, Oregon
Soil Foodweb Inc., Port Jefferson, New York
Soil Foodweb Institute, Lismore Australia
Soil Foodweb Institue Cambridge, New Zealand
Soil Foodweb Inc., Hilversum, The Netherlands
Laboratorios de Soil Foodweb, Culiacan, Mexico
Soil Foodweb Inc., Jerome, Idaho

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-------------------------------1088123735-- From - Mon Jun 28 09:02:15 2004 X-UIDL: 368620756 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A0124DF0080; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 00:35:30 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 470BABA25; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 00:35:30 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2A5CCB9D6 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 00:35:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from enviroserver.envirolink.org (enviroserver.envirolink.org [208.40.195.228]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id A762BB8F5 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 00:35:29 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 21086 invoked from network); 28 Jun 2004 04:38:31 -0000 Received: from localhost.localdomain (HELO enviroserver.envirolink.org) (127.0.0.1) by localhost.localdomain with SMTP; 28 Jun 2004 04:38:31 -0000 Received: (qmail 21077 invoked from network); 28 Jun 2004 04:38:30 -0000 Received: from smtp10.atl.mindspring.net (207.69.200.246) by 208.40.195.228 with SMTP; 28 Jun 2004 04:38:30 -0000 Received: from sdn-ap-018neomahp0126.dialsprint.net ([63.190.112.126] helo=ncat.org) by smtp10.atl.mindspring.net with esmtp (Exim 3.33 #1) id 1Benra-0007Gu-00 for bdnow@envirolink.org; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 00:35:26 -0400 Message-ID: <40DFA00E.2080800@ncat.org> Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 23:35:26 -0500 From: Steve Diver User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:0.9.4) Gecko/20011128 Netscape6/6.2.1 (CPQCA2C02) X-Accept-Language: en-us MIME-Version: 1.0 To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion Subject: Re: BD Now! Help with tomato leaf spot References: <200406201300.i5KD0OEr027378@bn5.blue.net> <40D9A020.8020902@bbtel.com> <00b201c45c8d$1fe286e0$9da2fea9@ibm99nyl25> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-BeenThere: bdnow@envirolink.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.5 Precedence: list Reply-To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Id: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org Errors-To: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org [208.40.195.228] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368620756 Practitioners that use a lot of molasses for CT and EM brewing talk about using "feed grade" molasses, which is cheaper. But when I checked at the local farmers coop, sure enough they sell molasses in 5-gallon jugs to add to livestock feed. But they guy explained they put a "mold inhibitor" in the jug...... so maybe that's what you heard, Allan. [The CT List at Yahoo!Groups has a document in the Files section on "Ingredients"] On the other hand, I know that folks use common molasses sold in grocery stores, such as Grandma's and Brer Rabbit brands. There is an Organic Molasses from Wholesome Sweeteners in Sugar Land, Texas. It is sold at many natural food cooperatives. SCD-World who now makes "Efficient Microbes" instead of "Effective Microorganisms", sells this brand of molasses for use in brewing Activated EM. Wholesome Sweetners http://www.WholesomeSweeteners.com Maybe that helps, Steve Diver Allan Balliett wrote: > Thanks for this, Tony. > > Folks, what is the source for 'safe' molasses? I understand that here > in the states much of the store-bought molasses will kill the biology > in the tea. > > True? Not True? > > If true, what is your source for non-toxic molasses? (Name the brand, > please!) > > Thanks -Allan > > > _______________________________________________ BDNow mailing list BDNow@envirolink.org You can unsubscribe or change your options at: http://lists.envirolink.org/mailman/listinfo/bdnow From - Mon Jun 28 20:32:23 2004 X-UIDL: 368620837 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A9E4862C00E4; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:24 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1B255CB5C; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:24 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id F2659C814 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:23 -0400 (EDT) Received: from enviroserver.envirolink.org (enviroserver.envirolink.org [208.40.195.228]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 93DA2CB07 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:23 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 24019 invoked from network); 28 Jun 2004 22:24:25 -0000 Received: from localhost.localdomain (HELO enviroserver.envirolink.org) (127.0.0.1) by localhost.localdomain with SMTP; 28 Jun 2004 22:24:25 -0000 Received: (qmail 24009 invoked from network); 28 Jun 2004 22:24:23 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO mail.ncat.org) (root@209.137.246.130) by 208.40.195.228 with SMTP; 28 Jun 2004 22:24:23 -0000 Received: from ncat.org ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id i5SMLEb19874 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 16:21:14 -0600 Message-ID: <40E09945.2050204@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 17:18:45 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion Subject: Re: BD Now! Compost turners References: <00fa01c45c08$ffdbdfb0$b401a8c0@GLEN> <011d01c45d47$934c9f70$6401a8c0@louise8r29y4or> <5.2.1.1.2.20040628225549.01aaa6f8@mail.onetel.net.uk> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-BeenThere: bdnow@envirolink.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.5 Precedence: list Reply-To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Id: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org Errors-To: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org [208.40.195.228] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368620837 Yes, the little self-propelled is a Sandberger turner. The whole page is in the tradition of Luebke compost and Sandberger turners, from the compost fleece to the temperature and CO2 chart showing Breakdown and Buildup phases. In Europe, contact: Sandberger http://www.sandberger.com/englisch/start.html Compara.nl http://www.compara.nl/ http://www.compara.nl/engels.shtml In the U.S., George Leidig with Autrusa/Imants USA carries the smaller turners. Do not look at the web page and assume that what you see is all you get. You have to inquire about the smaller turners. I have slides of a little compost turner that attaches to a bobcat-like mini-tractor. It was in use at a market-farm greenhouse in Bavaria. It was sweet. The greenhouse grower and market farmer, who based the whole operation on quality compost, was happy with the compost turner. It so happens that I have the most comprehensive paper on Luebke compost, also known as controlled microbial compost. Luebke compost is geared to premium-grade, well humified, compost that has clay-humus microbiology and overall consistent quality. There is a prominent biodynamic CSA that uses a Sandberger turner and BD preps to make BD compost. You can also make Luebke compost with a pitch fork, you just make smaller windrows. It is the process of management and amendments that achieves this type of clay-humus crumb. But it is more intensive than what many farmers can afford to spend time on. For small-scale composting, you can also use a manure spreader and two tractors. You PTO-operate the manure spreader with one tractor, and load the feedstock into the manure spreader with the second tractor. It mixes the material and lays it out onto a windrow. But thereafter, you will need to turn with a bucket, or repeat the process. It amounts to a major hassle compared to a bonafied compost turner. Manure forks that clamp onto the end of a bucket loader, can turn a bucket-loading tractor into a compost turning machine, much better than one without the tines. Steve Diver Arjen Huese wrote: > Hello, > > I am doing some research in finding out where to find affordable > compost turners for small scale compost (windrow) turning. Does > anybody have any suggestions? > > I found this website with a picture of an electrically powered small > scale windrow turner: > http://www.ncl.ac.uk/tcoa/projects/compostpotsveg.htm > but it doesn't say anything about where it comes from. Does anybody > recognise it? > > Cheers > > Arjen Huese > _______________________________________________ BDNow mailing list BDNow@envirolink.org You can unsubscribe or change your options at: http://lists.envirolink.org/mailman/listinfo/bdnow From - Mon Jun 28 20:32:23 2004 X-UIDL: 368620837 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A9E4862C00E4; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:24 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1B255CB5C; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:24 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id F2659C814 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:23 -0400 (EDT) Received: from enviroserver.envirolink.org (enviroserver.envirolink.org [208.40.195.228]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 93DA2CB07 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:21:23 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 24019 invoked from network); 28 Jun 2004 22:24:25 -0000 Received: from localhost.localdomain (HELO enviroserver.envirolink.org) (127.0.0.1) by localhost.localdomain with SMTP; 28 Jun 2004 22:24:25 -0000 Received: (qmail 24009 invoked from network); 28 Jun 2004 22:24:23 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO mail.ncat.org) (root@209.137.246.130) by 208.40.195.228 with SMTP; 28 Jun 2004 22:24:23 -0000 Received: from ncat.org ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id i5SMLEb19874 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 16:21:14 -0600 Message-ID: <40E09945.2050204@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 17:18:45 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion Subject: Re: BD Now! Compost turners References: <00fa01c45c08$ffdbdfb0$b401a8c0@GLEN> <011d01c45d47$934c9f70$6401a8c0@louise8r29y4or> <5.2.1.1.2.20040628225549.01aaa6f8@mail.onetel.net.uk> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-BeenThere: bdnow@envirolink.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.5 Precedence: list Reply-To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Id: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org Errors-To: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org [208.40.195.228] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368620837 Yes, the little self-propelled is a Sandberger turner. The whole page is in the tradition of Luebke compost and Sandberger turners, from the compost fleece to the temperature and CO2 chart showing Breakdown and Buildup phases. In Europe, contact: Sandberger http://www.sandberger.com/englisch/start.html Compara.nl http://www.compara.nl/ http://www.compara.nl/engels.shtml In the U.S., George Leidig with Autrusa/Imants USA carries the smaller turners. Do not look at the web page and assume that what you see is all you get. You have to inquire about the smaller turners. I have slides of a little compost turner that attaches to a bobcat-like mini-tractor. It was in use at a market-farm greenhouse in Bavaria. It was sweet. The greenhouse grower and market farmer, who based the whole operation on quality compost, was happy with the compost turner. It so happens that I have the most comprehensive paper on Luebke compost, also known as controlled microbial compost. Luebke compost is geared to premium-grade, well humified, compost that has clay-humus microbiology and overall consistent quality. There is a prominent biodynamic CSA that uses a Sandberger turner and BD preps to make BD compost. You can also make Luebke compost with a pitch fork, you just make smaller windrows. It is the process of management and amendments that achieves this type of clay-humus crumb. But it is more intensive than what many farmers can afford to spend time on. For small-scale composting, you can also use a manure spreader and two tractors. You PTO-operate the manure spreader with one tractor, and load the feedstock into the manure spreader with the second tractor. It mixes the material and lays it out onto a windrow. But thereafter, you will need to turn with a bucket, or repeat the process. It amounts to a major hassle compared to a bonafied compost turner. Manure forks that clamp onto the end of a bucket loader, can turn a bucket-loading tractor into a compost turning machine, much better than one without the tines. Steve Diver Arjen Huese wrote: > Hello, > > I am doing some research in finding out where to find affordable > compost turners for small scale compost (windrow) turning. Does > anybody have any suggestions? > > I found this website with a picture of an electrically powered small > scale windrow turner: > http://www.ncl.ac.uk/tcoa/projects/compostpotsveg.htm > but it doesn't say anything about where it comes from. Does anybody > recognise it? > > Cheers > > Arjen Huese > _______________________________________________ BDNow mailing list BDNow@envirolink.org You can unsubscribe or change your options at: http://lists.envirolink.org/mailman/listinfo/bdnow From - Wed Jun 30 10:45:08 2004 X-UIDL: 368620937 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A06CD710008A; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 02:40:44 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 13DE9B63F; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 02:40:44 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id DE48FB62B for ; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 02:40:43 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4E868B658 for ; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 02:40:43 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id B59AC20113; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 02:40:42 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from ziplip.com (www3.ziplip.com [128.242.109.117]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 302B220104 for ; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 02:40:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from 10.1.0.22 (EHLO 10.1.0.22 10.1.0.22 [10.1.0.22] (may be forged)) by 10.1.0.22 with ESMTP id F2HZGPF3AFMPGBEGINL4MAMPCHLZACMNCCKJGML3 for ; 29 Jun 2004 23:38:46 -0700 (PDT) Message-ID: Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:38:46 -0700 (PDT) From: Gaden@ziplip.com To: Cc: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-ZLPwdHint: X-ZLExpiry: -1 X-ZLReceiptConfirm: N X-Mailer: ZipLip v4.2 Subject: [compostteas] Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship X-BeenThere: compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.4 Precedence: list Reply-To: "Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts" List-Id: "Compost Teas: 24 hour, EM, IM, BD & fermented plant extracts" List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: compostteas-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org [152.2.210.119] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368620937 Forwarded on behalf of Gil Carandang Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship Herbana Farms 6 Month Residential Position Herbana Farms (Philippines), a tropical diversified organic farm specializing in the production of culinary and medicinal herbs, salad greens, Asian and specialty vegetables, cut flowers, natural free-range chickens and tilapia aquaculture is currently accepting applications for our 2004-2005 six-month apprenticeship on our newly set-up 10-acre organic production and demonstration farm. Our farm focuses on organic production for the local farmers market and CSA (Community Supported Agriculture), and serving as a training venue for organic farmers. Our sustainable agriculture practices focus on Natural Farming technology using beneficial indigenous microorganisms, enzymes and biological nutrients, including Indigenous Knowledge, Biodynamics, French Intensive, Agroecology and Permaculture. The farm is located on a 10-acre property with 4-acre dedicated to herb, vegetable and flower gardens. The rest are intended for production modules for natural free-range chickens, tilapia aquaculture and tropical fruit orchard. Integrated to the farm is a Life Lab (organic educational garden for kids), solar showers, spas and sauna, including the community farm center where the kitchen and dining, restrooms, storage room and the farms apprentices quarters are located. In the same area is our propagation, greenhouse, hoof house, hardening area and plant nursery. There are four separate greenhouses where we grow mainly vegetables as protected from the rains. Our schedule for this farm apprenticeship is from November to April which translates to a cooler to dry time of the year. We are about 30 miles south of Manila. The farm is located on a slightly rolling and hilly elevation near the old sugar central of Canlubang with panoramic views of Tagaytay Ridge (a major Philippine tourist destination), the famous Mt. Makiling and Laguna de Bay, Mt. Malarayat and Maculot of Batangas province. As part of the Apprenticeship program, we encourage apprentices to participate on countryside tours and community immersions. Currently, we are working on community immersion with indigenous peoples of the famous rice terraces of northern Philippines. You will have the chance to spend some time, living and working with the Ifugaos and Bontocs of the Mountain Province. A local tour, two hours from the farm will bring the apprentices to the island resort of Puerto Galera, Mindoro known for its 23 dive sites  scuba, snorkeling, including natural trekking and visit of the Mangyan (indigenous people) village of the island Who May Apply Prior gardening and farming experience is helpful but not necessary. However, a strong desire to learn and keen interest in hands-on gardening and farming is essential. We are looking for self-motivated, self-starting people. The Apprenticeship will involve all aspects of organic production including propagation and greenhouse work, watering, bed prep, composting, transplanting and sowing, weeding, harvesting and seed saving and processing, including related functions in the care and maintenance of our small livestock free-range chickens and tilapia aquaculture. Physical stamina is necessary. This is a wonderful opportunity to learn practical skills that will develop for the use for the rest of your life! Welcome to the tropical organic agriculture Apprenticehip at Herbana Farms! For more information and application write or e-mail us: Gil Carandang Herbana Farms Km. 59 Burol, Calamba City Laguna, Philippines gil_carandang@hotmail.com _______________________________________________ compostteas mailing list compostteas@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/compostteas From - Mon Jul 05 13:01:18 2004 X-UIDL: 368621286 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A36520D10110; Mon, 05 Jul 2004 12:35:49 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 2D57EB41B; Mon, 5 Jul 2004 12:35:49 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 10ABEB415 for ; Mon, 5 Jul 2004 12:35:49 -0400 (EDT) Received: from intrex.net (client230-36.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.230.36]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id A5B80B3D6 for ; Mon, 5 Jul 2004 12:35:48 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <40E9B34A.1050206@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 05 Jul 2004 13:00:10 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: K&W Rabbit and Worm Farm Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.230.36] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368621286 Earthworms and Rabbits P.O. Box 50691 Fort Myers FL 33994 Phone/Fax 239-543-2620 E-mail: kwfarm@worldnet.att.net Raising Earthworms with Rabbits By Kazuko "Kay" Smith ©2001 Kazuko Smith. All Rights Reserved. Most of you recognize rabbits as the cute, furry little critters sold in pet stores. They are, however, a valuable livestock for food and for other commercial purposes. A large commercial doe such as the New Zealand White or Californian can produce approximately 30 to 40 young each year. That is approximately 70 to 95 lbs. of dressed, edible meat. No other animal can be kept in a space 30" x 36" and produce 8 to 10 times her own weight in edible meat in a year. Rabbits produce meat higher in protein and lower in fat and cholesterol than chicken. When fed a well-balanced diet they normally need little or no medication. Rabbits also create an excellent source of organic plant food faster than they can create more rabbits. A large doe and her four litters of about 28 to 32 young a year will produce approximately six to seven cubic feet of manure annually. -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Wed Jul 07 18:38:52 2004 X-UIDL: 368621497 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A2E56448003A; Wed, 07 Jul 2004 16:53:57 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id CDA37ABEB; Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:57 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AEB1BAB2A for ; Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:57 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 422E1AB19 for ; Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:57 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0007541C@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:41 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 76946 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:41 -0400 Received: from imo-m27.mx.aol.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00075419@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:41 -0400 Received: from Marimike6@cs.com by imo-m27.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r2.6.) id d.1ec.24a523bc (4116) for ; Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:37 -0400 (EDT) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="part1_1ec.24a523bc.2e1dbcd1_boundary" X-Mailer: 7.0 for Windows sub 8001 Message-ID: <1ec.24a523bc.2e1dbcd1@cs.com> Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2004 16:53:37 EDT Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Michael Elvin Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] hog wastes article To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368621497 --part1_1ec.24a523bc.2e1dbcd1_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Jane-- There's quite a lot of work going on now at NCSU and at the U. of Georgia on alternatives to hog lagoons. Check out this news release from 2001: http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/univ_relations/news_services/press_releases/00_10/25 9.htm And this fine introduction to the issue: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/109-7/innovations.html Be sure to click on the ncsu link for a fuller version of events: http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/apwmc/te.html. Hog poop is hot stuff around here. Mike Elvin ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. --part1_1ec.24a523bc.2e1dbcd1_boundary Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Jane--

There's quite a lot of work going on now at NCSU and at the U. of Georgia on= alternatives to hog lagoons. Check out this news release from 2001:

http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/univ_relations/news_services/press_releases/00_10/= 259.htm

And this fine introduction to the issue:

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/109-7/innovations.html

Be sure to click on the ncsu link for a fuller version of events:

http://www.c= als.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/apwmc/te.html

Hog poop is hot stuff around here.

Mike Elvin

&NBSP;

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--part1_1ec.24a523bc.2e1dbcd1_boundary-- From - Sat Jul 17 14:20:11 2004 X-UIDL: 368622408 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A702A7D1009A; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:50:58 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 23FC9A959; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:50:58 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 081B1A958 for ; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:50:58 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 95580B639 for ; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:50:57 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00077A92@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:50:49 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 86701 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:50:49 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy10.prodigy.net.mx) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00077A8F@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:50:49 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy10 [148.235.52.30]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I10009LXC8KI2@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 12:50:45 -0500 (CDT) Received: from Milarepa.prodigy.net.mx (dsl-200-78-33-154.prodigy.net.mx [200.78.33.154]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I1000EAPC8JZX@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 12:50:44 -0500 (CDT) X-Sender: rbnigh@pop.prodigy.net.mx MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.1.2.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed X-imss-version: 2.5 X-imss-result: Passed X-imss-scores: Clean:40.13312 C:18 M:3 S:5 R:5 X-imss-settings: Baseline:3 C:2 M:2 S:2 R:2 (0.5000 1.0000) Message-ID: <6.1.2.0.2.20040717102450.01ce6e48@pop.prodigy.net.mx> Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2004 10:42:28 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Ronald Nigh Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Unnatural ags To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 3. COUNTRIES X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368622408 Dale Wilson wrote: >I don't think that is what Chrispeel was getting at. He was saying >that *if* one *consistently* employs the natural/unnatural dichotomy >that is the foundation of "organic" agriculture, then the conclusion is >inescapable that agriculture as a whole is unnatural. This statement is a misinterpretation of the purpose of organic agriculture and the use of the word 'natural' by organic farmers. Only the detractors of organic farming insist on the dichotomy 'natural=good/unnatural=bad'. This notion is absurd and no farmer could survive one year with that kind of thinking. Is not part of any organic standards that I have seen. Organic farming seeks to base its production on the natural sources of soil fertility and pest control rather than through the introduction of synthetic chemicals that have negative effects on those natural sources. Pesticides kill natural enemies of pests. Fertilizers and poisons undermine natural soil fertility because they damage and simplify the soil food web. After these natural sources of fertility are destroyed, soil compaction occurs, plant health is affected, pests increase and production can barely be maintained by ever more costly use of artificial inputs. Organic farming seeks to avoid these distortions of soil ecology by working within the natural limitations of local ecological cycles to 'feed the soil to feed the plant.' This is the sense of the word 'natural' in organic farming and it is the sense the public understands when it buys products from farms that use organic or other agroecological techniques that respect the natural basis of crop fertility and food quality. Is this so hard to understand? Apparently it is. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sat Jul 17 15:47:57 2004 X-UIDL: 368622410 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A2C99947006E; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 14:41:13 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id C1037ADCC; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 14:41:13 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id A542BADA6 for ; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 14:41:13 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3459FAD9E for ; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 14:41:13 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00077AC0@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 14:40:41 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 86744 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 14:40:40 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy10.prodigy.net.mx) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00077AB8@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 14:40:39 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy10 [148.235.52.30]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I10000LAEJNBB@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:40:35 -0500 (CDT) Received: from Milarepa.prodigy.net.mx (dsl-200-78-33-154.prodigy.net.mx [200.78.33.154]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I10004WEEJM2U@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:40:35 -0500 (CDT) X-Sender: rbnigh@pop.prodigy.net.mx MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.1.2.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed X-imss-version: 2.5 X-imss-result: Passed X-imss-scores: Clean:45.79368 C:33 M:1 S:5 R:5 X-imss-settings: Baseline:3 C:2 M:2 S:2 R:2 (0.5000 1.0000) Message-ID: <6.1.2.0.2.20040717131256.01d45e90@pop.prodigy.net.mx> Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2004 13:40:36 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Ronald Nigh Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] what is a subsidy ? To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 3. COUNTRIES X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368622410 Steve and Joel Your definitions are pretty clear there Steve. Indeed all that stuff, including conservation payments and highways, are subsidies (try farming in a place where the government does not keep rural roads in good condition). The only thing I would disagree with is your phrase about subsidies being 'market distorting.' This is not so, because there has never been in the history of agriculture a non-subsidized agriculture market that subsidies could 'distort' Agricultural markets have always been subsidized, going on around 10,000 now, and I expect they will be for at least that long in the future. All this silly talk about removing subsidies as 'distorting' to 'free trade' at the WTO and such is just that, silly talk intended to deceive. The only subsidies that have been forcibly removed by WTO, NAFTA and such are the protections developing countries had in place for their farmers. So-called 'free trade' is completely one sided, dropping tarrifs, price subsidies and even technical assistance to allow US and European transnational agroindustries to invade developing country markets and begin to wipe out their only competition, local small farmers in those areas (e.g. where I live in Chiapas, Mexico). Consider the impact of Bush's latest Farm Bill, a juicy subsidy for Cargill and ADM. ADM now controls the Mexican tortilla market (thanks also to Mexican government subsidies and monopoly rights), selling junk tortillas made with GMO corn from the US which it sells to itself at 30% below the US costs of production. Now that's a subsidy! What do you suppose the impact will be on unsubsidized Mexican corn farmers? If you want to know the answer just think about who served you your meal in that restaurant you ate in the other day. Neither the US or Europe, while spouting "free trade" in every international forum, has for one second lessened its subsidies to its own agriculture, and they never will. In fact, they shouldn't and the sooner developing countries take back their sovereignty and begin to support their farmers again, and protect their local markets, the sooner we can return to reasonable food security and a healthy rural society. Agriculture, especially intensive agriculture for market, (and therefore civilization as we know it) would not exist nor could it be maintained if it were not for state subsidies. The question isn't subsidies or no, the question is who gets them and for what. What kind of agriculture and food system do we want? That is the system we must subsidize as a society. If we want healthy fresh food and cheap prices and a strong rural society as stewards of the land then we must stop subsidizing agribusiness and fast food and start supporting small farmers and local markets and retail businesses. That's the only way we will get it. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Thu Jul 15 15:13:13 2004 X-UIDL: 368622253 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AD76E9080096; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:18 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 407C0ADDE; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:18 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 23A2FADD1 for ; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:18 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AA087AD93 for ; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:17 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00076D71@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:07 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 84461 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:06 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy08.prodigy.net.mx) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00076D6E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:06 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy08 [148.235.52.28]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I0W003JAOR3FM@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 13:30:39 -0500 (CDT) Received: from Milarepa.prodigy.net.mx (dsl-201-128-107-33.prod-infinitum.com.mx [201.128.107.33]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I0W00HSUOR27G@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 13:30:39 -0500 (CDT) X-Sender: rbnigh@pop.prodigy.net.mx MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.1.2.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed X-imss-version: 2.5 X-imss-result: Passed X-imss-scores: Clean:11.90580 C:22 M:2 S:5 R:5 X-imss-settings: Baseline:3 C:2 M:2 S:2 R:2 (0.5000 1.0000) Message-ID: <6.1.2.0.2.20040715132126.01cd9880@pop.prodigy.net.mx> Date: Thu, 15 Jul 2004 13:24:48 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Ronald Nigh Subject: [SANET-MG] Unnatural ags To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 3. COUNTRIES X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368622253 To say "no agriculture is natural" because it always involves human intervention is dualistic thinking that assumes that humans are not 'natural'. Chrispeel's argument is typical of the kind of rhetoric that wishes to convince us to accept any practices in food production without consideration of their effects on our health and our environment. If nothing is 'natural' then anything is permissible. In fact, agriculture is an entirely 'natural' activity. It is our fundamental link to the natural processes that sustain our lives. In particular, the biological processes of the soil that provide the fertility of our crops and forage are the links that connect us, through our food, to the nutrient and energy cycles of our ecology. There are agricultural practices that are not natural, in the sense of being anti-natural. These are practices that seek to maximize yields at the cost of the complex ecological relationships that make our agriculture sustainable. Practices such as applying concentrated nutrient salts to the soil to force production with no consideration of the balance of nutrient elements needed for plant and animal health or the effects of these chemicals on the soil, are not natural. Spreading highly toxic biocides to kill 'pests' (often brought on by unbalanced fertilization) with no consideration for its effects on non-pest organisms or on soil ecology, is antinatural. Irretrievably releasing organisms whose genomes have been mutilated in ways that could never arise in even the most human-influenced agroecosystems, without regard to their potential effects, is not only unnatural but criminally irresponsible., If agriculture is to continue to nurture the bonds of solidarity between social groups, eg., farmers and consumers and between these groups and our environment, then we must continue to defend a natural agriculture against those who would justify unnatural acts for their own profit. Most farmers and probably most people on this list know exactly what we mean by natural agriculture. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Thu Jul 15 15:13:13 2004 X-UIDL: 368622253 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AD76E9080096; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:18 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 407C0ADDE; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:18 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 23A2FADD1 for ; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:18 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AA087AD93 for ; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:17 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00076D71@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:07 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 84461 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:06 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy08.prodigy.net.mx) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00076D6E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 14:31:06 -0400 Received: from smtp.prodigy.net.mx (nlpproxy08 [148.235.52.28]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I0W003JAOR3FM@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 13:30:39 -0500 (CDT) Received: from Milarepa.prodigy.net.mx (dsl-201-128-107-33.prod-infinitum.com.mx [201.128.107.33]) by smtp.prodigy.net.mx (iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 HotFix 1.21 (built Sep 8 2003)) with ESMTP id <0I0W00HSUOR27G@smtp.prodigy.net.mx>; Thu, 15 Jul 2004 13:30:39 -0500 (CDT) X-Sender: rbnigh@pop.prodigy.net.mx MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.1.2.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed X-imss-version: 2.5 X-imss-result: Passed X-imss-scores: Clean:11.90580 C:22 M:2 S:5 R:5 X-imss-settings: Baseline:3 C:2 M:2 S:2 R:2 (0.5000 1.0000) Message-ID: <6.1.2.0.2.20040715132126.01cd9880@pop.prodigy.net.mx> Date: Thu, 15 Jul 2004 13:24:48 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Ronald Nigh Subject: [SANET-MG] Unnatural ags To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 3. COUNTRIES X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368622253 To say "no agriculture is natural" because it always involves human intervention is dualistic thinking that assumes that humans are not 'natural'. Chrispeel's argument is typical of the kind of rhetoric that wishes to convince us to accept any practices in food production without consideration of their effects on our health and our environment. If nothing is 'natural' then anything is permissible. In fact, agriculture is an entirely 'natural' activity. It is our fundamental link to the natural processes that sustain our lives. In particular, the biological processes of the soil that provide the fertility of our crops and forage are the links that connect us, through our food, to the nutrient and energy cycles of our ecology. There are agricultural practices that are not natural, in the sense of being anti-natural. These are practices that seek to maximize yields at the cost of the complex ecological relationships that make our agriculture sustainable. Practices such as applying concentrated nutrient salts to the soil to force production with no consideration of the balance of nutrient elements needed for plant and animal health or the effects of these chemicals on the soil, are not natural. Spreading highly toxic biocides to kill 'pests' (often brought on by unbalanced fertilization) with no consideration for its effects on non-pest organisms or on soil ecology, is antinatural. Irretrievably releasing organisms whose genomes have been mutilated in ways that could never arise in even the most human-influenced agroecosystems, without regard to their potential effects, is not only unnatural but criminally irresponsible., If agriculture is to continue to nurture the bonds of solidarity between social groups, eg., farmers and consumers and between these groups and our environment, then we must continue to defend a natural agriculture against those who would justify unnatural acts for their own profit. Most farmers and probably most people on this list know exactly what we mean by natural agriculture. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Fri Jul 23 14:40:46 2004 X-UIDL: 368622851 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE6ABAE00100; Fri, 23 Jul 2004 13:44:10 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id B7769B7F7; Fri, 23 Jul 2004 13:44:10 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9981AB7F2 for ; Fri, 23 Jul 2004 13:44:10 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n29.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n29.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.85]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id A968BB7E5 for ; Fri, 23 Jul 2004 13:44:09 -0400 (EDT) X-eGroups-Return: sentto-6475471-1536-1090604646-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com Received: from [66.218.66.156] by n29.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 Jul 2004 17:44:09 -0000 X-Sender: vinny@mindspring.com X-Apparently-To: EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 44801 invoked from network); 23 Jul 2004 17:44:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.167) by m16.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 23 Jul 2004 17:44:03 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO tisch.mail.mindspring.net) (207.69.200.157) by mta6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 23 Jul 2004 17:44:03 -0000 Received: from sdn-ap-015dcwashp0073.dialsprint.net ([63.188.144.73] helo=e3p7f4.mindspring.com) by tisch.mail.mindspring.net with esmtp (Exim 3.33 #1) id 1Bo44h-0005s4-00; Fri, 23 Jul 2004 13:43:16 -0400 Message-Id: <5.1.0.14.2.20040723132723.02050ec0@pop.mindspring.com> X-Sender: vinny@pop.mindspring.com X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 5.1 X-Priority: 1 (Highest) To: em_wg@yahoogroups.com, EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com, EM-health@yahoogroups.com, EM-Ormus@yahoogroups.com, live-food@yahoogroups.com, uber-vitality@yahoogroups.com Cc: bcarter@igc.org, lisadschiess@hotmail.com, Lschiess@ecoisp.com, lschiess@charter.net, gulliver@usinternet.com, bioray@adelphia.net, winston@gobeyondorganic.com X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 207.69.200.157 From: Vinny Pinto X-Yahoo-Profile: vinnypinto111 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com; contact EM-Ag-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2004 13:42:20 -0400 Subject: [EM-Ag] Announcing: Change for EM Info Site; Rev. Ed. of Adv. EM Guide Reply-To: EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: sentto-6475471-1536-1090604646-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com [66.218.66.85] X-Note: Total weight is 3. NOABUSE, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368622851 Hi folks:

Two brief announcements in this note, one about a change in domain for my
EM Info website, and the other about the Advanced Guide to Brewing
High-Quality AEM and EM Brews

EM Info Website Domain Change
I have finally taken the time to move the EM Info website from its old
location, where it was nestled in a subdirectory under the Raw Paleo Diet
site, to its own domain, to be found at:
www.eminfo.info

I have also undertaken the MASSIVE project of (slowly) updating the 11
lengthy pages which comprise that site, to attempt to bring the information
more up-to-date and make it more readable.  The task is massive, due to the
size and complexity of the site -- it will take many months!

Release of the Advanced Guide to  Brewing High-Quality AEM and EM Brews
I released the first edition/version of the Advanced Guide in the past
week, and the PDF file (1.4 MB) was sent to each person who had ordered a
copy. If you have already ordered, but have not yet received your copy
(likely due to your mailserver deleting the attachment due to size), please
contact me privately at vinny@mindspring.com  For info on the
revised/updated edition, please see below!

Imminent Release of First Major Revised Edition/Verison of the Advanced Guide
Since the moment about six days ago when I delivered the first
edition/version of the Guide version via e-mail, I have been working on
adding and expanding a few sections, and correcting over 140 typos which I
missed on the first release.  I will be releasing and distributing that new
edition/version within the next week or two.  As you likely know, anyone
who has ordered the e-book automatically receives, free, any new
editons/versions which I release from date of order.

If you or any friends wish to learn more about the EM e-book or the EM
newletter, please go to the "E-books, Quick Tutorials, Newsletters Offered
by Vinny" page on my main website, at
www.vinnypinto.us/products-informational-1.html

with care,
--Vinny


Vinny Pinto
vinny@mindspring.com

phone            301-694-1249

To see my informational websites and e-mail list groups, please go to:
http://www.vinnypinto.us






To learn more about EM and its uses, and the various names under which it is marketed worldwide, please see the EM Info website, at:
http://www.eminfo.info
For a list group on EM and health, you may wish to explore EM-Health list group, at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/EM-Health/
or subscribe by sending an e-mail to:
EM-Health-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
Enjoy!



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Yahoo! Groups Links

From - Mon Jul 26 10:27:07 2004 X-UIDL: 368623064 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A54C536900DC; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 05:56:28 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 335C1B85E; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 05:56:28 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 16D8CB84E for ; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 05:56:28 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8F8D2B6FC for ; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 05:56:27 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0007E033@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 5:56:13 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 81267 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 05:56:13 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay7-f7.bay7.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0007E02F@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 5:56:13 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 02:56:12 -0700 Received: from 202.57.95.202 by by7fd.bay7.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 09:56:12 GMT X-Originating-IP: [202.57.95.202] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] X-Sender: gil_carandang@hotmail.com Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 26 Jul 2004 09:56:12.0348 (UTC) FILETIME=[C86F5FC0:01C472F6] Message-ID: Date: Mon, 26 Jul 2004 09:56:12 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: [SANET-MG] FW: Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship - Philippines To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 3. COUNTRIES X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368623064 >From: Twittman@aol.com >To: jdashe@mac.com, pvpiazza@juno.com, glsowtr@igc.org, plowy@hotmail.com, > conemo@yahoo.com, bunin@cruzio.com, laurau@cruzio.com, >reggie@cruzio.com, smgaughan@usa.net, danichol@ucsc.edu, >surclay@yahoo.com, rdmeacham@yahoo.com, navail@cats.ucsc.edu, >chili_nj@yahoo.com, elizbeak@yahoo.com, ldbeller@yahoo.com, >brightsky2@juno.com, jesseba77@yahoo.com, rp0333a@hotmail.com, >exumababy@yahoo.com, mrkrass@hotmail.com, kathryn@pcumail.com, >tjlee2001@yahoo.com, Berteous@yahoo.co.uk, gatere2000@yahoo.com, >jroohani@hotmail.com, terrykisan@yahoo.com, nconwell@hotmail.com, >deepadeeps@yahoo.com, johnfish@cats.ucsc.edu, timfromzim@hotmail.com, > jennysioux@hotmail.com, despaciojo@yahoo.com, lizzymov@hotmail.com, > jessica@wwoofusa.org, akberg@cats.ucsc.edu, nkrauch@wesleyan.edu, >dburgett@UCLAlumni.net, hofrichter1@yahoo.com, bellasbestt@yahoo.com, > stacey_parker@yahoo.com, PomegranateFig@aol.com, >seedybeans@hotmail.com, jonitann@cats.ucsc.edu, jeannemart@hotmail.com, > elizabeth499@hotmail.com, teodoropurdy@yahoo.com, >slodzieski@hotmail.com, garden@campstevens.org, >ethangstone@hotmail.com, octaviajolley@yahoo.com, >cmartin1123@hotmail.com, juliestultz@hotmail.com, >epeng@alumni.stanford.org, peterisaksen@hotmail.com, >buddyalmeida@hotmail.com, dogwood2002@earthlink.net, >chris_menge1@hotmail.com, pembertonmarrs@yahoo.com, >gil_carandang@hotmail.com, kerryglendening@hotmail.com, >noellemarquis@hotmail.com, anniehenderson@hotmail.com, >kirstenroehler@hotmail.com, eighteeneggplants@yahoo.com, >kime@homelessgardenproject.org, khumphry@yahoo.com (Kelly Humphry), >rose@psyche.mit.edu (Rose Roberts), yeffa@hotmail.com (Jeffrey >Caspary), richardslye@yahoo.com (Richard Slye), >tcervinka@hotmail.com (Tanya Cervinka), jhashley@hotmail.com >(jennifer hashley), mtnsugarpine@hotmail.com (aviva maller), >sjgarcia@cats.ucsc.edu (Stephanie Garcia), yamsandyams@hotmail.com, >estrella3210@yahoo.com >Subject: Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship - Philippines >Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2004 21:51:52 EDT > >Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship >Herbana Farms >6 Month Residential Position > >Herbana Farms (Philippines), a tropical diversified organic farm >specializing in the production of culinary and medicinal herbs, salad >greens, Asian and specialty vegetables, cut flowers, natural free-range >chickens and tilapia aquaculture is currently accepting applications for >our >2004-2005 six-month apprenticeship on our newly set-up 10-acre organic >production and demonstration farm. Our farm focuses on organic production >for the local farmers market and CSA (Community Supported Agriculture), >and >serving as a training venue for organic farmers. Our sustainable >agriculture practices focus on Natural Farming technology using beneficial >indigenous microorganisms, enzymes and biological nutrients, including >Indigenous Knowledge, Biodynamics, French Intensive, Agroecology and >Permaculture. > >The farm is located on a 10-acre property with 4-acre dedicated to herb, >vegetable and flower gardens. The rest are intended for production >modules > >for natural free-range chickens, tilapia aquaculture and tropical fruit >orchard. Integrated to the farm is a Life Lab (organic educational garden >for kids), solar showers, spas and sauna, including the community farm >center where the kitchen and dining, restrooms, storage room and the >farm’s >apprentices’ quarters are located. In the same area is our propagation, >greenhouse, hoof house, hardening area and plant nursery. There are four >separate greenhouses where we grow mainly vegetables as protected from the >rains. Our schedule for this farm apprenticeship is from November to >April which translates to a cooler to dry time of the year. > >We are about 30 miles south of Manila. The farm is located on a slightly >rolling and hilly elevation near the old sugar central of Canlubang with >panoramic views of Tagaytay Ridge (a major Philippine tourist >destination), >the famous Mt. Makiling and Laguna de Bay, Mt. Malarayat and Maculot of >Batangas province. > >As part of the Apprenticeship program, we encourage apprentices to >participate on countryside tours and community immersions. Currently, we >are working on community immersion with indigenous peoples of the famous >rice terraces of northern Philippines. You will have the chance to spend >some time, living and working with the Ifugaos and Bontocs of the Mountain >Province. A local tour, two hours from the farm will bring the >apprentices >to the island resort of Puerto Galera, Mindoro known for its 23 dive sites >– >scuba, snorkeling, including natural trekking and visit of the Mangyan >(indigenous people) village of the island > >Who May Apply > >Prior gardening and farming experience is helpful but not necessary. >However, a strong desire to learn and keen interest in hands-on gardening >and farming is essential. We are looking for self-motivated, >self-starting >people. The Apprenticeship will involve all aspects of organic production >including propagation and greenhouse work, watering, bed prep, composting, >transplanting and sowing, weeding, harvesting and seed saving and >processing, including related functions in the care and maintenance of our >small livestock free-range chickens and tilapia aquaculture. Physical >stamina is necessary. > >This is a wonderful opportunity to learn practical skills that will >develop >for the use for the rest of your life! > >Welcome to the tropical organic agriculture Apprenticehip at Herbana >Farms! > > >For more information and application write or e-mail us: > >Gil Carandang >Herbana Farms >Km. 59 Burol, Calamba City >Laguna, Philippines > >gil_carandang@hotmail.com > _________________________________________________________________ Tired of spam? Get advanced junk mail protection with MSN 8. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Jul 26 13:50:22 2004 X-UIDL: 368623105 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A83CAF2500C4; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 12:58:36 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id BB1DDB90F; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 12:58:36 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 97CF0B8E8 for ; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 12:58:36 -0400 (EDT) Received: from enviroserver.envirolink.org (enviroserver.envirolink.org [208.40.195.228]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 0FFBDB8C4 for ; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 12:58:36 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 352 invoked from network); 26 Jul 2004 17:02:06 -0000 Received: from localhost.localdomain (HELO enviroserver.envirolink.org) (127.0.0.1) by localhost.localdomain with SMTP; 26 Jul 2004 17:02:06 -0000 Received: (qmail 320 invoked from network); 26 Jul 2004 17:02:04 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO mail.ncat.org) (root@209.137.246.130) by 208.40.195.228 with SMTP; 26 Jul 2004 17:02:04 -0000 Received: from ncat.org ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id i6QGwJJ29039 for ; Mon, 26 Jul 2004 10:58:19 -0600 Message-ID: <41053787.8020305@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 26 Jul 2004 11:55:35 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Subject: BD Now! Re: Organic matter test X-BeenThere: bdnow@envirolink.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.5 Precedence: list Reply-To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Id: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org Errors-To: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org [208.40.195.228] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368623105 Here are some key references. Ray Weil is a soil scientist at Univ of Maryland with longterm efforts in in sustainable agriculture. 1. Weil, R., K.R. Islam, M.A. Stine, J.B. Gruver, and S.E. Sampson-Liebeg. 2003. Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: A simplified method for laboratory and field use. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. Vol.18, No.1. p. 3-17. 2. New organic matter test is a superior measure of soil quality, and can be done on-farm. By Don Lotter | April 1, 2004 | The NewFarm.org http://www.newfarm.org/news/0404/040204/dd_soil-test.shtml 3. A simple test for active organic matter as a measure of soil quality Ohio State University | South Centers http://southcenters.osu.edu/soil/devSQt.htm _____ This is a concise fact sheet with a colorimetry chart for the KMnO4 quick test 4. Evaluation of Two Field Methods to Estimate Soil Organic Matter In Alberta Soils HTML Abstract http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/aesa8493?opendocument PDF Download http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/aesa8493/$FILE/8391.pdf March 2004, 42 page PDF, detailed report _____ This is a detailed report with background, methods, references, and colorimetry standards "The first field method determines active carbon utilizing a deep purple solution of potassium permanganate, which is reduced to a lighter color when it reacts with soil organic carbon. This color change is quantitatively measured using a colorimeter." "The second field method visually estimates soil organic matter and involves a solution of Basic Ethylenedinitro Tetraacetic Acid. The color of this solution is dependent upon the amount of soil organic matter in each sample." 5. USDA Soil Quality Test Kit http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/soil_quality/assessment/kit2.html 6. Soil organic matter fractions and their relevance to soil function Michelle Wander, Univ of Illinois In: Advances in Agroecology (2004). Edited by F. Magdoff and R. Weil. CRC Press. p. 67-102. http://www.nres.uiuc.edu/faculty/cv/wander04.pdf Regards, Steve Diver """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" I am trying to find an easy to perform and cheap test to establish organic matter percentage in a soil. Can anybody help me? I found on the web a reference to Ray Weil of at Maryland University - he seems to have developed a cheap and easy test using potassium permanganate, but I can't find detailed instructions. Thanks Arjen Huese _______________________________________________ BDNow mailing list BDNow@envirolink.org You can unsubscribe or change your options at: http://lists.envirolink.org/mailman/listinfo/bdnow From - Tue Jul 27 21:30:51 2004 X-UIDL: 368623274 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A55764B900AC; Tue, 27 Jul 2004 20:37:43 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 47275BD0C; Tue, 27 Jul 2004 20:37:43 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 29D6CBCF5 for ; Tue, 27 Jul 2004 20:37:43 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n26.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n26.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.82]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 74A97BC2C for ; Tue, 27 Jul 2004 20:37:42 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [66.218.66.30] by n26.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 28 Jul 2004 00:37:41 -0000 X-Sender: dsknow@sbcglobal.net X-Apparently-To: EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 92489 invoked from network); 28 Jul 2004 00:37:40 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.216) by m24.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 28 Jul 2004 00:37:40 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n36.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.104) by mta1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 28 Jul 2004 00:37:40 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.173] by n36.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 28 Jul 2004 00:37:35 -0000 To: EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.104 From: "aquamar324" X-Originating-IP: 68.122.144.253 X-Yahoo-Profile: aquamar324 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com; contact EM-Ag-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2004 00:37:34 -0000 Subject: [EM-Ag] Matthew Wood Bokashi Demonstration - Burbank,CA Reply-To: EM-Ag@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: sentto-6475471-1556-1090975061-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com [66.218.66.82] X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368623274 Hi Group,
I just received this announcement from SCD World about Matthew Wood
speaking in Burbank, CA on Sat. July 31.  See below for details.
--Debra


Sustainable Community Development will be in your area this week=85.

Come and see Matthew Wood speak about EM and Bokashi!



Where? The Bubank Recycling Center, 500 S. Flower (between Alameda & Olive) 818-841-9700



What?   Bokashi Workshop (open to the general public)



When?  July 31 @ 10 am -Sharp!



Why?   To demonstrate what Bokashi is, how it works, and to encou= rage
others to try it!         &nbs= p;            &= nbsp;           &nbs= p; 





BOKASHI is a all-purpose beneficial microbial inoculate. "BOKASHI"= ; is
a Japanese word which means "fermented organic matter". BOKASHI h= as
traditionally been used by Japanese farmers as a soil amendment to
increase the microbial diversity and activity of soils and supply
nutrients to plants.



Ingredients: Water, wheat bran, molasses, effective microorganisms
(EM).



In general, apply BOKASHI at a rate of 200 grams per square meter on
the surface of the soil. For soils that have low fertility or little
organic matter, use up to 1 kilogram per square meter. Sprinkle in
house plants one or two times per month.



Uses:





*          Compost Starter
*          Fermentation Starte= r

*          Soil Conditioner
*          Beneficial Microbia= l Inoculate

           



Use BOKASHI to cultivate the beneficial and effective microorganisms
and eliminate foul odors in your house plants, garden, lawn, worm
bin, compost pile, KITCHEN COMPOSTER, composting toilet and more.



When you use BOKASHI to maintain high populations of beneficial and
effective microorganisms in the soil, they will:





*          Promote germination= , flowering, fruiting and ripening in
plants

*          Improve physical, c= hemical and biological environments in
the soil and help to eliminate soil-borne pathogens and pests

*          Enhance the photosy= nthetic capacity of plants

*          Ensure better germi= nation and plant establishment

*          Increase the effect= iveness of organic materials as
fertilizers

*          Eliminate putrefact= ive soil that stresses plants

           



BOKASHI IS ALIVE!





Jessica Blythe

Sustainable Community Development

P.O. Box 15155

Kansas City, MO 64106

tel: (913) 541-9299

fax: (816) 876-2261






To learn more about EM and its uses, and the various names under which it i= s marketed worldwide, please see the EM Info website, at:
http://www.eminfo.info
For a list group on EM and health, you may wish to explore EM-Health list g= roup, at
http://groups.yahoo.co= m/group/EM-Health/
or subscribe by sending an e-mail to:
EM-Health-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
Enjoy!



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From - Wed Aug 04 01:15:21 2004 X-UIDL: 368623941 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE88642C00E0; Tue, 03 Aug 2004 23:56:56 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id CC811B480; Tue, 3 Aug 2004 23:56:56 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B1226B3CF for ; Tue, 3 Aug 2004 23:56:56 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n6.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n6.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.66.90]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 13360B3A4 for ; Tue, 3 Aug 2004 23:56:56 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [66.218.67.192] by n6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 04 Aug 2004 03:56:55 -0000 X-Sender: instinct@saltspring.com X-Apparently-To: fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 31289 invoked from network); 4 Aug 2004 03:56:53 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.217) by m10.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 4 Aug 2004 03:56:53 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO joseph.ncoldns.com) (208.181.178.12) by mta2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 4 Aug 2004 03:56:53 -0000 Received: from windows2k8wzgm (208.181.177.183.lgisp.net [208.181.177.183]) by joseph.ncoldns.com (Postfix) with SMTP id EBA1CBD09C for ; Tue, 3 Aug 2004 20:56:29 -0700 (PDT) Message-ID: <005201c479d7$04623110$b7b1b5d0@windows2k8wzgm> To: References: <145.2fc47472.2e3fea06@aol.com> <008e01c47925$a9982d90$15b1b5d0@windows2k8wzgm> <019d01c47928$ac0b9730$6700a8c0@chaos> X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1437 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1441 X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 208.181.178.12 From: "Ingrid Bauer/Jean-Claude Catry" X-Yahoo-Profile: natural_wisdom2000 MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com; contact fukuoka_farming-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Tue, 3 Aug 2004 20:56:22 -0700 Subject: Re: [fukuoka_farming] Re: double digging Reply-To: fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: sentto-3520661-4431-1091591814-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com [66.218.66.90] X-Note: Total weight is 3. COUNTRIES, NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368623941


> I would love to see these numbers you are referring to.  I have heard so
> much about the negatives of tilling, and have avoided doing so in my new
> garden, it is a hard clay soil and I am planting a cover crop to help
build
> the soil up.  I was explaining why I havent tilled to a couple of good
> friends of mine, one of which has a degree in something agricultural
> related, I cant remember what at this time... and he told me that its the
> only way I will be able to work organic material into my soil... I would
> like to share some hard data with my friends.  Thank you in advance

what is aggreagate ?
http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/files/sq_eig_1.pdf

an accessible way to measure agreggate stability of your soil
http://www.mandakzerotill.org/book19/s005.html


an overview of no till farming in the context of conventional agriculture
http://www.rolf-derpsch.com/notill.htm

comparative numbers in a conventional no-till farm

http://www.cedarmeadowfarm.com/Research.html

fields not tilled for over 10 years 62,3 %
fields tlled in the last 10 years    18,1 %
jean-claude


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From - Wed Aug 04 01:15:16 2004 X-UIDL: 368623922 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ACB3259400DC; Tue, 03 Aug 2004 19:16:03 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 79CBBB746; Tue, 3 Aug 2004 19:16:03 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5D459B740 for ; Tue, 3 Aug 2004 19:16:03 -0400 (EDT) Received: from n49.grp.scd.yahoo.com (n49.grp.scd.yahoo.com [66.218.67.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 96E54B721 for ; Tue, 3 Aug 2004 19:16:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [66.218.66.94] by n49.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 03 Aug 2004 23:16:02 -0000 X-Sender: debhlv@yahoo.com X-Apparently-To: fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com Received: (qmail 37852 invoked from network); 3 Aug 2004 23:15:58 -0000 Received: from unknown (66.218.66.167) by m1.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 3 Aug 2004 23:15:58 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO n2.grp.scd.yahoo.com) (66.218.66.75) by mta6.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 3 Aug 2004 23:15:57 -0000 Received: from [66.218.67.176] by n2.grp.scd.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 03 Aug 2004 23:15:57 -0000 To: fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com Message-ID: In-Reply-To: User-Agent: eGroups-EW/0.82 X-Mailer: Yahoo Groups Message Poster X-Yahoo-Newman-Property: groups-compose X-eGroups-Remote-IP: 66.218.66.75 From: "pollywog" X-Originating-IP: 66.43.229.201 X-Yahoo-Profile: pollywogdeb MIME-Version: 1.0 Mailing-List: list fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com; contact fukuoka_farming-owner@yahoogroups.com Delivered-To: mailing list fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com Precedence: bulk List-Unsubscribe: Date: Tue, 03 Aug 2004 23:15:57 -0000 Subject: [fukuoka_farming] Re: double digging Reply-To: fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: sentto-3520661-4429-1091574961-lfl=intrex.net@returns.groups.yahoo.com [66.218.67.37] X-Note: Total weight is 1. NOABUSE X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368623922 ---I would listen to Benjamin, with one exception- It sure won't take
a full 3 years to make a difference. I did double digging, it's a
goof. I do use lasange-style plot prep, it works quite well. It takes
no time at all- I have happily planted in lasgne type plots within 2
months of laying them, and have yet to be dissapointed. 

**Disclaimer**
I understand I yak too much about growing inside gardens and other
strange practices that work well for me; and I *do* understand I am
boring to many, with my yak about "taking the time" and other Mom
Earth/esoteric BullKapoopie- so please, all those who email me to tell
me I'm horrible, I know, I Know! I **choose** to speak up yet again,
and have already notd your complaints. I simply choose to ignore them,
when I feel good information is so easily available to newbies, and
they are not getting directed there for some reason.  I do find it
funny, this is the only group I feel the need for this disclaimer
with. **

Plant some dock. Queen Anne's Lace. Nettles. Daikon radishes. Maybe
some comfrey or plantain. Grab some other good plants/weeds, and let
'em go. Cut the tops off before seed if you feel the need, and let the
arial parts be part of your mulch.

**Leave The Roots Where They Are**

You only have to look back in the archives to know the plow and till-
and the double-dig, especially- is simply not needed.

Go to http://soilandhealthlibrary.com 
and check out "Plowman's Folly". Look up "Weeds, Guardians of the
Soil" on the Journey to Forever Site.

For heaven's Sake, read the website articles on the Fukuoka Website
available in the links section of group, and read Emilia and Mr.
Fukuoka, themselves!

