The minuet step is the dance step performed in the dance minuet . It is composed of four plain straight steps or walks, and may be performed forwards, backward, sideways, or four different Ways, to which there are the like Number of Names annexed, to distinguish them from one another, arriving, not improperly speaking, from the Placing of the Marks upon them: For Example, a Movement, or Sink and Rise, being added to the first Step of the three belonging to the Minuet Step, produces a Bouree; and the like to the fourth and last a Half Coupee, which together compose what is commonly called the English Minuet Step. The second Method of its Performance is with a Bound; that is to say, instead of the Half Coupee or Movement to the lat Step made upon the Floor, as in the aforesaid, you bound instead thereof, which is the only Variation from the foregoing. The third Method is quite the Reverse, because, instead of the Bouree, the Half Coupee is made first and afterwards the Bouree, or as the French term it, One and a Fleuret, which is usually called the French Step. The fourth Way of performing this Step is, by adding another Movement to the third Step of the aforesaid Fleuret, or the fourth of the Minuet Step; and it will then be notwithstanding the fame Step, only of three Movements. As to the two first foregoing Steps, little shall be said concerning them, for the following Reasons: In the first Place, because they are now rarely, if ever, practiced amongst Persons of the first Rank, and seem to be, for the present, entirely laid aside; not as being ungraceful, or that the Dancer could not give Pleasure to the Beholders, or raise to himself a Reputation, in their Performance, but merely through Alteration of Fashion, which varies in this Respect, as in Dressing, &c. The Minuet Step is composed of four plain Steps, without chewing the Method of their Performance, or their Agreement with the Notes of the Tune, I shall now proceed to describe both of these, which are to be accomplished in the following Manner: The Weight of the Body being upon the left Foot in the first Position the right, which is at Liberty(r), begins the Minuet Step, by making the Half Coupee or first of the four Steps belonging to the Minuet, in a Movement or Sink and Stepping of the right Foot forwards, the gentle or easy Rising of which, either upon the Toe or Heel, marks what is called Time to the first Note of the three in the first of the two Measures, which is of triple Time or of three Notes to a Bar; the second Note is in the coming down of the Heel to the Floor, if the Rise was made upon the Toe, but if upon the Heel or flat Foot, in the tight Holding of the Knees before the Sink is made that prepares for the Fleuret or Bouree following, in which is counted the third and last Note of the Measure aforesaid; and the said Bouree or second Part of the Minuet Step, if I may so say, is made upon the second Measure of the Tune, as the Half Coupee was to the first, so that it is visible, from what has been said before, that one Minuet Step is of equal Value to two Measures or Bars of the Tune. The Sink or Beginning of the Movement, that prepares for the Fleuret or second Part of the Minuet Step, as it will be named from now on, being made, there only remains to rise from the Sink aforesaid in the stepping forwards of the left Foot(u) to the first. First Note of the second Measure, and first of the Fleuret or three last Steps of the four that compose the Minuet Step; the second Step of the said Bouree or Fleuret is made, swift forwards with the right Foot, to the same Note; and the third and last Step of the Bouree, (or second Part of the Minuet Step with the left Foot), is to the third and last Note of the fame Measure of the Tune, concluding the Minuet Step with the Weight upon the said Foot, as at first. It is to be noted, that it always begins with the right and ends with the left Foot; and it is performed faster or slower, according to the Tune that is played, which the Dancer is obliged to follow. Having described the foregoing Step forwards, I shall now proceed in it sideways to either Hand; and, in the first Place, to the right Side of the Room, or rather obliquely, that is to say, from the upper left Corner of the Room to the right lower facing to the upper right Corner of it, or rather in the Middle between directly sideways facing the upper End of the Room and, as said above, from Corner to Corner: For Example, instead of the left Side of the upper Corner and the right to the lower, the left Side or Shoulder points about the Middle of the upper left Corner and sideways directly cross the Room; which will be easily underftood by a fuppofed Line across the Room, for the right Shoulder confequently pointing the fame Way below the Line, instead of facing the right upper Corner, as before, is now to the Middle or Space between the said Corner and directly up the Room; which will likewise be comprehended, by supposing a right Line up the Floor, and the Face a little turn'd looking towards the left Shoulder, or, more properly speaking, upon the Gentleman or Lady with whom we dance; and the said Turn, or rather Complaisance gives a most agreeable Twist or Contrast to the Fashion of the Body in this Step, and not a little Beauty to that Part of the Minuet Dance upon which it falls† but of that more hereafter. Having Having described the Action or Posture of the Body in which this Step must be performed, if to Advantage, I shall proceed in explaining the Motion or Stepping of the Feet upon the aforesaid Tract or Line; which is sideways to the right Hand, instead of forwards, as in the foregoing, which is the principal Difference. However, as it may not in all Probability be so fully comprehended by what has been said in the foregoing Step, it may not be improper to take some farther Notice of it in this Place, viz. That it is to be taken from the first Position, that is to say, the Weight being upon the left Foot the right, which is at Liberty, commences by making a Sink and Step, open off from the left Foot, on which the Body rests, sideways to the right. The Rise of the Sink marks Time to the first of the three Notes; and the rest are the same, as when done forwards, the Half Coupee or first Part of the Minuet Step being made to the first Measure of the Tune, as aforesaid, ending in the fame Position upon the right Foot, with the left disengaged to perform the Bouree or second Part of the said Step sideways, in like Manner as in the foregoing forwards; which it does in making a Sink and Step to the right Hand sideways crossing behind the right on which the Body rests, the Rise of which is to the first Note of the second Measure. The right Foot then makes a plain open Step sideways to the same Hand, upon the second Note, leaving the left upon the Point, in the very Place the Body rested before, in Readiness to make the second Step, and is about the Distance of a Point in the March; upon which the third and last Step of the Bouree and Minuet Step is made to the third Note of the second Measure of the Tune, by drawing the left Foot, pointed as it is firm to the Floor into the fifth Position behind the right receiving The Body, and concludes in the first Position, as at first; and it may be continued, as long as the Dancer pleases. The third and last Method of performing this Step is as follows: Instead of obliquely, as in the last explained to the right Hand, it is here diametrically or sideways crossing the Room directly to the left Hand, facing, not as in the aforesaid, but instead thereof full either up or down the Room, as it shall happen. This step, in Performance, differs from the last described in this, that the right or beginning Foot, which before made the Half Coupee off to the right, now instead thereof makes a Sink and Step sideways to the left Hand, crossing behind the left Foot, which supports the Body, marking Time to the first Note of the fame Measure, and filling up the remaining second and third Notes, entirely the like as in the foregoing, except that, instead of the first Position as in them, it here ends in the third with the left Foot foremost or inclosed at Liberty to perform the Bouree, in the fame Manner to the left Side of the Room, as before to the right. The said Bouree or second Part of the Minuet Step begins, by making a Sink and open Step, off sideways from the right on which the Weight rests to the left Hand, the Rise or Receiving of the Body upon which marks Time to the first Note of the second Measure, and the right Foot makes the second Step of the Bouree to the second Note, in drawing it pointed crossing behind the left, from the Place where it supported the Weight, before the first Step of the Fleuret was made; and the third and last Step of the Bouree and fourth of the Minuet Step is made, by stepping the left Foot open off from the right, in like Manner as the commencing of the Fleuret, only without a Sink, ending in the first Position, as at the Beginning of the Step, upon the left Foot, which Step may be continued either diametrically or circularly, as Occasion offers. We are now arrived at the fourth and last of the before mentioned Steps, namely, that of three Movements or Bendings and Risings; which is also commonly called the New Step, from its being used now as much, or very little less than the last explained of two Movements only, and more especially when performed to the left Hand sideways before and behind, in that it composes a Part of the Minuet Dance, as now practised, of which I shall have Occasion to speak more particularly hereafter. In the Interim I shall proceed in describing the present Minuet Step of three Movements, which, as I have already said, is only the Addition of a Movement or a Sink and Rife more to the last Step of the Bouree or second Part of the of the Minuet Step; yet it will require a farther Explanation, by Reason that it differs very much from the last explained, in its Agreement with the Notes of the Tune; for, tho' that may properly be divided into two Parts or Divisions through the Half Coupee, in that it, together with the Sink which prepares for the succeeding Bouree, answers to the first Measure of the Tune, and the Fleuret or second Part of the Minuet Step to the second, and consequently is of equal Value, tho' no more than a single Step, with the other three remaining, it is not the like here, because the four Steps that compose the Minuet Step are partly of an equal Space or Distance one from the other, as in counting of one, two, three, four, and cannot so justly be divided into two Parts as the foregoing, which notwithstanding is but one Minuet Step, as I have said before, separated for the more familiar and easy comprehending thereof; which said Advantage we must lose in this Step, it being so intirely of a Piece that a Division here would be as unnatural, as the aforesaid is natural, as will appear by the Description I am about to give of it, which in the first Place shall be forwards; and it is to be performed in this Manner. For Example, the Weight of the Body being upon the left Foot in the first Position, the right disengaged and free begins, as aforesaid, in making a Sink and Step forwards directly up the Room . The Rising or Receiving the Weight upon the Toe or Instep marks the Time to the first Note of the three belonging to the first Measure; the second is in the Fall of the Heel (s) and Sink which prepares for the second Step of the four belonging to the Minuet Step, which is made by stepping of the left Foot forwards, in the fame Manner as the first; and the Rising or Receiving of the Body upon the Instep is to the third and last Note of the first Measure. The third Step of the said four is made with the right Foot stepping a plain straight Step forwards upon the Toe to the first Note of the three in the second Measure; the second is in the coming down of the Heel of the said right Foot and Sink that prepares for the fourth and last Step which is with the left Foot, in stepping forwards from the Sink aforesaid; and the Rising or Receiving of the Weight upon the Toe is to the third Note of the second Measure of the Tune, concluding in the fame Position from whence it begun, in Order for a Continuance, which may be either more or less, according to the Largeness or Smallness of the Room in which the Dance is performed. The two other Ways in which this Step is performed are diametrically or sideways; the first of which is in the like Manner as the Minuet Step of two Movements, or One and a Fleuret, to the left Side of the Room, that is to say, the right Foot always crossing behind the left; but as I have already in that Step described the Method in which the Feet are to be stepped, it will be needless at present to say any more than to shew its Difference in counting to the Notes, from the former, which from what I have said appears to be very different from the Step now treated on, as I shall endeavour to demonstrate by the following Particulars. In the first Place, we are to suppose a Movement added to the last Step of the Bouree, or second Part of the Minuet Step, and the first Step with the right Foot to be made upon the Toe to the first Note; the second is in the coming down of the Heel and Sink upon the right Foot, which prepares for the second Step made with the left, as was explained in the aforesaid, the Rising or Receiving of the Weight upon which marks the third Note of the first Measure, leaving the right Foot, as in the aforesaid, upon the Point. The Drawing or Bringing of the right Foot pointed, as it crosses behind the left, is the third Step, and marks Time to the first Note of the second Measure; and the second Note is in the Sink upon the said right Foot, preparing for the fourth and last Step that is made, in rising and stepping sideways from the said Sink upon the left Foot, to the third Note, concluding in the first Position as at commencing. The next Way of performing this Step only differs from the foregoing, in that, instead of the right or beginning Foot's making the first Step behind, as in the last, it is here made before, from whence it is called before and behind; and this crossing or stepping of the Foot before renders the Step much more agreeable and fuller of Variety than the aforesaid, arising by Reason of the Twists and Turns the Body naturally gives and receives in the Performance thereof. But since this Step is much more used, in the Dancing of a Minuet, than the aforesaid, I shall endeavour to give as plain a Description of it as possible; in order to which I shall not only repeat the Stepping or Motion of the Feet, but also suppose, instead of two Bars or Measures to a Step in the Minuet, as in the aforesaid, only one Bar or Measure, which in Effect is the fame Thing; for what matters it, whether we count three twice over, or fix but once; or whether the half Time is beat to one, two, three, or to four, five, fix, which last Method, in my humble Opinion, I take to be much more familiar and easy to be comprehended than the other, in that there is not any Repetition of the first or second Measure; but, however that be, I am sure, it will afford a greater Variety, and possibly may inform some of what, perhaps, they were ignorant of before. But to proceed in the Description of the Step now treated on: For Instance, the Weight and Position, as aforesaid, facing either to the upper or lower End of the Room, it begins in making a Sink and Step sideways, with the right Foot crossing directly before the left to the fame Side of the Room, and producing a Twist or Turn of the Body towards the said Step which receives the Weight upon the Toe, marking Time to the first of the above-mentioned Notes. The second is in the coming down of the right Heel, in the third Position before the left and Sink for the succeeding Step, which is made by stepping the left Foot, open off sideways from the right on which the Body is, to the left Side of the Room ; the Rising or Receiving of the Body either upon the Toe or Heel marks the third Note, leaving the Toe of the right Foot upon the Point, in the fame Place the Body was before the second Step was made. In the Stepping of the left Foot last mentioned it is to be observed, that the Body is convey'd or rather, more properly speaking, makes a becoming Feint in the Air not much unlike that made in the Minuet Step of One, and a Fleuret to the right, only there the Bend or Sway the Body makes in the Air was to the right upon the Half Coupee, or first of the four Steps which compose the Minuet Step; but here it is upon the second to the left, and the Look or Turn of the Head, which in the former was to the left, is in this to the right: The Toe, I say, being left pointed, as aforesaid, makes the third Step in the Minuet, by being drawn pointed crossing behind the left Foot, and receives the Body in a Twist upon the fourth Note or half Time, as above. The fifth Note is in the Sink that prepares for the last Step of the four which compose the Step we now treat of, and is made in like Manner as the second Step with the left Foot to the third Note, in rising and stepping open off sideways from the Sink aforesaid upon the left Toe to the sixth and last Note, except that the right Toe is not left pointed as in the former, but ends in the first Position as at Beginning; and the last Method of counting the Notes or Time to the Step will bear, as well throughout all the Minuet Steps before described as the present. