The minuet step is the dance step performed in the dance minuet . It is composed of four plain straight steps or walks, and may be performed forwards, backward, sideways, or four different Ways, to which there are the like Number of Names annexed, to distinguish them from one another, arriving, not improperly speaking, from the Placing of the Marks upon them: For Example, a Movement, or Sink and Rise, being added to the first Step of the three belonging to the Minuet Step, produces a Bouree; and the like to the fourth and last a Half Coupee, which together compose what is commonly called the English Minuet Step. The second Method of its Performance is with a Bound; that is to say, instead of the Half Coupee or Movement to the lat Step made upon the Floor, as in the aforesaid, you bound instead thereof, which is the only Variation from the foregoing. The third Method is quite the Reverse, because, instead of the Bouree, the Half Coupee is made first and afterwards the Bouree, or as the French term it, One and a Fleuret, which is usually called the French Step. The fourth Way of performing this Step is, by adding another Movement to the third Step of the aforesaid Fleuret, or the fourth of the Minuet Step; and it will then be notwithstanding the fame Step, only of three Movements. As to the two first foregoing Steps, little shall be said concerning them, for the following Reasons: In the first Place, because they are now rarely, if ever, practiced amongst Persons of the first Rank, and seem to be, for the present, entirely laid aside; not as being ungraceful, or that the Dancer could not give Pleasure to the Beholders, or raise to himself a Reputation, in their Performance, but merely through Alteration of Fashion, which varies in this Respect, as in Dressing, &c. The Minuet Step is composed of four plain Steps, without chewing the Method of their Performance, or their Agreement with the Notes of the Tune, I shall now proceed to describe both of these, which are to be accomplished in the following Manner: The Weight of the Body being upon the left Foot in the first Position the right, which is at Liberty(r), begins the Minuet Step, by making the Half Coupee or first of the four Steps belonging to the Minuet, in a Movement or Sink and Stepping of the right Foot forwards, the gentle or easy Rising of which, either upon the Toe or Heel, marks what is called Time to the first Note of the three in the first of the two Measures, which is of triple Time or of three Notes to a Bar; the second Note is in the coming down of the Heel to the Floor, if the Rise was made upon the Toe, but if upon the Heel or flat Foot, in the tight Holding of the Knees before the Sink is made that prepares for the Fleuret or Bouree following, in which is counted the third and last Note of the Measure aforesaid; and the said Bouree or second Part of the Minuet Step, if I may so say, is made upon the second Measure of the Tune, as the Half Coupee was to the first, so that it is visible, from what has been said before, that one Minuet Step is of equal Value to two Measures or Bars of the Tune. The Sink or Beginning of the Movement, that prepares for the Fleuret or second Part of the Minuet Step, as it will be named from now on, being made, there only remains to rise from the Sink aforesaid in the stepping forwards of the left Foot(u) to the first. First Note of the second Measure, and first of the Fleuret or three last Steps of the four that compose the Minuet Step; the second Step of the said Bouree or Fleuret is made, swift forwards with the right Foot, to the same Note; and the third and last Step of the Bouree, (or second Part of the Minuet Step with the left Foot), is to the third and last Note of the fame Measure of the Tune, concluding the Minuet Step with the Weight upon the said Foot, as at first. It is to be noted, that it always begins with the right and ends with the left Foot; and it is performed faster or slower, according to the Tune that is played, which the Dancer is obliged to follow. Having described the foregoing Step forwards, I shall now proceed in it sideways to either Hand; and, in the first Place, to the right Side of the Room, or rather obliquely, that is to say, from the upper left Corner of the Room to the right lower facing to the upper right Corner of it, or rather in the Middle between directly sideways facing the upper End of the Room and, as said above, from Corner to Corner: For Example, instead of the left Side of the upper Corner and the right to the lower, the left Side or Shoulder points about the Middle of the upper left Corner and sideways directly cross the Room; which will be easily underftood by a fuppofed Line across the Room, for the right Shoulder confequently pointing the fame Way below the Line, instead of facing the right upper Corner, as before, is now to the Middle or Space between the said Corner and directly up the Room; which will likewise be comprehended, by supposing a right Line up the Floor, and the Face a little turn'd looking towards the left Shoulder, or, more properly speaking, upon the Gentleman or Lady with whom we dance; and the said Turn, or rather Complaisance gives a most agreeable Twist or Contrast to the Fashion of the Body in this Step, and not a little Beauty to that Part of the Minuet Dance upon which it falls† but of that more hereafter. Having Having described the Action or Posture of the Body in which this Step must be performed, if to Advantage, I shall proceed in explaining the Motion or Stepping of the Feet upon the aforesaid Tract or Line; which is sideways to the right Hand, instead of forwards, as in the foregoing, which is the principal Difference. However, as it may not in all Probability be so fully comprehended by what has been said in the foregoing Step, it may not be improper to take some farther Notice of it in this Place, viz. That it is to be taken from the first Position, that is to say, the Weight being upon the left Foot the right, which is at Liberty, commences by making a Sink and Step, open off from the left Foot, on which the Body rests, sideways to the right. The Rise of the Sink marks Time to the first of the three Notes; and the rest are the same, as when done forwards, the Half Coupee or first Part of the Minuet Step being made to the first Measure of the Tune, as aforesaid, ending in the fame Position upon the right Foot, with the left disengaged to perform the Bouree or second Part of the said Step sideways, in like Manner as in the foregoing forwards; which it does in making a Sink and Step to the right Hand sideways crossing behind the right on which the Body rests, the Rise of which is to the first Note of the second Measure. The right Foot then makes a plain open Step sideways to the same Hand, upon the second Note, leaving the left upon the Point, in the very Place the Body rested before, in Readiness to make the second Step, and is about the Distance of a Point in the March; upon which the third and last Step of the Bouree and Minuet Step is made to the third Note of the second Measure of the Tune, by drawing the left Foot, pointed as it is firm to the Floor into the fifth Position behind the right receiving The Body, and concludes in the first Position, as at first; and it may be continued, as long as the Dancer pleases. The third and last Method of performing this Step is as follows: Instead of obliquely, as in the last explained to the right Hand, it is here diametrically or sideways crossing the Room directly to the left Hand, facing, not as in the aforesaid, but instead thereof full either up or down the Room, as it shall happen. This step, in Performance, differs from the last described in this, that the right or beginning Foot, which before made the Half Coupee off to the right, now instead thereof makes a Sink and Step sideways to the left Hand, crossing behind the left Foot, which supports the Body, marking Time to the first Note of the fame Measure, and filling up the remaining second and third Notes, entirely the like as in the foregoing, except that, instead of the first Position as in them, it here ends in the third with the left Foot foremost or inclosed at Liberty to perform the Bouree, in the fame Manner to the left Side of the Room, as before to the right. The said Bouree or second Part of the Minuet Step begins, by making a Sink and open Step, off sideways from the right on which the Weight rests to the left Hand, the Rise or Receiving of the Body upon which marks Time to the first Note of the second Measure, and the right Foot makes the second Step of the Bouree to the second Note, in drawing it pointed crossing behind the left, from the Place where it supported the Weight, before the first Step of the Fleuret was made; and the third and last Step of the Bouree and fourth of the Minuet Step is made, by stepping the left Foot open off from the right, in like Manner as the commencing of the Fleuret, only without a Sink, ending in the first Position, as at the Beginning of the Step, upon the left Foot, which Step may be continued either diametrically or circularly, as Occasion offers. We are now arrived at the fourth and last of the before mentioned Steps, namely, that of three Movements or Bendings and Risings; which is also commonly called the New Step, from its being used now as much, or very little less than the last explained of two Movements only, and more especially when performed to the left Hand sideways before and behind, in that it composes a Part of the Minuet Dance, as now practised, of which I shall have Occasion to speak more particularly hereafter. In the Interim I shall proceed in describing the present Minuet Step of three Movements, which, as I have already said, is only the Addition of a Movement or a Sink and Rife more to the last Step of the Bouree or second Part of the of the Minuet Step; yet it will require a farther Explanation, by Reason that it differs very much from the last explained, in its Agreement with the Notes of the Tune; for, tho' that may properly be divided into two Parts or Divisions through the Half Coupee, in that it, together with the Sink which prepares for the succeeding Bouree, answers to the first Measure of the Tune, and the Fleuret or second Part of the Minuet Step to the second, and consequently is of equal Value, tho' no more than a single Step, with the other three remaining, it is not the like here, because the four Steps that compose the Minuet Step are partly of an equal Space or Distance one from the other, as in counting of one, two, three, four, and cannot so justly be divided into two Parts as the foregoing, which notwithstanding is but one Minuet Step, as I have said before, separated for the more familiar and easy comprehending thereof; which said Advantage we must lose in this Step, it being so intirely of a Piece that a Division here would be as unnatural, as the aforesaid is natural, as will appear by the Description I am about to give of it, which in the first Place shall be forwards; and it is to be performed in this Manner. For Example, the Weight of the Body being upon the left Foot in the first Position, the right disengaged and free begins, as aforesaid, in making a Sink and Step forwards directly up the Room . The Rising or Receiving the Weight upon the Toe or Instep marks the Time to the first Note of the three belonging to the first Measure; the second is in the Fall of the Heel (s) and Sink which prepares for the second Step of the four belonging to the Minuet Step, which is made by stepping of the left Foot forwards, in the fame Manner as the first; and the Rising or Receiving of the Body upon the Instep is to the third and last Note of the first Measure. The third Step of the said four is made with the right Foot stepping a plain straight Step forwards upon the Toe to the first Note of the three in the second Measure; the second is in the coming down of the Heel of the said right Foot and Sink that prepares for the fourth and last Step which is with the left Foot, in stepping forwards from the Sink aforesaid; and the Rising or Receiving of the Weight upon the Toe is to the third Note of the second Measure of the Tune, concluding in the fame Position from whence it begun, in Order for a Continuance, which may be either more or less, according to the Largeness or Smallness of the Room in which the Dance is performed. The two other Ways in which this Step is performed are diametrically or sideways; the first of which is in the like Manner as the Minuet Step of two Movements, or One and a Fleuret, to the left Side of the Room, that is to say, the right Foot always crossing behind the left; but as I have already in that Step described the Method in which the Feet are to be stepped, it will be needless at present to say any more than to shew its Difference in counting to the Notes, from the former, which from what I have said appears to be very different from the Step now treated on, as I shall endeavour to demonstrate by the following Particulars. In the first Place, we are to suppose a Movement added to the last Step of the Bouree, or second Part of the Minuet Step, and the first Step with the right Foot to be made upon the Toe to the first Note; the second is in the coming down of the Heel and Sink upon the right Foot, which prepares for the second Step made with the left, as was explained in the aforesaid, the Rising or Receiving of the Weight upon which marks the third Note of the first Measure, leaving the right Foot, as in the aforesaid, upon the Point. The Drawing or Bringing of the right Foot pointed, as it crosses behind the left, is the third Step, and marks Time to the first Note of the second Measure; and the second Note is in the Sink upon the said right Foot, preparing for the fourth and last Step that is made, in rising and stepping sideways from the said Sink upon the left Foot, to the third Note, concluding in the first Position as at commencing. The next Way of performing this Step only differs from the foregoing, in that, instead of the right or beginning Foot's making the first Step behind, as in the last, it is here made before, from whence it is called before and behind; and this crossing or stepping of the Foot before renders the Step much more agreeable and fuller of Variety than the aforesaid, arising by Reason of the Twists and Turns the Body naturally gives and receives in the Performance thereof. But since this Step is much more used, in the Dancing of a Minuet, than the aforesaid, I shall endeavour to give as plain a Description of it as possible; in order to which I shall not only repeat the Stepping or Motion of the Feet, but also suppose, instead of two Bars or Measures to a Step in the Minuet, as in the aforesaid, only one Bar or Measure, which in Effect is the fame Thing; for what matters it, whether we count three twice over, or fix but once; or whether the half Time is beat to one, two, three, or to four, five, fix, which last Method, in my humble Opinion, I take to be much more familiar and easy to be comprehended than the other, in that there is not any Repetition of the first or second Measure; but, however that be, I am sure, it will afford a greater Variety, and possibly may inform some of what, perhaps, they were ignorant of before. But to proceed in the Description of the Step now treated on: For Instance, the Weight and Position, as aforesaid, facing either to the upper or lower End of the Room, it begins in making a Sink and Step sideways, with the right Foot crossing directly before the left to the fame Side of the Room, and producing a Twist or Turn of the Body towards the said Step which receives the Weight upon the Toe, marking Time to the first of the above-mentioned Notes. The second is in the coming down of the right Heel, in the third Position before the left and Sink for the succeeding Step, which is made by stepping the left Foot, open off sideways from the right on which the Body is, to the left Side of the Room ; the Rising or Receiving of the Body either upon the Toe or Heel marks the third Note, leaving the Toe of the right Foot upon the Point, in the fame Place the Body was before the second Step was made. In the Stepping of the left Foot last mentioned it is to be observed, that the Body is convey'd or rather, more properly speaking, makes a becoming Feint in the Air not much unlike that made in the Minuet Step of One, and a Fleuret to the right, only there the Bend or Sway the Body makes in the Air was to the right upon the Half Coupee, or first of the four Steps which compose the Minuet Step; but here it is upon the second to the left, and the Look or Turn of the Head, which in the former was to the left, is in this to the right: The Toe, I say, being left pointed, as aforesaid, makes the third Step in the Minuet, by being drawn pointed crossing behind the left Foot, and receives the Body in a Twist upon the fourth Note or half Time, as above. The fifth Note is in the Sink that prepares for the last Step of the four which compose the Step we now treat of, and is made in like Manner as the second Step with the left Foot to the third Note, in rising and stepping open off sideways from the Sink aforesaid upon the left Toe to the sixth and last Note, except that the right Toe is not left pointed as in the former, but ends in the first Position as at Beginning; and the last Method of counting the Notes or Time to the Step will bear, as well throughout all the Minuet Steps before described as the present. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1000224 ************************** This is a list of the first man/woman/animal/object etc., to do something or the first occurrence of an event. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 100107 ************************** Sir Thomas Albert Blamey GBE KCB CMG DSO ( 24 January 1884 – 27 May 1951 ) was a controversial Australia n General of World War II , and Australia's first Field Marshal . He commenced his soldiering as a 'citizen soldier', and served as a commander at Gallipoli . The pinnacle of his career was during World War Two , as Commander-in-Chief, Australian Military Forces , serving simultaneously in international command as Commander-in-Chief Allied Land Forces in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) under American General Douglas MacArthur . On 2 September 1945 , Blamey was with MacArthur on USS Missouri (BB-63) and signed the Japanese surrender document on behalf of Australia. He then flew to Morotai and personally accepted the surrender of the remaining Japanese in the South West Pacific. Opinions about Blamey are polarised. Many historians and contemporaries view him as an inspired general, whose energy, skill and political acumen built the Australian Army into the highly professional organisation it became. Others have judged him as a spiteful, immoral and ultimately cowardly man who was ready to sacrifice anyone in order to preserve or advance his own position. Blamey served in the 1st AIF in the First World War . In mid- 1914 Blamey had been in Britain on the staff of the Wessex Division . In November he sailed for Egypt, along with Harry Chauvel , to join the Australian contingent and became intelligence officer on the staff of the Australian 1st Division for the Battle of Gallipoli . During the landing at Anzac Cove , Blamey was sent to evaluate the need for reinforcements by Colonel M'Cay's 2nd Brigade on 400 Plateau . In July 1915 Blamey was promoted to lieutenant colonel and joined the staff of the newly forming Australian 2nd Division in Egypt. When the Australian forces moved to France in 1916 , Blamey returned to the 1st Division staff and was involved in the Battle of Pozières . Blamey briefly held battalion and brigade command posts in late 1916 and early 1917 but as an experienced staff officer was considered too valuable for a combat post. He was promoted to brigadier general on 1 June 1918 and became chief of corps staff of Lieutenant General Sir John Monash 's Australian Corps . He played a significant role in the success of Monash's corps in the final months of the war. Indeed, Monash rated him as one of the key factors in his Corps' success. In between the wars, Blamey was appointed as Commissioner of the Victoria Police , where scandal first found him. During a raid on a brothel , a friend of his was found to be in possession of Blamey's police identity card. As Police Commissioner he directed the 'political police squad' to break up Unemployed Workers Movement meetings at Sydney Road in working class Brunswick . Blamey's treatment of the unionists was typical of his hardline anti- communist beliefs and as such his relations with left-wing governments were tense. Along with many senior army and ex-army officers, he was a leading member of the clandestine far-right wing organisation League of National Security . The LNS was reportedly a response to the rise of communism in Australia, its members ready to seize arms from army depots to stop a communist revolution. Blamey travelled to the Middle-East with the Second AIF as its commander in chief. He notably insisted to the British commander in Egypt General Archibald Wavell that Australian forces remain together as cohesive units, no Australian forces were to be deployed or engaged without the prior consent of the Australian government, and that he (General Blamey) be the sole commander-in-chief of all Australian forces. Australian forces did indeed remain together for the Siege of Tobruk , the Balkans Campaign and the Syrian campaign (against the Vichy French ) until the Second AIF was withdrawn in 1942 . Some of Blamey's most controversial actions concern the period after the Japanese declared war, and United States General Douglas MacArthur retreated to Australia. MacArthur had a low opinion of Australian fighting men, and was highly criticial of their performance during the early battles in New Guinea . Blamey appeared to be keen not to antagonise MacArthur or publicly hold a dissenting view. For example, during a speech to 21st Brigade, 2nd AIF in 1942 , he accused the men in it of being "rabbits who run" . This accusation of cowardice against the men who had turned back the Japanese on the Kokoda Trail was received by them with intense bitterness, and was widely seen as reflecting his own inability to stand up to MacArthur. His treatment of senior officers was also controversial. Biographers of many of Blamey's WWII contemporaries, including Generals Lavarack, Rowell, Allen and Morshead , as well as Brigadier Potts , have all claimed that their subjects were dealt with unfairly, and in some cases atrociously, by Blamey - in ways ranging from holding rivals back from promotion, through to their dismissal from command appointments in order to cover up Blamey's own shortcomings. Blamey left the Army in 1946, and was promoted to Field Marshal on his death-bed. Blamey is honoured in Australia in various ways, not least by the square named in his honour around which is situated the Russell Offices headquarters of the Australian Defence Force and Department of Defence in the national capital, Canberra . A larger statue is in King's Domain, Melbourne . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1001558 GENERIC ( wiki:opinion wiki:polarise_PASS wiki:in_#South_West_Pacific ) GENERIC ( wiki:acumen#political wiki:build wiki:Australian_Armyas_#general#inspired ) GENERIC ( wiki:battalion_and_brigade_command_posts wiki:consider#too_PASS wiki:valuable#for_#combat_post ) GENERIC ( wiki:member wiki:seize wiki:arm ) GENERIC ( wiki:force#Australian wiki:remain#together wiki:as_#unit#cohesive ) GENERIC ( wiki:Blamey wiki:honour_PASS wiki:in_#Australia#in_#way#various ) ************************** In the fictional Gundam universe, the ' Tivvay class' seems to be an update to the older Chivvay class heavy cruiser s. These ships are designed around MS transportation and combat. These vessles are lightly armed when compared to other Zeon ship classes, sporting only two beam turrets and a handful of missile launchers. They were designed with speed as its main feature (mainly due to its new type of engine) in order to use hit and run tactics. The class also had a large mobile suit capacity, between eight and ten mobile suits, a number that the Earth Federation would not have until they commissioned their Alexandria-class heavy cruisers. The only known Tivvay class cruiser is the Graf Zepplin, which appeared in Gundam 0080. This vessel served as a flagship for Captain Von Helsing (no relation to the vampire hunter) and his small Zeon taskforce, who were dispatched to launch a diversionary attack on Side 6 to allow the Cyclops team entry. Later, this vessle and two Musai class ships were used to ferry nuclear arms to Side 6. Graf Zepplin and her two Musai-class escorts were intercepted by a Federation patrol in the vicininty of Side 6 and surrendered to the Federation in late December UC 0079. The fate of the Graf Zepplin past this point is not known. The name Graf Zepplin may be in reference to the World War II German aircraft carrier Graf Zepplin, however that has not been confirmed. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1003253 GENERIC ( wiki:musausclass_escorts wiki:intercept_PASS wiki:by_#patrol#Federation#in_#vicininty#of_#Side_6 ) ************************** Thomson is a lunar crater that is located within the Mare Ingenii on the far side of the Moon. Just to the northeast is the unusual merged crater formation of Van de Graaff. On the northwest rim of the mare is O'Day crater, and to the south-southwest is Obruchev crater on the southern shore of Mare Ingenii. In the past the crater was flooded by lava, leaving only the outer rim intact. There are gaps in the eastern and western rims, leaving two "half-moon" mountainous formations facing each other across the relatively flat floor. There is a similar lava-flooded crater remnant attached to the southern rim of Thomson. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Thomson crater. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1003548 GENERIC ( wiki:feature wiki:identify_PASS wiki:on_#lunar_maps ) ************************** Saint-Pierre-du-Mont is a commune of the Calvados département , in the Basse-Normandie région , in France. Its postal code is 14450. The INSEE code is 14652. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1004957 ************************** Avanhandava is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Its latitude is 21.45/21°27'39 S and 49.95/49°56'59 W. The population in 2004 is 9,268 and the area is 341.36 km² The elevation is 428 m. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1005641 ************************** In Hinduism , Bharadwaja was one of the great sages( rishi ) who lived in ancient India. Regarding his early life it is said that the Marudwaja gods found him abandoned as a baby. Looking at the plight of the baby and the radiance which shone from his face, they adopted the him. Young Bharadwaja was characterized by an insatiable desire to learn. He spent all his time on understanding the Vedas . The Marudwaja gods taught him all they knew about the Vedas but Bharadwaja wanted to learn more. So he was asked to meditate upon Indra . It is said that Bharadwaja performed rigourous penance for years, his body became weak and after sometime he found it impossible to even sit. The Marut gods were filled with pity for Bharadwaja. One day as Bharadwaja fell down meditating, Indra appeared. Bharadwaja was filled with joy. Indra the king of gods asked Bharadwaja on what he would do if he was given a longer life. To this Bharadwaja replied that he would still meditate and learn more about the Vedas. Indra told Bharadwaja that this was his third life and he had already worn out himself in the previous two lifes understanding the Vedas . Indra then materialized three mountains, and took three handfuls of soil from the mountains and showed it to Bharadwaja. He said, the three Vedas are like the three mountains, what you have learnt is equivalent of these three handfuls, but that does not mean it is small, you have already gained more knowlegde than the gods. Indra told Bharadwaja that Vedic knowledge is endless, and just as gaining knowledge is important, spreading it among the people is also very important. From that day onwards, Bharadwaja decided that spreading the Vedic knowledge among people, freeing the society from poverty, disease and war as his life's objectives. He travelled far and wide and took many virtuous kings as his disciples. Prominent among them being Abhayavarti and Divodasa . He helped the virtuous kings in times of peril, using his supreme knowledge and the help of the gods. With the help of Bharadwaja, a long period of peace was achieved, where people prospered both in the physical sense and the spiritual sense. Bharadwaja was also the adopted son of the king Bharata . Though he could have taken over the vast kingdom of Bharata (the son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala ), the great sage Bharadwaja had no interest in worldly affairs. With his advice, Bharata carried out a yagna through which he got a son and so the line which had great warriors before and after that was continued. Bharadwaja married Susheela and had a son called Garga , who was well versed in the Vedas and the Upanishads . It is said that when Bharadwaja's time in this world came to an end, The celestial gods showered flowers on the couple and Indra came on his divine chariot, offered his respect to this great personality and took them to heaven. Bharadwaja is one of the seven rishis of this manvantara . A number of yuga s make a manvantara, and each manvantara has a set of seven rishis who help in preserving and propogating knowledge in that manvantara. For the present manvantara called the vaivasvata manvantara , Bharadwaja is one of the seven rishis. The other six being Atri , Jamadagni , Vishwamitra , Vasishta , Gauthama and Kashyapa . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 100568 GENERIC ( wiki:people wiki:prosper wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:line wiki:have wiki:warrior#great ) GENERIC ( wiki:god#celestial wiki:shower wiki:flower ) ************************** Athalite is claimed to be a proprietary material used in the tips of the ColdHeat solder ing tool. The name is derived from "Accelerated THermal Action". The manufacturer of the soldering tools claims a trademark on the name Athalite. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1007258 ************************** Oriental Small-clawed Otters, ( aka Asian Small-Clawed Otters) are the smallest otters in the world. They feed on mollusks, crabs and other small aquatic animals. These otters are found in mangrove swamps and in freshwater wetlands. Oriental Small-clawed Otters are found in Indonesia, Southern China, Southern India, the Philippines and Southeast Asia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1007641 GENERIC ( wiki:otter#aka_Asian_Small wiki:be wiki:otter ) GENERIC ( wiki:otter wiki:find_PASS wiki:in_#swamp#mangrove ) GENERIC ( wiki:Oriental_Smallotter wiki:find_PASS wiki:in_#Indonesia ) ************************** The European Investment Fund , established in 1994 , is a European Union agency for the provision of finance to SME s (small and medium-sized enterprises). It does not lend money to SMEs directly; rather it provides finance through private banks. Its main operations are in the areas of venture capital and guaranteeing loans. Its shareholder s are: the European Investment Bank (59.15%); the European Communities , represented by the European Commission (30.00%); and 34 privately-owned EU financial institutions (10.85%). ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 10086 GENERIC ( wiki:operation#main wiki:be wiki:in_#area#of_#venture_capital_and_guaranteeing_loans ) ************************** Bricolage– from the French-language verb bricoler, meaning "to tinker" or "to fiddle" – is that language's equivalent of the English phrase " do-it-yourself". Bricolage is also often contrasted to engineering: building by trial and error rather than based on theory. A person who engages in bricolage is a bricoleur. A bricoleur is a person who creates things from scratch, is creative and resourceful: a person who collects information and things and then puts them together in a way that they were not originally designed to do. In art, bricolage is a technique where works are constructed from various materials available or on hand, and is seen as a characteristic of postmodern works. These materials may be mass-produced or "junk". See also: Merz, polystylism, collage. In biology the biologist François Jacob uses the term bricolage to describe the apparently cobbled-together character of much biological structure, and views it as a consequence of the evolution ary history of the organism. (Molino 2000, p.169) In cultural studies bricolage is used to mean the processes by which people acquire objects from across social divisions to create new cultural identities. In particular, it is a feature of subcultures such as, for example, the punk movement. Here, objects that possess one meaning (or no meaning) in the dominant culture are acquired and given a new, often subversive meaning. For example, the safety pin became a form of decoration in punk culture. The term was coined by French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss. In information systems, bricolage is used by Claudio Ciborra to describe the way in which Strategic Information Systems(SIS) can be built in order to maintain successful competitive advantage over a longer period of time than standard SIS. By valuing tinkering and allowing SIS to evolve from the bottom-up, rather than implementing it from the top-down, the firm will end up with something that is deeply rooted in the organisational culture that is specific to that firm and is much less easily imitated. In information technology, Bricolage is an open-source content management system. http://www.bricolage.cc ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1008869 GENERIC ( wiki:person wiki:create wiki:thing ) GENERIC ( wiki:person wiki:collect wiki:information_and_things ) GENERIC ( wiki:techniqueworkwork wiki:construct_PASS wiki:from_#material#various_#on_#hand ) GENERIC ( wiki:people wiki:acquire wiki:object ) GENERIC ( wiki:object wiki:possess wiki:meaning ) ************************** Austext is a teletext service used in Australia, carried by the Seven Network nationwide. It carries content such as news, finance, weather, lottery results and a TV guide. The service is only available on television sets with the Teletext feature. The austext service has recently been upgraded, with channel seven using newer technology to try to improve the service. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1009719 GENERIC ( wiki:service wiki:be#only wiki:available#on_#television_sets#with_#feature#Teletext ) ************************** MISTIC(Minimum Intelligent Signal Test Item Corpus) was an artificial intelligence project started in May 1996 by Canadian Chris McKinstry. The project attempted to collect a body of statements in English that could be consistently classified as either true or false by a random sample of university educated, English speaking adults. It was the predecessor of the Mindpixel AI project which uses a similar approach. Original 1996 posting about MISTIC ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1010893 ************************** The Ebony Tower( 1974) by John Fowles consists of 5 short novels with interlacing themes, built around a medieval myth: The Ebony Tower, Eliduc, Poor Koko, The Enigma and The Cloud. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1011810 ************************** New York City Serenade is the seventh and last song off The Wild, the Innocent and the E-Street Shuffle , the second album from Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band . It makes less coherent sense than the earlier songs. The first verse concerns "Billy" and " Diamond Jackie," who are "gonna boogaloo down Broadway and come back home with the loot." The second verse is about a " fish lady" who "baits them tenement walls" and "won't take corner boys" because they "ain't got no money ." The singer invites her come with him "down Broadway" and "shake away your street life/shake away your city life," and "hook up to the train ;" she, however, "won't take the train" because "she's afraid them tracks are gonna slow her down/and when she turns, this boy'll be gone." The third verse is a plea directed towards the " jazz man" who is asked to "play me your serenade" and advised to "save your notes, don't spend 'em on the blues boy/Save your notes, don't spend 'em on the darlin' yearlin' sharp boy." "Billy he's down by the railroad tracks" ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 101195 GENERIC ( wiki:track#afraid wiki:gonna wiki:slow#down_#and_"#Broadway_"#down_#/ ) ************************** Darlene Zschech is an Australian Charismatic/ Pentecostal worship leader and singer-songwriter who mainly writes praise songs. Darlene is the worship pastor of Hillsong Church, in Sydney, Australia(an Assemblies of God church), taking over from Geoff Bullock. As worship pastor, she oversees the Worship & Creative Arts Department at Hillsong Church at the Hills and City congregations. Darlene leads worship most weeks for the Hillsong Television programme (the official website says that the programme reaches 125 countries around the globe). Hillsong made global headlines when their 2004 live CD release, For All You've Done reached number one in the Australian secular music charts. Darlene was a child star of an Australian television series titled Happy Go 'Round . She was traumatised at 13 when her parents divorced and a custody battle ensued. At 14, Darlene suffered from bulimia. A year later, as a young adult, she sang jingles for a number of international companies including McDonald's, KFC and Diet Coke. Currently, she and husband Mark Zschech have three daughters, Amy, Chloe, and Zoe Jewel. Darlene's best known song is Shout to the Lord, sung by an estimated 25–30 million churchgoers every week . Darlene says that she actually composed the praise anthem (based on Psalm96) at the time that she was feeling discouraged. "I felt I could either scream and pull my hair out — or praise God" she said. This song is the title track for the first live album co-produced with Integrity Music featuring Darlene as a prominent female worship leader. Shout to the Lord was nominated as 'Album of the year' for the 1997 Dove Awards and 'Song of the Year' for the 1998 Dove Awards. It has been recorded on over 20 different albums. In 2000, Darlene received a Dove Award nomination for 'Songwriter of the year'. In 2003, Darlene released her debut solo album entitled Kiss of Heaven. This was followed by her 2005 album, Change Your World. In addition to writing songs, Zschech has written two books: Extravagant Worship(2001) and The Kiss of Heaven(2003). Darlene and her husband are executive directors of Mercy Ministries, a part of the Hillsong church which runs a program to helping teenage girls struggling with pregnancy, drugs, abuse and eating disorders. Mercy Ministries are associated with the Gloria Jean's coffee chain and through the Hillsong Church, with the Family First party in Australia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1012997 GENERIC ( wiki:hillsong wiki:make wiki:headline#global_CD_release ) GENERIC ( wiki:A_year_later wiki:sing wiki:jingleMcDonald_'s ) GENERIC ( wiki:husband wiki:be wiki:director#executive ) GENERIC ( wiki:nomination#Dove_Award wiki:help wiki:girl#teenage ) GENERIC ( wiki:girl#teenage wiki:struggle wiki:with_#pregnancy_,_drugs_,_abuse_and_eating_disorders ) GENERIC ( wiki:Mercy_Ministries wiki:associate_PASS wiki:with_#Gloria_Jean# ) ************************** The Component Manager was one of many approaches to sharing code that originated on the pre- PowerPC Macintosh. It was originally introduced as part of QuickTime, which remained the part of Mac OS that used it most heavily. A component was a piece of code that provided various functions that may be invoked by clients. Each function was identified by a signed 16-bit integer ID code. Non-positive codes were reserved for predefined functions that should be understood by all components--open/close a component instance, query whether a function was supported, etc. The meanings of positive function codes depended on the type of component. A component instance was created by opening a component. This called the component's open function to allocate and initialize any necessary storage for the instance. Closing the instance got rid of this storage and invalidated all references to that instance. Components and component instances were referenced by 32-bit values that were not pointers. Instead, they were interpreted as keys into internal Component Manager tables. These references were generated in such a way that, once they became invalid, those values were unlikely to become valid again for a long time. This minimized the chance of obscure bugs due to dangling references. Components were identified by OSType codes giving their type, subtype and " manufacturer". For instance, a component type might be "raster image compressor", subtypes of which might exist for JPEG, H.261, Sorenson, and Intel Indeo, among others. It was possible to have multiple components registered with exactly the same identification codes, giving alternative implementations of the same algorithm for example using hardware versus software, trading off speed versus quality, or other criteria. It was possible for the applications to query the existence of such alternatives and make explicit choices between them, or let the system choose a default. Among the options available, a component could delegate parts of its functions to another component as a form of subclassing for code reuse. It was also possible for one component to capture another, which meant that all accesses to the captured component had to go through the capturing one. Mac OS accumulated a great variety of component types: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1013331 GENERIC ( wiki:noncode wiki:reserve_PASS wiki:for_#function#predefined ) GENERIC ( wiki:Components_and_component_instances wiki:reference_PASS wiki:by_#32_-_bit_values ) GENERIC ( wiki:component wiki:delegate wiki:part ) GENERIC ( wiki:all_accesses wiki:go wiki: ) ************************** The Cannes Film Festival ( French : le Festival international du film de Cannes or simply le Festival de Cannes ) is the world's most prestigious film festival , first held from September 20 to October 5 , 1946 in the resort town of Cannes , in the south of France . Since then, it has been held annually in May with a few exceptions. Given massive media exposure, the non-public Festival is attended by many movie stars and is a popular venue for movie producers to launch their new films and attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe. The most prestigious award given out at Cannes is the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) for the best film; this is sometimes shared by multiple films in one year. The jury of the festival, made of a small international selection of movie professionals, however grants other awards, include the "grand prize" (the second most prestigious award). simple:Cannes Film Festival ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 101460 ************************** The following is a list of named passenger trains and some summary information about them. The trains are sorted alphabetically. See also: Famous trains Due to this list's size, it has been split into sub-articles. Please reference the appropriate page below, based on the first character of the train's name. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1014610 ************************** A degenerative disease is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits. Degenerative diseases are the opposite of infectious diseases. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1015016 GENERIC ( wiki:disease#Degenerative wiki:be wiki:opposite ) ************************** Nightwolf is a character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game series. Nightwolf was the first Native American character to feature in Mortal Kombat and was introduced in Mortal Kombat 3 . Although introduced as a historian and a shaman, he does not live in the past. He is a proud and fierce warrior dedicated to the cause of good, and is in contact with Raiden through visions. As such, he draws both on internal and external spiritual energy to enhance his strength in combat. Although his patch of tribal land provided a vital shelter territory for the Earthrealm warriors at the time of Shao Kahn's invasion, it seems Nightwolf prefers solitary work to companionship. In Mortal Kombat: Deception , Nightwolf uses the fighting styles vale tudo and tae kwon do. His weapons of choice are the tomahawks. He is thought of as a mid-tier character. Nightwolf had been warned of the coming invasion of Earthrealm by a vision from Raiden. As such, he was one of the only new chosen warriors who was fully aware of what was happening when the invasion came and Kahn sent his extermination squads to kill the humans that had survived the mass soul stripping. Soon after the other seven surviving chosen warriors joined Nightwolf in his tribal territories that were magically protected from Kahn's evil. Together they then travelled back to the Eastcoast, prepared for battle against the emperor and his minions, and won. Nightwolf made his return during the events of Mortal Kombat: Deception . In the events leading to Deception, Nightwolf viewed images of the Dragon King and his ressurection in his dreams. While they may have been simple nightmares, Nightwolf constantly had these horrific nightmares and knew that these dreams were not simply dreams that simply came and went. He knew that a new evil threat was about to arise from the ashes, and considering what happened to Reptile in that incubatior, his predictions came true. The only method that Nightwolf would use in order to destroy Onaga was that of a method that was passed down to him by his forefathers. This method was that of a "Sin Eater" in which involved absorbing the sins of his tribe. However there was a terrible consequence on taking upon such a role. If he were to do this, he would be a danger to all that surround him, even to his allies. Nightwolf decided that he'd do this alone, so that none of his allies would get hurt. His role as a Sin Eater was apart of his plan as he would enter the Netherealm and from there would he trap the Dragon King and release the sins of those he had absorbed so long ago. Nightwolf appears in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation as the one who teaches Liu Kang how to use his animal essence. Other than striking Liu Kang unconscious, he never really fights, though he is shown transforming back from his wolf form (introduced in Mortal Kombat 3 and implied by his name). He is played by Litefoot. Like many characters in that movie, his appearance is brief and fairly pointless. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1016247 GENERIC ( wiki:nightwolf wiki:view wiki:image ) ************************** John Codrington Warwick Bampfylde or Bampfield( August 27 1754- 1796/7) was an English poet. He came from a prominent Devon family, his father being Sir Richard Warwick Bampfylde, of Poltimore, and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He led a dissipated life in London, and presumably suffered from some mental illness towards the end of it. His only published work was Sixteen Sonnets(1778), which attracted the attention of Robert Southey. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1016973 ************************** Rödön Court District, or Rödöns tingslag, was a district of Jemtia in Sweden. The provinces in Norrland were never divided into hundreds and instead the court district ( tingslag ) served as the basic division of rural areas. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1017472 GENERIC ( wiki:court_districttingslag wiki:serve wiki:as_#division#basic#of_#area#rural ) ************************** The pacific island nation Nauru (NRU) competed at the Summer Olympic Games first in the 1996 games in Atlanta. The country has made repeat appearances in Sydney in 2000 and in Athens in 2004. The nation is mainly known for its weightlifting tradition and all seven athletes that have competed for Nauru at the Olympics have been weightlifters. Nauru earns a distinction for being the smallest nation in the 2002 member International Olympic Committee. The country has approximately 12,800 citizens on 21 km² and is the only country in the world not to have a capital. Under the leadership of the Hon. Vinson Detenamo, the Olympic movement began in Nauru in the early 1990s. The Olympic Committee was established in 1991 and talks with the International Olympic Committee started the same year. In May 1994 Nauru presented its bid to join the IOC and in September2004 the nation was accepted, clearing the path for participation in the 1996 games. 1996 was not the first time that Nauru athletes participated in the Olympics. Samuel Karokikki competed for Mexico in the 1968 games in the 400 meters and the long jump. After his sensational win in the 1990 Commonwealth Games, weightlifter Marcus Stephen petitioned for citizenship in Samoa to compete in the 1992 games. Stephen again competed at the Olympics in 1996 and 2000, now for his native country. He placed 11th in the 62 kg category in 2000. Paul Coffa is the weightlifting coach of the Oceania Weightlifting Federation and has been Nauru's Olympic coach since 1994. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1018000 GENERIC ( wiki:country wiki:make_PASS wiki:repeat_appearances ) GENERIC ( wiki:talk wiki:start wiki:year#same ) ************************** Prison Bound is an album released by Social Distortion. It was released in 1988. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1019263 ************************** Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets(1781) was a work by Samuel Johnson, comprising short biographies of about 50 poets, most of whom were alive in the eighteenth century. It is arranged, approximately, by date of death. The poets included were: Abraham Cowley- Sir John Denham- John Milton- Samuel Butler (Hudibras)- John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester- Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon- Thomas Otway- Edmund Waller- John Pomfret- Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset- George Stepney- John Philips- William Walsh- John Dryden- Edmund Smith- Richard Duke- William King- Thomas Sprat- Charles Montague, Earl of Halifax- Thomas Parnell- Samuel Garth- Nicholas Rowe- Joseph Addison- John Hughes- John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham- Matthew Prior- William Congreve- Sir Richard Blackmore- Elijah Fenton- John Gay- George Granville, Lord Lansdown- Thomas Yalden- Thomas Tickell- James Hammond- William Somervile- Richard Savage- Jonathan Swift- William Broome- Alexander Pope- Christopher Pitt- James Thomson- Isaac Watts- Ambrose Philips- Gilbert West- William Collins- John Dyer- William Shenstone- Edward Young- David Mallet- Mark Akenside- Thomas Gray- George Lord Lyttelton ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1020080 GENERIC ( wiki:life wiki:be wiki:work ) ************************** Kennedy Range is a national park in Western Australia ( Australia ), 820 km north of Perth . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 102139 ************************** Eugene Volokh(born February 29, 1968) is a American legal commentator and law professor at the UCLA School of Law(located on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles). He publishes the widely-read weblog" The Volokh Conspiracy" and is commonly cited in the American media. Volokh was born in the city of Kiev in Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. He emigrated with his family to the United States at age seven. At age 12, he began working as a computer programmer; three years later, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Math and Computer Science from UCLA. In 1992, Volokh received a Juris Doctor degree from UCLA. He was a law clerk for Judge Alex Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and later for Justice Sandra Day O'Connor of the U.S. Supreme Court. Volokh holds a libertarian political ideology. He is a well-recognized expert on First Amendment law, as well as copyright law. He also advocates a broad reading of the Second Amendment rights. He advocates campus speech rights, religious freedom, and opposes affirmative action, having worked as a legal advisor to California's Proposition 209 campaign. His most prominent writings include 2003's "Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope," published in the Harvard Law Review , as well as a textbook on First Amendment law. On his weblog, he addresses a wide variety of issues, with a focus on politics and law. He has criticized judicial citations of Wikipedia, arguing that information found on Wikipedia may be unreliable. Volokh's works have been published in The Wall Street Journal , Los Angeles Times , The New York Times , Slate , and other publications. His mother, Anne Volokh, is the founder of Movieline magazine. Since May 2005 he's been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1021407 ************************** This is about Airport Express of MTR. For other uses, see Airport Express. The Airport Express ( Traditional Chinese: 機場快綫; Jyutping: Gei1 Coeng4 Faai3 Sin3; pinyin: Jīcháng Kuàixìan) is one of the seven lines of the MTR in Hong Kong. It runs from Hong Kong station in Central and Western district, through West Kowloon and the southwestern New Territories, where it ends at Airport station, located at Hong Kong International Airport. With the opening of Sunny Bay station on the adjacent in June 2005, the complete journey now takes 24 minutes, instead of 23 at the beginning of the line's operation. The line is indicated in the colour teal . Unlike all other MTR lines, the Airport Express is not primarily a commuter line. Instead, it provides express service for passengers using the Hong Kong International Airport, therefore Airport Express is not part of the MTR fare system, and the fare to use is much higher than any other MTR lines. The line runs mostly beside (sometimes directly on) the tracks of Tung Chung Line, but have its own tracks and platforms at stations, as well as diverting itself towards the Airport at the outskirts of Tung Chung town. Currently, it is possible to check-in for flights and receive boarding passes for flights in Hong Kong and Kowloon stations. In October1989, the Hong Kong government decided to replace the over-crowded Kai Tak International Airport, located in Kowloon, with a new airport to be constructed at Chek Lap Kok. The government also invited the MTR, then called the MTRC, to build a train line to the airport called the Lantau Airport Railway. The project did not begin until the Chinese government and the British government settled financial and land disagreements in November 1994. The Lantau Airport Railway turned into two MTR lines, the Tung Chung Line as well as the Airport Express. The Airport Express opened service on 6 July 1998, along with the new Hong Kong International Airport. The Airport Express features a more comfortable environment. There is a baggage hold beside each door, the seats are even better than First Class cabin of KCR East Rail and each seat is equipped with a mini computer showing current news, flight schedules, position of train and announcements. The Airport Express has a more spacious environment and more passenger-friendly trains and stations. This is a list of all the stations on the Airport Express. <nowiki>#</nowiki> Under construction ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1021568 GENERIC ( wiki:passgovernment#Hong_Kong wiki:decide wiki: ) ************************** Chitinozoa(English singular: chitinozoan, plural: chitinozoans) are a group of flask-shaped marine microfossil s (50-2000 micrometres) which appear dark or almost opaque when viewed using a light microscope. They are used as stratigraphic markers in biostratigraphy from uppermost Cambrian through Ordovician and Silurian to Devonian. Alfred Eisenack was the first to give a detailed description of chitinozoa in 1931. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1022685 GENERIC ( wiki:chitinozoan wiki:be wiki:group ) ************************** Zuma is a rock album by Neil Young and Crazy Horse released in 1975. It was named after the Zuma Beach in Malibu. Zuma was the first album released after the famed 'Doomsday Trio', comprising the albums Time Fades Away, Tonight's The Night, and On The Beach. It has an overall more upbeat atmosphere, with a combination of country-tinged rock acoustics and lumbering hard-rock pieces similar in style to songs on Young's second album, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere. The late Danny Whitten was now replaced by Frank Sampedro. Album's definite standout track is the second to last song Cortez The Killer. Similar historical theme was later to appear in Pocahontas on album Rust Never Sleeps . Zuma also contains softer Through My Sails recorded with Crosby, Stills & Nash. There is also a computer game by PopCap Games called Zuma. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1024224 ************************** Huey Pierce Long ( August 30 , 1893 – September 10 , 1935 ), known as " The Kingfish ," was an American politician of the Democratic Party ; he was governor of Louisiana ( 1928 – 1932 ), Senator ( 1932 – 1935 ) and a presidential hopeful before his assassination . He was a populist whose controversial governing style brought allegations of dictator ial tendencies quite unprecedented in modern American politics. Long was born in Winnfield , Louisiana , the eighth of nine children. He attended several local schools before leaving in 1910 and becoming a salesman. He then attended the University of Oklahoma and Tulane University Law School , but never passed the bar exam . However, he practiced law in Shreveport and specialised in compensation suits. He was elected chairman of the Louisiana Railroad Commission in 1918 . That body was renamed the Public Service Commission in 1921 . In the 1920s he was one of the early adopters of radio for political campaigning and also took to always wearing a white linen suit in public. He ran for governor of Louisiana in 1924 but failed, although he was re-elected to the Public Service Commission. However, in 1928 he ran again for Louisiana governor , campaigning under the slogan of "every man a king, but no one wears a crown." Long's attacks on the utilities industries and the privileges of corporations were popular and he won the election by the largest margin in the state's history (92,941 votes to 3,733). Long took the nickname "Kingfish" after a character on the popular Amos & Andy radio program . As a politician, Long was highly unusual in the respect that he made frequent disparaging remarks about the rich as a class; though some say he lived as if he were among them. Huey Long constantly depicted the wealthy as parasites that grabbed more than their fair share of the public wealth while marginalizing the poor. In public and in private, these remarks annoyed the rich and their defenders greatly and, some say, may have contributed to his assassination. Without doubt, Long's caustic remarks about the wealthy endeared him to Louisiana's poor, many of whom felt greatly oppressed by their rich landlords, employers, and moneylenders. Long introduced several major reforms once in office, including free textbooks and free night courses for adult learning, increased expenditures on the state university , and a program to build a school within walking distance of every child in the state. Once in office Long also financed a wide-ranging program of public works ; over 12,000 miles of road were paved and over 100 bridges were built, as well as a new airport in New Orleans , and a medical school at Louisiana State University (LSU). The programs were financed by increased tax es on the rich and on big business; the new roads were paid for with a tax on gasoline. Long was so determined to have his way that, bypassing the state legislature , he put considerable effort into ensuring that his own people controlled every level of the state political system, thereby paving the way for levels of graft that were high even by the standards of Louisiana politics. His efforts in Louisiana were the subject of an IRS investigation; he had increased annual state government expenditure three-fold and the state debt over ten-fold. In 1929 , he was impeached on charges of bribery and gross misconduct, but the state senate failed to convict him by a narrow margin of two votes. It was often alleged that Long had concentrated power to the point where he had become a dictator of sorts; this was unprecedented. In 1930 he was elected to the United States Senate . He went to Washington in 1932 after having ensured that Alvin Olin King was elected to replace him as governor. Long continued to be in effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator. Though he had no constitutional authority to do so, he continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana legislature, which remained controlled by his supporters. He was vigorous in his efforts to try to counter the excesses of the Great Depression . By 1934 he began a reorganization of the state that all but abolished local government and gave himself the power to appoint all state employees. He was a vocal supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1932 election, but when Long was not offered a federal post, he turned against Roosevelt. In 1933 he was part of the three week Senate filibuster against the Glass-Steagall Act . In another famous filibuster on June 12 – June 13 , 1935 , Long made the longest speech of his Senate career. The speech took 15½ hours and comprised 150,000 words. In 1934 he created the Share Our Wealth program, proposing heavy new taxes on the super-rich. Though he was a Democrat , President Roosevelt considered Long a demagogue and privately said of him that "he was one of the… most dangerous men in America." Long positioned himself to run against Roosevelt in the 1936 elections, announcing his bid in August 1935 . One month later, he was dead. On September 8 , 1935 , Huey Long was apparently shot once by Carl Weiss in the Capitol building at Baton Rouge . Weiss was immediately shot dead by Long's bodyguard s. The walls of the capitol hallway are still nicked from the bullets fired in the shootout. Weiss was the son-in-law of Judge Benjamin Pavy , a long-time political opponent of Long. Long died two days later from internal bleeding following an incompetent attempt to close the wounds by Dr. Arthur Vidrine . Some say that Huey should have recovered from the wounds, and that his doctors killed him. According to his sister, Lucille Long Hunt, his last words were: "Don't let me die, I have got so much to do." Persistent rumors allege that Weiss actually had no gun and only struck Long with his hand, and Long was accidentally shot by his own guards when they opened fire on Weiss . These rumors are supported by several witnesses and the fact that Long had a bruised lip when he went in for surgery. Other theories hold that Long's assassination was arranged to prevent him from winning the presidency in 1936, either from within the Democratic Party or as a third party candidate backed by the Share Our Wealth organization. It was widely understood that Long's populist progressive policies had earned him many powerful enemies who would not have wanted him to become president . Two months prior to his death, in July 1935, Long had claimed that he had uncovered a plot to assassinate him . Huey's brother, Earl Long , was elected governor of Louisiana on three occasions. Huey Long's wife, Rose McConnell Long , was appointed to replace him in the Senate, and his son Russell B. Long was elected to the Senate in 1948, serving from 1949 until his retirement in 1987. Long's first autobiography, Every Man a King was published in 1933 . His second book, My First Days in the White House , was published posthumously. It emphatically laid out his presidential ambitions for the election of 1936 . The character of Buzz Windrip who in Sinclair Lewis 's 1935 novel It Can't Happen Here becomes U.S. President ("The Chief") on a strongly populist platform that quickly turns into home-grown American fascism was speculated to have been based on either Long or Gerald B. Winrod . The 1946 book All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren , charting the corruption of a politician, Willie Stark, is clearly based on Long. The book was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1949, and a 2005 remake is also set to be released. by T. (Thomas) Harry Williams won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . Huey P. Long was also the subject of an early documentary film by Ken Burns , who went on to direct epic documentaries about jazz , baseball , and the American Civil War . Long's career is the subject of the biographical song "Kingfish" by Randy Newman on his 1974 album, . The album also features a cover of Long's campaign song, " Every Man a King ", which Long himself co-wrote; Long is also said to have helped compose the LSU marching band pregame song. Disney comic strip artist and creator of the Huey, Dewey and Louie ducklings, Al Taliaferro , named Huey after Huey Long. Huey P. Newton , founder of the Black Panther Party and also born in Lousiana, was named by his father after Huey Long. ( 1977 ) and ( 1995 ) are two made-for-TV docu-drama s about Long. In the Timeline-191 series' American Empire subtrilogy, parallels are drawn between Confederate President Jake Featherston 's populist, dictatorial style of rule and Huey Long's governorship of Lousiana. Long is ultimately assassinated on orders from Featherston when he refuses to side with the Confederate ruling party. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 102446 GENERIC ( wiki:remark wiki:live wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:people#own wiki:control_PASS wiki:levelsystem ) GENERIC ( wiki:bill wiki:control_PASS wiki:by_#supporter ) GENERIC ( wiki:rumor#Persistent wiki:allege wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Long#policy wiki:earn_PASS wiki:enemy#many_powerful ) GENERIC ( wiki:Long#policy wiki:uncover wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:manking wiki:publish_PASS wiki:in_#1933 ) GENERIC ( wiki:parallel wiki:draw_PASS wiki:between_#President_Jake_Featherston#Confederate#for_#TV_docu ) ************************** The Shrine of Remembrance, located in St Kilda Road, Melbourne, is one of the largest war memorials in Australia. It was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who served in World War I, but soon came to be seen as Australia's major memorial to all the 60,000 Australians who died in that war. It now serves as a memorial for all Australians who served in war and it is the site of annual observances of ANZAC Day( 25 April) and Remembrance Day( 11 November). Proposals for a war memorial in Melbourne were put forward as soon as the war ended in November 1918. In 1920 the Victorian state government appointed an advisory committee, which recommended an "arch of victory" over St Kilda Rd, the major boulevard leading out of the city of Melbourne to the south, and one of the city's busiest thoroughfares. In August 1921 an executive committee was formed, with the former commander of the Australian forces in the war, General Sir John Monash, as its driving force. The committee soon abandoned the idea of an arch and proposed a large monumental memorial to the east of St Kilda Road, a position which would make it clearly visible from the centre of the city. A competition was held for a design, which was won by two Melbourne architects (and war veterans), Phillip Hudson and James Wardrop. The design of the proposed Shrine was based on the ancient Tomb of Mausolus(the Mausoleum) at Halicarnassus, one of the Wonders of the World. It featured a massive pyramid-shaped structure, with classical porticos at the head of wide flights of steps on the northern and southern sides. The chosen building stone was granodiorite quarrried from Tynong. This design was fiercely criticised in the press, especially by Keith Murdoch's Herald, on the grounds of its grandiosity, its severity of design and its expense. Murdoch called the Shrine "a tomb of gloom." Some Christian churches also attacked the design as pagan for having no cross or other Christian element. Monash, who was Jewish, was blamed in some quarters for this, although in fact he had not promoted the Hudson-Wardrop design. In the face of this criticism, the Victorian government abandoned the project in 1926, and proposed instead to build a cenotaph in a large "ANZAC Square" at the top of Bourke St in front of Parliament House. This, however, would have involved demolishing the Windsor Hotel, one of Melbourne's oldest and grandest. Monash then struck back, turning the 1927 ANZAC Day march, in which he led 30,000 veterans through the streets of Melbourne, into a demonstration in favour of the St Kilda Rd Shrine, gaining the support of the influential Age and Argus newspapers and the powerful Returned and Services League. Faced with this support, the state government changed its mind again. The foundation stone was laid on 11 November, 1927, by the Governor of Victoria, Lord Somers. Although both the Victorian and Commonwealth governments made contributions, most of the cost of the Shrine was raised by public contributions, with Monash as chief fundraiser. Monash, who had been a civil engineer before 1914, took personal charge of the construction, which began in July 1928. He opposed suggestions that an " unknown soldier" should be buried at the Shrine, on the grounds that this should be done at a national war memorial in the new Australian capital, Canberra. He also rejected suggestions for statues of individual war leaders, including himself. Monash composed the inscription which appears on the western wall of the Shrine: This inscription again aroused criticism for having no Christian element, or religious element at all. In fact it was modelled closely on the memorial inscriptions of Ancient Greece, and reflected Monash's classical education rather than his Jewishness. Monash died in 1931 before the Shrine was finished, but its completion was a tribute to his determination. There is a large equestrian statue of Monash in the parklands which surround the Shrine, although there are no memorials to individuals at the Shrine itself. The inscription on the eastern wall, not written by Monash, reads: The onset of the Great Depression at the end of 1929 slowed construction work on the Shrine. But from 1930 onwards the Depression actually assisted the Shrine's progress, because large numbers of unemployed men were hired at sustenance wages to work on the project as a form of unemployment relief. Many of these were war veterans who welcomed the chance to help finish the Shrine. Work was finally completed in September 1934, and the Shrine was formally dedicated on 11 November 1934 by the Duke of Gloucester, witnessed by a crowd of 300,000, believed to be the largest ever in Melbourne. After World War II it was felt necessary to add to the Shrine an element commemorating the Australian war dead of the second great conflict. The result was the World War II Forecourt, a wide expense of stone in front of the Shrine's north face; the Eternal Flame, a permanent gas flame set just to the west of the north face; and the World War II Memorial, a 12.5 m high cenotaph a little further west. The Forecourt replaced a reflecting pool that had been emptied during World War II and was not subsequently refilled. These enlargements were dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 February 1954. Australia's involvements in later wars, such as the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, the Vietnam War and the Gulf War, are commemorated by inscriptions. In 1951 the body of Sir Thomas Blamey was held for three days for public viewing followed by a State funeral on site. This was the only time, and contrary to any accepted uses, that the building has been used other than as war memorial. During the Vietnam War the Shrine became a centre of conflict when anti-war demonstrators protested during ANZAC Day services against Australia's involvement in the war. In 1971 the Shrine was defaced when the word PEACE was painted in large white letters on the pillars of the north portico. Despite vigorous cleaning, the porous nature of the stone used in the Shrine's construction meant that the slogan remained faintly visible for over 20 years. In 1985 the Remembrance Garden was added beneath the western face of the Shrine to honour those who served during post-WWII conflicts. The garden features a pool, waterfall and granite wall bearing the names of the conflicts in which Australia participated, such as Kuwait( Gulf War) and East Timor. For the past 70 years the Shrine has been the centre of war commemoration in Melbourne. Although Remembrance Day ( 11 November) is the official day for commemorating the war dead, it has gradually been eclipsed in the public estimation by ANZAC Day ( 25 April), which unlike Remembrance Day is a specifically Australian (and New Zealand) day of commemoration. Every ANZAC Day the Shrine is the site of a dawn service which draws large crowds, and the ANZAC Day march of veterans later in the day concludes in the Shrine's forecourt. Inside the Shrine is the Sanctuary, which contains the Stone of Remembrance. This is a marble stone sunk below the pavement, where visitors must bow their heads to read the inscription: The Stone is aligned with an aperture in the roof of the Sanctuary so that a ray of sunlight falls on the word LOVE on the Stone of Remembrance at exactly 11am on 11 November, marking the hour and day of the Armistice which ended World War I. Unfortunately the introduction of daylight saving in Victoria meant that the ray of sunlight was no longer in the right place at 11am. A mirror has now been installed in the roof to direct sunlight onto the Stone at 11am. During the rest of the year, a light is used to simulate the effect. Around the Sanctuary walls is a frieze of 12 carved panels depicting the armed services at work and in action during World War I. The Sanctuary is surrounded by a narrow walkway called the Ambulatory. Along the Ambulatory are 42 bronze caskets containing hand-written, illuminated Books of Remembrance with the names of every Victorian who enlisted for active service with the Australian Imperial Force(AIF) or Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force in World War I or died in camp prior to embarkation. These books are opened to a different page every day. Beneath the Sanctuary is the Crypt containing a statue of a father and son, representing the two generations who went to war together. Around the walls are panels listing every unit of the AIF, down to battalion and regiment, along with the colours of their shoulder patch. The Crypt is hung with the standards of various battalions and regiments, listing their battle honours. The Shrine is set in a large expanse of parkland officially called the King's Domain. Over the years many other war memorials have been built in this area, including the Australian-Hellenic Memorial to Australian and Greek dead in the Battles of Greece and Crete in 1941, and statues of Monash and Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey, Australia's military commander during World War II. Most of the trees which line the approaches to the Shrine bear plaques commemorating individual Army units, naval vessels or Air Force squadrons, placed there by veterans' groups. An older memorial to Victorians killed in the Boer War of 1899- 1902 is also nearby, as well as a monument commemorating Edward George Honey, an Australian journalist who introduced the idea of remembering The Armistice of World War I, which later resulted in the creation of Remembrance Day after his idea was implemented by King George V of the United Kingdom. At the northeast corner of the Shrine is the Gallipoli Memorial, a small statue of "The Man with the Donkey". Officially the statue represents the "valour and compassion of the Australian soldier" but it is modelled on Private John Simpson Kirkpatrick and the dates on the memorial, April 25 to May 19, represent the period in which Simpson survived at Gallipoli. Nearby is a Turkish Pine grown from a seed of the original Lone Pine at Gallipoli. By the 1990s the increasing number of visitors to the Shrine led to the construction of a new Visitor Centre and museum inside the Shrine, which was opened in August 2003. The Centre incorporates an auditorium, administration facilities and public conveniences. It offers improved facilities for visitors, including the many school parties which visit the Shrine every day, provides improved access for the elderly and the disabled, and means that the external steps and northern doors need only be used for ceremonial purposes. Access from the Visitor Centre now leads directly into the Crypt up a short flight of stairs. On display in the Visitor Centre is the Victoria Cross won by Captain Robert Grieve during the Battle of Messines, 1917. As memories of the specific battles of World War I (apart from Gallipoli) have faded in Australia, few people remain aware of the "battle honours" disks, 16 stone discs set in the Shrine's balustrade. These discs are the battle honours granted by King George V and commemorate Australia's contributions to the following battles: Landing at Anzac, (that is, Gallipoli), Sari Bair, Rumani, Gaza-Beersheba, the North Sea, the Cocos Islands, Megiddo, Damascus, Villers Bretonneux, Amiens, Mont St Quentin, the Hindenburg Line, Ypres, Messines, Pozieres and Bullecourt. The Shrine is managed by a Board of Trustees, appointed by the Victorian Government. The board is responsible for the care, management, maintenance and preservation of the building and development of the Shrine. The Shrine's security has been considerably improved in recent years. A group of Victoria Police guards keep watch over the Shrine at all times. During the hours the Shrine is open to the public or in use for any ceremony, they wear a uniform representing an Australian Light Horseman of World War I with Victoria Police Force insignia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1024510 GENERIC ( wiki:proposal wiki:put#forward_PASS wiki:as_#war ) GENERIC ( wiki:Commonwealth_governments wiki:make wiki:contribution ) GENERIC ( wiki:war_veterans wiki:welcome wiki:chance ) GENERIC ( wiki:centrewar_demonstrators wiki:protest wiki:during_#service#ANZAC_Day#against_#Australia##in_#war ) GENERIC ( wiki:centrewar_demonstratorsslogan wiki:remain#faintly wiki:visible ) GENERIC ( wiki:visitor wiki:bow wiki:head ) GENERIC ( wiki:panel wiki:list wiki:unit ) GENERIC ( wiki:crypt wiki:hang_PASS wiki:with_#standard#of_#battalions_and_regiments#various ) GENERIC ( wiki:facility wiki:improve_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:door#northern wiki:need#only wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:people#few wiki:remain#only wiki:aware#of_#battle_honours#"#"_#disk ) GENERIC ( wiki:shrine wiki:be wiki:open#for_#care_,_management_,_maintenance_and_preservation#of_#building_and_development#of_#shrine#_#public#in_#use#for_#ceremony ) ************************** Martin Paul Bicknell(born 14 January 1969 in Guildford, Surrey) is an English cricket er. He played only four Test matches, but the last two, against South Africa in 2003, came ten years after the first two in the 1993 Ashes series. Bicknell was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 2001. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1026322 ************************** __NOTOC__ The Adcox Student Prince was a two-seat open-cockpit biplane designed by Basil Smith and built by the students of the Adcox Aviation Trade School in 1929. It was based on the one-off Adcox Special, and the first example flew on September 17. As of 2004, a single example remains registered in the United States. Adcox Special Comparable aircraft: Designation sequence: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1026739 ************************** A retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income, or pension, during retirement, when they are no longer earning a steady income from employment. Retirement plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, the government or other institutions such as employer associations or trade unions. Retirement plans are more commonly known as pension schemes in the UK and Ireland and superannuation plans in Australia. Retirement plans may be classified as defined benefit or defined contribution according to how the benefits are determined. A defined benefit plan guarantees a certain payout at retirement, according to a fixed formula which usually depends on the member's salary and the number of years' membership in the plan. A defined contribution plan will provide a payout at retirement that is dependent upon the amount of money contributed and the performance of the investment vehicles utilized. Some types of retirement plans, such as cash balance plans, combine features of both defined benefit and defined contribution schemes. Traditionally, retirement plans have been administered by institutions which exist specifically for that purpose, by large businesses, or, for government workers, by the government itself. A traditional form of defined benefit plan is the final salary plan, under which the pension paid is equal to the number of years worked, multiplied by the member's salary at retirement, multiplied by a factor known as the accrual rate. Defined benefit plans may also be of the type where, typically, each year the plan administrator will contribute an amount equal to a certain percentage of each participant's salary; a second contribution, called , is made as well. The final accrued amount is available as a monthly pension or a lump sum. In addition, many countries offer state-sponsored retirement benefits, beyond those provided by employers, which are funded by payroll or other taxes. In the U.S., this is one role of Social Security. Defined benefit plans may be either funded or unfunded. In a funded plan, contributions from the employer, and sometimes also from plan members, are invested in a fund towards meeting the benefits. The future returns on the investments, and the future benefits to be paid, are not known in advance, so there is no guarantee that a given level of contributions will be enough to meet the benefits. Typically, the contributions to be paid are regularly reviewed in a valuation of the plan's assets and liabilities, carried out by an actuary. In many countries, such as the USA, the UK and Australia, most private defined benefit plans are funded, because governments there provide tax incentives to funded plans. In an unfunded plan, no funds are set aside. The benefits to be paid are met immediately by contributions to the plan. Most government run retirement plans, such as the social security system in the USA and most European countries, are unfunded, with benefits being paid directly out of current taxes and social security contributions. In some countries, such as Germany, Austria and Sweden, company run retirement plans are often unfunded. In a defined contribution plan, contributions are paid into an individual account for each member. The contributions are invested, for example in the stock market, and the returns on the investment (which may be positive or negative) are credited to the individual's account. On retirement, the member's account is used to provide retirement benefits, often through the purchase of an annuity which provides a regular income. Defined contribution plans have become more widespread all over the world in recent years, and are now the dominant form of plan in the private sector in many countries. For example, the number of DB plans in the US has been steadily declining, as more and more employers see the large pension contributions as a large expense that they can avoid by disbanding the plan and instead offering a defined contribution plan. Examples of defined contribution plans in the USA include Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and 401(k) plans. In such plans, the employee is responsible, to one degree or another, for selecting the types of investments toward which the funds in the retirement plan are allocated. This may range from choosing one of a small number of pre-determined mutual funds to selecting individual stocks or other securities. Most self-directed retirement plans are characterized by certain tax advantage s, and some provide for a portion of the employee's contributions to be matched by the employer. In exchange, the funds in such plans may not be withdrawn by the investor prior to reaching a certain age--typically the year the employee reaches 59.5 years old--(with a small number of exceptions) without incurring a substantial penalty. Money contributed can either be from employee salary deferral or from employer contributions or matching. Defined contribution plans are subject to IRS limits on how much can be contributed, known as the section 415 limit. The total deferral amount including the employee and employer contribution is the lesser of $40,000 or 100% of compensation. The employee only amount is $13,000 for 2004 with a $3,000 catch up. These amounts increase in 2005 (to $14,000 and $4,000) and 2006 (to $15,000 and $5,000). Advocates of defined contribution plans point out that each employee has the ability to tailor the investment portfolio to his or her individual needs and financial situation, including the choice of how much to contribute, if anything at all. However, others state that these apparent advantages could also hinder some workers who might not possess the financial savvy to choose the correct investment vehicles or have the discipline to voluntarily contribute money to retirement accounts. This debate parallels the discussion currently going on in the U.S., where many Republican leaders favor transforming the Social Security system, at least in part, to a self-directed investment plan. Another difference is that a defined contribution plan's assets remain with the employee, even if he or she transfers to a new job or decides to retire early, whereas in many countries defined benefit pension benefits are typically lost if the worker fails to serve the requisite number of years with the same company. Self-directed accounts from one employer may usually be 'rolled-over' to another employer's account or converted from one type of account to another in these cases. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1028018 GENERIC ( wiki:Retirement_plans wiki:set#up_PASS wiki:by_#employer ) GENERIC ( wiki:Retirement_plans wiki:be#commonly wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Retirement_plans wiki:classify_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:retirement_plans wiki:administer_PASS wiki:by_#institution ) GENERIC ( wiki:feature wiki:be wiki:equal#_#number#of_#year ) GENERIC ( wiki:benefit_plans#Defined wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:benefit_plans wiki:fund#enough_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:tax_incentives wiki:meet#immediately_PASS wiki:by_#contribution#_#plan ) GENERIC ( wiki:company wiki:run wiki:retirement_planswith_#benefit ) GENERIC ( wiki:contribution wiki:pay_PASS wiki:into_#account#individual#for_#member ) GENERIC ( wiki:contribution_plans wiki:become_PASS wiki:widespread#_#individual##over_#world#in_#year#recent ) GENERIC ( wiki:plan#401(k)employee wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:retirement_plans wiki:characterize_PASS wiki:by_#tax_advantage#certain ) GENERIC ( wiki:contribution_plans wiki:be wiki:subject#_#limit#IRS ) GENERIC ( wiki:wherea wiki:define#typically wiki:benefit_pension_benefits ) ************************** Mount Peechee is the third highest peak of the Fairholme Range in Banff National Park. Mt. Peechee is located immediately southeast of Mount Girouard in the Bow River valley south of Lake Minnewanka. The mountain was named in 1884 by George Dawson after an Indian guide who escorted George Simpson through the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1028801 ************************** Cynodon dactylon(syn. Panicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon), also known as Bermuda Grass, Dog's Tooth Grass, Bahama Grass, Devil's Grass, Couch Grass, Indian Doab, Grama, and Scutch Grass, is a grass native to north Africa and southern Europe. The name "Bermuda Grass" derives from its abundance as an invasive species on Bermuda; it does not occur naturally there. The blades are a gray-green color and are short, usually 3-10 cm (1 to 4 inches) long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow 1-40 cm (4 to 16 inches) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in color. The seed heads are produced in a cluster of 3-5 spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike 3-7 cm (1-3 inch) long. It has a deep root system, and in drought situations the root system can grow 120-150 cm (47 to 59 inches) deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 cm (24 inches) under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground and root wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. Bermuda grass reproduces through seeds, through runners and rhizomes. Germination begins at temperatures above 18°C, with optimum growth between 24° to 27°C; in winter the grass becomes dormant and turns brown. Bermuda Grass is highly aggressive, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitable growing areas. This sometimes gives the grass the name of devil grass by gardeners. The grass is fast growing and tough making it popular and useful for sporting fields, as damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its heat and drought tolerance enable it to survive where few other grasses do. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with medium textured cultivars growing in warm climates all over the world between about 45° south and 45° north latitude that get more than 410 mm (16 inches) of rainfall a year. In the United States it can be grown from Maryland south to Florida, west to California. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1029981 GENERIC ( wiki:grass_reproduces#Bermudagermination wiki:begin wiki:cat_#temperature#above_#° ) GENERIC ( wiki:field wiki:recover#quickly wiki: ) ************************** The Montreal Royals were a AAA farm club for the Brooklyn Dodgers during the years 1939-1960. The team holds a unique place in baseball history as being the first major-league affiliate to break the so-called " colour barrier". On October 23, 1945, Branch Rickey, Brooklyn Dodgers manager and owner, signed Jackie Robinson, an American of African descent. Robinson played with the Royals during the 1946 season. During that season, Robinson faced racist resistance of his coach and teammates to his entrance, but soon won them over with his masterful playing, beginning with spectacular play in the opening game, and courage facing against hostile crowds and opponents. As for his home city, he was welcomed immediately by the public who followed his performance in that season with intense adoration. For rest of his life, Robinson was grateful how they made Montreal a welcome oasis in that difficult season where he knew he was appreciated. Robinson then left to play for the Dodgers the following year, but not before winning the Minor League World series and being chased by exultant fans right to the train as he left. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1031262 ************************** Lu Yuegang(盧躍剛), a 46-year-old Sichuan native in China, is a journalist and a writer of non-fiction. He has been a reporter of China Youth Daily for ten years. He was promoted to be the deputy director and later the principal reporter of the news centre in China Youth Daily. Meanwhile, he also serves as the Chairman of the China Association for the Study of Nonfiction. Throughout years, he has won several prizes for his reportages. Lu Yuegang's reportages are based on the social problems in China. His colleagues always describe him as a "Lively Tiger" due to his ever-glowing spirit of news tracing and verification, and also his passion of disclosing the TRUTH. Lu's goal is to witness and record the change and the reality of the Chinese history in an objective and precise way through writing reportages. He always uses Social Sciences theories and skills to maintain a closed observation and discussion on the problems in the Chinese society, including Literature, Sociology, History, Laws and Economics. The social group which Lu concerns the most is the weak and the poor. It is because they are at the lowest social status. They receive the least concerns from the society. Their rights are often neglected and deprived. Lu's writing style is a kind of realistic literature. His words often reveal the dark side of the society. They resonate the suppressed groups and arouse the awareness of the general public. was granted the "Chinese Tide" Reportage Award in 1988("中國潮" 報告文學頭獎) was granted the "Chinese Author" Outstnding Reportage Prize in 1990-1992 (優秀報告文學頭獎) Chinese Reportage Association 1st year Reportage Prize (中國報告文學學會 首屆中國報告文學獎) "Era Tide" Nationwide Reportage Extraordinary Prize in 1993 (<<時代潮>> 全國紀實文學特等獎) was granted "the Contemporary Era" Outstanding Reportage Award in 1993 (<<當代>>優秀報告文學獎) "the Contemporary Era" Outstanding Reportage Award in 1988-1966 (<<當代>>優秀報告文學獎) Lu is an investigative reporter. He writes watchdog reporting. He regards himself as a "hooligan journalist" as he goes mad when he comes across unfairness. He reports social injustice with serious investigation and thorough verification like in the case of "Wu Fong". In 1988, a poor female villager, Wu Fong, in Xianxi of China attempted to get divorced with her husband, Maoxing, in order to settle the dispute with him. After that, she ran away owing to her husband's strong disagreement. On 26th April, 1998, Wu Fong was cheated by some police officers and village heads and came back to the village where she tried hard to escape from. On that day, three women rushed in suddenly, knocked her down and took off her clothes. Her husband and brother-in-law then used sulphuric acid to attack her face, breasts and thighs in front of the villagers. Although her husband and brother-in-law were arrested and punished afterwards, it could not put out the fire of anger in Wu’s heart. She believed that the major criminals were still hiding in the dark! Therefore, she did not hesitate and went to appeal. The case remained a mystery until 4th July, 1996, when Wu first met Lu. After serious investigation, Lu claimed, “the Wu Fong's case is not over!” with a piece of powerful evidence. It revealed that some V.I.P. in the city of Hanyuen were playing behind the curtain. Those V.I.P. included Wong Long Yip, the son of the Deputy Mayor of Hanyuen. In August, Lu published an article, "The Strange Affair of the Destroyed Face", in China Youth Daily. Later, the Deputy Mayor sent a public letter to Lu’s newspaper. He claimed that Lu had violated the Libel Law. Since then, the “battle” between Lu and the privileged was started!!! The case had crossed the boundary of a simple court story. "It determines the future of news monitoring in China" said Professor Wong, Wai Kwok (王衛國) - a famous scholar of China University of Politics, "If the China Youth Daily loses, journalists will have to take serious risk whenever they want to reveal the dark side of the society or critise the priviliged afterwards." Lu tries his best to tell the "truth". He strongly believes that everyone can use their own way to make his or her voice heard. All of Lu's reports can provide room for the public to reflect and discuss. Lu has lighted up the direction towards the fact that being a journalist is fact-based. Here are two quotations from Lu regarding the fact and reality: 1) "When reporters face pressure during the process of investigation, only the fact can save their life but not power instead." 2) "Don't be afraid to report any news in China whenever you obtain the fact! However, you will be at risk when you lack reality which is your back-up." For even more details of the Wu Fong Case, please go to Wu Fong Case Website In the past, the red tape authority restricted news reporting and set many limitations to journalism in China. The press only served as an instrument for the Chinese leaders. Through decades, Lu has put much effort to improve the freedom of speech and press in China. Lu has also written about the plight of petitioners. He thought that the rise of complaints in Beijing was "because so many problems aren't solved at the local level." "The public are now more aware of their rights," he said, "but few find satisfaction in Beijing... In the end, the complaints will be sent back to the people whom the complaints were made against in the first place." He and some journalists are still trying hard to reveal the hidden and neglected problems and arouse the public awareness. This is a challenge and advancement comparing to the past. Furthermore, the work of Lu encourages more reporters to engage in this evolution. It also shows them that “FACT” is of the ultimate importance! In China, there is one common political philosophy, i.e. To guarantee the power, both guns and pens have to be controlled properly. This explains why the press has long acted as the tongue of the Government. It cannot even report according to its own opinion. However, with his courage and conscience, Lu steps up and fights against the fate. Thus, Lu writes a letter to Zhao Yong. A letter to Zhao Yong: China Youth Daily is one of the China's oldest and most progressive newspaper. On 24th of May, 2004, Zhao Yong, the Secretary of the Standing Committee of the Communist Youth League of China, who is also the direct political authority over the China Youth Daily, announced the new controls he tried to put over this newspaper in a meeting. In respond to this, in July 2004, Lu yuegang wrote an open letter(15000 Chinese words) to challenge Zhao. Through the open letter, Lu criticized Zhao's leadership for intimidating staff and disregarding the paper's tradition of idealism and teamwork. This letter has highlighted how the government manipulates the media in reality and the wrongdoings of the officials. This letter is a new and brave voice from Chinese journalists. It helps to accelerate the independent progress of Chinese press and the political reforms in China, inwardly by journalists who possess conscience and mission, outwardly by the support and protection of the open-minded communist officials. 'It is challenging to maintain a "high quality of consistency". It needs political sense, especially a high standard of professionalism.', he stated in the letter. The full translation of Lu Yuegang's Open Letter are in the following websites: The Lu Yuegang Letter or The Chinese version Lu has written many articles, novels, books and reportages. In fact, there is a close relationship between reportage and journalism."Reportage",which appeared in Chinese Litrature in early 1930s, is a combination of news report and litrature. It contains the features of both. It talks about people and their "true stories". It can illustrate the characters and feeling of people. It counts on accuracy, objectivity and promptness. Thus, writers usually have practical experience of the affairs so as to tell people the truth. In short, reportage can be described as the combination of both literature - by writing different stories and journalism - as all stories are about the truth and facts. It is a record of things in a detailed and objective way. Reference: To know more about reportage, please refer to the External Link 3 below. His vigilance and competence against injustice and priviledges have disclosed the dark side of the society and help to draw attention to the poor so as to bring fairness to them, like in the case of" Wu Fong". In addition, his open letter to Zhao Yong has drawn worldwide attention to the high-ranked officials putting pressure on Chinese press. Not only has it promoted the reforms of the control over the press in China, but it has also demonstrated a good example of conscience against the government's stance. Maybe it is a good start for Chinese press to really represent the public opinion instead of just 'transmit lies when it is under pressure from the senior and be the rubbish bin for the League central committee' according to Lu. Lu has also brought a new concept in ruling a country to the world. Lu's writing shows that the world should not have "law" only because "law" is a neutral thing that set by people. It can vary from different places, time, culture and people's desire. Therefore, Lu stresses that the society should have the "spirit of the law" instead of having "law" only. It means that moral principles should be involved. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1031993 GENERIC ( wiki:journalist wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:news wiki:go wiki:_#website#Wu_Fong_Case#In_#past ) ************************** Dr. John Ralston Saul, CC , Ph.D (born June 19 , 1947 ) is a Canadian author, essayist and philosopher . He is the husband of Canada's 26th Governor General Adrienne Clarkson , whose term ended on September 27 , 2005 . Therefore, he is a former Viceregal Consort of Canada . Born in Ottawa , Saul studied at McGill University in Montreal and at the University of London , where he earned his Ph.D in 1972 . After working for Petro-Canada , he turned his attention to writing. His first works were novels, including The Birds of Prey , Baraka , The Next Best Thing , The Paradise Eater , and De si bons Américains . He is best known now, however, for his philosophical essays. These began with a philosophical trilogy made up of the bestseller Voltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West ; the polemic philosophical dictionary The Doubter's Companion ; and the book that grew out of his presentation of the Massey Lectures , The Unconscious Civilization . The last won the 1996 Governor-General's Award for Non-Fiction Literature. These books deal with themes such as the dictatorship of reason unbalanced by other human qualities, how it can be used for any ends especially in a directionless state that rewards the pursuit of power for power's sake. He argues that this leads to deformations of thought such as ideology promoted as truth ; the rational but anti-democratic structures of corporatism , by which he means the worship of small groups; and the use of language and expertise to mask a practical understanding of the harm this causes, and what else our society might do. He argues that the rise of individualism with no regard for the role of society has not created greater individual autonomy and self-determination, as was once hoped, but isolation and alienation. He calls for a pursuit of a more humanist ideal in which reason is balanced with other human mental capacities such as common sense , ethics , intuition , creativity , and memory , for the sake of the common good, and he discusses the importance of unfettered language and practical democracy. He expanded on these themes as they relate to Canada and its history and culture in Reflections of a Siamese Twin . In this book, he coined the idea of Canada being a "soft" country, meaning not that the nation is weak, but that it is has a flexible and complex identity, as opposed to the unyielding or monolithic identities of other states. He argued that Canada's complex national identity is made up of the "triangular reality" of the three nations that compose it: anglophone s, francophone s, and the First Peoples . He emphasizes the willingness of these Canadian nations to compromise with one another, as opposed to resorting to open confrontations. In the same vein, he criticizes those in the Quebec separatist Montreal School for emphasizing the conflicts in Canadian history, and formulates the concept of a victim mythology as a critical weapon. His book, On Equilibrium (2001), is an essay on six qualities that all of us possess: Common Sense, Ethics, Imagination, Intuition, Memory, and Reason. He describes how these inner forces serve us, how we can use them to balance each other, and what happens when they are unbalanced such as when one is used in isolation such as when there is a "Dictatorship of Reason". In an article written for Harper's magazine and published in the magazine's March 2004 issue under the title The Collapse of Globalism and the Rebirth of Nationalism , he argued that the globalist ideology was under attack by counter-movements. Saul extended this argument in his most recent book, The Collapse of Globalism (2005). Fiction Non Fiction ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 103256 GENERIC ( wiki:work#first wiki:be wiki:novel ) GENERIC ( wiki:,_and_De_si_bons#The_Paradise_EaterAm wiki:Ã_PASS wiki:©_#ricain ) GENERIC ( wiki:book wiki:deal wiki:with_#theme#as_#dictatorship#of_#reason ) GENERIC ( wiki:Governor_-_General#1996Award wiki:lead wiki:_#deformation#of_#thought#as_#ideology ) GENERIC ( wiki:society wiki:do wiki:_#deformation#of_#thought#as_#ideology ) GENERIC ( wiki:reason wiki:balance_PASS wiki:with_#capacity#other_human_mental_#as_#sense_,_ethics_,_intuition_,_creativity_,_and_memory#common ) GENERIC ( wiki:globalist_ideology wiki:be wiki:under_#attack#by_#counter_-_movements ) ************************** Östergötlands storregemente or Landsregementet i Östergötland(Ostrogothia Grand Regiment, Regiment of the Land in Ostrogothia) was one of the nine grand regiments organized by Gustavus Adolphus in the late 1610s and split into smaller regiments in the 1620s. Raised in Götaland from smaller units of 500 men called fänikor , more specifically from the province of Östergötland and in the county of Jönköping, in 1618 and counting 3,000 men (at the time, it counted 2,176 men). The grand regiment was in turn organized into three field regiments ( fältregementen) and a cavalry regiment, thus actually being more like a brigade in spite of the name. The regiment did not take part in any campaign during its short lifetime. The grand regiments of Sweden where reorganized during the early 1620s to consist of three field regiments, each of eight companies of 150 men, thus making the total number 3,600 soldiers per grand regiment. It is unsure whether or not the cavalry regiment was included in the total number. In 1623, the regiment was split into three smaller regiments, Östgöta infanteriregemente , Jönköpings regemente and Östgöta kavalleriregemente . Before being split, the regiment was organized as follows: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1032806 ************************** Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world, with a large portion of species endemic to Australia, preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations. Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks , a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation. A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity , the destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, control of exotic weeds and pests , expansion of dryland salinity , changed fire regimes and intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry , fisheries and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. International agreements that affect conservation policy in Australia. There are numerous protected areas in all States and Territories that have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems. Protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands which are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Site s. As of 2002 , 10.8% (774,619.51 km²) of the total land area of Australia is within a protected area. Protected areas of include those managed by the federal Department of the Environment and Heritage , and national park s and other protected areas managed by the states, Agencies responsible for protected areas include include: A number of governmental and nongovernmental organizations work in conservation and restoration of the Australian Environment. Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 103342 GENERIC ( wiki:International_agreements wiki:affect wiki:conservation_policy ) GENERIC ( wiki:area#Protected wiki:include wiki:park#national ) GENERIC ( wiki:agency wiki:include wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:organization#nongovernmental wiki:work wiki:in_#conservation_and_restoration#of_#environment#Australian ) ************************** Samuel Gobat( January 26, 1799- May 11, 1879), bishop of Jerusalem, was born at Crémines, Bern, Switzerland. After serving in the mission house at Basel from 1823 to 1826, he went to Paris and London, whence, having acquired some knowledge of Arabic and Ethiopic, he went out to Abyssinia under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. The unsettled state of the country and his own ill health prevented his making much headway; he returned to Europe in 1835 and from 1839 to 1842 lived in Malta, where he supervised an Arabic translation of the Bible. In 1846 he was consecrated Protestant bishop of Jerusalem, under the agreement between the British and Prussia n governments (1841) for the establishment of a joint bishopric for Lutherans and Anglicans in the Holy Land. He carried on a vigorous mission as bishop for over thirty years, his diocesan school and orphanage on Mount Zion being specially noteworthy. A record of his life, largely autobiographical, was published at Basel in 1884, and an English translation at London in the same year. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1033931 ************************** Clonorchiasis is an infectious disease caused by the Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinesis . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1034796 ************************** The British Fourth Army was a field army of the British Expeditionary Force during the First World War. The Fourth Army was formed on 5 February 1916 under the command of General Sir Henry Rawlinson to carry out the main British contribution to the Battle of the Somme. On the first day on the Somme, eleven Fourth Army division s attacked astride the Albert-Bapaume road. The attack was completely defeated on the northern sector so subsequent Fourth Army operations concentrated on the southern sector, handing control of the northern sector to the Reserve Army. The plan for the Fourth Army during the 1917 Flanders offensive (that became the Third Battle of Ypres) was to mount an amphibious invasion of the Belgian coast once a breakthrough had been achieved. As the Ypres fighting became bogged down, the Fourth Army divisions were drawn off as reinforcements until the army was effectively disbanded. The Fourth Army was reformed in early 1918— once again under Rawlinson — following the virtual destruction and subsequent disbanding of the Fifth Army during the German offensive known as Operation Michael. The Fourth Army spearhead ed the British Hundred Days offensive that began with the Battle of Amiens and ended with the Armistice in November. In World War II, no British Fourth Army actually took the field, but as part of the deception plan, Operation Fortitude, the Germans were encouraged to believe that Fourth Army existed with its headquarters in Edinburgh Castle, and was preparing to invade Norway. This successfully drew German units from the real invasion zone in Normandy. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1035226 GENERIC ( wiki:division#Fourth_Army wiki:draw#off_PASS wiki:as_#reinforcement#until_#army ) ************************** Ahmad Khorram(احمد خرم) (born 1950) is Iran ian politician. His is currently an " Advisor to the President". Khorram was the Minister of Roads and Transportation, under President Mohammad Khatami, until October 3, 2004, when he was impeached by the Majlis of Iran by 188 votes out of 258 present members of the parliament. He was replaced by Ahmad Sadegh-Bonab, as the temporary supervisor of the Ministry. Born in Isfahan, and having a bachelor degree in Roads and Structures Engineering from University of Tabriz, Khorram's previous posts in the Iranian government included the governorship of Hormozgan, Khuzestan, and Hamedan and vice ministership of the Ministry of Roads and Transportation. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1036570 ************************** Jerky Boys is a album released in 1993 on compact disc by the Jerky Boys under the Atlantic Records record label. The genre is comedy, prank calls, video art. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1037432 ************************** From 1996 to 1999, all players playing in the United States currently playing professionally in the United Soccer Leagues were eligible for the MLS Supplemental Draft, where they could be selected by all Major League Soccer teams. Players graduating college were entered into a separate MLS College Draft. The division between the two was eliminated in 2000, when they were combined into a single MLS SuperDraft. List of Supplemental Drafts: In 2003, MLS held a Supplemental draft to distribute players who were signed by the league after the SuperDraft. In 2005, with the expansion of developmental rosters and the creation of reserve teams, MLS re-instituted the Supplemental draft, to be held after the SuperDraft. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1037897 GENERIC ( wiki:all_players wiki:play#currently wiki:in_#United_States ) GENERIC ( wiki:player wiki:sign_PASS wiki:by_#league#after_#superdraft ) GENERIC ( wiki:ml wiki:re wiki:draft#Supplementalby_#all_Major_League_Soccer_teams ) ************************** Deep Forest is a musical group comprising of two French musicians, Eric Mouquet and Michel Sanchez. They compose world music, mixing ethnic with electronic sounds and they were nominated for a Grammy Award in 1993 for best world album, and in 1996 they won the award for the album, Boheme. Some of the proceeds from their album sales have been donated to charity. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1038760 ************************** New Masters is an album by singer/songwriter Cat Stevens. The album was released in 1967 on the Deram record label. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1040343 ************************** Bad Education( La mala educación) is a 2004 film by Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar about two reunited childhood friends (and lovers) in the vein of an Alfred Hitchcock murder mystery. Sexual abuse by Catholic priests, transsexuality, drug abuse, and a metafiction are also important themes and devices in the plot. Enrique ( Fele Martínez), a successful film director, is visited by a stranger ( Gael García Bernal) in his office, an actor looking for work who claims to be Enrique's boarding school friend and first love interest Ignacio. "Ignacio" has brought a short story with him that is about their time at the Catholic school together and the physical and sexual abuse they suffered at the hands of Father Manolo ( Daniel Giménez Cacho). It also includes a fictionalized account of their (Enrique's and Ignacio's) reunion after all those years. Enrique remains skeptical, for he feels the Ignacio he loved and the Ignacio of today are totally different persons. He drives to Galicia to Ignacio's mother and learns that the real Ignacio has been dead for four years and that the man who came to his office is really Ignacio's younger brother, Juan. Enrique's interest is piqued and he decides to do the movie with Juan in the role of Ignacio to find out what drives Juan. Enrique and "Ignacio" start a relationship and Enrique revises the script so that it ends with Father Manolo, who Ignacio was trying to blackmail over the abuse to get money for sex reassignment surgery, having Ignacio murdered. When the scene is shot, "Ignacio" breaks out in tears unexpectedly. The movie set is visited by Manuel Berenguer ( Lluís Homar), who has read in the newspaper about the film and is none other than the real Father Manolo who has resigned from Church duty. Manuel confesses to Enrique that the new ending of the film is not far from the truth: The real Ignacio blackmailed Manuel, who somehow managed to scratch together the money but also took an interest in Ignacio's younger brother Juan. Juan and Manuel started a relationship and after a while realized they both wanted to see Ignacio dead. This was facilitated by the fact that Ignacio was a heroin addict. Juan got some heroin laced with strychnine, so that his brother would die once he shot up. Enrique is understandably shocked and not at all interested in Juan's weak vindications for what he did to his brother. Finally, before he leaves, Juan gives Enrique a piece of paper: A letter to Enrique that Ignacio was in the middle of typing when he died. From the style of the opening credits to the score that is heavily reminiscent of the works of Bernard Herrmann, this movie is an homage to classic Hitchcock thrillers such as Vertigo , in which a femme fatale from the protagonist's past surfaces again but has a double identity and hides a dark secret. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1040571 GENERIC ( wiki:metafiction wiki:be wiki:themes_and_devices#important ) GENERIC ( wiki:Ignacio_"#" wiki:break#out wiki:in_#tear ) ************************** Youth councils are a an example of youth voice engaged in youth-led decision-making. Youth councils exist on local, state, provincial, regional, national, and international levels among governments, NGOs, schools, and other entities. The history of youth councils extends back to the early twentieth century, when communists and Nazis formed youth-led decision-making bodies for the purpose of propaganization and recruitment. After a thirty-year lull, youth councils have come back into favor internationally with the popularity of the European Youth Council. Youth councils have many purposes. Many are consultative bodies for more representative political bodies at all levels of government. The extent to which they have been established at all levels varies, as the United States, Canada, Western and Northern Europe have all seen a proliferation of these bodies. How they are composed varies, with some youth councils being elected by young people in the community, while others are handpicked by political officials or elected by youth NGO s. The Council of Europe also has an Advisory Council, which is part of a co-decision structure on the Youth field in the Council of Europe, called the Joint Committee. At the present, the Norwegian Lasse Thue is chairperson of the Advisory Council. In Israel, There is a National Youth Council, whose members are elected from 7 Regional Youth Councils, which are elected from Municipal councils, formed from representatives of School Student Councils and Youth Movements. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1041884 GENERIC ( wiki:Youth_councils wiki:be wiki:example ) GENERIC ( wiki:Youth_councils wiki:exist wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:communists_and_Nazis wiki:form wiki:decision_-_making_bodies ) GENERIC ( wiki:youth_councils wiki:come#back_PASS wiki:into_#favor#with_#popularity#of_#European_Youth_Council ) GENERIC ( wiki:Youth_councils wiki:have wiki:purpose#many ) GENERIC ( wiki:member wiki:elect_PASS wiki:from_#Youth_Councils#Regional ) ************************** An optical table or optics bench is a piece of equipment used for optics experiments and technologies. In optical setups, especially those involving involve interferometry, the alignment of each component must be extremely accurate -- precise up to a fraction of a wavelength(ususally a few hundred nanometers). The smallest vibrations or tensions in the table on which the elements are set up might lead to complete failure. Hence, one requires an extremely sturdy table which neither vibrates nor flexes, even under heavy loads. Such an optical table is made of steel with a thick honeycomb lattice structure. Its surface usually has a grid of threaded holes while allow the components to be bolted down so they cannot move even a few nanometers. Often, its legs are pneumatic vibration damper s. For even more accurate setups, one also prevents air movements and temperature gradients by enclosing the surface in a plexiglass box and placing a "flowbox" above it, a device which produces a laminar stream of air flowing downwards and kept at a fixed temperature by special air conditioning. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1042493 ************************** The Chinese Type 56 "Assault Rifle" is a copy of the AK-47 Kalashnikov. The rifle exists in three variants; Type 56 (with fixed stock), Type 56-1 (with under-folding stock) and Type 56-2 (sideways folding stock). This series of rifles is most easily identified by the folding "spike" bayonet attached to the barrel just aft of the muzzle. It's easy to confuse this rifle with the Chinese Type 56 Carbine because of the name, but they are two very different rifles and are based on two different designs. It is still strange to some people that the "carbine" version is 15 cm longer than the "assault rifle" version but that is because some people don't know that this "assault rifle" is actually the "Type 56 Submachine gun" in its official Chinese designation, so that a squad would have both type 56 rifles and type 56 submachine guns together. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1043995 ************************** The following publictions were known as central newspapers in the Soviet Union. They were organs of the major organizations of the Soviet Union. See also: Printed media in the Soviet Union. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1044672 GENERIC ( wiki:publiction#following wiki:know_PASS wiki:as_#newspaper#central#in_#Soviet_Union ) ************************** "Hitler has only got one ball" refers to the many variations on a set of vulgar lyrics to the popular " Colonel Bogey March ". These are four-line lyrics making fun of the Nazi leaders. In his autobiography Fringe Benefits , well-connected Anglo-Irish gadabout and publicist Donough O'Brien claims the original was written by his father, Toby O'Brien, also a publicity agent, in August, 1939 as British propaganda. This purported original version started with the words " Göring has only got one ball", and went on to imply that Hitler had two small ones. In virtually all later versions, the positions are reversed. The statement that Himmler was "sim'lar" appears in all versions. The final line of this original and some later forms ends with the clever word play that Goebbels had "noeballs". Both these variations argue strongly in favor of O'Brien's version being a very early version. No author has ever been identified for the more popular versions that begin "Hitler has only got one ball". The song has frequently been heard and seen. The lyrics were not used in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) because they were considered too vulgar. Thomas Pynchon quoted them in V. in the mouths of British artillerymen on Malta . Bette Midler sang them in her concert film Divine Madness and they were also heard on the British TV sitcom 'Allo 'Allo! , the 1972 film adaptation of the John Knowles novel A Separate Peace (although they are not in the book, and the tune to which they are sung in the filme is not the "Colonel Bogey March"), and the Czech film Dark Blue World (2001). No attempt is known to have been made to claim or enforce a copyright on these lyrics. There are many variants to this song, most making fun of Nazi political leaders. An alleged Soviet autopsy on Hitler's remains made shortly after the war claimed Hitler was monorchic , but most historians dismiss this reference as propaganda . However, records show that he was wounded in 1916 during the Battle of the Somme , and some sources describe his injury as a wound to the groin. Hitler's World War I company commander has said that a VD exam found that Hitler had only one testicle. Robert G.L. Waite in his book (1978), accepts the accuracy of this evidence: This purported original version is interesting in that Göring has the one ball and Hitler apparently has two: :Hitler's are so very small :And Goebbels has noebbels at all! That it starts with Göring and the musical comedy word play of rhyming Goebbels with "noebbels" both argue in favour of this being a very early version. : Göring has two but very small, : But poor old Goebbels has no balls at all. : The other is in the Albert Hall : Cut it off when he was small. :It fell in-to the deep blue sea :And ate scallops and bollocks for tea :The wind came and blew it out to sea :And had scallops and bollocks for tea :Stuttgart, die München all on call, :To show vee "Cherman" have no balls at all. :The other is in the old town hall, :Now Hitler ain't got none at all! :And blotto, for drinking Singhai and Skol. :Because Hans Otto has no balls at all. In Thomas Pynchon 's novel , the following variant is sung by British artillerymen in Malta in 1940. :Göring has two but they are small. :And poor old Goebbels has no balls at all :Göring had two but very small :And only Goeballs had no-balls at all. (as used live by Bette Midler ): :Göring had two but they were small :And poor old Goeballs had no balls at all. :Goebbels has two but they're quite small :And Mussolini hasn't any at all! :The other, is hanging on the wall :Cut it off when he was small! :Hitler - the other's on the wall :And Stalin has no balls at all :Göring has two but rather small :And Doctor Göbbels has no-balls at all. A new variant describes the three dictators at the time instead of just the Nazi party. The first line describes Hitler or Stalin having "just one ball." The second line describes the other one who was not used in the first as having "no balls at all." The next two lines go, "Mussolini, was such a weenee/ That he just, let them faaall." (Sung to the tune of Land of Hope and Glory , and followed by some variant of this rhyme.) :Hitler's having a bath. :Having a jolly good laugh ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 104468 GENERIC ( wiki:sim" wiki:appear wiki:in_#all_versions ) GENERIC ( wiki:historian wiki:dismiss wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:record wiki:show wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Goebbels wiki:have wiki:noebbel ) GENERIC ( wiki:goebbel#poor_old wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:variant wiki:sing_PASS wiki:by_#artilleryman#British#in_#Malta#in_#1940 ) GENERIC ( wiki:goebbel#poor_old wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:goeball#poor_old wiki:have wiki: ) ************************** The Canadian federal election of 1878 was held to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons. It resulted in the end of Alexander Mackenzie's Liberal government after only one term in office. Canada suffered an economic depression during Mackenzie's term, and his party was punished by the voters for it. The Liberals' policy of free trade also hurt their support with the business establishment in Toronto and Montreal. Sir John A. Macdonald and his Conservative/ Liberal-Conservative party was returned to office after having been defeated five years before amidst scandals over the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election. Acclamations The following Members of Parliament were elected by acclamation; ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1044962 GENERIC ( wiki:Party wiki:nominate wiki:candidate ) GENERIC ( wiki:acclamationmember wiki:elect_PASS wiki:by_#acclamation ) ************************** Emperor Kaika (開化天皇 Kaika Tennō ) is the ninth imperial ruler of Japan to appear on the traditional list of emperors . No firm date can be assigned to this emperor and he is regarded by historians as a "legendary emperor". He was the eighth of eight emperors without legend. In Kojiki and Nihonshoki , only his name and genealogy were recorded. Although his existence was traditionally believed and a tomb was attributed to him, contemporary studies support the view such a person did not exist while some still assume he existed. (Albeit with insufficient materials to prove his existence.) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 10449 GENERIC ( wiki:study#contemporary wiki:support wiki:viewperson ) ************************** Urquhart Castle( Ordnance Survey ) sits beside Loch Ness in Scotland along a strategic road, the A82, between Fort William and Inverness. It is close to the village of Drumnadrochit. It is not known precisely when the castle was built, but records show the existence of a castle on this site from the early 1200s. The building was blown up in 1692 to prevent it becoming a Jacobite stronghold. Today, the castle is owned by the National Trust for Scotland, and run by Historic Scotland. It is Historic Scotland's 3rd busiest site. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1046138 GENERIC ( wiki:record wiki:show wiki: ) ************************** Shiloh is a town located in DeKalb County, Alabama . As of the 2000 census, the population of the town is 289. Shiloh is located at 34°27'56" North, 85°52'38" West (34.465555, -85.877311) 1 . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 4.5 km² (1.7 mi² ). 4.5 km² (1.7 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 289 people, 116 households, and 80 families residing in the town. The population density is 64.9/km² (168.5/mi²). There are 135 housing units at an average density of 30.3/km² (78.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.58% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 1.38% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.35% from other races , and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.69% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 116 households out of which 30.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% are married couples living together, 11.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% are non-families. 25.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.49 and the average family size is 3.00. In the town the population is spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.3 males. The median income for a household in the town is $34,861, and the median income for a family is $36,696. Males have a median income of $29,219 versus $25,893 for females. The per capita income for the town is $28,431. 9.7% of the population and 4.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.2% are under the age of 18 and 15.2% are 65 or older. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 104672 GENERIC ( wiki:30.2% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:55.2% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Western Freeway M8 is freeway linking Melbourne to Ballarat. It starts in Deer Park and ends at Burrumbeet, just beyond Ballarat where it continues as Western Highway A8 onwards to South Australia and Adelaide. Both Western Freeway and Western Highway beyond Ballarat are part of the National Highway network for the Melbourne-Adelaide route. The freeway supersedes the Western Highway along its path. The old Western Highway stretches are either converted or left alone in the older parallel track. Currently Deer Park is planned to be bypassed, terminating the freeway at Western Ring Road which links it to all other Melbourne and interstate freeways and the CBD. Towns along the way include: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1047416 ************************** Joanópolis is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Its coordinates are . The population in 2004 is 11,550, the area is 375.58 km² The elevation is 906 m. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1048412 ************************** Portland Classical Chinese Garden, Garden of Awakening Orchids, is a Suzhou-style walled garden enclosing a full city block, roughly 40 000 square feet (4,000 m²) in the Chinatown neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, USA. The garden was built by 65 workers from Suzhou on land donated by NW Natural; groundbreaking occurred in July 1999, and construction was completed in September 2000, at a cost of about $12.8 million. 