It's too easy. I'm sorry, but just looking under one's own nose (which
I am sorely inadept at, myself. "Do As I Say! Not As I Do!" <G>) is
sometimes a fine place for answer beginnings. deb 

In fukuoka_farming@yahoogroups.com, "benonthenet" <benonthenet@y...>
wrote:
> > and he told me that its the only way I will be able to work organic
> > material into my soil...
>
> Ask your friend "How does organic matter get into the soil in natural
> areas?"
>
> You can deliberately put organic matter in the soil by planting
> things that leave generous amounts of roots in the ground. That would
> be most root crops and plants like chard. (The plants you choose
> would have to be plants that won't just regenerate from root parts.)
> Just chop the plants down at the peak of root growth and let the
> roots decay. And, voila!, you'll have lots of organic matter directly
> in the soil without tilling at all. Do this for three years and
> you'll do more for the soil than any tilling could hope to accomplish.
>
> Benjamin


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From - Thu Aug 05 14:06:55 2004 X-UIDL: 368624082 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A00366F5010C; Thu, 05 Aug 2004 13:36:03 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1E54DACD8; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:36:03 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id F3C12AC8B for ; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:36:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 788A1ABD4 for ; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:36:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0008010D@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:35:45 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 77995 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:35:45 -0400 Received: from tomts13-srv.bellnexxia.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00080109@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:35:45 -0400 Received: from louise8r29y4or ([65.93.183.52]) by tomts13-srv.bellnexxia.net (InterMail vM.5.01.06.10 201-253-122-130-110-20040306) with SMTP id <20040805173544.BCWR21087.tomts13-srv.bellnexxia.net@louise8r29y4or> for ; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:35:44 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 Message-ID: <008101c47b12$83574960$6401a8c0@louise8r29y4or> Date: Thu, 5 Aug 2004 13:34:48 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Frank L Teuton Subject: [SANET-MG] Fw: [USCC] organic matter stability To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 2. COUNTRIES X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368624082 Forwarded with permission, please CC Bill with replies; ----- Original Message ----- From: "William (Bill) Carter" To: Sent: Thursday, August 05, 2004 11:55 AM Subject: [USCC] organic matter stability At a presentation in Austin last week, an NRCS representative said that the residual organic matter in soil is 90% humus and that it has an average loss rate of 3% a year. In contrast, the organic matter in raw crop residues have a first-year loss rate of about 50%. Thus the common soil science statements about how long it takes to build up soil organic matter levels. When I asked whether incorporation of compost into soil affects the loss rate of its OM, he surprisingly said he though the reverse would be true -- possibly more with regard to how tilling affects soil oxygenation and respiration than with the effect of partially burying the compost to reduce its exposure to oxygen. This led me to ponder the typical organic matter specifications for compost. They generally only look at total OM, whether it is 90% humus or raw vegetative debris (but presumably somewhere in between). I've generally thought that the organic matter contributed by compost could be considered to immediately become part of the soil organic matter content. But the compost's organic matter will be lost at a rate faster than 3% in the first year, although one would hope less than 50% in the first year. Stability measured through respirometry should give some indication of where the product is within this range of loss rates. How well can we predict those rates, though? Should we assume that there is no significant difference in the loss rate or decay rate of the organic matter in any compost meeting minimum stability requirements? Humic and fulvic acids seem to remain somewhat mysterious although we seem to be confident of their importance and unique functions in the soil environment. The TMECC method for determining humic & fulvic acid content is "proposed" and apparently little used. Standard cooperative extension soil tests rarely if ever address it. Should we assume that the humic/fulvic content of all stable composts is equivalent, or unimportant? Or should we be moving toward testing and specifying for it? Thanks for any comments on these questions. Bill Carter Watershed Management Team MC 147 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality P.O. Box 13087 Austin, TX 78711-3087 Phone: 512-239-6771 Fax: 512-239-4410 wcarter@tceq.state.tx.us _______________________________________________ Compost maillist - Compost@compostingcouncil.org This list is a service provided by the US Composting Council. This month's sponsor of the list is: Cover-All Building Systems - Cover-All. buildings are the leading steel-framed, tension-membrane buildings that are quick to install and offer multiple foundation options to meet all composting building needs. Each building is constructed with quality corrosion-resistant steel components and Cover-All's DuraWeave. fabric membrane cover will never rust, even under the harshest conditions. Contact 1-800-268-3768 or www.coverall.net Food Industry Environmental Network (FIEN), a regulatory and policy e-mail alert service for environmental, food and agricultural industry professionals. Contact Jack Cooper 301/384-8287 JLC@fien.com --- www.fien.com Renewable Carbon Management, LLC with the containerized, in-vessel NaturTech Composting System www.composter.com rcm@composter.com (c) Copyright 2004 United States Composting Council - All rights reserved Opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the USCC, the Foundation or Board of Directors. Non-members of USCC are encouraged to join the Council through our website at: http://www.compostingcouncil.org/membership.cfm For discussion list policies and information regarding subscribing, unsubscribing, digest or other options, go to:http://mailman.cloudnet.com/mailman/listinfo/compost For additional help in unsubscribing or to report bugs and problems, send a message to the List Manager, Jim McNelly, at jim@composter.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Thu Aug 05 20:40:26 2004 X-UIDL: 368624113 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A57B56E012A; Thu, 05 Aug 2004 19:40:43 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 06E82B7DB; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 19:40:43 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id DF679B7A7 for ; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 19:40:42 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4AE50B71D for ; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 19:40:42 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0008023C@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 19:40:27 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 78356 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 19:40:26 -0400 Received: from web53710.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00080239@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 5 Aug 2004 19:40:26 -0400 Received: from [67.119.178.216] by web53710.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Thu, 05 Aug 2004 16:40:26 PDT MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20040805234026.34006.qmail@web53710.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Thu, 5 Aug 2004 16:40:26 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Lion Kuntz Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Fw: [USCC] organic matter stability Comments: To: WCARTER@tceq.state.tx.us To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <008101c47b12$83574960$6401a8c0@louise8r29y4or> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368624113 --- Frank L Teuton wrote: > Forwarded with permission, please CC Bill with replies; > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "William (Bill) Carter" > To: > Sent: Thursday, August 05, 2004 11:55 AM > Subject: [USCC] organic matter stability > > > At a presentation in Austin last week, an NRCS representative said that the > residual organic matter in soil is 90% humus and that it has an average loss > rate of 3% a year. "Humus" is a poorly defined term. All living organisms are composed of unique arrays of molecules assembled over their lifetimes. The "decay process" involves widely varied decomposer organisms arrayed with their own unique arrays of digestive enzymes or gene-toolkits able to deconstruct and recycle molecules or their constituent elements. The most popular molecules, simple starches and sugars, are devoured by a larger number of decomposers, and some organic molecules are far less popular. Humus will end up being mostly composed of the least digestible molecules which take the longest to deconstruct. Therefore, it will remain in the soil largely unchanged for the longest period of time. > In contrast, the organic matter in raw crop residues have > a first-year loss rate of about 50%. Fresh crop residues have a large proportion of easily digestible molecules, and therefore support large population explosions of soil decomposers. The transformations from one decomposed lifeform to another living one does not exhaust critical nutritional molecules -- the loss is mainly in the form of respired CO2 gas which is endlessly replenishable. Eventually the decomposers are in turn decomposed. > Thus the common soil science statements > about how long it takes to build up soil organic matter levels. People who don't want to break out a sweat thinking about the actual processes of decomposition might well be content with simple over-view statements which have very little information content. Knowing "humus" percentages" or "organic matter" percentages does not provide much actual information content. It is far more informative to have identification of the populations of the decomposer microherd operatives, as that gives some information of what to add or what to scale back on which can benefit the choices of crops which one seeks to maximize. Some domesticated crops have a forest origin and are evolved to enjoy a fungal dominated soil, 90% fungal dominance of soil biomass, versus some plants are evolved from grasslands with less than 50% soil fungi biomass constituants. In general, to promote fungal dominance one would increase the ratio of carbon content of cellulose and lignins which fungi have more genes to decompose. By biasing the soil to have less fungal life one might be promoting predatory lifeforms hostile to the crop, leading to increased disease susceptability, decreased root efficiency, other impairments. http://www.soilfoodweb.com/sfi_html/02_approach/a_cntnts_understand_sfweb.html Asking people to study the history of their crops is not part of the lore of soil management. Give them some simple rules of thumb and simple tests and they are happy, never quite realizing that they don't know a lot more than before. > When I asked > whether incorporation of compost into soil affects the loss rate of its OM, > he surprisingly said he thought the reverse would be true -- possibly more > with regard to how tilling affects soil oxygenation and respiration than > with the effect of partially burying the compost to reduce its exposure to > oxygen. Compost mulch has mixed blessings, serving as nesting cover for some pest insects but also has numerous benefits. Aerial watering, as in rainfall or sprinking, has an oxygen-starving action by pasting the soil surface into hard crusts. Mulch protects the soil from the impacts and keeps it from dehydrating rapidly. Moist organic material in contact with soil will of course be devoured more rapidly than dried OM under a crusted soil, but where are the advantages of reduced digestion? Inedible nuggets of OM might as well be stones. Microherd actors eat and excrete. Their micro-manures are digestate that plants can use as readily as the disintergrated plant debris, and often times the plants can more readily absorb such predigested water soluable micro-manures. > This led me to ponder the typical organic matter specifications for compost. > They generally only look at total OM, whether it is 90% humus or raw > vegetative debris (but presumably somewhere in between). I've generally > thought that the organic matter contributed by compost could be considered > to immediately become part of the soil organic matter content. But the > compost's organic matter will be lost at a rate faster than 3% in the first > year, although one would hope less than 50% in the first year. Wide experience has shown that more like 60% of compost is consumed in the first year. The goal of feeding the soil is to feed the plants, not build up an ever enlarging hoard of buried compost. The humus residue of the most indigestible organic molecules has assorted values beyond plant and microherd nutrition. There is a net buffering effect of the assorted charges of electrons poking out the sides of molecules which affect to cation exchange capacity of the soil. There is the habitat value of slow-release nutrients. Crumb structures are partly the result of exudates of microbial colonies that paste grains together and form the pore sizes of the soil, and humus is involved in that total habitat construction. Life knows what it is doing -- it has 3.7 bilion years experience on the job training. Plants evolved onto soil microbe turf, and are well adapted to it. > Stability measured through respirometry should give some indication of where > the product is within this range of loss rates. How well can we predict > those rates, though? Should we assume that there is no significant > difference in the loss rate or decay rate of the organic matter in any > compost meeting minimum stability requirements? With over 10,000,000,000 microbes per teaspoon of dry soil, and some 5,000 different species (most unknown to science) working that teaspoon, it is premature to evaluate respiration levels in any meaningful way. Some microbes only spring out of their low-respiration hibernation when the pH gets at some exact level, others wait until some chemical cue from their prey is detected. If you want some nice scientific measurements to make you happy, go for beating the 1,488 pounds of tomatoes from four plants listed in the Guiness Book of Records. Use lots and lots of compost top-dressing, as per the instructions of the winning title-holder's book. The winner of the largest pumpkin has similar advice in his book. http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Links/My_Links_Pages/microdiversity.html http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0911311572/103-5928791-8679807?v=glance http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0963279343/103-5928791-8679807?v=glance > Humic and fulvic acids seem to remain somewhat mysterious although we seem > to be confident of their importance and unique functions in the soil > environment. The TMECC method for determining humic & fulvic acid content is > "proposed" and apparently little used. Standard cooperative extension soil > tests rarely if ever address it. Should we assume that the humic/fulvic > content of all stable composts is equivalent, or unimportant? Or should we > be moving toward testing and specifying for it? Acids of any kinds have a detrimental effect on some elements, locking them up, and a beneficial effect on other elements, causing their release. In general, well composted living soils tend to remain close to neutral regardless of the widely varying elemental mineral compositions. Measurements of dead things are highly misleading. Plants can generate (mild) electrical charges at their roots which can jerk loose lightly bound molecules which would not be considered "freely available" by testing dead soil. Most of the tests of soil nutrient levels have some deceptive biases: Nitrogen levels are tested by killing everything and counting the free nitrogen gas that can be driven out of the soil under dire measures. It does not tell you anything about the nitrogen-fixing over time by living organisms with nitrogenase genes. A soil alive with nitrogen-fixers will have more nitrogen over a season than can be measured at any instant in time. A large body of disinformation is endlessly repeated which underestimates nitrogen availability from natural sources and steers customers to buying overmuch quantities from nitrogen salesmen. The end of this idiocy is the 150 dead zones that have appeared around the world near the outlets of over-fertized rivers carrying away unused nitrogen fertilizers. The number of dead zones has doubled since 1990. http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2004/s2267.htm http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040805/APN/408051068 http://www.navhindtimes.com/stories.php?part=news&Story_ID=07091 Every year of so it is necessary to repost links to the article by Roland Bunch summarizing the still-not-translated-into-english results of over 2,000 farmsites using the concept "The Ecological Management of Soils". http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/moist/RolandB.html http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/moist/Roland.pdf Weapons-grade Nitrate makers depend on subsidies from farmers to keep their global munitions businesses going. They are killers, by definition, and one should expect that lying is considered a sin too minor to be bothered to notice they are doing it. Their lies and large profits have steered public discussion towards dead research, which benefits them, and has paid for smears on organics which discourages research on living soil systems. Do you need a reminder of what "weapons-grade" nitrates means? Murrah building, Oklahoma City, fuel oil and sacks of ammonium nitrate mixed together. http://www.cnn.com/US/OKC/ http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/2001/AmmoniumNitrate/history.htm Killers would prefer that the discussions stayed on their terms, measures of dead things, never accounting for the power of living systems dynamics. Here is some dossiers of the corrupt use of wealth by Killers Kochs, Koch Industries, Koch Oil, Koch Fertilizers, as a specimen of the typical weapons-grade nitrate industries who lie about organics with millions of dollars worth of full-time employees in an empire of propaganda mills: http://www.ecosyn.us/adti/Koctopus_01.html http://www.ecosyn.us/adti/Killer_David_Koch.html http://www.ecosyn.us/adti/CSE_Organized_Crime.html > Thanks for any comments on these questions. > > > > Bill Carter > Watershed Management Team MC 147 > Texas Commission on Environmental Quality > P.O. Box 13087 > Austin, TX 78711-3087 > Phone: 512-239-6771 > Fax: 512-239-4410 > wcarter@tceq.state.tx.us ===== - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sincerely, Lion Kuntz Santa Rosa, California, USA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Proposal/Palaces_For_The_People.html http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Palaces4People/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sat Aug 07 00:39:17 2004 X-UIDL: 368624197 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A6926A3700E8; Sat, 07 Aug 2004 00:12:02 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 98D4EB5F0; Sat, 7 Aug 2004 00:12:02 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 779B6B5BF for ; Sat, 7 Aug 2004 00:12:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [192.168.1.2] (client231-213.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.213]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 329BAB5A9 for ; Sat, 7 Aug 2004 00:11:59 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <4114869D.7050006@intrex.net> Date: Sat, 07 Aug 2004 00:37:01 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.7.1) Gecko/20040707 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: EM APPLICATION MANUAL FOR APNAN COUNTRIES Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Spam-Status: No, hits=4.1 tagged_above=4.0 required=6.3 tests=DATE_IN_FUTURE_03_06, NO_COST, SUBJ_ALL_CAPS X-Spam-Level: **** X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.213] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368624197 LogoTO HOMEPAGE EM APPLICATION MANUAL FOR APNAN COUNTRIES EM APLICATION MANUAL The First Edition. 1995. APNAN ASIA-PACIFIC NATURAL AGRICULTURE NETWORK CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION * 1.1 IDEAL AGRICULTURE * 1.2 USE OF BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN AGRICULTURE * 2.0 EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS(EM) * 2.1 EFFECTS OF EM * 2.2 PRINCIPAL MICROORGANISMS IN EM AND THEIR ACTION IN SOIL * 3.0 APPLICATIONS OF EM1 * 3.1 EM1 STOCK SOLUTION * 3.2 EM BOKASHI * 3.3 EM5 * 3.4 EM FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACT * 4.0 EM1 STOCK SOLUTION * 4.1 USE OF EM1 STOCK SOLUTION * 5.0 BOKASHI * 5.1 AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BOKASHI * 5.2 MATERIALS OF BOKASHI * 5.3 PREPARING BOKASHI * 5.4 USING BOKASHI * 6.0 EM5 * 6.1 MAKING EM5 * 6.2 USING EM5 * 7.0 EM FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACT * 7.1 PREPARATION OF EM FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACTS * 7.2 USING EM FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACT * 8.0 EM1 IN CROP PRODUCTION * 8.1 RICE * 8.2 UPLAND FIELD CROPS * 8.3 ORCHARD CROPS * 9.0 EM1 IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION * 10.0 EM1 IN FISH CULTURE * 11.0 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF USING EM * APPENDIX 1: EXAMPLES OF BOKASHI * APPENDIX 2: SOIL FOR RAISING SEEDLINGS * APPENDIX 3: PREPARATION OF EM1 SECONDARY STOCK SOLUTION * (MULTIPLICATION OF EM1) APPENDIX 4: SOIL CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY * KYUSEI NATURE FARMING WITH EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS (EM TECHNOLOGY) 1.0 INTRODUCTION ðContents Kyusei Nature Farming was developed in Japan with the objective of producing food that is safe and free of harmful chemicals and toxic materials. For many years the practitioners of Kyusei Nature Farming adopted the organic farming system, with little results to provide adequate food for the majority of the population. In the 1980's, Prof. Dr. Teruo Higa introduced the concept of Effective Microorganisms(EM) to Kyusei Nature Farming. Thus, a group of beneficial microorganisms were cultured and used as a means of improving soil conditions, suppressing disease inducing microbes and improving the efficiency of organic matter utilization by crops. This technology proved to be highly successful, and thus an international conference was organized in November 1989 in Thailand to introduce this technology to the Asia Pacific region. At this conference, the Asia Pacific Natural Agriculture Network (APNAN) was formed. The primary aim of APNAN is to establish an international network of scientists in the Asia Pacific region, in order to promote research, education practices and technologies. These activities will be based on the principles of Kyusei Nature Farming and the technology of Effective Microorganisms (EM) 1.1 IDEAL AGRICULTURE ðContents The main theme of Kyusei Nature Farming is to practice an IDEAL AGRICULTURE. The five principles of ideal agriculture as advocated by Kyusei Nature Farming are: 1. It produces safe and nutritious food to enhance human health. 2. It is economically and spiritually beneficial to both producers(farmers) and consumers. 3. It is sustainable and easily practiced by everyone. 4. It conserves our environment. 5. It produces sufficient food of high quality for an expanding world population. 1.2 USE OF BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN AGRICULTURE ðContents Agricultural production begins with the process of photosynthesis by green plants, which requires solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide. These materials are freely available. Therefore, it can be defined that "Agriculture is to produce something from nothing". Althought it sounds good, when observed as an economic activity, present agriculture has an extremely low efficiency. This is due to the very low utilization efficiency of solar energy by plants The potential utilization rate of solar energy by plants has been estimated theoretically to be between 10 and 20%. However, the actual utilization rate is less than 1%. Even the utilization rate of C4 plants, such as sugar cane which have a high photosynthetic efficiency, barely exceeds 6 or 7% during the maximum growth period. The utilization rate is normally less than 3% even for producing optimum crop yields. Past studies have shown that photosynthetic efficiency of the chloroplasts of host crop can not be enhanced much further. This means that their biomass production capacity has reached a maximum. Therefore, the best opportunity for increasing biomass production is to utilize the visible light, which chloroplasts can not presently use, and the infrared radiation. These together account for about 80% of the total solar energy. We should also explore ways of recycling organic energy contained in plant and animal residues through direct utilization of organic molecules by plants. In the presence of organic matter, photosynthetic bacteria and algae can utilize wavelengths ranging from 700 to 1200 nm. Green plants do not use these wavelengths. Fermenting microorganisms can also breakdown organic matter, thereby releasing complex compounds such as amino acids for plant use. This increases the efficiency of organic matter for crop production Thus a key factor for increasing crop production is the availability of organic matter, which has been developed by utilizing solar energy and the presence of efficient microbes to decompose these materials. This increases the utilization efficiency of solar energy. 2.0 EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS (EM) ðContents Effective Microorganisms or EM is a mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms (primarily photosynthetic and lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, fermenting fungi) that can be applied as an inoculant to increase the microbial diversity of soils. This in turn, can improve soil quality and health, which enhances the growth, yield, and quality of crops. The concept of inoculating soils and plants with beneficial microorganisms to create a more favorable microbiological environment for plant growth has been discussed for decades by agricultural scientists. However, the technology behind the concept of Effective Microorganisms and it's practical application was developed by Professor Teruo Higa at the University of the Ryukyus in Okinawa, Japan. Professor Higa has devoted much of his scientific career to isolating and selecting different microorganisms for developing beneficial effects on soils and plants. He has found microorganisms that can coexist in mixed cultures and are physiologically compatible with one another. When these cultures are introduced into the natural environment, their individual beneficial effects are greatly magnified in a synergistic fashion. # EM cultures do not contain any genetically modified microorganisms. EM is made up of mixed cultures of microbial species that are found in natural environments worldwide. 2.1 EFFECTS OF EM ðContents The following are some of the beneficial influences of EM. (a) Promotes germination, flowering, fruiting and ripening in plants. (b) Improves physical, chemical and biological environments of the soil and suppresses soil borne pathogens and pests. (c) Enhances the photosynthetic capacity of crops. (d) Ensures better germination and plant establishment (e) Increases the efficacy of organic matter as fertilizers. Due to the above stated beneficial effects of EM, yields and quality of crops are enhanced. * EM is not a pesticide and thus does not contain chemicals that could be construed as such. EM is a microbial inoculant that functions as a biological control measure in suppressing and/or controlling pests through the introduction of beneficial microorganisms to the plant environment. Therefore, pests and pathogens are suppressed or controlled through natural processes by increasing the competitive and antagonistic activities of the microorganisms in EM inoculants. 2.2 PRINCIPAL MICROORGANISMS IN EM AND THEIR ACTION IN SOlL. ðContents (1) Photosynthetic bacteria (Phototrophic bacteria) Photosynthetic bacteria are independent self supporting microorganisms. These bacteria synthesize useful substances from secretions of roots, organic matter and/or harmful gases (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) by using sunlight and the heat of soil as sources of energy. The useful substances comprise of amino acids, nucleic acids, bioactive substances and sugars, all of which promote plant growth and development. These metabolites are absorbed into plants directly and also act as substrates for increasing bacteria. Thus increasing Photosynthetic bacteria in the soil enhances other effective microorganisms. For example, VA (vesicular-arbuscular) mycorrhiza in the rhizosphere are increased due to the availability of nitrogenous compounds (amino acids) for use as substrates secreted by Photosynthetic bacteria. VA mycorrhiza increases the solubility of phosphates in soils thereby supplying unavailable phosphorus to plants. VA mycorrhiza can coexist with Azotobactor as nitrogenfixing bacteria and enhance nitrogen fixing ability of legumes. (2) Lactic acid bacteria Lactic acid bacteria produces lactic acid from sugars, and other carbohydrates produced by Photosynthetic bacteria and Yeast. Thus, food and drinks such as yogurt and pickles have been made by using Lactic acid bacteria for a long period of time. However, lactic acid is a strong sterilizer. It suppresses harmful microorganisms and increases rapid decomposition of organic matter. Moreover Lactic acid bacteria enhances the breakdown of organic matter such as lignin and cellulose, and ferments these materials without causing harmful influences caused by undecomposed organic matter. Lactic acid bacteria has the ability to suppress Fusarium propagation which is a harmful microorganism causing disease problems in continuous cropping. Generally, increased Fusarium populations weakens plants. This condition promotes diseases and also results in the sudden increase of harmful nematodes. The occurrence of nematodes disappear gradually, as Lactic acid bacteria suppresses the propagation and function of Fusarium. (3) Yeasts Yeasts synthesize antimicrobial and useful substances for plant growth from amino acids and sugars secreted by Photosynthetic bacteria, organic matter and plant roots. Bioactive substances such as hormones and enzymes produced by yeasts promote active cell and root division. Their secretions are useful substrates for effective microorganisms such as Lactic acid bacteria and Actinomycetes. (4) Actinomycetes Actinomycetes, the structure of which is intermediate to that of bacteria and fungi, produces antimicrobial substances from amino acids secreted by Photosynthetic bacteria and organic matter. These antimicrobial substances suppress harmful fungi and bacteria. Actinomycetes can coexist with Photosynthetic bacteria. Thus, both species enhance the quality of the soil environment, by increasing the antimicrobial activity of the soil. (5) Fermenting Fungi Fermenting fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium decompose organic matter rapidly to produce alcohol, esters and antimicrobial substances. These suppress odors and prevent infestation of harmful insects and maggots. Each species of Effective Microorganisms (photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes and fermenting fungi) has its own important function. However, photosynthetic bacteria is the pivot of EM activity. Photosynthetic bacteria support the activities of other microorganisms. On the other hand, photosynthetic bacteria also utilizes substances produced by other microorganisms. This phenomenon is termed "coexistence and co-prosperity". When Effective Microorganisms increase as a community in soils, populations of native effective microorganisms are also enhanced. Thus, the micro flora becomes rich and microbial ecosystems in the soil become well-balanced, where specific microorganisms (especially harmful microorganisms) do not increase. Thus, soil borne diseases are suppressed. Plant roots secrete substances such as carbohydrates, amino and organic acids and active enzymes. Effective microorganisms use these secretions for growth. During this process, they also secrete and provide amino and nucleic acids, a variety of vitamins and hormones to plants. Furthermore, in such soils, effective microorganisms in the rooting zone(rhizosphere) co-exist (symbiosis) with plants. Hence, plants grow exceptionally well in such soils which are dominated by effective microorganisms. The following chart shows the fuctions of Effective Microorgansims in the soil. Figure 1: "Microorganisms for Agriculture and Environmental Preservation", Teruo Higa (1991)Nou-bun Kyo. (in Japanese) 3.0 APPLICATION OF EM1 ðContents Basically, EM can be applied in four ways, namely as EM1 stock solution, EM5 solution, EM Bokashi and as EM fermented plant extract. 3.1 EM1 Stock Solution ðContents EM1 stock solution can be applied by: 1) Watering into the soil (by watering cans, sprinklers or irrigation systems) 2) Spray onto plants (foliar spray) by sprayer or watering can 3.2 EM BOKASHI (EM fermented organic matters) ðContents "Bokashi" is a Japanese word which means "Fermented organic matter". It is made by fermenting organic matter (rice bran, oil cake, fish meal etc.) with EM. Bokashi is normally found as a powder or as granules. Bokashi has been used by Japanese farmers as traditional soil amendments to increase the microbial diversity of soils and supply nutrients to crops. Traditionally Bokashi has been made by fermenting organic matter such as rice bran by soil from forests or mountains, which contain various microorganisms. However, EM Bokashi is fermented organic matter using EM instead of forest or mountain soil. Thus, EM Bokashi is an important additive to increase effective microorganisms in the soil. (Details on the preparation of EM Bokashi is discussed later.) 3.3 EM5 (EM fermented solutions) ðContents EM5 is a fermented mixture of vinegar, spirits(alcohol), molasses and EM 1. It is used to spray the plant to suppress pathogens and keep away insect pests. (Details of EM5 preparation is discussed later.) 3.4 EM Fermented Plant Extract (EM-F.P.E.) ðContents EM fermented plant extract is a mixture of fresh weeds fermented with molasses and EM 1. The main effect of this extract is to supply quality nutrients to crops, and also to suppress pathogens and keep away insects. 4.0 EM1 STOCK SOLUTION ðContents Original EM 1 is yellow-brown liquid with a pleasant odor and sweet-sour taste. The pH of EM 1 should be below 3.5. If it has a bad smell or foul odor or pH is more than 4.0, the EM1 has deteriorated. It should not be used. 4.1 USE OF EM1 STOCK SOLUTION. ðContents Original EM1 is dormant. Thus EM1 needs to be activated by the provision of 'water' and 'food'. This is done by adding water and molasses. (Use EM diluted solution (0.1%) to apply to crops.) 1. 1 litre (1000 cc) of water 2. 1 cc of EM1 3. 1 cc of Molasses or 1g of any sugars This solution is left for 2-24 hours and sprayed to plants, soil or organic matter. 5.0 BOKASHI ðContents Bokashi is equivalent to compost, but it is prepared by fermenting organic matter with EM. It can be used 3 - 14 days after treatment (fermentation). Bokashi can be used for crop production even though the organic matter has not decomposed as in compost. When bokashi is applied to soil, organic matter can be utilized as a feed for effective microorganisms to breed in the soil, as well as supplying nourishment to crops. 5.1 Aerobic Bokashi and Anaerobic Bokashi ðContents Bokashi is classified as "Aerobic bokashi" and "Anaerobic bokashi" based on the manufacturing process. The advantages and disadvantages of aerobic and anaerobic bokashi are as follows: Aerobic type Advantage: Can be produced on a large scale. Fermentation period is shorter than in the anaerobic type. Disadvantage: Energy of organic matter is lost, if temperatures during fermentation is uncontrolled. Anaerobic type Advantage: Maintains energy(nutrition) of organic matter. This condition is similar to silage. Disadvantage: Mismanagement causes spoilage. # In Japan, the anaerobic type is popular, but in Thailand the aerobic type is widely used. 5.2 Materials of Bokashi. ðContents EM can utilize any type of organic matter. For example, the following can be used as organic matter in preparing Bokashi Rice bran, corn bran, wheatbran, maize flour, rice husk, bean husk, rice straw, oil cake cotton seed cake, pressmud, bagasse,chopped weeds, sawdust. coconut fiber and husks. crop residues such as empty fruit bunches in oil palm, fish meal. bone meal. dung of any animals, kitchen garbage, sea weed. crab shells and similar material. However, rice bran is recommended as an important ingredient of Bokashi, as it contains excellent nutrients for microorganisms. It is desirable to combine organic matter which have low and high C/N ratios. Generally the use of at least three types of organic matter is recommended in order to increase microbial diversity. Adding wood or rice husk charcoal, zeolite, kelp, grass and wood ash to Bokashi is desirable. These porous materials improve soil physical conditions and nutrient holding capacity. They also act as harbouring points for effective microorganisms. 5.3 Preparing Bokashi ðContents There are many type of Bokashi, depending on the organic matter used. The preparation of a typical Bokashi is as follows: Materials: (In Japan) (In Thailand) 1. Rice bran 100 litres (volume) Rice bran 2. Oil cake 25 litres Rice husk 3. Fish meal 25 litres Chicken dung 4. EM1 150 cc 5. Molasses #1 150 cc 6. Water #2 15 litres #1 If you do not have molasses, any kind of sugar can be used. Some materials that can be used are raw cane sugar, juice of any fruits and waste water of alcohol industries. #2 The quantity of water is a guideline. The quantum of water that needs to be added will depend on the moisture content of the materials used. The ideal quantum of water is that required to moisten the material, without drainage. Preparation Anaerobic-type 1. Mix rice bran, oil cake and fish meal well. 2. Dissolve molasses in the water(1 :100). It is easily dissolved in warm water. 3. Add EM into the above prepared molasses solution 4. Pour the EM mixture onto the organic matter and mix well. Please pour the EM dilution gradually and mix well while checking the moisture content. There should be no drainage of excess water. The moisture content should be about 30-40%. You can check it by squeezing a handful. Once squeezed, it should remain as a single unit without crumbling. However, on touching it should crumble easily. 5. Put the mixture thus made into a bag that does not permit air movement (e.g. paper or polyethylene bag). This is placed within another polyethylene bag (black vinyl) to prevent movement of air. Close the bag tightly to maintain an anaerobic condition. This is placed away from direct sunlight. 6. The fermenting period is: In the temperate zone: In summer more than 3-4 days. In winter more than 7-8 days. In winter, put the container in a warm location to hasten fermentation. In the tropics: more than 3-4 days. The Bokashi is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell. If it produces a sour and rotten smell, it is a failure. 7. Anaerobic Bokashi should be used soon after preparation. If storage is required, spread it on a concrete floor, dry well in the shade and then put into vinyl bag. Please prevent rodent or other pest attacks. Aerobic-type 1. Mix rice bran, oil cake and fish meal well. 2. Dissolve molasses in the water(1 :100). It is easily dissolved in warm water. 3. Add EM into the above prepared molasses solution 4. Pour the EM mixture onto the organic matter and mix well. Please pour the EM dilution gradually and mix well while checking the moisture content. There should be no drainage of excess water. The moisture content should be about 30-40%. You can check it by squeezing a handful. Once squeezed, it should remain as a single unit without crumbling. However, on touching it should crumble easily. 5. Put the mixture made above on a concrete floor, and cover with gunny bag, straw mat or similar material. Avoid exposure of this material to rain. 6. Under aerobic conditions, bokashi ferments rapidly. Thus the temperature increases. Ideally, the temperature should be kept around 35-45 °C. Thus, please check temperature regularly using a normal thermometer. If the temperature rises beyond 50 °C, mix the Bokashi well to aerate it. 7. The fermenting period is: In the temperate zone: In summer more than 3-4 days. In winter more than 7-8 days. In the tropics: more than 2-4 days. It is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell and white mold is observed. If it has a sour and rotten smell, it is failure. 8. This Bokashi is best used soon after preparation. If storage is required, spread it on a concrete floor, dry well in the shade and then put into vinyl bag. Please prevent rodent or other pest attacks. The efficacy of Bokashi made at temperatures above 50 °C is 50% lower than that made at a lower temperature. This is due to the loss of heat energy at high temperatures. *Please practice preparing bokashi several times. The key of preparing good bokashi is to know suitable moisture content and temperature of bokashi through practice. It is recommended that you join the EM technology workshop to learn the process. 5.4 Using Bokashi ðContents In general, apply Bokashi 200g per 1 square meter on the top soil, when enough organic matters has been applied. You can apply more (maximum 1 kg per 1 square meter), when soil is poor or has little organic matter. 6.0 EM5 (Also known in Japan as Sutochu) ðContents EM5 is a non-chemical insect repellent and is non toxic . EM5 is used to prevent disease and pest problems in crop plants. It is usually sprayed onto plants at a dilution of 1/500 -1/1000 in water. It is mainly used to repel insects by creating a sort of barrier. EM5 could also control insect populations. EM5 carried by insects to places of food storage could "contaminate" the stored food. The process of fermentation that takes place in the food due to EM5 makes it non-edible to insects, thereby diminishing populations. In making EM5, ingredients may vary. A standard set of ingredients is listed below. However, to make effective EM5 for more persistent pests, more organic materials should be added (organic materials that has a high quantum of antioxidants such as garlic, hot peppers, aloe, neem leaf, pruned green fruits, and grass) which are considered to be of medicinal value. When using such materials, they should be chopped or mashed in a mixer. Some or all of the materials may be used in making EM5. 6.1 Making EM5 ðContents The following is a standard set of ingredients for making EM5 lngredients(Standard). 1. Water #1 600 cc 2. Molasses 100 cc 3. Vinegar #2 100 cc 4. Distilled spirit (30-50 %) #3 100 cc 5. EM1 100 cc #1 Well water preferred since tap water is chlorinated. #2: Natural vinegar is better than artificial acids #3: Whiskey or Ethyl alcohol could be used. Items needed in making of EM5 A large pot may be used to initially blend all of the ingredients. Plastic containers are required to store the EM5 along with a funnel to pour the EM into the containers. Preparation 1. Blend the molasses with water, make certain that it has been completely dissolved. You may use warm water for quick dilution of molasses. 2. Add vinegar and distilled spirit, followed by EM1. 3. Pour the mixed solution into a plastic container which can be shut tightly (A glass container should not be used). Remove excess air in container to maintain anaerobic conditions. 4. Store the bottle in a warm place (20-35 °C), away from direct sunlight. 5. When container is expanded by the fermented gas, loosen the cap of the container to release gas. Shut it tightly again. The EM5 is ready for use when the production of gas has subsided. The EM5 should have a sweet smell (Ester/alcohol). Storage: EM5 should be stored in a dark cool place, which has a uniform temperature. Do not store in the refrigerator or in direct sunlight. EM5 should be used within three months after preparation. 6.2 Using EM5 ðContents * Spray EM5 diluted in water 1/500-1/1000 to wet the crop. * Start spraying after germination, before pests and diseases appear. * Spray in the morning or after heavy rains. * Apply EM5 regularly. Since EM5 is not a pesticide, germicide or a harmful chemical, the application method is different from other agrochemicals. Chemicals are used to solve a problem forcefully and quickly and are applied at specific intervals. EM5, on the other hand, should be applied from the time of planting before the development of any disease or pests. If this is not done and diseases or pests appear, EM5 should be sprayed daily until the problem disappears. Application can be done once - twice a week with a direct spray onto the plants. Direct spraying on harmful insects should reduce populations leading to eventual disappearance. A thorough spraying to the plant ensures good results. Continuous or regular sprayings ensure that harmful insects which may have escaped or are recent additions will be affected by the EM5. EM5 works over time. Thus regular applications brings out the best results. Although chemical applications may give rapid results, it may be harmful to plants and soil. The long term effects may be disastrous not only to the environment but also to the farmer's economic condition and health. EM5 has no adverse effect even with excessive applications. In contrast, EM5 may enhance the plant's strength through the absorption of EM and therefore increase the level of antioxidation (that is, the ability to suppress disease, pest infestation, and overcome any debilitating factors.). Although EM5 may take time to create the best condition depending on soil and type of crops grown, it will benefit the environment, the soil, the plant cultivated, and the economic status of the farmer. The upliftment of the economic status occurs as EM5 can be made easily and cheaply. Over the long term, less EM5 (costs for the material to make EM5) is needed since the soil conditions change. This ensures a healthy and strong crop to protect itself from disease and pests. The post-harvest crop residues incorporated back to soil as a pre-treatment before the next season is recommended and, additionally, the use of EM5 would help in the suppression of diseases and pests that would be recycled back into the next crop. EM5 contains EM l - therefore it contributes to the beneficial effects that EM 1 increasing yield and quality of the crop. Thus, less expense is incurred on fertilizers and no cost would be expended on agricultural chemicals. 7.0 EM FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACT (EM-F.P.E.) ðContents EM fermented plant extract is prepared by using fresh weeds and EM1. EM-F.P.E. includes organic acids, bioactive substances, minerals and other useful substances from weeds. The production cost of EM-F.P.E.. is very low, because of the use of weeds. 7.1 Preparation of EM Fermented Plant Extract ðContents The following is a standard set of ingredients for making EM-F.P.E. Ingredients (for 20 litres bucket or drum) 1.Chopped fresh weeds#1 14 litres 2. Water #2 14 litres 3. Molasses #3 420 cc 4. EM1 #4 420 cc #1 Use weeds, which have strong life such as mugwort, artemisia, clover and grass which are considered to be of medicinal value. Pruned green fruits and young shoots could be incorporated. The use of various types of weeds is recommended in order to increase bio-active substances and microbial diversity. The weeds should be cut in the morning. #2 Well water is preferred since tap water is chlorinated. Adding a little amount of seawater (0.1%) is useful to supply minerals to crops. #3 3% of water. #4 3% of water. Items needed in making of EM-F.P.E. Large plastic bucket or drum, weight to press chopped weed, black vinyl bag, and wooden lid. Preparation 1. Cut weeds and chop well (2-5cm). 2. Put chopped weeds into bucket. 3. Mix EM1 and molasses into water and pour the solution into bucket. 4. Cover the top of bucket with black vinyl bag. 5. Put lid on the vinyl, and then put weight on the lid. At the time, take care not to leave air in the bucket. 6. Store the bucket in a warm place (20 – 35 °C), away from direct sunlight. 7. Fermentation begins and gas is generated within 25 days. (depending on temperature). 8. Stir the weeds in the bucket regularly to release the gas. 9. The EM-F.P.E . is ready for use when pH of the solution is below 3.5. Put EM-F.P.E. into plastic bottle after removing the weeds by filtration (use gauze or cloth). Storage: EM-F.P.E. should be stored in a dark cool place, which has a uniform temperature. Do not store in the refrigerator or in direct sunlight. EM-F.P.E. should be used within one month after preparation. 7.2 Using EM-F.P.E. ðContents * Watering into the soil (1:1000) by watering cans, sprinkler or irrigation system. * Spray EM-F.P.E. diluted solution (1:500-1:1000) to wet the crop. * Start spraying after germination, before pests and diseases appear. * Spray in the morning or after heavy rains. * Apply EM-F.P.E. regularly. * The combination of EM-F.P.E. and EM5 is more effective. 8.0 EM1 IN CROP PRODUCTION ðContents 8.1 RICE ðContents [Autumn treatment in temperate zones.] (After harvest in the tropics) After harvest, add all crop residues (rice straw and rice husk) to the field, and apply 30-150kg/ 10a of Bokashi and 500 - 5000L/10a of EM diluted solution (1 :1000) (1-10L/l0a of EM stock solution). [Raising of seedling] To hasten germination and prevent diseases, soak rice seeds into EM diluted solution (1:1000) until seeds are enlarged. It is preferable to change the solution daily. During raising of seedling, apply EM with water( 1:1000) total 4-5 times. To prevent pest and disease, spray EM5(1:500) to seedlings several times. [Spring treatment - for temperate zones.] At plowing, apply 30-150kg/ba of Bokashi and 50 - 5000L/10a of EM diluted solution(1 :1000) (1 - 10 L/ 10a of EM stock solution). [Before and after planting rice seedling] At puddling, apply 1-10L/ 10a of EM. High concentration (1:50-1:100) can be acceptable, because the rice field is flooded. 10-15 days after transplanting, apply 500-1000L/10a of EM diluted solution(1:1000)(1-2L/10a of EM stock solution), before intercultivation and weeding. [Growing period] While observing growth, apply Bokashi(30-50 kg/ 10a) as supplementary fertilizer. Spray 500-5000L/ 10a of EM diluted solution( 1:1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock solution) every 1 or 2 month. Also spray EM5(1 :500) regularly. A total of 3 - 6 applications of EM and EM5 is required up to harvest. Weeding in Rice fields (without herbicides) 1. The principle of suppressing weeds by EM Microorganisms (particularly lactic acid bacteria) in EM produces organic acids such as lactic acid and other bioactive substances when applied with organic mater to the soil. These organic acids and bioactive substances break the dormancy of seeds. They also act on perennial weeds like a rotary cultivator, and obstructs callus formation, which results in fermented decomposition of the tubers and roots. By this action weeds are sprouted by force after tilling in autumn or rough puddling. These weeds just sprouted can be suppressed at the final puddling, in order to cut down the number of weeding after planting. Lactic acid bacteria begins activity at a ground temperature above 5 °C. The higher the ground temperature, the more vigorous the action. Weeds start sprouting at 10 – 15 °C. Their action becomes more vigorous with raised temperatures. A temperature greater than 18 °C is required to hasten germination. Therefore conditions are controlled to ensure that lactic acid bacteria works until the temperature rises. 2. EM treatment in autumn Spray 1-10L/ 10a of EM stock solution after harvest. This treatment should be carried out as soon as possible after harvesting rice plants in order to have a higher ground temperature (over 18°C) for a longer time. Weeds which sprout in the year can not survive the coming winter, and they die. For a rice field that could be flooded in winter, a state of flooding gives a greater effect. 3. EM treatment in spring Spray 1-1 0L/ 10a of EM stock solution with molasses at rough puddling(depth of 15-20cm). Let water into the field as soon as possible when the ground temperature is around 10 °C, and puddle roughly. Keep water from leaking to increase both the ground and water temperature. Then flood shallowly, and keep the ground temperature >15 °C for more than 20 days. A longer flooded period and higher ground temperature hastens germination of weeds. After confirming the emergence of main weeds, do the second puddling(final puddling). This time, puddle the outer side (around 5 cm deeps) to dig up both weeds just sprouted and seeds. Let water into newly puddled field and wash them out. To avoid pushing them out to the lower rice fields, pick them up at the water outlet by using cheese cloth or some nets. The sprouting condition depends on species of weeds. It is important to know the characteristic of the weeds germinating in your rice field. 8.2 UPLAND FIELD CROPS ðContents [Preparation of soil] 1-2 months before seeding or transplanting, apply 30-200kg/ 10a of Bokashi and EM diluted solution (1 :1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock solution) and plow the field (In the tropics, bokashi can be applied 2-3 weeks before seeding). After plowing, mulch field with rice straw, hay or a vinyl sheet. The mulching is effective to keep soil moisture (i.e. help EM to increase), arid to control weeds. [Raising of seedling] Prepare a good soil for raising seedling with Soil Bokashi. (*See Page 27) Soak seeds (such as seed potatoes) in an EM diluted solution (1 :1000) for approximately 30 minutes to coat seed with EM. This inoculates seed with EM. After seeding, water with EM (1:1000-2000). Then spray EM5 (1:1000) to prevent pests and diseases 1-2 times a week. For seedlings purchased (pot seedlings), transplant after sprinkling a EM diluted solution (1:1000) 2-3 times instead of flooding. [Before and after transplanting (seeding)] At 3-7 days before planting (seeding), apply an EM diluted solution (1:1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock solution). After transplanting, until roots develop, apply an EM diluted solution (1:1000 - 1:5000) until the field is flooded. The volume of EM stock solution you can use this time is not fixed. Dilute it appropriately according to the volume of water required for flooding. *Bokashi should be applied at least 7-15 days before seeding or transplanting. Too much Bokashi might cause problems. [Growing period] Depending on the crop, apply an EM diluted solution (1:1000) (EM stock solution 1-10L/10a/one time) every 1 week for 1 month. Increased applications will not cause any problem, but will be more effective. If it is expensive, effectual measures should be recommended. At the beginning of the growth period, increase the number of times of application by shortening spray intervals. If the growth is favorable, apply at longer intervals. For prevention of pests, EM5 should be sprayed on the leaves regularly at 7 - 14 days intervals. Addition of molasses or juice of Aloe(0.1%) as sticker into EM5 increases effectiveness. Please do not spray EM5 at a dilution less than 1: 500. Apply Bokashi as additional manure, while observing crop growth. Do not apply too much Bokashi at a time. Pay attention not to put Bokashi over the crops directly, apply Bokashi around the crops. Never use EM4 and 5 solutions diluted less than 1:500. Concentrated solution could cause a physiological problem or yellow spots on the leaves, especially in dry seasons, because of the pH of EM. [Together agricultural chemicals] (We do not recommend to use these chemicals) Agricultural chemicals, especially fungicides (soil disinfectant) reduce the effect of EM by half. After applying these chemicals, try to spray EM5 days later. [Harvest] Harvest only necessary parts, and return all crop residue to the soil. Damaged and diseased plants could also be added into the soil. EM is applied as a diluted solution(1 :1000) with Bokashi. Mulch with rice straw or other material. Seeding or transplanting could be carried out 14 days - 1 month after this treatment. In case of non-tillage culture, start seeding or transplanting between crops before harvest. 8.3 ORCHARD CROPS ðContents [Raising of seedling] It is very important to select suitable species for the environmental condition and management regimes of your orchard. It is also important to raise high quality and healthy seedlings using EM, as it costs to replant fruit trees. [Before and after planting] Make the planting hole and put Bokashi and organic matter. After planting, mulch with rice straw or fallen leaf and water with EM (1:1000). [Growth period] Apply EM diluted solution (1:1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock solution) and Bokashi (200g - 500g/a square meter) regularly. Spray EM5 (1:500-1:1000) regularly to prevent pests and diseases. [After harvest] Apply EM diluted solution (1:1000) (1-1 0L/ 10a of EM stock solution) and Bokashi (200g - 1kg/a square meter). [Sod culture system] Cover ground with leguminous or graminaceous cover crops. Mow several times a year and use the cuttings as a mulch. This system can prevent soil erosion, increase organic matter in soil and improve soil aggregate structure. Alternate row sod systems or mulch-sod Systems are recommended. [Mulch with EM] Grass Mulch is an important technique in nature farming. The good points of Mulch are as follows: To prevent soil erosion, to keep soil moisture, soil temperature and maintain a good environment for EM, to suppress weed, improve soil physical conditions by providing organic matter. To provide nutrients (particularly water soluble potassium) to crops. Always try to mulch and apply Bokashi or EM diluted with molasses on the mulch. This manual presents basic information. Application depends on soil and climate conditions, and culture such as green house or open air cultivation. The values on this manual should be used only as a basic reference. 9.0 EM1 IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION ðContents 9.1 Effects of EM1 on livestock 1. Suppresses the foul smell on livestock barns and septic tanks 2. Decreases numbers of flies and ticks. 3. Improves animal health 4. Decreases the stress of animals. 5. Improves meat quality. 6. Improves fecundity. 7. Improves animal dung quality. (produces good manure) 9.2 APPLICATION OF EM1 1. Add EM Bokashi into feed of animals. 2. Mix EM1 into drinking water. 3. Spray EM1 multiplied solution on to the livestock barn. 4. Sprinkle EM Bokashi on the bedding for animals. 5. Put EM1 into septic tanks. 1) Add EM Bokashi into feed of animals. Prepare edible Bokashi and give to animal as additive feed. This Bokashi improves microflora in intestines. As the result, health of animals is improved and the bad smell of dung is suppressed. Preparation Materials 1. Rice bran 100 litres 2. Wheat bran #1 100 litres 3. Molasses 200 cc 4. EM1 200 cc 5. Water #2 20 - 30 litres #1 Corn flour can also be used as a material. #2 The quantity of water is a guideline. The quantum of water that needs to be added will depend on the moisture content of the materials used. The ideal quantum of water is that required to moisten the material, without drainage. 1. Mix rice bran and wheat bran well. 2. Dissolve molasses in the water (1:100). It is easy to dissolve molasses in warm water. 3. Add EM1 into the above prepared molasses solution 4. Pour the diluted EM mixture onto the organic matter and mix well. Please pour the EM dilution gradually and mix well while checking the moisture content. There should be no drainage of excess water. The moisture content should be about 30-40%. You can check it by squeezing a handful. Once squeezed, it should remain as a single unit without crumbling. However, on touching it should crumble easily. 5. Put the mixture thus made into a bag that does not permit air movement (e.g. paper or polyethylene bag). This is placed within another polyethylene bag (black vinyl) to prevent movement of air. Close the bag tightly to maintain an anaerobic condition. This is placed away from direct sunlight. 6. The fermenting period is: In the temperate zone: In summer more than 3-4 days. In winter more than 7-8 days. In winter, put the container in a warm location to hasten fermentation. In the tropics: more than 3-4 days. If anaerobic conditions are not maintained, the temperature increases. Ideally, the temperature should be around 35-45 °C. Thus, please check temperature regularly using a normal thermometer. If the temperature rises beyond 50 °C, mix the Bokashi well to aerate it, and put into polyethylene bag (black vinyl) and close it to maintain anaerobic conditions. The Bokashi is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell. If it produces a sour and rotten smell, it is a failure. 7. The Bokashi should be used soon after preparation. If storage is required, spread it on a concrete floor, dry well in the shade and then put into vinyl bag. Please prevent rodent or other pest attacks. Application Mix the bokashi (1-5% of feed) into feed, or sprinkle the bokashi on feed everyday. 2) Mix EM1 into drinking water. EM improves microflora in intestines of animals. As the result, health of animals is improved and also the bad smell of dung is suppressed. Application Put EM 1 in the drinking water for animals (1:1000 - 1:5000). 3) Spray EM multiplied solution on livestock barns. Bad smells in barns and animal diseases are caused by increasing harmful microorganisms. These produce harmful substances and toxins such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, tori-metiru-amin. EM suppresses the increase of harmful microorganisms. Thus, the environment of the barns and animal hygiene are improved Preparation Materials 1. Water #1 100 litres 2. Molasses 1 litre 3. EM1 1 litre #1: Well water is preferred since tap water is chlorinated. 1. Blend the molasses with water, make certain that it has been completely dissolved. You may use warm water for quick dilution of molasses. 2. Pour the mixed solution into a plastic bucket or drum which can be shut tightly. 3. Store the bucket in a warm place (20-35 °C), away from direct sunlight. It is ready for use 1-2 days later. However, it should be used within 3 days, after mixing. Application. Spray on livestock barn by sprayer. (spray onto floor, walls, ceiling and drain.) or use as water for washing. Splashing EM solution on animals does not cause problems. However, in the winter do not spray animals with EM solutions. Spray 1-2 litres per square meter every 3-7 days. When bad smell is suppressed, the number of spray can be decreased. # In case of treading style beds such as in cattle pens, applying this EM solution in rainy season or winter may cause excess humidity. In such case, use EM Bokashi (show following) instead of this EM multiplied solution. 4) Sprinkle Bokashi on the bedding for animals Preparation Materials 1. Rice bran 100 litres 2. Sawdust 100 litres 3. Molasses 200 cc 4. EM1 200 cc 5. Water 20 - 30 litres Preparation is the same as for "EM Bokashi for animals" Application Sprinkle about 50g (a handful of bokashi) per 1 square meters on the bed every 3-7 days. Once the bad smell is lessened, sprinkle it at longer intervals (every 2 weeks - 1 month). Consumption of the sprinkled bokashi on the bed does not cause problems. 5) Put EM1 into septic tanks. By adopting application methods 1 to 4, EM is fixed in excreta of animals (manure). Fixed EM utilizes excreta actively, and suppress the work of harmful microorganisms. As the result, the bad smells of septic tanks are reduced. The sludge and scam in septic tanks are decreased. Putting EM into septic tanks increases these effects much more. Application Put EM1 stock or EM1 multiplied solution into septic tank (1% of total water amount in tank) every 1-2 weeks. For example, put 10 litres of EM 1 multiplied solution into 1 ton tank. 10.0 EM1 IN FISH CULTURE ðContents EM1 is useful for fish and prawn culture, because it improves water quality. Application Put EM1 into the pond. (0.01% of total water in the pond)(1:10000) every month. Please check the odor of water regularly. If the bad smell is not suppressed, put EM1 at shorter intervals. Mixing "EM bokashi for animals" into feed for fish (1-5% of feed) is very effective in raising the productivity of fish farms. 11.0 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF USING EM1 ðContents (1) EM is a living thing EM is a living entity. Therefore, EM is completely different from chemical fertilizers or agrochemicals. EM does not work when applied in the same method as chemical fertilizers or agrochemicals. It is important to note that EM increases population of beneficial microbes in the soil. (2) Use good quality water It is important to use good quality water when watering crops, diluting EM 1, preparing Bokashi and EM5. Using polluted water (high BOD, Low DO) causes infection of pests and diseases, reduction of yield and crop quality. If you can not get good quality water, please filter it by charcoal or EM ceramics (3) Storage of diluted solution It is desirable to utilize diluted EM1 solutions within 3 days. (4) Storage information Store of EM1 - up to 6 months in a closed container, in a cool and dark place, (Please do not store in refrigerator). Check smell if in doubt. EM 1 always has a sweet and sour smell. If smell is foul, do not use it. After the cap of bottle is opened and air comes in, a white membrane may be observed on the surface of EM1. This is yeast and does no cause a problem. CONVERSION TABLE (Area) 1 are (1a) = 100m2 1 hectare (1 ha) = 100are (100a) = 2.471 acres 1 km2 = 100 hectares (100 ha) 1 acre = 0.4047 hectare APPENDIX:1 EXAMPLES OF BOKASHI FOR YOUR INFORMATION ðContents 1. Manure Bokashi (1) Materials 1. Dung of any animals 2 parts 2. Rice bran 1 part 3. Rice husk 1 part 4. EM1 and Molasses (2) Preparation 1. Mix dung, rice bran and husk well 2. Dissolve EM1 and molasses in the water(1:1:100) 3. Spray the EM1 diluted solution on the dry ingredients with a watering can. 4. The moisture content should be 30-40%. 5. Heap on a floor in flat shape to a height of about 15-20cm. Cover it with gunny bag. 6. During fermentation the temperature should be kept around 35-45 °C. Thus please check temperature regularly using a normal thermometer. If the temperature rises beyond 50°C, mix the Bokashi well to aerate it. 7. Bokashi is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell and white mold is observed. If it has a sour and rotten smell, it is failure. 2. Rice and rice straw Bokashi This bokashi can be prepared economically in the field. (1) Materials (for 5a) 1. Rice straw 200 kg (preferably chopped) 2. Weed straw 50 kg 3. Rice bran 5 kg 4. Chicken dung 10 kg 5. EM1 and Molasses (2) Preparation 1. Dissolve EM 1 and molasses in the water (1:1:100). 2. Soak a part of rice straw into the diluted EM1 solution. Then drain the straw and place on the ground. Tread them well to remove air, and heap to a height of 30cm. 3. Soak a part of weeds in diluted EM1 solution and put them on the rice straw. Tread them to remove air, and heap to a height of 10 cm. 4. Mix rice bran and chicken dung, and sprinkle it on surface of weeds to a 1cm thickness. Mix with fork. 5. Repeat 1 to 4. till the height of heap becomes 1-1.5m. 6. Cover the top by gunny bag, and then by vinyl sheet to obtain anaerobic conditions and prevent infiltration of rainwater. 7. When temperature goes down after fermentation, turn it and leave 3-7days. Thereafter, it is ready for use. (white mold will be observed.) 3. 24 HOURS COMPOST (1) Materials 1. Any kinds of straw 10 parts (Dried and chopped) 2. Bokashi 1 part 3. Rice bran 1 part 4. EM1 and Molasses (2) Preparation 1. Dissolve EM1 and molasses in the water (1:1:100). 2. Soak rice straw in the above EM1 diluted solution. 3. Mix wet straws with bokashi and rice bran. 4. Put it on a floor to a height of 15-20cm height, and cover it with gunny bag. 5. Turn it over after 18 hours and continue to ferment for a further 6 hours. It is ready for application in the farm. If it is hot, spread and uncover it. APPENDIX:2 SOIL FOR RAISING SEEDLINGS. ðContents (1) Material 1. Soil 20 parts 2. Bokashi 1 part 3. Rice husk 1 part 4. EM1 and Molasses (2) Preparation 1. Mix soil, bokashi, and rice husk charcoal together. 2. Dissolve EM1 and molasses in water (1:1:100), and sprinkle the solution on the above mixture while mixing it. The moisture content should be about 30%. 3. Cover it with gunny bag and vinyl sheet. 4. Turn it several times to prevent the temperature rising above 50 °C. 5. Leave the soil for 3 weeks-covered with a vinyl sheet to avoid drying out. 6. It is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell and white mold is observed. If it has a sour and rotten smell, it is failure. (3) Application. Use this soil when you raise seedlings of vegetable and fruit. APPENDIX 3: PREPARATION OF EM1 SECONDARY STOCK SOLUTION. ðContents If you can not get sufficient EM1 stock solution for your land, you can multiply available EM1 stock solutions. This secondary EM1 stock solution can be used instead of the original EM1 stock solution. However, this multiplied EM1 (EM1 secondary stock solution) is inferior to original EM1 (EM1 stock solution) in quality. Storage period of EM1 secondary stock solution is obviously shorter than the original EM1 stock solution. Material 1. Water 100 litres (pure water without chlorine.) 2. EM1 5 litre 3. Molasses 5 litres (or 5 kg of brown sugar) (2) Preparation 1. Mix EM1 and Molasses well in the water. 2. Pour the mixture into a clean plastic container or drum, which can be shut tightly (A glass container is not applicable.) and store at the ambient temperature. 3. After 3-10 days, when pH is below 3.5, it is ready for use. *It is desirable to use this secondary solution as soon as possible. It can be stored for 1 week under air tight and shady condition *DO not multiply the third EM1 stock solution from EM1 secondary stock solution, because it is very difficult to prevent contamination. The balance of microorganisms is changed, and the efficacy is lost. APPENDIX 4: SOIL CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY ðContents (1) Disease-inducing soil The percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is high (more than 15 - 20%) in this soil. When raw organic matter containing high nitrogen is applied, this soil produces a foul odor. Maggots develop in the soil together with many harmful insects. Pest and disease infestation is high with significant damage to the crops. Therefore, applying raw organic matter is harmful for crops in this soil. Application of raw organic matter hardens the soil. The soil physical conditions deteriorate. In case of rice fields, gas is generated. Application of high quantities of chemical fertilizer and/or agricultural chemicals leads to the development of this type of soil. (2) Disease-suppressive soil Microorganisms which produce antibiotic substances exist in this soil. Thus, soil borne diseases do not develop easily. As Microorganisms such as Penicilium, Tricoderma, Streptamyces are active, the percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is low (less than 5%) in this soil. When raw organic matter containing high nitrogen is applied to such soil, foul odors do not develop. The soil has the fresh sweet smell of mountain soil after decomposition. Soil aggregation and permeability are improved. On cultivation, pest and disease infestation is very low, but the yield is not so good. If this soil links up with a "Synthetic soil", productivity is enhanced. (3) Zymogenic soil This soil primarily contains zymogenic microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. When raw organic matter containing high nitrogen is applied, this soil develops an aromatic fermented smell. The populations of fermentable fungi such as Aspergillus and Rhizopus are increased. The percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is low (less than 5%) in this soil. The water-stable soil aggregate is high, and the soil becomes soft. Thus the solubility of inorganic nutrients enhances. The presence of amino acid, sugars, vitamins and other bioactive substances is increased in this soil, thereby promoting growth of crops. (4) Synthetic soil This soil contains microorganisms such as photosynthetic, nitrogen fixing bacteria. Under stable soil moisture conditions, the soil quality is enhanced by addition of small volume of organic matter. The percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is low in this soil. This soil often links up with a "disease-suppressive soil" Zymogenic-synthetic soil When "Zymogenic-soil" and "Synthetic soil" are linked, it becomes an ideal soil for crop production. Such as soil is termed "Zymogenic-synthetic soil". 1) Teruo Higa (1991) "Microorganisms for Agriculture and Environmental Preservation", P33-34, Nou-bun Kyo. (In Japanese) LogoTO HOMEPAGE From - Sat Aug 07 00:44:59 2004 X-UIDL: 368624198 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A86850F60066; Sat, 07 Aug 2004 00:19:52 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 2BDD3BA70; Sat, 7 Aug 2004 00:19:52 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0EBF6BA55 for ; Sat, 7 Aug 2004 00:19:52 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [192.168.1.2] (client231-213.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.213]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0C94ABA61 for ; Sat, 7 Aug 2004 00:19:51 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <41148875.70509@intrex.net> Date: Sat, 07 Aug 2004 00:44:53 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.7.1) Gecko/20040707 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Google Search: APNAN manual Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.213] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368624198 Web Results 1 - 38 of about 57 for APNAN manual. (0.32 seconds) EM APPLICATION MANUAL FOR APNAN COUNTRIES LogoTO HOMEPAGE. EM APPLICATION MANUAL FOR APNAN COUNTRIES. The First Edition. 1995. APNAN ASIA-PACIFIC NATURAL AGRICULTURE NETWORK. CONTENTS. ... www.agriton.nl/apnanman.html - 69k - Cached - Similar pages Sustainable Community Development/Effective Microorganisms (EM) ... ... Asia Pacific Natural Agricultural Network (APNAN) -. APNAN User’s Manual EM Nature Farming Guide. 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COUNTRIES, SUBJSPACES-10, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368624434 RE-POSTING: APPRENTICESHIP TROPICAL ORGANIC AGRICULTURE HERBANA FARMS PHILIPPINES >From: gil carandang >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: [SANET-MG] FW: Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship - >Philippines >Date: Mon, 26 Jul 2004 09:56:12 +0000 > >>From: Twittman@aol.com >>To: jdashe@mac.com, pvpiazza@juno.com, glsowtr@igc.org, plowy@hotmail.com, >> conemo@yahoo.com, bunin@cruzio.com, laurau@cruzio.com, >>reggie@cruzio.com, smgaughan@usa.net, danichol@ucsc.edu, >>surclay@yahoo.com, rdmeacham@yahoo.com, navail@cats.ucsc.edu, >>chili_nj@yahoo.com, elizbeak@yahoo.com, ldbeller@yahoo.com, >>brightsky2@juno.com, jesseba77@yahoo.com, rp0333a@hotmail.com, >>exumababy@yahoo.com, mrkrass@hotmail.com, kathryn@pcumail.com, >>tjlee2001@yahoo.com, Berteous@yahoo.co.uk, gatere2000@yahoo.com, >>jroohani@hotmail.com, terrykisan@yahoo.com, nconwell@hotmail.com, >>deepadeeps@yahoo.com, johnfish@cats.ucsc.edu, timfromzim@hotmail.com, >> jennysioux@hotmail.com, despaciojo@yahoo.com, lizzymov@hotmail.com, >> jessica@wwoofusa.org, akberg@cats.ucsc.edu, nkrauch@wesleyan.edu, >>dburgett@UCLAlumni.net, hofrichter1@yahoo.com, bellasbestt@yahoo.com, >> stacey_parker@yahoo.com, PomegranateFig@aol.com, >>seedybeans@hotmail.com, jonitann@cats.ucsc.edu, jeannemart@hotmail.com, >> elizabeth499@hotmail.com, teodoropurdy@yahoo.com, >>slodzieski@hotmail.com, garden@campstevens.org, >>ethangstone@hotmail.com, octaviajolley@yahoo.com, >>cmartin1123@hotmail.com, juliestultz@hotmail.com, >>epeng@alumni.stanford.org, peterisaksen@hotmail.com, >>buddyalmeida@hotmail.com, dogwood2002@earthlink.net, >>chris_menge1@hotmail.com, pembertonmarrs@yahoo.com, >>gil_carandang@hotmail.com, kerryglendening@hotmail.com, >>noellemarquis@hotmail.com, anniehenderson@hotmail.com, >>kirstenroehler@hotmail.com, eighteeneggplants@yahoo.com, >>kime@homelessgardenproject.org, khumphry@yahoo.com (Kelly Humphry), >>rose@psyche.mit.edu (Rose Roberts), yeffa@hotmail.com (Jeffrey >>Caspary), richardslye@yahoo.com (Richard Slye), >>tcervinka@hotmail.com (Tanya Cervinka), jhashley@hotmail.com >>(jennifer hashley), mtnsugarpine@hotmail.com (aviva maller), >>sjgarcia@cats.ucsc.edu (Stephanie Garcia), yamsandyams@hotmail.com, >>estrella3210@yahoo.com >>Subject: Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship - Philippines >>Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2004 21:51:52 EDT >> >>Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship >>Herbana Farms >>6 Month Residential Position >> >>Herbana Farms (Philippines), a tropical diversified organic farm >>specializing in the production of culinary and medicinal herbs, salad >>greens, Asian and specialty vegetables, cut flowers, natural free-range >>chickens and tilapia aquaculture is currently accepting applications for >>our >>2004-2005 six-month apprenticeship on our newly set-up 10-acre organic >>production and demonstration farm. Our farm focuses on organic >>production >>for the local farmers market and CSA (Community Supported Agriculture), >>and >>serving as a training venue for organic farmers. Our sustainable >>agriculture practices focus on Natural Farming technology using >>beneficial >>indigenous microorganisms, enzymes and biological nutrients, including >>Indigenous Knowledge, Biodynamics, French Intensive, Agroecology and >>Permaculture. >> >>The farm is located on a 10-acre property with 4-acre dedicated to herb, >>vegetable and flower gardens. The rest are intended for production >>modules >> >>for natural free-range chickens, tilapia aquaculture and tropical fruit >>orchard. Integrated to the farm is a Life Lab (organic educational >>garden >>for kids), solar showers, spas and sauna, including the community farm >>center where the kitchen and dining, restrooms, storage room and the >>farm’s >>apprentices’ quarters are located. In the same area is our >>propagation, >>greenhouse, hoof house, hardening area and plant nursery. There are four >>separate greenhouses where we grow mainly vegetables as protected from >>the >>rains. Our schedule for this farm apprenticeship is from November to >>April which translates to a cooler to dry time of the year. >> >>We are about 30 miles south of Manila. The farm is located on a slightly >>rolling and hilly elevation near the old sugar central of Canlubang with >>panoramic views of Tagaytay Ridge (a major Philippine tourist >>destination), >>the famous Mt. Makiling and Laguna de Bay, Mt. Malarayat and Maculot of >>Batangas province. >> >>As part of the Apprenticeship program, we encourage apprentices to >>participate on countryside tours and community immersions. Currently, >>we >>are working on community immersion with indigenous peoples of the >>famous >>rice terraces of northern Philippines. You will have the chance to spend >>some time, living and working with the Ifugaos and Bontocs of the >>Mountain >>Province. A local tour, two hours from the farm will bring the >>apprentices >>to the island resort of Puerto Galera, Mindoro known for its 23 dive >>sites >>– >>scuba, snorkeling, including natural trekking and visit of the Mangyan >>(indigenous people) village of the island >> >>Who May Apply >> >>Prior gardening and farming experience is helpful but not necessary. >>However, a strong desire to learn and keen interest in hands-on gardening >>and farming is essential. We are looking for self-motivated, >>self-starting >>people. The Apprenticeship will involve all aspects of organic >>production >>including propagation and greenhouse work, watering, bed prep, >>composting, >>transplanting and sowing, weeding, harvesting and seed saving and >>processing, including related functions in the care and maintenance of >>our >>small livestock free-range chickens and tilapia aquaculture. Physical >>stamina is necessary. >> >>This is a wonderful opportunity to learn practical skills that will >>develop >>for the use for the rest of your life! >> >>Welcome to the tropical organic agriculture Apprenticehip at Herbana >>Farms! >> >> >>For more information and application write or e-mail us: >> >>Gil Carandang >>Herbana Farms >>Km. 59 Burol, Calamba City >>Laguna, Philippines >> >>gil_carandang@hotmail.com >> > >_________________________________________________________________ >Tired of spam? Get advanced junk mail protection with MSN 8. >http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail > >******************************************************** >To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: >1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; >2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the >list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > >Visit the SANET-MG archives at: >http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html >For more information on grants and other resources available through the >SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. _________________________________________________________________ STOP MORE SPAM with the new MSN 8 and get 2 months FREE* http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Wed Aug 18 09:14:50 2004 X-UIDL: 368624969 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ADF5F783014E; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 07:31:01 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 9A488B447; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 07:31:01 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7E9B0B42F for ; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 07:31:01 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3B488B37A for ; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 07:31:01 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00082827@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 7:30:45 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 81782 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 07:30:45 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay24-f20.bay24.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00082824@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 7:30:44 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 04:30:44 -0700 Received: from 203.131.112.82 by by24fd.bay24.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Wed, 18 Aug 2004 11:30:43 GMT X-Originating-IP: [203.131.112.82] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] X-Sender: gil_carandang@hotmail.com Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 18 Aug 2004 11:30:44.0303 (UTC) FILETIME=[CCAF45F0:01C48516] Message-ID: Date: Wed, 18 Aug 2004 11:30:43 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: [SANET-MG] HerbanaFarmsPhilippines new website To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 3. COUNTRIES X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368624969 hi all| you can now visit our website: "www.herbanafarmsphilippines.com" thanks, gil carandang herbana farms philippines _________________________________________________________________ Protect your PC - get McAfee.com VirusScan Online http://clinic.mcafee.com/clinic/ibuy/campaign.asp?cid=3963 ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sat Aug 28 01:46:12 2004 X-UIDL: 368625768 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A0AF746D007E; Sat, 28 Aug 2004 00:57:19 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 58610B49C; Sat, 28 Aug 2004 00:57:19 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3CA71B43C for ; Sat, 28 Aug 2004 00:57:19 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [192.168.1.2] (client231-67.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.67]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id A54FFB4CD for ; Sat, 28 Aug 2004 00:57:18 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <413040D4.20408@intrex.net> Date: Sat, 28 Aug 2004 01:22:44 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.7.1) Gecko/20040707 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: AP Wire | 07/25/2003 | Foreign Earthworms Threaten Forest Health Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.67] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368625768 Posted on Fri, Jul. 25, 2003 Foreign Earthworms Threaten Forest Health DAN LEWERENZ Associated Press STATE COLLEGE, Pa. - From the Poconos in Pennsylvania to the forests of Alberta, there's an invasion under way - and underground. Exotic species of earthworms from Europe and Asia are devouring the leaf litter that is so vital to northern forests, altering soil conditions, enabling the spread of invasive plant species and changing the food chain for forest animals. It's not a new problem - explorers often used soil as ballast for their ships so earthworms have probably been arriving for as long as foreign visitors have come to America's shores. But only recently have scientists began to understand the effect earthworms are having on their newfound ecosystems. "It's a big issue for forest health," said Mike Blumenthal, forest health supervisor for the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry. The idea of earthworms as ecological enemy seems as foreign as the earthworms themselves. But because glaciers eliminated earthworms from vast reaches of North America thousands of years ago, forests across the northern part of the continent have evolved without earthworms. "In agricultural settings, in gardens, everything that our grandmothers told us is true: They are good for the soil, they aerate the soil, they turn over organic matter, they break down and loosen the soil, they allow moisture," said Dennis Burton, director of land restoration at the Schuylkill Center for Environmental Education in Philadelphia. "But when you put them into a forest situation, that's where the problems begin." That's because in a forest, earthworms quickly devour the leaf litter and other surface material that form an integral part of the ecosystem. In doing so, the earthworms reduce acidity and boost the nutrients available in the soil. In a garden, that's great; but most of the plant species in northern forests have evolved to do well in the low-nutrient, high-acid soils - conditions that had also prevented weeds and other invasive species from gaining a foothold. At sites in New York and in the Poconos in Pennsylvania, John C. Maerz and colleagues from Cornell University found that areas with earthworm infestations also were more likely to have invasive plant species. Maerz also found that the presence of earthworms often signaled a sharp decline in salamander populations. By eating the leaf litter, worms destroy the habitat that housed tiny insects and arthropods that salamanders fed on. "We think that the earthworms are affecting the (food) chain below them," Maerz said. "And there are lots of things, at least historically, that would have fed on salamanders - snakes, shrews, thrushes, screech owls, everything." Most foreign worm infestations are found in urban forests, like the one the Schuylkill Center manages, and in residential areas where worms might have arrived in the root balls of ornamental plants. But increasingly, invasive worms are being found in more remote forest systems, accidental deposits along logging roads and hiking trails, and escapees from fishermen's bait batches, said Patrick Bohlen, biologist and director of research at the Archbold Biological Station in Lake Placid, Fla. Once the worms are entrenched, trying to get rid of them would take a "Herculean effort," Bohlen said, "and you'd probably end up harming other species as well." But despite the effects foreign earthworms are having, Maerz suggests that they might eventually find a peaceful equilibrium in North American forests. "In places like Europe, where these earthworms are from, they have forests with lots of leaf litter and lots of herbs and plants that survive there in the presence of earthworms," Maerz said. "So are we maybe looking at a situation where we just have to be patient? "The system may come into some degree of balance." ON THE NET Archbold Station: http://www.archbold-station.org/ Cornell University Invasive Plants site: http://www.invasiveplants.net Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/index.htm Schuylkill Center for Environmental Education: http://www.schuylkillcenter.org/ -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Mon Sep 06 11:54:41 2004 X-UIDL: 368626607 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A0A58BE0006E; Mon, 06 Sep 2004 11:22:13 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 44BD5AD21; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 11:22:13 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 28142AD1D for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 11:22:13 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B54E5ACB4 for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 11:22:12 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000873E3@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 11:21:55 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 88498 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 11:21:55 -0400 Received: from GW3.webcontrolcenter.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000873DF@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 11:21:55 -0400 Received: from mail10.crystaltech.com [216.119.106.127] by GW3.webcontrolcenter.com with SMTP; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 08:21:38 -0700 Received: from UnknownHost [206.63.210.7] by mail10.webcontrolcenter.com with SMTP; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 08:21:19 -0700 X-Sender: chrys@thefutureisorganic.net/mail.thefutureisorganic.net@localhost X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 5.1.1 Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; format=flowed Message-ID: <5.1.1.6.0.20040905080836.03af6b60@localhost> Date: Sun, 5 Sep 2004 08:16:59 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Chrys Ostrander Subject: [SANET-MG] You're Invited! Tilth's 30th Anniversary Conference & Celebration To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368626607 Tilth Producers of Washington & Oregon Tilth, with generous support from HumanLinks Foundation, Newman's Own Organics and Organic Valley Family of Farms, proudly present: Tilth: Transforming the World One Fork at a Time A Special 30th Anniversary Conference & Celebration! Portland, Oregon - November 12-14, 2004 You're Invited! Tilth's 30th Anniversary Conference promises to be a major event. In addition to dozens of workshops, Keynote speakers Vandana Shiva and Jim Hightower will provide a global context for envisioning Tilth's role in promoting sustainable agriculture in the Pacific Northwest. Other Featured Speakers: Elaine Ingham Paul Stamets Woody Deryckx Alan Kapuler Hendrikus Schraven Jerry Brunetti Chuck Benbrook Anne Schwartz David Granatstein and many more! Special Features of This Year's Conference: * WSU/OSU Research Symposium - "Making the Bugs Work for You: Biological Control in Organic Agriculture" * Soil Foodweb Seminar with Elaine Ingham * Portland Food System Bus Tour Also: Fresh Organic Meals Trade Show Musical Jam Session Salsa Dance! Dances of Universal Peace Complete Conference Details including workshop descriptions, registration forms and a wealth of background information including the history of the Tilth movement can be found at: http://www.tilthproducers.org You may also download and print the entire conference brochure (pdf format, ~1 MB) by going here: http://www.tilthproducers.org/T30Brochure.pdf For more information, contact: Nancy Allen, Administrative Director Tilth Producers P.O. Box 85056 Seattle WA 98145 Ph. 206-442-7620 FAX: 206-524-7702 Chrys Ostrander Chrysalis Farm at Tolstoy Grower of Organic Produce & Botanicals 33495 Mill Canyon Rd. Davenport, WA 99122 (509) 725-0610 chrys@thefutureisorganic.net http://www.thefutureisorganic.net "The purpose of agriculture is not the production of food, but the perfection of human beings" Masanobu Fukuoka - "One Straw Revolution" ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Sep 06 20:31:49 2004 X-UIDL: 368626634 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A93C409B010C; Mon, 06 Sep 2004 19:56:44 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 96AEAB244; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 19:56:44 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7B81EB21F for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 19:56:44 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4BFF8B0E5 for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 19:56:44 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 71CD320015; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 19:56:43 -0400 (EDT) X-Original-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from posta.newmex.com (posta.newmex.com [65.112.216.23]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 222F22000D for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 19:56:40 -0400 (EDT) Received: from demeter (qppp143.newmex.com [65.112.216.143]) by posta.newmex.com (8.12.8/8.12.8) with SMTP id i86NuXR3002944 for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 17:56:33 -0600 Message-ID: <017301c4946e$8ab3f760$344897cc@demeter> From: "Paul A Cross" To: Subject: Re: [permaculture] earthships and greywater Date: Mon, 6 Sep 2004 18:06:35 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1437 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1441 X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.4 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org [152.2.210.119] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368626634 I think many of the people working with John Todd moved to Taos to work with Dharma on their "wastewater" system called Living Machines. They're working on their third generation system now. Check out http://www.dharmalivingsystems.com/livingmachines/index.php And look at the case studies below there. May be of interest, but they are more concerned with larger than a single family home situation (i.e. 600 to 750,000 gallons per day.) _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Mon Sep 06 21:21:42 2004 X-UIDL: 368626641 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A3D6C64700DA; Mon, 06 Sep 2004 20:41:58 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 8C4A3AD1C; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 20:41:58 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7205DAD12 for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 20:41:58 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [192.168.1.2] (client231-43.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.43]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id E367BABEC for ; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 20:41:57 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <413D3404.7050608@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 06 Sep 2004 21:07:32 -0700 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.7.1) Gecko/20040707 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: Welcome to the Green Center Web Site! Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.43] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368626641 Web Site Index THE GREEN CENTER The Green Center, Inc., on Cape Cod, is a non-profit educational institute that evolved from the New Alchemy Institute. Our goals are the same - the support of ecologically derived forms of energy, agriculture, aquaculture, housing, and landscapes, and living in harmony with nature. The Green Center leases space at Alchemy Farm which is a cohousing community on the former site of the New Alchemy Institute. We are a small group, and have focused on providing access to the results of New Alchemy's past ecological research, and on promoting projects that demonstrate using those ideas in practical ways. We do not have facilities for visitors at this time, except for the NAI Library, the Community Farm and Nature's Circle. NEW ALCHEMY PUBLICATIONS: We can provide copies of all of New Alchemy's research reports, technical bulletins, books and working papers on topics such as organic agriculture, aquaculture, pest management, energy-efficient healthy houses, windmills and solar greenhouses. Write for a publication and price list. Specialized Ecological Library: The New Alchemy Library, specializing in ecological topics (renewable energy, biological agriculture and aquaculture, ecological design, etc.), is available to students and researchers and the public that wants detailed information. The library is a lending library for members, and is open to the public for reading and research. The hours will be expanded for the summer of 1996. For information call the library at 508-540-2408. Design Charette for Sustainable Living: In 1993 The Green Center sponsored a design symposium with architects, to explore how ecological technologies and renewable energy could be used in planned cluster developments and cohousing communities. Design topics included privacy in cluster housing, wastewater purification and use, rainwater catchment, and wildlife habitats in landscapes. Nature's Circle: Falmouth's Own Educational Nature Center: The goal of the center is to raise the awareness of Falmouth residents toward our natural habitat through field walks, classes, workshops and activities that will enhance respect for and enjoyment of our woods, beaches, water and wildlife. Field walks include freshwater pond life, barrier beach formation and vegetation, salt marshes, upland habitats, botany and bird walks. Our citizens could become far more aware of the close connection between themselves and their environment if there were an educational program in central Falmouth. The center serves to inform about the programs of all the organizations that deal with our environment - - the Conservation Commission, The 300 Committee, the Department of Natural Resources, the Cape Cod Commission, the Association for the Preservation of Cape Cod, and the other nature centers of Cape Cod. When we have a center in town it will provide a place in which people could meet to discuss community environmental issues, and a library of books and periodicals pertinent to natural history education. Workshops would include conservation, land management, coastal management, clean water, and stewardship. Slide shows and lectures include wildflowers, birds, ecology, wetlands and coyotes. At the present, Nature's Circle is accessible at the NAI Library. For further information about Nature's Circle and to offer your help and skills, please contact Alison Robb, Box 186, Woods Hole, MA 02543 or at 508-540-2408. The Green Center 237 Hatchville Road East Falmouth, MA 02536 http://www.fuzzylu.com/greencenter/ Scanning & HTML conversion: FuzzyLu MultiMedia. -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech From - Fri Sep 10 15:46:36 2004 X-UIDL: 368627009 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE27888900E2; Fri, 10 Sep 2004 15:19:03 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 72C6EAE1A; Fri, 10 Sep 2004 15:19:03 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 57337B12B for ; Fri, 10 Sep 2004 15:19:03 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EB009B078 for ; Fri, 10 Sep 2004 15:19:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 671762002F; Fri, 10 Sep 2004 15:19:02 -0400 (EDT) X-Original-To: pcplantdb@lists.ibiblio.org Delivered-To: pcplantdb@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from cmsout02.mbox.net (cmsout02.mbox.net [165.212.64.32]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with SMTP id 5DAF62002F for ; Fri, 10 Sep 2004 15:18:59 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 14612 invoked from network); 10 Sep 2004 19:18:58 -0000 Received: from cmsout02.mbox.net (HELO cmsout02) (165.212.64.32) by cmsout02.mbox.net with SMTP; 10 Sep 2004 19:18:58 -0000 Received: from uadvg128.cms.usa.net [165.212.11.128] by cmsout02 via smtad (C8.MAIN.3.16w); Fri, 10 Sep 2004 19:18:57 GMT X-USANET-From: 165.212.11.128 IN sgerson@stanfordalumni.org uadvg128.cms.usa.net Received: from uwdvg001.cms.usa.net [165.212.8.11] by uadvg128.cms.usa.net (ASMTP/) via mtad (C8.MAIN.3.17K) with ESMTP id 321iiJTs50436M28; Fri, 10 Sep 2004 19:18:56 GMT X-USANET-Auth: 165.212.8.11 AUTO sgerson@stanfordalumni.org uwdvg001.cms.usa.net Received: from 63.114.26.4 [63.114.26.4] by uwdvg001.cms.usa.net (USANET web-mailer CM.0402.7.09); Fri, 10 Sep 2004 19:18:55 -0000 Date: Fri, 10 Sep 2004 12:18:55 -0700 From: Stephanie Gerson To: Subject: Re: [pcplantdb] What is a tree? X-Mailer: USANET web-mailer (CM.0402.7.09) Mime-Version: 1.0 Message-ID: <596iiJTs45136S01.1094843935@uwdvg001.cms.usa.net> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-BeenThere: pcplantdb@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.4 Precedence: list Reply-To: pcplantdb@lists.ibiblio.org List-Id: pcplantdb.lists.ibiblio.org List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: pcplantdb-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: pcplantdb-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: pcplantdb-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org [152.2.210.119] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368627009 Richard Morris wrote: "There is a real relationship between members of a clade (plants which = share a common ancestor, eg most families and genuses form clades). A = relationship in nature not a man made relationship." = Yes but again, we do not see things as they are, we see them as WE are. = So in essence, everything we know is a "man made relationship," knowledge exist= ing at the intersection between the knower and the knowee... But of course I= understand the distinction you're making. And I'm getting into issues of= epistemology anyways... "Sometimes even the concept of a species fails." You wanna check out the concept of a species failing? Check out bacteria= ! = They don't even have fixed identity/species within their own lifetimes, s= ince they continuously trade genes. They actually constitute somewhat of a superorganism (akin to Gaia), collaborating in teams (of teams of teams..