Subject: Mycorrhizal research notes, No. 1 thru No. 4

From: Steve Diver <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 16 Jul 2004 22:53:11 -0500

Hi Larry -

Here are the four files containing web research notes
on mycorrhizae and related topics such as rhizosphere,
soil biology, and so forth that I mentioned on EM-Ag.

These were background research for the mycorrhizal
information collection I had started.

The most notable item I "published" out of this collection
was "Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi: Quaterback of the
Microbial Herd."

When my web page Rhizosphere II was consumed by an
intranet it halted my collection efforts since these materials
are no longer publically available.  

These web research notes have an amazing amount of information,
and I still draw from these notes for quick access to material as
the need arises.

I think I had already sent you a copy of the "Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi"
resource list a while back, but I can send it again.

Please feel free to use these files for your own use; but they
are not for re-distribution or web placement.   Please have
people contact me directly if you know somebody who would
like these materials.

No. 1
mycorrhizal-notes-dec15-2001

No. 1
Mycorrhizal-notes-dec16-2001

No. 3
mycorr-disease-rhizosphere-AnnRev

No. 4
mycorr-koeltz-scientific

Note:  I can suggest that you "print" off these long files
and use a highlighter to "mark" the items of interest, then
cut and past the web links into your browser to visit
the web sites on topics that interest you the most. 

If you wish to share a donation, it can be mailed to:

Steve Diver
10108 NE Jeter Road
Fayetteville, AR  72701

Fyi, the most interesting recent technology that I came
across is the on-farm mass propagation method of
mycorrhizal inoculant from USDA in Pennsylvania.  

Kindest regards,

Steve Diver

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mycorrhizal-notes-dec15-2001
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ABOUT THESE NOTES

Compiled by Steve Diver | [email-masked] | December 2001 
Web research notes, background research to: 

Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi:  Quarterback of the Microbial Herd
http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/mycorrhizae.html
===============================================================
===============================================================
Rhizanova™ Mycorrhizae Products
http://www.bucolor.com/products_info/rhizanova-tu.shtml

Forms of Mycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae (also called Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,VAM or
Endo) is a fungus which lives predominately within the host roots in
structures called vesicles and arbuscules. These structures change the
physiology of the host plant and enable it to withstand greater environmental
stresses than a non-colonized plant. Some of the fungal mycelia extend
from the roots out into the soil. Endomycorrhizae will form associations with
90% of all broad-leafed trees, agricultural, nursery and horticultural crops.
Ectomycorrhizae (Ecto) are the most visible mycorrhizae in the forest or in
growing containers. This fungi forms mushroom fruiting bodies on the roots
as well as hyphae strands that branch out in the soil. Ecto will form
associations with coniferous species (pine, spruce, fir etc.). 

Will all plants form mycorrhizae associations? 
Over 90% of all plant species in the world require mycorrhizae associations
for peak performance. 

What will Mycorrhizae do besides improve nutrient uptake and
drought resistance? 
Mycorrhizal fungi attack pathogen or disease organisms that enter the root
zone. Additionally, mycorrhizae roots have a mantle (covering of dense
filaments) which act as a physical barrier to the roots. Mycorrhizae also
improve soil structure and soil porosity. Mycorrhizal hyphae produce humic
compounds which bind soil into aggregates. 
===============================================================
===============================================================
Las Pilitas Nursery
Introduction - Couch slug - Easy - Advanced - Reference section
http://www.laspilitas.com/referenc.htm

Literature citations: mycorrhizae, native plants, establishment, check lists
soil fungi, soil ecology

Harley, J.L., 1959, The Biology of Mycorrhiza, Plant Science Monographs, London

Harley, J.L., 1971,Mycorrhiza, Oxford University Press. 

Harley, J.L.. 1971. Fungi in Ecosystems. J. of Ecology Vol. 59 No. 3. pp. 653-667

Harley, J.L.,S.E.Smith, 1983; Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Academic Press, London.

Harley,J.L., 1989. The significance of mycorrhiza. Mycol. Res. 92(2) 129-139

Hopkins, Natalie. 1982. Mycorrhizae: Secret Partnership of plants and Fungi. Fremontia 10:2 pp.
11-15

Nakas, J. P. and D.A. Klein. 1980. Mineralization Capacity of Bacteria and Fungi from the
Rhizosphere-Rhizoplane of a Semiarid Grassland. Appl. Environ. Micro. 39 pp. 113-117

Newman, E.I..1988. Mycorrhizal Links Between Plants: Their Functioning and Ecological
Significance. in Advances in Ecological Research, Vol.18, Academic Press Inc..London. pages
243-270

Newman, E.I. R. Cambell, P. Christie, Alison J. Heap. and R.A. Lawley. 1979. Root
Microorganisms in Mixtures and Monocultures of Grassland Plants. In The Soil-Root Interface
ed. by Harley and Russel, Academic Press. N.Y. pp. 161-173

Perry, D.A., M.P. Amaranthus , J.G. Borchers and R.E. Brainerd. 1989.Bootstrapping in
Ecosystems. BioScience Vol. 39(4) pp. 230-237

Perry, D.A., Molina, R. and Amaranthus, M.P. 1987. Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and
reforestation: current knowledge and research needs. Can. J. For. Res. 17: 929-940

Powell,Ll. Conway, Bagyaraj,D J.,1984, VA Mycorrhiza, CRC Press, Boca Raton Fl., Pages
1-3, 205-222

St.John, T.V. and D.C. Coleman. 1983. The role of mycorrhizae in plant ecology. Can. J. Bot.
61:1005-1014

Stanton, N.L.. 1988. The Underground in Grasslands. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19pp. 573-89

Tester, M., S.E. Smith, and F.A. Smith. 1987. The phenomenon of "nonmycorrhizal' plants. Can.
J. Bot. 65:419-431

Tisdall, J.M. and J.M.Oades. 1979. Stabilization of Soil Aggregates by the Root Systems of
Ryegrass. Aust. J.Soil Res. 17 pp. 429-41 

Vogt, Kristina David Publicover and Daniel Vogt. 1991. A Critique of the role of ectomycorrhizas
in forest ecology. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 35 pp. 171-190

Williams, Stephen and Earl Aldon. 1976. Endomycorrhizal(Vesicular Arbuscular) Assoc. of some
Arid Zone Shrubs. The Southwest Naturalist. 20(4):437-444.

Wilson, J.B. and A.D.Q. Agnew. 1992. Positive-Feedback Switches in Plant Communities.
Advances in Ecological Research. Vol. 23. ed. by M.Begon and A.H. Fitter. Academic Press.
pp. 264-336.

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===============================================================
A Manual of California Native Plants
3.1 Copyright 1995, Bert Wilson, edited by Celeste Wilson
The catalog of Las Pilitas Nursery, Santa Margarita - Escondido
http://www.laspilitas.com/cat1.htm

Advanced Section
http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/advanced.htm

Communites and Companion Plantings
http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/adv/advcommunities.htm

The plants, their roots, the mycorrhizal partners and the microorganisms are
interlinked and support each other, sometimes for vast areas.

Generally plants that grow together support the same group of fungi and suppress
together the pathogen populations. There is a grid on all mycorrhizal sites that
interlink all the plants that are coupled to it. 

Mycorrhizal associations are the foundation of the plant community. Plant
the plant within the right plant community as we've described, and the fungal
community will also be stable. This fungal-plant intermix spreads the stresses of
the community among the plants of the community.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

The plants, their roots, the mycorrhizal partners and the microorganisms are
 interlinked and support each other, sometimes for vast areas.

 (Woods & Brock; Reid & Woods;
 Read, Francis, & Finlay, Perry's articles; etc.)

Woods, Frank and Kirby Brock. 1964. Interspecific Transfer of Ca-45 and P-32 by Root
 Systems. Ecology, Vol. 45(4) pp. 886-889. This is a very far-sighted article that was ignored by
 all the Biology-Botany book writers and most of the Forest Service.

Reid, C.P.P. and Frank Woods.1969. Translocation in Mycorrhizae. Ecology, Vol. 50, No.2 pp.
179-187

Read, D.J., R. Francis and R.D. Finlay. 1985. Mycorrhizal mycelia and nutrient cycling in plant
communities., Ecol. interactions in soil. ed. by Fitter et.al.. Blackwell Sci. Pub.pp.193-217

Perry, David. 1992. Threshold and the ties that bind. Planetary Citizen .No.3 pp.30-32 

 Perry, D.A., M.P. Amaranthus , J.G. Borchers and R.E. Brainerd. 1989.Bootstrapping in
 Ecosystems. BioScience Vol. 39(4) pp. 230-237

 Perry, D.A., Molina, R. and Amaranthus, M.P. 1987. Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and
 reforestation: current knowledge and research needs. Can. J. For. Res. 17: 929-940

 Perry, D.A., T. Bell, and M.P. Amaranthus. 1992. Mycorrhizal fungi in mixed-species forests and
 other tales of positive feedback, redundancy and stability. in The Ecology of Mixed-Species
 Stands of Trees., Special Publication No. 11 of the British Ecology Society, ed. by Cannell,
 Malcolm and P.A. Robertson.

 Perry, D. A. and Carolyn Choquette. 1987. Allelopathic Effects on Mycorrhizae. In;
 Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry. ed. by George Waller. American Chemical
 Soc., Washington D.C. 1987. pp. 185-194

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Amendments and Mulch
In: Manual of California Native Plants
http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/adv/advamendments.htm

Roots
http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/adv/advroots.htm

Diseases
http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/adv/advdiseases.htm

Restoration
http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/adv/advrevegetation.htm

Roots
http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/easy/easyroots.htm

Some differences between plants' roots. Table

Mycorrhizal roots come in many types and forms. Here are some thoughts to
 help relate to the importance of this 'system'.

 1. 80-90% of the plants in the world need one of these fungal partners.(The other
 10% are mostly weeds.)

 2. Forest trees commit 50% of their energy input into this relationship.

 3. The biomass of fungus that is 'hooked into' a pasture may be as much as 100
 full grown sheep/ acre. 

 4. The ecosystem foundation are the fungi. The types of plants and animals that
 can survive is governed by biobalance of the fungi with the bacteria and plant
 communities. 

 5. The parts of the plant that are above ground produce energy from the sun and
 reproduce. The parts underground draw nutrition, moisture and provide support.
 The fungal partners provide an energy sink to help the plants during bad times,
 protect the plants from diseases, share nutrition and moisture among the plant
 community, and provide a much, much larger grid(moisture and energy source) to
 draw from.

 6. New plants can 'plug' into this grid and be supported by the older plants with
 water and nutrition.

 7. Weeds work very hard to destroy the fungal grid(Plant Community & Fungal
 community). If they are introduced in mass, the grid collapses as they germinate.

 8. If the grid is intact it will work very hard at suppressing alien species. The
 effect in a stable plant community is a clean park-like look with no weeds. The
 'immune' system will limit weeds where the plant community is stable. 

 'Oak root fungus' probably is one of the ways a community limits invasion.
 Within a plant community it is a minor problem or even mutualistic, often
 supporting orchid type flowers and behaving as a mycorrhizal partner for some
 species of plants. Alien species, diseased or altered native species(watered,
 fertilized or sprayed) on the same site are attacked. 

 9. A key point; if the plant is not a proper part of the community you are building
 on the site, the community will not recognize it. I.E., if you are seeding after a
 fire you can only use the fire following wildflowers that are native species of your
 site. Moreover, if you are restoring a site that is covered with alien species, you
 must use the secondary pioneers and climax species of the site, not wildflowers.
 A grass that is native in San Jose is not acceptable seeded on a burnt site in
 Malibu. The site will lose all of its rare fire followers if that happens.(Grasses are
 not pioneer wildflowers, nor are they the major components of most ecosystems.)

 PIONEERS SECONDARY PIONEERS CLIMAX SPECIES

 SECONDARY PIONEERS OF NEXT COMMUNITY

 SECOND CLIMAX COMMUNITY

 There has been many arguments as to how many communities a site may go
 through before it reaches the final climax. Most sites need 300+ years before you
 get to the second level, with the weeds and fire problems worry about the first
 only.

Plant Communities 
http://www.laspilitas.com/comhabit/plantcom.htm

The 1000 Plants 

Dominant 1, non-mycorrhizal or VA dominant
mycorrhizal communities

Dominant 2, VA/ Ectomycorrizal/Ericoid communities

Dominant 3, Ectomycorrhizal Forests

Example:
Dominant 2, VA/ Ectomycorrizal/Ericoid communities

Mixed-evergreen Forest=MIX 20-60 inches of precipitation

 Common Animals

 Steller Jay, Deer, Gray Squirrel, Racoon, Badger

 Common Plants

 Acer macrophyllum, Umbellularia, Heteromeles, Pinus Coulteri, Lithocarpus, Quercus species,
 Arbutus, Corylus californica, Rhamnus calif.

 Soil and climate notes:

 Very diverse, but usually acidic clays to loam

Habitats
http://www.laspilitas.com/comhabit/habitat.htm

4. Sharon Rose's electron micrograph shows that the dunes are covered with fungal hyphae and
are highly mycorrhizal. These hyphae are holding the soil particles together, and aid in preventing
erosion. Rose's pictures also show the first portion of the strand immediately above the water line
is not mycorrhizal.

Rose, Sharon. 1988. Above and belowground community development in a marine sand dune
ecosystem. Plant and Soil 109:215-226. This article should be included in all ecology texts.
EXCELLENT!

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Native Plants for a California Garden, 1.0
http://www.mynativeplants.com/

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===============================================================

Kurt Bluemel, Inc.

Benefits of Soil Microbes
http://www.rivenrock.com/soilmicrobes.htm

http://www.factslab-home.com/FL/Research/Results.asp?SStr=mycorrhizae&NStr=&SOpt=1&SRec=41

Rhizosphere feedbacks in elevated CO2
WEIXIN CHENG
Tree Physiology, 19:313–320 (1999)
http://www.heronpublishing.com/tree/files/domain/data/contents/summary/a19-313.html

Tree Physiology
http://heronpublishing.com/tphome.html

naturalScience 
http://naturalscience.com/ns/nshome.html

The Microbial World:  Thermophilic microorganisms
http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/thermo.htm
	***** features compost microbes *****

Micro-Organisms for Education
http://www.science-projects.com/safemicrobes.htm

Extremophiles
Scientific American
http://www.sciam.com/0497issue/0497marrs.html

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BENEFICIAL RHIZOSPHERE 
http://www.pz-oekosys.uni-kiel.de/cost831/intercos/costprog.htm

Microbial Functions and Soil Quality
http://www.pz-oekosys.uni-kiel.de/cost831/wg2_0599/pro_0599.htm

OLD:
COST Publications 1999
http://www.belspo.be/cost/asp/publications.asp

Arbuscular mycorrhizasin sustainable soil plant
COST Action 821 - (EUR: 18851)

Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil plant systems- final report 1994-1998
COST Action 821 - (EUR: 19213)

NEW:
COST - European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical
Research
http://cost.cordis.lu/src/home.cfm

http://cost.cordis.lu/src/publications.cfm

Contribution of Cost 821 to the second international conference on
mycorrysas (ICOM2)
COST Action 821 
- (EUR: 18874 )  &- (ISBN: 92-828-6836-2 )

Arbuscular mycorrhizasin sustainable soil plant
COST Action 821 
- (EUR: 18851 )  &- (ISBN: )

Arbuscular mycorrhizas. A culture collection
COST Action 821 
- (EUR: 19065 )  &- (ISBN: )

Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil plant systems- final report
1994-1998
COST Action 821 
- (EUR: 19213 )  &- (ISBN: 92-828-7487-7 )

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/apsoil

Atkinson D; Watson CA. 2000. The Beneficial Rhizosphere: a dynamic entity.
APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY. 15(2):99-104.
http://mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu/latest/latest00/00_9atkin1.htm

Applied Soil Ecology
Volume 15, Issue 2, 1 October 2000 

The Establishment of Beneficial Rhizosphere 
Edited by Richard Atkinson 

D. Atkinson and C.A. Watson 
The Beneficial Rhizosphere: a dynamic entity 
99-104

Table of Contents for 
Applied Soil Ecology
Volume 15, Issue 1, 1 August 2000 

Soil Health: Managing the Biotic Component of Soil Quality 
Edited by M.R. Zeiss 
	****** see full list of papers ******

Table of Contents for 
Applied Soil Ecology
Volume 13, Issue 2, 1 October 1999 

Biodiversity and Soil Functioning 
Edited by O. Andrén and J. Balandreau 

Table of Contents for 
Applied Soil Ecology
Volume 9, Issue 1-3, 1 September 1998 

Soil Organisms and Soil Resource Management 
	***** see full list of papers *****

Lijbert Brussaard 
      Soil fauna, guilds, functional groups and
      ecosystem processes 
127-139

Journals in Soil Science and Forest Nutrition
http://www.gwdg.de/~ibw/journals.html

Links to some useful journals in ecology and soil biology
http://www.jcu.cz/~upb/journals.htm

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

This introductory paper attempts to put into perspective the papers given at
the Inter-COST meeting on the Establishment of the Beneficial Rhizosphere.

http://www.actahort.org/books/530/
http://www.actahort.org/members/search
http://www.actahort.org/books/525/525_11.htm

Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms
http://www.agriton.nl/higa.html

Actinogreen
http://www.kibc.co.kr/english/actino-e.htm

Streptomyces species

Actinogreen is beneficial antifungal microbe that quickly colonizes the rhizosphere and
      rhizoplane, significantly increasing root branching and growth, chlorophyll production, thatch
      biodegradation, nutrient uptake, turf color, vigor, uniformity, density and the overall
      appearance of turfgrass. The beneficial microbes produce enzymes that decompose organic
      matter and enhance balanced growth of turfgrass. It allows for an earlier playing season and
      improves seed germination and turf establishment newly constructed golf courses. 

Actinogreen consists of producers of enzymes and antibiotics that exhibit strong antifungal
      activity against pathogenic fungi. Antibiosis and mycoparasitism are well known antifungal
      mechanisms in biocontrol. 

Actinogreen  - The Environmentally Friendly Solution
http://www.kibc.co.kr/english/actino-env-e.htm

BIOAGRONOMY PRODUCTS
http://www.biotechnica.co.uk/bioagronomy.html

MYCORTEX

Seedbed and root zone mixture component with Mycorrhiza and Bactolife in a
granular form to establish a synergistic population in the root zone, expand root
development, and improve moisture retention and nutrient up-take in the
rhizosphere. The relationships between roots and their rhizosphere are central
to nutrient availability and transfer.

MYCORTEX
http://www.biotechnica.co.uk/mycortex.html

Biotechnica Services Ltd
4 Kings Road 
Reading
Berkshire
RG1 3AA
United Kingdom 

T 01189 580247
F 01189 500460
[email-masked] 

BACTOLIFE 
http://www.biotechnica.co.uk/bactolife.html

BACTOLIFE is a highly concentrated culture of over 20 strains of soil bacteria in the proper
ratio to repopulate the soil and to re-establish bioactivity.