500 tons of rock were brought from China and used in the garden. The garden's grand opening was on September 14, 2000. Most of the plants featured in the garden are indigenous to China. However, no plants were brought from China due to import bans. Instead, many plants were found in gardens and nurseries in Oregon, having grown from plants brought over before the import ban. Some plants in the garden are as old as 100 years. There are over a hundred trees, orchids, water plants, perennials, bamboos, and unusual shrubs located throughout the garden. It includes examples of a number of structures common to Chinese gardens, including covered walkways ( lang), bridges ( qiáo), and structures such as: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1048758 GENERIC ( wiki:plant wiki:bring_PASS wiki:from_#China#_#import_bans ) GENERIC ( wiki:plant#many wiki:find_PASS wiki:in_#gardens_and_nurseries#in_#Oregon ) GENERIC ( wiki:shrub#unusual wiki:locate_PASS wiki:throughout_#garden ) ************************** John III ( Johan III ) ( December 23 , 1537 - November 27 , 1592 ) was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death. He was also the ruler of Finland as Duke John or Hertig Johan ( 1556 – 1563 ). In 1581 he assumed also the title the Grand Duke of Finland . He was the son of Gustav Vasa . As a Duke of Finland he opposed his half-brother Eric XIV who crushed his rebellion in Finland 1563 and imprisoned him. Being released from prison, probably because of his brother’s insanity, he again joined the opposition, deposed Eric and made himself the king. He finished the Scandinavian Seven Years' War 1570 without many Swedish concessions and during the following years he successfully fought Russia until 1582, a war that meant a Swedish-Finnish re-conquest of Narva . As a whole his foreign policy was affected by his connection to Poland of which country his son Sigismund was made king 1587. In domestic politics he showed clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by his Polish queen, a fact that created frictions to the Swedish clergy and nobility. From time to time he was also at oods with his younger brother Charles (afterwards Charles IX of Sweden ). Besides he was an eager patron of art and architecture. He married his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica of Poland ( 1526 – 1583 ), house of Jagiello , in Vilnius on October 4 , 1562 . In Sweden she is known as Katarina Jagellonica and she was the sister of king Sigismund II of Poland . Their children were: Isabella ( 1564 – 1566 ) Sigismund king of Sweden, and king of Poland ( 1566 – 1632 ) Anna ( 1568 – 1625 ) He married his second wife Gunilla Bielke ( 1568 –c. 1592 ) on February 21 , 1584 and together they had the son: John (Johan) ( 1589 – 1618 ), Duke of Ostrogothia. The young duke married his first cousin Mary Elisabeth, daughter of Charles IX of Sweden Together with his mistress Karin Hansdotter he had at least four illegitimate children: Julius Gyllenhielm ( 1559 – 1581 ) Augustus (died 1560 ) Sofia (ca 1559 – 1583 ) who married Ponce (Pontus) de la Gardei Lucretia (died 1585 ) See also: History of Sweden – Foundation of Modern Sweden ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 104960 GENERIC ( wiki:fact wiki:create wiki:friction ) ************************** Eastern Freeway is a Melbourne freeway linking eastern suburbs to the city. Originally designated F-19 during its construction in the ealy 1970's, it is supposed to be linked to the then-new Tullamarine Freeway. Protests from inner Melbourne suburbs residents led it be terminated at Hoddle St. From there it stretches to Doncaster. The designation in the 1980's was F-83. It is designed to take traffic off Maroondah Highway. In late 1997, it was extended to Donvale. Extensions to Ringwood are currently being done, due for completion within five years which will connect the Eastern Freeway with the new EastLink arterial, and under current plans, this section from Springvale Rd to Maroondah Hwy will be tolled with the rest of Eastlink. At its entrance at Hoddle St, exiting traffic cause congestions to the inner suburbs. It is currently designated Metro 83, and forms the border between a number of suburbs. Interchanges are The freeway then flows into Alexandra Pde (Eastern Hwy) ( 83). The entire freeway has an 100km/h speed limit. Unlike other major Melbournian freeways, there is only one speed camera located on the freeway. It is situated at the Hoddle St/Alexandra Pde splitoff point. As the camera is located well after prominent signage encouraging motorists to "Reduce Speed Now", relatively few violations are incurred. However, Victoria Police regularly patrol the full length of the freeway, strictly enforcing its speed limit. See List of Melbourne freeways ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1050130 GENERIC ( wiki:Eastern_Freeway wiki:be wiki:Melbourne_freewaysuburb ) GENERIC ( wiki:protest wiki:lead wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:interchange wiki:be#then wiki:freeway ) ************************** Lins is a municipality ( município) in the western part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Its coordinates are . The population in 2004 is 69,721, the area is 527.98 km² The elevation is 437 m. Distance is 455 km from the capital, São Paulo In the beginning of the 20th century, a town with the name of San Antonio do Campestre began appeard in the neighborhoods of Indians and became connected with railway, the Ferro Noroeste do Brasil (Railroad the Northwest of Brazil ( NOB, pro. ehn-oh-beh)), near a stream diminating Campestre (before, it was known as Brumadinho or Douradinho). On February 16, 1908, the President of Brazil Afonso Penna inaugurated with adding four stations of NOB. Amongst these stations, he entered Estação Campestre Campestre at the 152nd km, next to the stream. This station was named Albuquerque Lins, in memory to the São Paulo politician Manoel Joaquim de Albuquerque Lins, which became the president of the province of São Paulo from 1908 to 1912. In 1913, the town of Saint Antonio do Campestre was elevated to the category of the Distrto de Paz of the city of Bauru. On April 21, 1920, the political emancipation occurred. Today, the old district of Albuquerque Lins is now known as the city of Lins. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1050737 ************************** : For the American military historian, see Joseph B. Mitchell. Joseph Mitchell( July 27, 1908- May 24, 1996) was an American writer who wrote for The New Yorker . He is known for his carefully written portraits of eccentrics and people on the fringes of society, especially in and around New York City. Mitchell was born on his mother's parents' farm near Iona, North Carolina, the son of Averette Nance and Elizabeth A. Parker Mitchell. The family business was cotton and tobacco trading, and family money helped to support Mitchell throughout his life. From 1925 to 1929, Mitchell studied at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. On October 25, 1929, about the time of the crash of the New York Stock exchange, Mitchell arrived in New York to work as a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune . Over the next nine years, he worked for the Herald Tribune and several other newspapers, including The Morning World and The World-Telegram . In 1931, he married the photographer Therese Dagny Engelstead Jacobsen, with whom he had two daughters and to whom he remained married until her death in 1980. Mitchell joined The New Yorker in 1938 and remained associated with the magazine until his death. The unusual people about whom he wrote are shown in the titles of his articles: "Evening with a Gifted Child," "The Gypsy Women," "The Deaf-Mutes Club," "The Don't-Swear Man," "The Mohawks in High Steel." One of those articles, "Professor Sea Gull" ( 1942), told the story of a Greenwich Village character named Joe Gould and the massive book Gould was supposedly writing titled An Oral History of Our Time. As Mitchell revealed after Gould's death, however, the book never existed beyond Gould's voluble descriptions of it. Mitchell's account of Gould's extravagantly disguised case of writer's block, published as Joe Gould's Secret( 1964), presaged the last decades of Mitchell's own life. From 1964 until his death in 1996, Mitchell would go to work at his office on a daily basis, but he never published anything significant again. In a remembrance of Mitchell printed in the June 10, 1996, issue of The New Yorker , his colleague Roger Angell wrote: "Each morning, he stepped out of the elevator with a preoccupied air, nodded wordlessly if you were just coming down the hall, and closed himself in his office. He emerged at lunchtime, always wearing his natty brown fedora(in summer, a straw one) and a tan raincoat; an hour and a half later, he reversed the process, again closing the door. Not much typing was heard from within, and people who called on Joe reported that his desktop was empty of everything but paper and pencils. When the end of the day came, he went home. Sometimes, in the evening elevator, I heard him emit a small sigh, but he never complained, never explained." Perhaps an explanation does emerge, however, in a remark that Mitchell made to Washington Post writer David Streitfeld(quoted here from Newsday , August 27, 1992): "You pick someone so close that, in fact, you are writing about yourself. Joe Gould had to leave home because he didn't fit in, the same way I had to leave home because I didn't fit in. Talking to Joe Gould all those years he became me in a way, if you see what I mean." Joseph Mitchell served on the board of directors of the Gypsy Lore Society, was one of the founders of the South Street Seaport Museum, was involved with the Friends of Cast-Iron Architecture, and served five years on the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In August 1937, he placed third in a clam-eating tournament on Block Island by eating 84 cherrystone clams. He died of cancer at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in Manhattan at the age of 87. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1051802 GENERIC ( wiki:people wiki:call wiki:on_#Joe ) GENERIC ( wiki:peopledesktop wiki:be wiki:empty#of_#everything ) GENERIC ( wiki:"_Joseph_Mitchell wiki:serve wiki:on_#board#of_#director#of_#Gypsy_Lore_Society ) ************************** Aleknagik is a city located in Dillingham Census Area, Alaska . As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 221. Aleknagik is named after Aleknagik Lake . Aleknagik means "wrong way home" in Yupik . Yupiks returning to their homes along the Nushagak River would sometimes become lost in the fog and find themselves swept up the Wood River to Aleknagik Lake by the tide. Aleknagik is located at 59°16'42" North, 158°37'23" West (59.278362, -158.622928) . Aleknagik is located on the southeast shore of Alegnagik Lake, 26 km (16 miles) northwest of Dillingham . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 48.6 km² (18.8 mi² ). 29.9 km² (11.6 mi²) of it is land and 18.7 km² (7.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 38.47% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 221 people, 70 households, and 52 families residing in the city. The population density is 7.4/km² (19.1/mi²). There are 107 housing units at an average density of 3.6/km² (9.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 13.57% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 81.90% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.36% from other races , and 3.17% from two or more races. 1.36% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 70 households out of which 41.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% are non-families. 17.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 2.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.16 and the average family size is 3.62. In the city the population is spread out with 37.1% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 28 years. For every 100 females there are 121.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 131.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $22,750, and the median income for a family is $30,625. Males have a median income of $29,583 versus $75,487 for females. The per capita income for the city is $10,973. 40.8% of the population and 21.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 49.0% of those under the age of 18 and 21.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. In the late 1800s there were about 200 people in Aleknagik and the other Wood River villages. The 1918-1919 influenza epidemic killed most of the residents of the villages. The few survivors were moved out of the area. In the 1920s former residents of the area started drifting back to Aleknagik, and the village grew to about 40 people by 1931. A United States Post Office was opened in 1937 by Mable Smith. By 1940, Aleknagik had over 30 buildings, including a community school, church, and small sawmill. The decline of a Seventh-day Adventist colony across the lake from Aleknagik brought several new families to Aleknagik. In 1946, a territorial school was constructed near Aleknagik. During this period, a Moravian Church, a Russian Orthodox Church and a Seventh-day Adventist mission school were established in the community. In the 1960s, the State of Alaska constructed a 41 km (25 mile) road connecting Aleknagik to Dillingham. The city is served by nearby Aleknagik Airport . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 105296 GENERIC ( wiki:yupik wiki:return#sometimes wiki:_#home#along_#Nushagak_River ) GENERIC ( wiki:41.4% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:48.6% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Corzano is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1053050 ************************** The Congressional Budget Office is a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government. It was created in by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. With respect to the estimation of spending for Congress, the Congressional Budget Office serves a purpose parallel to that of the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenue for Congress, the Department of the Treasury for the estimation of revenues for the executive branch, and the Office of Management of Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch. The responsibilities of this office include projecting the budgetary effects of proposed legislation. The main goal is to provide Congress with objective, timely, nonpartisan analyses needed for economic and budget decisions and with the information and estimates required for the Congressional budget process. This includes projections on the effect on national debt. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1053718 GENERIC ( wiki:analysis#nonpartisan wiki:need_PASS wiki: ) ************************** A rifled breech loader(RBL) is a large artillery piece which unlike the cannon and rifled muzzle loader(RML) which preceded it, has rifling in the barrel and is loaded from the breech at the rear of the gun. Typical guns weighed 30 tonnes and had 10" barrels. The spin imparted by the rifling gives the shell directional stability and greater penetrating power. Loading from the rear of the gun means the crew are less exposed to enemy fire, allows smaller gun emplacements or turrets, and gives a greater rate of fire. The very first cannon of the middle ages were breech loaded, with gunpowder and shot contained in pots dropped at the back of the barrel, but the poor seals meant they were dangerous, wore quickly and could not be scaled to larger weapons. In 1837 Martin von Wahrendorff patented a breech looader with a cylindrical breech plug secured by a horizontal wedge. The gun was adopted by Sweden in 1854. Whitworth and Armstrong introduced improved designs in the 1850s and 1860s. These were adopted by the British Army, but concerns about armour penetration of the shells and wear rates led them to revert to the RML in 1870. Only when the interrupted screw appeared was the superiority of the design acknowledged. These new guns led to an arms race in fortification and ironclad warship design that lead to Dreadnought and continued until the start of WWI. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1054294 GENERIC ( wiki:muzzle_loader(RML) wiki:precede wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:gun#Typical wiki:weigh wiki:tonne ) GENERIC ( wiki:seal#poor wiki:mean wiki:in_#pot ) GENERIC ( wiki:concern wiki:lead wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:design wiki:be wiki: ) ************************** The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, named after Soviet scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov, was established in December 1985 by the European Parliament as a means to honour individuals or organizations who had dedicated their lives to the defence of human rights and freedoms. The Sakharov Prize is awarded annually on or around 10 December, the day on which the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed. Past recipients of the prize have been the following: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1055590 GENERIC ( wiki:prize#Sakharovfor_Freedom_ofthought wiki:honour wiki:individuals_or_organizations ) GENERIC ( wiki:individuals_or_organizations wiki:dedicate wiki:life ) GENERIC ( wiki:recipient#Past wiki:be_PASS wiki:following ) ************************** Time Trax was a syndicated American/ Australian co-produced science fiction TV series that first aired in 1993. In the year 2193, over a hundred criminals became fugitives of law enforcement by travelling back in time two hundred years, using a time machine called Trax. Darien Lambert was a police detective of that period who was sent back to 1993 in order to apprehend as many of the fugitives as possible. He was assisted by SELMA, an extremely small but very powerful computer—disguised for the mission as an AT&T MasterCard—who communicated through a holographic interface which took the visual form of a prim British nanny (SELMA was an acronym for Specified Encapsulated Limitless Memory Archive). Lambert was also equipped with a MPPT disguised as a keyless car alarm remote, which could stun the target or engulf the target in an energy field which would render him transportable to the future, at which point Selma would execute the transmission sequence to send the criminal on his way. Lambert's biggest enemy was Mordecai Sahmbi, who was responsible for sending the fugitives to 1993, and who tried several times to kill him. Captain Lambert, fearing the possible consequences of altering the timeline, did not actively attempt to interfere with the natural flow of history, although he frequently left messages for his colleagues in 2193 (via the 'personals' sections of assorted newspapers). The series did not have a proper ending - as of the final episode, Lambert was still in 1993 and had not yet completed his mission. "It began in the future. A scientist turning to evil, a time machine called TRAX, beings who vanish and a lawman with a mission. He has one weapon and a computer named SELMA." "With them he will travel to a time more innocent than his own. Now he is among us. A special breed of man, a hunter, traveling through our world searching for fugitives from his own, knowing he can not go home until he has found them all. His name is Darian Lambert and this is his story." "It began in the future. A time machine called TRAX, criminals who vanish, and a lawman who must pursue into the past. Now he is among us, a special breed of man. He has one weapon and a computer called Selma. With her, he will travel through our world, searching for fugitives from his own, knowing he cannot go home until he has found them all. His name is Darien Lambert and this is his story." ~ Captain Fugitive Retrieval Section Darien was born on August 17, 2160, 8:05 AM, a Monday. He was left at the Bradwell orphanage (#35 "Mother"). Unclaimed by his birth parents; he was raised in Enclave I-6 Middle City, the area known long before as Chicago Land. As was the custom, he was allowed to choose his own name. He chose Darien, hero of the Just War of 2129, and Lambert, the surname of the woman who bore him; who he called mother, even though all he had of her was her photograph. He grew up a normal child of his times: IQ204, Speed Memorization rate 1.2 pages per second (slightly above average). He was a competent athlete. His best speed for the 100 meters was 8.6 seconds, and for the Mile Run - 3 minutes 38 seconds. He wondered how the Olympic Champion could ever have done it 20 seconds faster. His heartbeat was normal 35 beats per minutes. His life expectancy - 120 years. His lungs were average, capable of air storage up to 6 minutes. He was a solitary child; he lived among his memories. He was also a patriot. He admitted this to no one, because it was out of fashion. But he had feelings for his native land, once called the United States; and knew every detail of her history. He admired her early Fugitive Retrieval Specialists, the U.S. Marshals, and wondered why in later times, so many of her criminals went unpunished. This belief system took him on a career path: The International Police Academy at Westpoint on Hudson. At Westpoint, Lambert excels; he learns Mosh-T. He becomes expert with the Pellet Projection Tube. He graduates first in his class and is commissioned a Detective, Junior Grade (he is a Marshall at last). The years that follow are turbulent to Lambert. He learns the eternal lesson of his trade; a policeman stands alone. Nor is his isolation made easier by being a member of a minority race. His experiences have made him strong, but by the decade's end, a series of events have begun to shake his confidence. His arrest record declines sharply. Routine track-downs end in mysterious disappearances. Suspects vanish without a trace. He begins to doubt his ability. Then, one day in the summer of 92...... (leads into the series)(Primary Source: Introduction First Episode of "Time Trax") Family Selma was Darien's link to his past (or is that his future?) Selma was a computer, but a computer that seemed like a real person to Darien most of the time. They fought with one another and worried about each other. By the end of the series, SELMA almost "mothered" Darien and, despite her programming, admitted a deep pride in him. By all appearances the feeling was mutual. (Technology Information was gleaned from "Teri's Time Trax Directory" and "TV Acres") Created by: Regulars: Recurring Characters: Misc. Season 1 Season 2 Sources of Information Used In the Above Article: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1056130 GENERIC ( wiki:being wiki:vanish wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:criminal wiki:vanish wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:suspect wiki:vanish wiki:without_#trace ) GENERIC ( wiki:Season_1Season_2source wiki:Use_PASS wiki:In_#Above_Article ) ************************** Mentasta Lake is a census-designated place located in Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska . As of the 2000 census, the population of the CDP is 142. Mentasta Lake is located at 62°55'26" North, 143°31'60" West (62.923924, -143.533240) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 790.2 km² (305.1 mi² ). 784.9 km² (303.1 mi²) of it is land and 5.2 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.66% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 142 people, 54 households, and 32 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 0.2/km² (0.5/mi²). There are 89 housing units at an average density of 0.1/km² (0.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 28.87% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 62.68% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 8.45% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 54 households out of which 31.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% are married couples living together, 16.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% are non-families. 29.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.63 and the average family size is 3.33. In the CDP the population is spread out with 35.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 119.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $17,344, and the median income for a family is $24,167. Males have a median income of $20,833 versus $30,417 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $11,275. 35.7% of the population and 21.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 40.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 105686 GENERIC ( wiki:38.9% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Kaei(嘉永) was a Japanese era after Kōka and before Ansei and spanned from February 28(?), 1848 to November 27(?), 1854. The reigning emperor was Kōmei. To commemorate the start of the reign of Kōmei, on February 28(?), Kōka 5 (1848), the era was changed to Kaei (roughly "Eternal esteem"?) From The Book of the Song Dynasty"思皇享多祐、嘉楽永無央" (A wise Emperor receives much help, One who esteems comfort is on the outside???) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1056984 ************************** Wiseman is a census-designated place located in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska . As of the 2000 census, the population of the CDP is 21. Wiseman is a small mining community in the Brooks Range . It was founded by gold miners who abandoned the Slate Creek (later Coldfoot) settlement around 1919. Robert Marshall wrote the book, Arctic Village , about his stay in this town around the year 1930. Marshall called Wiseman and the Koyukuk River area surrounding it, "the happiest civilization of which I have knowledge." The community is only 3 miles from the Dalton Highway , but the community was not connected to the road until the early 1990s. Wiseman is located at 67°26'0" North, 150°5'40" West (67.433355, -150.094376) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 202.4 km² (78.1 mi² ). 202.3 km² (78.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.05% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 21 people, 7 households, and 3 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 0.1/km² (0.3/mi²). There are 30 housing units at an average density of 0.1/km² (0.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 80.95% White , and 19.05% Native American . There are 7 households out of which 57.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% are married couples living together, 0.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% are non-families. 42.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 0.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.00 and the average family size is 4.50. In the CDP the population is spread out with 38.1% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 42.9% from 25 to 44, 9.5% from 45 to 64, and 0.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 133.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 160.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $23,750, and the median income for a family is $24,583. Males have a median income of $0 versus $11,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $8,211. 