= =2E) in which individuals lack fixed identity - but by working together, teams pe= rform highly complex and specific functions. = Ok. So I have somewhat of an obsession with bacteria. (And if you want = to read a fascinating and *short* manifesto on the bacterial superorganism, = read Prokaryotology by Sorin Sonea.) peace *Stephanie = In blackberries (UK = common name) Rubus fruticosus, the species consists of a large number of = micro species and it could be said that each plant form its own species. = This is because blackberries reproduce by Apomictic where seeds form = without sexual fusion. Anyway this is all rather off the point, family genus and species serve our needs very well and we should stear clear of getting too = botanical. ttfn Rich -- Plants for a Future: 7000 useful plants Web: http://www.pfaf.org/ same as http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/ Post: 1 Lerryn View, Lerryn, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0QJ Tel: 01208 872 963 / 0845 458 4719 = Email: webmaster@pfaf.org PFAF electronic mailing list http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pfaf _______________________________________________ pcplantdb mailing list pcplantdb@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/pcplantdb +++++++++++++++ Stephanie Gerson sgerson@stanfordalumni.org (c) 415.871.5683 ____________________________________________________________________ = _______________________________________________ pcplantdb mailing list pcplantdb@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/pcplantdb From - Thu Sep 16 02:02:26 2004 X-UIDL: 368627499 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A3F32A0E00E0; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 01:26:11 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id B06B3AFC6; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 01:26:11 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 90B83AFAD for ; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 01:26:11 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.sare.org [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 06EC9AED4 for ; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 01:26:11 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0008A6D4@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 1:25:53 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 84495 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 01:25:53 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay24-f39.bay24.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0008A6D1@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 1:25:52 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Wed, 15 Sep 2004 22:25:52 -0700 Received: from 210.213.182.107 by by24fd.bay24.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Thu, 16 Sep 2004 05:25:51 GMT X-Originating-IP: [210.213.182.107] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] X-Sender: gil_carandang@hotmail.com Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 16 Sep 2004 05:25:52.0195 (UTC) FILETIME=[A1F37130:01C49BAD] Message-ID: Date: Thu, 16 Sep 2004 05:25:51 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Organic Inspector Training Workshops in Hawaii To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368627499 visit our new website: www.herbanafarmsphilippines.com should you wish my booklet on indigenous microorganisms, let me know. thanks, gil >From: Hector Valenzuela >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: [SANET-MG] Organic Inspector Training Workshops in Hawaii >Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2004 15:41:59 -1000 > >Hi all- > >RE: Organic Inspector Training Workshops in Hawaii this Fall > >FYI- info below about Organic Inspector Training Workshops to be held >in Hawaii this Fall. I understand these will be the only such workshops >in the Pacific/Western Region this Fall. > >Aloha, > >Hector Valenzuela >Univ. Hawaii at Manoa >http://www2.hawaii.edu/~hector/ > >/////////// > >ORGANIC INSPECTOR TRAINING COURSES TO BE HELD IN HAWAII > >The Hawaii Organic Farmers Association (HOFA) and the Independent >Organic Inspectors Association (IOIA) has announced plans for Basic >Organic Farm and Process Inspectors Training courses to be held >September 30 - October 7, 2004, on the Big Island, Hawaii (3 ½ days >each). The courses will be held at the Kalopa State Park located about >50 miles north of Hilo. Nature walks and outdoor recreation in >tropical forests are available. Three delicious rganic meals a day >will be served. > >ATTENDEES: > >If you are presently an organic inspector or are interested in becoming >an organic inspector, attendance is highly recommended. The course is >also recommended for certification agency review committee members, >regulatory agency staff, organic processors and industry activists in >order to better understand the organic inspection and certification >process. IOIA has set the standard for the comprehensive instruction of >organic inspectors. IOIA?s unified curriculum brings consistency to >the training process and prepares organic inspectors for situations >they will likely encounter while conducting inspections. > >WHAT THE COURSES TEACH: >Basic Organic Farm Inspector Training September 30th ? October 3rd: The >3 ½ -day Basic Organic Farm Inspector Training follows IOIA's >curriculum requirements, with classroom instruction on the >certification process, organic standards, how to inspect organic farms, >on farm processing inspection, audit trail requirements, regulatory >requirements, risk assessment, investigative skills, report writing, >approved materials, soil fertility, and business/ethical >considerations. The course includes a field trip, a graded written >assignment (inspection report) and final test. > >Basic Organic Process Inspector Training October 4th-7th: The 3 ½ >-day Basic Organic Process Inspector Training includes classroom >instruction on how to conduct processing facility inspections, organic >processing and handling standards, ingredients, materials, organic >quality management, HACCP, audit control and auditing, regulatory >requirements, structural pest management, facility sanitation, report >writing and inspector protocols. The course also includes a field trip >to a processing facility, a graded written assignment, and final test. > >TUITION: > >Cost for the course (which includes tuition, course materials, three >delicious organic meals and lodging) is: $600 for Basic Farm and $600 >for Processing. Commuters will be given a discount. Deadline for both >course registrations is August 16, 2004. Application forms are >available from the HOFA office. > >Certificates of Completion are awarded to attendees who pass the >course. > >Attendance is limited. > >Please contact Kelly Lange, Certification Coordinator at the Hawaii >Organic Farmers Association for more details. > >HOFA >PO Box 6863 >Hilo, HI 96720 >Ph (808) 969-7789 FAX (808) 969-7759 >hofa@hawaiiorganicfarmers.org > >******************************************************** >To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: >1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; >2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the >list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > >Visit the SANET-MG archives at: >http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html >For more information on grants and other resources available through the >SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. _________________________________________________________________ MSN 8 helps eliminate e-mail viruses. Get 2 months FREE*. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/virus ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Tue Sep 28 11:20:41 2004 X-UIDL: 368628476 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A8439780010A; Tue, 28 Sep 2004 09:33:55 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id D7A6BB5A2; Tue, 28 Sep 2004 09:33:55 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id BB21DB827 for ; Tue, 28 Sep 2004 09:33:55 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.119]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4B486B5DE for ; Tue, 28 Sep 2004 09:33:55 -0400 (EDT) Received: from happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0C9B920090; Tue, 28 Sep 2004 09:33:54 -0400 (EDT) X-Original-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from mail.ncat.org (unknown [209.137.246.130]) by happyhouse.metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 237832006A for ; Tue, 28 Sep 2004 09:33:43 -0400 (EDT) Received: from ncat.org ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id i8SDXQ417277 for ; Tue, 28 Sep 2004 07:33:26 -0600 Message-ID: <41596754.2040706@ncat.org> Date: Tue, 28 Sep 2004 08:29:56 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Subject: [permaculture] Re: preparing your soil X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.4 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org [152.2.210.119] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368628476 Anne - My take is that Larry's soil amendment "rate of application" are astronomical and should be viewed as experimental. Larry's advice on equipment and general approach to the "combinations" of soil amendments are sound, fyi. You can get up and running as a 2 acre market farm, or a large garden at 100' x 100' or a smaller garden at 50' x 50'.... with much more reasonable amounts of compost and rock dust and so forth. There are many ways you can build soil fertilty. It depends so much on your particular situation: soil type, climate, growing season, equipment, cropping system locally available amendments and organic fertilizers, your own soil fertility philosophy, and so forth. May I suggest that you look at the resources and publications we've compiled on soils, compost, cover crops, etc. ATTRA http://www.attra.ncat.org Keep in mind that what you see on the web page is 1/5th of the resources we have in our archives. Calling and talking by phone is still the number one way to get connected and explore resources and alternative farming methods. Steve Diver ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ LL, I've got a couple of acres that are in abandoned pasture and weeds (blackberry, thistle and canary reed grass) that I'm going to want to prepare for food production and I was interested in the methods you mentioned in your last post. Are there any books that describe these methods in more detail, describing for example how to determine how much rock dust the soil can hold and when to apply it, what the "maximum allowable quantities" of manure are for a particular piece of land etc. Basically, what the 12 month sequence to prepare land in this way would be. Thanks! Anne in Seattle _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Thu Dec 16 12:59:41 2004 X-UIDL: 368635383 X-Mozilla-Status: 0013 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A2A1861D012A; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 12:15:13 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 88A73A961; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 12:15:11 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 654DBA954 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 12:15:11 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 24165AA59 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 12:15:08 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (if-srv-listsrv.ad.ufl.edu) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A6E17@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 12:14:48 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 107564 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 12:14:48 -0500 Received: from web51903.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A6E13@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 12:14:48 -0500 Received: (qmail 88019 invoked by uid 60001); 16 Dec 2004 17:14:48 -0000 DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws; s=s1024; d=yahoo.com; b=atFpOIRGxWrnrdYGDG65SZ8pJn1OSJk0lz9BWTHwCLZxsCI2JIpGUDGqOxigo4xPJzmRyyepS3spIrAIoI4e6pUCWf1D0s7qqT2BWT/Nwq76VqsgpekejilrHZVC5O4iq5klp1pGcaxWS3K9+HA4ZghOHBc5ikdRsB5jcd6c/+I= ; Received: from [206.230.187.195] by web51903.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 09:14:47 PST MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20041216171448.88017.qmail@web51903.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2004 09:14:47 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Comments: DomainKeys? See http://antispam.yahoo.com/domainkeys From: Dale Wilson Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Phosphorus availability (was Loss of Minerals) To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <002101c4e2f2$3eeb7d80$e518fea9@l2h6w9> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368635383 Edna, > I'd like to pick up on a hint that someone mentioned in this > thread. I'd like to learn more about how phosphorus changes > from "available" to "unavailable." I've long believed that > microbs are involved but would like to know more about how to > encourage the conversion to "availability." At the Agronomy Society meetings last month in Seattle I heard an interesting talk by Shabtai Bittman (Agassiz, British Columbia) "Do arbuscular mycorrhizae improve P uptake and growth of corn on manured soils?" He showed that you can get early season deficiency even when there is plenty of P in the soil if the VA mycorrhizae are disrupted. Corn, and many crops are dependent on these fungi to get P from the soil. Tillage chops up the network and it takes a few weeks to reestablish it. Dr. Bittman knows a lot about mycorrhizae, and might be a good source of information. > As for the Loss of Minerals thread, I'm disappointed at how > quickly it degenerated into personal attacks and counter attacks. Yeah, all this stuff is interesting technically, I am more intereted in that than in personal attacks. Dale __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Read only the mail you want - Yahoo! Mail SpamGuard. http://promotions.yahoo.com/new_mail ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. 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From - Thu Dec 16 14:33:51 2004 X-UIDL: 368635400 X-Mozilla-Status: 0012 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A3A91729008C; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 13:27:53 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 86F5FAB83; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 13:27:53 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6BDCEAA05 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 13:27:53 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D0303AA6E for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 13:27:52 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (if-srv-listsrv.ad.ufl.edu) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A6E67@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 13:27:41 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 107646 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 13:27:41 -0500 Received: from web51905.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A6E64@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 13:27:40 -0500 Received: (qmail 6318 invoked by uid 60001); 16 Dec 2004 18:27:40 -0000 DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws; s=s1024; d=yahoo.com; b=N51tez4kbcFRusCn7sn17ZzPVs5ObHnnQquNR43YxhBEurK0DnG7RbqiMUclUmTdgZh0OWRy4TNUi9CMVKag5NdzA0G5pyy3pMj0hApSfrAdaiF2iW1MliQcQeluW1j/PUIPcYEUIjalhsS+z2xqDTDPkkSA03T9ZerUOuwYDbM= ; Received: from [206.230.187.195] by web51905.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 10:27:40 PST MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20041216182740.6316.qmail@web51905.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2004 10:27:40 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Comments: DomainKeys? See http://antispam.yahoo.com/domainkeys From: Dale Wilson Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Phosphorus availability (was Loss of Minerals) To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <41C1F9F7.8050304@intrex.net> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368635400 Hi Lawrence, >> At the Agronomy Society meetings last month in Seattle I heard an >> interesting talk by Shabtai Bittman... > In a laboratory setting, two pots, one with VAM and one completely > without, each with the same amount of P nutrient, corn planted in > the VAM pot would grow better? As I understand it, yes. But Bittman generally works in the field, and the situation might be different in a pot. Here is the abstract: _______________________________________________ Do Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Improve P Uptake and Growth of Corn on Manured Soils? Authors: S. Bittman* - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada C.G. Kowalenko - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada D.E. Hunt - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada T.A. Forge - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada X. Wu - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Abstract: Starter P is often applied to silage corn which is typically grown on soils receiving large amounts of P-rich cattle manure. The objective of our study was to determine if application of dairy manure affects early colonization of corn roots by arbuscular mycorrhizae and if root colonization by mycorrhiza is beneficial for corn grown on heavily manured soils. The study was conducted over 3 seasons on a coarse textured soil in coastal BC. We found that manure application slightly increased root colonization at 3-leaf stage and significantly increased P uptake by 6-leaf stage. Even with a large dose of manure, corn with relatively good root colonization at 3-leaves had taken up more P by 6-leaves than corn with poorer colonization. At harvest, P uptake was not associated with early root colonization, but corn that had been well-colonized at 3-leaves had higher dry matter content and grain percentage, and somewhat higher whole plant yield, than corn with poor early colonization. The association between crop yield and early colonization by mycorrhiza was apparent on both manured and non manured plots. Our results suggest that it may be possible to reduce rates of starter P on manured soils for corn that is well colonized with mycorrhiza. Speaker Information: Shabtai Bittman, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-food Research CentreBox 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0; Phone: 604 796 2221 EXT246; E-mail: bittmans@agr.gc.ca _____________________________________________ > Trying to locate some Carolina black rock phosphate years ago, I > wound up talking to a PCS, Inc. chemist in Chicago. (I may be in > error about some if this) He intimated that farm soil has a limited > reservoir of phosphate that is available for immediate uptake by > plants even though you may have applied way more P to the soil, > only a limited amount will be available to plants I think that is the key to understanding P nutrition and the role of mycorrhizae. P tends to be adsorbed on soil particles rather than in solution. Unlike most minerals that are swept up in bulk uptake of water by the roots, P does not move much in soil water. The root system must go and extract it. But the root system is not big enough, hence the niche for mycorrhizae, which can intimately explore far more surface area of soil particles than can roots, especially early in the season. Dale __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Jazz up your holiday email with celebrity designs. Learn more. http://celebrity.mail.yahoo.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Thu Dec 16 22:49:17 2004 X-UIDL: 368635479 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AFB0C470142; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:17:04 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id F2DD0AE66; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:17:04 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D83B0AE37 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:17:04 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 601EDAE97 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:17:04 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (if-srv-listsrv.ad.ufl.edu) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A70AA@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:16:46 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 108331 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:16:46 -0500 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A70A7@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:16:46 -0500 Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C4850AE83 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:16:45 -0500 (EST) Received: from [192.168.1.2] (client231-59.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.59]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 590A9AED5 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:16:45 -0500 (EST) User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.7.1) Gecko/20040707 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <20041216171448.88017.qmail@web51903.mail.yahoo.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Message-ID: <41C28043.4010909@intrex.net> Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:44:19 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Phosphorus availability (was Loss of Minerals) More on VAM To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <20041216171448.88017.qmail@web51903.mail.yahoo.com> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368635479 Dale Wilson wrote: > At the Agronomy Society meetings last month in Seattle I heard an > interesting talk by Shabtai Bittman (Agassiz, British Columbia) "Do > arbuscular mycorrhizae improve P uptake and growth of corn on manured > soils?" He showed that you can get early season deficiency even when > there is plenty of P in the soil if the VA mycorrhizae are disrupted. > Corn, and many crops are dependent on these fungi to get P from the > soil. Tillage chops up the network and it takes a few weeks to > reestablish it. Dr. Bittman knows a lot about mycorrhizae, and might > be a good source of information. From 1995 here's something really interesting about VAM and the role of red clover: I wonder what the state of Brendan's research is in 2004. http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/cover-crops/crop-rotation+increased-fertilizer-from-VAM From niemirab@student.msu.edu Fri Mar 3 21:38:31 EST 1995 Article: 5512 of bionet.plants From: niemirab@student.msu.edu (Brendan A. Niemira) Newsgroups: bionet.plants Subject: Re: Mycorhizzae vs. Fertilizer Date: Thu, 02 Mar 1995 11:04 est Organization: Michigan State University In Article <3j30kl$s12@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu> "egrunden@prairienet.org (Eric Grunden)" says: > > If a person was to isolate a fungus that would form a > mycorhizzae relationship with an agronomic crop, would > innoculation of that fungus into the field (once it > became established) be an effective method for reducing > the need for commercial fertilization? Wouldn't the > "strength/abundance" of the fungi grow exponentially with > the passing of years? For agronomic crops, you're talking about vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), a symbiotic endomycorrhizal fungus. These are ubiquitous anyway, and not very host-specific, so there is very little need to inoculate the field in order to introduce them. The big trick is getting them to colonize your crop plant to such an extent that fertilizer inputs can be reduced. You can a) build up the population in the soil such that even moderately active fungi result in heavy coloniazation, b) put something in the soil to stimulate the activity of smaller populations to get heavy colonization. Crop rotations have been shown to have a definite impact on the population dynamics of VAM, and work is currently being done (by me, among others) to determine how the different crop plants differentially select for certain species of VAM among all that are availible in the soil. Other workers have shown that certain natural, plant-produced chemicals can stimulate the existing VAM to higher levels of activity. These chemicals were originally derived from red clover, a popular sequence in crop rotations. This may shed some light on why rotations are effective w/regard to VAM. Good luck. ........... ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Brendan A. Niemira | "You know your Shelley, Bertie." Dept. Botany and Plant Path | "Oh, am I?" Michigan State University | P.G. Wodehouse niemirab@student.msu.edu | *The Code of the Woosters* All opinions expressed are entirely my own. -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Thu Dec 16 23:12:54 2004 X-UIDL: 368635482 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A642646300CA; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:45:06 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id B970FAB92; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:45:06 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9DAB9AB48 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:45:06 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B3998AB1C for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:45:05 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (if-srv-listsrv.ad.ufl.edu) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A70BA@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:44:55 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 108350 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:44:54 -0500 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A70B7@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:44:54 -0500 Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2E287AB5A for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:44:54 -0500 (EST) Received: from [192.168.1.2] (client231-59.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.59]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B05FDAB48 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 2004 22:44:53 -0500 (EST) User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.7.1) Gecko/20040707 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <007e01c4e3ca$77230820$e518fea9@l2h6w9> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Message-ID: <41C286DC.8030206@intrex.net> Date: Thu, 16 Dec 2004 23:12:28 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Phosphorus availability (was Loss of Minerals) Phosphorus in Soil To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <007e01c4e3ca$77230820$e518fea9@l2h6w9> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368635482 Edna Weigel wrote: > Dale, LL, and any one else interested: > So, if VAM help make P available, what cultural processes encourage VAM? > Does this get back to the concept of using cold compost and/or organic > mulch? Am I correct in thinking greater organic matter content helps VAM? > Does tillage slow down VAM activity? How does soil temperature (excessively > high or cold) affect VAM? How does (in my case) excessive calcium carbonate > in soil affect VAM (if at all)? > Warm thoughts, Edna Thanks to Heide for this link: http://www.lpes.org/Lessons/Lesson34/34_3_Phosphorus_Soil.pdf LESSON 34 Phosphorus Management: Bridging the Interface between Agriculture and Environment MODULE D Land Application and Nutrient Management Phosphorus in Soil Soil P exists in inorganic and organic forms (Figure 34-2). Each form is a continuum of many P compounds, existing in equilibrium with each other and ranging from solution P (taken up by plants) to very stable or unavailable compounds (the most typical). In most soils, 50% to 75% of the P is inorganic. Inorganic P is usually associated with aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) compounds of varying solubility and availability to plants. Phosphorus has to be added to most soils so adequate levels are available for optimum crop growth and yield. However, P can be rapidly fixed (also referred to as sorption) in forms unavailable to plants, depending on soil pH and type (Al, Fe, and Ca content). Conversion of unavailable to available forms of soil P usually occurs too slowly to meet crop P requirements (dashed line on Figure 34-2). As a result, soil P tests were developed to determine the amount of plant-available P in soil, and from this, how much P should be added as fertilizer or manure to meet desired crop yield goals. The estimated amount of plant-available soil P is subsequently referred to as soil test P. Organic P compounds range from readily available undecomposed plant residues and microbes within the soil to stable compounds that have become part of soil organic matter. Biological processes in the soil, such as microbial activity, tend to control the mineralization and immobilization of organic P. Mineralization, the breakdown or conversion of readily available organic P to inorganic solution P, occurs in most soils, but it is usually too slow to provide enough P for crop growth. Immobilization is the formation of more stable organic P, which is resistant to breakdown. In most soils, the P content of surface horizons is greater than subsoil (Figure 34-3). Except in special situations, added P tends to be fixed by the soil where it is applied, allowing for little movement down through the soil. In reduced tillage systems, fertilizers and manures are surface applied with little or no mechanical incorporation, thus increasing P buildup in the top 2 to 5 inches of soil. Overall, soil pH is the main property controlling inorganic P forms, Figure 34-4. Approximate representation of the fate of P added to soil by sorption and occlusion in inorganic forms, as a function of soil pH. In most soils, the P content of surface horizons is greater than subsoil. although Al, Fe, and Ca content determine the amounts of these forms. In acid soils, Al and Fe dominate P fixation, while Ca compounds fix P in alkaline soils. As a result, P availability is greatest at soil pH between 6 and 7 (Figure 34-4). Immobilization of inorganic P by these processes renders a portion of the added P unavailable for plant uptake (Figure 34-5). Mehlich- 3 soil P decreased with time after application of P to a clay and silt loam soil. At the same time, more inorganic P was fixed with Al and Fe (Figure 34-5). This illustrates why crop removal of inorganic P from soil is generally low. In the United States, an average 29% of P added in fertilizer and manures is removed by harvested crops, ranging from < 1% in Hawaii to 71% in Wyoming (National Research Council 1993). The low recovery reflects the predominance of high P-fixing soils in Hawaii. -- L.F.London lfl@intrex.net http://market-farming.com http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sat Dec 18 20:54:08 2004 X-UIDL: 368635662 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A2602BCC00A0; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:50:56 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 0794BB18C; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:50:56 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D832EB161 for ; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:50:55 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 63E5AB33D for ; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:46:22 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (if-srv-listsrv.ad.ufl.edu) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A7C31@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:46:02 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 112119 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:46:02 -0500 Received: from if-srv-exchfe02.ad.ufl.edu (128.227.252.41:32412) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A7C2E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:46:02 -0500 Received: from pop-a065c28.pas.sa.earthlink.net ([207.217.121.205]) by if-srv-exchfe02.ad.ufl.edu with Microsoft SMTPSVC(6.0.3790.211); Sat, 18 Dec 2004 18:46:01 -0500 Received: from huey.psp.pas.earthlink.net ([207.217.78.220]) by pop-a065c28.pas.sa.earthlink.net with esmtp (Exim 3.33 #1) id 1CfoGu-00013C-00 for SANET-MG@SARE.ORG; Sat, 18 Dec 2004 15:46:00 -0800 Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Mailer: Earthlink Zoo Mail 1.0 X-OriginalArrivalTime: 18 Dec 2004 23:46:01.0937 (UTC) FILETIME=[BB3D7C10:01C4E55B] Message-ID: <12509056.1103413560879.JavaMail.root@huey.psp.pas.earthlink.net> Date: Sat, 18 Dec 2004 15:46:00 -0800 Reply-To: John Ferrell Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: John Ferrell Subject: [SANET-MG] Self-Sufficiency and Self-Reliance--some historical perspective Comments: To: SANET-MG@SARE.ORG To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 6. IFILTER, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368635662 The recent SANET discussion about self-sufficiency might benefit from some = historical perspective.=20 First, there is the matter of the term "self-sufficient." I recall my own i= nvolvement in the appropriate technology movement of the 1970s and 1980s. D= uring the time I served on the staff of "RAIN," one of that movement=E2=80= =9Bs principal journals, we took pains to use the term "community self-reli= ance" to describe our hopes for a future in which people largely opted out = of the consumer society by growing organic foods and making use of wind and= solar energy. Our concern was that "self-sufficiency" suggested the surviv= alist mentality of people who fled to the hills to wait out nuclear attacks= . Our own decentralist vision assumed a balance of personal independence an= d community cooperation. Not everyone could grow all their own food or prod= uce all their own energy, but they could certainly join with their neighbor= s in meeting mutual needs. The appropriate technology movement received much of its philosophical impe= tus from E. F. Schumacher=E2=80=9Bs book "Small is Beautiful," but the oil = shortages of the 1970s provided a practical spur to creative thought and ac= tion. How exactly could people produce food and energy in the coming post-p= etroleum era? On Cape Cod and Prince Edward Island, the New Alchemy Institu= te created futuristic "arks"---computerized miniature ecosystems that emplo= yed wind and solar energy and produced both edible fish and vegetables. In = Berkeley, the Farallones Institute took the self-reliance concept to a more= grounded practical level by maintaining an Integral Urban House where staf= f demonstrated how people living on a small city lot could grow fruits and = vegetables, raise chickens, rabbits and edible fish, and produce their own = honey. By 1979, Farallones staff boasted that energy costs at the house wer= e 65 to 90 percent below average. They further claimed that the household r= ecycled 90 percent of its wastes and produced enough food to feed a family = of four by using the labor of one person working one-half hour per day. So why aren=E2=80=9Bt we all living in New Alchemy arks or integral urban h= ouses today? That=E2=80=9Bs probably a good topic for a scholarly article, = but at the risk of oversimplifying, let me suggest some basic reasons: In t= he 1980s, the oil situation returned to "normal." Most people were more tha= n happy to accept the idea that the lights would continue to go on, that ga= s would continue to be available, and that convenient oil-dependent foods w= ould continue to appear on their supermarket shelves. In prosperous times,= thoughts about self-reliance are mostly the province of a well-informed mi= nority who worry about future resource shortages and environmental degradat= ion. Some members of that minority also have spiritual qualms about rampant= consumerism or political concerns about a loss of freedom.=20 So what will such people do if (as some energy specialists now predict) we = soon reach a situation where there simply isn=E2=80=9Bt enough oil to go ar= ound? Ironically, they (and we) may turn to some of the same people who tri= ed to point the way in the 1970s. People like Amory Lovins of the Rocky Mou= ntain Institute, Wes Jackson of the Land Institute, and David Morris of the= Institute for Local Self-Reliance are still around and still thinking crea= tively. But today we refer to what they think about as "sustainability." Le= t us wish them well. And let us strive to model in our own lives the self-r= eliant strategies everyone will need to learn when they once again learn th= e meaning of the word "finite." John Ferrell Seattle, Washington ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Wed Dec 22 10:27:59 2004 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02800000 Message-ID: <41C9BCAD.6090205@intrex.net> Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:27:57 -0800 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: http://market-farming.com -- Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.7.1) Gecko/20040707 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: [permaculture] Ana Primavesi, ecological soil scientist in Brazil Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Steve Diver steved at ncat.org Sat Jul 3 22:27:15 EDT 2004 * Previous message: [permaculture] permaculture and spirituality * Next message: [permaculture] re:permaculture and spirituality * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] The items below highlight Dr. Ana Primavesi's contributions to ecological soil management in South America. Ana Primavesi is a Brazilian soil scientist who has authored several key books on sustainable soils and pature management as well as hundreds of articles, yet little is published in English. The resource pointers and links to English-language material in this resource listing provide sufficient information to gain appreciation for her work and also to connect several threads of interest together on soil organic matter management, Effective Microorganisms, and life force energy in healthy crops as measured by kirlian photography. Best regards, Steve Diver http://www.attra.ncat.org ********************************************************** 1.1 Nutrient Levels in Ecologically Managed Soils In January 2002 I sent notes to SANET on Roland Bunch's paper containing the Five Principles of Soil Management for the Humid Tropics. Date: Tue, 22 Jan 2002 22:58:14 -0600 Subject: No-till, Rolf Derpsch, Roland Bunch's 5 Principles, MOIST http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0201&L=sanet-mg&P=R23947&I=-3 At the time the emphasis of my notes were on the benefits of the no-till approach. It contained Bunch's soil management principles -- maximize organic matter production, keep the soil covered with green manures and cover crop mulches, zero tillage, maximize biodiversity, and feed crops largely through mulches. The links to Roland Bunch's papers are noteworthy Nutrient Quantity or Nutrient Access?: A New Understanding of How to Maintain Soil Fertility in the Tropics By Roland Bunch, October 2001 HTML Abstract: http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/moist/RolandB.html Bunch's paper in PDF; 19 pages http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/moist/Roland.pdf Bunch refers to Ana Primavesi's "earth-shaking book", "The Ecological Management of Soils" (in Spanish & Portuguese) as the inspiration for this paper. The paper addresses the failure of the Nutrient Quantity Concept -- the dominate Western scientific agriculture paradigm -- to work on tropical soils where many of the world's poor and small-scale farmers live. The NQC is the typical nutrient sufficiency approach: determine soil nutrient levels through a soil test and fertilize up to the standard level to ensure nutrient availability, in order to reach crop yield goals. But the NQC approach does not account for the long-term sustained yields on tropical soils managed with organic amendments such as biomass-producing cover crops and green manures, nor does it take into account the biological and physical impacts of cover crop roots, soil organisms, and decomposing mulches. According to NQC, limiting nutrients should limit crop yields, but that is not the case. In fact, fertilizing "up" to the supposed levels needed for NQC are adding excess nutrients; in addition, organic matter practices tend to be neglected in NQC as "fertility management" is focused on fertilizer inputs. As an alternative to NQC, Roland Bunch introduces the work of Ana Primavesi and describes what he calls the Nutrient Access Concept. He explains why NAC -- and Primavesi's research that elucidates the framework for NAC -- is more appropriate as a soil fertility model for ecologically managed soils. Primavesi's research with hydroponically grown corn showed that nutrient solutions at 1/50th the standard NAC application rate can provide equivalent plant growth, as long as the nutrient solution was in constant supply and roots could access the nutrients. Bunch states, "That is, crop growth above a certain extremely low concentration, does not depend on the concentration of nutrients. It depends, rather, on the constant access of plant roots to the nutrients, even when these nutrients exist in very low concentrations. The Nutrient Quantity Concept's remedy of increasing the concentration of nutrients by applying large amounts of chemical fertilizer misses the point almost entirely. What is needed is a constant supply of even a very small but well balanced amount of nutrients over time, and the unobstructed access of plant roots to these nutrients." Further, he lists the following principles of the Nutrient Access Concept of soil fertility for the tropics: Maximum plant growth can best and most cheaply be achieved in the tropics by: 1) the constant supply of soil nutrients (most inexpensively achieved with fairly low concentrations), 2) a healthy balance between the nutrients, and 3) maximum access of plant roots to these nutrients (i.e. the maintenance of good soil structure and/or mulches) Interestingly, the farming system examples that Bunch provides in support of NAC include the underlying factors that are familiar to sustainable farmers. They highlight the "five principles of soil management for the humid tropics; i.e., they maximize organic matter production, they keep the soil covered with green manures and cover crop mulches, they reduce tillage, they maximize biodiversity, and they feed crops largely through mulches. Included among these examples are: gm/cc (green manure/cover crops) and agroforestry systems, SRI (System of Rice Intensification), fallowing, and rainforest ecosystems. The relevance of NAC in SRI is particularly succinct, and Bunch refers to this paper by Norman Uphoff: Questions and Answers about the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) For Raising the Productivity of Land, Labor, and Water Norman Uphoff, Cornell Intl Inst for Food, Agriculture and Development http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/qanda.pdf Upfhoff also remarks on the ground-breaking work of Ana Primavesi, supporting the view "that plants can have normal growth with very low concentrations of nutrients provided that there is constant supply to the root system." He suggests "there will be compensating growth of roots, so that small amounts are continuously accessed to support growth of the canopy and further roots. This statement from Uphoff grabbed my attention: "The beneficial effects of using compost would be consistent with this understanding, as it releases its nutrients very slowly even if they are not provided in large amounts." All in all, none of this is really new to sustainable farmers who practice organic matter management and observe healthy plants, focusing on a holistic approach rather than a NPK fertilizer approach. Not that Roland Bunch or sustainable farmers neglects the value of soil tests or supplementation / remineralization with rock minerals, as he clearly states. But the NAC concepts and practices that Bunch describes do lend support to a more holistic approach to ecological soil management that goes beyond nutrient sufficiency and NPK fertilizers as the bellwether of modern agriculture. In addition, it highlights the contributions of Ana Premavesi, and especially the notion that small concentrations of nutrients in constant supply can be adequate for good crop yields, such as those from slow-release organic fertilizers, composts, gm/cc mulches, and worm- and microbe-decomposing organic residues. 1.2 Interestingly, in re-examining Ana Primavesi's research in this new light I recall a very similar statement from Mark McMurtry, when he delivered a visiting lecture on integrated aqua-vegetable culture at the University of Arkansas in the early 1990s. He was invited to the UA by Gordon Watkins, a well known local organic farmer who was interested in this integrated approach that is now widely known as aquaponics. McMurtry's research with Doug Sanders at North Carolina State University resulted in great impact on integrated recirculating aquaculture and hydroponics. The modern aquaponic industry has grown and succeeded, largely through modifications and elaborations to the earlier NCSU system. Aquaponics is now one of the leading examples of a sustainable food producing system. As water becomes scare and limiting, it is especially noteworthy as a biological filtration treatment and water re-use system. McMurtry stated that a low concentration nutrient level is adequate for plant growth, as long as the nutrient is in constant supply. This would be the case in fish effluent -- with low concentrations of nutrients from fish manure, algae, and decomposing fish feed -- diluted into a large volume of water. Yet, plants and the microbial populations living amongst the plant roots and hydroponic (gravel, sand) substrate respond to these nutrients with a flourish. As I recall, McMurtry even stated that nitrate at 1 ppm could be adequate for plant growth, in constant supply (though concentrations of 20 ppm on upwards are common). McMurtry, Mark Richard. 1992. Integrated Aquaculture-Olericulture System as Influenced by Component Ratio. Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University. 2.1 Kirlian photography and life force energy Some years ago I heard about an IFOAM presentation from Brazil that displayed infra-red hot spots on leaves (similar to Phil Callahan's work), supporting the notion that improperly fertilized plants "attract" insects. In recent research, I learned this Brazilian research was done by Ana Primavesi. It turns out that it was kirlian photography, examining magnetic emanations from plants. Dr. Ana Primavesi is a well known Brazilian soils scientist who has published extensively on ecological agriculture, including the prominent book "Manejo Ecologico del Suelo: Le Agriculture en Regiones Tropicales." To evaluate the effects of a biological inoculation system (EM, or Effective Microorganisms) on plant health, through her work with the Mokiti Okada Foundation in Brazil, Primavesi employed the use of kirlian photography to examine variations in magnetic fields in crop plants, based on different treatments. Results showed that with nutritional unbalances, plants suffer a very strong energy loss, reducing their resistance to insects and diseases. When plants are attacked by insect pests, they exhibit an extremely high energy loss. Kirlian photography can provide clues to crop quality and biological value in addition to plant nutritional status. Determination of Plant Health by their Magnetic Emanation and its Improvement with EM Ana Maria Primavesi | EM Database http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0146.pdf Plant Energy Field Related to Health and EM treatment Ana Primavesi IFOAM '96 Book of Abstracts | 11th IFOAM Scientific Conference http://ecoweb.dk/english/ifoam/conf96/abs143.htm 2.2 Life force energy is a term that you find in bio-dynamics, nature farming, eco-farming, and related alternative farming systems that recognize that physics and subtle energy -- in its many forms within and beyond the electro-magnetic spectrum -- are part and parcel of agriculture. These include defined and measurable energies, such as the life force energy displayed through kirlian photography. This site in particular has spectacular kirlian photography that are both fascinating and revealing. Especially see the images of healthy leaves from vitalized crops and the images of plant leaves lacking vitality. Kirlian photography | Mitchell May | Synergy superfoods http://www.synergy-co.com/pages/kirlianphotos.html It would be interesting to measure the life force energy in the crops and livestock that are found in our food supply, on our university farms, in the corporate agricultural sector that are the model of "success" for globalized agriculture and GMOs. Then, compare the life force energy from crops and livestock raised on bio-dynamic farms, nature farms, and eco-farms. Likewise, using sensitive instrumentation to measure biophotons Fritz-Popp found significant differences in biophoton light emissions in organically raised eggs and fresh produce vs. conventional food products. 3.1 Related EM Papers from Ana Primavesi The EM Database, hosted at EM Technology Network, contains more than 600 research reports and conference papers. These include papers from the International Conferences on Kyusei Nature Farming, EM symposiums, field trials, and unpublished manuscripts. The following papers from Ana Primavesi are notable because few English-language papers are available among the hundreds of articles she has written in Portuguese. Moreover, she is Science Counselor for the Mokiti Okada Foundation in Brazil, which conducts EM research. Comparison of the Effect of EM and other Bacterial and Mineral Products on Bean Yield http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0587.pdf EM and Its Effects on Citrus http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0623.pdf Effect of Microbial Inoculants and Mineral Elements on Drought Resistance and Yield of Field Bean http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0078.pdf Seed Treatment With EM and Micronutrients for Controlling Rice and Maize Diseases http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0095.pdf EM Technology and Organic Matter Amendments in the Tropics http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0565.pdf Effect of Lactobacillus Inoculants, Organic Amendments and Mineral Elements on Yield of Onion and Field Bean http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0079.pdf Effect of EM on the Growth and Yield of Rice and Beans http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/0005.pdf Quantity of EM-4 which may be Applied to a Soil with 3% of Organic Matter http://www.emtech.org/data/pdf/884dranaprimavesi.pdf 3.2 LEISA papers from Ana Primavesi ILEIA, a Centre for Information on Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, published ILEIA newsletter and now publishes LEISA magazine. LEISA is one of the top magazines in ecological agriculture. LEISA Magazine, volume 18 Issue 1 - Livestock Optimising climate-soil-pasture-cattle interactions in Brazil Ana Primavesi and Odo Primavesi http://www.leisa.info/index.php?url=article-details.tpl&p[_id]=12564 [http://tinyurl.com/22vft] LEISA Magazine, volume 15 Issue 3+4 - Agrobiodiversity More rice with good soil fertility management Ana Primavesi http://www.leisa.info/index.php?url=article-details.tpl&p[_id]=12358 [http://tinyurl.com/2sgxy] ILEIA Newsletter v.6 no.3 (October 1990) p.8-9 Soil life and chemical fertilizers Ana Primavesi http://www.leisa.info/index.php?url=library-details.tpl&p[readOnly]=1&p[_id]=49694 [http://tinyurl.com/26jrp] 3.3 Soil, Food and People Conference, South America Ecology Action, home of John Jeavons and the Biointensive Mini-Farming system, will host a South American version of the Soil, Food and People Conference, September 28 - October 1, 2004 in Costa Rica. Soil, Food and People Conference, South America http://www.growbiointensive.org/costa-rica-conference/index.html Some of the well known soil scientists, agronomists, and ecological farmers who will speak include Ana Primavesi, John Doran, Dominique Guillete, Don Lotter, John Jeavons, Steve Moore, Reinhold Muschler, Guillermo Romero Ibarrola, Ricardo Romero, and others. "Ana Primavesi, Brazil, is a retired Agronomist and a PhD in Soil Management and Crop Nutrition. She is also a Science Counselor for the Mokiti Okada Foundation, author and a contributor to technical newspapers, a founding member of the Organic Agriculture Society in Brazil, of MAELA in Latin America and of IFOAM--Latin America." From - Wed Dec 22 11:25:30 2004 X-UIDL: 368635995 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A408D8E50078; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:34:32 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id D291DADC5; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:34:32 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B351CADA5 for ; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:34:32 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id DD520AE8A for ; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:34:31 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (if-srv-listsrv.ad.ufl.edu) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A8A14@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:34:14 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 109956 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:34:14 -0500 Received: from web51905.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000A8A11@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 10:34:14 -0500 Received: (qmail 14244 invoked by uid 60001); 22 Dec 2004 15:34:13 -0000 DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws; s=s1024; d=yahoo.com; b=6Rlg0/xedahSGC9xFiu9RULXCFfsdOWZipKDi9Q6/TN07ZNb8xNo7rkSTsleruGci7oKbEUGfs03eBrVpnKKop6OwnDIbPYT7l9H1tKhOxvSROrCVzMEH0CQaFRmA8wIQkd8PxRcJMhOOosDrV4JLTBfuZieLGBIDrSuAjI4aYc= ; Received: from [206.230.187.195] by web51905.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Wed, 22 Dec 2004 07:34:13 PST MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Message-ID: <20041222153413.14241.qmail@web51905.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2004 07:34:13 -0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Comments: DomainKeys? See http://antispam.yahoo.com/domainkeys From: Dale Wilson Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Fwd: Re: Soil fertility.... To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <146.3ad22ce5.2eface24@cs.com> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368635995 Hi Michael, WRT tropical soils > There is little or no "soil", in the sense of nutrients not in > current use. This is an overgeneralization. There are many decent soils in the tropics, and some extremely poor soils in temperate regions. > Strip away the cover of life and you get an inert material called > laterite. This rapidly turns to brick if it isn't covered up again > by its protective coating of life. Soils prone to plinthite (laterite) formation are not very common, even in those few tropical regions infamous for having them. In those areas, extent ranges from 5 to 15% according to Sanchez in "Properties and management of soils in the tropics". When I was at CIAT in the Cauca valley in Colombia I saw only deep, black vertisol clay (physically idiosyncratic, but very productive). Further East I saw mainly highly aggregated oxisols (low CEC, but physically good). In the mountains around Medellin I saw mainly dark, rich, friable, volcanically-derived soils. I'm sure these snap up phosphorus like crazy, but the small farmers were growing real nice maize, beans and all sorts of vegetables. > Amazonian primitives practise slash and burn agriculture not because > of some ancestral wisdom, but because it's the easiest way to get > rid of that protective ground cover and expose a patch of land not > being used for other purposes. It works so long as there is so much > land available that small groups can move to a fresh area once the > patch they're tending plays out and becomes barren... > The long term prognosis is soil sterility. Not with judicious use of lime, fertilizer (esp. P) and keeping the soil covered by mulch or crop canopy. The biggest problem, and the big reason for shifting cultivation is weed pressure. Dale __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Send a seasonal email greeting and help others. Do good. http://celebrity.mail.yahoo.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Jan 10 10:36:38 2005 X-UIDL: 368637340 X-Mozilla-Status: 0010 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A95E39D7012A; Sun, 09 Jan 2005 23:49:34 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 533DDAB27; Sun, 9 Jan 2005 23:49:34 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 32D5BAB20 for ; Sun, 9 Jan 2005 23:49:34 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 93B60AB1E for ; Sun, 9 Jan 2005 23:49:33 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (if-srv-listsrv.ad.ufl.edu) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000ACC43@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 9 Jan 2005 23:49:20 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 119986 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 9 Jan 2005 23:49:20 -0500 Received: from hotmail.com (bay24-f18.bay24.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000ACC40@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 9 Jan 2005 23:49:20 -0500 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Sun, 9 Jan 2005 20:49:20 -0800 Received: from 210.213.177.32 by by24fd.bay24.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Mon, 10 Jan 2005 04:48:44 GMT X-Originating-IP: [210.213.177.32] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] X-Sender: gil_carandang@hotmail.com Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 10 Jan 2005 04:49:20.0813 (UTC) FILETIME=[BFB415D0:01C4F6CF] Message-ID: Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2005 04:48:44 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] FW: Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship - Philippines To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.242.235] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368637340 NOW ACCEPTING TROPICAL FARM APPRENTICESHIP FOR 2005=2006. Visit our website: www.herbanafarmsphilippines.com >From: gil carandang >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: [SANET-MG] FW: Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship - >Philippines >Date: Mon, 26 Jul 2004 09:56:12 +0000 > >>From: Twittman@aol.com >>To: jdashe@mac.com, pvpiazza@juno.com, glsowtr@igc.org, plowy@hotmail.com, >> conemo@yahoo.com, bunin@cruzio.com, laurau@cruzio.com, >>reggie@cruzio.com, smgaughan@usa.net, danichol@ucsc.edu, >>surclay@yahoo.com, rdmeacham@yahoo.com, navail@cats.ucsc.edu, >>chili_nj@yahoo.com, elizbeak@yahoo.com, ldbeller@yahoo.com, >>brightsky2@juno.com, jesseba77@yahoo.com, rp0333a@hotmail.com, >>exumababy@yahoo.com, mrkrass@hotmail.com, kathryn@pcumail.com, >>tjlee2001@yahoo.com, Berteous@yahoo.co.uk, gatere2000@yahoo.com, >>jroohani@hotmail.com, terrykisan@yahoo.com, nconwell@hotmail.com, >>deepadeeps@yahoo.com, johnfish@cats.ucsc.edu, timfromzim@hotmail.com, >> jennysioux@hotmail.com, despaciojo@yahoo.com, lizzymov@hotmail.com, >> jessica@wwoofusa.org, akberg@cats.ucsc.edu, nkrauch@wesleyan.edu, >>dburgett@UCLAlumni.net, hofrichter1@yahoo.com, bellasbestt@yahoo.com, >> stacey_parker@yahoo.com, PomegranateFig@aol.com, >>seedybeans@hotmail.com, jonitann@cats.ucsc.edu, jeannemart@hotmail.com, >> elizabeth499@hotmail.com, teodoropurdy@yahoo.com, >>slodzieski@hotmail.com, garden@campstevens.org, >>ethangstone@hotmail.com, octaviajolley@yahoo.com, >>cmartin1123@hotmail.com, juliestultz@hotmail.com, >>epeng@alumni.stanford.org, peterisaksen@hotmail.com, >>buddyalmeida@hotmail.com, dogwood2002@earthlink.net, >>chris_menge1@hotmail.com, pembertonmarrs@yahoo.com, >>gil_carandang@hotmail.com, kerryglendening@hotmail.com, >>noellemarquis@hotmail.com, anniehenderson@hotmail.com, >>kirstenroehler@hotmail.com, eighteeneggplants@yahoo.com, >>kime@homelessgardenproject.org, khumphry@yahoo.com (Kelly Humphry), >>rose@psyche.mit.edu (Rose Roberts), yeffa@hotmail.com (Jeffrey >>Caspary), richardslye@yahoo.com (Richard Slye), >>tcervinka@hotmail.com (Tanya Cervinka), jhashley@hotmail.com >>(jennifer hashley), mtnsugarpine@hotmail.com (aviva maller), >>sjgarcia@cats.ucsc.edu (Stephanie Garcia), yamsandyams@hotmail.com, >>estrella3210@yahoo.com >>Subject: Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship - Philippines >>Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2004 21:51:52 EDT >> >>Tropical Organic Agriculture Farm Apprenticeship >>Herbana Farms >>6 Month Residential Position >> >>Herbana Farms (Philippines), a tropical diversified organic farm >>specializing in the production of culinary and medicinal herbs, salad >>greens, Asian and specialty vegetables, cut flowers, natural free-range >>chickens and tilapia aquaculture is currently accepting applications for >>our >>2004-2005 six-month apprenticeship on our newly set-up 10-acre organic >>production and demonstration farm. Our farm focuses on organic >>production >>for the local farmers market and CSA (Community Supported Agriculture), >>and >>serving as a training venue for organic farmers. Our sustainable >>agriculture practices focus on Natural Farming technology using >>beneficial >>indigenous microorganisms, enzymes and biological nutrients, including >>Indigenous Knowledge, Biodynamics, French Intensive, Agroecology and >>Permaculture. >> >>The farm is located on a 10-acre property with 4-acre dedicated to herb, >>vegetable and flower gardens. The rest are intended for production >>modules >> >>for natural free-range chickens, tilapia aquaculture and tropical fruit >>orchard. Integrated to the farm is a Life Lab (organic educational >>garden >>for kids), solar showers, spas and sauna, including the community farm >>center where the kitchen and dining, restrooms, storage room and the >>farm’s >>apprentices’ quarters are located. In the same area is our >>propagation, >>greenhouse, hoof house, hardening area and plant nursery. There are four >>separate greenhouses where we grow mainly vegetables as protected from >>the >>rains. Our schedule for this farm apprenticeship is from November to >>April which translates to a cooler to dry time of the year. >> >>We are about 30 miles south of Manila. The farm is located on a slightly >>rolling and hilly elevation near the old sugar central of Canlubang with >>panoramic views of Tagaytay Ridge (a major Philippine tourist >>destination), >>the famous Mt. Makiling and Laguna de Bay, Mt. Malarayat and Maculot of >>Batangas province. >> >>As part of the Apprenticeship program, we encourage apprentices to >>participate on countryside tours and community immersions. Currently, >>we >>are working on community immersion with indigenous peoples of the >>famous >>rice terraces of northern Philippines. You will have the chance to spend >>some time, living and working with the Ifugaos and Bontocs of the >>Mountain >>Province. A local tour, two hours from the farm will bring the >>apprentices >>to the island resort of Puerto Galera, Mindoro known for its 23 dive >>sites >>– >>scuba, snorkeling, including natural trekking and visit of the Mangyan >>(indigenous people) village of the island >> >>Who May Apply >> >>Prior gardening and farming experience is helpful but not necessary. >>However, a strong desire to learn and keen interest in hands-on gardening >>and farming is essential. We are looking for self-motivated, >>self-starting >>people. The Apprenticeship will involve all aspects of organic >>production >>including propagation and greenhouse work, watering, bed prep, >>composting, >>transplanting and sowing, weeding, harvesting and seed saving and >>processing, including related functions in the care and maintenance of >>our >>small livestock free-range chickens and tilapia aquaculture. Physical >>stamina is necessary. >> >>This is a wonderful opportunity to learn practical skills that will >>develop >>for the use for the rest of your life! >> >>Welcome to the tropical organic agriculture Apprenticehip at Herbana >>Farms! >> >> >>For more information and application write or e-mail us: >> >>Gil Carandang >>Herbana Farms >>Km. 59 Burol, Calamba City >>Laguna, Philippines >> >>gil_carandang@hotmail.com >> > >_________________________________________________________________ >Tired of spam? Get advanced junk mail protection with MSN 8. >http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail > >******************************************************** >To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: >1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; >2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the >list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > >Visit the SANET-MG archives at: >http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html >For more information on grants and other resources available through the >SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. _________________________________________________________________ Express yourself instantly with MSN Messenger! Download today it's FREE! http://messenger.msn.click-url.com/go/onm00200471ave/direct/01/ ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Wed Mar 16 22:11:11 2005 X-UIDL: 368644144 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AF8390CB003A; Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:38:11 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id D4F8FACBE; Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:38:11 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B9802AC88 for ; Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:38:11 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AC5E3ABBE for ; Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:38:10 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (128.227.252.37:1306) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000C51C9@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:37:39 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 124693 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:37:39 -0500 Received: from relay02.roc.ny.frontiernet.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000C51C5@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:37:38 -0500 Received: from filter01.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (filter01.roc.ny.frontiernet.net [66.133.183.68]) by relay02.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4D5CB370025 for ; Thu, 17 Mar 2005 01:37:46 +0000 (UTC) Received: from relay02.roc.ny.frontiernet.net ([66.133.182.165]) by filter01.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (filter01.roc.ny.frontiernet.net [66.133.183.68]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with LMTP id 15351-07-52 for ; Thu, 17 Mar 2005 01:37:46 +0000 (UTC) Received: from [10.0.1.4] (170-215-128-212.bras01.cha.wv.frontiernet.net [170.215.128.212]) by relay02.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7C2E937030E for ; Thu, 17 Mar 2005 01:37:44 +0000 (UTC) Mime-Version: 1.0 X-Sender: aballiett@pop3.frontiernet.net Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" ; format="flowed" X-Virus-Scanned: by amavisd-new-20040701 (2.0) at filter01.roc.ny.frontiernet.net Message-ID: Date: Wed, 16 Mar 2005 20:37:34 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Allan Balliett Subject: [SANET-MG] "EM" De-Mystified - April 2, Shepherdstown, West Virginia To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Spam-Status: No, hits=4.503 tagged_above=4 required=6.3 tests=INFO_TLD, LONGWORDS X-Spam-Level: **** X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 8. IFILTER, SPAMHEADERS, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368644144 WHAT:"EM in Agriculture" Workshop WHEN: 8AM to 5PM, April 2, 2005 WHERE: Shepherdstown, WV (Outside of Frederick MD, 100 miles from DC) COST: $35.00 (Does NOT include lunch.) SEMINAR WEB SITE: www.gardeningforthefuture.com MORE INFORMATION: Contact Allan Balliett at 304.876.3382 or EMworkshop@gardeningforthefuture.com A full day workshop featuring Matthew Wood, Steve Diver and Vinny Pinto on how to use inexpensive farm-made microbial ferments to boost soil fertility and control disease in farm and garden crops, how to increase the available nutrition in livestock feeds, and how to control common livestock odors (There will be post-seminar presentation by Mr. Pinto on the use of beneficial microbes for human nutrition). This is a workshop for farmers, ranchers, gardeners, ag professionals, resource specialists, conservationists, soil scientists, nutrient management specialists, students, educators, livestock managers and anyone interested in the health and nutritional benefits of microbial diversity. This workshop focuses on the living component of soil and how it contributes to agricultural productivity and environmental health. This workshop provides practical information on incorporating effective microorganisms (EM) into farm, garden and household management practices. EM is easier to use than compost teas and gives cheaper and more predictable results. Although there is strong acceptance by both farmers and univeristies for the use of microbial brews in sustainable agriculture, the work of Dr Higa (developer of EM) of Ryukus University, has largely been overlooked. Ironically, Higa's approach to microbial inoculation has many more years of field research behind it and much more published research than its US counterparts. More over, EM is much more versatile than aerorated compost tea, not only improving plant and soil health, but also has been proven to be a valuable addition to livestock feed, to odor management and to human nutrition. This is a full day seminar, featuring three highly qualified teachers: Matthew Wood, who earned his degree in "EM Technologies" in Japan while working with Dr. Huga; Steve Diver, a NCAT agriculture specialist who has done extensive field work on farms around the world that use microbial technology; and Vinny Pinto, a beneficial bacteria application scientist and consultant who specializes in EM enhancement of animal feeds and in incorporating the many benefits of EM into human nutrition. The seminar will focus on how to use inexpensive farm-made microbial ferments to boost soil fertility and control disease in farm and garden crops and to increase the available nutrition in livestock feeds and to control common livestock odors (with a postscript on the use of beneficial microbes for human nutrition). This is a workshop for farmers, ranchers, horticulturists, gardeners, ag professionals, resource specialists, conservationists, soil scientists, nutrient management specialists, students, educators, livestock managers and anyone interested in the health and nutritional benefits of microbial diversity. This workshop focuses on the living component of soil and how it contributes to agricultural productivity. WHAT IS EM? EM (effective microorgnaisms), is a special culture of beneficial microorganisms which are used as an inoculant to promote healthy soils, treat livestock odors, and compost food wastes. When used properly, EM applications create beneficial soil effects such as improved soil aggregation, nitrogen fixation, mineralization, humus formation, disease suppression, and decomposition. EM is also used to enhance the nutrition and digestibility of livestock feeds and to control odors and insects problems in livestock enterprises. The best site on the web for information on what EM is and how to use it is Vinny Pinto's "EM INFO" site. (www.eminfo.info/) WHY USE EM? 21st century organic farmers have become aware of the necessity for a successful organic farm to have a diverse and healthy soil food-web. In the U.S., one is likely to hear that the only approach to bolstering the soil food-web is through applications of aerobically brewed compost tea. Many farmers have found that producing a viable batch of aerobic compost tea can be both expensive (lab tests, equipment outlay) and time consuming. For decades the Japanese have been using anaerobic microbial brews to gain the same results claimed for aerobic teas. EM is the most reliable and effective of the Asian microbial brews. Using EM requires virtually no specialized equipment and requires no lab tests. Ironically, EM is an anaerobic inoculant which brews itself in a closed container and yet provides such a significant boost to soil biology that it not only brings "rare' beneficial microbes to farm soils, it also creates a soil environment that allows indigenous bacteria, fungus and beneficial nematodes to flourish. In the world of microbial agriculture, EM is far from a new idea. EM has been used in Japan for more than 20 years. As a point of fact, ATTRA's Steve Diver says that there are more research papers and reports on EM than on any other microbial inoculation system in organic agriculture. THE PROGRAM ON APRIL 2 Steve Diver, who has recently presented at both the ECOFARM and Upper Midwest Organic Conferences on building soil and plant health through beneficial microbial inoculation, will give two presentations: "Humus Farming and Soil Biology" is an introductory lecture that will examine the underlying principles and practices of organic matter management and soil biology, the importance of a complex soil food web, microbial mechanisms, humified compost, mycorrhizae, and plant-microbial systems that enhance fertility and disease control in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. "Nature Farming & EM" will introduce nature farming systems that use local biomass sources for culturing on-farm beneficial microbe preparations to enhance fertility and pest control. It will introduce EM (effective microorganisms), fermentative anaerobics, microbial pathways for organic matter decomposition, properties of EM, basic EM preparation, and practical uses of EM in agriculture. An EM resource list will be provided as a workshop handout. It provides quick access to key educational and research literature on EM, databases, information leaflets, web resources, and EM recipes. Matthew Wood, CEO of Sustainable Community Development, a leader in the introduction of EM to North America, will give an in-depth presentation on the use of EM to control livestock odors on the farm. He will also discuss using EM to remediate contaminated water, as well as other applications for EM on the farm and in human health. Vinny Pinto, an expert on agricultural applications for EM, will speak on the following topics: How to use EM for composting Using EM for ag soil improvements How to make high quality AEM How to use EM when working with cattle, poultry and swine Value of EM products in human and livestock nutrition A hands-on bokashi-making workshop may also be offered. EM microbial culture and related products will be offered for sale by a representative from SCD. The goal of this conference is to give the new user a background on the theory and science of microbial inoculation in general and a working knowledge of how to economically use EM effectively in a farming enterprise. Furthermore, once in the field, attendees of this workshop can rely on support from Mr. Pinto through his "EM-AG" internet discussion group. The organizer wants to stress that this most definitely is NOT a vendor workshop and that every effort will be made to make the presentations non-sectarian and based in science. REGISTRATION Seating for the seminar is limited, so please register early. Register by sending a check made out to "GFTF" to Gardening for the Future, POB 3047, Shepherstown, WV 25443. Registration by charge card is available through PayPal. Use "igg@igg.com" as the id to "send cash." Include email and phone contact information with all registration payments. Directions to the event are are at www.gardeningforthefuture.com. For up-to-date information about this seminar, watch www.gardeningforthefuture.com or contact Allan Balliett at 304.876-3382 or EMworkshop@gardeningforthefuture.com ================================================================================ Bio for Vinny Pinto go back to top of page Vinny Pinto is a consulting scientist who performs research on use of beneficial syntropic (anti-entropic) fermentative microbes, including EM and related microbial consortia, in a variety of fields ranging from soils for crop agriculture to livestock to odor management and pathogen reduction in industrial and waste treatment settings. He also operates a small zero-odor egg-producing operation using EM microbial technology. Vinny is a degreed scientist with a Master's degree in the health-related sciences and in research methods in the health sciences. He has a strong background in devising and guiding scientific research studies. He has been working with and researching uses of EM for over two years, particularly in the realms of livestock and human uses, and health-related applications using EM fermented antioxidant beverages as a nutritional supplement for humans and animals; he performs consulting for clients in a number of foreign countries as well as in the USA. One of his recent large agricultural livestock consulting projects involved implementation of EM for odor control and animal health in a large "factory" poultry farm containing about 50,000 chickens in a 6,000 sq. ft. barn, where the poultry density was roughly 10 lbs per square foot. He has presented lectures and seminars on the usage of such beneficial syntropic microbes in many venues, including the international EM Sustainable Community Festival held in Kansas City, MO in November 2004 which attracted attendees from around the world. Vinny operates two popular informational websites on EM and its uses ( www.eminfo.info and www.antioxbrew.com ) and he operates five e-mail list groups on various applications of EM and similar beneficial antioxidative microbes. Vinny is the author of an encyclopedic 200+ page book entitled "Fermentation with Syntropic Antioxidative Microbes: An Advanced Guide to Brewing EM Fermented Secondary Products", and is currently working on an introductory book offering an overview on the use EM across many fields and a second book which will offering basic guidelines for using EM and related beneficial microbial cultures in agriculture. Vinny is also the publisher of the fee-based "Advanced EM Newsletter", a newsletter devoted to advanced uses for EM across various sectors. Bio for Steve Diver Steve Diver is an agriculture specialist with the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT). Steve provides technical support on agronomic and horticultural topics through NCAT's flagship sustainable agriculture program known as ATTRA -- National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. He earned BS and an MS degrees in horticulture from Oklahoma State University, and worked as Extension Horticulturist in Eastern Oklahoma for four years. He managed an organic blueberry farm in the Missouri Ozarks prior to joining NCAT. He has surveyed EM technology and provided technical support for agricultural applications of EM since 1995. Steve has delivered workshops and keynote lectures on humus farming, soil biology, compost, compost teas, EM (Effective Microorganisms), IMO (Indigenous Microorganisms), fermented plant extracts, biodynamic preparations, and related on-farm microbial preparations at organic farming conferences, scientific symposiums, and Extension Service training. He lives on a 12 acre farm outside of Fayetteville, AR, and raises a quarter acre garden of mixed vegetables, flowers, and herbs. Bio for Matthew Wood Matthew Wood, BS, MS, is a founder and managing co-partner of Sustainable Community Development (SCD), a company founded over five years ago to bring EM to the Americas. He has been involved full-time for over 8 years in the EM world. Matthew studied at the graduate level in Japan with Dr. Higa in a Japanese-language program, and earned his Master's degree with Dr. Higa at University of Ryukus in Okinawa in the field of EM-related technologies. At this time, he remains the only American to have completed the graduate program in EM. Matthew has been involved in working with EM and bringing it to various fields of application, primarily in the Americas, and particularly for agriculture and waste and odor management, for over eight years. Matthew has authored numerous articles and technical papers on studies, research projects and applications related to uses of EM. Matthew continues to serve as a managing partner for Technical and Development on behalf of SCD. ================================================================================ Special thanks is given to Vinny Pinto and Steve Diver and to Matthew WOOD AND Sustainable Community Development (www.scdworld.org ) for the sacrifices they have made to make this event possible. This seminar was organized by Allan Balliett and Gardening for the Future's educational project, the Fresh and Local CSA of Shepherdstown WV (serving the DC metro-area) www.freshandlocalcsa.com This seminar is co-sponsored by Jeff Otto and East Coast Organics, where "Our mission is to offer garden centers, nurseries and professional growers premium quality, field-tested organic supplies that promote responsible land management. By blending the modern theories of sustainable agriculture with ancient agricultural traditions, East Coast Organics has created an essential line of organic garden supplies that will improve the lives of your plants and the life of our planet." www.eastcoastorganics.com This seminar is co-sponsored by the Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture, a non-profit organization which promotes profitable farming which produces healthy food for all people while respecting the natural environment." www.PASAfarming.org This seminar is co-sponsored by the Maryland Organic Food and Farming Association (MOFFA). MOFFA is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization whose mission is to bring together growers, consumers, and retailers in Maryland to advance education about and growth of ecological organic farming. www.marylandorganic.org This seminar is co-sponsored and supported by Horticultural Extension of Loudoun, Co, Virginia This seminar is co-sponsored and supported by the Agriculture Development Office, JDCA (Jefferson County, West Virginia) ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sat Apr 02 11:33:54 2005 X-UIDL: 368646865 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AFE286F0024; Sat, 02 Apr 2005 09:44:50 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 3233DABA1; Sat, 2 Apr 2005 09:44:50 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 14BBEAB65 for ; Sat, 2 Apr 2005 09:44:50 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2F9CDAA0C for ; Sat, 2 Apr 2005 09:44:48 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (128.227.252.37:4099) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000CF29F@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 2 Apr 2005 9:43:50 -0500 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 176356 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 2 Apr 2005 09:43:47 -0500 Received: from tomts16-srv.bellnexxia.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000CF296@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 2 Apr 2005 9:43:47 -0500 Received: from dell4100 ([65.93.180.44]) by tomts16-srv.bellnexxia.net (InterMail vM.5.01.06.10 201-253-122-130-110-20040306) with ESMTP id <20050402144353.NFQM27508.tomts16-srv.bellnexxia.net@dell4100>; Sat, 2 Apr 2005 09:43:53 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_001B_01C53768.712CB910" X-Mailer: Microsoft Office Outlook, Build 11.0.6353 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 Thread-Index: AcU3klkGdYvtBn57TQC7zDjEGxNBeA== Message-ID: <20050402144353.NFQM27508.tomts16-srv.bellnexxia.net@dell4100> Date: Sat, 2 Apr 2005 09:43:35 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Frank Teuton Subject: [SANET-MG] Composting versus soil application of organic residues--a second look Comments: To: jgruv@hotmail.com Comments: cc: dschellinger@agcenter.lsu.edu To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. COUNTRIES, SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368646865 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_001B_01C53768.712CB910 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Back in 1998, Joel Gruver made the following post to SANET: http://www.sare.org/sanet-mg/archives/html-home/28-html/0043.html Hello to all... Last year, Dr. Ray Weil and 5 grad students at the U of MD (including myself) pondered the difference between OM stabilization in a composting system prior to soil application as compared to the direct application of undecomposed OM to soil. We assembled an extensive literature review that we intended to submit for publication but we never quite finished it... we investigated this issue from several angles... we considered long term C sequestration, effects on plant availability of micro and macro nutrients, effects on soil structure and effects on disease suppresion. My focus was on soil structural effects... in a nutshell, the process of decomposition/microbial activity is very important to aggregate formation and stabilization... a majority of studies seemed to show that more labile organic substrates had greater formation and stabilization effects (both short and long term in some cases) than materials that were more recalcitrant like a mature compost... The issue of differences in carbon sequestration was not discussed in many articles... I continue to ponder this issue and I tend to feel that decomposition in intimate contact with mineral surfaces is a very important feature in the formation of chemically and physically protected soil organic matter. Thus I think that unless you are adding lots of soil/clay to your compost you will be losing more C than if you let the decompostion take place on or in soil. However tilling/incorporating materials into soil, fractures aggregates, increases soil aeration... and thus promotes loss of indigenous SOM... its a tricky question... I think the reduced volume, and homogenized consistency of good compost makes it a superior material for handling and that is very desireable for farmers... Our literature sits almost finished somewhere in Dr. Weils office... I suppose we could send an unfinished copy to someone with a deep interest in the subject... Joel Gruver U of MD, Soil Quality research Other folks joined in, including Steve Diver and Cary Oshins; this was the post that seemed to get things started: http://www.sare.org/sanet-mg/archives/html-home/28-html/0037.html > Dan Hemenway wrote: > Well, I enjoyed Steve's informed rant on buckwheat and P, though I disagree > with several points. I'll mention a few: >............stuff deleted.......... > * I disagree with the strong emphasis on composting separate from > the general soil activities. In my view, composting is something I > need to do when I lack a more direct means to apply organic matter to > my permaculture system or if there is something wrong with the > material to be composted (e.g. pathogens). There are vital pulses in > soil chemistry that are short circuited by removing the composting > operation from the soil in general. If you apply P-bearing materials > to the surface (bone meal, phosphate rock, etc.) and apply mulch, > sheet mulch except when inappropriate, the P will be released at > exactly the zone where plant roots gather nutrients. (See Vol. I, > #3, of the International Permaculture Solutions Journal). The same > is true of other rock powders (with the same reservations), etc. On the topic on sheet mulch composting in place versus composting in piles or windrows, I'd say it depends on the situation. The method you described certainly works. Worms like that type of mulch and decay. In practice, it seems limited to home gardens and small-scale market gardens. The benefits and uses of compost as a stable humus product containing numerous exchange sites and microbials are well known. I came across the following Sanet post by Ann Clark back in 1995, that contains some relevant ideas. Here it is again. Steve Diver >From: "E. Ann Clark, Associate Professor" >Organization: Crop Science, The Univ. of Guelph >To: sanet-mg@ces.ncsu.edu >Date: Thu, 23 Mar 1995 09:57:06 EDT >Subject: Re: Humus -- rural -> urban -> rural >Priority: normal Responding to Dick R. on the issue of composting. Just curious about the comment that it is better if composting occurs in the soil. Just finished an M.Sc. student doing a study on composting and we didn't come across this idea in the lit. I'd be interested in learning what it is that is more beneficial about composting in-situ - in the soil - as against ahead of time. Evidence from the literature? Conventional organic wisdom hereabouts sees placement of raw manure directly into the soil as a net negative, because of a) rapid release of N which destabilizes cycling, b) VFA's which can be caustic, and c) potential for anaerobic decomposition when high moisture substrate (whether animal manure or direct cut red clover) is plowed into the soil. As an example, they recommend cutting and wilting red clover plowdown before plowing it in, to avoid this problem. Good points on "waste" management at landfills! Ann ACLARK@crop.uoguelph.ca Dr. E. Ann Clark Associate Professor Crop Science University of Guelph Steve Diver's follow up post added the following points: http://www.sare.org/sanet-mg/archives/html-home/28-html/0045.html "There's a little-known but valuable publication from Wallace Laboratores titled "Soil Conditioner and Amendment Technologies, Volume 1," which is more or less a collection of articles originally published in a special issue -- Sustainability of the Soil and The Environment -- of Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. One of the articles titled "Compost and Composting: Facts and Myths" gets into composting vs soil application. Selected excerpts: "Most people think that making compost is to create fertilizer. Other people use composting to creat a potting soil. Ten other reasons for so-called composting are... 1. to decrease the volume of waste, especially for going into landfills, 2. to decrease odors, 3. to kill pathogens and weed seeds, 4. to create more favorable carbon:nitrogen ratios so as to not induce nitrogen deficiencies in crops, 5. to destroy natural toxins like tannins and allelopathic compounds, 6. to decrease levels of synthetic pesticides that may be in organic waste by partial if not complete decomposition of them, 7. to provide a means for making iron and other micronutrients available to plants, 8. to impart to soil a mechanism for retarding soil-borne diseases nematodes, 9. to make a more convenient product for applying to soil, and 10.to provide a means for increasing the cation-exchange capacity of the soil, the water-holding capacity of the soil, and to decrease crusting and erosion or soil. Additionally, many believe that composts help decrease the incidence of plant diseases other than soil-borne." "For improvement of physical properties of soil, actual decomposition in the soil, rather than composting, is best because polysacharides are produced from carbon compounds that would otherwise be lost in composting. These natural water-soluble polymers do much to create and stabilize the soil aggregates to give good physical properties to soil. It may be better to use the carbon to synthesize polysaccharides than to burn a lot of it to make heat to sterilize the compost, unless sterilization is necessary like with sewage sludge. For the same reason, partially decomposed organic matter obtained in the first phase of composting may be better for soil improvement than would mature composts which function mostly as a soil amendment that dilutes the soil, decreases bulk density, and gives more pore space in the soil because of the wedges." Recently I have been having a discussion with Dave Schellinger over on the USCC list (compost list) concerning this very matter. Mr Schellinger put forward the view that raw organic matter actually decreases aggregate formation in the soil, and cited some literature claiming to support his point: "Humus binds clay particles, but raw organic matter disperses and reduces aggregates. Bohn, et al., 2001, points out that greater aggregation produces less stable organic matter contents in soils due to increased aeration and microbiological degradation. Even aggregates become less stable with added organic matter. This coincides with my statement that raw organic matter additions reduces ped formation. Approximately 50-80% of fresh organic matter is lost from most temperate soils in the year of application, just like during the composting process. And, the smaller the particle size, the faster the degradation occurs. If more organic matter is added to the soil, it degrades faster. The book points to an experiment in England where a farm had been applying manures to a cultivated soil annually since 1943 (30 tonnes/h) but had never been able to bring the soil organic fraction back to the uncultivated levels. If soils are to benefit from organic matter additions, there must be a continual supply of fresh organic matter to the soils. It makes more sense, therefore, to add a more stable form of organic matter to soils rather that raw organic matter forms." Mr. Schellinger also put forward the proposition that the addition of raw organic materials to soils increased production of various greenhouse gases, aside from CO2, compared to composting prior to soil application. In large part I think he based this on the risk of flooding and excessive rain; his location in Louisiana might have something to do with that concern.;-) I put forward the counter proposition, that raw organic residues could well improve the greenhouse gas status of a soil, if they resulted in improved soil structure and subsequent improved plant growth. The importance of seeing the full picture of these scenarios is great, I believe. I would certainly appreciate input from Joel Gruver and others concerning our current understanding of these matters. I did cite in our exchange the work of Dr Fred Magdoff, who actually compared two scenarios of manure management and found direct application of manure to yield better aggregation than composting the manure first: http://www.mofga.org/mofgj00j.html It should also be noted that no tillage scenario I am aware of allows for a sustainable return to uncultivated SOM levels without heroic applications of organic matter, and this because tillage is itself a major destructive force against SOM. However, by using rotations including several years of proper pasturing soil can be kept at acceptable OM levels even in tillage regimes. This approach has been used for centuries, known in some quarters as the 'British ley' system. Reduced tillage regimes such as strip or zone tillage also offer benefits in conserving SOM, but of course no till systems conserve SOM best. The question of 'to compost, or not to compost' hits farmers squarely in the face, especially those whose livestock are fed exclusively or nearly so from the farm acreage itself. One factor we did not discuss is the issue of transportation costs and the mechanical costs of composting, which obviously also have greenhouse gas consequences. Labor time savings for the farmer are also an issue. This is less of an issue where manure producers rely on transported inputs and generate large quantities of manure which must subsequently be retransported substantial distances; there the calculus should favor composting on shipping cost grounds quite strongly. Of course, the farm's overall crop diversity and the need for mature, relatively weed free compost for specific crops are also factors which the decision maker needs to consider. I actually experience an opposite situation. I have access to large quantities of shredded compressed dry fall leaves. In my view it clearly seems favourable to transport these as is to my growing site prior to application, rather than composting them first which would mean the addition of a substantial amount of water, as well as requiring space which at present is unavailable. This might be analogous to the handling of hay, which when dry and bailed can be transported more cost effectively than if it were composted and moist. There remains the issue of whether to compost prior to soil application, of course. With hay the issue of weed seeds looms large, for any future open soil growing; even with leaves there is some potential for weed seed presence. I consider that the use of these leaves both as mulch and as incorporated organic matter will predominate in the mixed vegetable, small fruit and tree orchard context which I participate in. Doubtless some will also be thermally and worm composted as well, to produce materials for compost teas and watery extracts as well as direct applications. I believe that my sandy soil will benefit from direct decomposition of the leaves and subsequent fungal growth in the soil itself more than if all the leaves were composted before application. Because this soil is very well drained I anticipate no serious anaerobicity problems leading to methane or NOx production as a result. In more poorly drained soils that experience spring and/or fall flooding, it could very well be wise to compost and apply shortly before planting, or as crop choices permit, to apply after danger of flooding is past but with sufficient time to decompose prior to planting. I would appreciate any specific or general comments on these subjects. I can make the full text of the exchanges between myself and Mr Schellinger available to anyone interested. Frank Teuton ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. ------=_NextPart_000_001B_01C53768.712CB910 Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Back in 1998, Joel Gruver made the following = post to SANET:

