Week 11 F08

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Week 11


Contents

[edit] Week 11

  • Notes
    • Community Analysis due 11/17
    • Guest speakers 11/24 - we may be switching readings
    • Project presentations 12/1 - Return project proposals
  • Reading
    • Prompt ECAR Study - Just for reference and skimming.

[edit] Videos

[edit] ASIST Report

[edit] Digital Traces

See Lecture

[edit] Conceptions of Privacy

  • Westin
    • Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves, when how and to what extent information is communicated to others
    • Privacy is the temporary withdrawal of of a person from general society through physical or psychological means, into a state of solitude or small-group intimacy, anonymity or reserve
    • The individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process, balancing the desire for privacy with the desire for communication and disclosure.

(Westin, 1967, Page 7)

  • Altman's conceptions of privacy
    • Privacy as interpersonal boundary-control process
    • Privacy is a dialectic process, involving restriction and seeking of interaction
    • Privacy is an optimizing process, involving inputs and outputs (which are regulated)
    • Individuals use mechanisms to adjust boundaries:
      • Personal space - privacy around the body
      • Verbal behavior - content and form of communication

(Altman, 1975, Pages 10-11)

[edit] Functions of Privacy

  • Westin
    • Personal autonomy - Freedom to keep one's secrets
    • Emotional release - Freedom from the maintenance of roles
    • Self-evaluation - The freedom to assess and integrate the individual's experiences
    • Limited and Protected Communications - Maintenance of control over communication

(Westin, 1967, Pages 34-38)

  • Gandy (Surveillance technologies)
    • Identification - The state of being identified (a continuous dimension)
    • Classification - The state of being ascribed group membership
    • Assessment - Contrasting the individual to normative expectations

(Gandy, 1993, Pages 14-17)

  • Solove (Digital Dossiers)
    • Identity and Identification as a function of the digital dossier.
    • Digital dossier comprised of information flows:
      • Large computer databases of private-sector companies
      • Government public records to businesses in the private sector.
      • Private sector to government agencies and law enforcement

(Solove, 2004, Page 3)

  • Goffman (Thinking about public places)
    • Private places are soundproof regions where only members of invitees gather
    • Physical boundaries
      • Boundaries restrict communication, both environment and norms restrict boundary-crossing
    • Accessible Engagements
      • When individuals are copresent, able to learn about ongoing engagement and not be affected by the interaction
      • Rival concepts: Social translucence (Erickson and Kellogg) Peripheral participation (Lave and Wenger)

[edit] Rights to privacy

  • Solove (channeling Warren and Brandeis)
    • Intrusions in privacy potentially injurious
    • Particularly when amplified by modern distributions means
    • Advocated tort remedies for invasion of privacy
      • Mental pain and distress
      • Injury to the feelings

(Solove, 2007, 108-110)

  • Social/Cultural Approaches to Privacy
    • Privacy as control over one's domain and social worlds (Bensman and Lillenfeld, 1979)
    • Privacy as relations of power (Gandy, 1993)
    • Privacy as negotiated relationships (Agre and Rotenberg, 1998)

[edit] Privacy and technology (HCI Perspectives)

[edit] Palen and Dourish (2003)

  • Uses Altman - Privacy as a dialectic and dynamic boundary regulation process
  • Our notions of privacy management are influences by real world constructs - this carries over to the mediated environment in strange ways.
  • Salient privacy concerns
    • Minimizing embarrassment
    • Staying in control of one's time
    • The protection of interpersonal privacy
  • Privacy in virtual worlds
    • Recordability - multiple audiences
    • Intersection of places requiring different behavioral environments
    • Existence understood through representation explicitly and implicitly under our control
  • Privacy as a boundary regulation process
    • Disclosure boundary - Privacy and publicity in tension
    • Identity boundary - Display and maintenance of identity is another boundary
    • Temporal Boundary - Managing information perceptions through temporal space
  • Managing "boundary crossing"
    • Challenges of maintaining multiple identities
    • Multiple disclosures may lead to boundary crossings (inappropriate disclosures)
    • How do we manage boundaries in modern HCI?