10.5% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 105764 GENERIC ( wiki:57.1% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:57.1% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Hagemans Crossing is a place of Union Township, Warren County, Ohio. Located in the western part of the township it is on the old Cincinnati and Xenia Pike, now US Route 42, about halfway between Lebanon and Mason, Ohio. It was at the crossing of the Middletown and Cincinnati Railroad and the Cincinnati, Lebanon, and Northern Railroad and was about two miles northwest of the M&C's eastern terminus at Middletown Junction. It was named for the Rev. R.S. Hageman, who lived there. In the 19th century a post office was located there, but today there are only three buildings. It is variously known as Camp Hageman, Camp Hagerman, Hageman, and Hagerman's Crossing. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1058085 ************************** The first ' USS Radford (DD–120)' was a Wickes class destroyer in the United States Navy during the World War I, later reclassified AG-22. She was named for William Radford. Radford was launched 5 April 1918 by Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company, Newport News, Virginia; sponsored by Miss Mary Lovell Radford; and commissioned 30 September 1918 at Norfolk Navy Yard, Lt. Comdr. Arthur S. Carpenter in command. Assigned to the Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet, Radford departed Norfolk 12 October on a shakedown cruise to Melville, Rhode Island. She returned to Hampton Roads 21 October 1918 to join the escort force for the Newport News section of Troop Convoy 76 bound for New York and Europe an waters. Radford subsequently operated on the U.S. east coast into 1919, sailing southward to Cuba 14 January 1919. While based at Guantanamo Bay, she also cruised to Guacanayabo Bay and Santiago, Cuba, before returning north 13 March 1919. Radford operated from Hampton Roads with the Atlantic Fleet from March until July 1919. Radford was reassigned to the Pacific Fleet in July 1919 and cleared Hampton Roads 19 July for Balboa, Canal Zone, and San Diego. Upon her arrival at San Diego 7 August, she joined the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet. Radford operated from Mare Island Navy Yard, San Diego, and San Pedro into 1922, taking part in training exercises and squadron maneuvers as a unit of Division 12, Squadron 10, Destroyer Flotilla 4. She called at Seattle, Tacoma, and Bellingham, Washington, during September 1919, and at Portland, Oregon, in December 1920. Designated DD-120 in July 1920, Radford decommissioned 9 June 1922 and remained in reserve at San Diego for almost 15 years. Radford was reclassified AG-22 on 16 April 1932 following the decision to convert her to a mobile target vessel. Conversion work was never undertaken and Radford reverted to DD-120 on 27 June 1932. Struck from the Navy list 19 May 1936, Radford was sunk 5 August 1936 in accordance with the provisions of the London Treaty for the limitation and reduction of naval armament. See USS Radford for other ships of this name. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1059240 ************************** Zalău( Hungarian: Zilah, German: Waltenberg) is a city in northwestern Romania. It is the capital of Sălaj County. It has 62,700 inhabitants ( 2004). :Romanians 6.6%; :Romanians 78.8%; ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1060543 ************************** Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and National Character(Самодержа́вие, правосла́вие и наро́дность, "Samoderzhavie, Pravoslavie i Narodnost") was the motto of late tsars of the Imperial Russia. The term "Narodnost" presents most difficulties fo translators and is also rendered as "Nationalism", "Nationality", "National Spirit". This formulation is attributed to Count Sergey Uvarov(Серге́й Семёнович Ува́ров), President or Russian Academy of Sciences(1818-1855) during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia. The notions of Autocracy and Orthodoxy do not require additional explanations with respect to Russia. The notion of "Narodnost" as "National Spirit" meant to reflect originality and uniqueness of common Russian folk, the fundamental values of Russian culture and society, as opposed to Westernization: "To turn Russians back to Russian ways", by the words of Uvarov ("возвраща́ть ру́сских к ру́сскому"). This notion was close in its spirit to the Slavophile movement, which was on its rise since 1840s. It was thought that this tri-pronged formula symbolized the unity and harmony of Tsar and People based on Orthodoxy, as opposed to the social unrest in Europe at these times. This motto was assumed by the pro-monarchist Union of the Russian People(" Black Hundreds"), created in 1905. A transformed version, "God! Tsar! Nation!" is the motto of the Russian ultra-nationalist organization Pamyat . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1061379 GENERIC ( wiki:term wiki:present wiki:difficulties_fo_translators ) GENERIC ( wiki:notion wiki:require wiki:explanation#additional ) GENERIC ( wiki:" wiki:turn#back wiki:russian_#way#Russian ) ************************** Mark Kac( Marek Kac) ( 3 August 1914- 26 October 1984) (pronounced kahts) was a Polish mathematician. He was born in Krzemieniec, now Ukraine, and died in California, USA. His main interest was probability theory. His question "can you hear the shape of a drum?" set off research into spectral theory, with the idea of understanding the extent to which the spectrum allows one to read back the geometry. (In the end, the answer was "no", in general.) His book of popularisation with Stanislaw Ulam is a minor classic. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1062425 GENERIC ( wiki:Mark_KacMarek_Kac3_August_1914_-_26_October_1984kaht wiki:be wiki:mathematician#Polish ) ************************** The Nuaulu tribe are divided into two groups, namely the northern and the southern groups. Numbering at a total of 2500 people, they inhabit in the Amahai district of Central Seram. The Northern Nuaulu inhabit in two villages on the north coast of central Seram Island, whlist the Southern group inhabit six villages on the south coast and interior of Amahai District. Ethnically related to the Manusela, they are similar to the Manusela in language and follow the Naurus faith. However, they do not follow any form of Hinduism, though traces of Hinduism might be found in their rituals. They are more inclined to Christianity than the Manusela in faith, though they still adhere to their Animist Naurus faith at the same time. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1062984 ************************** Inchicore is an Irish village near Phoenix Park, west of Dublin. It has a large Irish Rail depot nearby. Inchicore is home to two Catholic Churches: the Church of Mary Immaculate(built by the Oblates), and St. Michaels. Behind the Oblates Church is a full size replica of the Grotto of Lourdes, which was opened in 1930. The Grotto large -- 50' high, 130' wide and 40' deep. It is built of reinforced concrete. Pilgrims visit the shrine all the year, but it becomes particularly busy for the Novena to Our Lady of Lourdes ( February 2- February 11). The bowels of the grotto house the famous Inchicore Crib. Inchicore is bounded on its western side by the Grand Canal, an 18th century mode of transport, as well as the Luas, Dublin's 21st century tram system built in 2004. To the north between Inchicore and Phoenix Park is Memorial Park, which was built to commemorate Irish who fell in World War I and World War II. Inchicore Works is the headquarters for mechanical engineering and rolling stock maintenance for Irish Rail. Established in 1844, it is the largest engineering complex of its kind in Ireland with a site area of 73 acres (295,000 m²). Inichore's Kilmainham Jail was the scene of the execution of many Irish Republican Army leaders captured after the Easter Rising in 1916. Goldenbridge Cemetery was the first Catholic cemetery built in Dublin after the Catholic Emancipation. Local schools include The Oblates N.S., St. Michaels N.S, Goldenbridge and The Model School. CIE railway works has a long tradition of providing employment to the locals, as did Lambes Jam factory in nearby Bluebell and Rowntrees Sweets in Kilmainham. St. Patrick's Athletic(founded in 1929) play in Richmond Park. The Black Pearl, aka Paul McGrath of Manchester United and Aston Villa of Ireland are two of its most famous graduates. Nearby villages include Castleknock, Clonsilla, Ballyfermot and Lucan. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1064056 GENERIC ( wiki:michael wiki:be wiki:size_replica#full ) GENERIC ( wiki:pilgrim wiki:visit wiki:shrine ) GENERIC ( wiki:school#Local wiki:include wiki:Oblates_N.S. ) GENERIC ( wiki:village#Nearby wiki:include wiki:,_Clonsilla_,_Ballyfermot_and_Lucan#Castleknock ) ************************** 1533 state leaders- Events of 1534- 1535 state leaders- State leaders by year ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1064754 ************************** Charlie the Tuna, the cartoon mascot for StarKist Tuna, was created by Tom Rogers of the Leo Burnett Agency after StarKist hired Leo Burnett in 1961. As reported in news stories about Rogers, Charlie the Tuna was based on Rogers' friend, the actor-songwriter Henry Nemo. However, according to the actress Maila Nurmi(aka Vampira), the character was originally sketched six years earlier by the actor James Dean. As Nurmi told it, she knew the wife of a Starkist executive, and one night in Googie's restaurant, she told Dean about StarKist's plans to advertise on television. During the few minutes she was talking about this, he drew a cartoon of an underwater fish hipster, and she later gave that drawing to her friend. The commercials depicted Charlie (voiced by actor Herschel Bernardi) as a beatnik wearing a beret and glasses, whose goal is to be caught by the StarKist company. Charlie believes that he is so hip and cultured that he has "good taste," and is thus the perfect tuna for StarKist. Charlie is always rejected in the form of a note attached to a fish hook that said " Sorry, Charlie." The reason given in the commercials for the rejection was that StarKist wasn't looking for tuna with good taste, but rather for tuna that tasted good."Sorry, Charlie" became closely associated with StarKist and was also a popular American catchphrase. Charlie appeared in more than 80 commercials for StarKist until the 1980s, when the campapign was retired. Charlie made a comeback in 1999, when StarKist revived him to introduce their new line of healthier tuna products . He has been the mascot of the company since then. Rogers died June 24, 2005 . Bernardi, the original voice of the character (as well as that of the Jolly Green Giant), died May 9, 1986 . StarKist Tuna ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1065579 ************************** Window Rock ( Navajo : Tségháhoodzání ) is a census-designated place located in Apache County , Arizona , USA . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 3,059. The town is the seat of government for the Navajo Nation , the tribal government of the largest Native American tribe in the United States, and contains the Navajo Nation Zoo and Botanical Park . Window Rock is located at 35°40'22" North, 109°3'44" West (35.672752, -109.062097) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 13.4 km² (5.2 mi² ). 13.4 km² (5.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 3,059 people, 876 households, and 713 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 227.6/km² (589.3/mi²). There are 998 housing units at an average density of 74.2/km² (192.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 95.46% Native American , 3.17% White , 0.42% Asian , 0.16% African American , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.07% from other races , and 0.69% from two or more races. 1.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 876 households out of which 51.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% are married couples living together, 29.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% are non-families. 15.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 2.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.42 and the average family size is 3.81. In the CDP the population is spread out with 36.3% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 27 years. For every 100 females there are 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $36,885, and the median income for a family is $36,500. Males have a median income of $27,266 versus $26,902 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $11,122. 24.6% of the population and 24.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 28.6% of those under the age of 18 and 6.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 106572 GENERIC ( wiki:51.0% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:43.7% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Wenden is a census-designated place located in La Paz County, Arizona . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 556. Wenden is located at 33°49'32" North, 113°32'17" West (33.825571, -113.538062) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 38.5 km² (14.9 mi² ). 38.5 km² (14.9 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 556 people, 207 households, and 150 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 14.5/km² (37.4/mi²). There are 309 housing units at an average density of 8.0/km² (20.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 83.99% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 1.26% Native American , 0.18% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 12.59% from other races , and 1.98% from two or more races. 44.24% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 207 households out of which 28.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% are married couples living together, 8.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% are non-families. 21.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.69 and the average family size is 3.15. In the CDP the population is spread out with 29.5% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $20,870, and the median income for a family is $25,208. Males have a median income of $27,153 versus $15,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $11,674. 31.2% of the population and 25.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 50.0% of those under the age of 18 and 2.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 106638 GENERIC ( wiki:58.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** 1380 state leaders- Events of 1381- 1382 state leaders- State leaders by year ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1066643 ************************** This is a list of games for the Sega Master System video game system. It is organized alphabetically. See List of computer and video games for related lists. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1066829 ************************** Dimitris Avramopoulos( Greek: Δημήτρης Αβραμόπουλος) is a Greek diplomat and politician, former mayor of Athens, member of the Hellenic Parliament and Greek Ministry of Tourism. Avramopoulos was born in Athens in 1953. He studied State Law and Political Sciences in the University of Athens, and continued his studies at the post-graduate level. After a short period of involvement as a member of the Communist Party of Greece - Interior(Greek: ΚΚΕ Εσωτερικού), a split of the Communist Party of Greece, he joined the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic Academy in 1980 and subsequently Greece's diplomatic corpus. As a diplomat he served in many places: In 1993 Avramopoulos quit his diplomatic career and entered mainstream politics, first by being a candidate MP in the same year's election, and then by running for mayor of Athens in 1994, supported by the conservative New Democracy. He won easily against his opponent, Theodoros Pangalos of the social democratic PASOK. He repeated his victory in 1998 against Maria Damanaki, who was supported by both PASOK and the radical left Synaspismos, and served another four years as mayor. His popularity as a political figure was skyrocketing, while his party New Democracy faced a lot of internal problems as Greece's primary opposition, notably the exhausting conflict between its president Costas Karamanlis and the former Prime Minister Constantine Mitsotakis. Many people of the conservative right were suggesting that he could assume a more active political role, while rumors were spreading that he would split from New Democracy and create his own party. These rumors were confirmed in late 2001, when he established the right-of-center Movement of Free Citizens(Greek: Κίνημα Ελευθέρων Πολιτών, ΚΕΠ), known by its acronym KEP. This created an initial enthusiasm to his followers and panic to New Democracy, who seemed to lose more ground as opposition to the ruling PASOK. At the time of KEP's foundation, polls gave the new party a percentage of 24%, something extraordinary and unusual for a new party in Greece. However, KEP's percentages in polls continued falling, and the initial enthusiasm quickly faded away. In only a few months' time, and to his supporters' surprise and disappointment, Avramopoulos unexpectedly terminated its existence as a party, pointing at KEP's financial shortcomings as an excuse. He announced that KEP would continue operating as a think tank, and this effectively marked Avramopoulos' return to New Democracy. He left the mayor's office in 2002, and was succeeded by Dora Bakoyanni, also of New Democracy. In the 2004 Greek legislative election, Avramopoulos was elected MP in Athens, under the flag of New Democracy. The party's leader and Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis selected him for the office of Minister of Tourism. Among the leaders in popularity polls, Avramopoulos is considered one of the most popular politicians in Greece. Always with a sober tone and a polite manner, Avramopoulos is renowned for his ability to seduce the public. His critics have questioned his political skills on many occasions, arguing that apart from his public relations skills, he has little else to show, and his opponent candidate mayor of Athens Theodoros Pangalos of PASOK has gone as far as calling him "Mr. Nothing". ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1068047 GENERIC ( wiki:poll wiki:give wiki:party#newpercentagefrom_#democracy#New ) ************************** Mountainburg is a city located in Crawford County, Arkansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 682. Mountainburg is located at 35°38'18" North, 94°10'2" West (35.638432, -94.167219) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.7 km² (1.4 mi² ). 3.7 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 682 people, 271 households, and 179 families residing in the city. The population density is 184.1/km² (478.1/mi²). There are 298 housing units at an average density of 80.5/km² (208.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 95.45% White , 0.15% Black or African American , 3.08% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.15% Pacific Islander , 0.59% from other races , and 0.59% from two or more races. 0.59% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 271 households out of which 35.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% are married couples living together, 10.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% are non-families. 30.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.52 and the average family size is 3.15. In the city the population is spread out with 29.2% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $25,446, and the median income for a family is $33,295. Males have a median income of $24,375 versus $21,806 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,445. 17.3% of the population and 12.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 22.2% of those under the age of 18 and 20.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 106933 GENERIC ( wiki:35.8% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:52.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** SNMP multiplexing or SMUX is a computer networking protocol used in implementing the Simple Network Management Protocol. It defines communications between the SNMP Agent and other processes. See the original definition of the SMUX protocol in RFC 1227(please note that this RFC has been marked "HISTORIC" and is considered obsolete). ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1069410 ************************** The Robin Hood Line is a railway line running from Nottingham to Worksop, Nottinghamshire. The stations between Shirebrook and Whitwell (inclusive) are in Derbyshire. The towns and villages served by the route are listed below: Passenger services are operated by Central Trains. The line in its present form opened to passengers in stages between 1993 and 1998. Following the Beeching cuts of the 1960s, the line had been freight-only. The cuts had left Mansfield as the largest town in Britain without a railway station. The current Robin Hood Line never previously existed as it does now, it being formed from two formerly separate railways. The bulk of the line re-uses the former Midland Railway route from Nottingham London Road to Worksop. However, to keep the costs of the re-opening initiative as low as possible, as much still extant line as possible was to be re-used. From Nottingham, the line remained intact as far as Newstead, where it had served the now closed Newstead Colliery. From Worksop, the line followed the old Midland route as far as Sutton-in-Ashfield. Between Sutton-in-Ashfield and Kirkby-in-Ashfield, the line had been diverted to join the former Great Northern Railway(GNR) route through the area. This had allowed British Rail to sell land right in the centre of Kirkby-in-Ashfield whilst keeping a route through the town. After crossing the town on the GNR route, the line re-joined the old MR route, where it remained as a freight line to Pye Bridge, near Ironville. When plans for the Robin Hood Line were drawn up, it was decided to stay with the GNR route through Kirkby-in-Ashfield (as this avoided having to buy-back land), then swing south-east via Kirkby South Junction onto the former Great Central Railway main line from Manchester to London. After briefly following the GCR, the line would then climb to re-join the Midland route to Nottingham, to allow reconnection at Newstead. This plan had a major obstacle: The Robin Hood hills at Annesley. Both the Great Central Railway and the Midland Railway had driven tunnels through these picturesque landmarks, however since both lines were closed both tunnels had been filled in! The Great Central Railway's tunnel had been at a lower level than the Midland's, and so was much longer. It was therefore much cheaper to re-excavate the Midland's tunnel. The new line from Nottingham to Newstead opened in 1993, although Bulwell station didn't open until 1994. It was extended to Mansfield Woodhouse in 1995, with Kirkby-in-Ashfield station opening in 1996. The through passenger route from Nottingham to Worksop opened in 1998. Since then the section between Bulwell and Hucknall has been converted from double track to single track to allow space for the new Nottingham Express Transit tramway, which follows the route as far north as Hucknall. The Nottingham tram opened in March 2004. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1070360 GENERIC ( wiki:Passenger_services wiki:operate_PASS wiki:by_#train#Central ) GENERIC ( wiki:line wiki:open wiki:between_1993_and_1998_#passenger#in_#stage ) GENERIC ( wiki:plan wiki:draw#up_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:railway#Midland wiki:drive_PASS wiki:tunnel ) ************************** Hypnotique is a blend of cognac, vodka and fruit juices from France(the name is French for hypnotic) with a very interesting aqua color. This drink tends to be popular among the hip hop crowd, but is also very good in Zombie Taras. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1070666 ************************** Summit is a city located in Marion County , Arkansas , USA . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 586. Summit is located at 36°15'1" North, 92°41'15" West (36.250212, -92.687592) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.2 km² (1.2 mi² ). 3.2 km² (1.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 586 people, 234 households, and 156 families residing in the city. The population density is 183.9/km² (478.2/mi²). There are 280 housing units at an average density of 87.9/km² (228.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 96.42% White , 0.51% Black or African American , 1.54% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.17% from other races , and 1.37% from two or more races. 1.54% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 234 households out of which 38.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.0% are married couples living together, 16.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% are non-families. 30.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 3.12. In the city the population is spread out with 30.5% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 112.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.5 males. The median income for a household in the city is $22,500, and the median income for a family is $27,308. Males have a median income of $20,054 versus $18,214 for females. The per capita income for the city is $10,393. 20.2% of the population and 13.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 107125 GENERIC ( wiki:38.9% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:44.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** About 10, including: Eriobotrya deflexa Eriobotrya grandiflora Eriobotrya hookeriana Eriobotrya japonica- Loquat Eriobotrya prinoides Eriobotrya is a genus of about ten species of large evergreen shrubs and small trees in the family Rosaceae, native to east and southeast Asia. By far the best known species is the Loquat, E. japonica, grown for its edible fruit. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1071424 ************************** Widener is a town located in St. Francis County, Arkansas . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 335. Widener is located at 35°1'25" North, 90°41'2" West (35.023559, -90.683886) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 1.3 km² (0.5 mi² ). 1.3 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 335 people, 111 households, and 81 families residing in the town. The population density is 258.7/km² (663.9/mi²). There are 129 housing units at an average density of 99.6/km² (255.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 31.94% White , 67.16% Black or African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.60% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 2.39% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 111 households out of which 39.