 

http://www.sare.org/sanet-mg/archives/html-home/28-html/0043.html

 

Hello to all...
Last year, Dr. Ray Weil and 5 grad students at the U of MD = (including
myself) pondered the difference between OM stabilization
in a composting system prior to soil application as compared to the
direct application of undecomposed OM = to soil.
We assembled an extensive literature review that we intended to submit = for
publication but we never quite finished it... we investigated this = issue
from several angles... we considered long term C sequestration, = effects
on plant availability of micro and macro nutrients, effects on soil
structure and effects on disease = suppresion.

My focus was on soil structural effects... in a nutshell, the process
of decomposition/microbial activity is very important to aggregate
formation and stabilization... a majority of studies seemed to show = that
more labile organic substrates had greater formation and = stabilization
effects (both short and long term in some cases) than materials that = were
more recalcitrant like a mature compost...

The issue of differences in carbon sequestration was not discussed in = many
articles... I continue to ponder this issue and I tend to feel that
decomposition in intimate contact with mineral surfaces is a very
important feature in the formation of chemically and physically = protected
soil organic matter. Thus I think that unless you are adding lots of
soil/clay to your compost you will be losing more C than if you let = the
decompostion take place on or in soil. However tilling/incorporating
materials into soil, fractures aggregates, increases soil aeration... = and
thus promotes loss of indigenous SOM... its a tricky question...
I think the reduced volume, and homogenized consistency of good = compost
makes it a superior material for handling and that is very desireable = for
farmers...

Our literature sits almost finished somewhere in Dr. Weils office... I
suppose we could send an unfinished copy to someone with a deep = interest
in the subject...

Joel Gruver
U of MD, Soil Quality research

 

Other folks joined in, including Steve Diver and Cary Oshins; this was the = post that seemed to get things started:

http://www.sare.org/sanet-mg/archives/html-home/28-html/0037.html

> Dan Hemenway wrote: =
> Well, I enjoyed Steve's = informed rant on buckwheat and P, though I disagree
> with several points. I'll = mention a few:
>............stuff = deleted..........
> * I disagree with the strong = emphasis on composting separate from
> the general soil activities. = In my view, composting is something I
> need to do when I lack a more = direct means to apply organic matter to
> my permaculture system or if = there is something wrong with the
> material to be composted (e.g. pathogens). There are vital pulses in
> soil chemistry that are short = circuited by removing the composting
> operation from the soil in = general. If you apply P-bearing materials
> to the surface (bone meal, = phosphate rock, etc.) and apply mulch,
> sheet mulch except when = inappropriate, the P will be released at
> exactly the zone where plant = roots gather nutrients. (See Vol. I,
> #3, of the International = Permaculture Solutions Journal). The same
> is true of other rock powders = (with the same reservations), etc.

On the topic on sheet mulch composting in place versus composting
in piles or windrows, I'd say it depends on the situation. The
method you described certainly works. Worms like that type of
mulch and decay. In practice, it seems limited to home gardens
and small-scale market gardens.

The benefits and uses of compost as a stable humus product
containing numerous exchange sites and microbials are well known. =

I came across the following Sanet post by Ann Clark back in 1995,
that contains some relevant ideas. Here it is again. =

Steve Diver

>From: "E. Ann Clark, Associate Professor"
>Organization: Crop Science, The = Univ. of Guelph
>To: = sanet-mg@ces.ncsu.edu
>Date: Thu, 23 Mar 1995 09:57:06 = EDT
>Subject: Re: Humus -- rural = -> urban -> rural
>Priority: = normal

Responding to Dick R. on the issue of composting. Just curious about
the comment that it is better if composting occurs in the soil. Just
finished an M.Sc. student doing a study on composting and we didn't
come across this idea in the lit. I'd be interested in learning what
it is that is more beneficial about composting in-situ - in the soil = -
as against ahead of time. Evidence from the literature? =


Conventional organic wisdom hereabouts sees placement of raw manure
directly into the soil as a net negative, because of a) rapid = release
of N which destabilizes cycling, b) VFA's which can be caustic, and = c)
potential for anaerobic decomposition when high moisture substrate
(whether animal manure or direct cut red clover) is plowed into the
soil. As an example, they recommend cutting and wilting red clover
plowdown before plowing it in, to avoid this problem. =

Good points on "waste" management at landfills! Ann
ACLARK@crop.uoguelph.ca
Dr. E. Ann Clark
Associate Professor
Crop Science
University of Guelph

 

Steve Diver’s follow up post added the following = points:

http://www.sare.org/sanet-mg/archives/html-home/28-html/0045.html

“There's a little-known but valuable = publication from Wallace
Laboratores titled "Soil Conditioner and Amendment Technologies, =
Volume 1," which is more or less a collection of articles = originally
published in a special issue -- Sustainability of the Soil and The
Environment -- of Communications in Soil Science and Plant = Analysis.

One of the articles titled "Compost and Composting: Facts
and Myths" gets into composting vs soil = application.

Selected excerpts:

"Most people think that making compost is to create fertilizer.
Other people use composting to creat a potting soil. Ten other
reasons for so-called composting are...

1. to decrease the volume of waste, especially for going into
landfills,
2. to decrease odors,
3. to kill pathogens and weed seeds,
4. to create more favorable carbon:nitrogen ratios so as to not
induce nitrogen deficiencies in crops,
5. to destroy natural toxins like tannins and allelopathic
compounds,
6. to decrease levels of synthetic pesticides that may be in organic =
waste by partial if not complete decomposition of them,
7. to provide a means for making iron and other micronutrients
available to plants,
8. to impart to soil a mechanism for retarding soil-borne diseases
nematodes,
9. to make a more convenient product for applying to
soil, and
10.to provide a means for increasing the cation-exchange capacity
of the soil, the water-holding capacity of the soil, and to
decrease crusting and erosion or soil.
Additionally, many believe that composts help decrease the incidence
of plant diseases other than soil-borne." =

"For improvement of physical properties of soil, actual decomposition
in the soil, rather than composting, is best because polysacharides
are produced from carbon compounds that would otherwise be lost in
composting. These natural water-soluble polymers do much to create
and stabilize the soil aggregates to give good physical properties to =
soil. It may be better to use the carbon to synthesize
polysaccharides than to burn a lot of it to make heat to sterilize
the compost, unless sterilization is necessary like with sewage
sludge. For the same reason, partially decomposed organic matter
obtained in the first phase of composting may be better for soil
improvement than would mature composts which function mostly as a
soil amendment that dilutes the soil, decreases bulk density, and
gives more pore space in the soil because of the wedges." =

Recently I have been having a discussion with Dave Schellinger over on the USCC = list (compost list) concerning this very matter. Mr Schellinger put forward = the view that raw organic matter actually decreases aggregate formation in the = soil, and cited some literature claiming to support his = point:

Humus binds clay particles, but raw organic matter = disperses and reduces aggregates.  Bohn, et al., 2001, points out that greater aggregation produces less stable organic matter contents in soils due to increased aeration and microbiological degradation.  Even = aggregates become less stable with added organic matter.  This coincides with = my statement that raw organic matter additions reduces ped formation.  = Approximately 50-80% of fresh organic matter is lost from most temperate soils in the = year of application, just like during the composting process.  And, the = smaller the particle size, the faster the degradation occurs.  If more = organic matter is added to the soil, it degrades faster. The book points to an experiment in England where a farm had been applying manures to a cultivated soil annually = since 1943 (30 tonnes/h) but had never been able to bring the soil organic fraction = back to the uncultivated levels. If soils are to benefit from organic matter additions, there must be a continual supply of fresh organic matter to = the soils.  It makes more sense, therefore, to add a more stable form = of organic matter to soils rather that raw organic matter = forms.”

 

Mr. Schellinger also put forward the proposition that the addition of raw = organic materials to soils increased production of various greenhouse gases, = aside from CO2, compared to composting prior to soil application. In large part I = think he based this on the risk of flooding and excessive rain; his location in = Louisiana = might have something to do with that concern…;-)

 

I = put forward the counter proposition, that raw organic residues could well improve = the greenhouse gas status of a soil, if they resulted in improved soil = structure and subsequent improved plant growth. The importance of seeing the full = picture of these scenarios is great, I believe. I would certainly appreciate = input from Joel Gruver and others concerning our current understanding of these = matters. I did cite in our exchange the work of Dr Fred Magdoff, who actually = compared two scenarios of manure management and found direct application of manure to = yield better aggregation than composting the manure = first:

 

http://www.mofga.org/mofgj00j= .html

 

 

It should also be noted that no tillage scenario I am aware of allows for a sustainable = return to uncultivated SOM levels without heroic applications of organic = matter, and this because tillage is itself a major destructive force against SOM. = However, by using rotations including several years of proper pasturing soil can = be kept at acceptable OM levels even in = tillage regimes. This approach has been used for centuries, known in some = quarters as the ‘British ley’ system. Reduced tillage regimes such as = strip or zone tillage also offer benefits in conserving SOM, but of course no = till systems conserve SOM best.

 

 

The question of ‘to compost, or not to compost’ hits farmers squarely in = the face, especially those whose livestock are fed exclusively or nearly so = from the farm acreage itself. One factor we did not discuss is the issue of transportation costs and the mechanical costs of composting, which = obviously also have greenhouse gas consequences. Labor time savings for the farmer = are also an issue. This is less of an issue where manure producers rely on transported inputs and generate large quantities of manure which must subsequently be retransported substantial distances; there the calculus = should favor composting on shipping cost grounds quite strongly. Of course, the = farm’s overall crop diversity and the need for mature, relatively weed free = compost for specific crops are also factors which the decision maker needs to = consider.

 

I actually experience an opposite situation. I = have access to large quantities of shredded compressed dry fall leaves. In my = view it clearly seems favourable to transport these as is to my growing site = prior to application, rather than composting them first which would mean the = addition of a substantial amount of water, as well as requiring space which at = present is unavailable. This might be analogous to the handling of hay, which = when dry and bailed can be transported more cost effectively than if it were = composted and moist. There remains the issue of whether to compost prior to soil application, of course. With hay the issue of weed seeds looms large, = for any future open soil growing; even with leaves there is some potential for = weed seed presence.

 

I consider that the use of these leaves both = as mulch and as incorporated organic matter will predominate in the mixed = vegetable, small fruit and tree orchard context which I participate in. Doubtless = some will also be thermally and worm composted as well, to produce materials = for compost teas and watery extracts as well as direct applications. I = believe that my sandy soil will benefit from direct decomposition of the leaves and subsequent fungal growth in the soil itself more than if all the leaves = were composted before application. Because this soil is very well drained I anticipate = no serious anaerobicity problems leading to methane or NOx production as a = result. In more poorly drained soils that experience spring and/or fall = flooding, it could very well be wise to compost and apply shortly before planting, or = as crop choices permit, to apply after danger of flooding is past but with sufficient time to decompose prior to = planting.

 

I would appreciate any specific or general = comments on these subjects. I can make the full text of the exchanges between = myself and Mr Schellinger available to anyone = interested.

 

Frank Teuton

&NBSP;

*****************************************************

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&NBSP;