ARHIZONE 
http://www.biotechnica.co.uk/arhizone.html

ARHIZONE root dip

Gives bare rooted transplants a flying start.

ARHIZONE is a dispersible powder containing a synergistic blend of beneficial bacteria,
mycorrhizae (VAM), biostimulants and water retaining polymers. It is mixed with water to
make a gel for dipping roots prior to transplanting. In addition to the benefits listed for
MYCORTEX:
                      Beneficial micro-population. 
                      Improves nutrient availability. 
                      Reduces potential for disease. 
                      Promotes nitrogen fixation. 
                      Increases stress tolerance. 
                      Reduced chemical input. 
                      Promotes root growth. 
ARHIZONE also coats the root with a mix containing a natural gum and a water holding polymer
(AQUASTORE) to help rapid establishment.

Evaluation of Constructed Microbial Communities as Inocula for 
Biological Life Support Systems (BLSS)
http://www.dsls.usra.edu/dsls/meetings/bio2001/pdf/108.pdf

http://www.dsls.usra.edu/dsls/meetings/bio2001/pdf/

Division of Space Life Sciences 
http://www.dsls.usra.edu/dsls/meetings/meetings.html

Improving Crop Health with Trichoderma harzianum Strain T-22
http://www.t-22.com/article1.htm

T-22 Biological Fungicide 
http://www.t-22.com/
http://www.T-22.com/Tim.html

Articles 
http://www.T-22.com/articles.htm
	**** see index *****

Shield Crops From Disease
Greenhouse Grower
http://www.t-22.com/greenhousegrower.htm

Fungicides from nature 
Grower Talks
http://www.t-22.com/growertalks1.htm

Culture Notes / Biological cuts crop time, chemical use 
Grower Talks
http://www.t-22.com/growertalks12.htm

BioWorks, Inc. 

http://www.bioworksbiocontrol.com/

BioWorks, Inc. 
The BioControl Company
122 N. Genesee St. 
Geneva, NY 14456
Toll-free: (800) 877-9443  Fax: (315) 781-1793
E-mail: [email-masked]

See index to articles 
http://www.bioworksbiocontrol.com/publications.asp
	**** greenhouse magazines *****

RootShield
TurfShield

Novozymes Biologicals, Inc.
http://www.bi-chem.com/index.htm
http://www.bi-chem.com/green_releaf/products.htm
http://www.bi-chem.com/green_releaf/tech_info_microbio.htm
 
Novozymes Biologicals, Inc.
111 Kesler Mill Road
Salem, VA 24153
TEL: (800) 859-2972, 
FAX: (540) 389-9364
RELEAF® plasma

ROLE OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN MARGINAL
AGRICULTURAL SOIL FOR IMPROVED CROP
PRODUCTION
K.V.B.R. Tilak and K. Annapurna
Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, INDIA
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/forms/annapurna.pdf

Lata,Saxena,A.K.and Tilak,K.V.B.R. 2000. Biofertilizers to augment soil fertility and
crop production. In: Soil Fertility and Crop Production.ed. K.R.Krishna.

Indo-Swiss Collarboration in Biotechnology
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/

Introduction of Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) as
Bio-Fertiliser and Soil-Structure Stabiliser for Sustainable
Agriculture
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/3_project_sa6.html

Dr. Alok Adholeya
Centre for Mycorrhizal Research
Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)
Delhi – 110 003, INDIA
E-mail: [email-masked]

Dr. Andres Wiemken, Dr. Thomas Boller
Botanisches Institut
University of Basel
4056 Basel, SWITZERLAND
E-mail: [email-masked]

CO-WORKERS:
Dr. Fritz Oehl, Basel, Switzerland 
E-mail: [email-masked]
Ms. Isabelle Alie, Basel, Switzerland
E-mail: [email-masked]
Dr. Dirk Redecker, Basel, Switzerland
E-mail: [email-masked]
Mr. Kurt Ineichen, Basel, Switzerland
E-mail: [email-masked]

Mycorrhiza literally means 'fungal-root' and refers to an intimate, mutually beneficial
   symbiotic association between plant roots and certain fungi. It is estimated that more than
   80% of higher plant species interact with specific fungi among which the arbuscular
   mycorrhizal fungi (currently grouped to the Zygomycetes, order of Glomales) show the
   broadest distribution. The mycorrhizal symbiosis offers several benefits to the plants:
   improved nutrient uptake, faster growth, greater drought resistance, protection from
   pathogens, increased seedling survivorship, improved soil structure and greater resistance to
   invasion by weeds.

   The most thoroughly studied benefit of the mycorrhizal association is the growth stimulation
   of the host plant due to improved phosphorus nutrition. This is of particular importance for
   India where nearly half of the districts are classified as highly deficient in plant available
   phosphorus. Moreover, the uptake of nitrogen and micronutrients such as copper and zinc
   can be increased significantly.

Diversity and Functions of Free-Living and Associated
Rhizobacteria in Wheat Rhizosphere and Their Influence on Soil
Quality and Productivity
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/3_project_sa7.html

The rhizosphere, which is defined as the ecosystem surrounding the root systems of plants,
   has a major influence on the health and growth of crops. Interacting with the underground
   compounds of the plants, soil bacteria form a particularly important part of the rhizosphere.
   Some of these interactions, e.g. attack by disease-causing bacteria, are undesirable, as they
   usually result in a decrease of crop productivity. However, there are also many interactions
   which are beneficial for the plant productivity.

   From the abundance of beneficial soil bacteria, the so-called plant growth-promoting
   rhizobacteria (PGPR) are probably of the highest scientific interest. PGPRs have been reported
   to enhance plant development either directly by producing phytohormones or indirectly by
   improving the uptake efficiency of nutrients and water and by inhibiting pathogens through the
   excretion of antimicrobial compounds and siderophores.

   Making use of these beneficial effects requires detailed knowledge on the diversity of PGPR,
   on the interactions of PGPR with plant roots as well as with other soil microorgansims, and on
   the ability of PGPR to survive in the rhizosphere. In the end, the successful application of PGPR
   as bioinoculants depends to a great extent on their capability to colonise roots and to compete
   with indigenous microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Consequently, the following research
   activities are planned:

Also see:
Pressmud as biofertiliser for improving soil fertility and pulse
crop productivity
	** vermiculture and sugar bagasse ** 

February 12-13, 2001 an Inauguration Symposium was held at the India Habitat Centre in
New Delhi.
Program with papers 
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/4_program.html

Role of microbial diversity in marginal agricultural soil for
improved crop production
Dr. K. Annapurna (Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi)
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/forms/annapurna.pdf

Introduction of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as
bio-fertilizer and soil-structure stabilizer for sustainable
wheat agriculture
Prof. Andres Wiemken (Botanisches Institut, University
of Basel)
Dr. Alok Adholeya (TERI, New Delhi)
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/4_abstract_wiemkenalok.html

Diversity and functions of free-living and associated
rhizobacteria in wheat rhizosphere and their influence on
soil quality and productivity
Prof. Michel Aragno (Microbiology Lab., University of
Neuchâtel)
Prof. B.N. Johri (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar)
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/4_abstract_aragnojohri.html

Posters 
http://www.biotech.biol.ethz.ch/india/forms/poster_abstracts.pdf

Mycorrhizal Research at Centre for Mycorrhizal Research:
Past and Future

MycorWeb
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/

About ectomycorrhizas
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/about/index.html

The Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/about/ectoMorphogenesis.html

In temperate and boreal forests, up to 95% of
the short roots form ectomycorrhizas.

Central to the success of these symbioses is
the exchange of nutrients between the symbionts. The fungus gains carbon from the plant
while plant nutrient uptake is mediated via the fungus. In addition, the establishment of the
symbiosis is required for the completion of the fungal life cycle (i.e. formation of fruiting
bodies).

BiblioPhysio: Reference database
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr:591/FMRes/FMPJS?-db=BiblioPhysio&-layID=6&-token=25&-max=1&-format=formvwcss.htm&-mode=browse&-findall

Review Papers 
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/team/teamPublications.html

GARBAYE J (2000) The role of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the resistance of forests to water stress.
Outlook on Agriculture 29, 63-69.

SELOSSE MA, LE TACON F (1998) The land flora : a phototroph - fungus partnership. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 13, 15-20. 

FITTER AH, GARBAYE J (1994) Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other soil
microorganisms. Plant and soil 159, 123-132. 

GARBAYE J (1994) Helper bacteria: a new dimension to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. The New
Phytologist 128, 197-210. 

MARTIN F, PEROTTO S, BONFANTE P (1999) Mycorrhizal fungi : a fungal community at the
interface between soil and roots. In The Rhizosphere : Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the
Soil-Plant Interface (R. Pinton, Z.Varanini, P. Nannipieri, eds), in press 

MARTIN F, TAGU D (1999) Developmental biology of a plant-fungus symbiosis : the ectomycorrhiza.
In Mycorrhiza : Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (2nd edition), (Varma A.
K., Hock B., eds), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 51-73. 

MARTIN F, BOTTON B (1993) Nitrogen metabolism of ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas.
Advances in Plant Pathology 9, 83-102. 

Address
Dr. Francis MARTIN
UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Micro-organismes
Centre INRA de Nancy
F-54280 Champenoux (FRANCE)
Tel: (33) 383 39 40 80
Fax: (33) 383 39 40 69
             
E-mail: [email-masked]

Research Highlights 
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/team/researchHighlights/researchHighlights.html

The Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis

          Ectomycorrhizas are the dominant type of root symbiosis among tree species used in managed and
          plantation forests for timber production worldwide, and most particularly in the temperate zone. For
          instance, in France and Europe, such major trees as oaks, beeches, pines, spruces, larches, firs or
          Douglas-fir form obligate and exclusive ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with a wide range of higher
          Ascomycete and Basidiomycete fungi.
          Ectomycorrhizas differ from the more widely represented endomycorrhizas in that only specialized short
          lateral roots are colonized, the fungus does not penetrate the cortical cells but forms a net around them,
          and the mycelium forms a continuous sheath around the root. This latter feature means that the fungus is
          an obligate pathway for most matter fluxes between the soil and the plant; thus, the symbiosis is a key
          factor for water and nutrient uptake.
          The fungus mostly relies on the tree photosynthetic assimilates for its carbon supply; however, this cost
          is balanced by the improved mineral nutrition, and the symbiotic association generally proves to be
          beneficial for the tree. The difference of efficiency of fungal species and strains in this respect is the
          basis of practical applications of ectomycorrhizas to forestry: controlling the fungal partner is a way of
          improving tree growth without any of the drawbacks of polluting chemical fertilizers and pesticides or of
          energy-dispendious mechanical modification of the soil.

Interactions with the rhizospheric microbial community
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/team/researchHighlights/researchThemeII.html

Symbiotic fungi are not the only rhizosphere-inhabiting microorganisms: large populations of
          free-living or parasitic bacteria, microfungi and protozoa thrive in the same ecological niche,
          using root exudates as carbon substrata. Accordingly, a comprehensive understanding of
          the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in nature should take into account the various components
          of the rhizospheric microbial community (Garbaye, 1991). This particular field of
          investigation was progressively developed in our laboratory since 1984, when it was
          found that the receptivity of a soil-plant system to the establishment of the mycorrhizal
          symbiosis by an introduced fungus was very dependent on the soil microflora.

Evidence for mycorrhiza helper bacteria
          Further research on the symbiotic couples Pinus radiata-Rhizopogon luteolus (Garbaye &
          Bowen, 1989) and Fagus silvatica-Hebeloma crustuliniforme or Paxillus involutus (de
          Oliveira & Garbaye, 1989) showed that some particular bacterial strains isolated from the
          ectomycorrhizosphere stimulated mycorrhiza formation. They were named MHBs, for
          Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria.

In the present state of advancement of this ecological approach, the main results are:

1.In the studied system, most efficient MHBs are fluorescent pseudomonads and
               sporulating bacilli; these species are common in any rhizosphere, but only a small
               proportion of isolates show helper properties. 
2.MHBs can equally be found embedded in the ectomycorrhizal mantle or in the inner
               tissue of the sporocarps; this suggests that they live in close association with the
               fungus. 
3.MHBs from our system are not plant-specific: they help L. laccatato form
               mycorrhizas with several genera of conifers and even with two oak species. 
4.They are strongly fungus-specific: they help many strains of L. laccata and L.
               bicolor; have no effect with L. proxima, and inhibit mycorrhiza formation by fungi
               of other genera such as Paxillus, Hebeloma, Cenococcum, Thelephora

Mechanisms of action

The first results show that, besides probable but still unproven interactions with the root or
          with the root-fungus recognition signals, the dominant mechanism is the stimulation of the
          fungal growth by the bacterium detoxification of the medium or producing water-soluble
          and volatile bacterial metabolites (Duponnois and Garbaye, 1991). Some of these
          metabolites have been recently identified as organic acids and low-molecular weight fatty
          acids. Interestingly, there is a highly significant correlation between the quantitative effect
          of different bacterial isolates on fungal growth in pure culture and on mycorrhizal
          establishment in vitro, in the glasshouse or in the nursery. Moreover, the fungus-specificity
          pattern of the stimulation or inhibition of the fungal growth is perfectly reproduced when
          various fungi are grown in the presence of the bacteria, of their culture filtrates or of
          volatiles emitted by separate bacterial cultures.

Controlled mycorrhizal inoculation and development.
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/team/researchHighlights/researchThemeIV.html

Numerous investigations have shown that there are many situations where growth of
          plantation trees can be enhanced by the inoculation of seedlings with selected mycorrhizal
          fungi. However, large variation in responses to inoculation arise from factors including the
          degree of host-fungus compatibility, mycorrhizal dependency of the host, fungal
          effectiveness in relation to biotic and abiotic site conditions and the abundance and
          effectiveness of indigenous fungi. So it is essential to establish field experiments in a
          range of situations representative of major plantations.

Frequently Asked Questions About Fungi and Mycorrhizae
Dr. James Traquair, Southern Crop Protection and Research Centre, 
Ontario, Canada
http://res2.agr.ca/london/pmrc/english/faq/fungi.html

BACTERIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE AND ON THE RHIZOPLANE
http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~bacteria/ROOTZONE99.pdf
[J. Bacteriol. 161:223-230]
	**** excellent addition as a review *****

Importance of Mycorrhizae for Agricultural Crops
SS-AGR-170, Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service
R. M. Muchovej, June 2001
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_AG116
	***** excellent addition ***** 

Afforestation of treeless areas: Importance and technique of 
mycorrhizal inoculation 
PEITSA MIKOLA 
Unasylva - No. 92 / Vol. 23 (1) - Number 92, 1969 
An International Review of Forestry and Forest Products 
FAO - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 
http://www.fao.org/docrep/87903e/87903e08.htm

Plant Nematode Problems and their Control in the Near East Region (FAO
Plant Production and Protection Paper - 144)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9978e/v9978e00.htm 

Biological control of nematodes: prospects and opportunities
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9978e/v9978e0b.htm

Integrated soil biological management practices and enhancement of soil biota
functions
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/managtxt.htm

Soil Biodiversity Portal 
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/

Root-Talk
September 2001
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/docs/RooTalk-Newsletter.doc

"Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity" 
Van der Heijden et al., Nature 396:5 November 1998 69-72

1.	Biological indicators of soil health. Edited by Pankhurst, Doube and Gupta. 1998. CAB International.

2.  Tamil Nadu University - India
Conducting activities on bio-remediation, biological fertilizers, biological nitrogen fixation (green manure in rice soil eco-system), biodiversity of soil organisms used for biopesticides. 
Contact: S. Kannaiyan, [email-masked]

Highlights of case studies
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/highligh.htm#micro

B. Successful soil biological management with beneficial microorganisms

Soil microorganisms are the most abundant of all the biota in soil and responsible for driving nutrient
and organic matter cycling, soil fertility, soil restoration, plant health and ecosystem primary
production. Beneficial microorganisms include those that create symbiotic associations with plant
roots (rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi, actinomycetes, diazotrophic bacteria), promote nutrient
mineralization and availability, produce plant growth hormones, and are antagonists of plant pests,
parasites or diseases (biocontrol agents). Many of these organisms are already naturally present in
the soil, although in some situations it may be beneficial to increase their populations by either
inoculation or by applying various agricultural management techniques that enhance their abundance
and activity. In Table 2, the main groups of beneficial organisms are presented, together with a brief
description of their effects on the soil ecosystem and the plant. 

a) Mycorrhizae. More than 90% of the world's plants are mycorrhizal, with varying degrees of
dependence and benefits derived from this association. The most well known and perhaps the most
common mycorrhizal symbioses involve arbuscular mycorrhizae (many crop species) and
ectomycorrhizae (only woody species; mostly tree and shrub species), although several other types
(e.g., Ericaceous, Orchidaceous, Ectendo-mycorrhizae) also exist (Allen et al., 1995). The positive
role of mycorrhizae in plant production is well documented, with many cases of growth and yield
enhancement, particularly in highly dependent, susceptible plants. The plant response can be due to
various reasons, although in most cases it is due to an increase in effective root area for water and
nutrient extraction, since the mycorrhizal hyphal network works as a natural extension of the plant
root system. The plant donates C to the mycorrhizae in exchange for a greater ability to use native
soil resources. Other benefits of the mycorrhizal association are an enhanced protection against
pathogens, improved tolerance to pollutants and greater resistence to water stress, high soil
temperature, adverse soil pH and transplant 'shock.' The wide-spread use of mycorrhizal inoculants in
agroecosystems has been hampered, however, by the difficulty in cultivating arbuscular mycorrhizae
and producing sufficient inocula at affodable prices. It appears that the most practical current uses of
mycorrhizae involve land restoration and reclamation efforts, and arbuscular and ecto-mycorrhizal
inoculation of tree and crop seedlings in nurseries. Nonetheless, enhancement of naturally-occuring
mycorrhizal populations in agricultural fields (and their potential benefits to the growing crops) is
feasible and important benefits can arrise through the adoption of various management practices that
enhace mycorrhizal populations and activity such as reduced tillage, crop rotations and lower N and P
applications (Abbott and Robson, 1994). 

Complete case study
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/cases/caseB2.pdf

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

c) Other N2 fixing symbiotic biota. Additional symbiotic N2 fixing relationships of plants with
microbes include actinomycete (Frankia) relationships with mostly trees and shrubs (and also some
crops such as sorghum), and symbiosis between endophytic diazotrophic bacteria (e.g., Azotobacter,
Azospirillum, Acetobacter, Azoarcus, Burkholderia, Herbaspirillum) and grasses (Baldani et al.,
1999). 