[edit] Dourish and Anderson (2006)

  • Considering Privacy as a Social and Cultural Phenomenona
    • Privacy as "economic rationality" neglects critical aspects of privacy as enacted in social practice
    • Privacy models must be formulated in models of of the physical, social and cultural worlds
    • Flows of information mark social boundaries (or boundaries in general)
    • Design is more effective as collective information practice - where social action is sustained/reproduced through information practice.
  • Economic models of privacy
    • Risk/reward, Exchange value, rational actors (or even bounded rationality)
    • Problematic as sole basis for design
      • Rational actor assumptions fail to hold (examples?)
      • Fails to conceptualize privacy as social practice
  • Privacy as practical action
    • Security is not an abstract feature, but a practical accomplishment of social actions
    • Implies privacy/security a continual process
    • Pervades everyday settings - extends beyond physical and technical boundaries
  • Privacy and security as a discursive phenomenon
    • Privacy as a process though which we shape our worlds
      • Consider how we "fight back" against privacy controls to shape our computing experiences
  • Risk and Danger
    • Security exists in relation to risk
    • Risks are perceptually and contextually defined
    • Definitions of risk mask distinctions between acceptable/unacceptable behavior, etc.
    • If privacy/security are constructed in relation to society, how can systems be reconfigured for the production of social and cultural values?
  • Secrecy and Identity
    • Secrecy exists in relation to group memberships/affiliation
    • Secrecy is intimately connected with social boundaries
    • Security (and its practices) are a social signifier.
    • How can we design technologies that adapt these flexible models of secrecy and identity?

[edit] Negotiating the Boundaries of Privacy

[edit] Petronio (2003)

  • Communications Privacy Management
    • Private disclosures are dialectical
      • People make choices about revealing or concealing information based on salient criteria
      • Individuals believe they have a right to own and regulate access to their private information
      • Information disclosure affects salient others
      • Others are central to the tension between public and private
      • Regulation of boundaries balances the public/privateness of individuals
      • Regulation is fundamentally communicative
  • Rules of CPM
    • To manage privacy boundaries, people exercise control by implementing privacy rule foundations that manage revealing and concealing personally and collectively
    • Because private information is co-owned, people coordinate their collectively shared boundaries
    • Boundary turbulence arises when coordinated management of boundaries fail

Exploring CPM in Facebook


[edit] Implications

[edit] Solove (2007)

  • Privacy in an Overexposed World
    • Can we expect privacy in the public sphere?
    • How do expectations of privacy change while under constant surveillance?
  • Privacy and information collection
    • When our actions are exhaustively monitored, where do we lose our right to privacy?
    • What type of information would contribute to this loss of privacy
  • Privacy as Degrees, not absolutes
    • How do we adapt business models (especially computationally intensive ones) to the challenges of privacy?
    • Moving from the binary to the nuanced view (Facebook)
  • Understanding information in semi-public contexts
    • How do we reconcile intended and expected audiences?
    • If individuals have a sense of privacy on the open net, should we respect it?
  • Nissenbaum's Contextual Integrity (2004)
    • Privacy expectations governed by social norms
    • Inappropriate disclosures occur as semi-public information is contextually shifted


Refs:

  • Solove, D. (2004). The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age. New York, NY: New York University Press.
  • Gandy, O. (1993). The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Westin, A. (1967). Privacy and Freedom. New York, NY: Atheneum.
  • Dourish, P. and Anderson, K. (2006). Collective Information Practice: Exploring Privacy and Security as Social and Cultural Phenomena. Human-Computer Interaction, 21(3), 319--342.
  • Palen, L. and Dourish, P. (2003). Unpacking" privacy" for a networked world. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, New York, NY, USA, 2003 (pp. 129-136). ACM Press .
  • Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Nissenbaum, H. (2004). Privacy as contextual integrity. Washington Law Review, 79(1), 119-158.
  • Solove, D. J. (2007). The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor and Privacy on the Internet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Goffman, E. (1966). Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.
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