------=_NextPart_000_001B_01C53768.712CB910-- From - Mon Apr 11 21:19:51 2005 X-UIDL: 368647771 X-Mozilla-Status: 0000 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ADD1B6DF007E; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:45 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 3184FAA1E; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:45 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0F3D7AA1B for ; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:45 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 87667AA39 for ; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:43 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (128.227.252.37:3001) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000D3500@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:13 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 197248 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:13 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay101-dav18.bay101.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000D34FD@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:12 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 12:19:22 -0700 Received: from 64.4.56.200 by BAY101-DAV18.phx.gbl with DAV; Mon, 11 Apr 2005 19:19:21 +0000 X-Originating-IP: [64.4.56.200] X-Originating-Email: [jgruv@hotmail.com] X-Sender: jgruv@hotmail.com References: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1437 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1441 X-OriginalArrivalTime: 11 Apr 2005 19:19:22.0873 (UTC) FILETIME=[5E258E90:01C53ECB] Message-ID: Date: Mon, 11 Apr 2005 15:19:30 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Joel Gruver Subject: [SANET-MG] bioenergy from a C mass balance perspective Comments: cc: Michael Wagger , Lisa Stocking , "Ray R. Weil" , shuijin_hu@ncsu.edu To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368647771 Hello folks, As we discuss the impacts of using crop residues or other organic materials for energy purposes (as compared to soil amendment), it is important to evaluate possible scenarios from a C mass balance perspective. The functional benefits of SOM (nutrient storage, structural stabilization, water holding capacity, nourishing of soil organisms...) are well documented and widely appreciated... in contrast, the factors which constrain SOM accumulation (e.g. climate, texture, mineralogy, landscape position...) and interactions between these factors and management (e.g. tillage, fertilization, organic additions, irrigation...) are rather poorly understood. Current research (including my own) is evaluating the concept of saturatable pools of SOM... an example of a potentially saturatable pool of OM is the OM that gets adsorbed on the surfaces of fine mineral particles. There is considerable evidence that adsorption on the surfaces of clay and fine silt particles can confer protection against decomposition. The amount of OM that can be protected by adsorption on mineral surfaces is likely to be a finite quantity related to the chemical and physical properties of a soil's mineral particles (e.g. external surface area, internal surface area, CEC...). The impact of new organic inputs on soil function and the partitioning of new organic inputs into SOM fractions (microbial biomass, particulate OM, humus...) and CO2 is likely to depend on the quantity and quality of OM already in the soil. All of the above is intended to set the stage for a brief discussion of the following question: How will the removal of crop residue for bioenergy purposes impact C mass balance ? When fossil hydrocarbon energy sources (natural gas, oil and coal) are displaced by renewable carbohydrate sources (e.g. crop residue, wood...) less CO2 is released into the atmosphere...unless of course, the C cost of production, harvest, processing and transportation of the renewable carbohydrate source is greater than the fossil C it displaces. When crop residues are returned to soil, most of the C in the residues is returned to the atmosphere as CO2 within a year. Biologically mediated soil processes (nutrient transformations, biodrilling, detoxification...) are energized as residue C traverses the redox continuum from carbohydrate to CO2... Interactions between management practices and the factors described above control whether the soil will act as a net source, net sink or just a conduit of C. If a soil system is at or near saturation i.e. accumulating very little SOM because of non-management factors, use of crop residue for bioenergy purposes will probably result in a more favorable C balance than if the residue were returned to the soil and quickly converted back into CO2. If a soil system has low OM relative to its potential and management practices are adopted which promote C accumulation, return of residues will probably result in a more favorable C balance than if the residue was removed for bioenergy purposes. Hope that this makes sense... looking forward to your comments. Joel BTW I will send some comments on composting vs. direct land application of raw organics shortly... Joel ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Thu Jun 09 22:24:45 2005 X-UIDL: 368652880 X-Mozilla-Status: 1001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A87BBE120130; Thu, 09 Jun 2005 20:02:03 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id A6FD6AB62; Thu, 9 Jun 2005 20:02:03 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 88BECAA47 for ; Thu, 9 Jun 2005 20:02:03 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B5E06AA44 for ; Thu, 9 Jun 2005 20:02:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listsrv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000F1050@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 9 Jun 2005 20:01:21 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.3) with spool id 192932 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 9 Jun 2005 20:01:21 -0400 Received: from groucho.mail.uwo.ca by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000F104C@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 9 Jun 2005 20:01:21 -0400 Received: from groucho.mail.uwo.ca (brutus.mail.uwo.ca [129.100.253.80]) by groucho.mail.uwo.ca (Sun Java System Messaging Server 6.2-1 (built Feb 24 2005)) with ESMTP id <0IHU004TEDCU6G60@groucho.mail.uwo.ca> for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 09 Jun 2005 20:00:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [129.100.6.72] by groucho.mail.uwo.ca (Sun Java System Messaging Server 6.2-1 (built Feb 24 2005)) with ESMTPS id <0IHU000N4DCTPZ30@groucho.mail.uwo.ca> for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 09 Jun 2005 20:00:29 -0400 (EDT) MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 8BIT X-Accept-Language: en-us, en User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird 1.0 (Windows/20041206) Message-ID: <42A8D81D.3070709@uwo.ca> Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2005 20:00:29 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: jcummins Subject: [SANET-MG] dream farms To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. COUNTRIES, SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368652880 http://www.i-sis.org.uk/DreamFarm.phpISIS Press Release 09/06/05 Dream Farms Abundantly productive farms with zero input and zero emission powered by waste-gobbling bugs and human ingenuity Sustainable development is possible Dr. Mae-Wan Ho A fully referenced version of this paper is posted on ISIS members’ website. Details here Environmental engineer meets Chinese peasant farmers Doesn’t it sound like a dream to be able to produce a super-abundance of food with no fertilizers or pesticides and with little or no greenhouse gas emission? Not if you treat your farm wastes properly to mine the rich nutrients that can support the production of fish, crops livestock and more, get biogas energy as by-product, and perhaps most importantly, conserve and release pure potable water back to the aquifers. That is what Professor George Chan has spent years perfecting; and he refers to it as the Integrated Food and Waste Management System (IFWMS). Chan was born in Mauritius and educated at Imperial College, London University in the United Kingdom, specializing in environmental engineering. He was appointed director of two important US federal programmes of the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy in the US Commonweath of the Northern Mariana Islands of the North Pacific. On his retirement, Chan spent 5 years in China among the Chinese peasants, and confessed he learned just as much there as he did in University. What he learned was a system of farming and living that inspired him and many others including Gunter Pauli, the founder and director of the Zero Emissions Research Initiative (ZERI) (www.zeri.org). Chan left China in 1989, and continued to work with Gunter and others in ZERI through consultancy services. This work has taken him to nearly 80 countries and territories, and contributed to evolving IFWMS into a compelling alternative to conventional farming. The integrated farm typically consists of crops, livestock and fishponds. But the nutrients from farm wastes often spill over into supporting extra production of algae, chickens, earthworms, silkworms, mushrooms, and other valuables that bring additional income and benefits for the farmers and the local communities. Treating wastes with respect The secret is in treating wastes to minimize the loss of valuable nutrients that are used as feed to generate further nutrients from algae, fish, etc., that feed a variety of crops and livestock. At the same time, greenhouse gases emitted during the first phase of waste treatment are harvested for use as fuel, while the oxygen required in the second phase of waste treatment - which gets rid of toxins and pollutants - is generated by photosynthetic algae, so fish stocks are not suffocated through lack of dissolved oxygen in the nutrient-rich water entering the ponds. Livestock wastes are first digested anaerobically (in the absence of air) to produce biogas (mainly methane). The partially digested wastes are then treated aerobically (in the presence of air) in shallow basins that support the growth of green algae. By means of photosynthesis, the algae produce all the oxygen needed to oxidise the wastes to make them safe for fish. This increases the fertilizer and feed value in the fishponds without robbing the fish of dissolved oxygen. All the extra nutrients, therefore, go to improve productivity. Biogas is used as a clean energy source for cooking, and also enables farmers to process their produce for preservation and added value, reducing spoilage and increasing the overall benefits. IFWMS has revolutionized conventional farming of livestock, aquaculture, horticulture, agro-industry and allied activities in some countries, especially in non-arid tropical and subtropical regions. It has solved most of the existing economic and ecological problems and provided the means of production such as fuel, fertilizer and feed, increasing productivity many-fold. "It can turn all those existing disastrous farming systems, especially in the poorest countries into economically viable and ecologically balanced systems that not only alleviate but eradicate poverty." Chan says. Increasing the recycling of nutrients for greater productivity The ancient practice of combining livestock and crop had helped farmers almost all over the world. Livestock manure is used as fertilizer, and crop residues are fed back to the livestock. Chan points out, however, that most of the manure, when exposed to the atmosphere, lost up to half its nitrogen as ammonia and nitrogen oxides, before they can be turned into stable nitrate that plants use as fertilizer (see Box 1). The more recent integration of fish with livestock and crop has helped to reduce this loss. The important addition of a second production cycle of nutrients from fish wastes has enhanced the integration process, and improved the livelihoods of many small farmers considerably. But too much untreated wastes dumped directly into the fishpond can rob the fish of oxygen, and end up killing the fish. Box 1 How volatile nitrogen is turned into nutrient for plants Livestock manure contains large amounts of ammonia gas that must be turned back into stable nitrate before it can be absorbed as nutrient by plants. Nitrification is the process in which soil bacteria oxidize ammonia (NH3) sequentially into nitrite (NO2) and then nitrate (NO3). Ammonia is oxidized into nitrite by bacteria belonging mainly to the genus Nitrosomonas, but also Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosolobus and Nitrosovibrio. Nitrite is then further oxidized into nitrate by bacteria belonging mainly to the genus Nitrobacter, but also by bacteria in other genera such as Nitrospina, Nitrococcus and Nitrospira. In IFWMS, the anaerobically digested wastes from livestock are treated aerobically before the nutrients are delivered into the fishponds to fertilize the natural plankton that feed the fish without depleting oxygen, thereby increasing fish yield 3- to 4-fold, especially with the polyculture of many kinds of compatible fish feeding at different levels as practiced in China, Thailand, Vietnam, India and Bangladesh. The fish produce their own wastes that are converted naturally into nutrients for crops growing both on the water surface and on dykes surrounding the ponds. The most significant innovation of IFWMS is thus the two-stage method of treating wastes; the anaerobic digester followed by the shallow aerobic basins containing green algae. Livestock waste contains very unstable organic matter that decomposes fast, consuming a lot of oxygen. So for any pond, the quantity of livestock wastes that can be added is limited, as any excess will deplete the oxygen and affect the fish population adversely, even killing them. Chan is critical of "erratic proposals" of experts, both local and foreign, to spread livestock wastes on land to let them rot away and hope that the small amount of residual nutrients left after tremendous losses that damage the environment have taken place. According to the US Environment Protection Agency, up to 70% of nitrous oxide, N2O, a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 280 (i.e., 280 times that of carbon dioxide) comes from conventional agriculture. Nitrous oxide is formed as an intermediate in denitrification, a process in which soil bacteria reduce nitrate ultimately back to nitrogen gas. Denitrifying bacteria belong to two main genera, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Animal manure could be responsible for nearly half of the N2O emission in agriculture in Europe, according to some estimates; the remainder coming from inorganic nitrate fertilizer. Thus, anaerobic digestion not only prevents the loss of nutrients, it could also substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Chan further dismisses the practice of composting nutrient-rich livestock wastes, for this ends up with a low-quality fertilizer that has lost ammonia and nitrite. Instead of mixing livestock wastes with household garbage in the compost, Chan recommends produce high-protein feeds such as earthworms from the garbage, and using worm castings and garbage residues as better soil conditioners. He is also critical of the outmoded practice of putting manure in septic tanks for not much financial or other benefits while the badly treated effluent is just as dangerous as the waste itself. Instead, the livestock waste digested anaerobically followed by oxidation in open shallow basins with natural algae before letting the treated waste effluent flow into the fish pond, can convert almost 100% of the organic nutrients into inorganic nutrients that will not consume any oxygen to deprive the fish. So, theoretically, the quantity of waste input into the pond can increase 10-fold without the risk of pollution. But, Chan cautions, the nutrients in the waste must be totally used by both fish and crop culture, or the nutrients can create problems of eutrophication – over-enrichment of plankton - that uses up all the oxygen in the pond, thereby lowering productivity. To close the circle, livestock should be fed with crops and processing residues, not wastes from restaurants and abattoirs. Earthworms, silkworms, fungi, insects and other organisms are also encouraged, as some of them produce high value goods such as silk and mushrooms. The digester can be as simple as a couple of concentric plastic bags of 5m3 capacity or 200-litre drums for a small farm, or a complex reinforced concrete steel structure with an anaerobic sludge blanket to collect the biogas for a big farm or industrial enterprise. As the fresh wastes enter the digester, the waste-eating bacteria transform the unstable ammonia (NH3) and nitrite (NO2) into stable nitrate (NO3), which is ready for use as fertilizer. As more wastes are added, the digester also produces an abundant and inexhaustible supply of biogas - 2/3 methane (CH4) and 1/3 carbon dioxide (CO2) - a convenient source of free and renewable energy for domestic, farming and industrial uses (see Box 2). Big farms, meat and fish-packing plants, distilleries, and various agro-industries are now self-sufficient in energy, besides having big volumes of nutrient-rich effluent for fertilizing fishponds, and ‘fertigation’ (fertilization and irrigation) of many kinds of crops. Box 2 Formation of biogas [9] Certain bacteria naturally present in manure produce a combustible gas (biogas) when they digest organic matter anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen). Biogas typically contains between 60 and 70 percent methane. Anaerobic digestion involves two groups of bacteria. The first group of ordinary bacteria produces organic acids such as acetic acid by fermentation. The second group of bacteria, the methanogens (methane makers), is special, it breaks down the organic acids and produces methane as a by-product. Methanogens cannot tolerate oxygen and are killed when exposed to oxygen. Instead, they can use the dead end products of fermentation, carbon dioxide or organic acids such as acetic acid, to generate methane: Methanogens are found wherever oxygen is depleted, such as wetland soils, aquatic sediments and in the digestive tracts of animals. Methane formation is the final step in the decay of organic matter when carbon dioxide and hydrogen accumulate, and all oxygen and other electron acceptors are used up. Proliferating lifecycles for greater productivity The aerobic treatment in the shallow basins depends on oxygen produced by the green alga Chlorella. Chlorella is very prolific and can be harvested as a high-protein feed for chickens, ducks and geese. When the effluent from the Chlorella basins reaches the fishpond, little or no organic matter from the livestock waste will remain, and any residual organic matter will be instantly oxidized by some of the dissolved oxygen. The nutrients are now readily available for enhancing the prolific growth of different kinds of natural plankton that feed the polyculture of 5 to 6 species of compatible fish. No artificial feed is necessary, except locally grown grass for any herbivorous fish. The fish waste, naturally treated in the big pond, gives nutrients that are used by crops growing in the pond water and on the dykes. Fermented rice or other grain, used for producing alcoholic beverages, or silkworms and their wastes, can also be added to the ponds as further nutrients, resulting in higher fish and crop productivity, provided the water quality is not affected. Trials are taking place with special diffusion pipes carrying compressed air from biogas-operated pumps to aerate the bottom part of the pond, to increase plankton and fish yields. Apart from growing vine-type crops on the edges of the pond and letting them climb on trellises over the dykes and over the water, some countries grow aquatic vegetables floating on the water surfaces in lakes and rivers. Others grow grains, fruits and flowers on bamboo or long-lasting polyurethane floats over nearly half the surface of the fishpond water without interfering with the polyculture in the pond itself. Such aquaponic cultures have increased the crop yields by using half of the millions of hectares of fishponds and lakes in China. All this is possible because of the excess nutrients from the integrated farming systems. Planting patterns have also improved. For example, rice is now transplanted into modules of 12 identical floats, one every week, and just left to grow in the pond without having to irrigate of fertilize separately, or to do any weeding, while it takes 12 weeks to mature. On the 13th week, the rice is harvested and the seedlings transplanted again to start a new cycle. It is possible to have 4 rice crops yearly in the warmer parts of the country, with almost total elimination of the back breaking work previously required. Another example is hydroponic cultures of fruits and vegetables in a series of pipes. The final effluent from the hydroponic cultures is polished in earthen drains where plants such as Lemna, Azolla, Pistia and water hyacinth remove all traces of nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and potassium before the purified water is released back into the aquifer. Processing for added value and nutrient release One big problem with agricultural produce is the drop in prices when farmers harvest the same crops at the same time. This is solved by the abundant supply of biogas energy, which enable simple processing to be done such as smoking, drying, salting, sugaring, and pickling. Finally, the sludge from the anaerobic digester, the algae, macrophytes, crop and processing residues are put into plastic bags, sterilized in steam produced by biogas energy, and then injected with spores for high-priced mushroom culture. The mushroom enzymes break down the ligno-cellulose to release the nutrients and enrich the residues, making them more digestible and more palatable for livestock. The remaining fibrous residues can still be used for culturing earthworms, which provide special protein feed for chickens. The final residues, including the worm casting, are composted and used for soil conditioning and aeration. Sustainable development is possible There has been a widespread misconception that the only alternative to the dominant model of infinite, unsustainable growth is to have no growth at all. I have heard some critics refer to sustainable development as a contradiction in terms. IFWMS, however, is a marvellous demonstration that sustainable development is possible. The key is a balanced development and growth that’s achieved by closing the overall production cycle, then using the surplus nutrients and energy to support as many different cycles of activities as possible while maintaining internal balance, rather like a developing organism. The ‘waste’ from one production activity is resource for another, so productivity is maximised with the minimum of input and little or no waste is exported into the environment. It is possible to have sustainable development after all; the alternative to the dominant model of unlimited, unsustainable growth is balanced growth. Support our Sustainable World Global Initiative and sign up for the First International Conference now http://www.i-sis.org.uk/SWCFA.php The Institute of Science in Society, PO Box 32097, London NW1 OXR telephone: [44 20 8452 2729] [44 20 7272 5636] General Enquiries sam@i-sis.org.uk - Website/Mailing List press-release@i-sis.org.uk - ISIS Director m.w.ho@i-sis.org.uk MATERIAL ON THIS SITE MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT PERMISSION, ON CONDITION THAT IT IS ACCREDITED ACCORDINGLY AND CONTAINS A LINK TO http://www.i-sis.org.uk/ ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. 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From - Sat Apr 19 12:38:18 2003 X-UIDL: 347345669 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A9C52D6100CE; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 10:14:29 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id DC72BB4929; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 10:14:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 70969B4923 for ; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 10:14:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015C55@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 10:14:24 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 22498 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 10:14:24 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay7-f29.bay7.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015C54@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 10:14:23 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 07:13:58 -0700 Received: from 203.168.19.14 by by7fd.bay7.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 14:13:58 GMT X-Originating-IP: [203.168.19.14] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 19 Apr 2003 14:13:58.0863 (UTC) FILETIME=[EB8645F0:01C3067D] Message-ID: Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2003 14:13:58 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Re: fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347345669 jeff, thanks for the information. it is really of great help. currently, we do a lot of experimentations and observations on several vegetable families. we do our own microbial culture using lacto bacilli, forest and bamboo microorganism. apparently, the forest ones are much fungal and the bamboo much bacterial. lactic acid bacteria however is our main workhorse in composting, digestion and arresting foul odors. we do a lot of anaerobic fermentation. in fact, we ferment our materials first before we really compost them. we make special designer compost that includes several diversed materials of which we inoculate with beneficial indigenous microorganisms and add lots of bionutrients we normally extract from herbs. our designer compost we add rice bran and rice hull charcoal aside from microbes and bionutrients. this compost is what we will start using for our compost teas. anaerobic to aerobic? well, let's see. again, thanks. gil >From: Jeff Lowenfels >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? >Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2003 22:02:42 -0800 > >Hi Gil, > >You asked if there is any why to tell what a plant likes in terms of >bacterial vs. fungally dominated soils. > >I am sure Dr. Elaine will give a better answer, but the way I remember it >is >to think of where the plant I am trying to grow sits on a line of >succession >from short growing season desert to grasses to prairie to deciduous woods >to >hardwood forests to old growth conifers. > >Annuals and row crops are at the bacterial end...things that take a short >time to grow and produce. > >My understanding is that there are "generally" the same numbers of >bacteria >in healthy soils no matter where the soil is taken along the line. It is >the >fungal numbers that change and increase as the system matures so that by >the >time you get to old growth, you have very high fungal dominance. And, of >course, tilling decreases these numbers by killing the fragile, invisible >fungi in the soil so you are left with a higher ratio of bacteria after you >till. > >And, if you can stand two more paragraphs, getting rid of fungus is why we >here in Alaska actually want to till gardens the first few years after they >are carved out of the black spruce forests that are our back yard.....our >soils are so fungal, it is hard to grow lots of annuals unless the soil is >turned.. > >Breccias, on the other hand, do well in our fungal soils. It is a kid's >hell. Broccoli, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts. You may have heard of the >giant >100 pound cabbages. Of course, this may be more a factor of the cool >temperatures or their ability to attract bacteria regardless of fungal >numbers in the soil. This family of plants does not form mycorrhizal >relationships either. > >You can tell my gardening engines are running, but spring has just now >arrived here. Sorry. And, please correct me, Dr. Elaine! > >Cheers, > >Jeff L _________________________________________________________________ The new MSN 8: advanced junk mail protection and 2 months FREE* http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail From - Sat Apr 19 23:29:29 2003 X-UIDL: 347345693 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A03D2E2000DE; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 23:13:01 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id B0489B48A9; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 23:13:07 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 108BEB483F for ; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 23:13:07 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015CE1@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 23:12:59 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 22669 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 23:12:59 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay7-f82.bay7.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015CE0@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 23:12:59 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Sat, 19 Apr 2003 20:12:58 -0700 Received: from 203.168.19.28 by by7fd.bay7.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 03:12:58 GMT X-Originating-IP: [203.168.19.28] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 20 Apr 2003 03:12:58.0756 (UTC) FILETIME=[BEABF440:01C306EA] Message-ID: Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 03:12:58 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Re: fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: -3.2 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347345693 dear elaine, i appreciate greatly your response. in fact, you are right. there's a difference between the putrefactive and fermentative processes. putrefactive anaerobic results in real foul stinky smells like sewage. fermentative has much sour but not rotten smell. there are definite subtleties on the smells and experience is our best teacher. some people like the EM people also test the pH. anyway, you definitely can use the yogurt. i however, make our own lacto bacilli in a very simple way. we do a two stage process. we first trap several microbes to its food like carbohydrate and then saturate them (on the second stage) with milk. in this manner, we eliminate the other microbes and keep a pure lacto bacilli culture. we then add another kind of food to keep them alive rather than the customary refrigeration. in the countryside, at least in the philippines, we don't have refrigeration. it is very cheap to produce that it is almost unbelievable. i have a booklet on this process that i distributed at the recent ecofarm conference. anyone who will be interested would simply need to e-mail me at: gil_carandang@hotmail.com. i was also told that lacto bacilli is both anaerobic and aerobic. i guess it is more anaerobic or may we call facultative. lacto bacilli is really a microbial workhorse. it is normally associated with the word probiotics. and in organic agriculture, especially livestock, they use a lot of these and combined with immune booster herbs like aloe vera. again, most of highly nutritious foods are fermented foods. and lots of them are lactic acid fermented. in the same token, the microorganisms that we get from the forest are assumed by natural farmers to be beneficial (as you observe where you get them) and maybe more fungal in association. and the bamboo microorganism we use can be said to be more bacterial for its roots exudates attract a lot of beneficial bacteria. as natural farmers, do i still need tests and counts? probably yes. although most practical farmers will not have to. through our experimentations and observations, we should be able to "see". we natural farmers always believe that if we open our eyes, ears, heart and being to nature, nature will start to unfold its mysteries to us. the ultimate answer to all our agricultural questions lie not on man but on nature herself. as long as we align our methods to the workings of nature, we should be in good position. it is our holistic approach and broader realization and appreciation of nature that will guide us and not discriminating and dichotomized mindsets of the reductionist science. elaine, i really enjoyed your workshop in tulare. i learn a lot. it pretty much rationalize the things i have been doing in my natural farming with our essential focus on these beneficial indigenous microorganisms and biological nutrients. i hope to bring you to the philippines one of this days. and i hope you will also be able to set up an office-lab here so we can improve the philippine agricultural practices and directions. again, thanks. gil carandang herbana farms philippines >From: Elaine Ingham >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? >Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2003 13:29:47 -0400 > >In response to Gil's comments on anaerobic decomposition - > >As Steve Diver and I have commented, individually, before, there's a >difference in fermentative and putrefactive anaerobic processes. > >When dealing with the lactobacilli, you are setting the stage for a very >different set of processes than when you allow the run-of-the-mill >putrefactive anaerobes to proliferate. > >Lactobacillus species establish a particular set of conditions that prevent >the growth of other organisms. Lactobacilli work to reach a particular pH >by releasing certain organic acids. They also control nutrient >availability and thus prevent the growth of bacteria like E. coli and other >human pathogens. > >Plant material from your garden usually does not contain lactobacilli, so >you have to inoculate them. You have to add an overwhelming number of >these bacteria in order to move things in the right direction. So the >"starter" can be fairly expensive. Grow your own, or add LIVE CULTURE >yogurt to your compost pile. > >Gil, perhaps you know whether the lactobacilli in commercial yogurt are the >same species as you are adding to your composts? > >How do you tell when you have the lactobacilli versus the putrefier >bacteria? Smell is one way. What is "ok" stink, versus what is "bad" >stink? The sour kraut smell is ok, brimstone is not (you are losing your >sulfur into the atmosphere). Strong ammonia is bad, a slight urine smell >can be ok. The vomit smell is bad, the cole slaw smell is ok. I need to >do a course to demonstrate to people the differences in smells. > >Unfortunately, some people cannot discern the differences. The smells can >be subtly different, so they are not reliable in all cases. Perhaps it is >better to not worry about difficult-for-many-people-to-assess differences, >and just keep it aerobic all the time. > >People who want to learn the differences in smells, should take a >composting course where there is a hands-on part of the course, such as the >Luebkes teach in Austria. Talk about people with know-how, obtained >through years of experience! They may not use microscopes every day, but >they figured out how to do things through trial and error. They probably >are better at distinguishing odors than I am. I am more likely to know the >name of the bug making the smell, but they can tell you more about the >conditions that allowed that organism to grow, and therefore make that >smell. > >---------- > >It is ok when the compost goes anaerobic for a short time (not too much >ammonia or hydrogen sulfide loss, please!), and then comes back to aerobic. > As long as you allow microbial growth to use up all the toxic anaerobic >decomposition products, then things should be fine. Of course, you will >lose N, P, S if you let the pile become anaerobic, so if you really don't >want to lose fertility, keep it aerobic. > >Hope this helps - > >Elaine Ingham >President, Soil Foodweb Inc. >SFI Corvallis, OR >SFI Port Jefferson, NY >SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia >SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands >SFI Cambridge, New Zealand >www.soilfoodweb.com _________________________________________________________________ MSN 8 helps eliminate e-mail viruses. Get 2 months FREE*. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/virus From - Sun Apr 20 21:45:25 2003 X-UIDL: 347345744 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A1B8400900BC; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 20:56:24 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id 0844AB49EF; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 20:56:35 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7E87EB49BC for ; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 20:56:34 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015DCC@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 20 Apr 2003 20:56:21 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 22956 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 20:56:21 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay7-f59.bay7.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015DCB@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 20 Apr 2003 20:56:21 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 17:56:20 -0700 Received: from 203.168.19.21 by by7fd.bay7.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Mon, 21 Apr 2003 00:56:20 GMT X-Originating-IP: [203.168.19.21] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 21 Apr 2003 00:56:20.0388 (UTC) FILETIME=[D27A0640:01C307A0] Message-ID: Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2003 00:56:20 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Re: fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347345744 dear elaine, i fully agree with you. in fact, that's the way it should be. i have nothing against testings and science. what i simply propose is to really involve farmers in determining their agriculture, self-reliance and not dictated by the next guy. in my farm, i do internship and apprenticeship, and when someone applies, i always asked, who's gonna touch and deal with the dirt. if the prospect intern or apprentice is not the one who will be dealing with the soil, then i gracefully turn them down. a good true farmer should really be able to connect with the dirt, observe and "talk" to the dirt and plants. it is this simplicity of relationship that determines the outcome of his agriculture. and this can only happen when you are the real person doing it and not someone else. that's the reason, i don't believe too much on big agriculture. big agriculture loses our connection with the dirt. it alienates and separates us from the earth. we are but part of it and cannot be separated from it. we respond to the "dictates" of nature and not of man. anyway, let us not be conditioned with what the next guy will tell us. let us be free and creative in what we do in agriculture. let us be holistic and simple. let us learn from nature. and let us align of ways to the workings of nature. let us know our soil and its microbial activities and ecologies. and in knowing, we shall start to understand. and understanding will be the true beginning of our journey -- our relationship with her. tests are extremely important in knowing what may be "wrong" with the soil. but let us not stop and be dependent on it. soil test for example is just the beginning. we still owe it to ourselves not just to know but to understand our position and relationship with mother earth. observations and experiments are important. but you are right elaine, you should know where you are coming from. you should know the cost-benefit. and without a better understanding of our land, then you need the the test to really start your journey in this farming with the dirt. gil carandang herbana farms philippines >From: Elaine Ingham >Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > >To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU >Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] fungal vs bacterial/ till no? No till? >Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 17:15:16 -0400 > >Hi Gil - > >I agree that often times the grower knows enough about their land and past >practices that they should have a really good idea of what is going on >biologically in their soil. > >But sometimes, even though things should be going right, they aren't. Take >the front lawn at SFI. We have been using compost tea, a few organic >additives like kelp, corn gluten, and the occasional product that people >want tested, and we are having a weed problem. Head-scratching. But then >we noticed that the soil is extremely compacted, as shown by the imbalance >in active to total bacteria, no beneficial fungi present, and extremely >high ciliate numbers. > >The people who own the protperty have been over-watering. It's >water-logged the soil. So, we have to get them to turn the water off, >because healthy soil requires 50% less water than poor-structure soil. >Especially in western Oregon, over-watering can be a real problem. > >But, what do you do to fix this, now that we've figured out what the >problem is? First, reduce water by 50%. Then get air back into the soil. > >Aeration cores are the best bet. Fill the holes with fungal-dominated >aerobic compost, with VAM spores, because we've lost the beneficial fungi >completely in that soil. > >It was the soil biology analysis that let us know exactly what was wrong, >and how to fix it. > >Often turf people just apply humic acids in a similar condition, and hope >that was all that was needed. But then a month later, you know it wasnt' >adequate to fix the problem. The grass is in serious trouble. > >If it is economically worth while, running a check and knowing what needs >to be done solves the problem before the plants die. > >It always comes down to a question of cost - benefit ratio. Do you spend >the money to do the testing BEFORE the plant response lets you know >something is wrong? > >Depends on how much money will be made on that crop. If the crop isn't >that big a deal, and you can afford to lose productivity, or maybe lose the >crop all together, then letting the plant tell you something is wrong is >ok. > >But if the loss of part or all of the crop would be economically devasting, >then doing the soil biology, and chemistry, analysis is worthwhile. > >If you can afford the consequence of guesswork, then guess. If the >potential improvement in production is more than the cost of the testing, >then it makes sense to test, and then correct the problem. > >If you know your land, and the impact that the things you do to it have on >the biology, then you aren't doing guesswork. > >What I'd really like to do is have people add manures, different kinds of >compost, different products, and then test to see what the affect is on the >biology. Then we'd KNOW what adding these materials actually is. In the >future we'd just need to assess the quality of the compost, or manure, and >we'd know what effect the additions have on the soil. Less and less >testing would be required with time, and we'd have a better idea what to do >in different situations to really fix a soil to grow what you want it to >grow. So, here's hoping for that kind of knowledge base! > >I'd love to work with you to train people in the Phillipiines to do the >kind of testing that we do. > >Elaine Ingham >President, Soil Foodweb Inc. >SFI Corvallis, OR >SFI Port Jefferson, NY >SFI Lismore, NSW, Australia >SFI Hilversum, The Netherlands >SFI Cambridge, New Zealand >www.soilfoodweb.com _________________________________________________________________ MSN 8 with e-mail virus protection service: 2 months FREE* http://join.msn.com/?page=features/virus From - Sun Apr 20 20:38:57 2003 X-UIDL: 347345714 X-Mozilla-Status: 0003 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv.intrex.net [209.42.192.237] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-7.14) id A8C32D5E00DA; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 12:20:19 -0400 Received: by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix, from userid 1001) id A935BB49F0; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 12:20:26 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (srvtask.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.242.235]) by mailserv.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 18ECBB4A2D for ; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 12:20:26 -0400 (EDT) Received: from srvtask (lists.sare.org) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015D52@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 20 Apr 2003 12:20:14 -0400 Received: from LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8e) with spool id 22804 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 12:20:13 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay7-f30.bay7.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00015D51@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 20 Apr 2003 12:20:13 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 09:20:12 -0700 Received: from 203.168.19.9 by by7fd.bay7.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Sun, 20 Apr 2003 16:20:12 GMT X-Originating-IP: [203.168.19.9] X-Originating-Email: [gil_carandang@hotmail.com] Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 20 Apr 2003 16:20:12.0703 (UTC) FILETIME=[B84C4AF0:01C30758] Message-ID: Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 16:20:12 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: gil carandang Subject: Technology Culture of Indigenous Microorganisms To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Spam-itxsa: 0 X-Note: Total weight is 0. None X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 347345714 Hi all! Since I mentioned to my e-mail to Dr.. Elaine Ingham about the culture of indigenous microorganisms for agriculture, a lot of people have e-mailed me on the booklet. I am then posting the details on this booklet: Technology of Culturing Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms and Bionutrients for use in Agricultural Crops and Livestock Last January 23, 2003 Gil Carandang of Herbana Farms, a leading organic and natural farming advocate from the Philipines and who recently completed Apprenticeship in Ecological Horticulture at the University of California Santa Cruz, had just conducted a workshop on Indigenous Microorganism: Grow Your Own at the annual Ecological Farming Conference in Asilomar (Monterey, California) on full-packed crowd. Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO): Grow Your Own The recent interest in building microorganism populations for fertility and pathogen control has given many farmers food for thought. Compost teas are now becoming extremely high in concentrations of beneficial microorganisms. This interest is not so new in Asian countries, however, where "Nature Farming" and "Effective Microorganisms" or EM Technology has been popular for years. Buying starter cultures of beneficiaal microorganisms can be expensive for farmers. Now a relatively new movement is empowering farmers with knowledge about culturing, increasing and applying local or "indigenous" on-farm beneficial microorganisms. Learn the basic theory and techniques for growing these farming companions to help increase yields and reduce problems. "The best workshop I had in 18 years!" - Jim Nelson Camp Joy Gardens Boulder Creek, California Learn to culture Lacto Bacilli, the workhorse of the beneficial indigenous microorganisms. Lacto Bacilli arrest foul odors and improve digestion, nutrient intake. -Forest microorganism. Culture diversed, powerful beneficial indigenous microorganisms from the forest and apply them to your garden and farm and improve soil fertility. -Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms produce enzymes and natural antibiotic that control pathogens like e. coli and salmonella. -Bionutrients. Fermented plant extracts to improve soil fertilty, control pests and diseases, increase microbial diversity and ecology. Did you know that you can gather plants in your farm and use them as fermented extracts to improve plant growth serving as natural growth promotants? ... and many more! The booklet on this amazing natural farming technology is now available. You can organize your own workshop to learn this Asian Natural Farming technology empowering farmers, self-generating their own inputs through the culture of these Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms and Bionutrients. Gil Carandang can be reached through e-mail: gil_carandang@hotmail.com _________________________________________________________________ Tired of spam? Get advanced junk mail protection with MSN 8. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/junkmail From - Sun Sep 04 15:44:08 2005 X-UIDL: 368660822 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AC3FA223005C; Sun, 04 Sep 2005 15:34:23 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 72AB2D00E; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 15:34:23 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 551C8D002 for ; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 15:34:23 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listsrv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 368FBAC7C for ; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 15:34:22 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-test04 (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000234BE@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 4 Sep 2005 15:33:49 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.3) with spool id 159240 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 15:33:46 -0400 Received: from pop04.mail.atl.earthlink.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000234B6@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 4 Sep 2005 15:33:45 -0400 Received: from dialup-4.89.247.3.dial1.dallas1.level3.net ([4.89.247.3] helo=ncat.org) by pop04.mail.atl.earthlink.net with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #10) id 1EC0FM-0002Un-00 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 04 Sep 2005 15:33:44 -0400 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:0.9.4) Gecko/20011128 Netscape6/6.2.1 (CPQCA2C02) X-Accept-Language: en-us MIME-Version: 1.0 References: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <431B4C12.8040609@ncat.org> Date: Sun, 4 Sep 2005 14:33:38 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] aerobic bokashi To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368660822 The recipe you shared for bokashi can vary according to local biomass sources. Similar recipes have been shared on Sanet and they are used around the world. The recipe is for plain bokashi, the production of biofertilizer through microbial transformation of organic substrates. The mature bokashi used in the recipe contains a reservoir of microbes from a previous batch and functions as an inoculant. By comparison, EM bokashi is specifically made with the EM microbial inoculant, molasses, and organic substrate such as wheat bran, rice hulls, or spent grain. By the way, your notion of expensive inoculants needs updating. EM can be purchased for the cost of a bottle of wine. It can be fermented into much large batches for field application, using a small amount of mother culture. The important point is that large volumes of a composted or fermented organic matter is produced and made available as a soil amendment. The organic matter, microbial species, microbial metabolites, nutrients, and bioactive substances in the bokashi is beneficial for the soil, soil organisms, and soil structure. Both can be used with great success. The soil and plants are happy to be supplied with microbes and nourishment, regardless of source. Fermentation is a microbial process with a broad range of definitions, microbial pathways, and energy transformations. Interestingly, a bacterial cell or a plant cell or an animal cell has a multitude of univeral biochemical reactions that involve aerobic and anaerobic processes. Anaerobic fermentations commonly result in lactic acids that lower the pH. Ensilage is a fermented product that stores well. Pickles are a fermented product that store well. The lower pH ensures protection against pathogenic organisms such as salmonella as well as organisms that spoil or degrade. The microbial flora of fermented products are common in probiotics used in livestock and human health. EM is primarily an anaerobic fermentation system but it is compatible with aerobic systems. The anaerobic production of wine and foods is a beneficial anaerobic pathway. The production of EM bokashi is a beneficial anaerobic pathway. The putrid smell of decaying organic matter and dead animals is a putrefactive anaerobic pathway, a breeding ground for pathogenic organisms that can cause human illness. This same putrefactive organic matter can be easily integrated and transformed into a useful end product without odors and flies using aerobic thermophilic compost or fermentative anaerobic bokashi methods. Contact me off list for a 10-page resource list with EM documentation, an instant e-library. The Food & Fertilizer Technology Center in Taiwan has two publications of interest: http://www.fftc.agnet.org *Microbial And Organic Fertilizers In Asia *Microbial Inoculants In Asian Agriculture Regards, Steve Diver Fayetteville, Arkansas Adriana Kürten wrote: >Hi, > >To summarise the story, if you've worked with (aerobic) bokashi, I would >really appreciate to get some feedback. I'll tell a bit of the background >story and then explain my doubts. > >Last year I worked with small producers in Bolivia where we carried out on- >farm trials using bokashi. Farmers in the region are very much embedded in >what could be called a 'chemical paradigm' and did not think twice before >using whatsoever agrochemicals they could find in the local shops. For the >fertilizers, the use of pure NPK 18-46-0 was quite common. Farmers in the >region are very poor, most of them illiterate and highly indebted to the >local shop owners. The project was very broad and dealt with the human >capital in agriculture as well. The trials carried out together with >farmers aimed in part to check whether bokashi would be a viable >alternative in the local context. > >The recipe we used to prepare bokashi was adapted from an IICA publication >(1) in Spanish. The components used were: 100 kg of soil, 100 kg of fresh >cow manure, 100 kg of rice bran, 50 kg of ground charcoal, 20 kg of rice >hull, 5 kg of ashes, 5 kg of mature bokashi, 1 kg of molasses, 250 g of >yeast and water. All components were mixed homogeneously while water was >added to the mixture. The heaps were turned twice and then once a day >until the temperature stabilized. The composts were considered ready to >use after 20 or 21 days. > >It goes without saying that we tried to use as much as possible what was >locally available and at the lowest possible cost. It would be completely >out of out of touch with the local reality to use a commercial inoculant >there. > >The project is now over and I'm trying to figure out what happens in >bokashi production. As far as I've seen, there's not much about (aerobic) >bokashi in scientific publications while there's quite a lot about it on >the net but almost everything is about what is sold on the market such as >EM inoculants and the like. > >I've seen that, some sources refer to 'bokashi' as a biofermented >fertilizer. As far as I remember from chemistry courses a long way back, >fermentation is an anaerobic process. Or can it be aerobic as well? The >production of the compost itself is an aerobic process so maybe bokashi is >called 'fermented organic matter' because Japanese farmers, who >first 'discovered' it, made first a fermented anaerobic inoculant which >was then added to the substrate mixture? Have you got a better clue on why >bokashi is called a fermented organic fertilizer? > >Microorganisms exist everywhere. In this case I reckon the soil, the >manure, mature bokashi and the yeast will mainly provide the >microorganisms which will mineralize N from the composted material and >also enhance availability of other plant nutrients. The molasses here will >provide the 'energy' or feedstock for microorganisms boosting their >growth. Looking back, what we did was to get the microorganisms we wanted >to do the job in contact with a substrate which we wanted to be decomposed >(mineralized) at the same time that we provided something that made the >microorganisms multiply much faster. From what I've experienced, there is >indeed no need to buy a special inoculant. If you've been working with >(aerobic) bokashi what is your experience on that? > >Apart from comments, articles or internet links shedding some light on it >would be very much appreciated. > >Adriana > >---------------------------- >(1) Restrepo, J. R., 2001, Elaboración de abonos orgánicos fermentados y >biofertilizantes foliares: experiencias con agricultores en Mesoamérica y >Brasil, IICA, San José, Costa Rica. > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sun Sep 04 21:44:38 2005 X-UIDL: 368660848 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A27B6F0600D2; Sun, 04 Sep 2005 21:42:19 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id DF8AECFA3; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 21:42:19 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C51CDD01B for ; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 21:42:19 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8A0C1CEBF for ; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 21:42:18 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-test04 (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000235E8@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 4 Sep 2005 21:41:56 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.3) with spool id 159553 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 21:41:56 -0400 Received: from imo-m25.mx.aol.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.000235E5@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 4 Sep 2005 21:41:56 -0400 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m25.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v38_r4.1.) id d.53.2f2fe6d1 (4539) for ; Sun, 4 Sep 2005 21:41:49 -0400 (EDT) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="-----------------------------1125884508" X-Mailer: 9.0 Security Edition for Windows sub 5200 Message-ID: <53.2f2fe6d1.304cfc5c@aol.com> Date: Sun, 4 Sep 2005 21:41:48 EDT Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Elaine Ingham Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] aerobic bokashi To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368660848 -------------------------------1125884508 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Language: en =20 =20 When you add in all the materials typically added in bokashi (which were=20 mentioned in the original post), and do not turn or mix except once a week,=20= the=20 resulting material will go anaerobic, because of the rapid growth of the=20 microbes in the organic food resources added. =20 It is not possible that the mix described could stay aerobic, unless the=20 material was put in a refrigerator, or kept at very low temperatures to red= uce=20 microbial growth. =20 =20 Bokashi is produced by an anaerobic process. Protozoa, the beneficial fung= i=20 and the beneficial nematodes will be lost as soon as the material becomes=20 anaerobic. =20 =20 Does that mean there is no benefit of using bokashi, or ferments, or =20 anaerobic materials as part of a soil program? Please, I have never said t= hat there=20 was no benefit.=20 =20 But, if you say there is a benefit, then explain exactly what benefit there=20= =20 is, and how that can be reliably repeated time after time. =20 =20 Lactobacillus, proprionic acid-producing bacteria and other facultative =20 anaerobic bacteria, and some actinobacteria and yeasts typically found in b= okashi=20 can do some very interesting things. But they cannot do all the things a=20 full foodweb set of organisms will do for plants. Don't ask bokashi to do=20 everything and don't make claims that these organisms can do all the things= =20 aerobic soil organisms can do. =20 Can bokashi organisms start moving soil in the right direction? Sure they=20 can, especially if they start suppressing disease organisms, and begin the=20 process of building soil structure, and leaving behind some organic matter.= =20 =20 But they cannot give all the things a good healthy set of aerobic organisms= ,=20 the full foodweb of organisms, give to a plant. =20 =20 Elaine Ingham President, Soil Foodweb Inc. =20 In a message dated 9/4/2005 8:52:43 A.M. Pacific Daylight Time, =20 heidehermary@PACIFICCOAST.NET writes: Adriana, I can you tell us how this bokashi worked for the farmers? Also=20 where did you obtain the mature bokashi to put into the mix, or can it=20 be substituted with EM inoculant? I'm also curious about the reason for =20 adding the charcoal. Thanks, Heide Adriana K=C3=BCrten wrote: >Hi, > >To summarise the story, if you=E2=80=99ve worked with (aerobic) bokashi, I= would >really appreciate to get some feedback. I=E2=80=99ll tell a bit of the bac= kground >story and then explain my doubts. > >Last year I worked with small producers in Bolivia where we carried out on= - >farm trials using bokashi. Farmers in the region are very much embedded in >what could be called a =E2=80=98chemical paradigm=E2=80=99 and did not thi= nk twice before >using whatsoever agrochemicals they could find in the local shops. For the >fertilizers, the use of pure NPK 18-46-0 was quite common. Farmers in the >region are very poor, most of them illiterate and highly indebted to the >local shop owners. The project was very broad and dealt with the human >capital in agriculture as well. The trials carried out together with >farmers aimed in part to check whether bokashi would be a viable >alternative in the local context. > >The recipe we used to prepare bokashi was adapted from an IICA publication >(1) in Spanish. The components used were: 100 kg of soil, 100 kg of fresh >cow manure, 100 kg of rice bran, 50 kg of ground charcoal, 20 kg of rice >hull, 5 kg of ashes, 5 kg of mature bokashi, 1 kg of molasses, 250 g of >yeast and water. All components were mixed homogeneously while water was >added to the mixture. The heaps were turned twice and then once a day >until the temperature stabilized. The composts were considered ready to >use after 20 or 21 days. > >It goes without saying that we tried to use as much as possible what was >locally available and at the lowest possible cost. It would be completely >out of out of touch with the local reality to use a commercial inoculant >there. > >The project is now over and I=E2=80=99m trying to figure out what happens=20= in >bokashi production. As far as I=E2=80=99ve seen, there=E2=80=99s not much=20= about (aerobic) >bokashi in scientific publications while there=E2=80=99s quite a lot about= it on >the net but almost everything is about what is sold on the market such as >EM inoculants and the like. > >I=E2=80=99ve seen that, some sources refer to =E2=80=98bokashi=E2=80=99 as= a biofermented >fertilizer. As far as I remember from chemistry courses a long way back, >fermentation is an anaerobic process. Or can it be aerobic as well? The >production of the compost itself is an aerobic process so maybe bokashi is >called =E2=80=98fermented organic matter=E2=80=99 because Japanese farmers= , who >first =E2=80=98discovered=E2=80=99 it, made first a fermented anaerobic in= oculant which >was then added to the substrate mixture? Have you got a better clue on why >bokashi is called a fermented organic fertilizer? > >Microorganisms exist everywhere. In this case I reckon the soil, the >manure, mature bokashi and the yeast will mainly provide the >microorganisms which will mineralize N from the composted material and >also enhance availability of other plant nutrients. The molasses here will >provide the =E2=80=98energy=E2=80=99 or feedstock for microorganisms boost= ing their >growth. Looking back, what we did was to get the microorganisms we wanted >to do the job in contact with a substrate which we wanted to be decomposed >(mineralized) at the same time that we provided something that made the >microorganisms multiply much faster. From what I=E2=80=99ve experienced, t= here is >indeed no need to buy a special inoculant. If you=E2=80=99ve been working=20= with >(aerobic) bokashi what is your experience on that? > >Apart from comments, articles or internet links shedding some light on it >would be very much appreciated. > >Adriana > >---------------------------- >(1) Restrepo, J. R., 2001, Elaboraci=C3=B3n de abonos org=C3=A1nicos ferme= ntados y >biofertilizantes foliares: experiencias con agricultores en Mesoam=C3=A9ri= ca y >Brasil, IICA, San Jos=C3=A9, Costa Rica. > >******************************************************** >To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: >1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; >2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to th= e=20 list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > >Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.ht= ml >For more information on grants and other resources available through the=20 SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. > > =20 > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the= =20 list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.htm= l For more information on grants and other resources available through the=20 SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. Elaine R. Ingham Soil Foodweb Inc., Corvallis, Oregon Soil Foodweb Inc., Port Jefferson, New York Soil Foodweb Institute, Lismore Australia Soil Foodweb Institute Cambridge, New Zealand Laboratorios de Soil Foodweb, Culiacan, Mexico Soil Foodweb Inc., Jerome, Idaho Soil Foodweb Inc., South Africa Soil Foodweb Canada, Vulcan, Alberta, Canada ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. -------------------------------1125884508 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Language: en
When you add in all the materials typically added in bokashi (whic= h=20 were mentioned in the original post), and do not turn or mix except once a w= eek,=20 the resulting material will go anaerobic, because of the rapid gro= wth=20 of the microbes in the organic food resources added.
 
It is not possible that the mix described could stay aerobic, unle= ss=20 the material was put in a refrigerator, or kept at very low temperatures to=20 reduce microbial growth. 
 
Bokashi is produced by an anaerobic process.  Protozoa, the=20 beneficial fungi and the beneficial nematodes will be lost as soon as the=20 material becomes anaerobic. 
 
Does that mean there is no benefit of using bokashi, or ferments, or=20 anaerobic materials as part of a soil program?  Please, I have never sa= id=20 that there was no benefit.
 
But, if you say there is a benefit, then explain exactly what benefit t= here=20 is, and how that can be reliably repeated time after time. 
 
Lactobacillus, proprionic acid-producing bacteria and other facultative= =20 anaerobic bacteria, and some actinobacteria and yeasts typically found=20= in=20 bokashi can do some very interesting things.  But they cannot do all th= e=20 things a full foodweb set of organisms will do for plants.  Don't ask=20 bokashi to do everything and don't make claims that these organisms can do a= ll=20 the things aerobic soil organisms can do.
 
Can bokashi organisms start moving soil in the right direction?&nb= sp;=20 Sure they can, especially if they start suppressing disease organisms, and b= egin=20 the process of building soil structure, and leaving behind some organic=20 matter. 
 
But they cannot give all the things a good healthy set of aerobic=20 organisms, the full foodweb of organisms, give to a plant. 
 
Elaine Ingham
President, Soil Foodweb Inc.
 
In a message dated 9/4/2005 8:52:43 A.M. Pacific Daylight Time,=20 heidehermary@PACIFICCOAST.NET writes:
<= FONT=20 style=3D"BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" face=3DArial color=3D#000000 size= =3D2>Adriana,=20 I can you tell us how this bokashi worked for the farmers? Also
where=20= did=20 you obtain the mature bokashi to put into the mix, or can it
be=20 substituted with EM inoculant? I'm also curious about the reason for=20
adding the charcoal.
Thanks, Heide

Adriana K=C3=BCrten=20 wrote:

>Hi,
>
>To summarise the story, if you=E2=80= =99ve worked=20 with (aerobic) bokashi, I would
>really appreciate to get some feedb= ack.=20 I=E2=80=99ll tell a bit of the background
>story and then explain my= =20 doubts.
>
>Last year I worked with small producers in Bolivia=20 where we carried out on-
>farm trials using bokashi. Farmers in the=20 region are very much embedded in
>what could be called a =E2=80=98ch= emical=20 paradigm=E2=80=99 and did not think twice before
>using whatsoever a= grochemicals=20 they could find in the local shops. For the
>fertilizers, the use of= =20 pure NPK 18-46-0 was quite common. Farmers in the
>region are very p= oor,=20 most of them illiterate and highly indebted to the
>local shop owner= s.=20 The project was very broad and dealt with the human
>capital in=20 agriculture as well. The trials carried out together with
>farmers a= imed=20 in part to check whether bokashi would be a viable
>alternative in t= he=20 local context.
>
>The recipe we used to prepare bokashi was=20 adapted from an IICA publication
>(1) in Spanish. The components use= d=20 were: 100 kg of soil, 100 kg of fresh
>cow manure, 100 kg of rice br= an,=20 50 kg of ground charcoal, 20 kg of rice
>hull, 5 kg of ashes, 5 kg o= f=20 mature bokashi, 1 kg of molasses, 250 g of
>yeast and water. All=20 components were mixed homogeneously while water was
>added to the=20 mixture. The heaps were turned twice and then once a day
>until the=20 temperature stabilized. The composts were considered ready to
>use a= fter=20 20 or 21 days.
>
>It goes without saying that we tried to use=20= as=20 much as possible what was
>locally available and at the lowest possi= ble=20 cost. It would be completely
>out of out of touch with the local rea= lity=20 to use a commercial inoculant
>there.
>
>The project is=20= now=20 over and I=E2=80=99m trying to figure out what happens in
>bokashi p= roduction.=20 As far as I=E2=80=99ve seen, there=E2=80=99s not much about (aerobic)
&= gt;bokashi in=20 scientific publications while there=E2=80=99s quite a lot about it on
&= gt;the net=20 but almost everything is about what is sold on the market such as
>E= M=20 inoculants and the like.
>
>I=E2=80=99ve seen that, some sourc= es refer to=20 =E2=80=98bokashi=E2=80=99 as a biofermented
>fertilizer. As far as I= remember from=20 chemistry courses a long way back,
>fermentation is an anaerobic=20 process. Or can it be aerobic as well? The
>production of the compos= t=20 itself is an aerobic process so maybe bokashi is
>called =E2=80=98fe= rmented=20 organic matter=E2=80=99 because Japanese farmers, who
>first =E2=80= =98discovered=E2=80=99 it,=20 made first a fermented anaerobic inoculant which
>was then added to=20= the=20 substrate mixture? Have you got a better clue on why
>bokashi is cal= led=20 a fermented organic fertilizer?
>
>Microorganisms exist=20 everywhere. In this case I reckon the soil, the
>manure, mature boka= shi=20 and the yeast will mainly provide the
>microorganisms which will=20 mineralize N from the composted material and
>also enhance availabil= ity=20 of other plant nutrients. The molasses here will
>provide the =E2= =80=98energy=E2=80=99=20 or feedstock for microorganisms boosting their
>growth. Looking back= ,=20 what we did was to get the microorganisms we wanted
>to do the job i= n=20 contact with a substrate which we wanted to be decomposed
>(minerali= zed)=20 at the same time that we provided something that made=20 the
>microorganisms multiply much faster. From what I=E2=80=99ve exp= erienced,=20 there is
>indeed no need to buy a special inoculant. If you=E2=80= =99ve been=20 working with
>(aerobic) bokashi what is your experience on=20 that?
>
>Apart from comments, articles or internet links shedd= ing=20 some light on it
>would be very much=20 appreciated.
>
>Adriana
>
>-----------------------= -----
>(1)=20 Restrepo, J. R., 2001, Elaboraci=C3=B3n de abonos org=C3=A1nicos fermentad= os=20 y
>biofertilizantes foliares: experiencias con agricultores en=20 Mesoam=C3=A9rica y
>Brasil, IICA, San Jos=C3=A9, Costa=20 Rica.
>
>*****************************************************= ***
>To=20 unsubscribe from SANET-MG:
>1- Visit=20 http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or;
>2-=20= Send=20 a message to <listserv@sare.org> from the address subscribed to the=20 list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the=20 message.
>
>Visit the SANET-MG archives at:=20 http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html
>For more information o= n=20 grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visi= t=20 http://www.sare.org.
>
> =20
>

********************************************************To=20 unsubscribe from SANET-MG:
1- Visit=20 http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or;
2- Send= a=20 message to <listserv@sare.org> from the address subscribed to the li= st.=20 Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message.

Visit the=20 SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html
For=20= more=20 information on grants and other resources available through the SARE progr= am,=20 please visit http://www.sare.org.
 
Elaine R.=20 Ingham
Soil Foodweb Inc., Corvallis, Oregon
Soil Foodweb Inc., Port=20 Jefferson, New York
Soil Foodweb Institute, Lismore Australia
Soil Foo= dweb=20 Institute Cambridge, New Zealand
Laboratorios de Soil Foodweb, Culiacan,=20 Mexico
Soil Foodweb Inc., Jerome, Idaho
Soil Foodweb Inc., South=20 Africa
Soil Foodweb Canada, Vulcan, Alberta,=20 Canada

&NBSP;

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-------------------------------1125884508-- From - Mon Sep 05 14:38:46 2005 X-UIDL: 368660896 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A15599E700AA; Mon, 05 Sep 2005 13:33:09 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 0F204CEB2; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 13:33:09 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id E918CAD7E for ; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 13:33:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4E81EAD61 for ; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 13:33:08 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-test04 (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00023AFF@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 13:32:46 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.3) with spool id 161208 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 13:32:46 -0400 Received: from pop04.mail.atl.earthlink.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00023AFC@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 13:32:46 -0400 Received: from dialup-4.89.245.38.dial1.dallas1.level3.net ([4.89.245.38] helo=ncat.org) by pop04.mail.atl.earthlink.net with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #10) id 1ECKpn-0001UD-00 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 05 Sep 2005 13:32:44 -0400 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:0.9.4) Gecko/20011128 Netscape6/6.2.1 (CPQCA2C02) X-Accept-Language: en-us MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <431B4C12.8040609@ncat.org> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <431C8134.10600@ncat.org> Date: Mon, 5 Sep 2005 12:32:36 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] aerobic bokashi To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368660896 > The Food & Fertilizer Technology Center in Taiwan > has two publications of interest: http://www.fftc.agnet.org > > *Microbial And Organic Fertilizers In Asia > *Microbial Inoculants In Asian Agriculture The FFTC web page is working better today. The titles I listed were items that came to mind, but those two bulletins contain general summaries. The FFTC bulletin on "Microbial Fertilizers in Japan" contains the bokashi recipe. The FFTC bulletin on "Making Compost in Three Weeks" contains the IMO (Indigenous Microorganisms) recipe from Malaysia. The IMO system originates from Korea natural farmers. The FFTC bulletin on "Composting the Wastes from a Rice Processing Plant" contains a bokashi-style compost from Malaysia. See below for related titles of interest. Regards, Steve Diver 1. Microbial Fertilizers in Japan http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb430.html *Utilization of Microbial Materials to Make "Bokashi" Table 4 Typical ingredients in `bokashi' http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/image/eb430t4.html 2. Making Compost in Three Weeks Department of Agriculture, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/pt2003040.html 3. Composting the Wastes from a Rice Processing Plant Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute (MARDI) http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/pt2001037.html ALSO SEE: Fertilizers, Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition - INDEX http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/list/subcat/E.html Bioactivator to Decompose Agricultural Wastes http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/pt2003023.html Application of Rice Husk Charcoal http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/pt2001004.html Biophosphate: A Microbial Phosphate Fertilizer http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/pt2003024.html Growing Chemical-Free Vegetables http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/nc147b.html Making Compost in Three Weeks Department of Agriculture, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/pt2003040.html Rapid Composting Technology in the Philippines: Its Role in Producing Good-Quallity Organic Fertilizers http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb444.html The Decomposition of Fresh and Composted Organic Materials in Soil http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb447.html Use of Microbial Inoculants and Organic Fertilizers in Agricultural Production J.F. Parr, S.B. Hornick, and D.D. Kaufman http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb394.html Using Earthworms to Recycle Food Wastes into Organic Fertilizer http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/pt2003030.html Utilization of Composted Organic Wastes in Vegetable Production Systems http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/abstract/tb147.html Co-Composting Potato Starch Sludge with Swine Manure Compost Production and Use: Some New Developments Composting Empty Fruit Branches of Oil Palm Composting of Organic Wastes Composting the Wastes From a Rice Processing Plant Composting with Wood Chips Fertilizer Pellets from Composted Livestock Manure ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Sep 05 21:01:47 2005 X-UIDL: 368660933 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AA6DB093005C; Mon, 05 Sep 2005 21:01:33 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 313B2BED2; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:01:33 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 115B7BEAF for ; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:01:33 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B1F44BEAE for ; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:01:32 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-test04 (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00023C1C@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:01:10 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.3) with spool id 161522 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:01:10 -0400 Received: from relay04.roc.ny.frontiernet.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00023C19@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:01:09 -0400 Received: from filter06.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (filter06.roc.ny.frontiernet.net [66.133.183.73]) by relay04.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id BC8A7358360 for ; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 01:01:09 +0000 (UTC) Received: from relay04.roc.ny.frontiernet.net ([66.133.182.167]) by filter06.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (filter06.roc.ny.frontiernet.net [66.133.183.73]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with LMTP id 20640-12-7 for ; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 01:01:09 +0000 (UTC) Received: from [192.168.123.161] (67-137-251-221.bras01.cha.wv.frontiernet.net [67.137.251.221]) by relay04.roc.ny.frontiernet.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6E6B63582D8 for ; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 01:01:08 +0000 (UTC) Mime-Version: 1.0 X-Sender: aballiett@pop3.frontiernet.net References: <431B4C12.8040609@ncat.org> <431C8134.10600@ncat.org> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" ; format="flowed" X-Virus-Scanned: by amavisd-new-2.3.2 (20050629) at filter06.roc.ny.frontiernet.net Message-ID: Date: Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:01:29 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Allan Balliett Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] aerobic bokashi To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <431C8134.10600@ncat.org> Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368660933 SANeters - It's probably appropriate to remind everyone that Gardening for the Future is making available a full video record (on 3 DVDs) of the April 2 workshop on EM in AG that Steve Diver, Vinnie Pinto and Matthew Wood presented at. Details of the conference are at http://www.gardeningforthefuture.com/. If you are interested in the DVDs, please contact me off-line at igg@igg.com. Steve's presentation is a brilliant overview of the theory and practice of microbial agriculture. Thanks -Allan Balliett Gardening for the Future igg@igg.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Sep 05 21:05:57 2005 X-UIDL: 368660934 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 12000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AB4E60E4004A; Mon, 05 Sep 2005 21:05:18 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id EBF7FA9F7; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:05:18 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D080EA9A9 for ; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:05:18 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (client231-107.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.107]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B408DA99B for ; Mon, 5 Sep 2005 21:05:17 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <431CEB49.7070905@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 05 Sep 2005 21:05:13 -0400 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: MD/DC/VA EM and Agriculture Seminar, April 2, 2005 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------010602000406050408020103" X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Spam-Status: Yes, hits=7.295 tagged_above=4 required=6.3 tests=ALL_NATURAL, HTML_70_80, HTML_MESSAGE, INFO_TLD, LONGWORDS X-Spam-Level: ******* X-Spam-Flag: YES X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.107] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368660934 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------010602000406050408020103 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit "********" EM in Agriculture Seminar WHEN: 8AM to 4PM, April 2, 2005 WHERE: Shepherdstown, WV (directions) COST: $35.00 MORE INFORMATION: Contact Allan Balliett at 304.876.3382 or MOREMOREMOREMO EMworkshop@gardeningforthefuture.com Seminar website: www.gardeningforthefuture.com INTRODUCTION A full day workshop featuring Steve Diver and Vinny Pinto and Matthew Wood on how to use inexpensive farm-made microbial ferments to boost soil fertility and control disease in farm and garden crops and to increase the available nutrition in livestock feeds and control common livestock odors (with a postscript on the use of beneficial microbes for human nutrition). This is a workshop for farmers, ranchers, gardeners, ag professionals, resource specialists, conservationists, soil scientists, nutrient management specialists, students, educators, livestock managers and anyone interested in the health and nutritional benefits of microbial diversity. This workshop focuses on the living component of soil and how it contributes to agricultural productivity. WHAT IS EM? Effective microorganisms, or EM, is a special culture of beneficial microorganisms which are used as an inoculant to promote healthy soils, treat livestock odors, and compost food wastes. When used properly, EM applications create beneficial soil effects such as improved soil aggregation, nitrogen fixation, mineralization, humus formation, disease suppression, and decomposition. EM is also used to enhance the nutrition and digestibility of livestock feeds and to control odors and insects problems in livestock enterprises. The best site on the web for information on what EM is and how to use it is Vinny Pinto's "EM INFO" site. (www.eminfo.info/) WHY USE EM? 21st century organic farmers have become aware of the necessity for a successful organic farm to have a diverse and health soil foodweb. In the U.S., one is likely to hear that the only approach to bolstering the soil foodweb is through applications of aerobically brewed compost tea. Many farmers have found that producing an viable batch of aerobic compost tea can be both expensive (lab tests, equipment outlay) and time consuming. For decades now the Japanese have been using anaerobic microbial brews to gain the same results claimed for aerobic teas. EM is the most reliable and effective of the Asian microbial brews. Using EM requires virtually no extra equipment and requires no lab tests. Ironically, EM is an anaerobic inoculant which brews itself in a closed container and yet provides such a significant boost to soil biology that it not only brings "rare' beneficial microbes to farm soils, it also creates a soil environment that allows indigenous bacteria, fungus and beneficial nematodes to flourish. Furthermore, in the world of microbial agriculture, EM is far from a new idea. EM has been used in Japan for more than 20 years. As a point of fact, ATTRA's Steve Diver says that there are more research papers and reports on EM than on any other microbial inoculation system in organic agriculture. THE PROGRAM ON APRIL 2 Steve Diver, who has recently presented at both the ECOFARM and Upper Midwest Organic Conferences on building soil and plant health through beneficial microbial inoculation, will give an overview of the theory and practice of using beneficial microbe cultures on the farm. His presentation will review practical approaches for bioaugmentation of the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, including the production and use of compost teas, effective microorganisms, indigenous microorganisms, fermented plant extracts, cow patty pit from Biodynamics, and mass-produced mycorrhizal inoculates, as well as how the use of EM fits into this larger picture. Vinny Pinto, an expert on agricultural applications for EM, will speak on the following topics: * Basics of EM * How to use EM for composting * Using EM for ag soil * How to make high quality AEM * How to use EM for cattle, poultry and swine * Value of EM products in human and livestock nutrition A hands-on bokashi-making workshop will also likely be offered, and Efficient Microbes EM microbial culture and various related products will be offered for sale by a representative from SCD. Better, there is a very good chance that Matthew Wood, a founding partner of SCD, will be available to offer an introduction to EM and its various uses, and also to lecture on specific applications in agriculture. Matthew studied EM technology with Dr. Teruo Higa in Japan and earned his Master's degree in Dr. Higa's EM program at University of Ryukus in Okinawa; he remains the first and only American to have completed the Master's program in EM with Dr. Higa. We will offer further updates on Matthew Wood's possible presence as soon as details are at hand. The goal of this conference is to give the new user a background on the theory and science of microbial inoculation in general and a working knowledge of how to economically use EM effectively in a farming enterprise. Furthermore, once in the field, attendees of this workshop can rely on support from Mr. Pinto through his "EM-AG" internet discussion group. REGISTRATION Seating for the workshop is limited, so please register early. Register by sending a check made out to "GFTF" to Gardening for the Future, POB 3047, Shepherstown, WV 25443 or at the door. For up-to-date information about this seminar, watch www.gardeningforthefuture.com or contact Allan Balliett at 304.876-3382 or EMworkshop@gardeningforthefuture.com Bio for Vinny Pinto go back to top of page Vinny Pinto is a consulting scientist who performs research on use of beneficial syntropic (anti-entropic) fermentative microbes, including EM and related microbial consortia, in a variety of fields ranging from soils for crop agriculture to livestock to odor management and pathogen reduction in industrial and waste treatment settings. He also operates a small zero-odor egg-producing operation using EM microbial technology. Vinny is a degreed scientist with a Master's degree in the health-related sciences and in research methods in the health sciences. He has a strong background in devising and guiding scientific research studies. He has been working with and researching uses of EM for over two years, particularly in the realms of livestock and human uses, and health-related applications using EM fermented antioxidant beverages as a nutritional supplement for humans and animals; he performs consulting for clients in a number of foreign countries as well as in the USA. One of his recent large agricultural livestock consulting projects involved implementation of EM for odor control and animal health in a large "factory" poultry farm containing about 50,000 chickens in a 6,000 sq. ft. barn, where the poultry density was roughly 10 lbs per square foot. He has presented lectures and seminars on the usage of such beneficial syntropic microbes in many venues, including the international EM Sustainable Community Festival held in Kansas City, MO in November 2004 which attracted attendees from around the world. Vinny operates two popular informational websites on EM and its uses ( www.eminfo.info and www.antioxbrew.com ) and he operates five e-mail list groups on various applications of EM and similar beneficial antioxidative microbes. Vinny is the author of an encyclopedic 200+ page book entitled "Fermentation with Syntropic Antioxidative Microbes: An Advanced Guide to Brewing EM Fermented Secondary Products", and is currently working on an introductory book offering an overview on the use EM across many fields and a second book which will offering basic guidelines for using EM and related beneficial microbial cultures in agriculture. Vinny is also the publisher of the fee-based "Advanced EM Newsletter", a newsletter devoted to advanced uses for EM across various sectors. Bio for Steve Diver go back to top of page Steve Diver is an agriculture specialist with the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT). Steve provides technical support on agronomic and horticultural topics through NCAT's flagship sustainable agriculture program known as ATTRA -- National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. He earned BS and an MS degrees in horticulture from Oklahoma State University, and worked as Extension Horticulturist in Eastern Oklahoma for four years. He managed an organic blueberry farm in the Missouri Ozarks prior to joining NCAT. He has surveyed EM technology and provided technical support for agricultural applications of EM since 1995. Steve has delivered workshops and keynote lectures on humus farming, soil biology, compost, compost teas, EM (Effective Microorganisms), IMO (Indigenous Microorganisms), fermented plant extracts, biodynamic preparations, and related on-farm microbial preparations at organic farming conferences, scientific symposiums, and Extension Service training. He lives on a 12 acre farm outside of Fayetteville, AR, and raises a quarter acre garden of mixed vegetables, flowers, and herbs. ================================================================================ Special thanks is given to Vinny Pinto and Steve Diver and to Sustainable Community Development (www.scdworld.org "Sustainable Commmunity Development, L.L.C. ("SCD") is dedicated to providing the LOHAS (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability) community with all natural, microbial-based products for human health and environmental sustainability!") for the sacrifices they have made to make this event possible. This seminar was organized by Allan Balliett and Gardening for the Future's educational project, the Fresh and Local CSA of Shepherdstown WV (serving the DC metro-area) www.freshandlocalcsa.com This seminar is co-sponsored by Jeff Otto and East Coast Organics, where "Our mission is to offer garden centers, nurseries and professional growers premium quality, field-tested organic supplies that promote responsible land management. By blending the modern theories of sustainable agriculture with ancient agricultural traditions, East Coast Organics has created an essential line of organic garden supplies that will improve the lives of your plants and the life of our planet." www.eastcoastorganics.com This seminar is co-sponsored by the Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture, a non-profit organization which promotes profitable farming which produces healthy food for all people while respecting the natural environment." www.PASAfarming.org This seminar is co-sponsored and supported by Horticultural Extension of Loudoun, Co, Virginia This seminar is co-sponsored and supported by the office of agricultural economic development of Jefferson County, Virginia --------------010602000406050408020103 Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1; name="www.gardeningforthefuture.com/" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline; filename="www.gardeningforthefuture.com/" Content-Base: "http://www.gardeningforthefuture.com/" Content-Location: "http://www.gardeningforthefuture.com/" MD/DC/VA EM and Agriculture Seminar, April 2, 2005 <body> <h1>MD/DC/VA EM and Agriculture Seminar, April 2, 2005</h1> <p>Your web-browser does not support frames. You will need to <A HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/biodynamics/index.html">click here</A> to be redirected to this site. (You will be automatically redirected in 10 seconds.)</p> <script language="javascript"> function go() { self.location = "http://www.ibiblio.org/biodynamics/index.html"; } setTimeout("go()", 10000); </script> </body> --------------010602000406050408020103-- From - Tue Sep 06 23:43:25 2005 X-UIDL: 368661027 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE04729F00BC; Tue, 06 Sep 2005 20:02:12 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 27A1AACC2; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 20:02:12 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0CE95AC83 for ; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 20:02:12 -0400 (EDT) Received: from metalab.unc.edu (industrial.metalab.unc.edu [152.2.210.112]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6F9E3C51F for ; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 20:02:11 -0400 (EDT) Received: from malecky (unknown [152.2.210.119]) by metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 75F2148080; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 20:02:10 -0400 (EDT) X-Original-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from mail.ncat.org (unknown [209.137.246.130]) by lists.ibiblio.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 591B44C008 for ; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 20:02:07 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [127.0.0.1] ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id j87011h31559 for ; Tue, 6 Sep 2005 18:01:01 -0600 Message-ID: <431E2C0D.6050809@ncat.org> Date: Tue, 06 Sep 2005 18:53:49 -0500 From: Steve Diver MIME-Version: 1.0 To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Content-Filtered-By: Mailman/MimeDel 2.1.6 Subject: [permaculture] Hurricane bioremediation X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.6 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org [152.2.210.112] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368661027 Forwarding, fyi -------- Original Message -------- Subject: [USCC] Hurricane bioremediation Date: Tue, 06 Sep 2005 12:11:33 -0500 From: Steve Diver Reply-To: US Composting Council Compost Discussion List To: US Composting Council Compost Discussion List References: <200509021820.AA10617046@mail.emrousa.com> There are several strategies that come to mind. A fleet of solar-powered aquatic fountains can be placed in the cesspool-like flood waters. Aeration and agitation is a standard wastewater treatment. Stagnant pond water is universally improved by use of these aquatic fountains. EM (Effective Microorganisms) is a microbial tool for emergency bioremediation of cesspool-like flood waters, polluted waterways, tsunami and hurricane relief, dead bodies, and probiotic human health for relief workers. The EM microbial consortia can help prevent pathogenic microorganisms from proliferating in stagnant, warm, polluted waters, as well as help return water to better quality conditions. Dead bodies can be immediately doused with EM while transporting and during storage, until they can be properly handled, to cut down on putrid odors. EM bokashi balls and EM donuts can quickly be deposited into canals and water ways. Liquid EM can be applied through aerial applications. Microbial products geared to oilfield spills are apparently being brought to New Orleans. These often contain phototrophic bacteria, as well. Ozonation using mobile units is another technology that might be helpful. Lake Pontrartrain itself will need bioremediation treatment since the flood waters are being pumped back into the lake. The floating rafts developed as living machine technology by Ocean Arks International -- using aquatic plants in floating rafts, roots, and bacteria as biofilters -- also combined with aquatic fountains for aeration, would be beneficial. They are employed in polluted urban canals in China, for example. The mountain of wood debris is another topic altogether, which the USCC members may have ideas in terms of giant wood shredding and composting operations. A few observations, for what it's worth. Steve Diver Northwest Arkansas Eric Lancaster wrote: >Speaking of heinous stench, how are the composting >organizations coordinating efforts in >the South for the hurricane cleanup? >Eric Lancaster >EM America >http://www.emamerica.com _______________________________________________ Compost maillist - Compost@compostingcouncil.org This list is a service provided by the US Composting Council. _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Sat Sep 10 15:32:18 2005 X-UIDL: 368661349 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 12000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A41294B8009C; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 15:29:22 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 555C9CFCD; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 15:29:22 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3B324CFCC for ; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 15:29:22 -0400 (EDT) Received: from enviroserver.envirolink.org (enviroserver.envirolink.org [208.40.195.228]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 416A8CFE4 for ; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 15:29:21 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 15679 invoked from network); 10 Sep 2005 19:29:20 -0000 Received: from localhost.localdomain (HELO enviroserver.envirolink.org) (127.0.0.1) by localhost.localdomain with SMTP; 10 Sep 2005 19:29:20 -0000 Received: (qmail 15601 invoked from network); 10 Sep 2005 19:29:18 -0000 Received: from fe4.cox-internet.com (66.76.2.49) by 208.40.195.228 with SMTP; 10 Sep 2005 19:29:18 -0000 Received: from homexp ([70.186.118.190]) by fe4.cox-internet.com (InterMail vK.4.04.00.03 201-232-140-20030416 license c6744489d3c0f75228b0e65fdc3f0157) with ESMTP id <20050910192846.SFV23571.fe4@homexp> for ; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 14:28:46 -0500 Date: Sat, 10 Sep 2005 14:28:33 -0500 To: bdnow@envirolink.org References: <006701c5b62e$269cfaa0$c91ae93f@D6DV7G11> From: "deborah byron" Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=----------ICDlNzN3HegqZJkxXOTMZy MIME-Version: 1.0 Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <006701c5b62e$269cfaa0$c91ae93f@D6DV7G11> User-Agent: Opera M2/8.02 (Win32, build 7680) Subject: BD Now! EM in New Orleans X-BeenThere: bdnow@envirolink.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.6rc4 Precedence: list Reply-To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Id: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org Errors-To: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org [208.40.195.228] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368661349 ------------ICDlNzN3HegqZJkxXOTMZy Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed; delsp=yes; charset=iso-8859-15 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Its reported that the Center for Disease Control wants to drop BLEACH into the flood waters of Louisiana to prevent disease. Whole Foods has apparently volunteered to pay for and deliver EM as an alternative. ************** To All Concerned Parties, We are getting very close to applying "Effective Microorganisms" (EM) to the disaster site in New Orleans. Jon Mackey, founder of Whole Foods, is willing to purchase all of the stocks of EM from the production plant in Tucson, about 25 tons, and ship it to the New Orleans Disaster Relief. Once there, each gallon of EM can be activated 2000 times from its original quantity, which would total 50,000 tons. The final hurdle is in getting the authorization to begin applying it. EM was used extensively throughout the Tsunami Wave Disaster. The World Health Organization had originally warned that more deaths would occur from the spread of pathogen diseases than occurred from the Tsunami Waves, which was over 150,000 deaths. The deaths from the pathogen diseases never happened. The death rate was actually lower after the disaster than before. EM saved tens of thousands of lives. EM was also used by the German government after the flood disasters a couple of years ago that resulted in over $20 Billion in damage. Also, EM has been successful in cleaning up the inland seas of Japan. EM is relatively new to the US, although it is being used in over 120 countries around the world and has been in use for over 25 years. The final hurdle of getting EM applied to the disaster site in Louisiana is crucial. Whole Foods has been very generous in offering to purchase and transport the EM to New Orleans. The flooded area will take at least six more weeks to pump and drain. However, in about a week, the stagnant waters combined with sewage, poisons, and other contamination sources in New Orleans will begin breeding pathogen bacteria that will begin spreading diseases throughout the region. The CDC (Center for Disease Control) in Atlanta is aware of this, but is not publicizing it to the media. The government is currently planning on spraying bleach to control the spread of pathogens, but bleach will only add to the long-term deleterious damage of the disaster. EM is an all-natural, organic solution that has no negative side-effects. This is why Germany and South Asia resorted to its usage rather than chemicals in their disaster decontamination relief. At this point, we simply need authorization from FEMA and federal relief agencies to move forward. Senator John McCain is from Arizona, where EM is produced in the US. Many top officials are telling us that he is the most influential individual to gain approval in these emergency circumstances. We currently have friends of Sen. McCain contacting him and apprising him of the situation. But other contacts are needed. We need top officials from around the country encouraging this proven technology to be used immediately, before this disaster evolves into a horrendous catastrophe from the spread of pathogen diseases. Please, this is a call to everyone to use your personal resources and personal contacts to prevent a tragedy of much greater proportions. Help us to get FEMA to authorize the application of EM as soon as possible! The EM website is: www.emamerica.com . They can be contacted at: 1-866-369-3678. Please forward this message to all interested parties or call my office at 505-983-4014. Every day, every hour, every minute is crucial! Many thanks for your prayers and encouragement. James McMath ------------ICDlNzN3HegqZJkxXOTMZy Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=attachment112.htm Content-Type: text/html; name=attachment112.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
EM Disaster relief, Life Systems at Risk

Hi Friends,

I thought you might like to know about this. If you don't have time to read it all, the
bottom line is that the Center for Disease Control wants to drop BLEACH on the flood waters of Louisiana to prevent disease.  Whole Foods has volunteered to pay for and deliver the natural agent EM for an ecologically safe and tested way to purify the flood waters.  We need to support this action any way we can. It will affect the ecology for years and decades and even longer to come.
 