Table 3. Effect of introduction and/or management of beneficial microorganisms and
biocontrol agents on soil processes and plant production. 
	**** excellent example **** 

References of "Highlights of Case Studies"
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/refs/case_ref.htm

Abbott, L.K. and A.D. Robson (1994) The impact of agricultural practices on mycorrhizal fungi.
In: C.E. Pankhurst, B.M. Doube, V.V.S.R. Gupta and P.R. Grace (eds.), Soil Biota:
Management in sustainable farming systems. CSIRO, East Melbourne, Australia. pp. 88-95. 

Allen, E.B., M.F. Allen, D.J. Helm, J.M. Trappe, R. Molina and E. Rincon (1995) Patterns and
regulation of mycorrhizal plant and fungal diversity. Plant Soil 170, 47-62. 

Mankau, R. (1980) Biocontrol: Fungi as nematode control agents. J. Nematol. 12, 244-252.

Rovira, A.D., L.F. Elliot and R.J. Cook (1990) The impact of cropping systems on rhizosphere
organisms affecting plant health. In: J.M. Lynch (ed.), The rhizosphere. John Wiley and Sons,
New York, USA. pp. 389-436. 

Highlights of case studies
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/highligh.htm

Case study A1. Soil fauna and organic fertilizers in tea gardens of Tamil Nadu, India (Giri,
1995; Lavelle et al., 1998; Senapati et al., 1999) 
http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/soilbiod/cases/caseA1.pdf

Chapter 10. p. 185-203. Mycorrhiza Agriculture Technologies
John A. Menge 
Innovative Biological Technologies for Lesser Developed Countries
(July 1985)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1985/8512/851212.PDF
	**** excellent addition as review **** 

Innovative Biological Technologies for Lesser Developed Countries
(July 1985)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1985/8512_n.html

5: Multiple Cropping Systems: A Basis for Developing an
               Alternative Agriculture
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1985/8512/851207.PDF

7: Azolla, A Low Cost Aquatic Green Manure for Agricultural
Crops
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1985/8512/851209.PDF

8: Using Zeolites in Agriculture
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1985/8512/851210.PDF

10: Mycorrhiza Agriculture Technologies
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1985/8512/851212.PDF

11: A Low Fertilizer Use Approach to Increasing Tropical Food
                   Production
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1985/8512/851213.PDF

Targeting Environmental Priorities in Agriculture: Reforming Program
Strategies (September 1995)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1995/9533_n.html

Technologies To Benefit Agriculture and Wildlife (May 1985)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1985/8528_n.html

Technologies To Maintain Biological Diversity (March 1987)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1987/8727_n.html

Technologies To Sustain Forest Resources (March 1984)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1984/8426_n.html

Water-Related Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in
Arid/Semiarid Lands: Selected Foreign Experience (May 1983)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1983/8330_n.html

Water-Related Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in U.S.
Arid/Semiarid Lands (October 1983)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1983/8331_n.html

Wetlands: Their Use and Regulation (March 1984)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1984/8433_n.html

Beneath the Bottom Line: Agricultural Approaches To Reduce
Agrichemical Contamination of Groundwater (November 1990)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1990/9006_n.html

Bioremediation for Marine Oil Spills (May 1991)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1991/9109_n.html

Building Energy Efficiency (May 1992)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1992/9204_n.html

The OTA Legacy 
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/

Agricultural Postharvest Technology and Marketing Economics
Research (May 1983)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1983/8301_n.html

Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control (September 1995)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1995/9506_n.html

A New Technological Era for American Agriculture (August 1992)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1992/9201_n.html

2: Emerging Plant Technologies
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk1/1992/9201/920103.PDF

Plants: The Potential for Extracting Protein, Medicines, and Other
Useful Chemicals (September 1983)
http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1983/8315_n.html

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Ministry of Forests PRODUCTION RESOURCES
Land Management Handbooks - Abstract Listing
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Lmh.htm

Plant Indicator Guide for Northern British Columbia: 
Boreal, Sub-Boreal, and Subalpine Biogeoclimatic Zones
(BWBS, SBS, SBPS, and northern ESSF)
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh46.htm

This guidebook shows how the distribution of common forest plants changes across British
Columbia's northern interior landscape due to variations in climate, terrain, and site and soil
conditions. The guide contains 215 plant species or groups of species that occur in the major
biogeoclimatic zones of the Prince Rupert, Prince George, and northern Cariboo Forest Regions:

     the Boreal White and Black Spruce (BWBS) zone; 
     the Sub-Boreal Spruce (SBS) zone; 
     the northern portion of the Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir (ESSF) zone; and 
     the Sub-Boreal Pine–Spruce (SBPS) zone.

Abstract for LMH44, Forest Soil Rehabilitation in British Columbia: 
A Problem Analysis 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh44.htm

Abstract for LMH43, Estimating the Abundance of
Arboreal Forage Lichens:  User's Guide 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh43.htm

Abstract for LMH34, Sheep Grazing Guidelines for
Managing Vegetation on Forest Plantations in
British Columbia.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh34.htm

Abstract for LMH30, A Guide to the Biology and
Use of Forest Tree Seeds 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh30.htm

Abstract for LMH27, A Field Guide to the
Biological Control of Weeds in British Columbia
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh27.htm

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

BC Ministry of Forests 
Production Resources Master List 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/

Biometrics
Brochures
Extension Notes
Field Guide Inserts
FRDA Handbooks
FRDA Memos
FRDA Reports
Land Management
Handbooks
Miscellaneous Reports 
ETC

Abstract for LMR071, Principles and
Practices of New Forestry
A Guide for British Columbians
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Mr/Lmr071.htm

Abstract for MR089, New Concepts in
Ecosystem Management 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Mr/Mr089.htm

Abstract for MR086, BIODIVERSITY
PUBLICATIONS
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Mr/Mr086.htm

Abstract for SRS04, THE VASCULAR PLANTS
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA — Part 4 —
Monocotyledons 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/Srs04.htm

Abstract for SRS03, THE VASCULAR PLANTS
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
- Part 3 - Dicotyledons (Primulaceae through
Zygophyllaceae) and Pteridophytes 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/Srs03.htm

Abstract for SRS02, THE VASCULAR PLANTS
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
- Part 2 - Dicotyledons (Deapensiaceae through
Portulacaceae) 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/Srs02.htm

Abstract for SRS01, THE VASCULAR PLANTS
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
- Part 1 – Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons
(Aceraceae to Cucurbitaceae) 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/Srs01.htm

Abstract for SRS09, The Lichens of British
Columbia
— Illustrated Keys
Part 2 — Fruticose Species 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/Srs09.htm

Abstract for SRS08, The Lichens of British
Columbia
— Illustrated Keys
Part 1 – Foliose and Squamulose Species 
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/Srs08.htm

Ectomycorrhizal Diversity of Paper Birch and Douglas-fir Seedlings Grown
in Single-species and Mixed Plots in the ICH Zone of Southern
British Columbia - Extension Note 19
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/en/en19.htm
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/en/en19.pdf

Interior Cedar-Hemlock forests are often considered rich in tree species;
however, as with most temperate forests, the diversity of plants is small
compared to the enormous diversity of soil organisms. 
For example, there are an estimated 5000 species of fungi capable of forming
ectomycorrhizae. Douglas-fir alone can associate with an estimated 2000
species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and there can be as many as 100
different species in a typical Douglas-fir stand. 

Abstract for Extension Note 27, A Comparison of
Mulch Mat and Herbicide Treatments for Reducing
Grass Competition in the IDFww
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/En/En27.htm

BC Publications Search
http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca/queries/pubsearch.asp

Forest Soil Rehabilitation in British Columbia: A Problem
Analysis
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Lmh/Lmh44.htm

Biocontrol News & Information
http://pest.cabweb.org/Journals/BNI/Bnilogin.htm

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

NDSU Dickenson Research Extension Center 
Research Reports
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/tocreports.htm

Management of Northern Great Plains Prairie
Based on Biological Requirements of the Plants
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/1999/range99g.htm

Xeriscape Ornamental Perennial Grass Trial for Low Water Use Landscaping
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/2000/hort00a.htm

Long-Term Organic and Tillage Study (LOTS)
Results from a Cropping System in Transition from
Conventional to Organic Management
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/research/2000/agron00f.htm

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Indian Agroforestry 
Some Ecological Aspects of Northeastern American Indian Agroforestry Practices
http://www.daviesand.com/Papers/Tree_Crops/Indian_Agroforestry/
**** excellent resource *** 

***  see phenology wheel **** 
Figure 2. Reconstruction of Major Dietary Constituents in the Early Seventeenth Century
(Indian) Subsistence Cycle (from Thomas [83]).

Northern Tree Crops
http://www.daviesand.com/Papers/Tree_Crops/Northern_Tree_Crops/index.html

Forest Gardens
http://www.daviesand.com/Papers/Tree_Crops/Forest_Gardens/index.html

Inoculation, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation and Transfer
Forages of Texas, Texas Cooperative Extension
http://stephenville.tamu.edu/~butler/foragesoftexas/nitrogenfixation/nitrogen.html

Species 
Forages of Texas, Texas Cooperative Extension
http://stephenville.tamu.edu/~butler/foragesoftexas/species/species.html

crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)
http://stephenville.tamu.edu/~butler/foragesoftexas/species/crimsonclover.html

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Mity-Gro™
http://www.better-flora.com/mity%20gro.htm

Mity-Gro™, a soil microorganism is a Plant Growth Promoting
                        Rhizobacterium, i.e. PGPR. It promotes the growth and
                        development of plant roots and enhances their ability to absorb
                        water and nutrients.  Microorganisms are living organisms, which
                        are necessary for the transformation of soil nutrients. The PGPRs
                        directly participate in the transformation of soil material to energy.
                        They also participate in the formation of decomposition of humus.
                        Therefore, these microorganisms greatly improve the soil fertility.
                        Because Mity-Gro™ makes the plants stronger, yields increase
                        via the combined effects mentioned above. In order to confirm
                        Mity-Gro's™ effectiveness, we have tested Mity-Gro™ on
                        vegetables, flowers and plants.

Better Flora  
603 N Kimball
Excelsior Springs, MO 64024
800-583-1939    
816-630-3399 voice    
816-630-2399 fax                                                       
Email: [email-masked] 

===============================================================
===============================================================

Welcome to soilhealth.com
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/

Soil Fungi 
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/fungi/index.htm

This topic contains six questions.

1.What are the four types of mycorrhizal associations
and which plants are involved with them? 
2.What are arbuscular mycorrhizas? 
3.Can you see arbuscules and vesicles? 
4.What are the characteristic features of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi from different genera? 
5.What are the main structural characteristics of
ectomycorrhizal fungi? 
6.How do ectomycorrhizal fungi affect plants?

****** nice addition *****

Soils are Alive Newsletters 
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/newsletter/index.htm

Volume 1, Number 1
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/newsletter/SAlive1.pdf

Volume 1, Number 2
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/newsletter/SAlive2.pdf
	** issue on mycorrhiza ** 

Volume 1, Number 3
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/newsletter/SAlive3.pdf

Volume 1, Number 4
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/newsletter/SAlive4.pdf

Soil Bacteria 
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/bacteria/index.htm

This topic contains eight questions.

Soil Organic Matter 
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/organic/index.htm

This topic contains four questions.

Soil Biological Processes 
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/process/index.htm

this topic contains six sub sections

Soil Formation and Aggregation

Organic Matter Breakdown

Degradation of Toxic Substances

Transformation of Inorganic Molecules

Beneficial Association with Plants

Development and Prevention of Plant Disease
http://www.agric.uwa.edu.au/soils/soilhealth/process/develop.htm

Soils are Alive
by A/Prof Lyn Abbott 

To be published by Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 
The University of Western Australia

June 2001

===============================================================
===============================================================

http://www.chesco.com/~treeman/words/words-r.html

rhizoplane - The rhizoplane is the boundary where soil elements in water are absorbed
into the tree. Under an electron microscope, the rhizoplane appears as a jelly where
microorganisms and tree cells mix, making it impossible to tell which side is tree and
which is soil. 

rhizosphere - The rhizosphere is the absorbing root-soil interface. It is the zone, about
one millimeter in width, surrounding the epidermis of living root hairs and the boundary
cells of mycorrhizae as well as hyphae growing out from some mycorrhizae.

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===============================================================
Roots of Red Clover with Adhering  Bacteria - 1
http://www.asmusa.org/edusrc/biofilms/infopage/051i.html

The association of microorganisms
with roots in the root-soil interface
(the rhizosphere) has attracted
considerable attention, as the
activity of the population may be
beneficial or detrimental for the
plant. 

This image
was obtained from specimens treated with a very dilute (1:15,000)
aqueous solution of acridine orange for 2 to 3 minutes followed
by rinsing in water to remove excess dye (Trolldenier 1996).

When examined by fluorescence microscopy, bacteria fluoresce
green to red and contrast strongly with soil particles and the root
surface. To examine the root surface (rhizoplane), pieces of roots
were frozen and root material was scraped away with a razor
blade until only the epidermis (rhizodermis) remained. This
procedure ensured extremely thin specimens and avoided the
problems of interfering background fluorescence (Trolldenier
1965). The micrograph presented here shows root hairs and the
root surface (bottom of micrograph) of red clover with bright
green fluorescing bacteria coating the root hairs extensively. The
nuclei of the root hairs appear reddish brown. 

Other Images in this Series: 1 2 3 4 

Rhizosphere: The interface of roots and soil where microorganisms
associate with the root hairs.

In general, the large microbial population found in the
rhizosphere is due to a release of organic compounds from the
roots.

http://www.microbelibrary.org/

http://www.microbelibrary.org/Visual/page1.htm

Visual Resources provides access to over 700 images, animations, and
videos. It is a clearinghouse of high quality, peer-reviewed visual resources
about the microbial world for educators, primarily at the undergraduate level.

Authorization to Use
http://www.microbelibrary.org/C3Search.asp

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Mixed Bacterial Population on Surface of Soil Crumb or Aggregate 

Harris, P. J. 1972. Micro-organisms in surface films from soil crumbs. Soil
Biology Biochemistry. 4:105-106.

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===============================================================

***********************************************

Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture
CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products
Written and Illustrated by Mark Brundrett 
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/index.html

Introduction
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/intro.html

Section 2. ROOTS 
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/root.html
	***** super excellent addition ****

VAM
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/vam.html

ECM
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/ecm.html

Section 5.  Role of Mycorrhizas
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/roles.html

Methods
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/method.html

References
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/refs.html

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===============================================================

Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology
Thrips centre
http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/aep/thrips.htm

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===============================================================
Biology 307: Forest Biology Lectures 
http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/Bi307f01/lectures/

Soils, Nutrients, Mycorrhizae
http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/Bi307f01/lectures/l06.html

Fungi, Mycorrhizae, and Endophytes
http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/Bi307f01/lectures/l07.html
	**** good notes ****

Decomposition, Decomposers, and Soil Organisms
http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/Bi307f01/lectures/lec9.html

University of Oregon 
Department of Biology
http://biology.uoregon.edu/classes/Bi307f01/lectures/

===============================================================
===============================================================

Introductory Mycology BOT:461/561
http://www.nacse.org/ocid/bot461/syllabus.htm
	** Index **
	** EXCELLENT ADDITION ** 

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM)
Zygomycota II: Endogonales & Glomales
http://www.nacse.org/ocid/bot461/lectures/lecture5.htm

Basidiomycota V: Ectomycorrhizae
http://www.nacse.org/ocid/bot461/lectures/lecture9b.htm

===============================================================
===============================================================
Western Washington University
Department of Biology / Course Materials 
http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/biology/courses.html

David Hooper - Courses
http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/hooper/courses.html

Ecology  BI 325 
Powerpoint presentations from lecture

12/4/01 – Ecosystem energetics and secondary production 
12/6/01 - Nitrogen Cycling, Changes to Global Element Cycles 

Lecture Notes
Botany, BI 203  Spring 2001 
ppt / pdf
Lecture 1: Introduction, Macroevolutionary trends 
Fungi PowerPoint 
Bryophyte PowerPoint 
Seedless Vascular Plants, Lecture 1. 
Seedless Vascular Plants, Lecture 2. 

Chap. 12 Mutualism

Terms: 

symbiosis, mutualism, obligate, facultative, specialists, generalists, coevolution. 

What are some examples of these different types of mutualisms?

Mycorrhizae- Who are the partners? What are the benefits for mycorrhizae and plants? What are the
differences between the two main types of mycorrhizal association?

===============================================================
===============================================================

Book Review of Trees--Contributions to Modern Tree Physiology ... 
http://heronpublishing.com/tree/files/domain/data/vol18/18-209.pdf
The section titled ``Roots, mycorrhizae, and the rhizosphere'' contains six ... 

===============================================================
===============================================================
Petria 1(3) 157-169 (1991) Rassegna/Review 
Simbiosi micorriziche ed interazioni patogeniche: somiglianze e differenze 

PAOLA BONFANTE 
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Università e Centro di Studio sulla Micologia del Terreno del CNR, Viale
Mattioli, 25, I-10125 Torino 

http://www.ispave.it/petriaonline/Petria1Fas3.html

Mycorrhizal symbiosis and plant-pathogen interactions: similarities and
differences 

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations established between the roots af about 90% of
the land plants and a great number of soil fungi. The ecological success of mycorrhizae is usually
explained on the basis of the improved mineral nutrition of the plant and on the completion of the
fungal cycle. Many cellular and molecular events leading to the establishment of mycorrhizal
associations can be paralleled by similar and already well known mechanisms present in
plant-fungal pathogen interactions. The analysis of the following events: contact between partners,
changes of the cell surface, development of interfacial compartments in order to increase the
exchange areas, modification in protein expression, suggests the presence of a common
background during the infection process. Similarities are particularly evident between vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant-biotrophic fungi. 
Key words: Mycorrhizae, Symbiotic fungi, Pathogenic fungi, Infection process, Cell surface,
Defence mechanisms. 

===============================================================
===============================================================

Web links on SOILS 
http://www.ksu.edu/agronomy/COURSES/agron305/soillink.htm

SOILS - Agronomy 305
http://www.ksu.edu/agronomy/COURSES/agron305/soils.htm

Text: Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils, by Brady and Weil
Instructor: Steve Thien 

Weekly Reviews: times, places, problem sets, review quizzes.
Database of questions from previous exams.

http://www.ksu.edu/agronomy/COURSES/agron305/

===============================================================
===============================================================

http://www.teriin.org/myco/pub.htm

Publications

Mycorrhiza News : A quartely newsletter of Mycorrhiza Network          
Download in PDF [707 KB] (without cover page graphics)
Mycorrhiza : Biofertilizers for the future  
Proceedings of the Second Asian Conference on
Mycorrhiza 
Mycorrhizae : An Asian Overview  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Plant Growth 
Current Trends in Mycorrhizal Research 
Directory of Asian Mycorrhizologists 

http://www.teriin.org/myco/detail.htm

Mycorrhiza network was established in April 1988 at Tata
  Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi with the
  objectives of promoting communication among mycorrhiza
  scientists in India and other countries, facilitating exchange of
  germplasm, providing advisory services to young scientists and
   establishing a Mycorrhiza  Information Centre to create and
  maintain databases on mycorrhiza literature, mycorrhizologists
  and on mycorrhiza projects currently in operation in India and
  abroad.  

