Week 11 F08
From INLS 490
Week 11
Contents |
[edit] Week 11
- Notes
- Community Analysis due 11/17
- Guest speakers 11/24 - we may be switching readings
- Project presentations 12/1 - Return project proposals
- Reading
- Prompt ECAR Study - Just for reference and skimming.
[edit] Videos
- Does what happens in the Facebook stay in the Facebook?
- Google's Master Plan
- Google Search Privacy: Plain and Simple
[edit] ASIST Report
[edit] Digital Traces
See Lecture
[edit] Conceptions of Privacy
- Westin
- Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves, when how and to what extent information is communicated to others
- Privacy is the temporary withdrawal of of a person from general society through physical or psychological means, into a state of solitude or small-group intimacy, anonymity or reserve
- The individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process, balancing the desire for privacy with the desire for communication and disclosure.
(Westin, 1967, Page 7)
- Altman's conceptions of privacy
- Privacy as interpersonal boundary-control process
- Privacy is a dialectic process, involving restriction and seeking of interaction
- Privacy is an optimizing process, involving inputs and outputs (which are regulated)
- Individuals use mechanisms to adjust boundaries:
- Personal space - privacy around the body
- Verbal behavior - content and form of communication
(Altman, 1975, Pages 10-11)
[edit] Functions of Privacy
- Westin
- Personal autonomy - Freedom to keep one's secrets
- Emotional release - Freedom from the maintenance of roles
- Self-evaluation - The freedom to assess and integrate the individual's experiences
- Limited and Protected Communications - Maintenance of control over communication
(Westin, 1967, Pages 34-38)
- Gandy (Surveillance technologies)
- Identification - The state of being identified (a continuous dimension)
- Classification - The state of being ascribed group membership
- Assessment - Contrasting the individual to normative expectations
(Gandy, 1993, Pages 14-17)
- Solove (Digital Dossiers)
- Identity and Identification as a function of the digital dossier.
- Digital dossier comprised of information flows:
- Large computer databases of private-sector companies
- Government public records to businesses in the private sector.
- Private sector to government agencies and law enforcement
(Solove, 2004, Page 3)
- Goffman (Thinking about public places)
- Private places are soundproof regions where only members of invitees gather
- Physical boundaries
- Boundaries restrict communication, both environment and norms restrict boundary-crossing
- Accessible Engagements
- When individuals are copresent, able to learn about ongoing engagement and not be affected by the interaction
- Rival concepts: Social translucence (Erickson and Kellogg) Peripheral participation (Lave and Wenger)
[edit] Rights to privacy
- Solove (channeling Warren and Brandeis)
- Intrusions in privacy potentially injurious
- Particularly when amplified by modern distributions means
- Advocated tort remedies for invasion of privacy
- Mental pain and distress
- Injury to the feelings
(Solove, 2007, 108-110)
- Social/Cultural Approaches to Privacy
- Privacy as control over one's domain and social worlds (Bensman and Lillenfeld, 1979)
- Privacy as relations of power (Gandy, 1993)
- Privacy as negotiated relationships (Agre and Rotenberg, 1998)
[edit] Privacy and technology (HCI Perspectives)
[edit] Palen and Dourish (2003)
- Uses Altman - Privacy as a dialectic and dynamic boundary regulation process
- Our notions of privacy management are influences by real world constructs - this carries over to the mediated environment in strange ways.
- Salient privacy concerns
- Minimizing embarrassment
- Staying in control of one's time
- The protection of interpersonal privacy
- Privacy in virtual worlds
- Recordability - multiple audiences
- Intersection of places requiring different behavioral environments
- Existence understood through representation explicitly and implicitly under our control
- Privacy as a boundary regulation process
- Disclosure boundary - Privacy and publicity in tension
- Identity boundary - Display and maintenance of identity is another boundary
- Temporal Boundary - Managing information perceptions through temporal space
- Managing "boundary crossing"
- Challenges of maintaining multiple identities
- Multiple disclosures may lead to boundary crossings (inappropriate disclosures)
- How do we manage boundaries in modern HCI?