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1000224 ************************** This is a list of the first man/woman/animal/object etc., to do something or the first occurrence of an event. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 100107 ************************** Sir Thomas Albert Blamey GBE KCB CMG DSO ( 24 January 1884 – 27 May 1951 ) was a controversial Australia n General of World War II , and Australia's first Field Marshal . He commenced his soldiering as a 'citizen soldier', and served as a commander at Gallipoli . The pinnacle of his career was during World War Two , as Commander-in-Chief, Australian Military Forces , serving simultaneously in international command as Commander-in-Chief Allied Land Forces in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) under American General Douglas MacArthur . On 2 September 1945 , Blamey was with MacArthur on USS Missouri (BB-63) and signed the Japanese surrender document on behalf of Australia. He then flew to Morotai and personally accepted the surrender of the remaining Japanese in the South West Pacific. Opinions about Blamey are polarised. Many historians and contemporaries view him as an inspired general, whose energy, skill and political acumen built the Australian Army into the highly professional organisation it became. Others have judged him as a spiteful, immoral and ultimately cowardly man who was ready to sacrifice anyone in order to preserve or advance his own position. Blamey served in the 1st AIF in the First World War . In mid- 1914 Blamey had been in Britain on the staff of the Wessex Division . In November he sailed for Egypt, along with Harry Chauvel , to join the Australian contingent and became intelligence officer on the staff of the Australian 1st Division for the Battle of Gallipoli . During the landing at Anzac Cove , Blamey was sent to evaluate the need for reinforcements by Colonel M'Cay's 2nd Brigade on 400 Plateau . In July 1915 Blamey was promoted to lieutenant colonel and joined the staff of the newly forming Australian 2nd Division in Egypt. When the Australian forces moved to France in 1916 , Blamey returned to the 1st Division staff and was involved in the Battle of Pozières . Blamey briefly held battalion and brigade command posts in late 1916 and early 1917 but as an experienced staff officer was considered too valuable for a combat post. He was promoted to brigadier general on 1 June 1918 and became chief of corps staff of Lieutenant General Sir John Monash 's Australian Corps . He played a significant role in the success of Monash's corps in the final months of the war. Indeed, Monash rated him as one of the key factors in his Corps' success. In between the wars, Blamey was appointed as Commissioner of the Victoria Police , where scandal first found him. During a raid on a brothel , a friend of his was found to be in possession of Blamey's police identity card. As Police Commissioner he directed the 'political police squad' to break up Unemployed Workers Movement meetings at Sydney Road in working class Brunswick . Blamey's treatment of the unionists was typical of his hardline anti- communist beliefs and as such his relations with left-wing governments were tense. Along with many senior army and ex-army officers, he was a leading member of the clandestine far-right wing organisation League of National Security . The LNS was reportedly a response to the rise of communism in Australia, its members ready to seize arms from army depots to stop a communist revolution. Blamey travelled to the Middle-East with the Second AIF as its commander in chief. He notably insisted to the British commander in Egypt General Archibald Wavell that Australian forces remain together as cohesive units, no Australian forces were to be deployed or engaged without the prior consent of the Australian government, and that he (General Blamey) be the sole commander-in-chief of all Australian forces. Australian forces did indeed remain together for the Siege of Tobruk , the Balkans Campaign and the Syrian campaign (against the Vichy French ) until the Second AIF was withdrawn in 1942 . Some of Blamey's most controversial actions concern the period after the Japanese declared war, and United States General Douglas MacArthur retreated to Australia. MacArthur had a low opinion of Australian fighting men, and was highly criticial of their performance during the early battles in New Guinea . Blamey appeared to be keen not to antagonise MacArthur or publicly hold a dissenting view. For example, during a speech to 21st Brigade, 2nd AIF in 1942 , he accused the men in it of being "rabbits who run" . This accusation of cowardice against the men who had turned back the Japanese on the Kokoda Trail was received by them with intense bitterness, and was widely seen as reflecting his own inability to stand up to MacArthur. His treatment of senior officers was also controversial. Biographers of many of Blamey's WWII contemporaries, including Generals Lavarack, Rowell, Allen and Morshead , as well as Brigadier Potts , have all claimed that their subjects were dealt with unfairly, and in some cases atrociously, by Blamey - in ways ranging from holding rivals back from promotion, through to their dismissal from command appointments in order to cover up Blamey's own shortcomings. Blamey left the Army in 1946, and was promoted to Field Marshal on his death-bed. Blamey is honoured in Australia in various ways, not least by the square named in his honour around which is situated the Russell Offices headquarters of the Australian Defence Force and Department of Defence in the national capital, Canberra . A larger statue is in King's Domain, Melbourne . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1001558 GENERIC ( wiki:opinion wiki:polarise_PASS wiki:in_#South_West_Pacific ) GENERIC ( wiki:acumen#political wiki:build wiki:Australian_Armyas_#general#inspired ) GENERIC ( wiki:battalion_and_brigade_command_posts wiki:consider#too_PASS wiki:valuable#for_#combat_post ) GENERIC ( wiki:member wiki:seize wiki:arm ) GENERIC ( wiki:force#Australian wiki:remain#together wiki:as_#unit#cohesive ) GENERIC ( wiki:Blamey wiki:honour_PASS wiki:in_#Australia#in_#way#various ) ************************** In the fictional Gundam universe, the ' Tivvay class' seems to be an update to the older Chivvay class heavy cruiser s. These ships are designed around MS transportation and combat. These vessles are lightly armed when compared to other Zeon ship classes, sporting only two beam turrets and a handful of missile launchers. They were designed with speed as its main feature (mainly due to its new type of engine) in order to use hit and run tactics. The class also had a large mobile suit capacity, between eight and ten mobile suits, a number that the Earth Federation would not have until they commissioned their Alexandria-class heavy cruisers. The only known Tivvay class cruiser is the Graf Zepplin, which appeared in Gundam 0080. This vessel served as a flagship for Captain Von Helsing (no relation to the vampire hunter) and his small Zeon taskforce, who were dispatched to launch a diversionary attack on Side 6 to allow the Cyclops team entry. Later, this vessle and two Musai class ships were used to ferry nuclear arms to Side 6. Graf Zepplin and her two Musai-class escorts were intercepted by a Federation patrol in the vicininty of Side 6 and surrendered to the Federation in late December UC 0079. The fate of the Graf Zepplin past this point is not known. The name Graf Zepplin may be in reference to the World War II German aircraft carrier Graf Zepplin, however that has not been confirmed. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1003253 GENERIC ( wiki:musausclass_escorts wiki:intercept_PASS wiki:by_#patrol#Federation#in_#vicininty#of_#Side_6 ) ************************** Thomson is a lunar crater that is located within the Mare Ingenii on the far side of the Moon. Just to the northeast is the unusual merged crater formation of Van de Graaff. On the northwest rim of the mare is O'Day crater, and to the south-southwest is Obruchev crater on the southern shore of Mare Ingenii. In the past the crater was flooded by lava, leaving only the outer rim intact. There are gaps in the eastern and western rims, leaving two "half-moon" mountainous formations facing each other across the relatively flat floor. There is a similar lava-flooded crater remnant attached to the southern rim of Thomson. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Thomson crater. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1003548 GENERIC ( wiki:feature wiki:identify_PASS wiki:on_#lunar_maps ) ************************** Saint-Pierre-du-Mont is a commune of the Calvados département , in the Basse-Normandie région , in France. Its postal code is 14450. The INSEE code is 14652. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1004957 ************************** Avanhandava is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Its latitude is 21.45/21°27'39 S and 49.95/49°56'59 W. The population in 2004 is 9,268 and the area is 341.36 km² The elevation is 428 m. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1005641 ************************** In Hinduism , Bharadwaja was one of the great sages( rishi ) who lived in ancient India. Regarding his early life it is said that the Marudwaja gods found him abandoned as a baby. Looking at the plight of the baby and the radiance which shone from his face, they adopted the him. Young Bharadwaja was characterized by an insatiable desire to learn. He spent all his time on understanding the Vedas . The Marudwaja gods taught him all they knew about the Vedas but Bharadwaja wanted to learn more. So he was asked to meditate upon Indra . It is said that Bharadwaja performed rigourous penance for years, his body became weak and after sometime he found it impossible to even sit. The Marut gods were filled with pity for Bharadwaja. One day as Bharadwaja fell down meditating, Indra appeared. Bharadwaja was filled with joy. Indra the king of gods asked Bharadwaja on what he would do if he was given a longer life. To this Bharadwaja replied that he would still meditate and learn more about the Vedas. Indra told Bharadwaja that this was his third life and he had already worn out himself in the previous two lifes understanding the Vedas . Indra then materialized three mountains, and took three handfuls of soil from the mountains and showed it to Bharadwaja. He said, the three Vedas are like the three mountains, what you have learnt is equivalent of these three handfuls, but that does not mean it is small, you have already gained more knowlegde than the gods. Indra told Bharadwaja that Vedic knowledge is endless, and just as gaining knowledge is important, spreading it among the people is also very important. From that day onwards, Bharadwaja decided that spreading the Vedic knowledge among people, freeing the society from poverty, disease and war as his life's objectives. He travelled far and wide and took many virtuous kings as his disciples. Prominent among them being Abhayavarti and Divodasa . He helped the virtuous kings in times of peril, using his supreme knowledge and the help of the gods. With the help of Bharadwaja, a long period of peace was achieved, where people prospered both in the physical sense and the spiritual sense. Bharadwaja was also the adopted son of the king Bharata . Though he could have taken over the vast kingdom of Bharata (the son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala ), the great sage Bharadwaja had no interest in worldly affairs. With his advice, Bharata carried out a yagna through which he got a son and so the line which had great warriors before and after that was continued. Bharadwaja married Susheela and had a son called Garga , who was well versed in the Vedas and the Upanishads . It is said that when Bharadwaja's time in this world came to an end, The celestial gods showered flowers on the couple and Indra came on his divine chariot, offered his respect to this great personality and took them to heaven. Bharadwaja is one of the seven rishis of this manvantara . A number of yuga s make a manvantara, and each manvantara has a set of seven rishis who help in preserving and propogating knowledge in that manvantara. For the present manvantara called the vaivasvata manvantara , Bharadwaja is one of the seven rishis. The other six being Atri , Jamadagni , Vishwamitra , Vasishta , Gauthama and Kashyapa . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 100568 GENERIC ( wiki:people wiki:prosper wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:line wiki:have wiki:warrior#great ) GENERIC ( wiki:god#celestial wiki:shower wiki:flower ) ************************** Athalite is claimed to be a proprietary material used in the tips of the ColdHeat solder ing tool. The name is derived from "Accelerated THermal Action". The manufacturer of the soldering tools claims a trademark on the name Athalite. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1007258 ************************** Oriental Small-clawed Otters, ( aka Asian Small-Clawed Otters) are the smallest otters in the world. They feed on mollusks, crabs and other small aquatic animals. These otters are found in mangrove swamps and in freshwater wetlands. Oriental Small-clawed Otters are found in Indonesia, Southern China, Southern India, the Philippines and Southeast Asia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1007641 GENERIC ( wiki:otter#aka_Asian_Small wiki:be wiki:otter ) GENERIC ( wiki:otter wiki:find_PASS wiki:in_#swamp#mangrove ) GENERIC ( wiki:Oriental_Smallotter wiki:find_PASS wiki:in_#Indonesia ) ************************** The European Investment Fund , established in 1994 , is a European Union agency for the provision of finance to SME s (small and medium-sized enterprises). It does not lend money to SMEs directly; rather it provides finance through private banks. Its main operations are in the areas of venture capital and guaranteeing loans. Its shareholder s are: the European Investment Bank (59.15%); the European Communities , represented by the European Commission (30.00%); and 34 privately-owned EU financial institutions (10.85%). ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 10086 GENERIC ( wiki:operation#main wiki:be wiki:in_#area#of_#venture_capital_and_guaranteeing_loans ) ************************** Bricolage– from the French-language verb bricoler, meaning "to tinker" or "to fiddle" – is that language's equivalent of the English phrase " do-it-yourself". Bricolage is also often contrasted to engineering: building by trial and error rather than based on theory. A person who engages in bricolage is a bricoleur. A bricoleur is a person who creates things from scratch, is creative and resourceful: a person who collects information and things and then puts them together in a way that they were not originally designed to do. In art, bricolage is a technique where works are constructed from various materials available or on hand, and is seen as a characteristic of postmodern works. These materials may be mass-produced or "junk". See also: Merz, polystylism, collage. In biology the biologist François Jacob uses the term bricolage to describe the apparently cobbled-together character of much biological structure, and views it as a consequence of the evolution ary history of the organism. (Molino 2000, p.169) In cultural studies bricolage is used to mean the processes by which people acquire objects from across social divisions to create new cultural identities. In particular, it is a feature of subcultures such as, for example, the punk movement. Here, objects that possess one meaning (or no meaning) in the dominant culture are acquired and given a new, often subversive meaning. For example, the safety pin became a form of decoration in punk culture. The term was coined by French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss. In information systems, bricolage is used by Claudio Ciborra to describe the way in which Strategic Information Systems(SIS) can be built in order to maintain successful competitive advantage over a longer period of time than standard SIS. By valuing tinkering and allowing SIS to evolve from the bottom-up, rather than implementing it from the top-down, the firm will end up with something that is deeply rooted in the organisational culture that is specific to that firm and is much less easily imitated. In information technology, Bricolage is an open-source content management system. http://www.bricolage.cc ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1008869 GENERIC ( wiki:person wiki:create wiki:thing ) GENERIC ( wiki:person wiki:collect wiki:information_and_things ) GENERIC ( wiki:techniqueworkwork wiki:construct_PASS wiki:from_#material#various_#on_#hand ) GENERIC ( wiki:people wiki:acquire wiki:object ) GENERIC ( wiki:object wiki:possess wiki:meaning ) ************************** Austext is a teletext service used in Australia, carried by the Seven Network nationwide. It carries content such as news, finance, weather, lottery results and a TV guide. The service is only available on television sets with the Teletext feature. The austext service has recently been upgraded, with channel seven using newer technology to try to improve the service. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1009719 GENERIC ( wiki:service wiki:be#only wiki:available#on_#television_sets#with_#feature#Teletext ) ************************** MISTIC(Minimum Intelligent Signal Test Item Corpus) was an artificial intelligence project started in May 1996 by Canadian Chris McKinstry. The project attempted to collect a body of statements in English that could be consistently classified as either true or false by a random sample of university educated, English speaking adults. It was the predecessor of the Mindpixel AI project which uses a similar approach. Original 1996 posting about MISTIC ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1010893 ************************** The Ebony Tower( 1974) by John Fowles consists of 5 short novels with interlacing themes, built around a medieval myth: The Ebony Tower, Eliduc, Poor Koko, The Enigma and The Cloud. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1011810 ************************** New York City Serenade is the seventh and last song off The Wild, the Innocent and the E-Street Shuffle , the second album from Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band . It makes less coherent sense than the earlier songs. The first verse concerns "Billy" and " Diamond Jackie," who are "gonna boogaloo down Broadway and come back home with the loot." The second verse is about a " fish lady" who "baits them tenement walls" and "won't take corner boys" because they "ain't got no money ." The singer invites her come with him "down Broadway" and "shake away your street life/shake away your city life," and "hook up to the train ;" she, however, "won't take the train" because "she's afraid them tracks are gonna slow her down/and when she turns, this boy'll be gone." The third verse is a plea directed towards the " jazz man" who is asked to "play me your serenade" and advised to "save your notes, don't spend 'em on the blues boy/Save your notes, don't spend 'em on the darlin' yearlin' sharp boy." "Billy he's down by the railroad tracks" ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 101195 GENERIC ( wiki:track#afraid wiki:gonna wiki:slow#down_#and_"#Broadway_"#down_#/ ) ************************** Darlene Zschech is an Australian Charismatic/ Pentecostal worship leader and singer-songwriter who mainly writes praise songs. Darlene is the worship pastor of Hillsong Church, in Sydney, Australia(an Assemblies of God church), taking over from Geoff Bullock. As worship pastor, she oversees the Worship & Creative Arts Department at Hillsong Church at the Hills and City congregations. Darlene leads worship most weeks for the Hillsong Television programme (the official website says that the programme reaches 125 countries around the globe). Hillsong made global headlines when their 2004 live CD release, For All You've Done reached number one in the Australian secular music charts. Darlene was a child star of an Australian television series titled Happy Go 'Round . She was traumatised at 13 when her parents divorced and a custody battle ensued. At 14, Darlene suffered from bulimia. A year later, as a young adult, she sang jingles for a number of international companies including McDonald's, KFC and Diet Coke. Currently, she and husband Mark Zschech have three daughters, Amy, Chloe, and Zoe Jewel. Darlene's best known song is Shout to the Lord, sung by an estimated 25–30 million churchgoers every week . Darlene says that she actually composed the praise anthem (based on Psalm96) at the time that she was feeling discouraged. "I felt I could either scream and pull my hair out — or praise God" she said. This song is the title track for the first live album co-produced with Integrity Music featuring Darlene as a prominent female worship leader. Shout to the Lord was nominated as 'Album of the year' for the 1997 Dove Awards and 'Song of the Year' for the 1998 Dove Awards. It has been recorded on over 20 different albums. In 2000, Darlene received a Dove Award nomination for 'Songwriter of the year'. In 2003, Darlene released her debut solo album entitled Kiss of Heaven. This was followed by her 2005 album, Change Your World. In addition to writing songs, Zschech has written two books: Extravagant Worship(2001) and The Kiss of Heaven(2003). Darlene and her husband are executive directors of Mercy Ministries, a part of the Hillsong church which runs a program to helping teenage girls struggling with pregnancy, drugs, abuse and eating disorders. Mercy Ministries are associated with the Gloria Jean's coffee chain and through the Hillsong Church, with the Family First party in Australia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1012997 GENERIC ( wiki:hillsong wiki:make wiki:headline#global_CD_release ) GENERIC ( wiki:A_year_later wiki:sing wiki:jingleMcDonald_'s ) GENERIC ( wiki:husband wiki:be wiki:director#executive ) GENERIC ( wiki:nomination#Dove_Award wiki:help wiki:girl#teenage ) GENERIC ( wiki:girl#teenage wiki:struggle wiki:with_#pregnancy_,_drugs_,_abuse_and_eating_disorders ) GENERIC ( wiki:Mercy_Ministries wiki:associate_PASS wiki:with_#Gloria_Jean# ) ************************** The Component Manager was one of many approaches to sharing code that originated on the pre- PowerPC Macintosh. It was originally introduced as part of QuickTime, which remained the part of Mac OS that used it most heavily. A component was a piece of code that provided various functions that may be invoked by clients. Each function was identified by a signed 16-bit integer ID code. Non-positive codes were reserved for predefined functions that should be understood by all components--open/close a component instance, query whether a function was supported, etc. The meanings of positive function codes depended on the type of component. A component instance was created by opening a component. This called the component's open function to allocate and initialize any necessary storage for the instance. Closing the instance got rid of this storage and invalidated all references to that instance. Components and component instances were referenced by 32-bit values that were not pointers. Instead, they were interpreted as keys into internal Component Manager tables. These references were generated in such a way that, once they became invalid, those values were unlikely to become valid again for a long time. This minimized the chance of obscure bugs due to dangling references. Components were identified by OSType codes giving their type, subtype and " manufacturer". For instance, a component type might be "raster image compressor", subtypes of which might exist for JPEG, H.261, Sorenson, and Intel Indeo, among others. It was possible to have multiple components registered with exactly the same identification codes, giving alternative implementations of the same algorithm for example using hardware versus software, trading off speed versus quality, or other criteria. It was possible for the applications to query the existence of such alternatives and make explicit choices between them, or let the system choose a default. Among the options available, a component could delegate parts of its functions to another component as a form of subclassing for code reuse. It was also possible for one component to capture another, which meant that all accesses to the captured component had to go through the capturing one. Mac OS accumulated a great variety of component types: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1013331 GENERIC ( wiki:noncode wiki:reserve_PASS wiki:for_#function#predefined ) GENERIC ( wiki:Components_and_component_instances wiki:reference_PASS wiki:by_#32_-_bit_values ) GENERIC ( wiki:component wiki:delegate wiki:part ) GENERIC ( wiki:all_accesses wiki:go wiki: ) ************************** The Cannes Film Festival ( French : le Festival international du film de Cannes or simply le Festival de Cannes ) is the world's most prestigious film festival , first held from September 20 to October 5 , 1946 in the resort town of Cannes , in the south of France . Since then, it has been held annually in May with a few exceptions. Given massive media exposure, the non-public Festival is attended by many movie stars and is a popular venue for movie producers to launch their new films and attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe. The most prestigious award given out at Cannes is the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) for the best film; this is sometimes shared by multiple films in one year. The jury of the festival, made of a small international selection of movie professionals, however grants other awards, include the "grand prize" (the second most prestigious award). simple:Cannes Film Festival ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 101460 ************************** The following is a list of named passenger trains and some summary information about them. The trains are sorted alphabetically. See also: Famous trains Due to this list's size, it has been split into sub-articles. Please reference the appropriate page below, based on the first character of the train's name. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1014610 ************************** A degenerative disease is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits. Degenerative diseases are the opposite of infectious diseases. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1015016 GENERIC ( wiki:disease#Degenerative wiki:be wiki:opposite ) ************************** Nightwolf is a character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game series. Nightwolf was the first Native American character to feature in Mortal Kombat and was introduced in Mortal Kombat 3 . Although introduced as a historian and a shaman, he does not live in the past. He is a proud and fierce warrior dedicated to the cause of good, and is in contact with Raiden through visions. As such, he draws both on internal and external spiritual energy to enhance his strength in combat. Although his patch of tribal land provided a vital shelter territory for the Earthrealm warriors at the time of Shao Kahn's invasion, it seems Nightwolf prefers solitary work to companionship. In Mortal Kombat: Deception , Nightwolf uses the fighting styles vale tudo and tae kwon do. His weapons of choice are the tomahawks. He is thought of as a mid-tier character. Nightwolf had been warned of the coming invasion of Earthrealm by a vision from Raiden. As such, he was one of the only new chosen warriors who was fully aware of what was happening when the invasion came and Kahn sent his extermination squads to kill the humans that had survived the mass soul stripping. Soon after the other seven surviving chosen warriors joined Nightwolf in his tribal territories that were magically protected from Kahn's evil. Together they then travelled back to the Eastcoast, prepared for battle against the emperor and his minions, and won. Nightwolf made his return during the events of Mortal Kombat: Deception . In the events leading to Deception, Nightwolf viewed images of the Dragon King and his ressurection in his dreams. While they may have been simple nightmares, Nightwolf constantly had these horrific nightmares and knew that these dreams were not simply dreams that simply came and went. He knew that a new evil threat was about to arise from the ashes, and considering what happened to Reptile in that incubatior, his predictions came true. The only method that Nightwolf would use in order to destroy Onaga was that of a method that was passed down to him by his forefathers. This method was that of a "Sin Eater" in which involved absorbing the sins of his tribe. However there was a terrible consequence on taking upon such a role. If he were to do this, he would be a danger to all that surround him, even to his allies. Nightwolf decided that he'd do this alone, so that none of his allies would get hurt. His role as a Sin Eater was apart of his plan as he would enter the Netherealm and from there would he trap the Dragon King and release the sins of those he had absorbed so long ago. Nightwolf appears in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation as the one who teaches Liu Kang how to use his animal essence. Other than striking Liu Kang unconscious, he never really fights, though he is shown transforming back from his wolf form (introduced in Mortal Kombat 3 and implied by his name). He is played by Litefoot. Like many characters in that movie, his appearance is brief and fairly pointless. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1016247 GENERIC ( wiki:nightwolf wiki:view wiki:image ) ************************** John Codrington Warwick Bampfylde or Bampfield( August 27 1754- 1796/7) was an English poet. He came from a prominent Devon family, his father being Sir Richard Warwick Bampfylde, of Poltimore, and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He led a dissipated life in London, and presumably suffered from some mental illness towards the end of it. His only published work was Sixteen Sonnets(1778), which attracted the attention of Robert Southey. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1016973 ************************** Rödön Court District, or Rödöns tingslag, was a district of Jemtia in Sweden. The provinces in Norrland were never divided into hundreds and instead the court district ( tingslag ) served as the basic division of rural areas. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1017472 GENERIC ( wiki:court_districttingslag wiki:serve wiki:as_#division#basic#of_#area#rural ) ************************** The pacific island nation Nauru (NRU) competed at the Summer Olympic Games first in the 1996 games in Atlanta. The country has made repeat appearances in Sydney in 2000 and in Athens in 2004. The nation is mainly known for its weightlifting tradition and all seven athletes that have competed for Nauru at the Olympics have been weightlifters. Nauru earns a distinction for being the smallest nation in the 2002 member International Olympic Committee. The country has approximately 12,800 citizens on 21 km² and is the only country in the world not to have a capital. Under the leadership of the Hon. Vinson Detenamo, the Olympic movement began in Nauru in the early 1990s. The Olympic Committee was established in 1991 and talks with the International Olympic Committee started the same year. In May 1994 Nauru presented its bid to join the IOC and in September2004 the nation was accepted, clearing the path for participation in the 1996 games. 