  For further details, please contact 
  Dr Alok Adholeya 
  Fellow,  Bioresources and Biotechnology Division
  TERI
  [email-masked]

http://www.teriin.org/myco/mic.htm

Mycorrhiza Information Centre (MIC) 

  The Mycorrhiza Network has a Mycorrhiza Information Centre
  (MIC) established at the library of Tata Energy Research
  Institute, New Delhi in 1988. This centre has been primarily
  responsible for collection of resources on mycorrhiza and making
  them available to researchers. MIC enriches its collection on
  mycorrhiza through acquisition of important books, reports,
   proceedings, journals and reprints. More than 80 journals are
  subscribed by the MIC. Present collection has over 3000 reprints
  in the library. One of the important functions of the MIC is to
  cater to the needs of the mycorriza researchers through
  document supply on request. 

Mycorrhiza Network 
http://www.teriin.org/myco/

RIZA
(A  Bibliograpghic Database  on  Mycorrhiza )
http://www.teriin.org/myco/database.htm#asia

Size
                      :  7500+  Annotated records
Services   
                      : Bibliographic Searches and
                      Document Delivery 

Centre for Mycorrhizal Research
http://www.teriin.org/division/bbdiv/cmr/cmr.htm

Publications
http://www.teriin.org/division/bbdiv/cmr/cmr_pub.htm

Sharma M P, Adholeya A, and Bhoon Y K. 1997
Mycorrhizal fungi: promising tool for nursery growers
ISOCS Journal 2: 17-19

Adholeya A, Sharma M P, Bhatia N P, Tyagi C
Mycorrhizal biofertilizer: a tool for reclamation of wasteland and
bioremediation
In National Symposium on Microbial Technologies for Environmental
Management and Resource Recovery. [New Delhi, 1-2 October 1997,
organized by the Departments of Microbiology and Environmental
Biology, University of Delhi (South Campus)]

Projects
http://www.teriin.org/division/bbdiv/cmr/cmr_o.htm

Example:

 Demonstration of integrated organic farming:
organobiofertilizer package using vermicomposting and VAM
(vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal) fungi in aromatic plants 
for Department of Biotechnology | November 1998 | 1998BM61 

Utilize organic wastes through composting 
Collect specific VAM isolates from natural habitats and cultivated
areas of Cymbopogon winterianus, C. martinii, and Polianthes tuberosa
Study the dependency of these three crops on mycorrhiza at different
fertility levels 
Conduct efficacy tests of various VAM inocula produced in organically
amended soil using Cymbopogon spp. and Polianthes spp. as host
plants 

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===============================================================

Observation of Mycorrhizae
http://carroll1.cc.edu/~jclausz/msamanual/mycorrhizae.html

Martha Christensen
Botany Department
University of Wyoming

Lab notes on collecting duff and soil samples, washing, observing fungal hyphae 

Conclusion: Hyphae are abundant on plant roots, and, under certain conditions at least, may
invade cortical tissues. Is there convincing evidence in the literature of nutrient uptake and transfer
via mycorrhizal fungi? What kinds of fungi are these? Are mycorrhizal fungi parasitic?

Hacskylo, Eward (Ed.). 1971. Mycorrhizae. USDA Forest Service Misc. Publ. No. 1189.

Harley, J.L. 1971. Mycorrhiza. Oxford Biology Reader. Oxford University Press, London.

Harley, J.L. 1971. Fungi in ecosystems. J. Ecology 59: 653-668.

Harley, J.L. 1969. Biology of Mycorrhizae. Leonard Hill, London.

Marks, G.C. and T.T. Kozlowski (ed.). 1973. Ectomycorrhizae; Their Ecology and Physiology.
Academic Press.

Mosse, B. 1973. Advances in the study of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Ann. Rev.
Phytopathology 11: 171-196.

Nicolson, T.H. 1967. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza--a universal plant symbiosis. Sci.
Progress, Oxford 55: 561-581.

Trappe, J. M. 1962. Fungus associates of ectotrophic mycorrhizae. Bot. Review 28: 538-606.

John Clausz's Home Page
http://carroll1.cc.edu/~jclausz/

First Year Seminar: Plants, Potions and People
Biology 150: Organismal Biology I
Biology 160: Organismal Biology II
Biology 342: Plant Physiology
Computer Science 105

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===============================================================

Tom Volk's Fungi 
Department of Biology 
University of Wisconsin-La Crosse
http://www.wisc.edu/botany/fungi/volkmyco.html
http://tomvolkfungi.net

Images of Fungi
http://www.wisc.edu/botit/img/bot/332/

The Kingdom Fungi - slide lecture 
http://perth.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/index.htm

Mutualists (symbionts)
http://perth.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/sld019.htm

Mycorrhizae
http://perth.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/sld020.htm

Types of Mycorrhizae
http://perth.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/sld021.htm

Ectomycorrhizae
http://perth.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/sld022.htm

Endomycorrhizae
http://perth.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/sld023.htm

Visit Mike Clayton's Virtual Foliage Home Page for information on how my fungi images were
digitized and to see his extensive and very impressive collection of images for teaching
botany. 
http://www.wisc.edu/botany/virtual.html

I find Power Point not adequate for showing my images (not enough resolution), 
so I usually use a program called JPEG-view for those. 

Links to some other mycological resources on the internet
http://www.wisc.edu/botany/fungi/volkmyco.html#other

The Impact of the Internet on Mycology
http://www.wisc.edu/botany/fungi/poster.html

Mykoweb: Mike's Mycological Museum
http://www.mykoweb.com/

Mycological Resources on the Internet
http://mycology.cornell.edu

The Mycological Society of America
http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3msa/

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===============================================================

References to Rhizopogon Mycorrhizae, Nursery, and Outplanting Benefits 
http://www.hortsorb.com/rhizopogon.htm
	Literature citations 

Research
Dr. Robert G. Linderman paper citations @ Horticultural Alliance 
http://www.hortsorb.com/linder.htm

Dr. Robert M. Augé website 

===============================================================
===============================================================

Review-02 
NC State University 
http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/lockers/Wollum_A/SSC732/mo/otherinfo/review-02.htm

See:
Nitrogen fixation: Non - Symbiotic
Symbiotic Nitrogen-fixation 

Table 2. Comparison of some of the important nitrogen fixers in soil systems.

Mycorrhizae
       Types; 
       Structures; 
       Benefits; 
       opportunities for management. 

Biocontrol
Kinds of Biocontrol
Kinds of Antagonism
Competitive factors for biocontrol
Competitive Factors
Roadblocks to biocontrol
Why isn't biocontrol effective?

Index 
http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/lockers/Wollum_A/SSC732/mo/
	***** LOTS OF GOOD LECTURE NOTES *****

Mycorrhiza (e)
http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/lockers/Wollum_A/SSC732/mo/learningunits/ten/topic2/mycor.htm

Learning Objectives will enable the student to:

Describe the different mycorrhizal
associations occurring in the plant kingdom

Describe the different morphological features
of mycorrhizal associations

Tell how the fungus benefits the host plant

Tell how the host plant benefits the fungus

Describe when it might be important to
inoculate with mycorrhizal fungi

See LIST OF FIGURES

Mycorrhizae LAB 
http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/lockers/Wollum_A/SSC732/mo/labexercises/mycorr.htm

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===============================================================

Chapter 13: Evolution of Multicellular Life
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw/content/ch13/review.html

See table layout, nice display of information

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===============================================================

Biology 103 - The Diversity of Life 
http://ibscore.dbs.umt.edu/bio103/

see graphic fonts, nice, colorful 

===============================================================
===============================================================

MYCOLOGY at Humboldt State University
http://www.humboldt.edu/~dll2/
http://www.humboldt.edu/~dll2/courlist.htm

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===============================================================

CSU Bioweb
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY
http://arnica.csustan.edu/
	**** nice resource engine ****

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===============================================================

The Biology of Mycorrhizas
A website by Diane Howarth
http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2001/mnby8dlh/
http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2001/mnby8dlh/frames.htm
	*** excellent resource addition ***

Introduction to Mycorrhizas
The Effects of Mycorrhizas
Evolution of Mycorrhizas
Links

Mycorrhizal Types
Nutrient Exchange
Commercial Applications
Glossary

References
http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2001/mnby8dlh/references.htm

===============================================================
===============================================================

BIO 471 Class Notes Lecture 13 2/14/01

Read: By Friday read all of Chapter 4; today focus on pp. 103-108 and 
Johnson et al., 1997 (electronic reserve)
Mycorrhizae

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Lecture13/Lecture13.html

II. Review studies of AM ecology and their mutualistic functioning.
A. Costs and benefits of mycorrhizae are related to the exchange of 
limiting resources.
B. Evidence from a taconite mine that P fertilization can change a 
mycorrhizal mutualism into a parasitism.
C. Evidence from corn and soybean fields that crop rotation impacts the 
species composition of AM fungal communities and mycorrhizal functioning 
across a mutualism-parasitism continuum.
D. Evidence from a successional grassland that N fertilization selects for 
inferior mycorrhizal mutualisms.

BIO 471 and BIO 571 
Microbial Ecology
Spring 2001
Bruce Hungate and Nancy Johnson
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Home.html
	***** **** lecture note INDEX ; many links ***** ***** 

BIO 471                      Class Notes Lecture 10                    2/7/01
Read: Chapter 3, pp.71-80
Proto-cooperation / synergism / mutualism 
http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Lecture10/Lecture10.html

 I. Inconsistencies with definitions of cooperation, synergism mutualism and symbiosis. 

 A. Title of a paper by Lewis (1985) says it all: “Symbiosis and mutualism: crisp concepts and
soggy semantics.”

 Our book doesn't help this situation.  According to Atlas and Bartha (1998):

 Proto-cooperation = "synergism; a non-obligatory relationship between two microbial
populations in which both populations benefit."

 Synergism = "an interactive but non-obligatory association between two populations in which
each population benefits"

 Mutualism = "a stable condition in which two organisms of different species live in {close physical
association}, each organism deriving some benefit from the association; {symbiosis}"

 Symbiosis = "an {obligatory} interactive association between members of two populations,
producing a stable condition in which the two organisms live together in close physical proximity
{to their mutual advantage.}"

 I'd suggest that the terms of proto-cooperation and synergism should be consolidated with the
term mutualism and symbiosis be used as a more general term referring to the living together in
close proximity, irrespective of the +/- outcome.  This is consistent with the original definitions.

Etc

===============================================================
===============================================================
thru 3
mycorrhizae  + review 
===============================================================
===============================================================
Return to Rhizosphere II:  

Rhizosphere II:  Steve Diver's web page
http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/index.html
===============================================================
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mycorrhizal-notes-dec16-2001
===============================================================
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ABOUT THESE NOTES

Compiled by Steve Diver [email-masked] | December 2001 
Web research notes, background research to: 

Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi:  Quarterback of the Microbial Herd
http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/mycorrhizae.html
===============================================================
===============================================================
Old:
British Columbia Ectomycorrhizal Research Network  Newsletter, May 1997
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/newsletter_may.htm

A Manual of Concise Descriptions of North American Ectomycorrhizae

New:
British Columbia Ectomycorrhizal Research Network  (BCERN)
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/default.html

Concise Descriptions of North American Ectomycorrhizae
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/cde_home.htm

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

A Manual of Concise Descriptions of North American Ectomycorrhizae
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/initial.htm

Title Page 
Preface 
Introduction 
Preparation of Ectomycorrhizae
Describing Ectomycorrhizae
Checklist of Ectomycorrhizal  Characters 
Glossary  
Procedure For Submitting Descriptions To This Manual 
How To Cite A Description From This Manual 
Appendices 
Contributors 
Literature Cited 
Descriptions Of Ectomycorrhizae

How to Store, Clean, and Photograph Ectomycorrhizae
and Prepare Voucher Material
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/preparation.htm

Describing Morphology and Anatomy
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/ecto.partA.htm

Glossary [Morphology of Ectomycorrhizal System]
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/glossary.ident.htm
	descriptions with images;  but images are missing,   :-( 

Descriptions Of Ectomycorrhizae
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/ecosystem/ectoweb/description.initial.htm

Piloderma fallax (Libert) Stalpers to Suillus caerulescens (Peck) Redhead
featurs + morphology + anatomy + images for each type 

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

AnaNet - The Anamorph Information Network
http://res2.agr.ca/ecorc/program2/mycology/ananet/index.htm
	back issues to newsletter 

Anamorphic fungi 
(also known as deuteromycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, or mitotic fungi) are asexually reproducing
higher fungi that are considered 
a) parts of the life cycles of sexually reproducing Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes 
or 
b) phylogenetically related to those fungi if the sexual state is unknown or missing from the life
cycle.

University of Alberta Microfungus Collection & Herbarium (UAMH)
http://www.devonian.ualberta.ca/uamh/
	mainly a large collection of filamentous disease-causing fungi, as well
	as Canadian habitat fungi like mycorrhizae 

Database of Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae
http://web.pfc.forestry.ca/biodiversity/ecto/main_menu.htm

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Diseases and Insects in British
Columbia Forest Seedling Nurseries
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/diseases/nursery/index_e.html
	*** great resource for nursery production *** 

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Glossary
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/biodiversity/ecto/glossary.ident.htm

This glossary was designed to help you fill in the checklist of ectomycorrhizal characters. Definitions
         and diagrams have been adapted from the Colour atlas of ectomycorrhizae (Agerer 1987-1994)
         with the permission of Dr. R. Agerer and Einhorn-Verlag . Types of mantle structure were taken
         from Identification of ectomycorrhizas (Ingleby et al. 1990) with the permission of Dr. K.
         Ingleby

Morphology of Mycelial Strands (Dissection Microscope)
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/biodiversity/ecto/glossary.mycelial.htm

Anatomy of Mycelial Strands In Plan View (Compound
Microscope)
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/biodiversity/ecto/glossary.anat.myc.htm

MatchMaker - Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest 
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/biodiversity/matchmaker/index_e.html

Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre 
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.html

Publications Digest
http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/pub/digest/common/main.html

Jones, N.P.; Arnason, J.T.; Abou-Zaid, M.; Akpagana, K.; Sanchez-Vindas, P.;
Smith, M.L. 2000. Antifungal activity of extracts from medicinal plants used by First Nations
Peoples of eastern Canada. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73:191–198.

Perspectives on Developing a Canadian Classification of Ecological Communities
http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/science/reports/classification/index_e.html
http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/science/reports/classification/pdf/classif_e.pdf

Canadian Forest Service, Priced Publications
http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/pub/digest/common/price.html

Indicator plant species in Canadian forests.
                                            1997/1998. Ringius, G.S.; Sims, R.A. Illustrated
                                            by S.J. Meades. 180 botanical drawings;
                                            80 range maps. 218 p.
                                            Cloth: ISBN 0-660-17469-3, $39.95.
                                            Paper: ISBN 0-660-16823-5, $19.95. 

Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada: National
Status 2000.
http://ccfm.org/pi/4_e.html

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FUNGI & SYMBIOTIC MUTUALISTIC ASSOCIATIONS
http://biology.queensu.ca/~bio200/cumming/lectures/lecture12.ppt

Mycorrhizae -  Symbiosis 

Endomycorrhizae (Zygomycota) 
Ectomycorrhizae (Basidomycetes, Ascomycetes) 
      
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===============================================================

Lecture 19
http://www.hope.edu/academic/biology/bud/swarthout/lect19.htm

Fungal diversity

A. Chytridiomycota e.g Chytrids (aquatic) Parasitize protists, plants and invertebrates
B. Ascomycota (sac fungi) e.g. yeasts, morels
C. Zygomycota e.g bread molds (Rhizopus) dung molds (Pilobolus)
D. Basidiomycota (club fungi) E.g. mushrooms, puffballs

Saprophytic fungi
Parasitic fungi
Mutualistic fungi
Symbiotic fungi

Debbie Swarthout - Assistant Professor of Biology, Hope College 
http://www.hope.edu/academic/biology/bud/swarthout/lecture.htm
	** lecture index ** 

===============================================================
===============================================================

Plant Physiological Ecology
Biology 471/571: Week 11
Lecture 19 (3/27/01) Symbiotic interactions
http://biology.unm.edu/Pockman/bio471/week11.html

Grace, J. B. 1995. In search of the holy grail: explanations to the coexistence
of plant species. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:263-264. 

Hadley, G. 1982. Orchid mycorrhiza. Pages 83-118 in J. Arditti Editor, Orchid
biology: reviews and perspectives, II., Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 

HussDanell, K. 1997. Tansley review no 93 - Actinorhizal symbioses and their
N-2 fixation. New Phytologist 136:375-405. 

Newman, E. I., and P. Reddell. 1987. The distribution of mycorrhizas among
families of vascular plants. New Phytologist 106:745-752. 

Peterson, R. L., and M. L. Farquhar. 1994. Mycorrhizas - Integrated
Development Between Roots and Fungi. Mycologia 86:311-326. 

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===============================================================

Soil Biology Group
The University of Western Australia
http://www.general.uwa.edu.au/u/soilweb/soilbiol/

Publications of the Soil Biology group 
http://www.general.uwa.edu.au/u/soilweb/soilbiol/sbpubs.htm

Degens , B. P. (1997) Macroaggregation of soils by biological bonding and binding
          mechanisms and factors effecting this: a review. Australian Journal of Soil
          Research35: 431-446. 

Degens, B.P., Sparling, G.P. and Abbott, L.K. (1996) Increasing the length of
          hyphae in a sandy soil increases the amount of water-stable aggregates. App. Soil
          Ecol. 3:149-159.

Abbott, L.K., Robson, A.D. and Scheltema, M.A. (1995). Managing soils to
          enhance mycorrhizal benefits in mediterranean agriculture. Critical Reviews in
          Biotechnology15: 213-228

Jasper. D.A. (1994) Management of mycorrhizas in revegetation. In: Management
          of mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Eds Robson, A.D., Abbott,
          L.K. and Malajczuk, N. pp 211-219

Jasper, D. A. (1994). Bioremediation of agricultural and forestry soils with
          symbiotic micro-organisms. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32: 1301-1319.

Abbott, L.K. and Gazey, C. (1994). An ecological view of the formation of VA
          mycorrhizas. Plant and Soil 159: 69-78.

Abbott, L.K., Robson, A.D., Jasper, D.A. and Gazey, C. (1992). What is the role
          of VA mycorrhizal hyphae in soil? In: Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems. (eds. D.J. Read,
          et al.) pp 37-41. CAB International, Wallingford. 