To All Concerned Parties,
 
We are getting very close to applying "Effective Microorganisms" (EM) to the disaster site in New Orleans. Jon Mackey, founder of Whole Foods, is willing to purchase all of the stocks of EM from the production plant in Tucson, about 25 tons, and ship it to the New Orleans Disaster Relief. Once there, each gallon of EM can be activated 2000 times from its original quantity, which would total 50,000 tons. The final hurdle is in getting the authorization to begin applying it. EM was used extensively throughout the Tsunami Wave Disaster. The World Health Organization had originally warned that more deaths would occur from the spread of pathogen diseases than occurred from the Tsunami Waves, which was over 150,000 deaths. The deaths from the pathogen diseases never happened. The death rate was actually lower after the disaster than before. EM saved tens of thousands of lives. EM was also used by the German government after the flood disasters a couple of years ago that resulted in over $20 Billion in damage. Also, EM has been successful in cleaning up the inland seas of Japan.
 
EM is relatively new to the US, although it is being used in over 120 countries around the world and has been in use for over 25 years. The final hurdle of getting EM applied to the disaster site in Louisiana is crucial. Whole Foods has been very generous in offering to purchase and transport the EM to New Orleans. The flooded area will take at least six more weeks to pump and drain. However, in about a week, the stagnant waters combined with sewage, poisons, and other contamination sources in New Orleans will begin breeding pathogen bacteria that will begin spreading diseases throughout the region. The CDC (Center for Disease Control) in Atlanta is aware of this, but is not publicizing it to the media. The government is currently planning on spraying bleach to control the spread of pathogens, but bleach will only add to the long-term deleterious damage of the disaster. 

EM is an all-natural, organic solution that has no negative side-effects. This is why Germany and South Asia resorted to its usage rather than chemicals in their disaster decontamination relief. At this point, we simply need authorization from FEMA and federal relief agencies to move forward. Senator John McCain is from Arizona, where EM is produced in the US. Many top officials are telling us that he is the most influential individual to gain approval in these emergency circumstances. We currently have friends of Sen. McCain contacting him and apprising him of the situation. But other contacts are needed. We need top officials from around the country encouraging this proven technology to be used immediately, before this disaster evolves into a horrendous catastrophe from the spread of pathogen diseases. Please, this is a call to everyone to use your personal resources and personal contacts to prevent a tragedy of much greater proportions. Help us to get FEMA to authorize the application of EM as soon as possible! The EM website is: www.emamerica.com <http://www.emamerica.com/> . They can be contacted at: 1-866-369-3678.
  
Please forward this message to all interested parties or call my office at 505-983-4014. Every day, every hour, every minute is crucial! Many thanks for your prayers and encouragement.

James McMath
 


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------------ICDlNzN3HegqZJkxXOTMZy Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline _______________________________________________ BDNow mailing list BDNow@envirolink.org You can unsubscribe or change your options at: http://lists.envirolink.org/mailman/listinfo/bdnow delivered to: lfl@intrex.net ------------ICDlNzN3HegqZJkxXOTMZy-- From - Sat Sep 10 17:46:26 2005 X-UIDL: 368661357 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A30C987B009C; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 17:41:32 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 5CA4CB547; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 17:41:32 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3E58CADB4 for ; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 17:41:32 -0400 (EDT) Received: from enviroserver.envirolink.org (enviroserver.envirolink.org [208.40.195.228]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with SMTP id 91CD8AC5C for ; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 17:41:31 -0400 (EDT) Received: (qmail 14528 invoked from network); 10 Sep 2005 21:41:31 -0000 Received: from localhost.localdomain (HELO enviroserver.envirolink.org) (127.0.0.1) by localhost.localdomain with SMTP; 10 Sep 2005 21:41:31 -0000 Received: (qmail 14460 invoked from network); 10 Sep 2005 21:41:28 -0000 Received: from web50908.mail.yahoo.com (206.190.38.128) by 208.40.195.228 with SMTP; 10 Sep 2005 21:41:28 -0000 Received: (qmail 38417 invoked by uid 60001); 10 Sep 2005 21:40:57 -0000 DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws; s=s1024; d=yahoo.com; h=Message-ID:Received:Date:From:Subject:To:MIME-Version:Content-Type:Content-Transfer-Encoding; b=mzVZdGEaifE+Bv8swrwcpTvAMp6B3acXIJG57x76UY5VjaaurMKSgopf82mwQ+L0LNMWJ+op69u2biyZmFpmEtsbw3a/hkoMooYVI+WLGCXHPuys5hfikMbIbmfXoh5cfwCTWTVtXfkwc3a180hRWmE2bEayX+usehqyGGR10fA= ; Message-ID: <20050910214057.38415.qmail@web50908.mail.yahoo.com> Received: from [24.222.77.18] by web50908.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Sat, 10 Sep 2005 14:40:57 PDT Date: Sat, 10 Sep 2005 14:40:57 -0700 (PDT) From: Nancy Geffken To: bdnow@envirolink.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Subject: BD Now! Immune system boost & bio-remediation with mushrooms X-BeenThere: bdnow@envirolink.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.6rc4 Precedence: list Reply-To: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Id: Biodynamic Food and Farming Discussion List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org Errors-To: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: bdnow-bounces@envirolink.org [208.40.195.228] X-Note: Total weight is 4. COUNTRIES, SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368661357 The recent issue of Resurgence magazine had a cookery article on medicinal mushrooms, extolling their use as immune system boosters (esp. reishi & shitake) - dried & powdered in ginger tea simmered 40 minutes-1hour or added to soups, etc. This issue has another mushroom article by Paul Stamets, on-line at http://www.resurgence.org/2005/stamets232.htm which mentions the immune system benefits but focuses on his work with a variety of bio-remediation projects using oyster mushrooms. from the Stamets article: As the tarpaulins were lifted from the other companies' modules, the odour of oil was overwhelming. Their piles remained starkly devoid of any life. When the tarpaulin came off ours, the mound was literally blanketed with oyster mushrooms, some as big as twelve inches in diameter. Hundreds of pounds of oyster mushrooms ultimately arose from this diesel pile. Subsequent laboratory tests found virtually no toxic oil residue in either the soil or the mushrooms, the result of enzymes and acids that the fungi release that break down such molecular complexes. This finding is especially significant because hydrocarbons are the basis for many other toxic industrial products, including most pesticides and herbicides. But the really exciting part of the story is what happened next. After the mushrooms matured, flies came in and laid eggs in them. Maggots appeared, birds flew in, and other small mammals began to eat the mushrooms and the maggots. The birds and animals carried in seeds, and plants started growing. The mushrooms initiated a process that led to rapid habitat recovery. The polluted pile of dirt was transformed into an ecosphere of life. That's what these mushrooms are: keystone species that precipitate a catalytic, downstream reaction that invites other life forms. This is what Nature can do, but she needs a little help from us. Oyster mushrooms are one of the prime candidates for breaking down petroleum-based and hydrocarbon-based contaminants and pesticides. They are by far the easiest of any mushrooms to grow, and they'll grow on almost anything: old chairs, soggy money, or coffee grounds. (They're also delicious and contain lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent.) __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com _______________________________________________ BDNow mailing list BDNow@envirolink.org You can unsubscribe or change your options at: http://lists.envirolink.org/mailman/listinfo/bdnow delivered to: lfl@intrex.net From - Fri Sep 16 17:37:36 2005 X-UIDL: 368661974 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 12000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AB1A7D9400F8; Fri, 16 Sep 2005 17:37:30 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 5CAAAAC23; Fri, 16 Sep 2005 17:37:30 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 38B62AA4C for ; Fri, 16 Sep 2005 17:37:30 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (client231-103.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.103]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3FDCEAC27 for ; Fri, 16 Sep 2005 17:37:29 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <432B3B16.3010905@intrex.net> Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2005 17:37:26 -0400 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: lfl@intrex.net Subject: The Intervale : Burlington, Vermont : home page Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------030201080703010809030208" X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.103] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368661974 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------030201080703010809030208 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit About Us Farms Program Ventures History Visit Us Calendar FAQs MANY, MANY THANKS TO THE NEARLY 50 VOLUNTEERS WHO MADE OUR SUMMER “THURSDAYS at the INTERVALE” SERIES A SUCCESS, AND WHO HAVE SUPPORTED THE INTERVALE FOUNDATION IN SO MANY WAYS, and MARK YOUR CALENDARS FOR THE GIANT PUMPKIN FEST ON SATURDAY OCTOBER 8TH! Our Mission To develop farm-and land-based enterprises that generate economic and social opportunity while protecting natural resources. The Big Picture As people disconnect from active lifestyles, nutritious food, and the natural world, they become less healthy. Community fabric becomes frayed. Food producers struggle financially while people nearby consume highly processed food products with minimal nutritional value manufactured in distant facilities. At the Intervale, we are trying to reverse this cycle. Reconnecting people, food and nature helps to preserve natural resources and create a roadmap to a sustainable future. Our Goals With support from grants, individual donors and revenues from Intervale enterprises, the Intervale delivers on the following goals: to grow viable farms, preserve productive agricultural land, increase access to local, organic food, compost and other soil amendments, and protect water quality through manure management technology and stream bank restoration. Thursdays are for Intervales Intervale Farms Program Intervale Conservation Nursery Capital Campaign Intervale Calkins Farmstead Intervale Conservation Nursery Intervale Center for Farm Innovation Intervale Capital Campaign Intervale Calkins Farmstead About Us Intervale History 180 Intervale Road Burlington, Vermont 05401 phone: 802.660.0440 fax: 802.658.8075 for more information, email info@intervale.org Please sign our Guestbook! Where's the Intervale? old index page website by the Caspar Institute, Michael Potts, webster 13 October 2004 --------------030201080703010809030208 Content-Type: text/html; name="www.intervale.org/" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline; filename="www.intervale.org/" Content-Base: "http://www.intervale.org/" Content-Location: "http://www.intervale.org/" The Intervale : Burlington, Vermont : home page

About Us
 
Farms Program
 
Ventures
 
History
 
Visit Us
 
Calendar

 
FAQs


MANY, MANY THANKS TO THE NEARLY 50 VOLUNTEERS WHO MADE OUR SUMMER “THURSDAYS at the INTERVALE” SERIES A SUCCESS, AND WHO HAVE SUPPORTED THE INTERVALE FOUNDATION IN SO MANY WAYS, and MARK YOUR CALENDARS FOR THE GIANT PUMPKIN FEST ON SATURDAY  OCTOBER 8TH!

Our Mission

To develop farm-and land-based enterprises that generate economic and social opportunity while protecting natural resources.

The Big Picture

As people disconnect from active lifestyles, nutritious food, and the natural world, they become less healthy. Community fabric becomes frayed. Food producers struggle financially while people nearby consume highly processed food products with minimal nutritional value manufactured in distant facilities.

At the Intervale, we are trying to reverse this cycle. Reconnecting people, food and nature helps to preserve natural resources and create a roadmap to a sustainable future.

Our Goals

With support from grants, individual donors and revenues from Intervale enterprises, the Intervale delivers on the following goals: to grow viable farms, preserve productive agricultural land, increase access to local, organic food, compost and other soil amendments, and protect water quality through manure management technology and stream bank restoration.



Thursdays are for Intervales
Intervale Farms Program
Intervale Conservation Nursery
Capital Campaign      Intervale Calkins Farmstead


Intervale Conservation Nursery Intervale Center for Farm Innovation Intervale Capital Campaign Intervale Calkins Farmstead About Us Intervale History

180 Intervale Road
Burlington, Vermont 05401
phone: 802.660.0440    fax: 802.658.8075

 for more information, email  info@intervale.org 
Please sign our Guestbook!


website by the Caspar Institute, Michael Potts, webster
13 October 2004
--------------030201080703010809030208-- From - Sat Sep 17 22:25:29 2005 X-UIDL: 368662096 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 10000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AEEA29050024; Sat, 17 Sep 2005 22:20:26 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 13B94AB85; Sat, 17 Sep 2005 22:20:26 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 014F6AB82 for ; Sat, 17 Sep 2005 22:20:26 -0400 (EDT) Received: from mxsf39.cluster1.charter.net (mxsf39.cluster1.charter.net [209.225.28.166]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 74F25AAD6 for ; Sat, 17 Sep 2005 22:20:25 -0400 (EDT) Received: from mxip10a.cluster1.charter.net (mxip10a.cluster1.charter.net [209.225.28.140]) by mxsf39.cluster1.charter.net (8.12.11/8.12.11) with ESMTP id j8I2KOJK024374 for ; Sat, 17 Sep 2005 22:20:24 -0400 Received: from 24-159-254-170.dhcp.mdsn.wi.charter.com (HELO Doreen) ([24.159.254.170]) by mxip10a.cluster1.charter.net with SMTP; 17 Sep 2005 22:20:21 -0400 X-IronPort-AV: i="3.97,119,1125892800"; d="doc'32?scan'32,208,32"; a="1586924203:sNHT71652144" Message-ID: <000e01c5bbf7$847762e0$1202a8c0@Doreen> From: "Doreen Howard" To: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Subject: Mycorrhizae Article Date: Sat, 17 Sep 2005 21:20:19 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_000B_01C5BBCD.9B4D4770" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2900.2180 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: gardendiva@charter.net [209.225.28.166] X-Note: Total weight is 3. NOPOSTMASTER, SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368662096 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_000B_01C5BBCD.9B4D4770 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed; charset="iso-8859-1"; reply-type=original Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit This appeared in the July/Aug. issue of The American Gardener, from the American Horticulture Society. It's very elementary, as AHS members are not scientifically trained and are the masses to which most media is directed. The article was retitled in the magazine, "Mighty Mycorrhizae." You can Google that title and find the article, too. The edited version left out some of the science. 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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////wEA/v8D CgAA/////wYJAgAAAAAAwAAAAAAAAEYfAAAATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZSBXb3JkIERvY3VtZW50 AAoAAABNU1dvcmREb2MAEAAAAFdvcmQuRG9jdW1lbnQuOAD0ObJxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ------=_NextPart_000_000B_01C5BBCD.9B4D4770-- From - Mon Sep 19 00:27:38 2005 X-UIDL: 368662219 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE38DF0400B6; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 00:27:36 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id E230DCFED; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 00:27:36 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C6304CFEC; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 00:27:36 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (client231-103.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.103]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EA889CFDA; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 00:27:35 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <432E3E33.8040708@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2005 00:27:31 -0400 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: gardendiva@charter.net, lfl@intrex.net Subject: Ignore last post and discard it - - had to delete Steve Diver's old links at his request [private stuff]- these archives are no longer available [Fwd: Here's more and rought edit of previous [Fwd: Compost Tea, Soil Quality, Compost, Soil Biology || Here's what I promised you in earlier email - rough draft, will edit and annotate this later - there's a wealth of info here]] Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.103] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368662219 Soils In Biological Agriculture
Remineralize the Earth
Agriculture WIKI
Soil Foodweb
Soil and Health Library
The Future is Abundant
Additional Soil Quality Links and Literature
Remineralize the Earth
USDA Soil Remineralization Workshop
Ecology Action
Ecology Action: SOIL <><><><><><><> !! Soil Quality * Soil Quality Links & Literature ** USDA National Resources Conservation Service Soil Quality Institute ** ** Illinois Soil Quality Initiative ** ** Soil Quality and Soil Health FAQ ** ** Soil Quality Network ** Soil Quality Monitoring For Sustainable Agriculture ** ** NSCP Monitoring Soil Quality Evaluation Report ** ** PMAC Soil Quality Resources ** Soil Quality Discussion in Sanet-MG ** ** Another Soil Quality Discussion in Sanet-MG ** ** Soil Quality Resources at Landcare Research ** ** Oregon Small Farms - Water/Soil Quality ** ** National Soil Tilth Laboratory ** ** Agriculture WIKI ** ** Soil Foodweb ** http://www.soilfoodweb.com/phpweb/ ** Soil and Health Library ** ** The Future is Abundant ** ** Additional Soil Quality Links and Literature ** ** Remineralize the Earth ** ** USDA Soil Remineralization Workshop ** ** Ecology Action ** ** Ecology Action: SOIL **
* Literature
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Soil quality: A concept, definition, and framework for evaluation.
Soil Science Society of America Journal

Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Advances in Agronomy. Vol. Academic Press, San Diego, CA

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.

American Journal of Alternative Agriculture

Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Spec. Publ.
Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. SSSA Spec. Publ.
oil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Soil Quality for Crop Production and Ecosystem Health.
Developments in Soil Science  Elsevier, New York.

Biological Indicators of Soil Health. CAB International, New York.

Erosion and Carbon Sequestration
Soil Quality and Soil Erosion. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil.
CRC Press, Boca Raton.
<><><><> * DISCUSSION THREADS IN SANET-MG 2002-2003 * Posts by Elaine Ingham, Gil Carandang and Steve Diver * Documentation, Website Links, Recommended Reading and General References !! http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/agriculture/composting/compost+soilfoodweb+links+info2/index.html * - and the same archive done differently: !! http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/agriculture/composting/compost+soilfoodweb+links+info1/maillist.html !!! Compost Tea Mailing Lists !!The COMPOST_TEA mailing list at Yahoo: *mailto:compost_tea@yahoogroups.com *http://groups.yahoo.com/group/compost_tea/ (NOTE: If you join at the Yahoo website, be certain to edit your Personal Preferences so that to avoid solicitations in email, snailmail and telephone) * compost_tea mailing list archives October 29, 2002 to April 23, 2003: * http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/agriculture/composting/compost_tea-list/archive1/index.html * compost_tea mailing list archives 2003-2004: * http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/agriculture/composting/compost_tea-mailinglist/archives-2003-2004/threads.html !!The COMPOSTTEAS mailing list at ibiblio: * http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/compostteas * Message archives: *http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/compostteas/ -------------------- !!! Soil Food Web: Dr. Elaine Ingham's SFI E-Zine !Soil Foodweb Incorporated http://www.soilfoodweb.com *2000-2001 Newsletters http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/agriculture/soilfoodweb/SFI-Ezine/maillist.html *2002 Newsletters August 2002: http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pcwiki/pcwikiufu/August2002Ezine.txt September 2002: http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pcwiki/pcwikiufu/Sept2002Ezine.txt October 2002: http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pcwiki/pcwikiufu/Fall-sampling.txt October 2002: http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pcwiki/pcwikiufu/October2002-Ezine.txt ---------------- !!! ~BD, CT, EM, IM, FPE = special cultures in organic farming * ! Resource List From Steve Diver [CompostResources1] * ! Feedback from Robert Verzola and Gil Carandang of the Phillipines [ResourceList2] !!! Effective Microorganisms *Agriton & Dr.Teruo Higa: http://www.agriton.nl/homeeng.html *Nature Farming and Effective Microorganisms information at ATTRA: http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/Nature-Farm-EM.html *EM Trading.com & EM store: http://www.emtrading.com/ *EM Case Studies: http://www.royagcol.ac.uk/research/conferences/sangakkara.htm *EM Technologies, Inc. http://www.emtech.org/ ! Discussion about composting, a mini-archive: *http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/agriculture/composting/1/maillist.html ! Compost Tea Brewer *http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pcwiki/pcwikiufu/compost-tea-ca1.jpg !!Links to more information on composting: *http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/composting/ *http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/mycology/ *http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/symbiosis/ ! Old Material, Slightly Dated *Compost Tea discussion thread in the sanet-mg forum **Indexed, sortable archive of this discussion: ***http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/agriculture/composting/compost-tea/discussion-thread1/maillist.html **Unedited textfile version: ***http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pcwiki/pcwikiufu/CompostTeaThreadSanetMG-unedited.txt **Read this thread in the Sanet-MG mailing list archives (you can subscribe to sanet-mg here): ***http://www.sare.org/htdocs/hypermail/index.html **The archive for this thread is here: ***http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A1=ind0210&L=sanet-mg&O=T&H=0&D=0&T=1 **and starts with this post: ***http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0210&L=sanet-mg&P=12641 From - Mon Sep 19 01:08:38 2005 X-UIDL: 368662221 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A7D2FB6A0048; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 01:08:34 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 0BC8AAAB6; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 01:08:34 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id E313DAAAD; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 01:08:33 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (client231-103.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.103]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D3559AAAB; Mon, 19 Sep 2005 01:08:31 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <432E47CA.20702@intrex.net> Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2005 01:08:26 -0400 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: gardendiva@charter.net, lfl@intrex.net Subject: More really good stuff ___ Key references - covering important topics in soil health and soil quality Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.103] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368662221 Here's the article on red clover and micronutrient mining with VAM's (you'll really like this one - has to do with the value of commercial mycorrhizal inoculants) - this is a really good article; glad I had the foresight to archive it from bionet.plants in 1995 - thank God for Usenet, Unix, ibiblio and the Internet. Nice photographs! LL ()()()()() From niemirab@student.msu.edu Fri Mar 3 21:36:59 EST 1995 Article: 5512 of bionet.plants (Brendan A. Niemira) Newsgroups: bionet.plants Subject: Re: Mycorhizzae vs. Fertilizer Date: Thu, 02 Mar 1995 11:04 est Organization: Michigan State University In Article <3j30kl$s12@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu> "egrunden@prairienet.org (Eric Grunden)" says: > > If a person was to isolate a fungus that would form a > mycorhizzae relationship with an agronomic crop, would > innoculation of that fungus into the field (once it > became established) be an effective method for reducing > the need for commercial fertilization? Wouldn't the > "strength/abundance" of the fungi grow exponentially with > the passing of years? For agronomic crops, you're talking about vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), a symbiotic endomycorrhizal fungus. These are ubiquitous anyway, and not very host-specific, so there is very little need to inoculate the field in order to introduce them. The big trick is getting them to colonize your crop plant to such an extent that fertilizer inputs can be reduced. You can a) build up the population in the soil such that even moderately active fungi result in heavy coloniazation, b) put something in the soil to stimulate the activity of smaller populations to get heavy colonization. Crop rotations have been shown to have a definite impact on the population dynamics of VAM, and work is currently being done (by me, among others) to determine how the different crop plants differentially select for certain species of VAM among all that are availible in the soil. Other workers have shown that certain natural, plant-produced chemicals can stimulate the existing VAM to higher levels of activity. These chemicals were originally derived from red clover, a popular sequence in crop rotations. This may shed some light on why rotations are effective w/regard to VAM. Good luck. ........... ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Brendan A. Niemira | "You know your Shelley, Bertie." Dept. Botany and Plant Path | "Oh, am I?" Michigan State University | P.G. Wodehouse niemirab@student.msu.edu | *The Code of the Woosters* All opinions expressed are entirely my own. <><><><> From: "ARS News Service" To: "ARS News List" Subject: High CO2 Stimulates Soil-Building "Glue" Date: Wed, Aug 11, 1999, 11:03 AM STORY LEAD: High CO2 Stimulates Soil-Building "Glue" ----------- ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA Don Comis, (301) 504-1625, dcomis@asrr.arsusda.gov August 12, 1999 ----------- In the first examination of the effects of high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on soil structure, an Agricultural Research Service scientist and cooperators found that the gas stimulates soil-dwelling fungi to produce more of a unique protein that greatly amplifies a soil's ability to store carbon. The study's results are described in a letter published in the August 12 issue of Nature magazine. One of the letter's authors, ARS soil scientist Sara F. Wright, previously discovered the protein and named it glomalin. She suspects it may be the primary glue that holds soil together. Now it appears that a little of this glue goes a long way toward helping soils keep carbon out of the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas contributing to possible global warming. The lead author, Matthias C. Rillig, is with the Carnegie Institution of Washington at Stanford, Calif., as is Christopher B. Field. The fourth author, Michael F. Allen, is with the University of California at Riverside. The researchers studied three different ecosystems: two grasslands in northern California and chaparral in southern California. In all three, they found that as more carbon dioxide was pumped into open-top chambers placed over grassland plants growing outdoors, or in a greenhouse built around shrubs, glomalin levels rose, along with soil stability. The high carbon dioxide levels in the air increase the amount of carbon taken in by plant roots. That gives the fungi more food and enables them to produce more glomalin. The glomalin glues soil particles together and helps them clump, improving soil structure. This eases the passage of air and water through soil, boosting plant yields. It also helps soil resist erosion and hold in soil carbon -- valuable organic matter that holds nutrients to recycle slowly to plants. Farmers can increase glomalin levels further by avoiding plowing and by growing cover crops year-round if feasible. Fungi need live roots to produce glomalin. ---------- Scientific contact: Sara F. Wright, ARS Soil Microbial Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, Md., phone (301) 504-8156, fax 504-8370, swright@asrr.arsusda.gov. ---------- This item is one of the news releases and story leads that ARS Information distributes on weekdays to fax and e-mail subscribers. You can also get the latest ARS news on the World Wide Web at http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/thelatest.htm. * Feedback and questions to ARS News Service via e-mail: isnv@ars-grin.gov. * ARS Information Staff, 5601 Sunnyside Ave., Room 1-2251, Beltsville MD 20705- 5128, (301) 504-1617, fax 504-1648. <><><> From isnv@ars-grin.gov Tue Mar 28 12:36:19 2000 Date: Tue, 28 Mar 2000 09:51:57 -0500 From: ARS News Service To: ARS News List Subject: Adding Microbes to Transplant Mix STORY LEAD: Adding Microbes to Transplant Mix Helps Increase Crop Yields ----------- ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA Jesus Garcia, (301) 504-1627, jgarcia@ars-grin.gov March 28, 2000 ----------- Tomato and pepper farmers can now add microbes along with their transplant mix to the arsenal of production practices used to reduce yield losses caused by soilborne pathogens--including root-knot nematodes. The microbe-amended transplant mix is being developed by Agricultural Research Service scientists at the U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory in Fort Pierce, Fla., led by Nancy K. Burelle, in cooperation with Gustafson LLC of Plano, Texas. The transplant mix, called BioYield 213, is amended with two naturally occurring soil microorganisms--Paenobacillus macerans and Bacillus amyloliquefacien. The mix provides the microorganisms with the environment they need to grow on the root surface of seedlings. Once this occurs, the microbes then stimulate vigorous growth and improve the health of the transplanted seedling by triggering the plant's resistance mechanisms. This research is part of an ongoing ARS effort to provide farmers with alternatives to the use of methyl bromide, an ozone-depleting soil fumigant being phased out by 2005. Benefits continue to be observed in seedlings out in the field. Greenhouse producers can expect to grow seedlings in a shorter time period and farmers can anticipate 5 to 20 percent yield increases in tomatoes, bell peppers and even strawberries. The mix will be made commercially available to transplant producers in the fall after grower trials are concluded. This research is helping scientists gauge the effectiveness of other alternatives to methyl bromide. For example, when this technology is combined with alternative soil treatments such as Telone II and PLANTPRO 45, levels of crop productivity approach those achieved with methyl bromide. But results also indicate that combining the new formulations with the commonly used practice of solarization--a process that creates an inhospitable environment for detrimental microbes by covering the soil with plastic to heat it, for 6 to 8 weeks in the summer--does not enhance control of root-knot nematodes. As the phasing out of methyl bromide proceeds, this technology will provide growers with an effective, economical and sustainable alternative component that they can use with existing methods. ARS is the chief research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. ---------- Scientific contact: Nancy K. Burelle, ARS U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, Fla., phone (561) 462-5861, fax (561) 462-5986, nburelle@saa.ars.usda.gov. ---------- This item is one of the news releases and story leads that ARS Information distributes on weekdays to fax and e-mail subscribers. You can also get the latest ARS news on the World Wide Web at http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/thelatest.htm. * Feedback and questions to ARS News Service via e-mail: isnv@ars-grin.gov. * ARS Information Staff, 5601 Sunnyside Ave., Room 1-2251, Beltsville MD 20705-5128, (301) 504- 1617, fax 504-1648. <><><> Date: Fri, 11 May 2001 08:18:07 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: "Wilson, Dale" Subject: Chitin in laymans terms Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Sanjay, > Could someone please give us an explanation in LAYMAN'S > language, as to what is Chitin? Two basic strategies for mechanical support are found among living things, bones/muscles and tough, hard shells. Plants, fungi, insects, spiders, and crustaceans (including lots of tiny, tiny soil creatures) have shells or cell walls. Most of these exoskeletons and walls are made of sugar molecules spun together to make long chains. The sugar molecules are connected by a kind of linkage or bond that is very resistant to breakdown (unlike starch, which is easily broken into sugar). The plants make cell walls mainly out of cellulose, the main constituent of cotton and wood. The animals (and most fungi) that make cell walls and exoskeletons make them out of a substance very similar to cellulose called chitin, also fiberous and hard to break down. It is almost identical chemically to cellulose, except the sugar molecules have an amino group (contains N) stuck on the side. The fact that chitin contains all this nitrogen has important implications ecologically. Nitrogen is a scarce resource in most systems (well, not if you apply 200 lb/a!), and chitin is an important source of N, and sugar in many systems. There has been great pressure for the evolution of organisms that can exploit this resource. In soils with a large currency of chitin (soils with a lot of fungi) there are also many organisms that eat chitin for breakfast. In such situations, chitin is less effective as armor plate. It so happens that nematodes use chitin as armor plate, and of course most fungi do to. Soil with a high rate of formation and breakdown of chitin is less hospitable to nematodes and fungi. Flora must spend more energy defending itself. Plants have ways of exploiting this situation at the root/soil interface. It is all wonderfully complex and, well, miraculous (also very violent on a tiny scale). Dale Date: Thu, 10 May 2001 23:58:28 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Don Lotter Subject: Chitin, microbes, and soil: an addition to the discussion Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"; format=flowed I've been skimming over the discussion on chitin in soil the last week or two. Rodriguez-Kabana's work on chitin in soil has been really good. Here is the first part of one of his papers. Here is the intro to a paper by him: Don Lotter Naturally-occurring nematode suppressiveness has been reported for several agricultural systems (Stirling et al., 1979; Kerry, 1982; Kluepfel et al., 1993), but suppressiveness can also be induced by crop rotation with antagonistic plants such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) (Kokalis-Burelle et al., 1995) and velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) (Vargas et al., 1994) or organic amendments including pine bark (Kokalis-Burelle et al., 1994), hemicellulose (Culbreath et al., 1985) and chitin (Mankau and Das, 1969; Spiegel et al., 1986; Rodríguez-Kábana and Morgan-Jones, 1987). A major component of the suppressiveness of chitin amendments is believed to be biotic and several reports confirm increased numbers of nematode antagonistic microorganisms associated with chitin-induced suppressive soils (Godoy et al., 1983; Rodríguez-Kábana et al., 1984). Extensive work has been done over the past years on fungi associated with chitin amendments (Godoy et al., 1983; Rodríguez-Kábana et al., 1984); however, information on bacterial community structure and the role of bacteria in chitin-induced suppressiveness is still very limited. We chose chitin amendments as a model system to study the effect of suppressiveness on bacterial diversity in the soil and endorhiza. Endophytic bacteria were included in this study because they colonize the same root tissues as sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. This association of endophytic bacteria with nematodes throughout the nematode life cycles makes these bacteria excellent candidates for biocontrol strategies. Chitin is a structural component of some fungi, insects, various crustaceans and nematode eggs. In egg shells of tylenchoid nematodes, chitin is located between the outer vitelline layer and the inner lipid layer and may occur in association with proteins (Bird and Bird, 1991). The breakdown of this polymer by chitinases can cause premature hatch, resulting in fewer viable juveniles (Mercer et al., 1992). In the soil, chitinases are produced by some actinomycetes (Mitchell and Alexander, 1962), fungi (Mian et al., 1982) and bacteria (Ordentlich et al., 1988; Inbar and Chet, 1991), but chitinases are also released by many plants as part of their defense mechanism against various pathogens (Punja and Zhang, 1993) and plant-parasitic nematodes (Roberts et al., 1992). Chitinases depolymerize the chitin polymer into N-acetylglucosamine and chitobiose. Further microbial activity results in the deamination of the sugar and accumulation of ammonium ions and nitrates (Rodríguez-Kábana et al., 1983). Nematicidal concentrations of ammonia in association with a newly formed chitinolytic microflora are believed to cause nematode suppressiveness (Mian et al., 1982; Godoy et al., 1983). Benhamou et al. (1994) have shown that chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, induces systemic plant resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici in tomato when applied as a seed treatment or soil amendment. This suggests that plant defense mechanisms might contribute to the overall nematode suppression. Our objective was to determine if the chitin-mediated suppression of plant parasitic nematodes is related to changes in bacterial communities in soils, rhizospheres or within cotton roots. From: Chitin-mediated changes in bacterial communities of the soil, rhizosphere and within roots of cotton in relation to nematode control Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume 31, Issue 4 April 1999 Pages 551-560 J. Hallmann1, R. Rodríguez-Kábana and J. W. Kloepper* Biological Control Institute, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5409, USA Abstract Changes in microbial communities associated with nematode control were studied by comparing population numbers of fungi and bacteria in the soil and in internal root tissues (endorhiza) in non-amended and chitin-amended soils. Addition of chitin to soil at 1% (w/w) eliminated plant-parasitic nematodes in a first planting of cotton cv. `Rowden' and significantly reduced Meloidogyne incognita infestation in a second planting, confirming long-term nematode suppressiveness induced by this organic amendment. The chitin amendment was associated with an increase in fungal and bacterial populations, especially those with chitinolytic activity. The bacterial communities of soil, rhizosphere and endorhiza were assessed by examining the taxonomic diversity of recoverable bacteria based on identification with fatty acid analysis of sample sizes of 35 soil and rhizosphere bacteria and 25 endophytic bacteria. All major bacterial species which formed at least 2% of the total population in non-amended soils and rhizospheres also occurred with chitin amendment. In contrast, chitin-amended soils and rhizospheres yielded several species which were not found without chitin amendment, including Aureobacterium testaceum, Corynebacterium aquaticum and Rathayibacter tritici. Burkholderia cepacia was recovered from both amended and non-amended soils and rhizospheres, but it was most abundant with chitin amendment at the end of the first cotton planting. Soil was probably the major source for bacterial endophytes of cotton roots, since nearly all endophytic bacteria were also found in the soil or rhizosphere. However, two dominant genera in the soil and rhizosphere, Bacillus and Arthrobacter, were not detected as endophytes. Chitin amendment exhibited a further specific influence on the endophytic bacterial community; Phyllobacterium rubiacearum was not a common endophyte following chitin amendment, even though chitin amendment stimulated its populations in non-planted soil. Burkholderia cepacia, found in similar numbers in the soil of both treatments, was the dominant endophyte in plants grown in chitin-amended soil but rarely colonized cotton roots grown in non-amended soil. These results indicate that application of an organic amendment can lead to modifications of the bacterial communities of the soil, rhizosphere and endorhiza. From "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language", American Heritage Publishing Co., INC. and Houghton Mifflin Company. chi-tin n. A simitransparant horny substance, primarily a mucopolysaccharide, forming the principal component of crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons, and the cell walls of certain fungi. Date: Wed, 6 Jun 2001 10:38:09 +0200 Reply-To: Wiegand@lufa-sp.vdlufa.de Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Klaus Wiegand Organization: Landw. U.-& Forsch.-Anstalt Speyer Subject: chitin relating to the recent discussion (raised by dale wilson) on chitin-producing fungi, i ran upon an interesting paper on that topic: Are chitinolytic rhizosphere bacteria really beneficial to plants? Wietse de Boer & J.A. van Veen Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Plant-Micro-organism Interactions, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands. E-Mail: wdeboer@cto.nioo.knaw.nl The observations of mycolysis by chitinolytic bacteria have stimulated research on possible application of these bacteria for biocontrol purposes. The focus has been on rhizosphere bacteria as they should be adapted to the environment where plant-pathogenic fungi infect roots. Chitinolytic rhizosphere isolates, showing in vitro antifungal effects have therefore been tested for their ability to protect plants against infection by plant pathogens. In several cases these strains reduced disease symptoms significantly under controlled greenhouse conditions. However, application of such strains under field conditions has been far less successful, and it is not at all clear that mycolytic activities should be expected under field conditions. Before this issue can be resolved information is needed about the ecological function of bacterial chitinases including environmental conditions that might promote chitinase production and mycolytic activity. In this paper it will be argued that chitinases of rhizosphere bacteria are most likely involved in mycoparasitism and defence against lysis by fungi. Obviously, mycoparasitic growth of chitinolytic rhizosphere bacteria could be an important mechanism to control plant-pathogenic fungi. However, chitinase production in soil bacteria, including potential biocontrol strains, is repressed by small organic substrates like sugars and amino acids. This indicates that mycolytic activity does only occur when no other growth substrates are available i.e. under starvation conditions. Hence, the release of organic compounds by the root is expected to repress mycolytic activities of most chitinolytic rhizosphere bacteria. This does, however, not suggest that the search for biocontrol strains is futile, but indicates that knowledge of chitinase expression and repression must be taken into account during this process. A potential negative effect of chitinolytic bacteria may be exterted on mycorrhizal development. In fact, the starvation conditions in the bulk soil, into which mycorrhizal hyphae are extending from the root, should promote mycolytic activities. Therefore, study of interactions between chitinolytic strains and mycorrhizal fungi should be part of biocontrol studies. ----- klaus Date: Wed, 6 Jun 2001 08:42:05 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: "Wilson, Dale" Subject: Re: chitin Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Klaus, > i ran upon an interesting paper on that topic: This is a really interesting subject. The other day we had Gary Harman here for a little seminar. Gary is the guy who developed the rhizoplane-competent Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22. He showed nice pictures of how the Trichoderma eats little holes in the cell wall of other fungi using chitinase (among other enzyme tricks). > "application of such strains under field conditions has > been far less successful, and it is not at all clear that > mycolytic activities should be expected under field conditions. > Before this issue can be resolved information is needed about the > ecological function of bacterial chitinases including > environmental conditions that might promote chitinase production > and mycolytic activity." (de Boer and van Veen) Trichoderma too has been more consistently beneficial in the greenhouse. I think that the field soil environment is a veritable zoo, including, besides fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes, microarthropods (and protozoa?) that feed on fungi. Greenhouse soils are probably much simpler systems. BTW, we see consistent and somewhat mysterious growth enhancement in the field from seed treatment with systemic neonicotinoid insecticides. Probably, we are suppressing some little critter in the root zone. > "chitinase production > in soil bacteria, including potential biocontrol strains, is > repressed by small organic substrates like sugars and amino > acids. This indicates that mycolytic activity does only occur > when no other growth substrates are available i.e. under > starvation conditions." (de Boer and van Veen) And this may be where plant roots come in. They leak small organic molecules onto the rhizoplane and alter the ecology. And they snap up N and P. So rhizoplane colonizers are confronted with a substrate-rich, but nutrient-poor niche, that may favor mycoparasites that can obtain N by breaking down fungi. Iron availability too may be a key player in some of these systems (thinking of some of the Pseudomonads). God this is interesting! What I think is happening (and I am going way, way out on a speculative limb here!) is that plants exploit this situation, producing a mycoparasitic environment on the rhizoplane, creating rapid N-turnover, and suck out N from the system. Gary presented evidence that colonization by his strain of Trichoderma can often greatly enhance N uptake, reducing the need for N application. I can't vouch for their data, and they ARE trying to peddle their wares, but the results looked pretty encouraging. I just did a little literature search: "(chitinase or chitinolytic) and (hyperparasitism or mycoparasitism)" All eight papers were about fungus-fungus parasitism. Also did a search on "(chitinase or chitinolytic) and biocontrol" I will send these if anyone is interested. Dale Date: Thu, 7 Jun 2001 08:02:19 +0800 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: David Menne Subject: Re: chitin Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Researching references for an article "Enzymatically improving infant nutrition in developing countries [particularly KwaZulu/Natal]" (see http://www.plantsfood.com/infantenzyme.htm), I came across the interesting claims that chitinases have proven active against human pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and E coli. I have a general interest in the mechanics of what I suppose one could call health-promoting food production; and possibly a need to be aware of destructive food production processes [such as boiling the hostel cabbage to a pulp - Greytown High School boarding hostel, 1950's]; and would value any related references which might/should turn up or be in the databases of those following this thread. <><><> From - Tue Sep 20 21:50:10 2005 X-UIDL: 368662526 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ABCD62D50060; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 21:47:57 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id B48D3A9F6; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 21:47:57 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5A3A7A9CB for ; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 21:47:57 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 94083A9AD for ; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 21:47:56 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-test04 (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0002BAC5@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 21:47:30 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.3) with spool id 186791 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 21:47:30 -0400 Received: from mail.ncat.org (209.137.246-130-bte.mt.cust.cutthroatcom.net) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0002BAC2@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 21:47:30 -0400 Received: from [127.0.0.1] ([192.168.56.41]) (authenticated) by mail.ncat.org (8.10.2/8.10.2) with ESMTP id j8L1kOp12494 for ; Tue, 20 Sep 2005 19:46:24 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <6.2.1.2.0.20050919222153.01ced778@mail.netrover.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: <4330BBA5.6030909@ncat.org> Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2005 20:47:17 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Steve Diver Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Obituary for Hans Jenny To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368662526 Hey Joel - One interesting thing about Hans Jenny is that he worked in the Soils Department at University of Missouri during the time of William Albrecht.... before his tenure at Univ of California-Berkeley. Some of his Univ. of Missouri bulletins and articles are classic pieces in soil pedology, including those charts on soil organic matter content in relation to cooler vs warmer climate. You've probably seen the Whole Earth Review interview, a reprint from Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. My Friend, the Soil: Conservationist Hans Jenny Interview Whole Earth, Spring 1999 [Reprinted on Find Articles] http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0GER/is_1999_Spring/ai_54321347 Strangely, a phrase from an article on Jenny the famous soil scientist -- published over ten years ago, sticks in my head, "Hans Jenny sat in a pygmy forest" Wes Jackson offers some key ecological perpectives on soils (and soil quality improvement) from Jenny in the following web article. http://www.landinstitute.org/vnews/display.v/ART/2000/12/01/3aa90b0d9 Orion offers a photocopy of the 1992 out-of-print edition on Living Soil, for $11. https://secure.oriononline.org/orionsoc/shop/showitem.cfm?Itemnum=om11-2 Best wishes, Steve Diver Joel Gruver wrote: >Hello folks, > >I am trying to track down a copy of the obituary for Hans Jenny written by >Wes Jackson in the Spring 1992 "Living Soil " issue of Orion Magazine. > >Jackson, W. 1992. Living soil: Orion editorial. Orion 11 (2):3+ > >Drop me a line if you have a copy or any suggestions regarding how I might >obtain one. > >Joel > > > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Tue Dec 06 20:30:30 2005 X-UIDL: 368671817 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 12000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AB07251E00D4; Tue, 06 Dec 2005 20:29:43 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 7ECFCD00D; Tue, 6 Dec 2005 20:29:43 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 57209D00A for ; Tue, 6 Dec 2005 20:29:43 -0500 (EST) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (client231-134.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.134]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 294E5CECD for ; Tue, 6 Dec 2005 20:29:40 -0500 (EST) Message-ID: <43963B01.2050803@intrex.net> Date: Tue, 06 Dec 2005 20:29:37 -0500 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Subject: Using the ordinary to cultivate beneficial indigenous microorganisms Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------020208060906070307060602" X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.134] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368671817 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------020208060906070307060602 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Contact Us Share Your Story About Us HOME International Talk Store Action Center Training Archives Using the ordinary to cultivate the mysterious power of beneficial indigenous microorganisms Like a cut-rate magician, Philippine farmer and scientist Gil Carandang teaches farmers how to use cheap vodka, generic brown sugar, milk, rice and local soil to harness local microorganisms as invisible workhorses on their farms. By Lisa M. Hamilton Gil Carandang: Full-time farmer, Fulbright scholar, and passionate advocate for empowering farmers to harness the indigenous life of the soil right on their farms. Who wouldn’t be suspicious? Right from the get-go this workshop is promising cure-all concoctions that bring new life to everything they touch. The potions work in ways that are difficult to explain and impossible to actually see. The man conducting the affair is fast-talking and charismatic—he even lives in a far-off land. The whole thing smells like snake oil. Here’s the catch: Gil Carandang, this crafty man from the Philippines, is not trying to sell us anything. In fact, he wants us to buy as little as possible—that’s the point of this seminar. The lesson that’s officially on the agenda is the same as the event’s formal title: “Cultivating Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms.” But what’s really being taught here, the true objective, is the empowerment of farmers. By learning how to cultivate microorganisms, growers become able to meet their needs with what exists on the farm and can stop buying amendments from chemical companies (purveyors who, some might argue, are the real peddlers in modern farming). The technology was born of ingenuity, but it has spread by financial necessity, primarily among farmers in developing countries for whom agricultural chemicals are painfully expensive. “This technology can reduce your costs by 30 to 50%,” Carandang says. “It sounds amazing, but that’s the percent most farmers spend on pesticides and fertilizer. On my farm, we have only two medicines: Lacto bacillus and ginger-garlic extract. We make both ourselves.” Learning how to do that is what has drawn a sold-out crowd to this vegetable farm in Bolinas, California, for one of Carandang’s rare seminars in North America. (The class covered both cultivating microorganisms and making fermented plant extracts. Only the former is discussed here.) No hifalutin nonsense, just affordable techniques that work Tools of the trade: Sugar, vodka, milk, garlic, mango, rice … Carandang uses these and other everyday ingredients to cultivate microorganisms in solutions that can be diluted and sprayed on compost piles to speed fermentation, or on plants to improve nutrient uptake or fight disease. The vodka shown here was used to make fermented plant extracts, which were covered in the California workshop, but not in this article. It’s a simple set-up, with chairs crammed into the barn and facing a makeshift stage in the packing area. At center stage stand two folding tables. On them lie the unexpected tools of this fantastic technology: A box of generic brown sugar and a bulb of garlic. A quart of milk, a cutting board, and some cooked white rice. A liter of the cheapest vodka in California, and a Miller High Life tall boy. RODALE INSTITUTE RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT Ongoing research at The Rodale Institute® sheds light on one important component of the soil community--mycorrhizal fungi--and its impact on agricultural production. Under the leadership of Dr. David Douds, a soil microbiologist with the USDA's Agricultural Research Service, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil inoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs. For the latest on Douds’ research click here For a mycorrhizae fact sheet, click here. He sounds like a crackpot, but in fact Carandang has studied farming all over the world, including as a Fulbright scholar. (He now farms full-time back in the Philippines.) This odd display of un-magical ingredients is evidence not of a sham, but rather of his emphasis on making technology accessible. You see, discussions of beneficial microorganisms usually take one of two dangerous paths. People either get New Age-y with it and scare listeners off, or (for fear of being called New Age-y), they legitimize the concept using complicated scientific formulas—to much the same effect. Carandang takes the middle road. “In the Philippines, I’m usually teaching people who have never been to school, and they get it fine,” he says. “We don’t need no high-falutin’ nonsense around here.” With today’s distinctly educated, Western crowd, the message doesn’t sink in immediately. Everyone is scribbling madly to keep up with Carandang’s patter, careful to not miss a word of the lesson. But as we are figuring out how to spell “hifalutin”, he catches us off-guard. “What matters here is that you understand the very essence of this idea. So stop taking notes, just listen.” We lift our heads, and I realize that Carandang has been talking for an hour now and hasn’t touched a thing on the table. With an American teacher we would have photocopies of a syllabus and already be on section 2b. Instead, our teacher is circling around the subject, peeling off the outer layers of meaning, waxing on about the macrocosmic workings of Nature. We don’t know it now, but this conceptual approach is essential to the practice we came to learn. Understanding the idea itself works as a sort of inoculant; without it, the act of Cultivating Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms is more or less useless. “This is rather than just ‘Oh, let’s spray this, and put on this fertilizer every two weeks,” he says. “Instead, you just need to open your eyes and pay attention, slow down the process. The plant will talk back. Not literally, but it will always tell us what is wrong, what is deficient. How could you know what it needs if you haven’t paid attention?” Growing soil, not plants: Building up the soil’s life and biodiversity Behind Carandang and the makeshift stage is an old forest so dense and tangled you can hardly make out its individual members. It turns out it is the perfect backdrop. Promoting health and growth are the objectives of this technology, and the forest has both in spades—naturally. It’s because of its biodiversity. We all know the biodiversity spiel: the more life a place supports, the more variation it has; that variation means competition, which regulates populations into healthy numbers. The more a place is allowed to be natural, the more it balances itself out. Natural balance is not the goal of the farmer, his work being the cultivation of select members of the ecosystem. But again: single crops, tight geometry, and insects and weeds eliminated, altogether mean a sterile environment that can’t keep itself in check. But a farm with variegated fields and wild plants and insects that feed sparrows that feed hawks is one that begins to balance itself. Now, few farmers import hawks to strengthen their farm ecosystems. You just can’t insert something that high up the food chain and expect it to survive. Instead, build the system that supports it, and the hawks will come on their own. “It’s not all about NPK here,” Carandang says. “It’s not all about sun, air, et cetera, it’s all about all. It’s all about one, about a whole unit. The more you are able to understand this, the more you’ll be able to practice good farming.” Rather than grow plants, Carandang advocates growing soil. Not multiplying dirt, but building up the soil’s life and diversity—that is the foundation of this system. And the building blocks are microorganisms, whose most essential work is to break down nutrients into forms that are accessible to plants and animals. Without them, the planet would be bare rock. “There is a Chinese proverb that goes, ‘Add humility to intelligence, it becomes wisdom. Add passion or fire to wisdom, it becomes enlightenment,’” Carandang says. “In soil fertility, it’s the same basis, that’s my opinion. It’s the fire that makes the living soil, and the fire is the microorganisms.” This is the part where most of the world shakes its head. No amount of microorganisms could be as effective as bringing in a load of compost or spraying fungicides. They are too small to be powerful, too unfamiliar to be essential. And yet farmers rely on them all the time. That pink dye on legume seed, for instance, is there to tell you the seed will fix nitrogen because it has been doused with the necessary inoculant—itself a beneficial microorganism. Anyone who has ever watched a compost heap steam has seen the strength of beneficial microorganisms, and anyone who has ever taken acidophilus to recover from antibiotics has felt them at work. Any farmer who has suffered Phytopthera or Verticillium is familiar with microorganisms, but not the good kind. Luckily, as Carandang explains, these pathogens comprise only three to five percent of all microbes. “If it were more,” he says, “we’d all be dead.” Plants and humans are protected from pathogens by diversity—it leads to competition, which prevents any single microbe from going out of control. In the forest, this diversity comes naturally as different plants and animals attract and support different microorganisms. But if you have, say, just grapes and cover crops planted, you’re not encouraging diversity, in fact you’re discouraging it. That is why you introduce microbes. Making microbes Dennis Dierks, host: Dennis has been working with Gil’s micro brews for over a year now, and says “I haven’t been this excited about farming for 25 years.” His customers tell him his vegetables taste better and last longer. But first you must have the microbes. And that, hours later, is why we are in the barn, rather cold after sitting here for so long, but patiently learning how to Cultivate Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms. The act itself, in all its variations, might take 15 minutes to demonstrate. It’s a basic formula: Set out carbohydrates to attract microbes from a place—its air, its soil, its plants and animals. Feed the microbes sugar so they’ll multiply (or in the case of Lacto bacilli, feed them milk to encourage a specific population). Dilute the potion and apply it to whatever needs help. If sheer diversity is the objective, then the microbes are collected from the wildest place one can find. The owner of this farm, Dennis Dierks, has wilderness at his doorstep, and so collected his microbes from the woods behind Carandang’s stage. Where there is no forest, the objective is still to find the place with greatest diversity. This could be even on the farm itself—a wild area behind the compost pile, or a healthy hedgerow. In fact, the closer to the farm, the better, as the most beneficial microbes are those naturally adapted to the ecosystem. As the microbes are attracted and arrive to eat the carbohydrates, they go from invisible to visible, but just barely. Forest microbes are collected using cooked white rice, and success is marked by the appearance, after a few days, of mold. Lacto bacilli are heralded by the curdling of milk, other microbes simply by a sour smell to the liquid they’re in. Add some sugar, though, and the transformation is mind-blowing. Last year, I saw Dierks’ brews as they came to life in his potting shed. They weren’t pretty, mostly soupy brown liquids in jugs and buckets, but the life inside them was astonishing. He went to give me a smell of one, labeled “Root Brew,” only to find the bottle cap had been sealed on by liquid seeping out from inside. He wrenched the plastic bottle between his hands, pulled, and bang! The cap popped off and liquid exploded all over the shed. We stood there for a moment, our bare arms and faces and shirts brown and wet, Dennis holding what had become a sated volcano, calm but still dribbling out lava. “If this were chemicals we would be totally poisoned right now,” he said, “not to mention out of a lot of money. But that’s the beauty of it. Instead, your skin feels soft. It feels alive. And it’s free. I haven’t been this excited about farming for 25 years.” Later in the season, several of Dierks’ long-time customers commented that his produce tasted better than in years past, and was keeping for longer. Meanwhile, Diane Matthews, another local farmer who had learned Carandang’s techniques, was using her own microbe brew to fight off the Phytopthera that was decimating her raspberries. “The plants were supposed to die,” she said at the workshop. “I didn’t know what would happen, but I figured I’d try the forest microbes. What happened was the Phytopthera disappeared. I got a crop at Thanksgiving! The berries were small, but their taste was excellent.” The specific power of Lacto Carandang explains that one can also home in on specific microbes for targeted results. The most useful is Lacto bacillus. This microorganism is the workhorse of the human digestive system (though luckily it is also found elsewhere). On the farm it’s used for similar tasks of digestion, something Dierks was relieved to hear last winter after the NOP had mandated that all manure be fully broken down before use. He applied his L. bacillus culture to the mound of manure beside his field, and the composting was faster than ever. Similarly, when sprayed on plants, L. bacilli will digest the biomass on the leaves and stems—dust, for instance, or mud—thus making that free food available to its host. “Lacto” is the only microbe Carandang will mention by name, but it is only one of millions that can be collected and used. His instructions are characteristically simple: walk around the farm, find elements you want to reproduce, and collect the microbes that surround them. You could get the microbes from around a particularly robust tomato plant and spray that on next year’s crop. (These concoctions last for months, even years.) To make a growth promoter, find a beanstalk growing like mad, clip the leaves at the top of vine (where all the growth is happening) and make a brew of the resident microbes. Do it with bamboo, or even kelp, which grows inches each day. “In the Philippines, we use water lettuce,” Carandang says. “We spray it on the cucumbers and boom! You can do that and be three or five days ahead of the other local farmers. If you’re a market gardener, that can be a big deal.” After talking for nearly seven hours straight, Carandang ends the workshop because the daylight is starting to fade. The energy in the barn only rises. Despite the chill in the air and the stiff legs it granted us, we are all now bustling about, discussing how we plan—already—to put the technology to work. Alan Mart does organic landscaping and soil management plans. His first thought is to collect the microbes from willow roots, which suffer no transplant shock, and apply them to other, more fragile specimens that he’s planting. Patty Salmon is a goat rancher who has been turning her farm organic for years, but has always hit a wall when it comes to feed. With only 8 acres, she can’t possibly grow all the grain and forage for her herd of 100. Carandang explained that his brother, a chicken farmer, ferments his feed and applies Lacto bacillus to it. This causes a pre-digestion that makes a greater percentage of the nutrients available to the chickens, and results in their eating less. Salmon thinks maybe she can extend her reach by doing the same. Also conferring are Doug Gallagher and Annabelle Lenderink, from Star Route Farms, one of the oldest and most venerated organic farms in the country. Gallagher heard about beneficial microorganisms 25 years ago, and the farm is already using some store-bought varieties to combat lettuce drop and mildew. They’ve had moderate success, though Gallagher admits they continue using them less because of quantifiable effects and more because he believes in the concept. He’s hopeful that will change with microbes collected from the farm’s forested acreage, which have evolved to thrive in that particular piece of land. And if not, well, at least they’re free. Of course Carandang is swarmed with students and their questions after the talk. While waiting their turns, a few pick up the two clean brown bottles on the larger folding table. They contain Carandang’s own Lacto bacillus culture, made back in the Philippines. He brings them along to demonstrate a finished product, but he also has a few for sale. Frankly, though, for all his charms, he’s a terrible businessman. One workshop student carries a bottle over to him and asks the price. “It’s ten dollars,” Carandang says, “but you don’t need to buy it. Just make your own. I guarantee it will be better.” Gil Carandang offers workshops and, for those who cannot attend, detailed booklets on indigenous microorganism cultivation and other innovative technologies. Carandang has also written a book on the topic, Indigenous Microorganisms - Grow your own: Beneficial indigenous microorganisms and bionutrients in natural farming. To order write to: Gil Carandang Herbana Farms, Km. 59 burol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines, email: gil_carandang@hotmail.com or visit: www.herbanafarmsphilippines.com Lisa M. Hamilton is a California journalist and fine-arts photographer with a flair for explaining regenerative agriculture themes. 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Using the ordinary to cultivate the mysterious power of beneficial indigenous microorganisms
Like a cut-rate magician, Philippine farmer and scientist Gil Carandang teaches farmers how to use cheap vodka, generic brown sugar, milk, rice and local soil to harness local microorganisms as invisible workhorses on their farms.