1996 was not the first time that Nauru athletes participated in the Olympics. Samuel Karokikki competed for Mexico in the 1968 games in the 400 meters and the long jump. After his sensational win in the 1990 Commonwealth Games, weightlifter Marcus Stephen petitioned for citizenship in Samoa to compete in the 1992 games. Stephen again competed at the Olympics in 1996 and 2000, now for his native country. He placed 11th in the 62 kg category in 2000. Paul Coffa is the weightlifting coach of the Oceania Weightlifting Federation and has been Nauru's Olympic coach since 1994. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1018000 GENERIC ( wiki:country wiki:make_PASS wiki:repeat_appearances ) GENERIC ( wiki:talk wiki:start wiki:year#same ) ************************** Prison Bound is an album released by Social Distortion. It was released in 1988. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1019263 ************************** Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets(1781) was a work by Samuel Johnson, comprising short biographies of about 50 poets, most of whom were alive in the eighteenth century. It is arranged, approximately, by date of death. The poets included were: Abraham Cowley- Sir John Denham- John Milton- Samuel Butler (Hudibras)- John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester- Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon- Thomas Otway- Edmund Waller- John Pomfret- Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset- George Stepney- John Philips- William Walsh- John Dryden- Edmund Smith- Richard Duke- William King- Thomas Sprat- Charles Montague, Earl of Halifax- Thomas Parnell- Samuel Garth- Nicholas Rowe- Joseph Addison- John Hughes- John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham- Matthew Prior- William Congreve- Sir Richard Blackmore- Elijah Fenton- John Gay- George Granville, Lord Lansdown- Thomas Yalden- Thomas Tickell- James Hammond- William Somervile- Richard Savage- Jonathan Swift- William Broome- Alexander Pope- Christopher Pitt- James Thomson- Isaac Watts- Ambrose Philips- Gilbert West- William Collins- John Dyer- William Shenstone- Edward Young- David Mallet- Mark Akenside- Thomas Gray- George Lord Lyttelton ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1020080 GENERIC ( wiki:life wiki:be wiki:work ) ************************** Kennedy Range is a national park in Western Australia ( Australia ), 820 km north of Perth . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 102139 ************************** Eugene Volokh(born February 29, 1968) is a American legal commentator and law professor at the UCLA School of Law(located on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles). He publishes the widely-read weblog" The Volokh Conspiracy" and is commonly cited in the American media. Volokh was born in the city of Kiev in Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. He emigrated with his family to the United States at age seven. At age 12, he began working as a computer programmer; three years later, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Math and Computer Science from UCLA. In 1992, Volokh received a Juris Doctor degree from UCLA. He was a law clerk for Judge Alex Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and later for Justice Sandra Day O'Connor of the U.S. Supreme Court. Volokh holds a libertarian political ideology. He is a well-recognized expert on First Amendment law, as well as copyright law. He also advocates a broad reading of the Second Amendment rights. He advocates campus speech rights, religious freedom, and opposes affirmative action, having worked as a legal advisor to California's Proposition 209 campaign. His most prominent writings include 2003's "Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope," published in the Harvard Law Review , as well as a textbook on First Amendment law. On his weblog, he addresses a wide variety of issues, with a focus on politics and law. He has criticized judicial citations of Wikipedia, arguing that information found on Wikipedia may be unreliable. Volokh's works have been published in The Wall Street Journal , Los Angeles Times , The New York Times , Slate , and other publications. His mother, Anne Volokh, is the founder of Movieline magazine. Since May 2005 he's been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1021407 ************************** This is about Airport Express of MTR. For other uses, see Airport Express. The Airport Express ( Traditional Chinese: 機場快綫; Jyutping: Gei1 Coeng4 Faai3 Sin3; pinyin: Jīcháng Kuàixìan) is one of the seven lines of the MTR in Hong Kong. It runs from Hong Kong station in Central and Western district, through West Kowloon and the southwestern New Territories, where it ends at Airport station, located at Hong Kong International Airport. With the opening of Sunny Bay station on the adjacent in June 2005, the complete journey now takes 24 minutes, instead of 23 at the beginning of the line's operation. The line is indicated in the colour teal . Unlike all other MTR lines, the Airport Express is not primarily a commuter line. Instead, it provides express service for passengers using the Hong Kong International Airport, therefore Airport Express is not part of the MTR fare system, and the fare to use is much higher than any other MTR lines. The line runs mostly beside (sometimes directly on) the tracks of Tung Chung Line, but have its own tracks and platforms at stations, as well as diverting itself towards the Airport at the outskirts of Tung Chung town. Currently, it is possible to check-in for flights and receive boarding passes for flights in Hong Kong and Kowloon stations. In October1989, the Hong Kong government decided to replace the over-crowded Kai Tak International Airport, located in Kowloon, with a new airport to be constructed at Chek Lap Kok. The government also invited the MTR, then called the MTRC, to build a train line to the airport called the Lantau Airport Railway. The project did not begin until the Chinese government and the British government settled financial and land disagreements in November 1994. The Lantau Airport Railway turned into two MTR lines, the Tung Chung Line as well as the Airport Express. The Airport Express opened service on 6 July 1998, along with the new Hong Kong International Airport. The Airport Express features a more comfortable environment. There is a baggage hold beside each door, the seats are even better than First Class cabin of KCR East Rail and each seat is equipped with a mini computer showing current news, flight schedules, position of train and announcements. The Airport Express has a more spacious environment and more passenger-friendly trains and stations. This is a list of all the stations on the Airport Express. <nowiki>#</nowiki> Under construction ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1021568 GENERIC ( wiki:passgovernment#Hong_Kong wiki:decide wiki: ) ************************** Chitinozoa(English singular: chitinozoan, plural: chitinozoans) are a group of flask-shaped marine microfossil s (50-2000 micrometres) which appear dark or almost opaque when viewed using a light microscope. They are used as stratigraphic markers in biostratigraphy from uppermost Cambrian through Ordovician and Silurian to Devonian. Alfred Eisenack was the first to give a detailed description of chitinozoa in 1931. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1022685 GENERIC ( wiki:chitinozoan wiki:be wiki:group ) ************************** Zuma is a rock album by Neil Young and Crazy Horse released in 1975. It was named after the Zuma Beach in Malibu. Zuma was the first album released after the famed 'Doomsday Trio', comprising the albums Time Fades Away, Tonight's The Night, and On The Beach. It has an overall more upbeat atmosphere, with a combination of country-tinged rock acoustics and lumbering hard-rock pieces similar in style to songs on Young's second album, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere. The late Danny Whitten was now replaced by Frank Sampedro. Album's definite standout track is the second to last song Cortez The Killer. Similar historical theme was later to appear in Pocahontas on album Rust Never Sleeps . Zuma also contains softer Through My Sails recorded with Crosby, Stills & Nash. There is also a computer game by PopCap Games called Zuma. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1024224 ************************** Huey Pierce Long ( August 30 , 1893 – September 10 , 1935 ), known as " The Kingfish ," was an American politician of the Democratic Party ; he was governor of Louisiana ( 1928 – 1932 ), Senator ( 1932 – 1935 ) and a presidential hopeful before his assassination . He was a populist whose controversial governing style brought allegations of dictator ial tendencies quite unprecedented in modern American politics. Long was born in Winnfield , Louisiana , the eighth of nine children. He attended several local schools before leaving in 1910 and becoming a salesman. He then attended the University of Oklahoma and Tulane University Law School , but never passed the bar exam . However, he practiced law in Shreveport and specialised in compensation suits. He was elected chairman of the Louisiana Railroad Commission in 1918 . That body was renamed the Public Service Commission in 1921 . In the 1920s he was one of the early adopters of radio for political campaigning and also took to always wearing a white linen suit in public. He ran for governor of Louisiana in 1924 but failed, although he was re-elected to the Public Service Commission. However, in 1928 he ran again for Louisiana governor , campaigning under the slogan of "every man a king, but no one wears a crown." Long's attacks on the utilities industries and the privileges of corporations were popular and he won the election by the largest margin in the state's history (92,941 votes to 3,733). Long took the nickname "Kingfish" after a character on the popular Amos & Andy radio program . As a politician, Long was highly unusual in the respect that he made frequent disparaging remarks about the rich as a class; though some say he lived as if he were among them. Huey Long constantly depicted the wealthy as parasites that grabbed more than their fair share of the public wealth while marginalizing the poor. In public and in private, these remarks annoyed the rich and their defenders greatly and, some say, may have contributed to his assassination. Without doubt, Long's caustic remarks about the wealthy endeared him to Louisiana's poor, many of whom felt greatly oppressed by their rich landlords, employers, and moneylenders. Long introduced several major reforms once in office, including free textbooks and free night courses for adult learning, increased expenditures on the state university , and a program to build a school within walking distance of every child in the state. Once in office Long also financed a wide-ranging program of public works ; over 12,000 miles of road were paved and over 100 bridges were built, as well as a new airport in New Orleans , and a medical school at Louisiana State University (LSU). The programs were financed by increased tax es on the rich and on big business; the new roads were paid for with a tax on gasoline. Long was so determined to have his way that, bypassing the state legislature , he put considerable effort into ensuring that his own people controlled every level of the state political system, thereby paving the way for levels of graft that were high even by the standards of Louisiana politics. His efforts in Louisiana were the subject of an IRS investigation; he had increased annual state government expenditure three-fold and the state debt over ten-fold. In 1929 , he was impeached on charges of bribery and gross misconduct, but the state senate failed to convict him by a narrow margin of two votes. It was often alleged that Long had concentrated power to the point where he had become a dictator of sorts; this was unprecedented. In 1930 he was elected to the United States Senate . He went to Washington in 1932 after having ensured that Alvin Olin King was elected to replace him as governor. Long continued to be in effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator. Though he had no constitutional authority to do so, he continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana legislature, which remained controlled by his supporters. He was vigorous in his efforts to try to counter the excesses of the Great Depression . By 1934 he began a reorganization of the state that all but abolished local government and gave himself the power to appoint all state employees. He was a vocal supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1932 election, but when Long was not offered a federal post, he turned against Roosevelt. In 1933 he was part of the three week Senate filibuster against the Glass-Steagall Act . In another famous filibuster on June 12 – June 13 , 1935 , Long made the longest speech of his Senate career. The speech took 15½ hours and comprised 150,000 words. In 1934 he created the Share Our Wealth program, proposing heavy new taxes on the super-rich. Though he was a Democrat , President Roosevelt considered Long a demagogue and privately said of him that "he was one of the… most dangerous men in America." Long positioned himself to run against Roosevelt in the 1936 elections, announcing his bid in August 1935 . One month later, he was dead. On September 8 , 1935 , Huey Long was apparently shot once by Carl Weiss in the Capitol building at Baton Rouge . Weiss was immediately shot dead by Long's bodyguard s. The walls of the capitol hallway are still nicked from the bullets fired in the shootout. Weiss was the son-in-law of Judge Benjamin Pavy , a long-time political opponent of Long. Long died two days later from internal bleeding following an incompetent attempt to close the wounds by Dr. Arthur Vidrine . Some say that Huey should have recovered from the wounds, and that his doctors killed him. According to his sister, Lucille Long Hunt, his last words were: "Don't let me die, I have got so much to do." Persistent rumors allege that Weiss actually had no gun and only struck Long with his hand, and Long was accidentally shot by his own guards when they opened fire on Weiss . These rumors are supported by several witnesses and the fact that Long had a bruised lip when he went in for surgery. Other theories hold that Long's assassination was arranged to prevent him from winning the presidency in 1936, either from within the Democratic Party or as a third party candidate backed by the Share Our Wealth organization. It was widely understood that Long's populist progressive policies had earned him many powerful enemies who would not have wanted him to become president . Two months prior to his death, in July 1935, Long had claimed that he had uncovered a plot to assassinate him . Huey's brother, Earl Long , was elected governor of Louisiana on three occasions. Huey Long's wife, Rose McConnell Long , was appointed to replace him in the Senate, and his son Russell B. Long was elected to the Senate in 1948, serving from 1949 until his retirement in 1987. Long's first autobiography, Every Man a King was published in 1933 . His second book, My First Days in the White House , was published posthumously. It emphatically laid out his presidential ambitions for the election of 1936 . The character of Buzz Windrip who in Sinclair Lewis 's 1935 novel It Can't Happen Here becomes U.S. President ("The Chief") on a strongly populist platform that quickly turns into home-grown American fascism was speculated to have been based on either Long or Gerald B. Winrod . The 1946 book All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren , charting the corruption of a politician, Willie Stark, is clearly based on Long. The book was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1949, and a 2005 remake is also set to be released. by T. (Thomas) Harry Williams won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . Huey P. Long was also the subject of an early documentary film by Ken Burns , who went on to direct epic documentaries about jazz , baseball , and the American Civil War . Long's career is the subject of the biographical song "Kingfish" by Randy Newman on his 1974 album, . The album also features a cover of Long's campaign song, " Every Man a King ", which Long himself co-wrote; Long is also said to have helped compose the LSU marching band pregame song. Disney comic strip artist and creator of the Huey, Dewey and Louie ducklings, Al Taliaferro , named Huey after Huey Long. Huey P. Newton , founder of the Black Panther Party and also born in Lousiana, was named by his father after Huey Long. ( 1977 ) and ( 1995 ) are two made-for-TV docu-drama s about Long. In the Timeline-191 series' American Empire subtrilogy, parallels are drawn between Confederate President Jake Featherston 's populist, dictatorial style of rule and Huey Long's governorship of Lousiana. Long is ultimately assassinated on orders from Featherston when he refuses to side with the Confederate ruling party. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 102446 GENERIC ( wiki:remark wiki:live wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:people#own wiki:control_PASS wiki:levelsystem ) GENERIC ( wiki:bill wiki:control_PASS wiki:by_#supporter ) GENERIC ( wiki:rumor#Persistent wiki:allege wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Long#policy wiki:earn_PASS wiki:enemy#many_powerful ) GENERIC ( wiki:Long#policy wiki:uncover wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:manking wiki:publish_PASS wiki:in_#1933 ) GENERIC ( wiki:parallel wiki:draw_PASS wiki:between_#President_Jake_Featherston#Confederate#for_#TV_docu ) ************************** The Shrine of Remembrance, located in St Kilda Road, Melbourne, is one of the largest war memorials in Australia. It was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who served in World War I, but soon came to be seen as Australia's major memorial to all the 60,000 Australians who died in that war. It now serves as a memorial for all Australians who served in war and it is the site of annual observances of ANZAC Day( 25 April) and Remembrance Day( 11 November). Proposals for a war memorial in Melbourne were put forward as soon as the war ended in November 1918. In 1920 the Victorian state government appointed an advisory committee, which recommended an "arch of victory" over St Kilda Rd, the major boulevard leading out of the city of Melbourne to the south, and one of the city's busiest thoroughfares. In August 1921 an executive committee was formed, with the former commander of the Australian forces in the war, General Sir John Monash, as its driving force. The committee soon abandoned the idea of an arch and proposed a large monumental memorial to the east of St Kilda Road, a position which would make it clearly visible from the centre of the city. A competition was held for a design, which was won by two Melbourne architects (and war veterans), Phillip Hudson and James Wardrop. The design of the proposed Shrine was based on the ancient Tomb of Mausolus(the Mausoleum) at Halicarnassus, one of the Wonders of the World. It featured a massive pyramid-shaped structure, with classical porticos at the head of wide flights of steps on the northern and southern sides. The chosen building stone was granodiorite quarrried from Tynong. This design was fiercely criticised in the press, especially by Keith Murdoch's Herald, on the grounds of its grandiosity, its severity of design and its expense. Murdoch called the Shrine "a tomb of gloom." Some Christian churches also attacked the design as pagan for having no cross or other Christian element. Monash, who was Jewish, was blamed in some quarters for this, although in fact he had not promoted the Hudson-Wardrop design. In the face of this criticism, the Victorian government abandoned the project in 1926, and proposed instead to build a cenotaph in a large "ANZAC Square" at the top of Bourke St in front of Parliament House. This, however, would have involved demolishing the Windsor Hotel, one of Melbourne's oldest and grandest. Monash then struck back, turning the 1927 ANZAC Day march, in which he led 30,000 veterans through the streets of Melbourne, into a demonstration in favour of the St Kilda Rd Shrine, gaining the support of the influential Age and Argus newspapers and the powerful Returned and Services League. Faced with this support, the state government changed its mind again. The foundation stone was laid on 11 November, 1927, by the Governor of Victoria, Lord Somers. Although both the Victorian and Commonwealth governments made contributions, most of the cost of the Shrine was raised by public contributions, with Monash as chief fundraiser. Monash, who had been a civil engineer before 1914, took personal charge of the construction, which began in July 1928. He opposed suggestions that an " unknown soldier" should be buried at the Shrine, on the grounds that this should be done at a national war memorial in the new Australian capital, Canberra. He also rejected suggestions for statues of individual war leaders, including himself. Monash composed the inscription which appears on the western wall of the Shrine: This inscription again aroused criticism for having no Christian element, or religious element at all. In fact it was modelled closely on the memorial inscriptions of Ancient Greece, and reflected Monash's classical education rather than his Jewishness. Monash died in 1931 before the Shrine was finished, but its completion was a tribute to his determination. There is a large equestrian statue of Monash in the parklands which surround the Shrine, although there are no memorials to individuals at the Shrine itself. The inscription on the eastern wall, not written by Monash, reads: The onset of the Great Depression at the end of 1929 slowed construction work on the Shrine. But from 1930 onwards the Depression actually assisted the Shrine's progress, because large numbers of unemployed men were hired at sustenance wages to work on the project as a form of unemployment relief. Many of these were war veterans who welcomed the chance to help finish the Shrine. Work was finally completed in September 1934, and the Shrine was formally dedicated on 11 November 1934 by the Duke of Gloucester, witnessed by a crowd of 300,000, believed to be the largest ever in Melbourne. After World War II it was felt necessary to add to the Shrine an element commemorating the Australian war dead of the second great conflict. The result was the World War II Forecourt, a wide expense of stone in front of the Shrine's north face; the Eternal Flame, a permanent gas flame set just to the west of the north face; and the World War II Memorial, a 12.5 m high cenotaph a little further west. The Forecourt replaced a reflecting pool that had been emptied during World War II and was not subsequently refilled. These enlargements were dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 February 1954. Australia's involvements in later wars, such as the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, the Vietnam War and the Gulf War, are commemorated by inscriptions. In 1951 the body of Sir Thomas Blamey was held for three days for public viewing followed by a State funeral on site. This was the only time, and contrary to any accepted uses, that the building has been used other than as war memorial. During the Vietnam War the Shrine became a centre of conflict when anti-war demonstrators protested during ANZAC Day services against Australia's involvement in the war. In 1971 the Shrine was defaced when the word PEACE was painted in large white letters on the pillars of the north portico. Despite vigorous cleaning, the porous nature of the stone used in the Shrine's construction meant that the slogan remained faintly visible for over 20 years. In 1985 the Remembrance Garden was added beneath the western face of the Shrine to honour those who served during post-WWII conflicts. The garden features a pool, waterfall and granite wall bearing the names of the conflicts in which Australia participated, such as Kuwait( Gulf War) and East Timor. For the past 70 years the Shrine has been the centre of war commemoration in Melbourne. Although Remembrance Day ( 11 November) is the official day for commemorating the war dead, it has gradually been eclipsed in the public estimation by ANZAC Day ( 25 April), which unlike Remembrance Day is a specifically Australian (and New Zealand) day of commemoration. Every ANZAC Day the Shrine is the site of a dawn service which draws large crowds, and the ANZAC Day march of veterans later in the day concludes in the Shrine's forecourt. Inside the Shrine is the Sanctuary, which contains the Stone of Remembrance. This is a marble stone sunk below the pavement, where visitors must bow their heads to read the inscription: The Stone is aligned with an aperture in the roof of the Sanctuary so that a ray of sunlight falls on the word LOVE on the Stone of Remembrance at exactly 11am on 11 November, marking the hour and day of the Armistice which ended World War I. Unfortunately the introduction of daylight saving in Victoria meant that the ray of sunlight was no longer in the right place at 11am. A mirror has now been installed in the roof to direct sunlight onto the Stone at 11am. During the rest of the year, a light is used to simulate the effect. Around the Sanctuary walls is a frieze of 12 carved panels depicting the armed services at work and in action during World War I. The Sanctuary is surrounded by a narrow walkway called the Ambulatory. Along the Ambulatory are 42 bronze caskets containing hand-written, illuminated Books of Remembrance with the names of every Victorian who enlisted for active service with the Australian Imperial Force(AIF) or Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force in World War I or died in camp prior to embarkation. These books are opened to a different page every day. Beneath the Sanctuary is the Crypt containing a statue of a father and son, representing the two generations who went to war together. Around the walls are panels listing every unit of the AIF, down to battalion and regiment, along with the colours of their shoulder patch. The Crypt is hung with the standards of various battalions and regiments, listing their battle honours. The Shrine is set in a large expanse of parkland officially called the King's Domain. Over the years many other war memorials have been built in this area, including the Australian-Hellenic Memorial to Australian and Greek dead in the Battles of Greece and Crete in 1941, and statues of Monash and Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey, Australia's military commander during World War II. Most of the trees which line the approaches to the Shrine bear plaques commemorating individual Army units, naval vessels or Air Force squadrons, placed there by veterans' groups. An older memorial to Victorians killed in the Boer War of 1899- 1902 is also nearby, as well as a monument commemorating Edward George Honey, an Australian journalist who introduced the idea of remembering The Armistice of World War I, which later resulted in the creation of Remembrance Day after his idea was implemented by King George V of the United Kingdom. At the northeast corner of the Shrine is the Gallipoli Memorial, a small statue of "The Man with the Donkey". Officially the statue represents the "valour and compassion of the Australian soldier" but it is modelled on Private John Simpson Kirkpatrick and the dates on the memorial, April 25 to May 19, represent the period in which Simpson survived at Gallipoli. Nearby is a Turkish Pine grown from a seed of the original Lone Pine at Gallipoli. By the 1990s the increasing number of visitors to the Shrine led to the construction of a new Visitor Centre and museum inside the Shrine, which was opened in August 2003. The Centre incorporates an auditorium, administration facilities and public conveniences. It offers improved facilities for visitors, including the many school parties which visit the Shrine every day, provides improved access for the elderly and the disabled, and means that the external steps and northern doors need only be used for ceremonial purposes. Access from the Visitor Centre now leads directly into the Crypt up a short flight of stairs. On display in the Visitor Centre is the Victoria Cross won by Captain Robert Grieve during the Battle of Messines, 1917. As memories of the specific battles of World War I (apart from Gallipoli) have faded in Australia, few people remain aware of the "battle honours" disks, 16 stone discs set in the Shrine's balustrade. These discs are the battle honours granted by King George V and commemorate Australia's contributions to the following battles: Landing at Anzac, (that is, Gallipoli), Sari Bair, Rumani, Gaza-Beersheba, the North Sea, the Cocos Islands, Megiddo, Damascus, Villers Bretonneux, Amiens, Mont St Quentin, the Hindenburg Line, Ypres, Messines, Pozieres and Bullecourt. The Shrine is managed by a Board of Trustees, appointed by the Victorian Government. The board is responsible for the care, management, maintenance and preservation of the building and development of the Shrine. The Shrine's security has been considerably improved in recent years. A group of Victoria Police guards keep watch over the Shrine at all times. During the hours the Shrine is open to the public or in use for any ceremony, they wear a uniform representing an Australian Light Horseman of World War I with Victoria Police Force insignia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1024510 GENERIC ( wiki:proposal wiki:put#forward_PASS wiki:as_#war ) GENERIC ( wiki:Commonwealth_governments wiki:make wiki:contribution ) GENERIC ( wiki:war_veterans wiki:welcome wiki:chance ) GENERIC ( wiki:centrewar_demonstrators wiki:protest wiki:during_#service#ANZAC_Day#against_#Australia##in_#war ) GENERIC ( wiki:centrewar_demonstratorsslogan wiki:remain#faintly wiki:visible ) GENERIC ( wiki:visitor wiki:bow wiki:head ) GENERIC ( wiki:panel wiki:list wiki:unit ) GENERIC ( wiki:crypt wiki:hang_PASS wiki:with_#standard#of_#battalions_and_regiments#various ) GENERIC ( wiki:facility wiki:improve_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:door#northern wiki:need#only wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:people#few wiki:remain#only wiki:aware#of_#battle_honours#"#"_#disk ) GENERIC ( wiki:shrine wiki:be wiki:open#for_#care_,_management_,_maintenance_and_preservation#of_#building_and_development#of_#shrine#_#public#in_#use#for_#ceremony ) ************************** Martin Paul Bicknell(born 14 January 1969 in Guildford, Surrey) is an English cricket er. He played only four Test matches, but the last two, against South Africa in 2003, came ten years after the first two in the 1993 Ashes series. Bicknell was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 2001. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1026322 ************************** __NOTOC__ The Adcox Student Prince was a two-seat open-cockpit biplane designed by Basil Smith and built by the students of the Adcox Aviation Trade School in 1929. It was based on the one-off Adcox Special, and the first example flew on September 17. As of 2004, a single example remains registered in the United States. Adcox Special Comparable aircraft: Designation sequence: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1026739 ************************** A retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income, or pension, during retirement, when they are no longer earning a steady income from employment. Retirement plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, the government or other institutions such as employer associations or trade unions. Retirement plans are more commonly known as pension schemes in the UK and Ireland and superannuation plans in Australia. Retirement plans may be classified as defined benefit or defined contribution according to how the benefits are determined. A defined benefit plan guarantees a certain payout at retirement, according to a fixed formula which usually depends on the member's salary and the number of years' membership in the plan. A defined contribution plan will provide a payout at retirement that is dependent upon the amount of money contributed and the performance of the investment vehicles utilized. Some types of retirement plans, such as cash balance plans, combine features of both defined benefit and defined contribution schemes. Traditionally, retirement plans have been administered by institutions which exist specifically for that purpose, by large businesses, or, for government workers, by the government itself. A traditional form of defined benefit plan is the final salary plan, under which the pension paid is equal to the number of years worked, multiplied by the member's salary at retirement, multiplied by a factor known as the accrual rate. Defined benefit plans may also be of the type where, typically, each year the plan administrator will contribute an amount equal to a certain percentage of each participant's salary; a second contribution, called , is made as well. The final accrued amount is available as a monthly pension or a lump sum. In addition, many countries offer state-sponsored retirement benefits, beyond those provided by employers, which are funded by payroll or other taxes. In the U.S., this is one role of Social Security. Defined benefit plans may be either funded or unfunded. In a funded plan, contributions from the employer, and sometimes also from plan members, are invested in a fund towards meeting the benefits. The future returns on the investments, and the future benefits to be paid, are not known in advance, so there is no guarantee that a given level of contributions will be enough to meet the benefits. Typically, the contributions to be paid are regularly reviewed in a valuation of the plan's assets and liabilities, carried out by an actuary. In many countries, such as the USA, the UK and Australia, most private defined benefit plans are funded, because governments there provide tax incentives to funded plans. In an unfunded plan, no funds are set aside. The benefits to be paid are met immediately by contributions to the plan. Most government run retirement plans, such as the social security system in the USA and most European countries, are unfunded, with benefits being paid directly out of current taxes and social security contributions. In some countries, such as Germany, Austria and Sweden, company run retirement plans are often unfunded. In a defined contribution plan, contributions are paid into an individual account for each member. The contributions are invested, for example in the stock market, and the returns on the investment (which may be positive or negative) are credited to the individual's account. On retirement, the member's account is used to provide retirement benefits, often through the purchase of an annuity which provides a regular income. Defined contribution plans have become more widespread all over the world in recent years, and are now the dominant form of plan in the private sector in many countries. For example, the number of DB plans in the US has been steadily declining, as more and more employers see the large pension contributions as a large expense that they can avoid by disbanding the plan and instead offering a defined contribution plan. Examples of defined contribution plans in the USA include Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and 401(k) plans. In such plans, the employee is responsible, to one degree or another, for selecting the types of investments toward which the funds in the retirement plan are allocated. This may range from choosing one of a small number of pre-determined mutual funds to selecting individual stocks or other securities. Most self-directed retirement plans are characterized by certain tax advantage s, and some provide for a portion of the employee's contributions to be matched by the employer. In exchange, the funds in such plans may not be withdrawn by the investor prior to reaching a certain age--typically the year the employee reaches 59.5 years old--(with a small number of exceptions) without incurring a substantial penalty. Money contributed can either be from employee salary deferral or from employer contributions or matching. Defined contribution plans are subject to IRS limits on how much can be contributed, known as the section 415 limit. The total deferral amount including the employee and employer contribution is the lesser of $40,000 or 100% of compensation. The employee only amount is $13,000 for 2004 with a $3,000 catch up. These amounts increase in 2005 (to $14,000 and $4,000) and 2006 (to $15,000 and $5,000). Advocates of defined contribution plans point out that each employee has the ability to tailor the investment portfolio to his or her individual needs and financial situation, including the choice of how much to contribute, if anything at all. However, others state that these apparent advantages could also hinder some workers who might not possess the financial savvy to choose the correct investment vehicles or have the discipline to voluntarily contribute money to retirement accounts. This debate parallels the discussion currently going on in the U.S., where many Republican leaders favor transforming the Social Security system, at least in part, to a self-directed investment plan. Another difference is that a defined contribution plan's assets remain with the employee, even if he or she transfers to a new job or decides to retire early, whereas in many countries defined benefit pension benefits are typically lost if the worker fails to serve the requisite number of years with the same company. Self-directed accounts from one employer may usually be 'rolled-over' to another employer's account or converted from one type of account to another in these cases. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1028018 GENERIC ( wiki:Retirement_plans wiki:set#up_PASS wiki:by_#employer ) GENERIC ( wiki:Retirement_plans wiki:be#commonly wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Retirement_plans wiki:classify_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:retirement_plans wiki:administer_PASS wiki:by_#institution ) GENERIC ( wiki:feature wiki:be wiki:equal#_#number#of_#year ) GENERIC ( wiki:benefit_plans#Defined wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:benefit_plans wiki:fund#enough_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:tax_incentives wiki:meet#immediately_PASS wiki:by_#contribution#_#plan ) GENERIC ( wiki:company wiki:run wiki:retirement_planswith_#benefit ) GENERIC ( wiki:contribution wiki:pay_PASS wiki:into_#account#individual#for_#member ) GENERIC ( wiki:contribution_plans wiki:become_PASS wiki:widespread#_#individual##over_#world#in_#year#recent ) GENERIC ( wiki:plan#401(k)employee wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:retirement_plans wiki:characterize_PASS wiki:by_#tax_advantage#certain ) GENERIC ( wiki:contribution_plans wiki:be wiki:subject#_#limit#IRS ) GENERIC ( wiki:wherea wiki:define#typically wiki:benefit_pension_benefits ) ************************** Mount Peechee is the third highest peak of the Fairholme Range in Banff National Park. Mt. Peechee is located immediately southeast of Mount Girouard in the Bow River valley south of Lake Minnewanka. The mountain was named in 1884 by George Dawson after an Indian guide who escorted George Simpson through the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1028801 ************************** Cynodon dactylon(syn. Panicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon), also known as Bermuda Grass, Dog's Tooth Grass, Bahama Grass, Devil's Grass, Couch Grass, Indian Doab, Grama, and Scutch Grass, is a grass native to north Africa and southern Europe. The name "Bermuda Grass" derives from its abundance as an invasive species on Bermuda; it does not occur naturally there. The blades are a gray-green color and are short, usually 3-10 cm (1 to 4 inches) long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow 1-40 cm (4 to 16 inches) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in color. The seed heads are produced in a cluster of 3-5 spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike 3-7 cm (1-3 inch) long. It has a deep root system, and in drought situations the root system can grow 120-150 cm (47 to 59 inches) deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 cm (24 inches) under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground and root wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. Bermuda grass reproduces through seeds, through runners and rhizomes. Germination begins at temperatures above 18°C, with optimum growth between 24° to 27°C; in winter the grass becomes dormant and turns brown. Bermuda Grass is highly aggressive, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitable growing areas. This sometimes gives the grass the name of devil grass by gardeners. The grass is fast growing and tough making it popular and useful for sporting fields, as damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its heat and drought tolerance enable it to survive where few other grasses do. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with medium textured cultivars growing in warm climates all over the world between about 45° south and 45° north latitude that get more than 410 mm (16 inches) of rainfall a year. In the United States it can be grown from Maryland south to Florida, west to California. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1029981 GENERIC ( wiki:grass_reproduces#Bermudagermination wiki:begin wiki:cat_#temperature#above_#° ) GENERIC ( wiki:field wiki:recover#quickly wiki: ) ************************** The Montreal Royals were a AAA farm club for the Brooklyn Dodgers during the years 1939-1960. The team holds a unique place in baseball history as being the first major-league affiliate to break the so-called " colour barrier". On October 23, 1945, Branch Rickey, Brooklyn Dodgers manager and owner, signed Jackie Robinson, an American of African descent. Robinson played with the Royals during the 1946 season. During that season, Robinson faced racist resistance of his coach and teammates to his entrance, but soon won them over with his masterful playing, beginning with spectacular play in the opening game, and courage facing against hostile crowds and opponents. As for his home city, he was welcomed immediately by the public who followed his performance in that season with intense adoration. For rest of his life, Robinson was grateful how they made Montreal a welcome oasis in that difficult season where he knew he was appreciated. Robinson then left to play for the Dodgers the following year, but not before winning the Minor League World series and being chased by exultant fans right to the train as he left. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1031262 ************************** Lu Yuegang(盧躍剛), a 46-year-old Sichuan native in China, is a journalist and a writer of non-fiction. He has been a reporter of China Youth Daily for ten years. He was promoted to be the deputy director and later the principal reporter of the news centre in China Youth Daily. Meanwhile, he also serves as the Chairman of the China Association for the Study of Nonfiction. Throughout years, he has won several prizes for his reportages. Lu Yuegang's reportages are based on the social problems in China. His colleagues always describe him as a "Lively Tiger" due to his ever-glowing spirit of news tracing and verification, and also his passion of disclosing the TRUTH. Lu's goal is to witness and record the change and the reality of the Chinese history in an objective and precise way through writing reportages. He always uses Social Sciences theories and skills to maintain a closed observation and discussion on the problems in the Chinese society, including Literature, Sociology, History, Laws and Economics. The social group which Lu concerns the most is the weak and the poor. It is because they are at the lowest social status. They receive the least concerns from the society. Their rights are often neglected and deprived. Lu's writing style is a kind of realistic literature. His words often reveal the dark side of the society. They resonate the suppressed groups and arouse the awareness of the general public. was granted the "Chinese Tide" Reportage Award in 1988("中國潮" 報告文學頭獎) was granted the "Chinese Author" Outstnding Reportage Prize in 1990-1992 (優秀報告文學頭獎) Chinese Reportage Association 1st year Reportage Prize (中國報告文學學會 首屆中國報告文學獎) "Era Tide" Nationwide Reportage Extraordinary Prize in 1993 (<<時代潮>> 全國紀實文學特等獎) was granted "the Contemporary Era" Outstanding Reportage Award in 1993 (<<當代>>優秀報告文學獎) "the Contemporary Era" Outstanding Reportage Award in 1988-1966 (<<當代>>優秀報告文學獎) Lu is an investigative reporter. He writes watchdog reporting. He regards himself as a "hooligan journalist" as he goes mad when he comes across unfairness. He reports social injustice with serious investigation and thorough verification like in the case of "Wu Fong". In 1988, a poor female villager, Wu Fong, in Xianxi of China attempted to get divorced with her husband, Maoxing, in order to settle the dispute with him. After that, she ran away owing to her husband's strong disagreement. On 26th April, 1998, Wu Fong was cheated by some police officers and village heads and came back to the village where she tried hard to escape from. On that day, three women rushed in suddenly, knocked her down and took off her clothes. Her husband and brother-in-law then used sulphuric acid to attack her face, breasts and thighs in front of the villagers. Although her husband and brother-in-law were arrested and punished afterwards, it could not put out the fire of anger in Wu’s heart. She believed that the major criminals were still hiding in the dark! Therefore, she did not hesitate and went to appeal. The case remained a mystery until 4th July, 1996, when Wu first met Lu. After serious investigation, Lu claimed, “the Wu Fong's case is not over!” with a piece of powerful evidence. It revealed that some V.I.P. in the city of Hanyuen were playing behind the curtain. Those V.I.P. included Wong Long Yip, the son of the Deputy Mayor of Hanyuen. In August, Lu published an article, "The Strange Affair of the Destroyed Face", in China Youth Daily. Later, the Deputy Mayor sent a public letter to Lu’s newspaper. He claimed that Lu had violated the Libel Law. Since then, the “battle” between Lu and the privileged was started!!! The case had crossed the boundary of a simple court story. "It determines the future of news monitoring in China" said Professor Wong, Wai Kwok (王衛國) - a famous scholar of China University of Politics, "If the China Youth Daily loses, journalists will have to take serious risk whenever they want to reveal the dark side of the society or critise the priviliged afterwards." Lu tries his best to tell the "truth". He strongly believes that everyone can use their own way to make his or her voice heard. All of Lu's reports can provide room for the public to reflect and discuss. Lu has lighted up the direction towards the fact that being a journalist is fact-based. Here are two quotations from Lu regarding the fact and reality: 1) "When reporters face pressure during the process of investigation, only the fact can save their life but not power instead." 