Abbott, L.K., Robson, A.D. and Gazey, C. (1992) Selection of inoculant VAM
          fungi. In: Methods in Microbiology: Experiments with Mycorrhizas. (Eds. J.R.
          Norris, D.J. Read and A.K. Varma), Academic Press, London, pp 1-21.

Abbott, L.K. and Robson, A.D. (1991). Factors influencing the occurrence of
          vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Agric. Ecosys. & Environ. 35: 121-150.

Abbott, L.K. and Robson, A.D. (1985) Managing vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal
          fungi to increase the efficiency of fertilizer use. In: Reviews in Rural Science No. 6.
          Pp 198-206.

Abbott, L.K. and Robson, A.D. (1984) The effect of VA mycorrhizae on plant
          growth. In: "VA Mycorrhiza" Eds. C. L. Powell and D.J. Bagyaraj. CRC Press,
          Florida, pp 113-130.

Abbott, L.K., Robson, A.D. and Hall, I.R. (1983) Introduction of vesicular
          arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into agricultural soils. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 34:
          741-749.

Abbott, L.K. and Robson, A.D. (1982) The role of vesicular arbuscular
          mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture and the selection of fungi for inoculation. Aust. J.
          Agric. Res. 33: 389-408.

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Restoration and Reclamation Review 
Student On-Line Journal (Hort 5015/5071)
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA) 
http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/rrrmain.htm

Use of mycorrhizal inoculum as soil amendment during prairie restorations 
Joel Tallaksen
http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/97papers/tallaksen.html

The use of mycorrhizae in mined land reclamation 
Susan Sturges
http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/97papers/sturges.html

Mycorrhizal Plants for Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Radionuclides 
Alex Westhoff
http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/99fpapers/westhoff.htm

Agricultural and Organic Industrial By-Products as Soil Amendments 
Alyson Landmark
http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/99fpapers/landmark.htm

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===============================================================

Annotated Bibliography for Mutualistic Relationships
Jancy Rickman May, 1998
http://online.sfsu.edu/~efc/classes/biol862/jancybib.htm

Carroll, G. 1988. Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to
mutualistic symbiont. Ecology 60(1): 2 - 9. 

A clear and comprehensive literature review. Proposed interesting ideas, based on this review, for
explaining evolution of endophytic mutualisms. 

Francis, R. and Read, D.J. 1995. Mutualism and antagonism in the mychorrhizal
symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure. Can. J. Bot.
73 (Suppl. 1): S1301 - S1309. 

A good paper to counter the on-going concept that mycorrhizae are strictly mutualistic. They
challenge the perspective on the role of mycorrhizae in determining community structure. 

Hunter, A.F. and Aarssen, L. W. 1988. Plants helping plants. Bioscience 38(1): 34 - 40. 

A good overview and history about mutualism. It is direct, organized, and comprehensive albeit a
bit simple. 

Biology 862 - Structure and Evolution of Communities  
http://online.sfsu.edu/~efc/classes/biol862/biol862a.htm#Course

Schedule of Presentations 
http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~efc/classes/biol862/present.htm

===============================================================
===============================================================

Ci-Guang Wu
http://www.tari.gov.tw/ACT/wufile.htm

[email-masked]
[email-masked]

Chien, S. Y. and C.-G. Wu. 1994. Mechanisms of phosphate-dissolving by fungi.
     Pp. 99-113. In: Proceeding of a symposium on development and utilization of
     microbial fertilizer, ed. by C.-C.Tu, et al., Chia-Yi, Taiwan.

Wu, C.-G. 1996. Classification and inoculation of VA mycorrhiza. Proc. Intl.
     Training Workshop Mcirobial. Fertil. & Composting. Pp. 1-14.

u, C.-G. and S.-J. Lin. 1996. Soil Microbiology: Development of compound
     biofertilizers. Annual report of Taiwan Agriculture (1995): 93-95.

     Wu, C.-G. 1996. Development and application of micorbial fertilizers. Annual
     report of Taiwan Agricultural Reseach Institute (1995): 93-97.

     Wu, C.-G. 1996. Development of biofertilzers. Agriculture Policy & Review 52:
     115-118.

     Wu, C.-G. and S.-J. Lin. 1997. Review of arbuscular mycorrhizal reseach in
     Taiwan and South-Eastern Asia. Agriculture Policy & Review 56:55-63.

     Wu, C.-G. and S.-J. Lin. 1997. Application and future aspects of arbuscular
     mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable agriculture (part 1). Agriculture World 167: 57-60.

     Wu, C.-G. and S.-J. Lin. 1997. Application and future aspects of arbuscular
     mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable agriculture (part 2). Agriculture World 168: 68-72.

     Wu, C.-G. and S.-J. Lin. 1997. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the
     seedling cultivation system. Newsletter of Seedling Cultivation 31: 12-15.

===============================================================
===============================================================
Soil Ecology and Research Group
http://www.serg.sdsu.edu/SERG/publications.html

Allen, M.F. 2000. Book Review: Current advances in mycorrhizae research.
Mycological Research 104: 1279-1280. in press.

Allen, M.F., T.A. Zink, et. al. 1999. Soil Microorganisms, chap 22. In: L. R. Walker
(ed.). Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Elsevier Press, New York.

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===============================================================

http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00374/tocs/t9028004.htm

Biology and Fertility of Soils
Table of Contents Vol. 28 Issue 4

Beneficial effects of blue-green algae and Azolla, excluding
supplying nitrogen, on wetland rice fields: a review
Biol Fertil Soils 28 (1999) 4, 329-342
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00374/papers/9028004/90280329.pdf

G. J. Bethlenfalvay, I. C. Cantrell, K. L. Mihara, R. P. Schreiner:
       Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil
       biota and nitrogen nutrition
       Biol Fertil Soils 28 (1999) 4, 356-363
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00374/papers/9028004/90280356.pdf

Effect of organic nitrogen fertilizers on microbial populations associated with
       bermudagrass putting greens
       Biol Fertil Soils 28 (1999) 4, 431-435
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00374/papers/9028004/90280431.pdf

Biology and Fertility of Soils
Contents:  1996 - 2001 
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00374/tocs.htm

Springer LINK Search
http://link.springer.de/search.htm

mycorrhizae 
Your search matched 118 documents.

Mycorrhiza
Table of Contents Vol. 4 Issue 4
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00572/tocs/t4004004.htm

Mycorrhiza
Contents (1994 - 2001)
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00572/tocs.htm

short note: Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on Tagetes erecta and
Zinnia elegans Mycorrhiza 6 (1995) 1, 61-64

Table of Contents Vol. 11 Issue 4
review: Ectendomycorrhizal associations - characteristics and functions
       Mycorrhiza 11 (2001) 4, 167-177
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00572/bibs/1011004/10110167.htm

Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and vesicular-arbuscular
            mycorrhizae on tomato growth and soil microbial activity
            Volume 26, Issue 2, pp 79-87
            Biology and Fertility of Soils 

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizae to control onion white rot
            (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) under field conditions
            Volume 6, Issue 4, pp 253-257
            Mycorrhiza 

Mycorrhizae, biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed
            culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three
            fungicides
            Volume 23, Issue 2, pp 189-195
            Biology and Fertility of Soils 

Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input
            (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a
            crop rotation
            Volume 31, Issue 2, pp 150-156
            Biology and Fertility of Soils 

Sciences of Soils (1999) 4:1
       Infection of valuable broadleaf hardwood trees by
       Glomus mosseae: growth and mineral nutrition
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10112/papers/9004001/90040001.htm

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===============================================================

Beneficial Fungi and their Utilization/edited by M.C. Nair and S. Balakrishnan. Second
edition. 1995, 172 p., ill., 
http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no9852.htm

Vedams Books
Your Search for mycorrhiza, returned 28 Items 

Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth: Book No. 10294

Biology and Application of Nitrogen-Fixing Organisms: Problems and Prospects/edited by
     A.B. Prasad and A. Vaishampayan: Book No. 9496

Microbes and Plants : (R. Dayal Festschrift)/edited by Asha Sinha

Recent Advances in Biofertilizer Technology/edited by A.K. Yadav, S. Ray Chaudhuri and
     M.R. Motsara

Biofertilizer Technology Transfer: Proceedings: No. 7103

biofertilizer 
Your Search for biofertilizer, returned 26 Items 

Azotobacter in Sustainable Agriculture/edited by Neeru Narula : Book No. 15326

Biofertilizers and Biopesticides/A.M. Deshmukh: Book No. 14069

Agronomy / Agriculture books 
http://www.vedamsbooks.com/agronomy.htm

A Handbook of Organic Farming/Arun K. Sharma. Jodhpur, Agrobios (India), 2001, 628 p., $43.
ISBN 81-7754-099-8.Details No. 21670 

Fertilisers, Organic Manures, Recyclable Wastes and Biofertilisers/edited by H.L.S. Tandon.
1997, $60

Fertilisers, Organic Manures, Recyclable Wastes and Biofertilisers: Components of Integrated
Plant Nutrition/edited by H.L.S. Tandon. 1992. 148 p., ill., $60 . Details No. 7440

Organic Farming : Theory and Practice/S.P. Palaniappan and K. Annadurai. 1999, 257 p.,
tables, $26 (net. Inclusive of registered airmail postage and packing). ISBN 81-7233-211-4. Details No.
14719

Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture/A.K. Dahama. 2nd edition. 1997, 294 p., $27.
Details No. 12650

Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth: Book No. 10294

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UNESCO MICROBIAL RESOURCES NETWORK (MIRCENS) ACTIVITIES
http://www.unesco.org/science/life/mircen_report_1990_2001.pdf

Role of mycorrhizae in root
disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2:377-392. 

mycorrhizae  + review 
into 7
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beneficial allelopathy 
All the Web 
Dec20-2001
===============================================================
===============================================================
IACR Rothamsted Millennium Conference Interactions in the root environment
http://www.iacr.bbsrc.ac.uk/res/corporate/meetings/tsessionA.html

Organisms large and small need to communicate in order to
                        interact, but a multiphase medium such as soil provides obvious
                        problems. Nevertheless, interactions do occur and roots,
                        micro-fauna and filamentous micro-organisms, although
                        constrained by the soil particles, grow or move through soil
                        spaces. Volatile signal molecules can diffuse through these
                        airspaces, and the soil water acts as a conduit for both
                        micro-organisms and soluble compounds. Plants can
                        communicate with each other and use chemical signals to
                        influence the behaviour of both pathogens and beneficial
                        micro-organisms. Similarly, soil bacteria and fungi communicate
                        with each other, and can also influence plants. This Session is
                        intended to cover many of these aspects, including alleopathy
                        and plant interactions with fungi, nematodes and bacteria.

Dr Jim Deacon (University of Edinburgh) – Plant
                             signals to pathogenic fungi 
Dr Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson (INRA, Dijon) –
                             Signalling between mycorrhizal fungi and plants
Professor John Pickett (Rothamsted)-
                             Allelopathy-what is the evidence?

In this paper, new studies on root to root
                        interactions will be described in connection with work on
                        legumes and cereals

===============================================================
===============================================================
Return to Rhizosphere II:  

Rhizosphere II:  Steve Diver's web page
http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/index.html
===============================================================
===============================================================

===============================================================
===============================================================
mycorr-disease-rhizosphere-AnnRev
===============================================================
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ABOUT THESE NOTES

Compiled by Steve Diver, [email-masked]

Web research notes, background research to: 

Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi:  Quarterback of the Microbial Herd
Disease Suppressive Potting Mixes
Compost Teas 
===============================================================
===============================================================

Subject: Annual Reviews || mycorrhizae + disease + rhizosphere 
|| PhytoPathology et al

Date: Sun, 06 Oct 2002 21:51:10 -0500

Annual Reviews || mycorrhizae + disease + rhizosphere ||
Phytopathology + Plant Physiology + Ecol. Syst. et al

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

Keyword Search:  mycorrhizae and disease

==================================================
Kevin P Smith and Robert M Goodman
HOST VARIATION FOR INTERACTIONS WITH
BENEFICIAL PLANT-ASSOCIATED MICROBES
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1999, Vol. 37: 473-491
Abstract:
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/1/473?

KEY WORDS: Rhizobium, AM fungi, biocontrol, host genotype,
cultivar-specific

Beneficial plant-associated microbes can profoundly influence plant
health by suppressing disease, enhancing nutrient uptake, fixing
atmospheric nitrogen, and promoting plant growth. Host variation,
among cultivars or plant genotypes, for response to beneficial
microorganisms suggests that plant genes play a role in supporting
these interactions. Such host variation can be found among diverse
groups of microorganisms including rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi,
and microbial biocontrol agents. Discrete variation among plant
genotypes for interaction with beneficial microbes has led to the
discovery of single genes that specify compatible interactions.
Continuous variation for interaction phenotypes such as disease
suppression, plant growth, or nutrient uptake have led to
hypotheses, and in some cases genetic descriptions, of multigenic
control of these interactions. Future research into the role of
plant genes involved in hosting beneficial plant-associated
microbes will provide  greater insight into this relatively
unexplored area of biology and should provide new tools to
improve plant health in agriculture.

Full-text links to some of the citing articles in other journals:

Scholthof, H. B. (2001). Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
That Cut the Mustard. Plant Physiol. 127: 1476-1483.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Gregory S. Gilbert
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF PLANT DISEASES IN
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2002, Vol. 40: 13-43

Abstract:
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/1/13

KEY WORDS: plant community dynamic, plant diversity, density
dependence, Janzen-Connell hypothesis, local adaptation

Plant pathogens cause mortality and reduce fecundity of individual
plants, drive host population dynamics, and affect the structure and
composition of natural plant communities. Pathogens are responsible
for both  numerical changes in host populations and evolutionary
changes through selection for resistant genotypes. Linking such
ecological and evolutionary dynamics has been the focus of a
growing body of literature on the effects of plant diseases in
natural ecosystems. A guiding principle is the importance of
understanding the spatial and temporal scales at which plants
and pathogens interact. This review summarizes the effects of
diseases on populations of wild plants, focusing in particular
on the mediation of plant competition and succession, the
maintenance of plant species diversity, as well as the process
of rapid evolutionary changes in host-pathogen symbioses.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

David M. Weller, Jos M. Raaijmakers, Brian B. McSpadden
Gardener, and Linda S. Thomashow
MICROBIAL POPULATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR
SPECIFIC SOIL SUPPRESSIVENESS TO PLANT
PATHOGENS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2002, Vol. 40: 309-348

Abstract:
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/1/309

KEY WORDS: molecular ecology, rhizosphere, biological control,
Gaeumannomyces graminis

Agricultural soils suppressive to soilborne plant pathogens occur
worldwide, and for several of these soils the biological basis of
suppressiveness has been described. Two classical types of
suppressiveness are known. General suppression owes its activity
to the total microbial biomass in soil and is not transferable between
soils. Specific suppression owes its activity to the effects of
individual or select groups of microorganisms and is transferable.
The microbial basis of specific suppression to four diseases,
Fusarium wilts, potato scab, apple replant disease, and take-all,
is discussed. One of the best-described examples occurs in
take-all decline soils. In Washington State, take-all decline
results from the buildup of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that
produce the antifungal metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol.
Producers of this metabolite may have a broader role in
disease-suppressive soils worldwide. By coupling molecular
technologies with traditional approaches used in plant pathology
and microbiology, it is possible to dissect the microbial composition
and complex interactions in suppressive soils.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

 David L. Trudgill and Vivian C. Blok
APOMICTIC, POLYPHAGOUS ROOT-KNOT
NEMATODES: Exceptionally Successful and
Damaging Biotrophic Root Pathogens
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2001, Vol. 39: 53-77

Abstract:
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/53

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

 Michèle C. Heath
ADVANCES IN IMAGING THE CELL BIOLOGY OF
PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000, Vol. 38: 443-459

Abstract:
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/443

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

B. R. Kerry
RHIZOSPHERE INTERACTIONS AND THE EXPLOITATION
OF MICROBIAL AGENTS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
OF PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000, Vol. 38: 423-441

Abstract:
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/423

==================================================
==================================================
Expand to all Annual Reviews

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Maria J. Harrison
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS OF THE
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol. 1999, Vol.
50: 361-389

Abstract:
http://plant.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/361

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Brenda B. Casper and Robert B. Jackson
PLANT COMPETITION UNDERGROUND
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1997, Vol. 28: 545-570

Abstract:
http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/545

Full-text links to some of the citing articles in other journals:

Van Auken, O. W. (2000). SHRUB INVASIONS OF NORTH
AMERICAN SEMIARID GRASSLANDS. Annu. Rev. Ecol.
Syst. 31: 197-215
http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/1/197

Loreau, M. (1998). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: A
mechanistic model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95: 5632-5636
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/95/10/5632

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

K. G. Raghothama
PHOSPHATE ACQUISITION
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol. 1999, Vol. 50: 665-693
http://plant.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/665

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

M. Schultze and A. Kondorosi
REGULATION OF SYMBIOTIC ROOT NODULE
DEVELOPMENT
Annu. Rev. Genet. 1998, Vol. 32: 33-57

http://genet.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/33

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

M. C. Hawes, L. A. Brigham, F. Wen, H. H. Woo, and Y. Zhu
FUNCTION OF ROOT BORDER CELLS IN PLANT
HEALTH: Pioneers in the Rhizosphere
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1998, Vol. 36: 311-327

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/311

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

R. M. Aiken and A. J. M. Smucker
ROOT SYSTEM REGULATION OF WHOLE PLANT GROWTH
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1996, Vol. 34: 325-346

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/1/325

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

PR Ryan, E Delhaize, and DL Jones
FUNCTION AND MECHANISM OF ORGANIC ANION
EXUDATION FROM PLANT ROOTS
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol. 2001, Vol. 52: 527-560

http://plant.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/1/527

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Max Dow, Mari-Anne Newman, and Edda von Roepenack
THE INDUCTION AND MODULATION OF PLANT
DEFENSE RESPONSES BY BACTERIAL
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000, Vol. 38: 241-261

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/241

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

JW Taylor, DJ Jacobson, and MC Fisher
THE EVOLUTION OF ASEXUAL FUNGI: Reproduction,
Speciation and Classification
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1999, Vol. 37: 197-246

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/1/197

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

J. Artie Browning

ONE PHYTOPATHOLOGIST'S GROWTH THROUGH
IPM TO HOLISTIC PLANT HEALTH: The Key to Approaching
Genetic Yield Potential
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1998, Vol. 36: 1-24