By Lisa M. Hamilton

Who wouldn’t be suspicious? Right from the get-go this workshop is promising cure-all concoctions that bring new life to everything they touch. The potions work in ways that are difficult to explain and impossible to actually see. The man conducting the affair is fast-talking and charismatic—he even lives in a far-off land. The whole thing smells like snake oil.

Here’s the catch: Gil Carandang, this crafty man from the Philippines, is not trying to sell us anything. In fact, he wants us to buy as little as possible—that’s the point of this seminar. The lesson that’s officially on the agenda is the same as the event’s formal title: “Cultivating Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms.” But what’s really being taught here, the true objective, is the empowerment of farmers.

By learning how to cultivate microorganisms, growers become able to meet their needs with what exists on the farm and can stop buying amendments from chemical companies (purveyors who, some might argue, are the real peddlers in modern farming). The technology was born of ingenuity, but it has spread by financial necessity, primarily among farmers in developing countries for whom agricultural chemicals are painfully expensive.

“This technology can reduce your costs by 30 to 50%,” Carandang says. “It sounds amazing, but that’s the percent most farmers spend on pesticides and fertilizer. On my farm, we have only two medicines: Lacto bacillus and ginger-garlic extract. We make both ourselves.”

Learning how to do that is what has drawn a sold-out crowd to this vegetable farm in Bolinas, California, for one of Carandang’s rare seminars in North America. (The class covered both cultivating microorganisms and making fermented plant extracts. Only the former is discussed here.)

No hifalutin nonsense, just affordable techniques that work

It’s a simple set-up, with chairs crammed into the barn and facing a makeshift stage in the packing area. At center stage stand two folding tables. On them lie the unexpected tools of this fantastic technology: A box of generic brown sugar and a bulb of garlic. A quart of milk, a cutting board, and some cooked white rice. A liter of the cheapest vodka in California, and a Miller High Life tall boy.

RODALE INSTITUTE RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT

Ongoing research at The Rodale Institute® sheds light on one important component of the soil community--mycorrhizal fungi--and its impact on agricultural production. Under the leadership of Dr. David Douds, a soil microbiologist with the USDA's Agricultural Research Service, field trials have shown yield gains of as much as 50% in the presence of healthy mycorrhizae populations. Now Douds is developing a practical, low-cost method for on-farm production of mycorrhizal soil inoculant, promising higher yields with lower nutrient inputs.

For the latest on Douds’ research click here
For a mycorrhizae fact sheet, click here.

He sounds like a crackpot, but in fact Carandang has studied farming all over the world, including as a Fulbright scholar. (He now farms full-time back in the Philippines.) This odd display of un-magical ingredients is evidence not of a sham, but rather of his emphasis on making technology accessible. You see, discussions of beneficial microorganisms usually take one of two dangerous paths. People either get New Age-y with it and scare listeners off, or (for fear of being called New Age-y), they legitimize the concept using complicated scientific formulas—to much the same effect. Carandang takes the middle road.

“In the Philippines, I’m usually teaching people who have never been to school, and they get it fine,” he says. “We don’t need no high-falutin’ nonsense around here.”

With today’s distinctly educated, Western crowd, the message doesn’t sink in immediately. Everyone is scribbling madly to keep up with Carandang’s patter, careful to not miss a word of the lesson. But as we are figuring out how to spell “hifalutin”, he catches us off-guard. “What matters here is that you understand the very essence of this idea. So stop taking notes, just listen.”

We lift our heads, and I realize that Carandang has been talking for an hour now and hasn’t touched a thing on the table. With an American teacher we would have photocopies of a syllabus and already be on section 2b. Instead, our teacher is circling around the subject, peeling off the outer layers of meaning, waxing on about the macrocosmic workings of Nature.

We don’t know it now, but this conceptual approach is essential to the practice we came to learn. Understanding the idea itself works as a sort of inoculant; without it, the act of Cultivating Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms is more or less useless.

“This is rather than just ‘Oh, let’s spray this, and put on this fertilizer every two weeks,” he says. “Instead, you just need to open your eyes and pay attention, slow down the process. The plant will talk back. Not literally, but it will always tell us what is wrong, what is deficient. How could you know what it needs if you haven’t paid attention?”

Growing soil, not plants: Building up the soil’s life and biodiversity

Behind Carandang and the makeshift stage is an old forest so dense and tangled you can hardly make out its individual members. It turns out it is the perfect backdrop. Promoting health and growth are the objectives of this technology, and the forest has both in spades—naturally. It’s because of its biodiversity.

We all know the biodiversity spiel: the more life a place supports, the more variation it has; that variation means competition, which regulates populations into healthy numbers. The more a place is allowed to be natural, the more it balances itself out.

Natural balance is not the goal of the farmer, his work being the cultivation of select members of the ecosystem. But again: single crops, tight geometry, and insects and weeds eliminated, altogether mean a sterile environment that can’t keep itself in check. But a farm with variegated fields and wild plants and insects that feed sparrows that feed hawks is one that begins to balance itself.

Now, few farmers import hawks to strengthen their farm ecosystems. You just can’t insert something that high up the food chain and expect it to survive. Instead, build the system that supports it, and the hawks will come on their own.

“It’s not all about NPK here,” Carandang says. “It’s not all about sun, air, et cetera, it’s all about all. It’s all about one, about a whole unit. The more you are able to understand this, the more you’ll be able to practice good farming.”

Rather than grow plants, Carandang advocates growing soil. Not multiplying dirt, but building up the soil’s life and diversity—that is the foundation of this system. And the building blocks are microorganisms, whose most essential work is to break down nutrients into forms that are accessible to plants and animals. Without them, the planet would be bare rock.

“There is a Chinese proverb that goes, ‘Add humility to intelligence, it becomes wisdom. Add passion or fire to wisdom, it becomes enlightenment,’” Carandang says. “In soil fertility, it’s the same basis, that’s my opinion. It’s the fire that makes the living soil, and the fire is the microorganisms.”

This is the part where most of the world shakes its head. No amount of microorganisms could be as effective as bringing in a load of compost or spraying fungicides. They are too small to be powerful, too unfamiliar to be essential.

And yet farmers rely on them all the time. That pink dye on legume seed, for instance, is there to tell you the seed will fix nitrogen because it has been doused with the necessary inoculant—itself a beneficial microorganism. Anyone who has ever watched a compost heap steam has seen the strength of beneficial microorganisms, and anyone who has ever taken acidophilus to recover from antibiotics has felt them at work.

Any farmer who has suffered Phytopthera or Verticillium is familiar with microorganisms, but not the good kind. Luckily, as Carandang explains, these pathogens comprise only three to five percent of all microbes. “If it were more,” he says, “we’d all be dead.”

Plants and humans are protected from pathogens by diversity—it leads to competition, which prevents any single microbe from going out of control. In the forest, this diversity comes naturally as different plants and animals attract and support different microorganisms. But if you have, say, just grapes and cover crops planted, you’re not encouraging diversity, in fact you’re discouraging it. That is why you introduce microbes.

Making microbes

But first you must have the microbes. And that, hours later, is why we are in the barn, rather cold after sitting here for so long, but patiently learning how to Cultivate Beneficial Indigenous Microorganisms.

The act itself, in all its variations, might take 15 minutes to demonstrate. It’s a basic formula: Set out carbohydrates to attract microbes from a place—its air, its soil, its plants and animals. Feed the microbes sugar so they’ll multiply (or in the case of Lacto bacilli, feed them milk to encourage a specific population). Dilute the potion and apply it to whatever needs help.

If sheer diversity is the objective, then the microbes are collected from the wildest place one can find. The owner of this farm, Dennis Dierks, has wilderness at his doorstep, and so collected his microbes from the woods behind Carandang’s stage. Where there is no forest, the objective is still to find the place with greatest diversity. This could be even on the farm itself—a wild area behind the compost pile, or a healthy hedgerow. In fact, the closer to the farm, the better, as the most beneficial microbes are those naturally adapted to the ecosystem.

As the microbes are attracted and arrive to eat the carbohydrates, they go from invisible to visible, but just barely. Forest microbes are collected using cooked white rice, and success is marked by the appearance, after a few days, of mold. Lacto bacilli are heralded by the curdling of milk, other microbes simply by a sour smell to the liquid they’re in. Add some sugar, though, and the transformation is mind-blowing.

Last year, I saw Dierks’ brews as they came to life in his potting shed. They weren’t pretty, mostly soupy brown liquids in jugs and buckets, but the life inside them was astonishing. He went to give me a smell of one, labeled “Root Brew,” only to find the bottle cap had been sealed on by liquid seeping out from inside. He wrenched the plastic bottle between his hands, pulled, and bang! The cap popped off and liquid exploded all over the shed.

We stood there for a moment, our bare arms and faces and shirts brown and wet, Dennis holding what had become a sated volcano, calm but still dribbling out lava. “If this were chemicals we would be totally poisoned right now,” he said, “not to mention out of a lot of money. But that’s the beauty of it. Instead, your skin feels soft. It feels alive. And it’s free. I haven’t been this excited about farming for 25 years.”

Later in the season, several of Dierks’ long-time customers commented that his produce tasted better than in years past, and was keeping for longer. Meanwhile, Diane Matthews, another local farmer who had learned Carandang’s techniques, was using her own microbe brew to fight off the Phytopthera that was decimating her raspberries. “The plants were supposed to die,” she said at the workshop. “I didn’t know what would happen, but I figured I’d try the forest microbes. What happened was the Phytopthera disappeared. I got a crop at Thanksgiving! The berries were small, but their taste was excellent.”

The specific power of Lacto

Carandang explains that one can also home in on specific microbes for targeted results. The most useful is Lacto bacillus. This microorganism is the workhorse of the human digestive system (though luckily it is also found elsewhere). On the farm it’s used for similar tasks of digestion, something Dierks was relieved to hear last winter after the NOP had mandated that all manure be fully broken down before use. He applied his L. bacillus culture to the mound of manure beside his field, and the composting was faster than ever. Similarly, when sprayed on plants, L. bacilli will digest the biomass on the leaves and stems—dust, for instance, or mud—thus making that free food available to its host.

“Lacto” is the only microbe Carandang will mention by name, but it is only one of millions that can be collected and used. His instructions are characteristically simple: walk around the farm, find elements you want to reproduce, and collect the microbes that surround them. You could get the microbes from around a particularly robust tomato plant and spray that on next year’s crop. (These concoctions last for months, even years.) To make a growth promoter, find a beanstalk growing like mad, clip the leaves at the top of vine (where all the growth is happening) and make a brew of the resident microbes. Do it with bamboo, or even kelp, which grows inches each day.

“In the Philippines, we use water lettuce,” Carandang says. “We spray it on the cucumbers and boom! You can do that and be three or five days ahead of the other local farmers. If you’re a market gardener, that can be a big deal.”

After talking for nearly seven hours straight, Carandang ends the workshop because the daylight is starting to fade. The energy in the barn only rises. Despite the chill in the air and the stiff legs it granted us, we are all now bustling about, discussing how we plan—already—to put the technology to work.

Alan Mart does organic landscaping and soil management plans. His first thought is to collect the microbes from willow roots, which suffer no transplant shock, and apply them to other, more fragile specimens that he’s planting.

Patty Salmon is a goat rancher who has been turning her farm organic for years, but has always hit a wall when it comes to feed. With only 8 acres, she can’t possibly grow all the grain and forage for her herd of 100. Carandang explained that his brother, a chicken farmer, ferments his feed and applies Lacto bacillus to it. This causes a pre-digestion that makes a greater percentage of the nutrients available to the chickens, and results in their eating less. Salmon thinks maybe she can extend her reach by doing the same.

Also conferring are Doug Gallagher and Annabelle Lenderink, from Star Route Farms, one of the oldest and most venerated organic farms in the country. Gallagher heard about beneficial microorganisms 25 years ago, and the farm is already using some store-bought varieties to combat lettuce drop and mildew. They’ve had moderate success, though Gallagher admits they continue using them less because of quantifiable effects and more because he believes in the concept. He’s hopeful that will change with microbes collected from the farm’s forested acreage, which have evolved to thrive in that particular piece of land. And if not, well, at least they’re free.

Of course Carandang is swarmed with students and their questions after the talk. While waiting their turns, a few pick up the two clean brown bottles on the larger folding table. They contain Carandang’s own Lacto bacillus culture, made back in the Philippines. He brings them along to demonstrate a finished product, but he also has a few for sale. Frankly, though, for all his charms, he’s a terrible businessman. One workshop student carries a bottle over to him and asks the price.

“It’s ten dollars,” Carandang says, “but you don’t need to buy it. Just make your own. I guarantee it will be better.”

Gil Carandang offers workshops and, for those who cannot attend, detailed booklets on indigenous microorganism cultivation and other innovative technologies. Carandang has also written a book on the topic, Indigenous Microorganisms - Grow your own: Beneficial indigenous microorganisms and bionutrients in natural farming. To order write to: Gil Carandang
Herbana Farms, Km. 59 burol, Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines, email: gil_carandang@hotmail.com
or visit: www.herbanafarmsphilippines.com

 

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--------------020208060906070307060602-- From - Thu Jan 12 00:05:06 2006 X-UIDL: 368675572 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A06DEB8F007C; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:37 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 3F49DE36F; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:37 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 25F7AE36B for ; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:37 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B1502E365 for ; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:36 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00049D5E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:13 -0500 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.4) with spool id 47170 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:13 -0500 Received: from uwo.ca (v320-146-lb.lb.its.uwo.ca) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00049D5B@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:13 -0500 Received: from chico.mail.uwo.pri (whelan.mail.uwo.pri [172.29.32.40]) by chico.mail.uwo.pri (Sun Java System Messaging Server 6.2-5.01 (built Nov 22 2005)) with ESMTP id <0ISY00FUXB104190@chico.mail.uwo.pri> for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:13 -0500 (EST) Received: from [192.168.2.10] ([65.95.173.22]) by chico.mail.uwo.pri (Sun Java System Messaging Server 6.2-5.01 (built Nov 22 2005)) with ESMTPSA id <0ISY00F7CB103KD0@chico.mail.uwo.pri> for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:12 -0500 (EST) MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-Accept-Language: en-us, en User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird 1.0.6 (Windows/20050716) Message-ID: <43C59055.4080101@uwo.ca> Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2006 18:10:13 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: jcummins Subject: [SANET-MG] Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. COUNTRIES, SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368675572 Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Article in Press doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.009 Review Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming P. Goslinga, , , A. Hodgeb, G. Goodlassc and G.D. Bendinga Abstract Symbiotic associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots are widespread in the natural environment and can provide a range of benefits to the host plant. These include improved nutrition, enhanced resistance to soil-borne pests and disease, improved resistance to drought, tolerance of heavy metals and better soil structure. Many agricultural crops are mycorrhizal and there is widespread if equivocal evidence that crop plants benefit from the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association in the same way. However, many agricultural practices including use of fertilisers and biocides, tillage, monocultures and the growing of non-mycorrhizal crops are detrimental to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). As a result, agroecosystems are impoverished in AMF and may not provide the full range of benefits to the crop. Organic farming systems may be less detrimental to AMF because they exclude the use of water-soluble fertilisers and most biocides and generally have diverse rotations. The evidence available suggests that this leads to increased AMF inoculum in soils, greater crop colonisation and enhanced nutrient uptake. AMF might therefore be able to substitute for reduced fertiliser and biocide inputs in organic systems, though there is little evidence for increased yield resulting from high rates of AMF colonisation in organic systems. This review examines the benefits that the AM association can have for agroecosystems and how farm management practices influence the AM association. Management options that may be employed to increase the benefits that AMF can bring to this type of farming system, such as changes to the rotation and careful use of tillage, are discussed. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Fri Mar 17 22:31:26 2006 X-UIDL: 368686870 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AFE4611700B0; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:44 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id D03DFAA3F; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:44 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B550CAA3C for ; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:44 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 27590A9F3 for ; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:44 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <4.00008069@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:24 -0500 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 282652 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:23 -0500 Received: from hotmail.com (bay101-dav13.bay101.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <1.0000806B@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:23 -0500 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Fri, 17 Mar 2006 18:26:22 -0800 Received: from 152.1.121.213 by BAY101-DAV13.phx.gbl with DAV; Sat, 18 Mar 2006 02:26:17 +0000 X-Originating-IP: [152.1.121.213] X-Originating-Email: [jgruv@hotmail.com] X-Sender: jgruv@hotmail.com References: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1506 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1506 X-OriginalArrivalTime: 18 Mar 2006 02:26:22.0594 (UTC) FILETIME=[5923BE20:01C64A33] Message-ID: Date: Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:28 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Joel Gruver Subject: [SANET-MG] field studies evaluating mycorrhizal inoculum To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368686870 Hello Jarrod, Appended below are citations for a few studies that have evaluated mycorrhizal fungi inoculum in the field. The database of mycorhiza literature at the following link contains many more: http://mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu/ Douds, D.D. and C. Reider. 2003. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increases the yield of green peppers in a high P soil. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 21: 91-102. Douds, D.D., Nagahashi, G., Pfeffer, P.E., Kayser, W.M. and C. Reider. 2005. On-farm production and utilization of mycorrhizal fungus inoculum. Canadian Journal of Plant Science.85: 5-21. J. Secilia and D.J. Bagyaraj. 1994. Evaluation and first-year field testing of efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for inoculation of wetland rice seedlings, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10(4): 381 - 384 ----- Original Message ----- From: "Jarrod Gunn-Mcquillan" To: Sent: Friday, March 17, 2006 11:29 AM Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate availability > Does anyone know of any field studies using Mycorrhizae?? There seems to be > lots of greenhouse, microcosm etc. etc. > > Thanks > > -----Original Message----- > From: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > [mailto:SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU]On Behalf Of Dale Wilson > Sent: Friday, March 17, 2006 10:00 AM > To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU > Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate > availability > > > Hi Edna, > > >> I'm afraid I'm over my head on this subject. I'm interested, > >> but I understood maybe about half of what I read and my > >> unabridged dictionary didn't help me a whole lot.... > >> Can anyone tell me if that is the take home message in this > >> research? > > Unlike nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus in the soil is tightly bound > to the mineral fraction. As water moves from the soil into the roots, > potassium and nitrogen and most other minerals are swept along into the > plant along with the water (yeah, I know, this is an > oversimplification), but not so with phosphorus. The roots have to go > GET phosphorus by intimate contact with soil particles. Most plants > simply cannot produce enough root surface area to get the phosphorus > they need, even when there is plenty around. Almost all crops form a > symbiotic relationship with a class of fungus called "arbuscular > mycorrhizae fungi" (AMF). The AMF live in the soil and have an > extensive network of fine mycelia. As a young plant is established, > the root system becomes infected by the AMF which transports phosphorus > into the roots. > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza > > "Mycorrhizae helper bacteria" work with the AMF to help dissolve P from > the surfaces of soil particles. The abstract cited by Lawrence studied > an association between the AMF and the "growth-promoting rhizobacteria" > Bacillus subtilis and Entrobacter. > > Here is the full text of the paper: > http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/63/11/4408 > > Lawrence wrote: > > I interpret this to mean that the researchers discovered that the > > presence of a specific AM fungus innoculated with two phosphate- > > solubilizing ("helper") bacteria in soils with low phosphate > > bioavailability resulted in higher levels of plant available > > phosphorus and "significantly increased biomass and N and P > > accumulation in plant tissues". > > I don't think this is a new finding. The main point of the paper seems > to be the use the isotopic dilution method as a tool. There is a lot > of literature about this subject. > > > So, is anyone marketing a soil innoculant for organic and > > sustainable farmers who periodically apply rock phosphate to > > farmland with normally low P bioavailability (I assume this can > > be detected in a soil test)? > > I wouldn't jump to the conclusion that inoculation with these organisms > in normal field situations will be beneficial. I would try it out > carefully in designed experiments and distrust promotional literature. > AMF is normally present in most fields, and the bacteria mentioned are > rugged and extremely common in soil. The paper does show why rock > phosphate (RP) might be more available to plants than one would think > from the soil chemistry per se. I still would make sure my RP is > high-grade and finely ground. > > Dale > > __________________________________________________ > Do You Yahoo!? > Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around > http://mail.yahoo.com > > ******************************************************** > To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: > 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; > 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the > list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > > Visit the SANET-MG archives at: > http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. > Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. > For more information on grants and other resources available through the > SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. > > ******************************************************** > To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: > 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; > 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > > Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. > Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. > For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sun Mar 19 13:58:04 2006 X-UIDL: 368687173 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 12000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A616274B006E; Sun, 19 Mar 2006 11:25:58 -0500 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id EDDD8ACF7; Sun, 19 Mar 2006 11:25:58 -0500 (EST) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id D1C22AC8F for ; Sun, 19 Mar 2006 11:25:58 -0500 (EST) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 82E3ABCB3 for ; Sun, 19 Mar 2006 11:25:57 -0500 (EST) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <1.000082CF@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 19 Mar 2006 11:25:35 -0500 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 288051 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 19 Mar 2006 11:25:34 -0500 Received: from cs5.cropsci.ad.ncsu.edu by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <3.000082EF@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 19 Mar 2006 11:25:34 -0500 Content-class: urn:content-classes:message MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----_=_NextPart_001_01C64B71.BF6B8C29" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft Exchange V6.5 X-MS-Has-Attach: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: <293F41C91E22C04D96E863676D21936B8EDB2E@cs5.cropsci.ad.ncsu.edu> Thread-Topic: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate availability Thread-Index: AcZJ4UHjlHt/NiVWTnqb2bw5iFlm4ABjylbC References: A Message-ID: <293F41C91E22C04D96E863676D21936B8EDB2E@cs5.cropsci.ad.ncsu.edu> Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2006 11:25:34 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Michelle Schroeder Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate availability To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368687173 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------_=_NextPart_001_01C64B71.BF6B8C29 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hello Jared,=20 =20 There are quite a few studies done with arbuscular mycorrhizas in the = field. To add to Joel's list, I would also include: =20 1. Kabir, Z. and Koide, R. T, 2002, Effect of autumn and winter = mycorrhizal cover crops on soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of = sweet corn in Pennsylvania, USA, Plant and Soil, 238(2):205-215. =20 2. Boswell, E. P., Koide, R. T., Shumway, D. L.,Addy, H. D., 1998, = Winter wheat cover cropping, VA mycorrhizal fungi and maize growth and = yield, Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, 67(1):55-65. =20 3.Cheng, X. M., Baumgartner, K., 2004, Arbuscular mycorrhizal = fungi-mediated nitrogen transfer from vineyard cover crops to = grapevines, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 40(6): 406:412. =20 As Joel mentioned, you can search for all the mycorrhiza literature on = the Mycorrhiza Information Exchange database at = http://mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu/ . =20 Sincerely, michelle schroeder =20 =20 =20 Michelle S. Schroeder, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Agroecology =20 Crop Science Department North Carolina State University 2406 Williams Hall Campus Box 7620 Raleigh, NC 27695-7620 USA =20 Phone: (919) 513-0085 FAX: (919) 515-7959 Email: michelle_schroeder@ncsu.edu Personal webpage: = http://www.cropsci.ncsu.edu/personnel/Schroeder_Michelle/Default.asp?fmti= nfo=3D1,450,150 = =20 Agroecology program: http://www.cropsci.ncsu.edu/agroecology/ = =20 =20 =20 =20 ________________________________ From: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group on behalf of = Jarrod Gunn-Mcquillan Sent: Fri 3/17/2006 11:29 AM To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate = availability Does anyone know of any field studies using Mycorrhizae?? There seems = to be lots of greenhouse, microcosm etc. etc. Thanks -----Original Message----- From: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group [mailto:SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU]On Behalf Of Dale Wilson Sent: Friday, March 17, 2006 10:00 AM To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate availability Hi Edna, >> I'm afraid I'm over my head on this subject. I'm interested, >> but I understood maybe about half of what I read and my >> unabridged dictionary didn't help me a whole lot.... >> Can anyone tell me if that is the take home message in this >> research? Unlike nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus in the soil is tightly bound to the mineral fraction. As water moves from the soil into the roots, potassium and nitrogen and most other minerals are swept along into the plant along with the water (yeah, I know, this is an oversimplification), but not so with phosphorus. The roots have to go GET phosphorus by intimate contact with soil particles. Most plants simply cannot produce enough root surface area to get the phosphorus they need, even when there is plenty around. Almost all crops form a symbiotic relationship with a class of fungus called "arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi" (AMF). The AMF live in the soil and have an extensive network of fine mycelia. As a young plant is established, the root system becomes infected by the AMF which transports phosphorus into the roots. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza "Mycorrhizae helper bacteria" work with the AMF to help dissolve P from the surfaces of soil particles. The abstract cited by Lawrence studied an association between the AMF and the "growth-promoting rhizobacteria" Bacillus subtilis and Entrobacter. Here is the full text of the paper: http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/63/11/4408 Lawrence wrote: > I interpret this to mean that the researchers discovered that the > presence of a specific AM fungus innoculated with two phosphate- > solubilizing ("helper") bacteria in soils with low phosphate > bioavailability resulted in higher levels of plant available > phosphorus and "significantly increased biomass and N and P > accumulation in plant tissues". I don't think this is a new finding. The main point of the paper seems to be the use the isotopic dilution method as a tool. There is a lot of literature about this subject. > So, is anyone marketing a soil innoculant for organic and > sustainable farmers who periodically apply rock phosphate to > farmland with normally low P bioavailability (I assume this can > be detected in a soil test)? I wouldn't jump to the conclusion that inoculation with these organisms in normal field situations will be beneficial. I would try it out carefully in designed experiments and distrust promotional literature. AMF is normally present in most fields, and the bacteria mentioned are rugged and extremely common in soil. The paper does show why rock phosphate (RP) might be more available to plants than one would think from the soil chemistry per se. I still would make sure my RP is high-grade and finely ground. Dale __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to = the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to = the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: = http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the = SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. 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from 152.1.121.213 by BAY101-DAV13.phx.gbl with DAV; Sat, 18 Mar 2006 02:26:17 +0000 X-Originating-IP: [152.1.121.213] X-Originating-Email: [jgruv@hotmail.com] X-Sender: jgruv@hotmail.com References: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1506 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1506 X-OriginalArrivalTime: 18 Mar 2006 02:26:22.0594 (UTC) FILETIME=[5923BE20:01C64A33] Message-ID: Date: Fri, 17 Mar 2006 21:26:28 -0500 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Joel Gruver Subject: [SANET-MG] field studies evaluating mycorrhizal inoculum To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU 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SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368686870 Hello Jarrod, Appended below are citations for a few studies that have evaluated mycorrhizal fungi inoculum in the field. The database of mycorhiza literature at the following link contains many more: http://mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu/ Douds, D.D. and C. Reider. 2003. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increases the yield of green peppers in a high P soil. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 21: 91-102. Douds, D.D., Nagahashi, G., Pfeffer, P.E., Kayser, W.M. and C. Reider. 2005. On-farm production and utilization of mycorrhizal fungus inoculum. Canadian Journal of Plant Science.85: 5-21. J. Secilia and D.J. Bagyaraj. 1994. Evaluation and first-year field testing of efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for inoculation of wetland rice seedlings, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10(4): 381 - 384 ----- Original Message ----- From: "Jarrod Gunn-Mcquillan" To: Sent: Friday, March 17, 2006 11:29 AM Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate availability > Does anyone know of any field studies using Mycorrhizae?? There seems to be > lots of greenhouse, microcosm etc. etc. > > Thanks > > -----Original Message----- > From: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group > [mailto:SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU]On Behalf Of Dale Wilson > Sent: Friday, March 17, 2006 10:00 AM > To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU > Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Entrez PubMed Soil Quality & phosphate > availability > > > Hi Edna, > > >> I'm afraid I'm over my head on this subject. I'm interested, > >> but I understood maybe about half of what I read and my > >> unabridged dictionary didn't help me a whole lot.... > >> Can anyone tell me if that is the take home message in this > >> research? > > Unlike nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus in the soil is tightly bound > to the mineral fraction. As water moves from the soil into the roots, > potassium and nitrogen and most other minerals are swept along into the > plant along with the water (yeah, I know, this is an > oversimplification), but not so with phosphorus. The roots have to go > GET phosphorus by intimate contact with soil particles. Most plants > simply cannot produce enough root surface area to get the phosphorus > they need, even when there is plenty around. Almost all crops form a > symbiotic relationship with a class of fungus called "arbuscular > mycorrhizae fungi" (AMF). The AMF live in the soil and have an > extensive network of fine mycelia. As a young plant is established, > the root system becomes infected by the AMF which transports phosphorus > into the roots. > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza > > "Mycorrhizae helper bacteria" work with the AMF to help dissolve P from > the surfaces of soil particles. The abstract cited by Lawrence studied > an association between the AMF and the "growth-promoting rhizobacteria" > Bacillus subtilis and Entrobacter. > > Here is the full text of the paper: > http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/63/11/4408 > > Lawrence wrote: > > I interpret this to mean that the researchers discovered that the > > presence of a specific AM fungus innoculated with two phosphate- > > solubilizing ("helper") bacteria in soils with low phosphate > > bioavailability resulted in higher levels of plant available > > phosphorus and "significantly increased biomass and N and P > > accumulation in plant tissues". > > I don't think this is a new finding. The main point of the paper seems > to be the use the isotopic dilution method as a tool. There is a lot > of literature about this subject. > > > So, is anyone marketing a soil innoculant for organic and > > sustainable farmers who periodically apply rock phosphate to > > farmland with normally low P bioavailability (I assume this can > > be detected in a soil test)? > > I wouldn't jump to the conclusion that inoculation with these organisms > in normal field situations will be beneficial. I would try it out > carefully in designed experiments and distrust promotional literature. > AMF is normally present in most fields, and the bacteria mentioned are > rugged and extremely common in soil. The paper does show why rock > phosphate (RP) might be more available to plants than one would think > from the soil chemistry per se. I still would make sure my RP is > high-grade and finely ground. > > Dale > > __________________________________________________ > Do You Yahoo!? > Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around > http://mail.yahoo.com > > ******************************************************** > To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: > 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; > 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the > list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > > Visit the SANET-MG archives at: > http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. > Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. > For more information on grants and other resources available through the > SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. > > ******************************************************** > To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: > 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; > 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > > Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. > Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. > For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Tue May 09 19:04:22 2006 X-UIDL: 368696356 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE33D5F60050; Tue, 09 May 2006 18:56:51 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id AA602AE7A; Tue, 9 May 2006 18:56:51 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8F35AAE01 for ; Tue, 9 May 2006 18:56:51 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id E67E1AE9E for ; Tue, 9 May 2006 18:56:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00068990@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 9 May 2006 18:56:30 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 318309 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Tue, 9 May 2006 18:56:30 -0400 Received: from hotmail.com (bay101-f14.bay101.hotmail.com) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <4.00011896@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 9 May 2006 18:56:30 -0400 Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Tue, 9 May 2006 15:56:29 -0700 Received: from 64.4.56.200 by by101fd.bay101.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Tue, 09 May 2006 22:56:27 GMT X-Originating-IP: [152.1.190.164] X-Originating-Email: [jgruv@hotmail.com] X-Sender: jgruv@hotmail.com Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed X-OriginalArrivalTime: 09 May 2006 22:56:29.0145 (UTC) FILETIME=[CEC0AC90:01C673BB] Message-ID: Date: Tue, 9 May 2006 18:56:27 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Joel Gruver Subject: [SANET-MG] On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum Comments: cc: frank_louws@ncsu.edu, srmoore2@ncat.edu To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <005101c6731d$7e2493d0$1b632545@Office> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368696356 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'jgruv@HOTMAIL.COM' (40 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 0; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 5533 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Hello folks, I just ran across an article about "On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum..." that may be of interest to some of you... Joel Bioresource Technology Volume 97, Issue 6 , April 2006, Pages 809-818 doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.015 On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum in mixtures of compost and vermiculite D.D. Douds, Jr.a, , , G. Nagahashia, P.E. Pfeffera, C. Reiderb and W.M. Kayserc Abstract On-farm production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculum can reduce the cost of the inoculum and increase utilization of this symbiosis in plant production. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) seedlings, colonized by AM fungi, were transplanted into raised bed enclosures. Media within the enclosures was vermiculite mixed with either field soil or yard clippings compost in Experiment I and vermiculite mixed with yard clippings compost or dairy manure/leaf compost in Experiment II. Compost and vermiculite mixtures yielded more propagules of AM fungi than soil-based mixtures in Experiment I. Growth of plants in a 1:4 (v/v) mixture of yard clippings compost and vermiculite produced more inoculum (503 propagules cm−3) than growth in 1:9 and 1:99 (v/v) mixtures (240 and 42 propagules cm−3, respectively). Water, inorganic nutrient solution minus P, and fish protein digest were added to inoculum production enclosures in Experiment II. Results indicated that supplemental nutrient addition was unnecessary. This method produces a concentrated inoculum of AM fungi in a form readily used as an amendment to horticultural potting media for the production of vegetable seedlings. Keywords: Sustainable agriculture; Organic agriculture; Biofertilizer 4. Discussion Inoculum of AM fungi was successfully produced in compost diluted with vermiculite. Overall averages of 530 and 505 propagules cm−3 were produced in Experiments I and II, respectively, and up to 80 spores cm−3, in 1:4 (v/v) yard clippings compost and vermiculite. This greatly surpasses the target inoculum density of 80–100 propagules cm−3 to qualify as mass production (Feldmann and Grotkass, 2002). The lower average of 505 propagules cm−3 yields 37.57 × 106 propagules per 0.61 × 0.61 m enclosure section. A target inoculation of 100 propagules per vegetable seedling to ensure colonization during growth in the greenhouse prior to outplanting means one enclosure section can be used to inoculate 375,700 plants. This translates to 7.6 ha of tomatoes at a planting density of 49,400 plants ha−1, or five times that with use of the entire enclosure. Uniformly mixing such a small amount of inoculum into the potting media is difficult, so a more generous inoculation may be more practical. On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum via different techniques has been described previously. Sieverding, 1987 and Sieverding, 1991 developed a procedure in Colombia whereby Glomus manihotis was introduced into fumigated soil. Direct comparison with the method reported here is difficult because total propagules were not estimated. After 4 months of growth of host plants, 42–96 spores cm−3 were produced (assuming an average bulk density of soil of 1.2 (Thompson and Troeh, 1973)). Only 9 spores cm−3 were produced without fumigation. Dodd et al. (1990) used this method to produce inocula containing three AM fungi, including approximately 208 spores cm−3 of G. manihotis. Another method was developed at the Tata Energy Research Institute in India (Douds et al., 2000 and Gaur, 1997). One of a number of AM fungi was inoculated into furrows in raised beds of fumigated soil. Three crops, e.g., sorghum, corn, and carrot, were grown successively in the bed, each for 3 months. The soil and roots were chopped and remixed prior to planting the next nurse host. This method produced an average of 22.7 infectious propagules cm−3 after three 1-year cycles. A modification of this method using one of three vegetable crops as a host plant produced approximately 1 propagule cm−3 in soil amended 1:1 or 1:2 (v/v) with compost (Gaur et al., 2000 and Gaur and Adholeya, 2002). The method developed here is competitive with existing methods and, in addition to not requiring fumigation, offers several advantages to farmers in temperate climates. First, bahiagrass is a proven host plant that supports abundant colonization and sporulation by most, if not all, AM fungi. In addition, as a tropical C4 grass it is frost killed. This minimizes its potential to become a weed pest when the inoculum is used in the field. Also, bahiagrass is taxonomically unrelated to most crops and, therefore, is unlikely to allow the proliferation of crop pathogens. Second, all materials for the construction of the enclosures are readily available to farmers. The precolonized host plants could be purchased or grown on-site using commercially-available inocula. Another strength lies in the benefits of compost. Compost provides all the nutrients necessary for the growth of bahiagrass. The P concentration of compost, however, requires that it be diluted with a relatively inert material, such as vermiculite, prior to use because high levels of available P suppress the colonization of roots by AM fungi (Smith and Read, 1997). Compost also provides a broad spectrum of microbes to benefit the biological health of the soil and is known to suppress plant diseases (Hoitink and Fahy, 1986 and Kim et al., 1997). Lastly, a taxonomically diverse mixed inoculum can be produced when different AM fungi are inoculated into separate enclosure sections. Recent research indicates that there is functional diversity among AM fungi (Smith et al., 2000 and Stampe and Daehler, 2003). Though some AM fungi are beneficial in a wide variety of soil–plant combinations (Sylvia et al., 1993), some data suggest that host benefits are greater with certain AM fungi than others (Blaszkowksi, 1993 and Pope et al., 1983). A diverse inocula increases the opportunity for an optimal match with the eventual crop host, and it also allows for the inclusion of Gigaspora spp. to aide soil aggregation (Miller and Jastrow, 1992 and Wright and Upadhyaya, 1996). Gigaspora spp. are typically absent from commercial formulations. This inoculum production system targets vegetable producers who grow their own seedlings for transplant to the field. The most practical use for this inoculum is mixing it into horticultural potting media in which the seedlings are grown. Inocula produced by all currently available on-farm methods are not amenable to large scale direct application to fields via farm machinery. Direct application to the field is possible in labor intensive farming systems in the tropics (Gaur et al., 2000 and Sieverding, 1987) or in small scale organic or community supported agriculture (CSA) farms. Though plant response to AM fungus inoculation may vary from positive to negative in the presence of different AM fungi (Klironomos, 2003 and Marin et al., 2003), there are management situations in which the response to AM fungus inoculation can be more reliably predicted. Certain crops such as Cruciferae, spinach, and sugar beet do not become colonized by these fungi and will not respond to inoculation. Soil solarization and fumigation treatments adversely affect indigenous AM fungi, and inoculation with AM fungi has been shown to enhance plant growth and yield following these treatments (Wininger et al., 2003). Other situations in which AM fungus inoculation would be beneficial are after a long period of bare fallow (Thompson, 1987), following a nonmycotrophic crop such as rapeseed, or in soils with low available P. The inoculum production method described here also may be used to proliferate indigenous AM fungi. Therefore, farmers may be able to re-introduce to their production fields the AM fungi adapted to their soils. Doing so may only require adding soil from an uncultivated part of the farm (e.g., fence row or natural wooded area), to the compost. No pre-inoculated plants would be required. Further, a contributing factor to the high yields found when native soils are first put under cultivation is the soil biological community (Aleman, personal communication), important members of which are the AM fungi. We have developed a method for on-farm production of hundreds of millions of propagules of AM fungi within raised bed enclosures containing compost and vermiculite. More research is needed to develop formulae to predict the proper dilution ratio for optimum inoculum production given the nutrient analysis of specific composts and explore the production of indigenous AM fungi in similar enclosures. Joel Gruver Dept of Soil Science NC State University jgruv@hotmail.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Wed May 10 14:44:23 2006 X-UIDL: 368696500 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A241AF9900D2; Wed, 10 May 2006 14:34:41 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 44FFDAC9B; Wed, 10 May 2006 14:34:41 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2136EABBD; Wed, 10 May 2006 14:34:41 -0400 (EDT) Received: from uni00ml.unity.ncsu.edu (uni00ml.unity.ncsu.edu [152.1.2.47]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 99746ABAF; Wed, 10 May 2006 14:34:40 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ncsu.edu (localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1]) by uni00ml.unity.ncsu.edu (8.13.6/8.13.3/N.20050331.02) with SMTP id k4AIXEEo017457; Wed, 10 May 2006 14:33:14 -0400 Received: from email.co.orange.nc.us (symantecapp.co.orange.nc.us [199.90.86.40]) by uni00ml.unity.ncsu.edu (8.13.6/8.13.3/N.20050331.02) with ESMTP id k4AIV0jS017412 for ; Wed, 10 May 2006 14:31:04 -0400 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft Exchange V6.5 Content-class: urn:content-classes:message MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----_=_NextPart_001_01C6745F.E1E90424" Subject: [growingsmallfarms] saturday night at the movies Date: Wed, 10 May 2006 14:30:58 -0400 Message-ID: <5D02719C396CCB40BEC920E487A62CCA3133BF@CAMERON.orangeco.co.orange.nc.us> X-MS-Has-Attach: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: Thread-Topic: saturday night at the movies Thread-Index: AcZtSekosumsBh58SASOMXOmrdwCBQ== From: "Noah Ranells" To: "growingsmallfarms" X-PMX-Version: 4.7.1.128075, Antispam-Engine: 2.3.0.1, Antispam-Data: 2006.5.10.101107 Precedence: bulk Sender: growingsmallfarms-owner@lists.ncsu.edu X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: growingsmallfarms-owner+M1810@lists.ncsu.edu [152.1.2.47] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368696500 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'NRanells@co.orange.nc.us' (42 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 9.37124E-053; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 5677 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------_=_NextPart_001_01C6745F.E1E90424 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable since all many of us can do is keep up with springtime fever in our = fields and gardens, there is not much time for movies. here are a few = you can watch at home, but limit yourself to the ~250k files if on = dialup. =20 there is a plot, in fact, a pretty complex one! please consider what = sound effects we could offer this webhost to match the video. any = volunteers for voice effects! =20 Watch Fungal Filaments Kill Soil Parasite=20 * Nematode Snare 1 - Trap is Set (251k) = =20 * Nematode Snare 2 - Trap is Sprung (1.16M) = =20 * Nematode Snare 3 - The Nematode Dies (269k) = =20 =20 http://www.mycorrhizae.com/index.php?cid=3D72& =20 =20 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Noah Ranells Ag Economic Development Coordinator Orange County Economic Development Commission POB 1177 - 110 E. King Street Hillsborough, NC 27278 919-245-2330 - fx 644-3008 ------_=_NextPart_001_01C6745F.E1E90424 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable =0A= =0A=
=0A=
since all = many of us can do is keep =0A= up with springtime fever in our fields and gardens, there is not much = time =0A= for movies. here are a few you can watch at home, but limit yourself to = the ~250k =0A= files if on dialup.
=0A=
 
=0A=
there is a = plot, in fact, a =0A= pretty complex one! please consider what sound effects we could offer = this =0A= webhost to match the video. any volunteers for voice = effects!
=0A= =0A=
 
=0A= =0A=
 
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=0A=
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=0A=
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------_=_NextPart_001_01C6745F.E1E90424-- From - Sat Jul 15 00:03:21 2006 X-UIDL: 368707173 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A8DF2A2100EA; Sat, 15 Jul 2006 00:02:39 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 94E87AA97; Sat, 15 Jul 2006 00:02:39 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 79390AA70; Sat, 15 Jul 2006 00:02:39 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (client231-153.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.153]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id A2E4FAA00; Sat, 15 Jul 2006 00:02:38 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <44B868DB.6030901@intrex.net> Date: Sat, 15 Jul 2006 00:02:35 -0400 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: permaculture Subject: RedOrbit - Science - Parasites are Surprisingly Important in Food Webs Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.153] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368707173 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'lfl@intrex.net' on the allowed list (93 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 15680 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Posted on: Friday, 14 July 2006, 07:15 CDT Parasites are Surprisingly Important in Food Webs Scientists have discovered that parasites are surprisingly important in food webs and their findings appear in a report published this week in the Early Edition of the on-line version of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Scientists with the University of California, Santa Barbara, the U.S. Geological Survey, and Princeton University contributed. The report describes a study performed in Santa Barbara County at the Carpinteria Salt Marsh. Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve is one of several natural reserves set aside by the University of California for research and teaching. Food webs trace the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They extend the concept of food chains those who-eats-whom sequences to biological communities. Food webs rarely include parasites because of the difficulty in quantifying them by standard ecological methods. Parasites are small and invisible, hidden inside their hosts. However, parasites strongly affect food web structure and parasite links are necessary for measuring ecosystem stability, according to the study. "Food web theory is the framework for modern ecology," said Kevin Lafferty, a scientist with the USGS Western Ecological Research Center who is based at UC Santa Barbara and is lead author of the study. "Parasites have been missing from this framework and, as a result, we know relatively little about the role of parasites in ecosystems. It's like driving with a highway map, but with no knowledge of the smaller road network. To reach most destinations, you need a map with both." Using data from four relatively comprehensive food webs that contain parasites, Lafferty and his coauthors examined if and how parasites affected the food webs. They found that parasites dominated the food web links between species; on average, a food web contained more links between parasites and their hosts than between predators and their prey. "Parasites may well be the thread that holds the structure of ecological communities together," said study coauthor Andrew Dobson of Princeton University. Additionally, the researchers' analyses revealed new patterns. It's well known that vulnerability to predators decreases at the top of the food chain or highest trophic level. In this study, the scientists found that vulnerability of hosts to parasites also increased with trophic level. Consequently, animals at mid-trophic levels are the most vulnerable to natural enemies, being subjected both to diverse parasites and many predators. "The work illustrates that the pyramid of life' we learn about in kindergarten is wrong!" said Dobson. "When you add parasites to food webs, the pyramid contains a second inverted pyramid of parasites that are as abundant as all the other species." When they analyzed the Carpinteria Salt Marsh food web, the researchers calculated that parasites were involved in 78 percent of the links between species. Due to the diversity of parasites in prey species, the Carpinteria web had over twice as many predator-parasite as predator-prey links 1021 links compared with 505. Parasitic trematode worms having complex life cycles involving sequential infection of multiple hosts are involved in a large number of links in the Carpinteria Salt Marsh food web. A common snail is the first intermediate host to at least 19 different kinds of trematodes at Carpinteria, involving many different kinds of birds as final hosts. The authors found that without the snail and its trematodes, 977 links would disappear from the corresponding food web. In related work, Lafferty and co-author Armand Kuris, a professor of biology at UC Santa Barbara, are currently using techniques that count trematodes in snails to assess salt marsh health. "Few food webs have been able to consider parasites and it will take a lot of work to include them, but the message is that you can't fully understand food webs without parasites," said Lafferty. Kuris added that this study, along with other recent research, indicates that most ecological investigations should evaluate the role of parasites because infectious diseases can be such important players. The PNAS study opens the door to this area of study, according to Dobson. "Once we understand food web structure, we will have a much better understanding of how the loss of biodiversity will affect the quality of life for the surviving species," he said. From - Sat Sep 09 16:02:52 2006 X-UIDL: 368718012 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ADEBA58D006E; Sat, 09 Sep 2006 16:02:51 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1AE52AAC9; Sat, 9 Sep 2006 16:02:51 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 00909A9C7 for ; Sat, 9 Sep 2006 16:02:51 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (client231-139.dsl.intrex.net [209.42.231.139]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9B37CA9BF for ; Sat, 9 Sep 2006 16:02:50 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: <45031DE3.6000402@intrex.net> Date: Sat, 09 Sep 2006 16:02:43 -0400 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Subject: MOODOO compost & biogas generator + power & heat generation Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: lfl@intrex.net [209.42.231.139] X-Note: Total weight is 0. Whitelisted X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368718012 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'lfl@intrex.net' on the allowed list (130 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 23913 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} -------- Original Message -------- Subject: Re: [Permaculture International] North American Union Date: Sat, 9 Sep 2006 15:25:05 -0400 From: Claude William Genest Yesterday I met with a 5th generation farmer, Robert Foster. I will be shooting him for the show ( which is in full pre-prod for two pilot episodes bro' !) He is the guy behind MOODOO compost which itself is the remains of the methane disgester that powers his barns and home. He's had the digester for 26 years ! A man way ahead of his time. He was talking about his work to monetize ecological aspects of the farm operation e.g. standing forests etc. as a way for the farmer to obtain eco-credits, along the same model as carbon credits. I didn't really get where he was going with that to be honest which is why I bring it up. I also just read: GOVERNMENT REPORT OFFERS SOBERING STATISTICS ABOUT THE 2006 FARMER Last week, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service issued updated estimates regarding 2006 farm income. Here are some quick statistics from the report: * Net farm income is forecast to be $54.4 billion in 2006, down from 2005 by $19.4 billion (a 26% decline). * Government payments are forecast to decline $6.2 billion. * The average family farm will generate 86.7 percent of their income from off-farm sources in 2006. In other words, less than 14% of income is generated from the farm, itself. Source: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Features/farmincome/2006/August/ So I guess where I'm going is: something has to be done to make farming economically viable if it is to work towards ecological sustainability and these "monetization" schemes are def . seen as a part of it.... Claude From - Sun Sep 10 19:42:08 2006 X-UIDL: 368718181 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A7EA9B5200A0; Sun, 10 Sep 2006 18:55:38 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id BB8B3AECB; Sun, 10 Sep 2006 18:55:38 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id A2B5AAEC0 for ; Sun, 10 Sep 2006 18:55:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3587FAE85 for ; Sun, 10 Sep 2006 18:55:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <6.000334B7@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 10 Sep 2006 18:55:15 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 853958 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 10 Sep 2006 18:55:15 -0400 Received: from web51910.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <6.000334B6@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 10 Sep 2006 18:55:15 -0400 Received: (qmail 93595 invoked by uid 60001); 10 Sep 2006 22:55:14 -0000 Received: from [67.184.207.193] by web51910.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Sun, 10 Sep 2006 15:55:14 PDT MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <20060910225514.93593.qmail@web51910.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Sun, 10 Sep 2006 15:55:14 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Dale Wilson Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Putting the carbon back: Black is the new green To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <20060910.132228.2952.14.northsheep@juno.com> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368718181 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'nosliwelad@YAHOO.COM' (130 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 8.50144E-103; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 24082 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Hi Bob, Karl, Heide and John, Bob wrote: >>> When you add carbon in any form to the soil, add water and mix >>> it up with cultivation, the carbon quickly converts to CO2 and >>> evaporates back into the atmosphere. Untilled sod or forest >>> can store a lot of carbon when undisturbed. All cultivated >>> soils attain a natural carbon equlibrium beyond which adding >>> more will have only a temporary benifit. I don't think this is completely true in the case of pyrolyzed organic matter. Heat can change the molecular structure of carbon so that it is less biodegradable. Heide wrote: >> I've never seen charcoal degraded, but would love to see the >> research to show that it actually does degrade. Charring is a >> preservation method for untreated wood coming contact with soil. >> I still see the charcoal on perfectly preserved tree stumps that >> burned decades ago. John wrote: > Exactly, I use the method of charring fence stakes myself to > preserve them and that in itself makes me very suspicious of > those that say that it is a fertilizer or that it can help > restore degraded soils. I think we need to keep an open mind. Pyrolyzed OM is not necessarily pure charcoal. I was hunting around on the web about this and found a paper that provide background on value as soil additives of incompletely pyrolyzed OM. http://a-c-s.confex.com/crops/2006am/techprogram/P24705.HTM Karl wrote: >>>> This is some relevance to the Cornell/Ithaca community near >>>> my farm because Cornell scientists have weighed in on the >>>> question. Johannes Lehman has said: "This is the only way to >>>> make a fuel that is actually carbon negative" http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7103/full/442624a.html Eprida's (and I guess Lehman's) claim (if I understand them correctly) that one can obtain both net carbon sequestration and hydrogen, from the same piece of biomass isn't credible. It just doesn't make sense stoichiometrically. Photosynthesis takes hydrogen that has been split from water using light energy, and combines it with carbon dioxide to make sugar (and cellulose, etc). Now, when you take that sugar apart (thermally or otherwise) you can get hydrogen and carbon dioxide OR you can get water and carbon. But you can't get both reduced carbon and hydrogen, there just are not enough reducing equivalents. That doesn't mean that they can't make a business out of selling both hydrogen and soil amendments derived from biomass, it just means that biomass *energy* is a zero-sum game in terms of carbon sequestration. Of course, you could pyrolyze OM and plow it into the soil, but that reduced carbon is had at the expense of hydrogen you could otherwise sell. Maybe I am really missing something here. But if so, could someone please explain Eprida's stoichiometry? Dale __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Sep 11 15:02:13 2006 X-UIDL: 368718395 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AF6352BC00DA; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:03 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1959EAE78; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:03 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EF7B2AE70 for ; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 52B9BAE68 for ; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <5.00033909@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:47:38 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 864930 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:47:38 -0400 Received: from elasmtp-mealy.atl.sa.earthlink.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <3.00033895@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:37:38 -0400 Received: from [71.35.53.12] (helo=[192.168.0.102]) by elasmtp-mealy.atl.sa.earthlink.net with asmtp (Exim 4.34) id 1GMqf3-0002Nu-UH for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:37:38 -0400 User-Agent: Thunderbird 1.5.0.5 (Windows/20060719) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <20060911101005.79673.qmail@web51905.mail.yahoo.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-ELNK-Trace: 8c6e4cabddc1f61885338a7d01cb3b6a7e972de0d01da940b71c4572e9d5023cde0561fb6ed9ef69350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c X-Originating-IP: 71.35.53.12 Message-ID: <4505ACF3.2050805@earthlink.net> Date: Mon, 11 Sep 2006 11:37:39 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: John Cowan Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Putting the carbon back: Black is the new green To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <20060911101005.79673.qmail@web51905.mail.yahoo.com> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368718395 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'johncowan@EARTHLINK.NET' (132 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 1.58883E-127; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 24296 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} I have been experimenting with "charcoal" this year after reading ALL the books about Terra Preta, reading ALL the information on at Eprida http://www.eprida.com/home/index.php4 plus other information on the web such as at Cornell. According the Eprida, the proper charcoal means heating suitable organic materials to about 400 degrees C. (750 degrees F.) without oxygen. Volatiles, hydrogen and water are outgassed. These gases can be used in a variety of ways. The charcoal is ground to 30-45 mesh. They also have developed a process to saturate it with ammonium bicarbonate using recycled gases. My focus has been on enhancing microbiological activity and nutrient holding capacity in the soil. If you add some charcoal to quality finished compost or worm castings you will get obvious enhances microbiological activity as seen by doing a simple water extraction after one day of culturing and looking at it under a microscope. Enhanced nutrient capacity occurs because the carbon matrix of the charcoal starts taking on "functional groups" and hence forms a type of humus that increases the CEC. Here is how I have produced the charcoal "fertilizer" in small quantities: Grind commercial "lump" barbecue charcoal (Cowboy, Royal Oak, etc.) to a fine powder. Do not use brickettes. I run it through an old meat grinder then put small amounts in an electric coffee mill. Mix charcoal powder with equal parts by volume fine sifted compost or worm castings. According to the charcoal weight, add 5% high quality fish meal, krill meal or other quality protein meal. Avoid solvent-extracted meals. Add sufficient water (non-chlorinated) usually about 1/2 the charcoal volume. Mix throughly. It should be wet, not mucky. Usually I work the mixture through a 1/4 inch hardware mesh to fluffy it up and cut up any lumps. Let sit in a plastic bucket for a week maybe with a loose cover in dry climates. Actineomyctes (sp?) smell will replace the protein smell in a few days and some white specks should develop. Small quantities of this product can show a noticeable improvement in plant appearance and growth/production. Apply to the soil surface and water in. I will not go into my exact experiences but I have been organic gardening for decades and have experience with a wide range of organic fertilizers and amendments. I have never seen anything quite like it. If you have questions about what I have mentioned I would invite you to reply to me personally or to the list. Thanks, John Cowan ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Sep 11 15:02:13 2006 X-UIDL: 368718395 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AF6352BC00DA; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:03 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1959EAE78; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:03 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EF7B2AE70 for ; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 52B9BAE68 for ; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:48:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <5.00033909@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:47:38 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 864930 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:47:38 -0400 Received: from elasmtp-mealy.atl.sa.earthlink.net by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <3.00033895@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:37:38 -0400 Received: from [71.35.53.12] (helo=[192.168.0.102]) by elasmtp-mealy.atl.sa.earthlink.net with asmtp (Exim 4.34) id 1GMqf3-0002Nu-UH for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 11 Sep 2006 14:37:38 -0400 User-Agent: Thunderbird 1.5.0.5 (Windows/20060719) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <20060911101005.79673.qmail@web51905.mail.yahoo.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-ELNK-Trace: 8c6e4cabddc1f61885338a7d01cb3b6a7e972de0d01da940b71c4572e9d5023cde0561fb6ed9ef69350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c X-Originating-IP: 71.35.53.12 Message-ID: <4505ACF3.2050805@earthlink.net> Date: Mon, 11 Sep 2006 11:37:39 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: John Cowan Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Putting the carbon back: Black is the new green To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <20060911101005.79673.qmail@web51905.mail.yahoo.com> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368718395 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'johncowan@EARTHLINK.NET' (132 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 1.58883E-127; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 24296 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} I have been experimenting with "charcoal" this year after reading ALL the books about Terra Preta, reading ALL the information on at Eprida http://www.eprida.com/home/index.php4 plus other information on the web such as at Cornell. According the Eprida, the proper charcoal means heating suitable organic materials to about 400 degrees C. (750 degrees F.) without oxygen. Volatiles, hydrogen and water are outgassed. These gases can be used in a variety of ways. The charcoal is ground to 30-45 mesh. They also have developed a process to saturate it with ammonium bicarbonate using recycled gases. My focus has been on enhancing microbiological activity and nutrient holding capacity in the soil. If you add some charcoal to quality finished compost or worm castings you will get obvious enhances microbiological activity as seen by doing a simple water extraction after one day of culturing and looking at it under a microscope. Enhanced nutrient capacity occurs because the carbon matrix of the charcoal starts taking on "functional groups" and hence forms a type of humus that increases the CEC. Here is how I have produced the charcoal "fertilizer" in small quantities: Grind commercial "lump" barbecue charcoal (Cowboy, Royal Oak, etc.) to a fine powder. Do not use brickettes. I run it through an old meat grinder then put small amounts in an electric coffee mill. Mix charcoal powder with equal parts by volume fine sifted compost or worm castings. According to the charcoal weight, add 5% high quality fish meal, krill meal or other quality protein meal. Avoid solvent-extracted meals. Add sufficient water (non-chlorinated) usually about 1/2 the charcoal volume. Mix throughly. It should be wet, not mucky. Usually I work the mixture through a 1/4 inch hardware mesh to fluffy it up and cut up any lumps. Let sit in a plastic bucket for a week maybe with a loose cover in dry climates. Actineomyctes (sp?) smell will replace the protein smell in a few days and some white specks should develop. Small quantities of this product can show a noticeable improvement in plant appearance and growth/production. Apply to the soil surface and water in. I will not go into my exact experiences but I have been organic gardening for decades and have experience with a wide range of organic fertilizers and amendments. I have never seen anything quite like it. If you have questions about what I have mentioned I would invite you to reply to me personally or to the list. Thanks, John Cowan ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Wed Sep 13 19:05:21 2006 X-UIDL: 368719014 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AD56E3001C; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 18:59:34 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 7A609AC5D; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 18:59:34 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5FC89AAFF for ; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 18:59:34 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C4522AC39 for ; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 18:59:33 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <3.000343B1@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 18:59:20 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 887676 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 18:59:20 -0400 Received: from web51909.mail.yahoo.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0008B499@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 18:59:20 -0400 Received: (qmail 95922 invoked by uid 60001); 13 Sep 2006 22:59:19 -0000 Received: from [65.248.25.2] by web51909.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 15:59:19 PDT MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: <20060913225919.95920.qmail@web51909.mail.yahoo.com> Date: Wed, 13 Sep 2006 15:59:19 -0700 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Dale Wilson Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Putting the carbon back: Black is the new green To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <52c.8df22f8.3239cda4@aol.com> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368719014 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'nosliwelad@YAHOO.COM' (132 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 7.27646E-137; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 24915 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Elaine, > Charcoal addition, WITHOUT ANY organisms, nutrient, or water > addition with it, was what was being discussed. If you wish to > add in other factors, along with the charcoal, then the > discussion will be very different. Part of the discussion is the indeterminacy of the term "charcoal." This subject is already "very different" because things other than pure thermogenic carbon are present in "char." > If you want to add all the other things besides charcoal that > are in Terra Preta, i.e., if you want to add bacteria, fungi, > protozoa, nematodes, microarthropods, humus, fulvics, proteins, > sugars. etc then we aren't talking about just charcoal anymore. That is part of the point of this discussion. The "char" being discussed is a complex material. > How long has it been since "black earth" was anaerobic? It > does not has a sickening, stinky smell to it as it has been > described to me. It is not low in oxygen. It is not hot. > Terra Preta is not charcoal. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_preta "Because of their elevated charcoal content, it is now widely accepted that these soils are a product of indigenous soil management involving a labor intensive technique termed slash-and-char. The technique is differentiated from slash and burn by a lower temperature burn and in being a tool for soil improvement. Amending soil with low temperature charcoal produced from a mix of wood and leafy biomass (termed bio-char) has been observed to increase the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." > Recalcitrance of any organic matter is relative, and I'll agree > with Lutzow et all absolutely on that statement. If you have no > fungi in the "mix", the wider C:N materials are going to have a > hard time breaking down. If the fungi that can use that wide > C:N material are present, those "recalcitrant" materials can > disappear pretty quickly. The other part of this discussion, is the possibility that by thermally processing organic matter in the right way, it might be possible to very greatly increase the recalcitrance of the organic matter, while retaining soil-building value (beyond the value of ordinary charcoal). This seems to be what happened to these Terra Preta soils. Thermal processing might be a valuable way to make microbiologically stable OM amendments. > If organic matter has been sterilized, or does not contain the > organisms capable of breaking down the bonds in the material, > then that material will appear "recalcitrant". We are not talking about sterile systems. Sure, the biomass being thermally processed would be rendered sterile, but after you put it in the soil it will be colonized by the native flora and fauna. > Restrict the information being considered to just what I was > talking about, and do NOT add in all sorts of other things. > Please don't muddy the conversation that was being held. Elaine, it it too late! This was a murky, confusing, impure thread from it's inception. I would urge you to keep an open mind. I don't think this is mainly about "charcoal" in the usual sense of the word. Dale __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Wed Sep 13 20:55:00 2006 X-UIDL: 368719038 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A66B8EE0016; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:35 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 54B5CAEA4; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:35 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3993FAD9C for ; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:35 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7478DAD4F for ; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:34 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <5.0003445E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:12 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 888246 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:12 -0400 Received: from imo-m24.mx.aol.com by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <2.00034575@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:12 -0400 Received: from Soilfoodweb@aol.com by imo-m24.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v38_r7.6.) id d.556.6d93238 (29672) for ; Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:07 -0400 (EDT) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="-----------------------------1158194766" X-Mailer: 9.0 Security Edition for Windows sub 5330 Message-ID: <556.6d93238.323a004e@aol.com> Date: Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:46:06 EDT Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Elaine Ingham Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Putting the carbon back: Black is the new green To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368719038 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'Soilfoodweb@AOL.COM' (132 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 0; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 24939 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} -------------------------------1158194766 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Perhaps there was a thread was about Terre Pieta, but my specific comment was about charcoal. I believe I clearly indicated my response as being about charcoal. Charcoal by definition is wood held at high temperature (175 to 180 C) with low oxygen (doesn't burn but essentially crystallizes). This can be done mechanically, or can be done by biology. If someone wants to develop a new term, for example "char", then a clear definition is required. Conditions for production of that material need to be defined. When people compost using woody materials, such as oak, pine, cedar, eucalyptus, or other wide C:N bark, heartwood or sapwood, with other materials (green plant material and high N containing material) on which the bacteria and fungi grow rapidly, use up oxygen, and generate high heat (above 170 C), then conditions are correct to produce charcoal. Compost is NOT sterile at 175 C. Just because none of the organisms growing at those temperatures will grow on any lab culture plate, does not mean those organisms do not exist. But many conventional microbiology-based people make that mistake. There are a huge number of species and high numbers of individuals at high temperatures. Take a look at deep sea vents. Check out the number of species in a ml of seawater, regardless of whether that water is from deep ocean vents or from near-shore, or mid-depth. The reason that compost piles heat is through the heat released at the organisms grow. No organisms, no heat in a compost pile. If you have heat, you have growing organisms. In Terre Pieta, there are a huge number of organisms. Which is more likely to be more important to the production of the fertility of this soil? Charcoal, the charred organic matter, or the organisms? ---------- If you have a material that is compacted, it often lacks oxygen. Mycorrhizal fungi are strict aerobes, and cannot grow when oxygen is lacking. If material that structurally helps oxygen move more easily into the material is added, the mycorrhizal fungi will be seen to grow more readily as the conditions restricting their growth are alleviated. Did the structural material supply carbon? mineral nutrients? or allow oxygen to move into the material? What is the real explanation for the benefit of charcoal for mycorrhizal growth? Elaine Ingham In a message dated 9/13/2006 3:59:48 P.M. Pacific Daylight Time, nosliwelad@YAHOO.COM writes: Elaine, > Charcoal addition, WITHOUT ANY organisms, nutrient, or water > addition with it, was what was being discussed. If you wish to > add in other factors, along with the charcoal, then the > discussion will be very different. Part of the discussion is the indeterminacy of the term "charcoal." This subject is already "very different" because things other than pure thermogenic carbon are present in "char." > If you want to add all the other things besides charcoal that > are in Terra Preta, i.e., if you want to add bacteria, fungi, > protozoa, nematodes, microarthropods, humus, fulvics, proteins, > sugars. etc then we aren't talking about just charcoal anymore. That is part of the point of this discussion. The "char" being discussed is a complex material. > How long has it been since "black earth" was anaerobic? It > does not has a sickening, stinky smell to it as it has been > described to me. It is not low in oxygen. It is not hot. > Terra Preta is not charcoal. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_preta "Because of their elevated charcoal content, it is now widely accepted that these soils are a product of indigenous soil management involving a labor intensive technique termed slash-and-char. The technique is differentiated from slash and burn by a lower temperature burn and in being a tool for soil improvement. Amending soil with low temperature charcoal produced from a mix of wood and leafy biomass (termed bio-char) has been observed to increase the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." > Recalcitrance of any organic matter is relative, and I'll agree > with Lutzow et all absolutely on that statement. If you have no > fungi in the "mix", the wider C:N materials are going to have a > hard time breaking down. If the fungi that can use that wide > C:N material are present, those "recalcitrant" materials can > disappear pretty quickly. The other part of this discussion, is the possibility that by thermally processing organic matter in the right way, it might be possible to very greatly increase the recalcitrance of the organic matter, while retaining soil-building value (beyond the value of ordinary charcoal). This seems to be what happened to these Terra Preta soils. Thermal processing might be a valuable way to make microbiologically stable OM amendments. > If organic matter has been sterilized, or does not contain the > organisms capable of breaking down the bonds in the material, > then that material will appear "recalcitrant". We are not talking about sterile systems. Sure, the biomass being thermally processed would be rendered sterile, but after you put it in the soil it will be colonized by the native flora and fauna. > Restrict the information being considered to just what I was > talking about, and do NOT add in all sorts of other things. > Please don't muddy the conversation that was being held. Elaine, it it too late! This was a murky, confusing, impure thread from it's inception. I would urge you to keep an open mind. I don't think this is mainly about "charcoal" in the usual sense of the word. Dale Elaine R. Ingham Soil Foodweb Inc., Corvallis, Oregon Soil Foodweb Inc., Port Jefferson, New York Soil Foodweb Institute, Lismore Australia Soil Foodweb Institute Cambridge, New Zealand Laboratorios de Soil Foodweb, Culiacan, Mexico Soil Foodweb South Africa, Polokwane, SA Soil Foodweb Canada, Vulcan, Alberta, Canada Soil Foodweb United Kingdom, Laverstoke Park, UK Coming soon -a second lab in Canada, one in Kenya, and in Japan! ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. -------------------------------1158194766 Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Perhaps there was a thread was about Terre Pieta, but my specific comme= nt=20 was about charcoal.  I believe I clearly indicated my response as being= =20 about charcoal. 
 