[edit] Dourish and Anderson (2006)
- Considering Privacy as a Social and Cultural Phenomenona
- Privacy as "economic rationality" neglects critical aspects of privacy as enacted in social practice
- Privacy models must be formulated in models of of the physical, social and cultural worlds
- Flows of information mark social boundaries (or boundaries in general)
- Design is more effective as collective information practice - where social action is sustained/reproduced through information practice.
- Economic models of privacy
- Risk/reward, Exchange value, rational actors (or even bounded rationality)
- Problematic as sole basis for design
- Rational actor assumptions fail to hold (examples?)
- Fails to conceptualize privacy as social practice
- Privacy as practical action
- Security is not an abstract feature, but a practical accomplishment of social actions
- Implies privacy/security a continual process
- Pervades everyday settings - extends beyond physical and technical boundaries
- Privacy and security as a discursive phenomenon
- Privacy as a process though which we shape our worlds
- Consider how we "fight back" against privacy controls to shape our computing experiences
- Privacy as a process though which we shape our worlds
- Risk and Danger
- Security exists in relation to risk
- Risks are perceptually and contextually defined
- Definitions of risk mask distinctions between acceptable/unacceptable behavior, etc.
- If privacy/security are constructed in relation to society, how can systems be reconfigured for the production of social and cultural values?
- Secrecy and Identity
- Secrecy exists in relation to group memberships/affiliation
- Secrecy is intimately connected with social boundaries
- Security (and its practices) are a social signifier.
- How can we design technologies that adapt these flexible models of secrecy and identity?
[edit] Negotiating the Boundaries of Privacy
[edit] Petronio (2003)
- Communications Privacy Management
- Private disclosures are dialectical
- People make choices about revealing or concealing information based on salient criteria
- Individuals believe they have a right to own and regulate access to their private information
- Information disclosure affects salient others
- Others are central to the tension between public and private
- Regulation of boundaries balances the public/privateness of individuals
- Regulation is fundamentally communicative
- Private disclosures are dialectical
- Rules of CPM
- To manage privacy boundaries, people exercise control by implementing privacy rule foundations that manage revealing and concealing personally and collectively
- Because private information is co-owned, people coordinate their collectively shared boundaries
- Boundary turbulence arises when coordinated management of boundaries fail
Exploring CPM in Facebook
[edit] Implications
[edit] Solove (2007)
- Privacy in an Overexposed World
- Can we expect privacy in the public sphere?
- How do expectations of privacy change while under constant surveillance?
- Privacy and information collection
- When our actions are exhaustively monitored, where do we lose our right to privacy?
- What type of information would contribute to this loss of privacy
- Privacy as Degrees, not absolutes
- How do we adapt business models (especially computationally intensive ones) to the challenges of privacy?
- Moving from the binary to the nuanced view (Facebook)
- Understanding information in semi-public contexts
- How do we reconcile intended and expected audiences?
- If individuals have a sense of privacy on the open net, should we respect it?
- Nissenbaum's Contextual Integrity (2004)
- Privacy expectations governed by social norms
- Inappropriate disclosures occur as semi-public information is contextually shifted
Refs:
- Solove, D. (2004). The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age. New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Gandy, O. (1993). The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Westin, A. (1967). Privacy and Freedom. New York, NY: Atheneum.
- Dourish, P. and Anderson, K. (2006). Collective Information Practice: Exploring Privacy and Security as Social and Cultural Phenomena. Human-Computer Interaction, 21(3), 319--342.
- Palen, L. and Dourish, P. (2003). Unpacking" privacy" for a networked world. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, New York, NY, USA, 2003 (pp. 129-136). ACM Press .
- Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
- Nissenbaum, H. (2004). Privacy as contextual integrity. Washington Law Review, 79(1), 119-158.
- Solove, D. J. (2007). The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor and Privacy on the Internet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Goffman, E. (1966). Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.