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/1

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

K. Saikkonen, S. H. Faeth, M. Helander, and T. J. Sullivan
FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES: A Continuum of Interactions with
Host Plants
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1998, Vol. 29: 319-343

http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/319

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

John Cairns, Jr. and John R. Heckman
RESTORATION ECOLOGY: The State of an Emerging Field
Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 1996, Vol. 21: 167-189

http://energy.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/167

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Andrews, J. H., Harris, R. F. (2000). THE ECOLOGY AND
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MICROORGANISMS ON PLANT
SURFACES. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 38: 145-180

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Annual Review of Phytopathology

Full Text and Abstracts: 1996 - Present

R. M. Aiken and A. J. M. Smucker
ROOT SYSTEM REGULATION OF WHOLE PLANT GROWTH
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1996, Vol. 34: 325-346.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/1/325

KEY WORDS: root activity, growth regulation, water and nutrient
deficits, root growth dynamics, assimilates

New evidence confirms earlier postulates that root signals to shoots,
including abscisic acid, nitrate flux, and cytokinins, modify whole
plant growth processes including leaf expansion, stomatal behavior,
and biosynthesis of photosynthetic enzymes. Root signals are thought
to reflect soil water, nutrient, and mechanical attributes, as
sensed by roots. Meristematic activities in root tips initiate changes
in root architecture, modifying the soil volume subject to root uptake,
and may provide multiple sensory and signaling capabilities. Knowledge
of root signals regulating whole plant growth processes suggests new
analytical and experimental tools for integrated analysis of
plant phasic development, optimal growth, and ecological fitness.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
L Sticher, B Mauch-Mani, and JP Métraux
SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1997, Vol. 35: 235-270.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/1/235

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Linda L. Kinkel
MICROBIAL POPULATION DYNAMICS ON LEAVES
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1997, Vol. 35: 327-347.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/1/327

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Barry J. Jacobsen
ROLE OF PLANT PATHOLOGY IN INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1997, Vol. 35: 373-391.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/1/373

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Steven W. Hutcheson
CURRENT CONCEPTS OF ACTIVE DEFENSE IN PLANTS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1998, Vol. 36: 59-90.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/59

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

L. C. van Loon, P. A. H. M. Bakker, and C. M. J. Pieterse
SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE INDUCED BY RHIZOSPHERE
BACTERIA
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1998, Vol. 36: 453-483.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/453

KEY WORDS: induced systemic resistance, plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria, salicylic acid, signaling pathways, systemic acquired
resistance

Nonpathogenic rhizobacteria can induce a systemic resistance in
plants that is phenotypically similar to pathogen-induced systemic
acquired resistance (SAR). Rhizobacteria-mediated induced
systemic resistance (ISR) has been demonstrated against fungi,
bacteria, and viruses in Arabidopsis, bean, carnation, cucumber,
radish, tobacco, and tomato under conditions in which the
inducing bacteria and the challenging pathogen remained
spatially separated. Bacterial strains differ in their ability to induce

resistance in different plant species, and plants show variation
in the expression of ISR upon induction by specific bacterial strains.
Bacterial determinants of ISR include lipopolysaccharides,
siderophores, and salicylic acid (SA). Whereas some of the
rhizobacteria induce resistance through the SA-dependent SAR
pathway, others do not and require jasmonic acid and ethylene
perception by the plant for ISR to develop. No consistent host
plant alterations are associated with the induced state, but
upon challenge inoculation, resistance responses are accelerated
and enhanced. ISR is effective under field conditions and offers
a natural mechanism for biological control of plant disease.

Full-text links to some of the citing articles in other journals:

Herms, S., Seehaus, K., Koehle, H., Conrath, U. (2002). A
Strobilurin Fungicide Enhances the Resistance of Tobacco against
Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci.
Plant Physiol. 130: 120-127.

Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Dekkers, L., Bloemberg, G. V. (2001).
MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF RHIZOSPHERE
COLONIZATION BY PSEUDOMONAS.
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 39: 461-490
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/461

Hoitink, H., Boehm, M. (1999). BIOCONTROL WITHIN THE
CONTEXT OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES: A
Substrate-Dependent Phenomenon.
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 37: 427-446
http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/1/427

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

K. Sivasithamparam
ROOT CORTEX—THE FINAL FRONTIER FOR THE
BIOCONTROL OF ROOT-ROT WITH FUNGAL
ANTAGONISTS: A Case Study on a Sterile Red Fungus
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1998, Vol. 36: 439-452.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/439

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

W. W. Bockus and J. P. Shroyer
THE IMPACT OF REDUCED TILLAGE ON SOILBORNE PLANT PATHOGENS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1998, Vol. 36: 485-500.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/485

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Hoitink, H., Boehm, M. (1999).
BIOCONTROL WITHIN THE  CONTEXT OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES: A
Substrate-Dependent Phenomenon.
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 37: 427-446

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/1/427

KEY WORDS: soil organic matter, bacterial species composition,
fluorescein diacetate, soil microbial biomass, systemic induced
resistance

Broad spectrum biological control of diseases caused by soilborne
plant pathogens such as Pythium, Phytophthora, and Rhizoctonia
solani requires the introduction into or presence of edaphic sources
of organic nutrients in soil for sustenance of biocontrol agents.
The decomposition level of organic matter critically affects the
composition of bacterial taxa as well as the populations and
activities of biocontrol agents. Competition, antibiosis, parasitism,
and systemic induced resistance are all affected. Highly stabilized
sources of Sphagnum peat consistently fail to support sustained
biological control, even when inoculated with biocontrol agents.
Composts, on the other hand, can serve as an ideal food base
for biocontrol agents and offer an opportunity to introduce and
establish specific biocontrol agents into soils, which in turn leads
to sustained biological control based on the activities of microbial
communities.

Full-text links to some of the citing articles in other journals:

Garling, D. C., Boehm, M. J. (2001). Temporal Effects of
Compost and Fertilizer Applications on Nitrogen Fertility of
Golf Course Turfgrass. Agron J 93: 548-555.

http://agron.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/3/548

Whipps, J. M. (2001). Microbial interactions and biocontrol in
the rhizosphere. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 487-511

http://jexbot.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/suppl_1/487

McSpadden Gardener, B. B., Weller, D. M. (2001). Changes in
Populations of Rhizosphere Bacteria Associated with Take-All
Disease of Wheat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4414-4425.

http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/10/4414

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Joan M Henson, Michael J Butler, and Alan W Day
THE DARK SIDE OF THE MYCELIUM: Melanins of
Phytopathogenic Fungi
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1999, Vol. 37: 447-471.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/1/447

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

John H. Andrews and Robin F. Harris
THE ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF
MICROORGANISMS ON PLANT SURFACES
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000 , Vol. 38: 145-180.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/145

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Nancy N. Ragsdale
THE IMPACT OF THE FOOD QUALITY PROTECTION
ACT ON THE FUTURE OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000 , Vol. 38: 577-596.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/577

KEY WORDS: pesticides, fungicides, regulation, food safety, minor crops

The Food Quality Protection Act mandates new considerations in
pesticide egulatory decisions. Endocrine disruption, determination of
the need for an additional safety factor for infants and children,
aggregate exposure to each pesticide, and cumulative exposure to
pesticides with a common mechanism of toxicity will all become part
of the risk assessment process. A reduction in availability of
fungicides
for many current uses appears to be a likely result of this act. If this

occurs, disease management programs, particularly in fruits and
vegetables, will be challenged to find alternative approaches.
Currently, fungicides play an important role in many production
systems. Loss of these valuable pest management tools will
contribute to increased costs for producers and consumers, as
well as to complex issues facing the structure of agriculture in
the United States.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Timothy C. Paulitz and Richard R. Bélanger
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN GREENHOUSE SYSTEMS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2001, Vol. 39: 103-133

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/103

KEY WORDS: biological control, Pythium root rot, powdery mildew,
Pseudomonas, Trichoderma, Pseudozyma flocculosa

The controlled environment of greenhouses, the high value of the
crops, and the limited number of registered fungicides offer a
unique niche for the biological control of plant diseases. During
the past ten years, over 80 biocontrol products have been
marketed worldwide. A large percentage of these have been
developed for greenhouse crops. Products to control soilborne
pathogens such as Sclerotinia, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and
Fusarium include Coniothyrium minitans, species of Gliocladium,
Trichoderma, Streptomyces, and Bacillus, and nonpathogenic
Fusarium. Products containing Trichoderma, Ampelomyces
quisqualis, Bacillus, and Ulocladium are being developed to
control the primary foliar diseases, Botrytis and powdery mildew.
The development of Pseudomonas for the control of Pythium
diseases in hydroponics and Pseudozyma flocculosa for the
control of powdery mildew by two Canadian research programs
is presented. In the future, biological control of diseases in
greenhouses could predominate over chemical pesticides, in
the same way that biological control of greenhouse insects
predominates in the United Kingdom. The limitations in formulation,
registration, and commercialization are discussed, along with
suggested future research priorities.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Hui Cao, Regina L. Baldini, and Laurence G. Rahme
COMMON MECHANISMS FOR PATHOGENS OF
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2001, Vol. 39: 259-284

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/259

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Giulia De Lorenzo, Renato D'Ovidio, and Felice Cervone
THE ROLE OF POLYGALACTURONASE-INHIBITING
PROTEINS (PGIPS) IN DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2001, Vol. 39: 313-335

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/313

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Sara L. Tucker and Nicholas J. Talbot
SURFACE ATTACHMENT AND PRE-PENETRATION
STAGE DEVELOPMENT BY PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2001, Vol. 39: 385-417

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/385

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Ben J. J. Lugtenberg, Linda Dekkers, and Guido V. Bloemberg
MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF RHIZOSPHERE
COLONIZATION BY PSEUDOMONAS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2001, Vol. 39: 461-490.

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/461

KEY WORDS: Pseudomonas, root, rhizosphere competence,
biocontrol, pathogenic fungi

Rhizosphere colonization is one of the first steps in the pathogenesis
of soilborne microorganisms. It can also be crucial for the action
of microbial inoculants used as biofertilizers, biopesticides,
phytostimulators, and bioremediators. Pseudomonas, one of the
best root colonizers, is therefore used as a model root colonizer.
This review focuses on (a) the temporal-spatial description of
root-colonizing bacteria as visualized by confocal laser scanning
microscopal analysis of autofluorescent microorganisms, and
(b) bacterial genes and traits involved in root colonization. The
results show a strong parallel between traits used for the
colonization of roots and of animal tissues, indicating the general
importance of such a study. Finally, we identify several noteworthy
areas for future research.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

David J. Chitwood
PHYTOCHEMICAL BASED STRATEGIES FOR NEMATODE
CONTROL
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2002, Vol. 40: 221-249

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/1/221

KEY WORDS: nematicide, natural product, anthelmintic, biological
control, fungi

This review examines the discovery of naturally occurring
phytochemicals antagonistic toward plant-parasitic and
other nematodes. Higher plants have yielded a broad spectrum
of active compounds, including polythienyls, isothiocyanates,
glucosinolates, cyanogenic glycosides, polyacetylenes, alkaloids,
lipids, terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, quassinoids,
steroids, triterpenoids, simple and complex phenolics, and several
other classes. Many other antinematodal compounds have been
isolated from biocontrol and other fungi. Natural products
active against mammalian parasites can serve as useful sources
of compounds for  examination of activity against plant parasites.
The agricultural utilization of phytochemicals, although currently
uneconomic in many situations, offers tremendous potential.

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

C. C. Mundt
USE OF MULTILINE CULTIVARS AND CULTIVAR
MIXTURES FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2002, Vol. 40: 381-410

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/1/381

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Wojciech J. Janisiewicz and Lise Korsten
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF POSTHARVEST DISEASES
OF FRUITS
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2002, Vol. 40: 411-441

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/1/411

        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Patricia S. McManus, Virginia O. Stockwell, George W. Sundin,
and Alan L. Jones
ANTIBIOTIC USE IN PLANT AGRICULTURE
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2002, Vol. 40: 443-465

http://phyto.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/1/443

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ABOUT THESE NOTES

Compiled by Steve Diver [email-masked] | November 2001
Web research notes, see: 

Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi:  Quarterback of the Microbial Herd
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Publications 1 to 10 Of  1347

AGERER, REINHARD (ED.): Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. 
Series, Volume 1 thru 11 
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AGERER, REINHARD (ED.): Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. No.01.
1987. 10 coloured plates. 20 black & white plates. 18 p. gr8vo.
Loose-leaf system in binder. (026550)

All scientists working with ectomycorrhizae feel a great deficiency: they still have no
opportunity to publish colour prints of a sufficient quality in any journal. There exists,
however, a great demand of colour prints which could help to compare newly
discovered ectomycorrhizae with already characterized ones. This is particularly
grievious, because the colours of ectomycorrhizae are important features. Therefore
it must be guaranteed that the colour prints really show the natural colours. Besides,
the "Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae" will be an essential and complementary part of
comprehensive descriptions and characterizations of ectomycorrhizae given in the
series "Studies on Ectomycorrhizae" and published in different periodicals. The
mycorrhizae shown in the "Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae" are mycorrhizae which
have been isolated from the soil; they are not synthesized mycorrhizae. These
mycorrhizae were identified by tracing mycelia or rhizomorphs between the
fruitbodies and the mycorrhizae. - Ectomycorrhizae published in the first delivery:
Dermocybe cinnamomea (Picea abies), D. sanguinea (Picea abies), Lactarius
deterrimus (Picea abies), L. picinus (Picea abies), L. subdulcis (Fagus silvatica), L.
vellereus (Fagus silvatica), Russula ochroleuca (Picea abies), R. xerampelina (Picea
abies), Tricholoma sulfureum (Picea abies), T. vaccinum (Picea abies). - Each
delivery will comprise 10 up to 15 plates a year. Extent: about 200 up to 300 plates.

AGERER, REINHARD (ED.): Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. No.11.
1999. 27 col. plates, plus keys and text.-Loose leaves. (074974)

AGERER, R.: Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae. Fasc. 1 - 4. 1996 - 1999. 528 p.
gr8vo.-In Ringbinder. (079016)

These issues are to supplement the 'Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae'. Since descriptions of
ectomycorrhizae have been published to date in a great diversity of journals and in different
languages, it is intended to collect all descriptions in a special publication to facilitate
comparison of ectomycorrhizal features. - Standing orders are invited.

AGERER, R.: Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae. Lieferung 5 & 1
Loseblatt- ordner. 2001. 225 folding sheets. gr8vo. Ring-binder.
(079382)
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Plant Families: Mycelia Sterilia: Mycorrhiza
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Publications 1 to 10 Of  47

AKKERMANS, A. D. L., D. BAKER AND OTHERS (EDS.): Frankia Symbioses.
Proceedings of the workshop on Frankia Symbioses, Wageningen, Sept. 5-6,
1983. 1984. (Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, 12) Illustr. X,258 p.
Cloth. (000364)

Also published as "Plant and Soil, Vol. 78:1-2 (1984).

Contents (partly): M.P. Lechevalier, The
taxonomy of the genus Frankia/
Etc.- The application of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in forest ecosystems, for purposes other than 
protein production in agriculture, has been viewed with increasing interest over the last five years. 
Special areas of interest include wood production, increase in soil fertility and afforestation of 
eroded areas with low nitrogen content. Actinorhizal plants with Frankia as root nodule 
(= Actinorhizal) micro-symbiont can play a significant role in these areas, especially since 
fertilization of a forest on a large scale would not be economically useful.

ALLEN,M.: Mycorrhizal Functioning.An integrative plant-fungal process. 1992.
100 figs. XIV,532 p.gr8vo.Hardcover. (047887)

Deals with fungal reactions to plants prior to mycorrhiza formation, influence of plant root on
mycorrhizal formation, cellular basis of plant-fungus interchanges, mycelium, mycorrhiza and
carbon flow to the soil, interaction between fungi and other rhizosphere microorganisms,
interactions between fungal symbionts,etc.

ATKINSON,D.A.OTHERS(EDS.): Tree Root Systems and Their Mycorrhizas.
1983.(Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences,7).illustrated.IX,525 p.
gr8vo.Cloth. (002098)

These are proceedings of a meeting of the International Union of Forestry Research
Organization Working Party Root Physiology and Symbiosis.

BRUNDETT, M., N. BOUGHER, B. DELL, T. GROVE AND N. MALAJCZUK: Working
with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture.1996. Illustr. 374 p.gr8vo.
Hardcover. (067191)

Explains procedures used in work with mycorrhizal fungi and roots in the laboratory, nursery, or
natural and managed ecosystems. Forest nursery and plantation managers, horticulturists,
agronomists, students and researchers will find the manual useful with many of the techniques
used requiring readily obtainable and relatively inexpensive equipment and chemicals.

HANDBOOK OF VEGETATION SCIENCE: Volume 19:2: Mukerji,K.G.(ed.):
Concepts in Mycorrhizal Research.1996.illustr.XI,374 p.gr8vo.Hardcover.
(066655)

Contains 13 contributions. A comprehensive description of the subject.

IMSHENETSKII, A.A. (ED.): Mycotrophy in Plants. Trudy Konferentsii po
mikotrofii rastenii. Translated from the Russian. 1967. illustrated. VI,362 p.
gr8vo. Cloth. (005634)

>From the contents: N.A.Krasil'nikov: The relationship between soil microorganisms and higher
plants/ E.N.Mishustin: Mycotrophy in trees and its value in silviculture/ N.V.Lobanov:
Ectoendotrophic mycorrhizas as organs of absorption of plants/ M.Ya.Zerova: Mycorrhiza
formation with forest trees in the Ukrainian SSR/ O.M.Trubetskova, O.B.Mikhalevskaya and
I.D.Novichkova: Physiology of mycorrhiza in forest trees/ Etc.

INGLEBY, K., P.A.MASON, F.T.LAST AND L.V.FLEMING: Identification of Ec-
tomycorrhizas. 1990. (ITE Research Publication, 5). 24 colour plates. many
black & white illustrations. 112 p. 4to. - In Ringbinder. (043191)

Long description

KAPULNIK, YORAM AND DAVID D. DOUDS (EDS.): Arbuscular Mycorrhizas:
Physiology and Function. 2000. illus. 372 p. Hardcover. (078089)

A structured compilation of what is known about arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

MAHADEVAN, A., N.RAMAN AND K.NATARAJAN (EDS.): Mycorrhizae for Green
Asia. Proceedings of the First Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae, January 29-31,
1988, Madras, India. 1989. figs. tabs. VIII,351 p. Lex8vo. Paper bound.
(041727)

Contents (partly): Status of Mycorrhizal Research in Asian Countries/ Taxonomy and Ecology
of Mycorrhizae/ Plant Growth and Physiology of Mycorrhizae/ Mycorrhizae in Crop
Improvement/ Mycorrhizae for Forestry/ Production of Mass Inoculum and Biotechnology of
Mycorrhizae/ Plenary Session.