Charcoal by definition is wood held at high temperature (175 to 18= 0=20 C) with low oxygen (doesn't burn but essentially crystallizes).  T= his=20 can be done mechanically, or can be done by biology. 
 
If someone wants to develop a new term, for example "char", then a clea= r=20 definition is required.  Conditions for production of that material nee= d to=20 be defined.  
 
When people compost using woody materials, such as oak, pine, cedar,=20 eucalyptus, or other wide C:N bark, heartwood or sapwood, with other materia= ls=20 (green plant material and high N containing material) on which the bacteria=20= and=20 fungi grow rapidly, use up oxygen, and generate high heat (above 170 C), the= n=20 conditions are correct to produce charcoal. 
 
Compost is NOT sterile at 175 C.  Just because none of t= he=20 organisms growing at those temperatures will grow on any lab culture plate,=20= does=20 not mean those organisms do not exist. 
 
But many conventional microbiology-based people make that=20 mistake.  There are a huge number of species and high numbers of=20 individuals at high temperatures.  Take a look at deep sea vents. = =20 Check out the number of species in a ml of seawater, regardless of whether t= hat=20 water is from deep ocean vents or from near-shore, or mid-depth. 
 
The reason that compost piles heat is through the heat released at= the=20 organisms grow.  No organisms, no heat in a compost pile.  If= you=20 have heat, you have growing organisms. 
 
In Terre Pieta, there are a huge number of organisms.  Which is mo= re=20 likely to be more important to the production of the fertility of this=20 soil?  Charcoal, the charred organic matter, or the organisms?
 
----------
 
If you have a material that is compacted, it often lacks=20 oxygen.  Mycorrhizal fungi are strict aerobes, and cannot grow=20 when oxygen is lacking.  If material that structurally helps=20 oxygen move more easily into the material is added, the mycorrhizal fungi wi= ll=20 be seen to grow more readily as the conditions restricting their growth are=20 alleviated. 
 
Did the structural material supply carbon?  mineral=20 nutrients?  or allow oxygen to move into the material? 
 
What is the real explanation for the benefit of charcoal for mycorrhiza= l=20 growth?
 
Elaine Ingham
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In a message dated 9/13/2006 3:59:48 P.M. Pacific Daylight Time,=20 nosliwelad@YAHOO.COM writes:
<= FONT=20 style=3D"BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" face=3DArial color=3D#000000=20 size=3D2>Elaine,

> Charcoal addition, WITHOUT ANY organisms, nut= rient,=20 or water
> addition with it, was what was being discussed.  If=20= you=20 wish to
> add in other factors, along with the charcoal,  then=20= the=20
> discussion will be very different.

Part of the discussion=20= is=20 the indeterminacy of the term "charcoal."
This subject is already "ver= y=20 different" because things other than pure
thermogenic carbon are presen= t in=20 "char."

> If you want to add all the other things besides charco= al=20 that
> are in Terra Preta, i.e., if you want to add bacteria,=20 fungi,
> protozoa, nematodes, microarthropods, humus, fulvics,=20 proteins,
> sugars. etc then we aren't talking  about just char= coal=20 anymore.

That is part of the point of this discussion.  The "c= har"=20 being
discussed is a complex material.
 
> How long has=20= it=20 been since "black earth" was anaerobic?  It
> does not has a=20 sickening, stinky smell to it as it has been
> described to me. = ; It=20 is not low in oxygen.  It is not hot.
> Terra Preta is not=20 charcoal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_preta
"Because of t= heir=20 elevated charcoal content, it is now widely accepted
that these soils a= re a=20 product of indigenous soil management involving
a labor intensive techn= ique=20 termed slash-and-char. The technique is
differentiated from slash and b= urn=20 by a lower temperature burn and in
being a tool for soil improvement.=20 Amending soil with low temperature
charcoal produced from a mix of wood= and=20 leafy biomass (termed
bio-char) has been observed to increase the activ= ity=20 of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi."

> Recalcitrance of any orga= nic=20 matter is relative, and I'll agree
> with Lutzow et all absolutely o= n=20 that statement.  If you have no
> fungi in the "mix", the wider= C:N=20 materials are going to have a
> hard time breaking down.  If th= e=20 fungi that can use that wide
> C:N material are present, those=20 "recalcitrant" materials can
> disappear pretty quickly.

The=20 other part of this discussion, is the possibility that by=20 thermally
processing organic matter in the right way, it might be possi= ble=20 to
very greatly increase the recalcitrance of the organic matter,=20 while
retaining soil-building value (beyond the value of ordinary=20 charcoal).
This seems to be what happened to these Terra Preta=20 soils.  Thermal
processing might be a valuable way to make=20 microbiologically stable OM
amendments.
 
> If organic=20 matter has been sterilized, or does not contain the
> organisms capa= ble=20 of breaking down the bonds in the material,
> then that material wil= l=20 appear "recalcitrant".

We are not talking about sterile systems.&nb= sp;=20 Sure, the biomass being
thermally processed would be rendered sterile,=20= but=20 after you put it in
the soil it will be colonized by the native flora a= nd=20 fauna.
 
> Restrict the information being considered to jus= t=20 what I was
> talking about, and do NOT add in all sorts of other=20 things.
> Please don't muddy the conversation that was being=20 held.

Elaine, it it too late!  This was a murky, confusing, im= pure=20 thread
from it's inception.  I would urge you to keep an open=20 mind.  I don't
think this is mainly about "charcoal" in the usual=20 sense of the word.

Dale
 
Elaine R.=20 Ingham
Soil Foodweb Inc., Corvallis, Oregon
Soil Foodweb Inc., Port=20 Jefferson, New York
Soil Foodweb Institute, Lismore Australia
Soil Foo= dweb=20 Institute Cambridge, New Zealand
Laboratorios de Soil Foodweb, Culiacan,=20 Mexico
Soil Foodweb South Africa, Polokwane, SA
Soil Foodweb Canada,=20 Vulcan, Alberta, Canada
Soil Foodweb United Kingdom, Laverstoke Park,=20 UK
Coming soon -a second lab in Canada, one in Kenya, and in=20 Japan!

&NBSP;

*****************************************************

To unsubscribe from SANET-MG:

1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or;

2- Send a message to mailto:listserv@sare.org from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message.

&NBSP;

Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html
Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm.

&NBSP;

-------------------------------1158194766-- From - Thu Oct 05 08:03:42 2006 X-UIDL: 368725217 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A31FE5D00D6; Thu, 05 Oct 2006 07:57:19 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 1C486A9C1; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 07:57:19 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EED17AA2E for ; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 07:57:18 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id DAC9DAF65 for ; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 07:57:13 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00093C6E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 7:56:57 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 1080578 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 07:56:57 -0400 Received: from chert.unet.maine.edu by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <4.0003CB0E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 7:56:57 -0400 Received: from chert.unet.maine.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by chert.unet.maine.edu (8.13.1/8.13.1) with ESMTP id k95Burgx023323 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA bits=256 verify=NOT) for ; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 07:56:53 -0400 Received: (from apache@localhost) by chert.unet.maine.edu (8.13.1/8.13.1/Submit) id k95BuqvW023308 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 11:56:52 GMT X-Authentication-Warning: chert.unet.maine.edu: apache set sender to ann-marie.fortuna@maine.edu using -f Received: from 72.65.108.169 (pool-72-65-108-169.ptldme.east.verizon.net [72.65.108.169]) by mail1.maine.edu (Horde MIME library) with HTTP; Thu, 5 Oct 2006 11:56:52 +0000 References: <20061004170723.72301.qmail@web39711.mail.mud.yahoo.com> <00f601c6e7e6$b8437200$6501a8c0@industrixv3dos> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; DelSp="Yes"; format="flowed" Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable User-Agent: Internet Messaging Program (IMP) H3 (4.1.3) X-MailScanner-Information: Please contact the ISP for more information X-MailScanner: Found to be clean X-MailScanner-From: ann-marie.fortuna@maine.edu Message-ID: <20061005115652.322m861dkcoko8cw@mail1.maine.edu> Date: Thu, 5 Oct 2006 11:56:52 +0000 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Ann-Marie Fortuna Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] Testing a product that reduces irrigation requirements To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <00f601c6e7e6$b8437200$6501a8c0@industrixv3dos> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368725217 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'ann-marie.fortuna@MAINE.EDU' (172 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 1.01805E-149; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 30273 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Dear Nicola, I would mot be able to test your product but would like to know what =20 is in it. Actinomycetes? Thanks, Ann-Marie Quoting Frank Schultz : > Dear Nicola, > > Yes, I would be interested. Farm about 15 acres and pasture about =20 > eight acres. Am converting to organic. > > Am located in Red Oak (Ellis County), Texas. Received less than 19" =20 > rain last year and less than 17" rain this year. > > Is this the sort of situation you have in mind? > > Frank Schultz > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: Nicola Kinsella Melvin > To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU > Sent: Wednesday, October 04, 2006 12:07 PM > Subject: [SANET-MG] Testing a product that reduces irrigation requiremen= ts > > > Hello, > I'm in the process of organizing tests of an organic product, =20 > developed in Norway, designed to reduce the irrigation required to =20 > grow crops by about 50%. The tests I'm organizing are going to be =20 > conducted in Australia next growing season (planting will be =20 > August-September 2007). > > I don't work for the company that has developed it, I'm just =20 > curious about bringing the technology into Australia (assuming it =20 > works as well there as it has in their African tests) due to the =20 > constant water shortages there. > > A company representative is going to be the US in late =20 > October/early November, and I know they are looking to conduct tests =20 > here, and I was wondering if there was anyone on the list from some =20 > of the drier states (CA, TX, ???) who would be interested in (and =20 > set up to conduct) testing. The product has to be applied in liquid =20 > form, so someone who is used to applying liquid based fertilizers =20 > would probably be preferable. > > If so, please let me know. > > Regards, > Nicola > > &NBSP; > > ***************************************************** > > To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: > > 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html and =20 > unsubscribe by typing in your e-mail address or; > > 2- Send a message to mailto:listserv@sare.org from the address =20 > subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of =20 > the message. > > &NBSP; > > Visit the SANET-MG archives at: =20 > http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html > Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. > > &NBSP; > > ******************************************************** > To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: > 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; > 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed =20 > to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > > Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.ht= ml. > Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. > For more information on grants and other resources available through =20 > the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. > ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Tue Oct 17 17:27:48 2006 X-UIDL: 368728353 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AA678000AE; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 17:25:59 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 544D9B27A; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 16:47:02 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 32E0AB25F for ; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 16:47:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from metalab.unc.edu (mail.metalab.unc.edu [152.46.7.112]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 307ADB22C for ; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 16:46:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from malecky (unknown [152.46.7.119]) by metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2693C48543; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 16:46:45 -0400 (EDT) X-Original-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from ls405.htnet.hr (ls405.t-com.hr [195.29.150.135]) by lists.ibiblio.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 256884C00D for ; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 16:46:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from ls242.t-com.hr (ls242.t-com.hr [195.29.150.134]) by ls405.htnet.hr (Postfix) with ESMTP id D40D9143FF4 for ; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 22:46:37 +0200 (CEST) Received: from ls242.t-com.hr (localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1]) by ls242.t-com.hr (Qmlai) with ESMTP id D146710F8055 for ; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 22:46:37 +0200 (CEST) Received: from ls242.t-com.hr (localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1]) by ls242.t-com.hr (Qmlai) with ESMTP id B9A2810F804D for ; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 22:46:37 +0200 (CEST) X-Envelope-Sender-Info: gZhZMvpk2TUGYewMywXrAfXgsKsUyM1zYhlAfx1bA3l8hVDd2gQMoI8Y01LyMS5/ X-Envelope-Sender: marijana@kneja.hr Received: from stvaraonica.kneja.hr (83-131-30-135.adsl.net.t-com.hr [83.131.30.135])by ls242.t-com.hr (Qmali) with ESMTP id 7CB926C0052for ; Tue, 17 Oct 2006 22:46:33 +0200 (CEST) Message-Id: <6.2.3.4.2.20061017204506.0212b090@pop.kneja.hr> X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.2.3.4 Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2006 22:46:29 +0200 To: permaculture From: Marijana Lesar Mime-Version: 1.0 X-imss-version: 2.043 X-imss-result: Passed X-imss-scanInfo: M:P L:E SM:0 X-imss-tmaseResult: TT:0 TS:0.0000 TC:00 TRN:0 TV:3.6.1039(14758.003) X-imss-scores: Clean:52.56865 C:2 M:3 S:5 R:5 X-imss-settings: Baseline:1 C:1 M:1 S:1 R:1 (0.0000 0.0000) Subject: [permaculture] .pdf book eco sanitation X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.8 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Declude-Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org [152.46.7.112] X-Note: Total weight is 7. COUNTRIES, ROUTING, SPAMHEADERS, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368728353 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'marijana@kneja.hr' (182 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 6.25917E-009; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 33323 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} hello, concerning the theme of humanure - i have uploaded the book eco sanitation from sweedish international development cooperation agency with about 100 pages of ecological sanitation examples and analyses of safety etc. it was free for download, i couldn't find the origin link, so i uploaded it on http://www.ekosela.org/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=4 it is a good and practical pro humanure document. cheers marijana _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Thu Oct 19 11:23:04 2006 X-UIDL: 368728903 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A2E41ACF0090; Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:48 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id E0B46B141; Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:48 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C5FCAB144 for ; Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:48 -0400 (EDT) Received: from metalab.unc.edu (mail.metalab.unc.edu [152.46.7.112]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 46CBDB0FD for ; Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:48 -0400 (EDT) Received: from malecky (unknown [152.46.7.119]) by metalab.unc.edu (Postfix) with ESMTP id 63CC848C3C; Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:47 -0400 (EDT) X-Original-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Delivered-To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org Received: from pop-siberian.atl.sa.earthlink.net (pop-siberian.atl.sa.earthlink.net [207.69.195.71]) by lists.ibiblio.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 013D34C00D for ; Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:45 -0400 (EDT) Received: from dialup-4.252.98.219.dial1.cincinnati1.level3.net ([4.252.98.219]) by pop-siberian.atl.sa.earthlink.net with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #1) id 1GaZN2-0005H6-00; Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:45 -0400 Received: from 127.0.0.1 (AVG SMTP 7.1.408 [268.13.5/483]); Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:46 -0400 Message-ID: <453792E1.1080102@mindspring.com> Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2006 10:59:45 -0400 From: Keith Johnson User-Agent: Thunderbird 1.5.0.7 (Windows/20060909) To: Permaculture ibiblio , openpermaculture , BPG Mime-Version: 1.0 Subject: [permaculture] Propagating Effective Microorganisms (bokashi) X-BeenThere: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.8 Precedence: list Reply-To: permaculture List-Id: permaculture List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org Errors-To: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net X-Declude-Sender: permaculture-bounces@lists.ibiblio.org [152.46.7.112] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368728903 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'keithdj@mindspring.com' on the allowed list (184 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 33763 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} http://www.cityfarmer.org/bokashi.html As kind of an addendum to our article on making your own mycorrhizal tree inoculum in the last issue of the Activist, is this story about propagating EM. Keith -- Keith Johnson Permaculture Activist Magazine PO Box 5516, Bloomington, IN 47408 (812) 335-0383 http://www.permacultureactivist.net also Patterns for Abundance Design & Consulting also Association for Regenerative Culture also APPLE-Bloomington (Alliance for a Post-Petroleum Local Economy) It's a small world after oil. http://www.relocalize.net/groups/applebloomington also Bloomington Permaculture Guild -- No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Free Edition. Version: 7.1.408 / Virus Database: 268.13.5/483 - Release Date: 10/18/2006 _______________________________________________ permaculture mailing list permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture From - Sun Jul 08 04:41:46 2007 X-UIDL: 368794702 X-Mozilla-Status: 0013 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A34564F3001E; Sun, 08 Jul 2007 01:16:53 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id F1AB8266976; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 01:15:01 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 90EA7266972 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 01:15:01 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id ECF3C266925 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 01:15:00 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <4.001220A7@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 1:14:43 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7249387 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 01:14:42 -0400 Received: from qmail.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <1.00122007@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 1:14:42 -0400 Received: (qmail 2419 invoked from network); 8 Jul 2007 05:14:41 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.151]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 8 Jul 2007 05:14:41 -0000 Received: from shield.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l685Ef939954 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 00:14:41 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l685EfS39948 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 00:14:41 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <46860F6C.4050305@intrex.net> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 08072007 #337315, status: clean Message-ID: <1319826152.20070708001421@gmx.net> Date: Sun, 8 Jul 2007 00:14:21 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] nutrition in a bottle or a bag? ( was: have british food academics gone rancid?) To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 8. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10, SUBJSPACES-15, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368794702 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 92846 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} >> ... mixing compost with rock dust will help prevent leaching of >> the nutrients in the compost. Micronutrients in the dust will >> nourish the bacteria and fungi in the compost creating new >> nutrient cycling, tieing up some NPK in the compost by those >> microorganisms which then release them to your trees while >> significantly enriching your soil mix with substances (chitin) >> that contribute to tilth and water and nutrient holding capacity. >> That alone should increase total nutrient availability to your >> trees. I would use 50/50 rockdust/compost... >> Have you considered applying enhanced compost tea? ... > I prefer the addition of a generous amount of compost each year, > as I am primarily interested in the constant build-up of organic > and humic matter at the base of the trees, and its interaction > with the soil. The primary function of compost tea is not to enhance the soil's fertility but rather, to increase the presence, activity and diversity of soil microorganisms that generate growth stimulating phyto-hormones and substances with antibiotic activity against pathogens. IOW: Although soil organisms are also responsible for capturing and facilitating the assimilation of nutrients by plants, compost tea is used as a means to provide resistance to pests and disease to a greater extent than compost, since it adheres to the plant's foliage - something compost doesn't do. One is mainly directed toward soil improvement, the other toward crop protection. ... > I live in Israel, ... It would probably be cheaper for you to get > your Barhis from the west coast (they grow them there, right?). Not on the coast, in the desert - the Imperial and Cochella Valleys, and the Sonora Desert. > Anyhow, if anyone on the list is interested in this kind of > bartering, we grow medjool, deglet-noor, barhi and zahidi > varieties. What's your soil like? Zahidi's tend to do better than Deglet's in heavier soils, while Deglet's do better in powdery ones. -- Douglas ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sun Jul 08 15:17:26 2007 X-UIDL: 368794902 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE1CF58E006E; Sun, 08 Jul 2007 14:34:04 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id A4A5A266AE2; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 14:32:11 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8369D266767 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 14:32:11 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id DBA70266B90 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 14:32:10 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.00179729@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 14:31:49 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7265789 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 14:31:49 -0400 Received: from qmail.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <6.00122827@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 14:31:48 -0400 Received: (qmail 25543 invoked from network); 8 Jul 2007 18:31:48 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield2.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.152]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 8 Jul 2007 18:31:48 -0000 Received: from shield2.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l68IVm396706 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 13:31:48 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l68IVlE96698 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 13:31:47 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <46860F6C.4050305@intrex.net> <1319826152.20070708001421@gmx.net> <000e01c7c179$7008b190$6401a8c0@SALS> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 08072007 #337462, status: clean Message-ID: <1652013513.20070708133127@gmx.net> Date: Sun, 8 Jul 2007 13:31:27 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] nutrition in a bottle or a bag? ( was: have british food academics gone rancid?) To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <000e01c7c179$7008b190$6401a8c0@SALS> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 8. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10, SUBJSPACES-15, WEIGHT5 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368794902 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 93046 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} > couldn't u add a good compost tea to the compost and get the best > of both worlds? One goes into the soil, the other coats the plant. > this may also give the life in the tea something to eat while > waiting for something to grow. Life needs life and putting out > compost tea with a food supply sound like a good idea to me to me > unless there is lots of food for that life growing now. The tea concentrates the quantity and extends the application of the microorganisms responsible for the biological foundations of agriculture - in itself, an organism based activity. The products discussed are simply two different applications of that. So while I agree that both applications are complementary, what you suggest prevents one of them from fulfilling it's function. As Elaine has often said, much remains to be learned about the multiple benefits provided by soil microorganisms. Nine years ago I purchased a copy of "Investigaciones Hoy", a magazine published by Mexico's Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), which contained an article describing seven fungi and six bacteria that produce Auxins, Giberelines, Cytokinins, Abscisic Acid and Ethylenes (all of which are considered phyto-hormones, as well as the actions of each on plants. (I am translating from the Spanish forms of these words so some may be misspelled in English). That same year I searched through bio-medical databases for additional information on some of these organisms and was pleased to confirm that substances with antibiotic activity against pathogens are also produced (not surprising, considering that antibiotics were developed from soil microorganisms), by at least some of those organisms mentioned in the IPN article. So if you want to inoculate a plants roots against pathogens that attack those roots, adding compost tea containing the appropriate beneficial microorganisms to the soil around those roots might be wise. But that would be less helpful if you're trying to prevent the infestation or infection of other tissues. > Like at my place there is lots for the life in the compost tea to > feast on but maybe some places might benefit with the tea and its > food put out at the same time. just a thought Don't stop thinking. (I know you won't). As I understand it, compost tea rapidly concentrates and permits the application of the same microorganisms found in the compost you make it from to the rest of the plant. In order to determine your best course of action, you need to know what you should be guarding against. If your present regimen has been sufficient with respect to disease prevention, maybe you don't need to apply compost tea. Elaine promotes the need for performing a kind of soil analysis that's not readily available. She's doing that in her Oregon lab (north of your location), but whether you want or need to go that route is another matter. It *would* tell you what you have in your soil, microbiologically speaking. In addition to knowing what your potential pathogens are and which tissues they attack, knowing which microorganisms are likely to be effective against them and how to make sure they are present in your soil and on your plant -if that's where you need them- would be helpful. Is this kind of information even available? Maybe some of sanet's academics can answer that. As things stand, a generalized belief in the power of the diversity, presence and activity of the kind of microorganisms you obtain by brewing aerobic compost tea to stimulate growth and prevent disease is probably driving most of those using it. The question is: Is that enough? Or should we know more? If so: Why is so much funding channeled toward a research agenda that focuses on reinventing (subverting, actually) an evolutionary path that took millions of years to create? Why are aren't the issues mentioned above being addressed instead? Are we going to study, understand and work *with* natural biological systems or continue to labor in bad faith - against the systems that gave rise to ourselves and life on earth as we know it? Or is that message too hard to package and sell? -- Douglas ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Mon Jul 09 13:14:11 2007 X-UIDL: 368795232 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AA96B5EC0068; Mon, 09 Jul 2007 10:47:50 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 51C9B266E48; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 10:45:56 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6DBB2266CE7 for ; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 10:45:55 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 16697266CF8 for ; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 10:41:15 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <2.001232DB@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 10:40:49 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7294318 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 10:40:49 -0400 Received: from qmail.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <7.0008851E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 10:40:49 -0400 Received: (qmail 23186 invoked from network); 9 Jul 2007 14:40:48 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield2.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.152]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 9 Jul 2007 14:40:48 -0000 Received: from shield2.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l69Eelk96112 for ; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 09:40:47 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l69EelE96102 for ; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 09:40:47 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <1987856689.20070709065625@gmx.net> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 09072007 #337849, status: clean Message-ID: <866998860.20070709094027@gmx.net> Date: Mon, 9 Jul 2007 09:40:27 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: [SANET-MG] Measurments (Was: brix) To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <1987856689.20070709065625@gmx.net> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 2. SPAMHEADERS X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368795232 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 93375 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} As I understand the issue: What basic model should guide us when analyzing Soil, Plants and/or Fruit? Productivity, Health, Quality, Content and Performance are factors that all come into play at the plant, crop, farmer and consumer levels. The soil is an environment that (like all environments), sustains living organisms of a given type and depends on a number of biological processes; and the same can be said about the conditions present above ground. The right combination of questions and answers can help lead a farmer to sustainability; the wrong combination is inconclusive. Determining which factors are significant depends on one's goals, and those will vary. For instance: Potassium is a key determinant for brix production in pineapple, a crop which requires a minimum brix level in order to maintain it's quality. However, brix is not a positive goal in avocados, oil content is; and avocado oil content depends on the variety and the rate of growth, which is affected by temperature. I can't compare the importance and effects of K metabolism in pineapple and avocados at the moment. The point is: THE FOCUS AND IMPORTANCE OF OBTAINABLE ANALYTICAL DATA IS CROP DEPENDENT: What you need in the soil depends on the needs of the plant - and the truth of that goes beyond the nutritional needs of the each crop. We have already mentioned the importance of knowing which pests and diseases are likely to appear in particular crops in your area during the growing season in which you intend to cultivate your crops. We have also mentioned the importance of maintaining a soil environment containing a healthy balance of beneficial soil microorganisms, as a means of protecting against soil pathogens. (Is anyone here testing for that)? So rather than supply an all encompassing answer, I am pointing to a good place to start. Are databases containing this kind of information* readily available? * The nutritional needs of specific crops under defined climatic conditions; Biological and mineral sources of specific plant nutrients; The metabological role played by each nutrient in each plant, The pests and diseases common to specific crops; The substances produced by each soil microorganism and the activity of each; The set of conditions required for the optimum production of each substance; The target pest of each predator, parasite and pathogen and the sources of same; etc. Without that type of information, what are you analyzing for and what good will the results of your analysis give you? Am I the only one here that believes this is important)? > Conclusions > Results compiled during this rigorous two-year empirical study of > eight San Joaquin Valley vineyards (including five organic > operations) provide no consistent support for the alleged > predictive Brix / leafhopper relationship as it has been widely > promoted in recent years. ... > "Plants with high (a Brix reading above 12) sugar content also > have good 'immune systems."' ... Less than 12 Brix is inadequate for pineapple and the varieties that currently dominate the U.S. market require much more. -- Douglas ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sun Jul 08 20:22:41 2007 X-UIDL: 368794986 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ADAE657D0064; Sun, 08 Jul 2007 19:05:18 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 259932668ED; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:25 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EB97C2668DA for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:24 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6788C2668A0 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:24 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0017992E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 19:03:10 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7270963 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:10 -0400 Received: from qmail.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <5.00122935@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 19:03:09 -0400 Received: (qmail 29035 invoked from network); 8 Jul 2007 23:03:09 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.151]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 8 Jul 2007 23:03:09 -0000 Received: from shield.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l68N39e32005 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 18:03:09 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l68N38S31998 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 18:03:08 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <468E81DF.4060404@intrex.net> <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 09072007 #337542, status: clean Message-ID: <1054797779.20070708180248@gmx.net> Date: Sun, 8 Jul 2007 18:02:48 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] BBC NEWS | UK | England | Tyne/Wear | Researchers hail organic potatoes To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368794986 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 93130 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} John D'hondt wrote: > so far my own spuds, mixture of many varieties, are healthy enough > where it seems that many professional growers in Ireland are > plowing their blighted crops under at this moment in one of the > most blight prone years seen for a long time. Seems that gallons > of Dithane did not save them. This is what the dowagro.com website says about it's specialty fungicide dithane: Attention: This product contains mancozeb and ETU, chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer. ETU is also known to the state of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. Non-selective, cancer causing fungicides are not the answer. The future of agriculture requires a different mentality. Where fungal blight is a problem, try inoculating seed potatoes with Pitholithus Tintorius, a beneficial fungus known to promote plant growth and produce substances with antibiotic activity against pathological fungi. -- Douglas ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sun Jul 08 20:22:41 2007 X-UIDL: 368794986 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id ADAE657D0064; Sun, 08 Jul 2007 19:05:18 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 259932668ED; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:25 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id EB97C2668DA for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:24 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6788C2668A0 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:24 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0017992E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 19:03:10 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7270963 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:03:10 -0400 Received: from qmail.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <5.00122935@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 19:03:09 -0400 Received: (qmail 29035 invoked from network); 8 Jul 2007 23:03:09 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.151]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 8 Jul 2007 23:03:09 -0000 Received: from shield.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l68N39e32005 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 18:03:09 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l68N38S31998 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 18:03:08 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <468E81DF.4060404@intrex.net> <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 09072007 #337542, status: clean Message-ID: <1054797779.20070708180248@gmx.net> Date: Sun, 8 Jul 2007 18:02:48 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] BBC NEWS | UK | England | Tyne/Wear | Researchers hail organic potatoes To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368794986 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 93130 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} John D'hondt wrote: > so far my own spuds, mixture of many varieties, are healthy enough > where it seems that many professional growers in Ireland are > plowing their blighted crops under at this moment in one of the > most blight prone years seen for a long time. Seems that gallons > of Dithane did not save them. This is what the dowagro.com website says about it's specialty fungicide dithane: Attention: This product contains mancozeb and ETU, chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer. ETU is also known to the state of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. Non-selective, cancer causing fungicides are not the answer. The future of agriculture requires a different mentality. Where fungal blight is a problem, try inoculating seed potatoes with Pitholithus Tintorius, a beneficial fungus known to promote plant growth and produce substances with antibiotic activity against pathological fungi. -- Douglas ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Sun Jul 08 20:42:33 2007 X-UIDL: 368795004 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A4334390092; Sun, 08 Jul 2007 20:41:23 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id AA7B5266850; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 20:39:30 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5D7732669A8 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 20:39:30 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 29A522667EB for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 20:39:23 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <4.001229C1@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 20:39:08 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7273215 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 20:39:08 -0400 Received: from qmail.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <1.00122921@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; 8 Jul 2007 20:39:08 -0400 Received: (qmail 11581 invoked from network); 9 Jul 2007 00:39:07 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield2.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.152]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 9 Jul 2007 00:39:07 -0000 Received: from shield2.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l690d7591642 for ; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:39:07 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l690cqE91216; Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:38:52 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <468E81DF.4060404@intrex.net> <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 09072007 #337542, status: clean Message-ID: <685813978.20070708193831@gmx.net> Date: Sun, 8 Jul 2007 19:38:31 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] BBC NEWS | UK | England | Tyne/Wear | Researchers hail organic potatoes Comments: cc: Jean_Ristaino@ncsu.edu, rbuell@tigr.org, legomez@unity.ncsu.edu, souyang@tigr.org To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368795004 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 93148 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Katherine Marsh wrote from Ireland: > Sarpo Axona has just started to go down with blight here in north > Dublin, Sarpo Mira is still clear, as is Symfonia. Lady Eve > Balfour survived to this week but showed the first signs of blight > three days ago. I've taken the individual damaged leaves off and I > think it will keep growing and make a worthwhile crop. Across the > road sixty acres of Rooster which have been sprayed with Dithane > at many times the legal limit are being ploughed in today. Does history have to repeat itself? Phytophthora attacks the roots of the pineapple plant and substances produced by the beneficial fungus Pisolithus Tinctorius are specifically active against it. This is good re Phytophthora infestans: (My comments are interspaced 2 spaces to the left) Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease of potato and tomato in the U.S. and worldwide. Epidemics due to P. infestans in 1845 led to the Irish potato famine and the mass migration and death of millions of people in Ireland. Late blight is now considered a re-emerging disease and has reached epidemic proportions in North America and Europe due to the development of resistance to the fungicide metalaxyl in populations of the pathogen and the widespread occurrence of new genotypes. Fungicides can't change their actions but beneficial organisms can continue to adapt to any changes the pathogen develops. The pathogen causes a destructive foliar blight and also infects potato tubers and tomato fruit under cool, moist conditions. That's where a compost tea containing P. Tintorius would fit in. ... P. infestans was ranked number two by the American Phytopathological Society on the list of plant pathogen species targeted for DNA sequencing and whole genome sequencing is now underway at the Whitehead Institute at MIT. There is a large database of genetic information available on P. infestans including a genetic linkage map and expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries and genetic systems are tractable. They are attempting to study this pathogen in a vacuum. Studying it's interactions with other organisms would be much more useful. In addition, the Phytophthora research community holds regular meetings and exchanges information freely and has formed the Phytophthora Molecular Genetic Network whose goal is to facilitate the exchange of information and resources related to Phytophthora molecular genetics. Are they looking for the factors that make it a pathogen? ... One tool that would be of use to scientists and growers would be the ability to rapidly genotype isolates of the pathogen. Haplotypes could be correlated with virulence They are. and resistance to pesticides But why limit remediation to chemical solutions that ignore the causative factors and fail to deal with them? Instead of modifying the environment in positive ways, this approach worsens environmental quality and weakens it's equilibrium, diminishing the presence, activity and diversity of the soil microorganisms responsible for soil organisms are also responsible for capturing and facilitating the assimilation of nutrients by plants, as well as growth-stimulating phyto-hormones and substances with anti-biotic activity against pathogens. and used in epidemiological studies In addition, whole mitochondrial genome sequence analysis will be useful in studies to examine molecular evolution in the pathogen. It would be more useful if it's interactions with other species were taken into account, also. ... Project Members # Jean Beagle Ristaino, Professor, Plant Pathology, N. C. State Univ., Jean_Ristaino@ncsu.edu # C. Robin Buell, Associate Investigator, The Institute for Genomic Research, rbuell@tigr.org # Luis Alpizar Gomez, Graduate assistant, NCSU, legomez@unity.ncsu.edu # Shu Ouyang, Bioinformatics Analyst, TIGR, souyang@tigr.org I am sending a copy of this to each of them. -- Douglas Hinds Coordinador Nacional de Producción Organica Confederacion Nacional de Propietarios Rurales Chair, Organic Pineapple Working Group International Society for Horticultural Science http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/opwg Dir. Gral. Centro para el Desarrollo Comunitario y Rural, A.C. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Tue Jul 10 01:32:10 2007 X-UIDL: 368795507 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE2CC9F20068; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 00:42:20 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 660A4266A59; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 00:40:25 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 43A01266A58 for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 00:40:25 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id C4D9D266A56 for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 00:40:24 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <1.00123A29@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 0:40:04 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7318957 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 00:40:04 -0400 Received: from qmail4.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <7.00088E5E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 0:40:03 -0400 Received: (qmail 19752 invoked from network); 10 Jul 2007 04:40:01 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield2.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.152]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 10 Jul 2007 04:40:01 -0000 Received: from shield2.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l6A4e1G25931 for ; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 23:40:01 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l6A4e0E25895; Mon, 9 Jul 2007 23:40:00 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <468E81DF.4060404@intrex.net> <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> <685813978.20070708193831@gmx.net> <469281F1.2070501@ncsu.edu> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 10072007 #338077, status: clean Message-ID: <303644609.20070709233940@gmx.net> Date: Mon, 9 Jul 2007 23:39:40 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] BBC NEWS | UK | England | Tyne/Wear | Researchers hail organic potatoes Comments: To: Jean Ristaino To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <469281F1.2070501@ncsu.edu> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368795507 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 93650 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Jean Ristaino wrote: > I am reading your comments and am wondering where you are going > with this. Toward biocontrol of Phytophthora using the beneficial fungus Pisolithus Tinctorius, which produces substances with antibiotic activity contra Phytophthora, according to sources I found in Medline (if I recall - I was using Uncover, I believe), a biomedical database, in 1998. (I don't have the details on this computer). > Who is Katherine Marsh? Both Katherine Marsh and I have subscribed to the Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group (SANET) for many years. SANET is funded by SARE and has about 1000 subscribers, including many academics. Dr. Joel Gruver (who was at NCSU if I recall), also subscribes, for instance. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. I don't remember exactly what Katherine does, but both she and John D hondt (also in Ireland) mentioned that potato blight has been particularly destructive there this year, particularly to those fields cultivated relying on chemical inputs rather than biological processes. > Who are you and what are your interests in the disease? I am Coordinador Nacional de Producción Organica Confederacion Nacional de Propietarios Rurales I also Chair the Organic Pineapple Working Group of the International Society for Horticultural Science http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/opwg and am Director General of the Centro para el Desarrollo Comunitario y Rural, A.C. located in Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico My interest in Phytophthora stems from the fact that it attacks the roots of the pineapple plant. Although the INIFAP (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarios - the research arm of Mexico's Agriculture Secretariat), recommends dipping the roots of pineapple transplants in fungicide, inoculating their roots with Pisolithus Tintorius would be a more selective and therefore more appropriate solution, as well as one that is less likely to create resistance. > I wrote a proposal a few years back to look at alternatives to > pesticides for late blight control and was not funded. I have > interests in this area - but no funding yet. Your proposal sounds good to me - I hope the sources you solicited funds from realize soon that your proposal was sound and merits their support. Be sure and check out the SARE site for additional sources of funding. Thank you for your response. Douglas Hinds --------- ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Tue Jul 10 12:34:06 2007 X-UIDL: 368795736 X-Mozilla-Status: 0011 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id A05BD9BC005C; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:14:19 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id CE5E72667C9; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:12:23 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id AF6FC2667B1 for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:12:23 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (lists.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id B7560266CFE for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:06:51 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <5.001241D4@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:05:40 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7336616 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:05:36 -0400 Received: from uwo.ca (v320-147-lb.its.uwo.ca) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <6.001242CA@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:05:36 -0400 MIME-version: 1.0 Content-transfer-encoding: 8BIT Content-type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Received: from zeppo.mail.uwo.pri (salk.mail.uwo.pri [172.29.32.41]) by zeppo.mail.uwo.pri (Sun Java(tm) System Messaging Server 6.3-1.04 (built May 9 2007; 32bit)) with ESMTP id <0JKZ001MZ0O4XD70@zeppo.mail.uwo.pri> for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:04:52 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [192.168.2.10] ([65.95.133.105]) by zeppo.mail.uwo.pri (Sun Java(tm) System Messaging Server 6.3-1.04 (built May 9 2007; 32bit)) with ESMTPSA id <0JKZ003YD0O4K140@zeppo.mail.uwo.pri> for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:04:52 -0400 (EDT) User-Agent: Thunderbird 1.5.0.10 (Windows/20070221) References: <468E81DF.4060404@intrex.net> <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> <685813978.20070708193831@gmx.net> <469281F1.2070501@ncsu.edu> <303644609.20070709233940@gmx.net> <000801c7c2fe$5de15a40$6401a8c0@SALS> Message-ID: <4693AE1C.1030302@uwo.ca> Date: Tue, 10 Jul 2007 12:04:44 -0400 Reply-To: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: jcummins Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] [Spam?] Re: [SANET-MG] BBC NEWS | UK | England | Tyne/Wear | Researchers hail organic potatoes To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <000801c7c2fe$5de15a40$6401a8c0@SALS> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-SpamTest-AGR: Flagged AGR Test X-SpamTest-DEF: Flagged DEF Test X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 9. COUNTRIES, SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10, SUBJSPACES-15, WEIGHT5, WEIGHT9 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368795736 X-NAS-BWL: No match found for 'jcummins@UWO.CA' (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Language: English X-NAS-Bayes: #0: 2.51877E-236; #1: 1 X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 93879 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} Hi Sals and others interested in Pisolithus Tinctorius.The comments on the fungus for Phytopthora control were very interesting. I found that fungus is an Ectomycorrhizal Fungus, one that inhabits the roots of plants as a symbiont. The fruiting structure of the fungus has given the fungus the name "dog turd" because of its appearance not smell. A good deal of work is published on controlling Phytopthora in Eucalyptus but not much on potato. I am not sure why the potato is underrepresented in use of Pisolithus Tinctorius, potato. Of course finding the fruiting bodies of the fungus on the store produce display might be one reason the fungus is shunned but another reason may be the fact that the fungus is very allergenic. I have enclosed a couple of abstracts below. Sincerely, joe cummins http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/jun2003.html Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for June 2003 This month's fungus is Pisolithus tinctorius, the "dog turd" fungus, also known in more polite company as the dyemaker's puffball. This fungus is not growing directly on the feces, but is mycorrhizal with the roots of nearby trees. i.e. it forms a mutualistic association with the roots of trees. I am guessing there are oaks or conifers like pine or spruce nearby. I am guessing that the wolf feces are providing some extra nutrients to the fungus and allowing it to fruit in that area. The added water from the runoff is also making the fungus fruit in that area. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1997 Sep-Oct;39(5):245-52.Links Evaluation of the allergenicity of spore and mycelia extracts of Pisolithus tinctorius. Chavasco JK, Gambale W, de Siqueira AM, Fiorini JE, Portocarrero MC, Mendes Júnior LG, do Nascimento LC. Escola de Farmácia e Odontologia de Alfenas (EFOA), Brazil. The antigenic and allergenic chemical analysis of spore and mycelia extracts of Pisolithus tinctorius was carried out. The spores were collected from basidiocarps in plantations of Eucalyptus spp and the mycelia from culture in MNM medium. With basis on the fungus growth curve, the mycelia masses were obtained after 10, 20, 30, and 40 days of incubation, which correspond, respectively, to the beginning, middle and end of the log phase, and beginning of the decline phase. The mycelia masses, together with the spores, were submitted to the action of three extractors (Coca, Tris-HCl, and ammonium bicarbonate). The contents of carbohydrates and proteins were determined. The SDS-PAGE electrophoretical analysis revealed separate fractions in these extracts, besides common fractions, in function of cultivation time and extraction methods. The selected extracts for the allergic tests were the ones with the highest number of fractions. The prick-tests were conducted in 374 patients--rural workers, eucalyptus plantation workers, and college students. The positivity to the "prick test" with the antigenic extract of P. tinctorius was, respectively, 3.78%, 28.20% and 6.40%. Most prick-test positive patients (82.75%) also presented symptoms of respiratory allergy (asthma and rhinitis). There was no reactivity difference when the spore and mycelia extracts were employed. The analysis of the positive patients' sera revealed the presence of IgE specific to the P. tinctorius antigens. Since Pisolithus tinctorius is found as mycorrhiza of Eucalyptus spp, and this plant is used in reforestation in most countries, the importance of that fungus should be regarded as a possible cause of respiratory allergies, especially in occupationally exposed workers. sals wrote: >> Toward biocontrol of Phytophthora using the beneficial fungus >> Pisolithus Tinctorius, which produces substances with antibiotic >> activity contra Phytophthora, according to sources I found in >> Medline (if I recall - I was using Uncover, I believe), a biomedical >> database, in 1998. (I don't have the details on this computer). >> > where do you buy your beneficial fungus and any other life forms your > raising when you make the tea what do you feed while brewing. what > all goes into the tea? > ******************************************************** > To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: > 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; > 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed > to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. > > Visit the SANET-MG archives at: > http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. > Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. > For more information on grants and other resources available through > the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Tue Jul 10 23:37:40 2007 X-UIDL: 368795969 X-Mozilla-Status: 0013 X-Mozilla-Status2: 02000000 Received: from mailserv1.intrex.net [209.42.192.236] by intrex.net with ESMTP (SMTPD32-8.04) id AE4319F00044; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 23:28:03 -0400 Received: by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) id 94929266A63; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 23:26:07 -0400 (EDT) Delivered-To: lfl@intrex.net Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6E267266900 for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 23:26:07 -0400 (EDT) X-Virus-Scanned: by viruswatch at intrex.net Received: from lists.ifas.ufl.edu (if-srv-listserv.ifas.ufl.edu [128.227.252.37]) by mailserv1.intrex.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id E2D472667D4 for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 23:26:05 -0400 (EDT) Received: from if-srv-listserv (localhost) by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <7.00089B4E@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 23:25:52 -0400 Received: by LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 14.5) with spool id 7353783 for SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 23:25:52 -0400 Received: from qmail3.megared.net.mx by lists.ifas.ufl.edu (LSMTP for Windows NT v1.1b) with SMTP id <0.0017B7FC@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 23:25:52 -0400 Received: (qmail 20441 invoked from network); 11 Jul 2007 03:25:51 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO shield2.megared.net.mx) ([10.0.57.152]) (envelope-sender ) by qmail.megared.net.mx (qmail-ldap-1.03) with SMTP for ; 11 Jul 2007 03:25:51 -0000 Received: from shield2.megared.net.mx (root@localhost) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l6B3PpQ94461 for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 22:25:51 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) Received: from LENOVO-F4647E39 ([10.74.65.35]) by shield2.megared.net.mx (8.11.7/8.11.0) with ESMTP id l6B3PoE94455 for ; Tue, 10 Jul 2007 22:25:51 -0500 (CDT) (envelope-from cedecor@gmx.net) X-Mailer: The Bat! (v3.98.4) Professional X-Priority: 3 (Normal) References: <468E81DF.4060404@intrex.net> <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> <685813978.20070708193831@gmx.net> <469281F1.2070501@ncsu.edu> <303644609.20070709233940@gmx.net> <000801c7c2fe$5de15a40$6401a8c0@SALS> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Anti-Virus: Kaspersky Anti-Virus for MailServers 5.5.10/RELEASE, bases: 11072007 #338425, status: clean Message-ID: <1236624331.20070710222531@gmx.net> Date: Tue, 10 Jul 2007 22:25:31 +0200 Reply-To: Douglas Hinds Sender: Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group From: Douglas Hinds Organization: CeDeCoR, A.C. Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] BBC NEWS | UK | England | Tyne/Wear | Researchers hail organic potatoes To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU In-Reply-To: <000801c7c2fe$5de15a40$6401a8c0@SALS> Precedence: list List-Help: , List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Owner: List-Archive: X-Declude-Sender: owner-sanet-mg@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU [128.227.252.37] X-Note: Total weight is 4. SPAMHEADERS, SUBJSPACES-10 X-RCPT-TO: Status: U X-UIDL: 368795969 X-NAS-BWL: Found match for 'cedecor@GMX.NET' on the allowed list (374 addresses, 0 domains) X-NAS-Classification: 0 X-NAS-MessageID: 94112 X-NAS-Validation: {90DCBAEC-C7A3-4555-A807-A22CA8B4B85E} After being asked where I was going, I said: >> Toward biocontrol of Phytophthora using the beneficial fungus >> Pisolithus Tinctorius, which produces substances with antibiotic >> activity contra Phytophthora, according to sources I found in >> Medline (if I recall - I was using Uncover, I believe), a >> biomedical database, in 1998. (I don't have the details on this >> computer). Sal then asked: > where do you buy your beneficial fungus and any other life forms > your raising when you make the tea Pisolithus Tintorius can be obtained from: Plant Health Care, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (They sell: MycorTree PT Spore Spray) There may be other sources available. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/jun2003.html Pisolithus tinctorius is a mycorrhizal fungus, which means that it gets its nutrition in a mutualistic association with the roots of trees, mostly with conifers, but sometimes oaks. Remember that in a mycorrhizal association such as this, both partners benefit. This fungus is very useful in reclamation and reforestation of disturbed and poor soils, such as strip mines. It can survive low pH (high acidity), high concentrations of heavy metals, and high soil temperatures in the summer, along with the accompanying drought. It is also useful in the restrictive environment of nurseries. It seems to be a "super-mycorrhiza," and inoculum of "P.t." in the form of spores can be commercially purchased. So even in the "world's ugliest fungus" there is still some good. > what do you feed while brewing. > what all goes into the tea? I haven't got that far yet. -- Douglas ******************************************************** To unsubscribe from SANET-MG: 1- Visit http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html to unsubscribe or; 2- Send a message to from the address subscribed to the list. Type "unsubscribe sanet-mg" in the body of the message. Visit the SANET-MG archives at: http://lists.sare.org/archives/sanet-mg.html. Questions? Visit http://www.sare.org/about/sanetFAQ.htm. For more information on grants and other resources available through the SARE program, please visit http://www.sare.org. From - Thu Jul 12 23:50:09 2007 X-Mozilla-Status: 0001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00800000 Message-ID: <4696F670.9030608@bellsouth.net> Date: Thu, 12 Jul 2007 23:50:08 -0400 From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Organization: Venaura Farm User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.8) Gecko/20050511 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 CC: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU Subject: Re: [SANET-MG] BBC NEWS | UK | England | Tyne/Wear | Researchers hail organic potatoes References: <468E81DF.4060404@intrex.net> <000301c7c1a2$887bdcb0$4bd5869f@Targadc5fefe82d> <685813978.20070708193831@gmx.net> <469281F1.2070501@ncsu.edu> <303644609.20070709233940@gmx.net> <000801c7c2fe$5de15a40$6401a8c0@SALS> <1236624331.20070710222531@gmx.net> In-Reply-To: <1236624331.20070710222531@gmx.net> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Douglas Hinds wrote: >>>Toward biocontrol of Phytophthora using the beneficial fungus >>>Pisolithus Tinctorius, which produces substances with antibiotic >>>activity contra Phytophthora, according to sources I found in >>>Medline (if I recall - I was using Uncover, I believe), a >>>biomedical database, in 1998. (I don't have the details on this >>>computer). > Sal then asked: >>where do you buy your beneficial fungus and any other life forms >>your raising when you make the tea > Pisolithus Tintorius can be obtained from: Plant Health Care, Inc., > Pittsburgh, PA (They sell: MycorTree PT > Spore Spray) > There may be other sources available. > http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/jun2003.html > Pisolithus tinctorius is a mycorrhizal fungus, which means that it > gets its nutrition in a mutualistic association with the roots of > trees, mostly with conifers, but sometimes oaks. Remember that in a > mycorrhizal association such as this, both partners benefit. This > fungus is very useful in reclamation and reforestation of disturbed > and poor soils, such as strip mines. It can survive low pH (high > acidity), high concentrations of heavy metals, and high soil > temperatures in the summer, along with the accompanying drought. It > is also useful in the restrictive environment of nurseries. It seems > to be a "super-mycorrhiza," and inoculum of "P.t." in the form of > spores can be commercially purchased. So even in the "world's > ugliest fungus" there is still some good. >>what do you feed while brewing. >>what all goes into the tea? > I haven't got that far yet. When used with potatoes how is Pisolithus Tinctorius applied? to the seed potatoes before planting? segmented or whole? after planting? Is Pisolithus Tinctorius best applied 1)alone, i.e. according to manufacturer's directions? or 2)in compost tea? If 2) how/when is it added to the tea? What compost tea ingredients would be beneficial a)to Pisolithus Tinctorius and/or b)in combination with Pisolithus Tinctorius, to plants the tea is applied to. What compost tea ingredients would be harmful to, or not beneficial to, Pisolithus Tinctorius? LL -- Lawrence F. London, Jr. Venaura Farm lflj@bellsouth.net.net http://venaurafarm.blogspot.com/ http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/market-farming