2) "Don't be afraid to report any news in China whenever you obtain the fact! However, you will be at risk when you lack reality which is your back-up." For even more details of the Wu Fong Case, please go to Wu Fong Case Website In the past, the red tape authority restricted news reporting and set many limitations to journalism in China. The press only served as an instrument for the Chinese leaders. Through decades, Lu has put much effort to improve the freedom of speech and press in China. Lu has also written about the plight of petitioners. He thought that the rise of complaints in Beijing was "because so many problems aren't solved at the local level." "The public are now more aware of their rights," he said, "but few find satisfaction in Beijing... In the end, the complaints will be sent back to the people whom the complaints were made against in the first place." He and some journalists are still trying hard to reveal the hidden and neglected problems and arouse the public awareness. This is a challenge and advancement comparing to the past. Furthermore, the work of Lu encourages more reporters to engage in this evolution. It also shows them that “FACT” is of the ultimate importance! In China, there is one common political philosophy, i.e. To guarantee the power, both guns and pens have to be controlled properly. This explains why the press has long acted as the tongue of the Government. It cannot even report according to its own opinion. However, with his courage and conscience, Lu steps up and fights against the fate. Thus, Lu writes a letter to Zhao Yong. A letter to Zhao Yong: China Youth Daily is one of the China's oldest and most progressive newspaper. On 24th of May, 2004, Zhao Yong, the Secretary of the Standing Committee of the Communist Youth League of China, who is also the direct political authority over the China Youth Daily, announced the new controls he tried to put over this newspaper in a meeting. In respond to this, in July 2004, Lu yuegang wrote an open letter(15000 Chinese words) to challenge Zhao. Through the open letter, Lu criticized Zhao's leadership for intimidating staff and disregarding the paper's tradition of idealism and teamwork. This letter has highlighted how the government manipulates the media in reality and the wrongdoings of the officials. This letter is a new and brave voice from Chinese journalists. It helps to accelerate the independent progress of Chinese press and the political reforms in China, inwardly by journalists who possess conscience and mission, outwardly by the support and protection of the open-minded communist officials. 'It is challenging to maintain a "high quality of consistency". It needs political sense, especially a high standard of professionalism.', he stated in the letter. The full translation of Lu Yuegang's Open Letter are in the following websites: The Lu Yuegang Letter or The Chinese version Lu has written many articles, novels, books and reportages. In fact, there is a close relationship between reportage and journalism."Reportage",which appeared in Chinese Litrature in early 1930s, is a combination of news report and litrature. It contains the features of both. It talks about people and their "true stories". It can illustrate the characters and feeling of people. It counts on accuracy, objectivity and promptness. Thus, writers usually have practical experience of the affairs so as to tell people the truth. In short, reportage can be described as the combination of both literature - by writing different stories and journalism - as all stories are about the truth and facts. It is a record of things in a detailed and objective way. Reference: To know more about reportage, please refer to the External Link 3 below. His vigilance and competence against injustice and priviledges have disclosed the dark side of the society and help to draw attention to the poor so as to bring fairness to them, like in the case of" Wu Fong". In addition, his open letter to Zhao Yong has drawn worldwide attention to the high-ranked officials putting pressure on Chinese press. Not only has it promoted the reforms of the control over the press in China, but it has also demonstrated a good example of conscience against the government's stance. Maybe it is a good start for Chinese press to really represent the public opinion instead of just 'transmit lies when it is under pressure from the senior and be the rubbish bin for the League central committee' according to Lu. Lu has also brought a new concept in ruling a country to the world. Lu's writing shows that the world should not have "law" only because "law" is a neutral thing that set by people. It can vary from different places, time, culture and people's desire. Therefore, Lu stresses that the society should have the "spirit of the law" instead of having "law" only. It means that moral principles should be involved. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1031993 GENERIC ( wiki:journalist wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:news wiki:go wiki:_#website#Wu_Fong_Case#In_#past ) ************************** Dr. John Ralston Saul, CC , Ph.D (born June 19 , 1947 ) is a Canadian author, essayist and philosopher . He is the husband of Canada's 26th Governor General Adrienne Clarkson , whose term ended on September 27 , 2005 . Therefore, he is a former Viceregal Consort of Canada . Born in Ottawa , Saul studied at McGill University in Montreal and at the University of London , where he earned his Ph.D in 1972 . After working for Petro-Canada , he turned his attention to writing. His first works were novels, including The Birds of Prey , Baraka , The Next Best Thing , The Paradise Eater , and De si bons Américains . He is best known now, however, for his philosophical essays. These began with a philosophical trilogy made up of the bestseller Voltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West ; the polemic philosophical dictionary The Doubter's Companion ; and the book that grew out of his presentation of the Massey Lectures , The Unconscious Civilization . The last won the 1996 Governor-General's Award for Non-Fiction Literature. These books deal with themes such as the dictatorship of reason unbalanced by other human qualities, how it can be used for any ends especially in a directionless state that rewards the pursuit of power for power's sake. He argues that this leads to deformations of thought such as ideology promoted as truth ; the rational but anti-democratic structures of corporatism , by which he means the worship of small groups; and the use of language and expertise to mask a practical understanding of the harm this causes, and what else our society might do. He argues that the rise of individualism with no regard for the role of society has not created greater individual autonomy and self-determination, as was once hoped, but isolation and alienation. He calls for a pursuit of a more humanist ideal in which reason is balanced with other human mental capacities such as common sense , ethics , intuition , creativity , and memory , for the sake of the common good, and he discusses the importance of unfettered language and practical democracy. He expanded on these themes as they relate to Canada and its history and culture in Reflections of a Siamese Twin . In this book, he coined the idea of Canada being a "soft" country, meaning not that the nation is weak, but that it is has a flexible and complex identity, as opposed to the unyielding or monolithic identities of other states. He argued that Canada's complex national identity is made up of the "triangular reality" of the three nations that compose it: anglophone s, francophone s, and the First Peoples . He emphasizes the willingness of these Canadian nations to compromise with one another, as opposed to resorting to open confrontations. In the same vein, he criticizes those in the Quebec separatist Montreal School for emphasizing the conflicts in Canadian history, and formulates the concept of a victim mythology as a critical weapon. His book, On Equilibrium (2001), is an essay on six qualities that all of us possess: Common Sense, Ethics, Imagination, Intuition, Memory, and Reason. He describes how these inner forces serve us, how we can use them to balance each other, and what happens when they are unbalanced such as when one is used in isolation such as when there is a "Dictatorship of Reason". In an article written for Harper's magazine and published in the magazine's March 2004 issue under the title The Collapse of Globalism and the Rebirth of Nationalism , he argued that the globalist ideology was under attack by counter-movements. Saul extended this argument in his most recent book, The Collapse of Globalism (2005). Fiction Non Fiction ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 103256 GENERIC ( wiki:work#first wiki:be wiki:novel ) GENERIC ( wiki:,_and_De_si_bons#The_Paradise_EaterAm wiki:Ã_PASS wiki:©_#ricain ) GENERIC ( wiki:book wiki:deal wiki:with_#theme#as_#dictatorship#of_#reason ) GENERIC ( wiki:Governor_-_General#1996Award wiki:lead wiki:_#deformation#of_#thought#as_#ideology ) GENERIC ( wiki:society wiki:do wiki:_#deformation#of_#thought#as_#ideology ) GENERIC ( wiki:reason wiki:balance_PASS wiki:with_#capacity#other_human_mental_#as_#sense_,_ethics_,_intuition_,_creativity_,_and_memory#common ) GENERIC ( wiki:globalist_ideology wiki:be wiki:under_#attack#by_#counter_-_movements ) ************************** Östergötlands storregemente or Landsregementet i Östergötland(Ostrogothia Grand Regiment, Regiment of the Land in Ostrogothia) was one of the nine grand regiments organized by Gustavus Adolphus in the late 1610s and split into smaller regiments in the 1620s. Raised in Götaland from smaller units of 500 men called fänikor , more specifically from the province of Östergötland and in the county of Jönköping, in 1618 and counting 3,000 men (at the time, it counted 2,176 men). The grand regiment was in turn organized into three field regiments ( fältregementen) and a cavalry regiment, thus actually being more like a brigade in spite of the name. The regiment did not take part in any campaign during its short lifetime. The grand regiments of Sweden where reorganized during the early 1620s to consist of three field regiments, each of eight companies of 150 men, thus making the total number 3,600 soldiers per grand regiment. It is unsure whether or not the cavalry regiment was included in the total number. In 1623, the regiment was split into three smaller regiments, Östgöta infanteriregemente , Jönköpings regemente and Östgöta kavalleriregemente . Before being split, the regiment was organized as follows: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1032806 ************************** Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world, with a large portion of species endemic to Australia, preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations. Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks , a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation. A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity , the destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, control of exotic weeds and pests , expansion of dryland salinity , changed fire regimes and intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry , fisheries and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. International agreements that affect conservation policy in Australia. There are numerous protected areas in all States and Territories that have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems. Protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands which are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Site s. As of 2002 , 10.8% (774,619.51 km²) of the total land area of Australia is within a protected area. Protected areas of include those managed by the federal Department of the Environment and Heritage , and national park s and other protected areas managed by the states, Agencies responsible for protected areas include include: A number of governmental and nongovernmental organizations work in conservation and restoration of the Australian Environment. Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 103342 GENERIC ( wiki:International_agreements wiki:affect wiki:conservation_policy ) GENERIC ( wiki:area#Protected wiki:include wiki:park#national ) GENERIC ( wiki:agency wiki:include wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:organization#nongovernmental wiki:work wiki:in_#conservation_and_restoration#of_#environment#Australian ) ************************** Samuel Gobat( January 26, 1799- May 11, 1879), bishop of Jerusalem, was born at Crémines, Bern, Switzerland. After serving in the mission house at Basel from 1823 to 1826, he went to Paris and London, whence, having acquired some knowledge of Arabic and Ethiopic, he went out to Abyssinia under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. The unsettled state of the country and his own ill health prevented his making much headway; he returned to Europe in 1835 and from 1839 to 1842 lived in Malta, where he supervised an Arabic translation of the Bible. In 1846 he was consecrated Protestant bishop of Jerusalem, under the agreement between the British and Prussia n governments (1841) for the establishment of a joint bishopric for Lutherans and Anglicans in the Holy Land. He carried on a vigorous mission as bishop for over thirty years, his diocesan school and orphanage on Mount Zion being specially noteworthy. A record of his life, largely autobiographical, was published at Basel in 1884, and an English translation at London in the same year. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1033931 ************************** Clonorchiasis is an infectious disease caused by the Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinesis . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1034796 ************************** The British Fourth Army was a field army of the British Expeditionary Force during the First World War. The Fourth Army was formed on 5 February 1916 under the command of General Sir Henry Rawlinson to carry out the main British contribution to the Battle of the Somme. On the first day on the Somme, eleven Fourth Army division s attacked astride the Albert-Bapaume road. The attack was completely defeated on the northern sector so subsequent Fourth Army operations concentrated on the southern sector, handing control of the northern sector to the Reserve Army. The plan for the Fourth Army during the 1917 Flanders offensive (that became the Third Battle of Ypres) was to mount an amphibious invasion of the Belgian coast once a breakthrough had been achieved. As the Ypres fighting became bogged down, the Fourth Army divisions were drawn off as reinforcements until the army was effectively disbanded. The Fourth Army was reformed in early 1918— once again under Rawlinson — following the virtual destruction and subsequent disbanding of the Fifth Army during the German offensive known as Operation Michael. The Fourth Army spearhead ed the British Hundred Days offensive that began with the Battle of Amiens and ended with the Armistice in November. In World War II, no British Fourth Army actually took the field, but as part of the deception plan, Operation Fortitude, the Germans were encouraged to believe that Fourth Army existed with its headquarters in Edinburgh Castle, and was preparing to invade Norway. This successfully drew German units from the real invasion zone in Normandy. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1035226 GENERIC ( wiki:division#Fourth_Army wiki:draw#off_PASS wiki:as_#reinforcement#until_#army ) ************************** Ahmad Khorram(احمد خرم) (born 1950) is Iran ian politician. His is currently an " Advisor to the President". Khorram was the Minister of Roads and Transportation, under President Mohammad Khatami, until October 3, 2004, when he was impeached by the Majlis of Iran by 188 votes out of 258 present members of the parliament. He was replaced by Ahmad Sadegh-Bonab, as the temporary supervisor of the Ministry. Born in Isfahan, and having a bachelor degree in Roads and Structures Engineering from University of Tabriz, Khorram's previous posts in the Iranian government included the governorship of Hormozgan, Khuzestan, and Hamedan and vice ministership of the Ministry of Roads and Transportation. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1036570 ************************** Jerky Boys is a album released in 1993 on compact disc by the Jerky Boys under the Atlantic Records record label. The genre is comedy, prank calls, video art. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1037432 ************************** From 1996 to 1999, all players playing in the United States currently playing professionally in the United Soccer Leagues were eligible for the MLS Supplemental Draft, where they could be selected by all Major League Soccer teams. Players graduating college were entered into a separate MLS College Draft. The division between the two was eliminated in 2000, when they were combined into a single MLS SuperDraft. List of Supplemental Drafts: In 2003, MLS held a Supplemental draft to distribute players who were signed by the league after the SuperDraft. In 2005, with the expansion of developmental rosters and the creation of reserve teams, MLS re-instituted the Supplemental draft, to be held after the SuperDraft. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1037897 GENERIC ( wiki:all_players wiki:play#currently wiki:in_#United_States ) GENERIC ( wiki:player wiki:sign_PASS wiki:by_#league#after_#superdraft ) GENERIC ( wiki:ml wiki:re wiki:draft#Supplementalby_#all_Major_League_Soccer_teams ) ************************** Deep Forest is a musical group comprising of two French musicians, Eric Mouquet and Michel Sanchez. They compose world music, mixing ethnic with electronic sounds and they were nominated for a Grammy Award in 1993 for best world album, and in 1996 they won the award for the album, Boheme. Some of the proceeds from their album sales have been donated to charity. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1038760 ************************** New Masters is an album by singer/songwriter Cat Stevens. The album was released in 1967 on the Deram record label. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1040343 ************************** Bad Education( La mala educación) is a 2004 film by Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar about two reunited childhood friends (and lovers) in the vein of an Alfred Hitchcock murder mystery. Sexual abuse by Catholic priests, transsexuality, drug abuse, and a metafiction are also important themes and devices in the plot. Enrique ( Fele Martínez), a successful film director, is visited by a stranger ( Gael García Bernal) in his office, an actor looking for work who claims to be Enrique's boarding school friend and first love interest Ignacio. "Ignacio" has brought a short story with him that is about their time at the Catholic school together and the physical and sexual abuse they suffered at the hands of Father Manolo ( Daniel Giménez Cacho). It also includes a fictionalized account of their (Enrique's and Ignacio's) reunion after all those years. Enrique remains skeptical, for he feels the Ignacio he loved and the Ignacio of today are totally different persons. He drives to Galicia to Ignacio's mother and learns that the real Ignacio has been dead for four years and that the man who came to his office is really Ignacio's younger brother, Juan. Enrique's interest is piqued and he decides to do the movie with Juan in the role of Ignacio to find out what drives Juan. Enrique and "Ignacio" start a relationship and Enrique revises the script so that it ends with Father Manolo, who Ignacio was trying to blackmail over the abuse to get money for sex reassignment surgery, having Ignacio murdered. When the scene is shot, "Ignacio" breaks out in tears unexpectedly. The movie set is visited by Manuel Berenguer ( Lluís Homar), who has read in the newspaper about the film and is none other than the real Father Manolo who has resigned from Church duty. Manuel confesses to Enrique that the new ending of the film is not far from the truth: The real Ignacio blackmailed Manuel, who somehow managed to scratch together the money but also took an interest in Ignacio's younger brother Juan. Juan and Manuel started a relationship and after a while realized they both wanted to see Ignacio dead. This was facilitated by the fact that Ignacio was a heroin addict. Juan got some heroin laced with strychnine, so that his brother would die once he shot up. Enrique is understandably shocked and not at all interested in Juan's weak vindications for what he did to his brother. Finally, before he leaves, Juan gives Enrique a piece of paper: A letter to Enrique that Ignacio was in the middle of typing when he died. From the style of the opening credits to the score that is heavily reminiscent of the works of Bernard Herrmann, this movie is an homage to classic Hitchcock thrillers such as Vertigo , in which a femme fatale from the protagonist's past surfaces again but has a double identity and hides a dark secret. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1040571 GENERIC ( wiki:metafiction wiki:be wiki:themes_and_devices#important ) GENERIC ( wiki:Ignacio_"#" wiki:break#out wiki:in_#tear ) ************************** Youth councils are a an example of youth voice engaged in youth-led decision-making. Youth councils exist on local, state, provincial, regional, national, and international levels among governments, NGOs, schools, and other entities. The history of youth councils extends back to the early twentieth century, when communists and Nazis formed youth-led decision-making bodies for the purpose of propaganization and recruitment. After a thirty-year lull, youth councils have come back into favor internationally with the popularity of the European Youth Council. Youth councils have many purposes. Many are consultative bodies for more representative political bodies at all levels of government. The extent to which they have been established at all levels varies, as the United States, Canada, Western and Northern Europe have all seen a proliferation of these bodies. How they are composed varies, with some youth councils being elected by young people in the community, while others are handpicked by political officials or elected by youth NGO s. The Council of Europe also has an Advisory Council, which is part of a co-decision structure on the Youth field in the Council of Europe, called the Joint Committee. At the present, the Norwegian Lasse Thue is chairperson of the Advisory Council. In Israel, There is a National Youth Council, whose members are elected from 7 Regional Youth Councils, which are elected from Municipal councils, formed from representatives of School Student Councils and Youth Movements. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1041884 GENERIC ( wiki:Youth_councils wiki:be wiki:example ) GENERIC ( wiki:Youth_councils wiki:exist wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:communists_and_Nazis wiki:form wiki:decision_-_making_bodies ) GENERIC ( wiki:youth_councils wiki:come#back_PASS wiki:into_#favor#with_#popularity#of_#European_Youth_Council ) GENERIC ( wiki:Youth_councils wiki:have wiki:purpose#many ) GENERIC ( wiki:member wiki:elect_PASS wiki:from_#Youth_Councils#Regional ) ************************** An optical table or optics bench is a piece of equipment used for optics experiments and technologies. In optical setups, especially those involving involve interferometry, the alignment of each component must be extremely accurate -- precise up to a fraction of a wavelength(ususally a few hundred nanometers). The smallest vibrations or tensions in the table on which the elements are set up might lead to complete failure. Hence, one requires an extremely sturdy table which neither vibrates nor flexes, even under heavy loads. Such an optical table is made of steel with a thick honeycomb lattice structure. Its surface usually has a grid of threaded holes while allow the components to be bolted down so they cannot move even a few nanometers. Often, its legs are pneumatic vibration damper s. For even more accurate setups, one also prevents air movements and temperature gradients by enclosing the surface in a plexiglass box and placing a "flowbox" above it, a device which produces a laminar stream of air flowing downwards and kept at a fixed temperature by special air conditioning. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1042493 ************************** The Chinese Type 56 "Assault Rifle" is a copy of the AK-47 Kalashnikov. The rifle exists in three variants; Type 56 (with fixed stock), Type 56-1 (with under-folding stock) and Type 56-2 (sideways folding stock). This series of rifles is most easily identified by the folding "spike" bayonet attached to the barrel just aft of the muzzle. It's easy to confuse this rifle with the Chinese Type 56 Carbine because of the name, but they are two very different rifles and are based on two different designs. It is still strange to some people that the "carbine" version is 15 cm longer than the "assault rifle" version but that is because some people don't know that this "assault rifle" is actually the "Type 56 Submachine gun" in its official Chinese designation, so that a squad would have both type 56 rifles and type 56 submachine guns together. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1043995 ************************** The following publictions were known as central newspapers in the Soviet Union. They were organs of the major organizations of the Soviet Union. See also: Printed media in the Soviet Union. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1044672 GENERIC ( wiki:publiction#following wiki:know_PASS wiki:as_#newspaper#central#in_#Soviet_Union ) ************************** "Hitler has only got one ball" refers to the many variations on a set of vulgar lyrics to the popular " Colonel Bogey March ". These are four-line lyrics making fun of the Nazi leaders. In his autobiography Fringe Benefits , well-connected Anglo-Irish gadabout and publicist Donough O'Brien claims the original was written by his father, Toby O'Brien, also a publicity agent, in August, 1939 as British propaganda. This purported original version started with the words " Göring has only got one ball", and went on to imply that Hitler had two small ones. In virtually all later versions, the positions are reversed. The statement that Himmler was "sim'lar" appears in all versions. The final line of this original and some later forms ends with the clever word play that Goebbels had "noeballs". Both these variations argue strongly in favor of O'Brien's version being a very early version. No author has ever been identified for the more popular versions that begin "Hitler has only got one ball". The song has frequently been heard and seen. The lyrics were not used in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) because they were considered too vulgar. Thomas Pynchon quoted them in V. in the mouths of British artillerymen on Malta . Bette Midler sang them in her concert film Divine Madness and they were also heard on the British TV sitcom 'Allo 'Allo! , the 1972 film adaptation of the John Knowles novel A Separate Peace (although they are not in the book, and the tune to which they are sung in the filme is not the "Colonel Bogey March"), and the Czech film Dark Blue World (2001). No attempt is known to have been made to claim or enforce a copyright on these lyrics. There are many variants to this song, most making fun of Nazi political leaders. An alleged Soviet autopsy on Hitler's remains made shortly after the war claimed Hitler was monorchic , but most historians dismiss this reference as propaganda . However, records show that he was wounded in 1916 during the Battle of the Somme , and some sources describe his injury as a wound to the groin. Hitler's World War I company commander has said that a VD exam found that Hitler had only one testicle. Robert G.L. Waite in his book (1978), accepts the accuracy of this evidence: This purported original version is interesting in that Göring has the one ball and Hitler apparently has two: :Hitler's are so very small :And Goebbels has noebbels at all! That it starts with Göring and the musical comedy word play of rhyming Goebbels with "noebbels" both argue in favour of this being a very early version. : Göring has two but very small, : But poor old Goebbels has no balls at all. : The other is in the Albert Hall : Cut it off when he was small. :It fell in-to the deep blue sea :And ate scallops and bollocks for tea :The wind came and blew it out to sea :And had scallops and bollocks for tea :Stuttgart, die München all on call, :To show vee "Cherman" have no balls at all. :The other is in the old town hall, :Now Hitler ain't got none at all! :And blotto, for drinking Singhai and Skol. :Because Hans Otto has no balls at all. In Thomas Pynchon 's novel , the following variant is sung by British artillerymen in Malta in 1940. :Göring has two but they are small. :And poor old Goebbels has no balls at all :Göring had two but very small :And only Goeballs had no-balls at all. (as used live by Bette Midler ): :Göring had two but they were small :And poor old Goeballs had no balls at all. :Goebbels has two but they're quite small :And Mussolini hasn't any at all! :The other, is hanging on the wall :Cut it off when he was small! :Hitler - the other's on the wall :And Stalin has no balls at all :Göring has two but rather small :And Doctor Göbbels has no-balls at all. A new variant describes the three dictators at the time instead of just the Nazi party. The first line describes Hitler or Stalin having "just one ball." The second line describes the other one who was not used in the first as having "no balls at all." The next two lines go, "Mussolini, was such a weenee/ That he just, let them faaall." (Sung to the tune of Land of Hope and Glory , and followed by some variant of this rhyme.) :Hitler's having a bath. :Having a jolly good laugh ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 104468 GENERIC ( wiki:sim" wiki:appear wiki:in_#all_versions ) GENERIC ( wiki:historian wiki:dismiss wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:record wiki:show wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Goebbels wiki:have wiki:noebbel ) GENERIC ( wiki:goebbel#poor_old wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:variant wiki:sing_PASS wiki:by_#artilleryman#British#in_#Malta#in_#1940 ) GENERIC ( wiki:goebbel#poor_old wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:goeball#poor_old wiki:have wiki: ) ************************** The Canadian federal election of 1878 was held to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons. It resulted in the end of Alexander Mackenzie's Liberal government after only one term in office. Canada suffered an economic depression during Mackenzie's term, and his party was punished by the voters for it. The Liberals' policy of free trade also hurt their support with the business establishment in Toronto and Montreal. Sir John A. Macdonald and his Conservative/ Liberal-Conservative party was returned to office after having been defeated five years before amidst scandals over the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election. Acclamations The following Members of Parliament were elected by acclamation; ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1044962 GENERIC ( wiki:Party wiki:nominate wiki:candidate ) GENERIC ( wiki:acclamationmember wiki:elect_PASS wiki:by_#acclamation ) ************************** Emperor Kaika (開化天皇 Kaika Tennō ) is the ninth imperial ruler of Japan to appear on the traditional list of emperors . No firm date can be assigned to this emperor and he is regarded by historians as a "legendary emperor". He was the eighth of eight emperors without legend. In Kojiki and Nihonshoki , only his name and genealogy were recorded. Although his existence was traditionally believed and a tomb was attributed to him, contemporary studies support the view such a person did not exist while some still assume he existed. (Albeit with insufficient materials to prove his existence.) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 10449 GENERIC ( wiki:study#contemporary wiki:support wiki:viewperson ) ************************** Urquhart Castle( Ordnance Survey ) sits beside Loch Ness in Scotland along a strategic road, the A82, between Fort William and Inverness. It is close to the village of Drumnadrochit. It is not known precisely when the castle was built, but records show the existence of a castle on this site from the early 1200s. The building was blown up in 1692 to prevent it becoming a Jacobite stronghold. Today, the castle is owned by the National Trust for Scotland, and run by Historic Scotland. It is Historic Scotland's 3rd busiest site. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1046138 GENERIC ( wiki:record wiki:show wiki: ) ************************** Shiloh is a town located in DeKalb County, Alabama . As of the 2000 census, the population of the town is 289. Shiloh is located at 34°27'56" North, 85°52