MUKERJI, K. G., B. P. CHAMOLA AND JAGJIT SINGH (EDS.): Mycorrhizal Biology.
2000. illus. XII, 336 p. gr8vo. Hardcover. (077686)

Investigates the key association of plant roots with mycorrhizal fungi, known to benefit plants
under conditions of nutrtional and water stress and pathogen challenge and analyses the
developments in understanding the genetic loci that govern mycorrhiza formation.

NORRIS, J. R., D. REED AND A. K. VARMA (EDS.): Techniques for for the Study
of Mycorrhiza. 2 volumes.1991-1992.(Methods in Micro-
biology,vols.23-24).Illustr.XX,930 p.gr8vo.Cloth. (060763)

NORRIS,J.R., D.J.READ AND A.K.VARMA (EDS.): Methods in Microbiology.
Volume 23: Techniques for the Study of Mycorrhiza.1991.Illustr.X,480 p.
gr8vo.Cloth. (046612)

Contents (partly): Introduction: The State of the Art, J.L.Harley/ Characterization of
    Ectomycorrhiza, R.Agerer/ Techniques in Synthesizing Ectomycorrhiza, R.L.Peterson and
    P.Chakravarty/ Histochemistry of Ectomycorrhiza, R.L.Peterson/ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
    Studies in Ectomycorrhizal Fungi, F.M.Martin/ Carbon Metabolism in Mycorrhiza, I.Jakobsen/
    Enzymology of Nitrogen Assimilation in Mycorrhiza, I.Ahmad and J.A.Hellebust/ Techniques for
    the Study of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ectomycorrhiza, B.Botton and M.Chalot/ Ectomycorrhizal
    DNA: Isolation, RFLPs and Probe Hybridization, P.T.Rygiewicz and J.L.Armstrong/ Procedures
    and Prospects for DNA-Mediated Transformation of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi, P.A.Lemke, V.Barrett
    and R.K.Dixon/ Principles of Use of Radioisotopes in Mycorrhizal Studies, P.B.Tinker,
    M.D.Jones and D.M.Durall/ etc.

NOVA HEDWIGIA. BEIHEFTE: Heft 077: Singer, R., I.Araujo and M.H.Ivory: The
Ectotrophically Mycorrhizal Fungi of the Neotropical Lowlands, Especially
Central Amazonia. 1983. 19 coloured plates. 68 figures. 352 p. gr8vo. Bound.
(ISBN 3-7682-5477-1) (007464)

PFLEGER, F. L. AND R. G. LINDERMANN (EDS.): Mycorrhizae and Plant Health
1994.(APS Symposium Series). X,344 p.gr8vo.Paper bd. (058749)

Role of Mycorrhizae in Biocontrol/ Role of Mycorrhizae in Reclamation/ Effects of Cultural
Practices and Pesticides on Mycorrhizae/ Effects of Mycorrhizae on Biogeochemistry and Soil
Structure.

PODILA, GOPI K. AND DAVID D. DOUDS (EDS.): Current Advances in Mycorrhiza
Research. 2000. (APS Symposium Series). illus. IX, 193 p. gr8vo. Paper bd. (@)
(076387)

Recent findings in the study of ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas. Covers the
    relatively new application of molecular genetic, biochemical, and physiological analyses to
    these symbiotic fungi.- Contents: Signaling Mechanisms in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis/ Mycorrhizal
    Fungi and Plant Defense/ Molecular Genetics of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis/ Carbon Metabolism
    and Cost of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas/ Ultrastructural Changes During Mycorrhizal Symbiosis/
    Genetic Engineering of Mycorrhizal Fungi.

READ, D., LEWIS, D., A FITTER AND I.ALEXANDER (EDS.): Mycorrhizas in
Ecosystems.1992. Illustr. 448 p.Hardcover. (046487)

This volume brings together a series of papers which place major emphasis upon mycorrhizal
    function in nature. They consist of edited and revised contributions to the Third European
    Symposium on Mycorrhizas, held at the University of Sheffield, 19-23 August 1991. All of the
    major types of mycorrhiza are considered. Factors determining their distribution and
    effectiveness in different ecosystems, from the boreal forest to the tropics, are examined in
    depth and attempts to improve productivity of ecosystems by inoculation with more effective
    fungal symbionts are described. Several papers describe the application of the latest
    techniques for the study of intact host-fungus systems and discuss the results obtained with
    reference to mycorrhizal function in the field.

SANDERS, F.E., B.MOSSE AND P.B.TINKER (EDS.): Endomycorrhizas: Proceed-
ings of a symposium held at the University of Leeds, 22-25 July, 1974. 1975.
figs. 47 pls. IX,626 p. gr8vo. Cloth. (008745)\

Contents: List of participants/ Preface/ Introductory paper/ Evolution, classification and culture
of endophytes/ Physiology, carbohydrates and general/ Physiology, phosphorus/ Fine
structure/ Effects on plant growth/ Ecology/ Biological interactions.

SCHENCK, N.C. (ED.): Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research. 1982.
(Second printing 1984).illustr.X,244 p.4to.Cloth. (012636)

Contents (partly): ENDOMYCORRHIZAE: Taxonomy of the Fungi Forming Endomycorrhizae/
    Morphology and Histology of Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae/ Methods for the Recovery and
    Quantitative Estimation of Propagules from Soil/ Quantification of Vesicular-arbuscular
    Mycorrhizae in Plant Roots/ etc. - ECTOMYCORRHIZAE: Taxonomy of Ecto- and
    Ectendomycorrhizal Fungi/ Morphology and Development of Ecto- and Ectendomycorrhizae/
    Isolation, Maintenance, and Pure Culture Manipulation of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi/ etc. - ECTO-
    AND ENDOMYCORRHIZAE: Radiotracer Methods for Mycorrhizal Research/ Electron Miscroscopy
    of Mycorrhizae/ Mycorrhizae in Interactions with Other Microorganisms/ Color Plates/ Index.

SCHWINTZER, CHRISTA R. AND JOHN D.TJEPKEMA: The Biology of Frankia and
Actinorhizal Plants. 1990. numerous black & white photos. figures. tabs.
XVIII,408 p. gr8vo. Hard cover. (043480)

Contents (main headings): Introduction/ Discoveries, Discussions and Trends in Research on
    Actinorhizal Root Nodule Symbioses before 1978/ Systematics, Isolation, and Culture of
    Frankia/ The Infection Process and Nodule Development/ Cross-Inoculation Groups within
    Frankia and Host-Endosymbiont Associations/ Physiology and Biochemistry of Frankia in
    Culture/ The Physiology of Actinorhizal Nodules/ Oxygen Regulation and Hemoglobin/
    Spore-Positive and Spore-Negative Nodules/ The Molecular Genetics of Frankia/
    Micropropagation, Tissue Culture, and Genetic Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants and
    Betula/ The Genetics of Actinorhizal Plants/ Methods for Production and Use of Actinorhizal
    Plants in Forestry, Low Maintenance Landscapes, and Revegetation/ Interactions among
    Actinorhizal and Associated Plant Species/ Current and Potential Uses and Management of
    Casuarinaceae in the Tropics and Subtropics/ Actinorhizal Plants in Pacific Northwest Forests/
    Current and Potential Uses of Actinorhizal Plants in Europe.

SIEVERDING, EWALD: Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Management in Tropical
Agrosystems. 1991. (Schriftenreihe der GTZ,no. 224). figs.(some col.). tabs.
371 p. gr8vo. Paper bd. (052619)

Contents (main headings): Introduction/ The biology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza
    (VAM)/ Function of VA mycorrhiza/ Reasons for the necessity to manage VA mycorrhiza in
    tropical crop production systems/ The main concepts for practical management of VAM fungi/
    Manipulation of indigenous VAM fungi through agronomic practices/ Establishment and
    evaluation of VAM fungal germ plasm/ Inoculum production/ Incorporation of the VAM
    inoculation technology in plant production systems in the field/ Economic aspects of the VAM
    inoculation technology/ Annexes/ References/ Index.

SINGER, ROLF, I.ARAUJO AND M.H.IVORY: The Ectotrophically Mycorrhizal Fungi
of the Neotropical Lowlands. Especially Central Amazonia (Litter decomposition
and actomycorrhiza in Amazonian forests, 2). 1983. (Nova Hedwigia, Beih. 77).
19 col.plates. 68 figs. 352 p. gr8vo. Bound. (ISBN 3-7682-5477-1) (009117)

Contents: Aphyllophorales and Boletineae/ Agaricales without Boletineae, Gasteromycetes/
Index.

SMITH, SALLY AND DAVID J. READ: Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 2nd rev.ed.1996.
illustr.IX,605 p.gr8vo.Hardcover. (067260)

Contents (main chapter headings): Introd./ Vesicular - arbuscular Mycorrhizas/
Ectomycorrhizas/ Mycorrhizas in the Ericales/ Orchid Mycorrhizas/ General Themes.

SMITS, W.T.M.: Dipterocapaceae: Mycorrhizae and Regeneration.1994.(Tro-
penbos Series,9).76 figs.28 tabs.243 p.gr8vo.Paper bd. (058768)

Contents (partly): Introduction/ Inventory of mushrooms found near Dipterocarps/ Inventories
of ectomycorrhizae/ Inoculation experiments/ Perforon studies/ Physical influences upon
ectomycorrhizae/ A new type of dipterocarp root-fungus association/ General discussion/
Summary (English)/ Samenvatting (Dutch summary)/ Ringkasan (Indonesian summary)/
Glossary/ References/ etc.

SOERIANEGARA, ISHEMAT AND SUPRIYANTO (EDS.): Proceedings of Second
Asian Conference on Mycorrhiza, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 11-15 March. 1991.
1993. (Biotrop Special Publ.,no.42). figs. tabs. XI,300 p. gr8vo. Paper bd.
(057076)

Contents (main headings): Country Reports/ Mycorrhiza in Forestry/ Ecosystem, Population
and Community/ Cellular and Molecular Aspect of Mycorrhiza/ Utilization and
Commercialization/ Appendices.

SUPRIYANTO AND JAHJA T. KARTANA (EDS.): Proceedings of the Symposium on
Biology and Biotechnology of Mycorrhizae and Third Asian Conference on
Mycorrhizae (Acom III).Yogyakarta,Indonesia,19-21 April 1994.1995.(Bio- trop
Special Publication No.56).illustr.VII,256 p.gr8vo.Paper bd. (064819)

Cell and Molecular Biology/ Ecology and Taxonomy/ Physiology

VARMA, A. (ED.): Mycorrhiza Manual.1998. (Springer Lab Manual).114 figs 35
tabs. XII, 547 p.-Ring binder. (070812)

Contains a great variety of practical protocols for analyzing mycorrhiza, including the latest
molecular, biochemical, genetical, and physiological methods

VARMA, A. AND B. HOCK: Mycorrhiza. Structure, Function, Molecular Biology
and Biotechnology. 2nd rev. ed. 1998. 150 figs. 37 tabs. XVIII, 702 p.
Hardcover. (073436)

This second edition puts stronger emphasis on genetic and molecular biology. It contains
some new chapters.
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Publications 1 to 10 Of  78

MOORE,D.,L.A.CASSELTON,D.A.WOOD AND J.FRANKLAND(EDS.):
Developmental Biology of Higher Fungi.1985.(British Mycological Society
Symposium,10). illus.56 half-tones.XII,615 p.gr8vo.Bound. (018718)

Contents(partly):Resource relations-an overview,A.D.M.Rayner,R.Watling and Juliet
       C.Frankland/Tropical agarics:resource relations and fruiting periodicity,
       J.N.Hedger/Armillaria:resources and hosts,J.Rishbeth/The growth of Crinipellis
       perniciosa in living and dead cocoa tissue,B.E.J. Wheeler/ Mycorrhizal dynamics
       forest tree development,J.Dighton & P.A.Mason/A comparative ultrastructural analysis
       of the host-fungus interface in mycorrhizal and parasitic associations,
       J.A.Duddridge/Etc.

WITHNER, CARL L. (ED.): The Orchids. A Scientific Survey. 1959.
(Reprint 1988). numerous black&white illustrations. tables. IX,648 p.
gr8vo. Hard cover. (030097)

Contents(partly):Introduction and History of Orchid Culture/ Classification of Orchids/
Developmental Anatomy of an Orchid, Cattleya x Trimos/ Aspects of Variation in the
Orchidaceae/ Embryology and Development in the Orchidaceae/ Orchids and
Cytology/ Hybridization and Inheritance in Orchids/ Orchid Physiology/ Mycorrhiza of
Orchids/ The Photoperiodic and Temperature Responses of Orchids/ Fungal and
Bacterial Diseases of Orchids/ Virus Diseases of Orchids/ Orchid Pests and their
Control/ Vanilla - The Orchid of Commerce/ Appendix.

WERNER, DIETRICH AND PETER MUELLER (EDS.): Fast Growing Trees
and Nitro- gen Fixing Trees. 1990. 81 figs. 41 tabs. XVI,396 p. gr8vo.
Paper bd. (042980)

This volume summarizes the knowledge on the physiological and genetical basis for
"Fast Growth" in trees as presented on an international conference in Marburg in
October 1989. It includes chapters on other plant and cell systems which have been
studied in more detail concerning phenomena of fast growth. Special emphasis is
given to the relation between N2-fixing and VA-mycorrhiza symsioses and fast growth
in trees. Ecological and forestry impact of fast growing trees for preservation
strategies of the world's forest areas as well as for reforestation is another major
topic. As experts from temperate and tropical forest areas were invited, the
contributions present an up-to-date survey of forest ecology world-wide.

SUBBA RAO, N. S., C. BALAGOPALAN AND S. V. RAMAKRISHNA (EDS.):
New Trends in Biotechnology.1992.XIII, 444 p.gr8vo.Cloth. (046882)

Contents (partly): General/ Crop Productivity (Isolation and Yield of Protoplasts,
       Ashalatha S.Nair/ Clonal Multiplication of Dendrobium Hybrids through Shoot Apical
       Meristem and Shoot Tip Cultures, P.G.Latha and S.Seeni/ In vitro Culture Response
       and Establishment of Plantlets in Blackgram cv. Co 5 (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper),
       S.Sukumar and S.R.Sree Rangasamy/ etc.)/ Crop Protection (Biotechnology for Crop
       Protection, S.N.Panicker and N.N.Panicker/ Biopesticides for Use in Agriculture and
       Health Sectors, Kirti R.Patel, K.A.Patel and Vijay Safaya/ Control of Viral Diseases of
       Plants by Biological Products, S.Balakrishnan and K.I. Wilson/ etc.)/ Nitrogen Fixation
       and Mycorrhiza (Evaluation of Azolla as an Organic Manure for Rice Production,
       D.Alexander, N.Sadanandan and K.Karunakaran/ Homology between the Nif-A
       Region of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Azospirillum DNA, S.K.Nair and C.Elmerich/
       Studies on the Symbiotic Nitrogen-fixing Ability of the Spontaneous Mutants of
       Rhizobium Species in Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Mill sp.), K.Sreekumar and
       V.P.Singh/ etc.)/ Bioconversion (Lignocellulose Biotechnology: Recent Advances and
       Technology Prospects, M.C.Srinivasan/ Bacillus thuringiensis H14 Mutant with
       Potential for Producing Entomotoxin and Dihydroxy Phenylalanine, S.L.Hoti and
       K.Balaraman/ etc.).

BARBOSA, PEDRO, VERA A. KRISCHICK AND CLIVE G. JONES (EDS.):
Microbial Mediation of Plant-Herbivore Interactions.1991.Illustr.XIII,530
p.gr8vo. Cloth. (047096)

Contents (partly): Prologue - Microorganisms: The Unseen Mediators, Vera A.Krischik
       and Clive G.Jones/ Plant Mutualists (Symbiotic N2-Fixation and the Elements of Plant
       Resistance to Herbivores: Lupine Alkaloids and Tolerance to Defoliation/
       Ectomycorrhizae and Trees: Implications for Aboveground Herbivory/ Ecosystem
       Perspectives, Soil Organisms, and Herbivores/ Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,
       Plant, and Invertebrate Interactions in Soil/ etc.)/ Plant Pathogens (Specific or
       Generalized Plant Defense: Reciprocal Interactions Between Herbivores and
       Pathogens/ Plant Pathogens and Nonvector Herbivores/ Interactions Among Plant
       Pathogenic Prokaryotes, Plants, and Insect Vectors)/ Insect Mutualists
       (Symbiont-Mediated Detoxification in Insect Herbivores/ Bacteria in the Life Cycle of
       Tephritid Fruit Flies/ etc.)/ Insect Pathogens (Host-Plant-Mediated Interactions
       Between the Gypsy Moth and a Baculovirus, Jack C.Schultz and Steven T.Keating/
       Interactions Among Allelochemicals, Some Lepidoptera, and Bacillus thuringiensis
       Berliner)/ Microbial Mediation Revealed/ Index.

KENDRICK, BRUCE: The Fifth Kingdom. Third edition.2000.VIII,406 p.
gr8vo.Paper bd. (047855)

Contents (partly): Introduction: "Learn about Fungi? Who? Me?/ Kingdoms and
Classification/ Protoctistan Fungi and Protoctistan Others/ Eumycotan Fungi: (1)
Phylum Zygomycota/ Eumycotan Fungi: (2) Division Dikaryomycota: (A) Subdivision
Ascomycotina/ Eumycotan Fungi: (2) Division Dikaryomycota: (B) Subdivision
Basidiomycotina/ Yeasts: Polyphyletic Fungi/ Lichens: Dual Organisms/ Spore
Dispersal in Fungi/ Fungal Physiology/ Fungal Genetics/ Fungal Ecology/ Fungal Plant
Pathology in Agriculture and Forestry/ Fungicides/ Fungi as Agents of Biological
Control/ Fungi Exploiting Microscopic Animals/ Mutalistic Symbioses Between Fungi
and Animals/ Mycorrhizae: Mutualistic Plant-Fungus Symbioses/ Fungi as Food:
Mycophagy/ etc.

SUBBA RAO, N.S. AND C. RODRIGUEZ - BARRUECO: Symbiosis in
Nitrogen- fixing Trees.1993. XV,271 p.gr8vo.Hardcover. (052029)

Contents (partly): Some General Considerations on Symbioses of Nitrogen-fixing
Trees/ Nitrogen Fixation by Legume Trees/ Soil Constraints to the Growth of
Nitrogen-fixing Trees in Tropical Environments/ Comparison of Aerial Nodulation of
Casuarina Sp. with Legume Stem Nodulation/ The Cycad-Cyanobacterium Symbiosis/
Mycorrhizal Associations and Their Functions in Nodulating Nitrogen-fixing Trees/ etc.

WERNER, D.: Symbiosis of plants and microbes.1992. Illustr. X,389 p.
gr8vo. Hard cover. (052161)

Topics include: specific associations between micro-organisms and plants,
Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium-Fabales symbiosis, actinorhiza, other bacterial
symbioses, Cyanobacterial symbioses, Phycosymbiosis, lichens and Geosiphon,
ectomycorrhiza, ercoid and orchidmycorrhoza.

TAYLOR, DAVID A.& KENNETH G.MACDICKEN: Research on multipurpose
tree species in Asia.Proceedings of an international workshop held
november 19-23,1990 in Los Banos,Philippines.1991.Illustr.VI,260
p.gr8vo. Paper bd. (054035)

       Contents: An Overview of Multipurpose Tree Species/ MPTS in Agroforestry Systems
       (MPTS in indigenous agroforestry systems: The Naalad case/ Evaluation of local
       MPTS for fodder production/ etc.)/ MPTS in FOrests and Plantations (Caryota urens L.
       (Palmae): An indigenous MPTS in the wet lowlands of Sri Lanka/ Ficus semicordata:
       A multipurpose tree for the lower hills of Nepal/ Biomass estimation of a tropical
       montane rain forest in Sri Lanka/ Plant species enumeration in a lowland rain forest
       in Papua New Guinea/ Potential of exotic and indigenous MPTS for agriculture and
       forestry in Papua New Guinea/ etc.)/ Genetics, Propagation and Wood Properties
       (Seed biology of selected MPTS/ In vitro clonal propagation of two varieties of
       Artocarpus heterophyllus/ Nursery techniques for four MPTS of Nepal/ etc.)/
       Microorganism Relationships (Interaction among rhizospheric microorganisms, V A
       mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria/ Growth response of Hevea
       brasiliensis to mycorrhizal inoculation in different soils/ etc.)/ Pests, Diseases and
       Their Control (Pathological problems of MPTS in India/ Natural microbial control of
       Leucaena psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Crawford) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the
       Philippines/ etc.)/ Working Group Papers.

RAI, BHARAT, DILIP K. ARORA, N.K. DUBEY AND P.D. SHARMA (EDS.):
Fungal Ecology and Biotechnology. 1993. 310 p. gr8vo. Cloth. (056520)

This reference work highlights important applications of fungi
       to expanding biotechnological research covering diverse topics ranging from
       mycorrhizae, biological control, medical mycology, microbial ecology, physiology and
       biochemistry and molecular biology.

ECONOMIC MACROFUNGI OF TIBET: 1993.8
colourplates(photographs).588 line- drawings of fungi.12 full-page
plates of spores (line-drawings).651 p. gr8vo.Hardcover.-In
Chinese,with English summary,Latin nomenclature and Latin species
index. (059124)

Presents detailed accounts of economic macrofungi of Tibet. Contains 588 species
       distributed among 175 genera in 45 families. Distinguishing features of 415 edible
       species, including 45 species that have been cultivated and considered as having
       cultural value, and 132 poisonous ones are carefully presented. 238 species
       traditionally used as Chinese medicine, and 168 species reported to have antinumor
       activities on animals and in clinical applications are also incorporated. In addition,
       188 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and 123 species of wood-attacking fungi are
       included. Diagnostic descriptions are based on Tibetan collections, and the correct
       nomenclature, relevant synonyms, Chinese and local names are quoted for each
       species.

CHANDRA, SUDHIR, K. K. KHANNA AND H. K. KEHRI: Microbes and Man.
1995. XVIII, 386 p. gr8vo. Hardcover. (063192)

27 contributions on various aspects of the subject, e.g.: Moulds and Man/
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their importance in forest trees in the
tropics/ Cyanobacterial contribution to sutainability in rice cultivation/ etc.

PERSSON, H. AND I. O. BAITULIN (EDS.): Plant root system and natural
vegetation.1996. (Acta Phytogeographica Suecica,81).illus. 131 p.
4to.Paper bd. (065803)

Chapter headings: Introd. papers/ Plant root systems in deserts and semi - deserts/
Plant root systems in mountainous aras/ Physiological and ecophysiological
processes in root systems/ Mycorrhiza/ Subject Index.

SATI, S. C., J. SAXENA AND R. C. DUBEY (EDS.): Himalayan Microbial
Diversity. 2 volumes. 1997.(Recent Res. in Ecology, Environment and
Pollution, Vol.10.). illustr. 517 p. gr8vo. Hardcover. (069676)

Deals mainly with fungi, grouped in the following main chapters: Taxonomy,
Pathology, Mycorrhiza and Mycobionts, Physiology and Mycotoxins.

ARDITTI, JOSEPH AND ALEC M. PRIDGEON: Orchid Biology. Reviews and
perspectives. Vol. 7. 1997. illustr. XVII, 394 p. gr8vo. Hardcover.
(070839)

The chapters in this volume include reviews of molecular biology of orchids,
       mycorrhiza, embryology, ethnobotany and research in Japan.

HERRMANN, WALTER MICHAEL: Tripartite Symbiotic Associations in
Nitrogen- Fixing Plants of Mount Changbai Nature Reserve in Northeast
China.1995. (Doctoral Dissertation).illustr.362p.gr8vo.Paper bd.
(070943)

Tripartite symbioses are the result of original dual bacteriorrhizal or dual mycorrhizal
associations that have subsequently coevolved to various levels of syntrophy which,
under the brunt of competition and selection under specific natural conditions,
gradually verge on a level of true trisymbiosis as species advance phylogenetically.
36 species of nitrogen- fixing plants have been surveyed with the purpose to gain
insight into the variability of tripartite symbiotic organizations in largely undisturbed,
often still virgin habitats.

BIBLIOTHECA MYCOLOGICA: Volume 169: Raidl, Stefan: Studien zur
Ontogenie an Rhizomorphen von Ektomykorrhizen. 1997. 84 Fig. 184 S.
gr8vo. Paper bd. (070981)

An investigation of the ontogeny of the extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium of 19
species of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

TAINTER, F. H. AND F. A. BAKER: Principles of Forest Pathology. 1996.
illustr. XVI, 815 p. gr8vo. Hardcover. (071101)

Contents (chapter headings): Principles of Forest Pathology ( Introd./ Disease in
Concept/ Abiotic Causes of Disease/ Biotic Causes of Disease/ Inoculum/ Inoculation
and Penetration/ Colonization and Pathogenesis/ Epidemiology/ Principles of
Disease Management)/ Biology and Management of Forest Diseases (Root
Pathology/ Feeder Root Diseases/ Feeder Root Symbiosis: Mycorrhizae/ Root System
Decay/ Foliage Pathology/ Stem, Foliage, and Cone Rusts/ Canker Diseases/ Stem
Pathology: Diseases/ Diebacks and Declines/ Mistletoes/ Wood Decay/ Glossary.

RAI, B., R. S. UPADHYAY AND N. K. DUBEY (EDS.): Trends in Microbial
Exploitation. 1998. 258,VI p. Hardcover. (074343)

Covers a wide vareity of subjects, e.g. microbiology, plant pathology, biochemsitry,
biotechnology and bioengineering. Articles deal with mycorrhiza, rhizobacteria,
cyanobacteria, etc.

SINGH, JAGJIT AND K. R. ANEJA (EDS.): From Ethnomycology to Fungal
Biotechnology. Exploiting Fungi From Natural Resources for Novel
Products. 1999. illus. XIII, 293 p. gr8vo. Hardcover. (075562)

Contents: Ethnomycology/ Fungal Biotechnology/ Biological Control/ Mycorrhizal
Fungi/ Fungal Pests.- A multidisciplinary analysis of principles and case studies.

KEANE, P., G. KILE, F. PODGER AND N. BROWN: Diseases and Pathogens
of Eucalypts. 2000.illustr. 600 p. Hardcover. (076544)

Comprehensive review of knowledge of health and diseases of eucalyptus.
Introductory sections on economic importance, biology, genetic diversity ,ecology,
physiology and silviculture. One chapter of mycorrhizas of eucalypts, ten chapters on
various types of eucalypt diseases, their causes and biology, coverage of flower, fruit
and seed infections and diseases associated with eucalypt propagation, decline
associated with infection by mistletoes and other parasitic plants, diseases resulting
from nutritional disorders and other abiotic factors, several chapters on management
of eucalypt diseases in nurseries, plantations and native forests and woodlands.

ESSER, K. (ED.): The Mycota. A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as
Experimental System for Basic and Applied Research. Volume 9: B. Hock
(ed.): Fungal Associations. 2000. 69 figs. 16 tabs. 250 p. gr8vo.
 Hardcover. (077711)

Main chapter headings: Mycorrhizae/ Further Fungal Interactions/ Fungal Bacterial
Interactions.

POINTING, STEPHEN B. AND KEVIN D. HYDE (EDS.): Bio-Exploitation of
Filamentous Fungi. 2001. (Fungal Biodiversity Reesearch Series,6).
Some figs. IX, 467 p. gr8vo. Hardcover. (079332)

Chapter headings: Horizons in Exploiting Filamentous Fungi/ The Utilisation in Fungi:
A Biological Resource Collection/ Who Owns Fungi?/ The Good, The Bad and the Ugly
- Fungi and Plant Quarantine/ Increasing the Likelihood of Novel Compound
Discovery from Filamentous Fungi/ Screening for Bioactive Novel Compounds/
Molecular and Taxonomix Diversity in Drug Discovery: Experience of Chemical and
Biological Screening Approaches/ Chemical Analysis of Fungi/ Higher Fungi in
Traditional Chinese Medicine/ Fungal Products as Food/ Exploiting the Versatile
Ligninolytic System of White-Rot Fungi/ Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi:
Potentials and Changes/ Control of Arthropods Using Pathogenic Fungi/ Biological
Control of Weeds/ Research and Application of Trichoderma spp. in Biological Control
of Plant Pathogens/ Exploiting Fungi in Images, Artefacts and Culture.
===============================================================
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VINCENT, J.M. (ED.): Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes. Based on
Proceedings of an International Seminar Sponsored by the Australian
Development Assistance Bureau and the University of Sydney. 1982.
X,288 p. gr8vo. Bound. (010168)

       Contents (main headings): The Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis, J.M.Vincent/ Nature
       and Basic Properties of the Rhizobia, J.M.Vincent/ The Basic Serology of Rhizobia,
       J.M.Vincent/ Application of Some Newer Serological Techniques, Y.T.Tchan/
       Enumeration and Determination of Growth/ Plant-Infection Counts of Rhizobia in
       Soils, J.Brockwell/ Direct Quantitative Recovery of Rhizobium from Soil and
       Rhizosphere, H.V.A. Bushby/ Host Plants for Symbiotic Experiments, J.Brockwell/
       Assessment of Rhizobial Status of the Soil, R.A.Date/ Collection, Isolation,
       Characterization and Conservation of Rhizobium, R.A.Date/ Host-Rhizobium
       Associations, M.J.Trinick/ Assessment of Nitrogen Fixation/ The International Atomic
       Energy Agency and Legume Research, C.A.Atkins/ Factors Determining Success or
       Failure in Legume Establishment, C.A. Parker and D.L.Chatel/ Mineral Nutrition of
       Legumes/ Selection of Rhizobia for Inoculants, J.Brockwell,A.Diatloff, R.J.Roughley
       and R.A. Date/ Production and Control of Legume Inoculants, R.J.Roughley and D.J.
       Pulsford/ Inoculation Methods for Field Experimenters and Farmers, J.Brockwell/
       Competition between Rhizobial Strains for Nodulation, M.J. Trinick/ Nitrogen Cycling,
       R.J.K.Myers/ Crop Rotations Involving Legumes, D.F.Herridge/ Role, Needs and
       Potential of the Nodulated Legume, J.M.Vincent (Collated from Participants'
       Reports)/ Index.

CURL,ELROY A.AND BRYAN TRUELOV: The Rhizosphere.1986.(Advanced
Series in Agricultural Sciences,Vol.15).57 figs.X,288 p.gr8vo.Hard
cover. (020580)

Contents:Introduction/The Structure and Function of Roots/Root
Exudates/Rhizosphere Populations/Microbial Interactions/Rhizosphere in Relation to
Plant Nutrition and Growth/Rhizosphere Relation to Plant Disease/Current Trends and
Projected Emphasis/References/Subject Index.

ALLEN,M.: Mycorrhizal Functioning.An integrative plant-fungal process.
1992. 100 figs. XIV,532 p.gr8vo.Hardcover. (047887)

Deals with fungal reactions to plants prior to mycorrhiza formation, influence of plant
root on mycorrhizal formation, cellular basis of plant-fungus interchanges, mycelium,
mycorrhiza and carbon flow to the soil, interaction between fungi and other
rhizosphere microorganisms, interactions between fungal symbionts,etc.
===============================================================
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Search:  phyllosphere
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ANDREWS, JOHN H. AND SUSAN S. HIRANO (EDS.): Microbial Ecology of
Leaves 1991.(Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience).Illustr.
XVII, 499 p. gr8vo.Hard cover. (045549)

Contents (main headings): Introduction (The Phyllosphere as an Ecologically
       Neglected Milieu: A Plant Pathologist's Point of View, Nyckle J.Fokkema)/ The Habitat
       (The Leaf from the Inside and the Outside : A Microbe's Perspective, Barrie
       E.Juniper/ Aerobiology: The Atmosphere as a Source and Sink for Microbes, David
       E.Pedgley/ Submerged Leaf Surfaces as a Microbial Habitat, Ray Goulder and John
       H.Baker, etc. )/ Microbial Community Components (Methods for Detection,
       Identification and Enumeration of Microbes, David J.Drahos/ The Yeast Community
       of Cacti, William T.Starmer, James C.Fogleman, and Marc-Andre Lachance/ Fungal
       Endophytes of Tree Leaves, Orlando Petrini/ etc.)/ Microbial Community Processes
       and Evolution (Fungal Community Dynamics, Linda Kinkel/ Bacterial Community
       Dynamics, Susan S.Hirano and Christen D. Upper/ Determinants of Epiphytic Fitness
       in Bacteria, Steven E.Lindow/ etc.)/ Modification of the Phyllosphere (Deliberate or
       Otherwise)/ Conclusion/ Future Research Directions in Phyllosphere Ecology, John H.
       Andrews/ Index.

FARKAS, EDIT AND TAMAS POCS (EDS.): Cryptogams in the
       Phyllosphere: Systematics, Distribution, Ecology and Use. Proceedings
       of the IAB & IAL Symposium on Foliicolous Cryptogams, 29 August - 2
       September 1995, Eger, Hungary. 1997. (Abstracta Botanica, 21:1).
       illustr. 214 p. gr8vo. (072634)

This publication is dedicated to P.W. Richards and Rolf Santesson.- Contents: S,R.
       Gradstein: The taxonomic diversity of epiphyllous bryophytes/ E.I.Kärnefelt: on the
       nature of species in liechnized Ascomycotina/ M. Matzer: Lichenicolous fungi in the
       phyllosphere: important sources of information/ A. Aptroot: Species diversity in
       tropical rainforest ascomycetes: lichenized versus non-lichenized; foliicolous versus
       corticolous/ J. G. Conran: Host plant association of some understorey foliicolous
       lichens in south eastern Queensland, Australia/ L. I. Ferraro: Checklist of foliicolous
       lichenized fungi from North Eastern Argentina (Corrientes and Misiones), with notes
       on adjacent areas of Paraguay and Brasil/ Etc.
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Search:  biofertilizer
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RAJARAO, V.N. (ED.): Perspectives in Phycology. International
Symposium on Phycology, organized as part of Prof. M.O.P.Iyengar
Centenary Cele- bration at University of Madras, Madras. 1990. illustr.
XVIII,484 p. Lex8vo. Cloth. (042867)

       The volume contains papers presented at the International Symposium on Phycology
       organised as part of Prof.M.O.P.Iyengar Centenary Celebrations . The celebrations
       were divided into 5 groups, namely: Classification of Algae/ Algae in freshwater
       ecosystem/ Marine Algae - their productivity and utilization/ Fossil diatoms and
       biostratigraphy/ Algal biofertilizers and terrestrial ecosystems. Over 100 top
       scientists in India and abroad contributed 75 articles, as such the work will be found
       of permanent value to postgraduate and research students.

AGARWAL, S. K.: Environmental Biotechnology. 1998. IX, 389 p.
(073603)

Chapter headings: Biotechnology: An Agenda for Development/ Natural resources/
Conventional fuels and their environmental impacts/ Modern fuels and their
environmental impacts/ Transgenic plants: Progress and Potence/ Transgenic
animals/ Biotechnology for pollution abatement/ Bioremediation/ Biomineralization/
Thuringiensis toxin as a natural pesticide/ Biological control of insects swarming
agricultural fields/ Biofertilizers/ Food biotechnology.
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WHITTEN, GREG: Herbal Harvest. Commercial Organic Production of
Quality Dried Herbs. 2nd ed. 1997. illus. X, 556 p. 4to.Paper bd.
(074908)

Contents (partly): A Brief Outline/ Making A Start/ Weed Management and Control/
Propagation and Planting/ Herb Growth Types/ Compost/ Irrigation/ Pests and
Diseases/ Biodynamic Aspects/ Harvesting/ Drying/ Processing/ Marketing and the
Economics of Herb Growing/ Spreading Herbs/ Expanding Clump Herbs/ Perennial
Grown Herbs/ Woody Perennials / Trees and Shrubs/ Annuals, Biennials and Short -
lived Perennials/ Wildcrafting and Weed Harvesting/ Information Charts /
Appendixes/ Bibliography/ Glossary/ General Index.
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The Seaweed Site
http://seaweed.ucg.ie/seaweed.html

European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries (EBHL)
http://www.ub.gu.se/Gb/ebhl/home.htm

Plant Talk
http://www.plant-talk.org
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BOTANICAL BOOKS  Subject : Botany: Electronic Media 
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FACCIOLA, STEPHEN: Cornucopia. A Source Book of Edible Plants.1994. 5
diskettes version. (058645)

(US$ 79.00)

System requirements: IBM PC or compatible with 386 or higher processor, DOS 3.0 or later,
MS-Windows 3.0 or later, 640K conventional and 4MB extended memoray, VGA or Greater
Graphics card, 13 MBV free hard disk space.-Shipped on 3 1/2" diskettes.- A reference and
source book of edible plants of the world. The electronic version uses the hypertext format
which creates links that take the reader from one piece of information to another related piece
of information. There are over 25000 of these links that cross-reference information,e,g,
visual indices, bibliographical citations, list of major crops,etc.

HORTICOPIA: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers. Edition II. CD-ROM. (075923)

(US$ 280.00) 

Features 8000 full-colour photographs of more than 3000 plants in all of North America. You
    can print comprehensive cultural reports of every plant. Search by approx. 60 attributes (e.g.
    colour, blooming time, height, etc.).- Minimum hardware configuration: 16 MB RAM,double
    speed CD-ROM drive, Windows 95, a Window compatible sound system, and a colour display
    capable of rendering 65536 colours at 640 by 480 resolution).
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BOTANICAL BOOKS  Subject : Medical, Poisonous,
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