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% are married couples living together, 22.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% are non-families. 20.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.02 and the average family size is 3.65. In the town the population is spread out with 36.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 28 years. For every 100 females there are 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $20,833, and the median income for a family is $24,375. Males have a median income of $23,929 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the town is $12,135. 38.7% of the population and 34.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 41.1% of those under the age of 18 and 34.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 107278 GENERIC ( wiki:39.6% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:42.3% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Giovanni Maria Vitelleschi(born at Corneto Tarquinia- died at Rome, April 1 or 2, 1440), the fighting bishop of Recanati(from 1431), afterwards made a cardinal, was the condottiere-bishop who was commander of the papal armies of Pope Eugenius IV when the Colonna faction at Rome, infuriated by the reversal of their fortunes when Eugenius succeeded the Colonna pope Martin V, backed an insurrection that raised a temporary republic at Rome and forced Eugenius into exile at Florence in May 1434. With ferocious cruelty, the city was restored to obedience by Giovanni Vitelleschi in the following October. Vitelleschi abrogated all Roman rights and had the Roman senate declare him tertius pater patriae post Romulum("the third Father of his Country since Romulus"). He commanded the papal troops against René of Anjou, who claimed the throne of Naples. In 1439 he besieged and took Foligno. Vitelleschi had received his military training as a youth in the banda of Tartaglia and refined his education under the tutelage of Pope Martin V, who made him apostolic pronotary. His success at putting down the republicans at Rome earned him the purely honorary title Patriarch of Alexandria and the more immediate one of archbishop of Florence. He was made a cardinal August 9 1437, and was called the "Cardinal of Florence" where, according to Machiavelli, he was regarded with deep distrust: "He was bold and cunning; and, having obtained great influence, was appointed to command all the forces of the church, and conduct all the enterprises of the pontiff, whether in Tuscany, Romagna, the kingdom of Naples, or in Rome. Hence he acquired so much power over the pontiff, and the papal troops, that the former was afraid of commanding him, and the latter obeyed no one else." —Machiavelli, History of Florence chapter xxxv Florence's spies kept a close watch over the mails and soon intercepted letters from the Patriarch to Niccolo Piccinino, who was currently ravaging Tuscany with his warband. The correspondence was in cipher and full of circumlocutions but was interpreted as dangerous to the Pope himself. Eugenius determined to incarcerate the Patriarch. The manner in which he was caught at Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome by its castellan, Antonio Rido of Padua, is recounted by Machiavelli: The patriarch, having determined to go into Tuscany, prepared to leave Rome on the following day, and ordered the castellan to be upon the drawbridge of the fortress in the morning, for he wished to speak with him as he passed. Antonio perceived this to be the favorable moment, informed his people what they were to do, and awaited the arrival of the patriarch upon the bridge, which adjoined the building, and might for the purpose of security be raised or lowered as occasion required. The appointed time found him punctual; and Antonio, having drawn him, as if for the convenience of conversation, on to the bridge, gave a signal to his men, who immediately raised it, and in a moment the cardinal, from being a commander of armies, found himself a prisoner of the castellan. The patriarch's followers at first began to use threats, but being informed of the pope's directions they were appeased. The castellan comforting him with kind words, he replied, that "the great do not make each other prisoners to let them go again; and that those whom it is proper to take, it is not well to set free." He shortly afterward died in prison. —Macchiavelli, op. cit chapter xxxvi. The Vitelleschi clan retained considerable weight in Central Italy. Vitelleschi's nephew, Bartolomeo Vitelleschi (died December 13 1463), bishop of Corneto and Montefiascone, was made a cardinal April 6 1444. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1072870 ************************** Georgetown is a census-designated place located in El Dorado County, California . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 962. Georgetown is located at 38°54'30" North, 120°50'4" West (38.908317, -120.834453) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 10.7 km² (4.1 mi² ). 10.7 km² (4.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.24% is water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 962 people, 389 households, and 266 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 90.2/km² (233.4/mi²). There are 423 housing units at an average density of 39.6/km² (102.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 95.11% White , 0.10% Black or African American , 1.35% Native American , 1.35% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.42% from other races , and 1.66% from two or more races. 3.74% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 389 households out of which 28.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% are married couples living together, 8.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% are non-families. 25.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.92. In the CDP the population is spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $41,111, and the median income for a family is $42,609. Males have a median income of $39,934 versus $40,208 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $17,582. 15.8% of the population and 13.4% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 17.5% of those under the age of 18 and 5.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 107432 GENERIC ( wiki:54.5% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Ghedi is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1074362 ************************** No. 111 (Fighter) Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates the Panavia Tornado F3 from RAF Leuchars, Scotland. No. 111 Squadron was formed in Palestine on August 11917 as the first dedicated fighter squadron in the region. Its mission was to restrict enemy reconnaissance flights and challenge the German fighter presence over Suez. 'Treble One' was reformed in Egypt after the War as No. 14 Squadron. On October 1 1923111 Squadron reformed. The squadron operated a large variey of aircraft until 1938 when it became the first Hurricane squadron. 111 Sqn played a role in the Battle of Britain, replacing its Hurricanes with Spitfires in April 1942. In November the Squadron again relocated to RAF Gibraltar for support of Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. In a similar role it moved to Malta in June 1943 to support the invasion of Sicily. No 111 moved through Italy with the advancing Allied ground forces and remained there until the end of the war, after which it moved to Austria. The squadron disbanded in May 1947. The squadron was not reactivated until 1953 when it received Meteor F8s at RAF North Weald. The Meteors were soon replaced with Hunters, with which the Squadron was to achieve international acclaim with their ‘Black Arrows’ aerobatic display team. The Squadron received the all-weather Lightning fighter in 1964 which it operated for ten years from RAF Wattisham. In 1974 the squadron re-equipped with the Phantom at RAF Coningsby, before moving north to Leuchars on November 3 1975. The squadron gained its current role in 1990 when it began to re-equip with the Tornado. Throughout its time at Leuchars the No 111(F) Squadron has been tasked with the maintenance of Quick Reaction Alert, which involves keeping aircraft at a high state of readiness to intercept, identify and, should it be necessary, destroy hostile aircraft approaching UK airspace. In recent years the Squadron has been involved in Operation Deny Flight over Bosnia, Operations Bolton and Resinate in the Middle East and regularly participates in major Air Defence exercises, both in the UK and abroad. The squadron participated in Operation Telic where it formed part of the Tornado F3 Wing at Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1074941 ************************** Cross Village Township, Michigan ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1076126 ************************** The Norfolk County Division was formed on 24 December 1940. On 18 November 1941 it was redesignated 78th Infantry Division. It was commanded by Major General W. M. Ozanne and its brigades were the 213th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), 220th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) and 222nd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). It was under the command of II Corps. ok ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1076984 ************************** Parksdale is a census-designated place located in Madera County, California . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 2,688. Parksdale is located at 36°56'37" North, 120°1'19" West (36.943528, -120.021881) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 4.6 km² (1.8 mi² ). 4.6 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,688 people, 594 households, and 513 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 579.8/km² (1,498.2/mi²). There are 628 housing units at an average density of 135.5/km² (350.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 32.11% White , 3.01% African American , 3.16% Native American , 0.07% Asian , 0.19% Pacific Islander , 53.91% from other races , and 7.55% from two or more races. 81.77% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 594 households out of which 55.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% are married couples living together, 16.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 13.5% are non-families. 9.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 4.53 and the average family size is 4.69. In the CDP the population is spread out with 40.1% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 14.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 23 years. For every 100 females there are 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 109.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $29,821, and the median income for a family is $28,287. Males have a median income of $26,181 versus $24,219 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $7,129. 34.7% of the population and 30.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 41.3% of those under the age of 18 and 10.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 107713 GENERIC ( wiki:55.2% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:61.1% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Bed, Bed, Bed is a book and EP package for child ren released by They Might Be Giants in 2003(see 2003 in music) through Simon & Schuster. The book is composed of the lyrics of the four songs on the album, with illustrations by Marcel Dzama. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1077251 ************************** Geoffrey Gaimar(flourished 1140?), was an Anglo-Norman chronicler. Gaimar's most significant contribution to medieval literature and history is as a translator from Old English to Anglo-Norman. Gaimar's L' Estoire des Engles translates extensive portions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as well as using Latin and French sources. It is an octosyllabic rhymed chronicle written between 1136 and 1137 for Constance, wife of Ralph FitzGilbert. He claims to have written a version of the Brut story, probably a translation of the chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth into Old French verse. Yet the so-called L' Estoire des Bretons does not survive, and his indebtedness to Geoffrey of Monmouth appears only in Gaimar's knowledge of Galfridian legendary history. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1078397 GENERIC ( wiki:GaimarLdes_Engles#Estoire wiki:translate#as wiki:portion#extensive ) ************************** The Oxford Wits, a term coined later, were an identifiable group of literary and intellectual aesthetes and dandies, present as undergraduates at the University of Oxford in the first half of the 1920s. Their leader in fashion being Harold Acton, their later leader in intellectual matters was more noticeably Maurice Bowra; their attitudes are those portrayed and parodied in the nostalgic Brideshead Revisited of Evelyn Waugh, the most important literary figure to emerge from them. Others who are cited as Oxford Wits are John Betjeman, Robert Byron, Cyril Connolly, Brian Howard, Alan Pryce-Jones, John Sparrow, John Sutro, and Christopher Sykes. See also: New Oxford Wits. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1079059 ************************** Mira Loma is a census-designated place located in Riverside County, California . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 17,617. Mira Loma is located at 33°59'5" North, 117°30'55" West (33.984613, -117.515210) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 16.9 km² (6.5 mi² ). 16.7 km² (6.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.23% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 17,617 people, 4,556 households, and 3,863 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 1,056.2/km² (2,733.9/mi²). There are 4,684 housing units at an average density of 280.8/km² (726.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 64.03% White , 1.32% African American , 1.30% Native American , 0.92% Asian , 0.24% Pacific Islander , 28.26% from other races , and 3.92% from two or more races. 48.32% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 4,556 households out of which 47.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% are married couples living together, 11.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% are non-families. 10.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 2.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.84 and the average family size is 4.05. In the CDP the population is spread out with 34.0% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $49,002, and the median income for a family is $49,925. Males have a median income of $33,356 versus $25,275 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $15,277. 14.0% of the population and 9.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 17.7% of those under the age of 18 and 13.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 107930 GENERIC ( wiki:47.6% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:67.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** "You made me drink piss?!?" Joolushko Tunai Fenta Hovalis(played by Tammy MacIntosh) is a young Interion woman of remarkable academic achievement. She was awakened from stasis aboard the Leviathan Moya to discover that she had been frozen for 22 cycles, and if she hadn't been saved by Moya's crew, her organs would have been harvested and sold for transplants. John Crichton coined the name "Jool", and though she resented it at first, it soon grew on her, as did he. Her arrival aboard Moya came with the loss of Pa'u Zotoh Zhaan, and the crew, and fans alike were a little slow in accepting her. While an intelligent young woman, Jool has led a sheltered life, and though she posesses a lot of knowledge, it was rarely practised before joining the crew who soon became her friends. Jool comes from a peaceful star system, far away and before meeting Rygel, she had not known Hynerians existed, though Sebaceans are familiar to her. When frightened or nervous, her orange hair blazes red and her screams can melt metal, an ability which has come in useful. The crew parted ways and Jool and D'Argo found themselves on Arnessk, where Jool became acquainted with other Interions and helped in their excavational dig. She helped John, D'Argo and Chiana to free the priests from 12,000-cycle-long sleep in suspended animation. A scholar of Arnesskian history, Jool left Moya after over a cycle with the crew to follow her new destiny and help the priests adjust to the new life that lay ahead of them. Moya returned to Arnessk, followed by the Scarrens who deployed a weapon which destroyed the temple. Jool was inside and presumed dead. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1079683 ************************** Cricklade is a small town in north Wiltshire in the UK, midway between Swindon and Cirencester. The town's main claim to fame is the large nature reserve, North Meadow, which harbours some 80% of Britain's wild Snake's Head Fritillaries. The meadow is situated between two rivers, the Thames and the Churn, and the unique habitat for the fritillary created by the winter flooding. Such meadows were once common in Britain, but with the advent of modern farming many were drained and ploughed for arable crops from the 1730s onwards. In the case of North Meadow, it escaped such a fate by virtue of the preservation of the Court Leet, the saxon system of town governance which made sure the land was held in common. Cricklade generally experiences different weather to neighbouring towns, due to it's situation in a valley. Population is around 6,000 and includes both a council estate and a very expensive region. Shops are few, but include a Tesco Metro and many family-run shops. I live in Cricklade! ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1080633 GENERIC ( wiki:weather#different wiki:neighbour wiki:town ) GENERIC ( wiki:shop wiki:be wiki: ) ************************** The Freebox is an ADSL modem provided by the French internet service provider called Free to its ADSL subscribers. Its main use is as a modem, but it also allows Free to propose added services using ADSL as support, like television (via a SCART plug) or telephony (via one or two RJ-11 according to models). The Freebox is lent to the subscribers, its value being of 400 Euros according to the operator. It is delivered with a remote control and accessories (cables, filters...). According to this article, at the end of first semester 2005, more than 1.1 million subscribers are equipped with the Freebox. The telephony offer via the Freebox proposes various services of which free calls between Freebox and towards the fixed numbers in Metropolitan France. According to Alexandre Archambault from Free, Freebox is "nothing other that the return to the fundamentals of the DSL", whose initial objective was "to connect via a single support several types of terminals, therefore several types of services: telephone (telephony), microcomputer (Internet access), television set (television transmission, video on demand, pay per view...), hi-fi system (radios, etc.)". Therefore, it is much more than a simple ADSL modem, which can only make the interface between a computer and Internet. Free general conditions describe it as "an electronic instrument being used as interface between the data-processing and or audio-visual equipment of the user and the network of Free Telecom". The box, designed by Free, uses a 32 bits RC32355 processor and is managed by an operating system using a derivative of the Linux kernel. It has many interfaces: Since version 3, the Freebox can be configured to act as a router. The Freebox version 4 appeared mid-2004 and includes a chipset compatible with the ADSL 2+ standard, as well as a USB port, which will allow, in the long term, the addition of functions such as videoconferencing. With the v4 now appearence, it also provides a videolan client in order to get the movies (any format read by vlc) stored on your computer watchable on you tv trhough a playlist selector. It's all based on the free software videolan from http://vlc.sf.net. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1081402 GENERIC ( wiki:Freebox wiki:propose wiki:service#added ) GENERIC ( wiki:service#added wiki:use wiki:ADSL#as_#support ) GENERIC ( wiki:telephony_offer wiki:propose wiki:service#various ) GENERIC ( wiki:condition#Free_general wiki:describe wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:client#videolan wiki:get wiki:movieformat ) GENERIC ( wiki:format wiki:read_PASS wiki:by_#vlc ) ************************** McArthur is a census-designated place located in Shasta County, California . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 365. McArthur is located at 41°3'2" North, 121°23'59" West (41.050534, -121.399816) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 2.6 km² (1.0 mi² ). 2.6 km² (1.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 365 people, 150 households, and 100 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 139.5/km² (361.5/mi²). There are 168 housing units at an average density of 64.2/km² (166.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 71.78% White , 0.00% African American , 5.21% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 20.27% from other races , and 2.74% from two or more races. 24.93% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 150 households out of which 30.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% are married couples living together, 4.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% are non-families. 29.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.43 and the average family size is 2.97. In the CDP the population is spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 112.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 106.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $16,116, and the median income for a family is $23,125. Males have a median income of $27,188 versus $19,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $9,813. 36.0% of the population and 36.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 44.1% of those under the age of 18 and 36.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 108193 GENERIC ( wiki:30.0% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:54.7% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Forestville is a census-designated place located in Sonoma County, California . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 2,370. Forestville is home to El Molino High School. A public school, which provides 9-12th grade education the majority of Russian River residents. During the year of 2005, enrollment was 1,099 students. Forestville is located at 38°28'54" North, 122°53'46" West (38.481762, -122.896215) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 10.6 km² (4.1 mi² ). 10.6 km² (4.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,370 people, 941 households, and 592 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 223.2/km² (578.2/mi²). There are 1,010 housing units at an average density of 95.1/km² (246.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 89.28% White , 1.14% African American , 1.18% Native American , 1.60% Asian , 0.17% Pacific Islander , 2.78% from other races , and 3.84% from two or more races. 10.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 941 households out of which 31.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% are married couples living together, 11.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% are non-families. 26.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.48 and the average family size is 3.05. In the CDP the population is spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 34.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $50,898, and the median income for a family is $60,417. Males have a median income of $45,170 versus $42,652 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $31,301. 7.9% of the population and 5.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 6.7% of those under the age of 18 and 2.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 108232 GENERIC ( wiki:48.4% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Dunston Pillar is a stone tower that stands beside the A15(the ancient route of Ermine Street, one of the most important Roman roads in Britain) approximately 10  km south of Lincoln near the junction of the B1178(also known as Tower Lane). The tower was built by Sir Francis Dashwood(better known as the founder of the Hellfire Club) in 1751 as a ' land lighthouse'—a navigational aid to assist travellers crossing the heathland around Dunston and Nocton. The land lighthouse also aimed to improve the safety of one of the most treacherous areas of the county for 18th century travellers (who were being waylaid by highwaymen such as the notorious Dick Turpin). The structure originally stood 30  metres high (90  feet) with a large octagonal lantern on top of the tower. The lantern was regularly lit until 1788 and was used for the last time in 1808 by which time improvements in the local road network had effectively made it obsolete. In 1808, the lantern was destroyed in a storm and was replaced with a bust of King George III by the Earl of Buckinghamshire to celebrate fifty years of the king's reign. At the height of the Battle of Britain in 1940, the pillar was considered to be a hazard to low-flying aircraft approaching nearby RAF Waddington, and was thus lowered by 10 metres to reduce the risk of accident. At this time the bust of King George III was removed and can now be seen in the grounds of Lincoln Castle. The tower remains a well-known landmark and to this day is clearly visible beside the busy road at TF008620 ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1082355 GENERIC ( wiki:aid#navigational wiki:assist wiki:traveller ) GENERIC ( wiki:traveller wiki:cross wiki:heathland ) ************************** Petr Kostka(born June 11, 1938) is a famous Czech actor. He was born in Říčany u Prahy, Czechoslovakia. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1082905 ************************** Christian humanism, is a philosophical union of Christian and humanist principles, and like much humanism often refers to a commonality among all humanity as its basic ethos. Christian humanism has been traced back to at least the 12th century, and its proponents claim it to be grounded in the mystery of God as present in history as a human being, Jesus, and secondly, on several teachings of Jesus, as found in the New Testament. It does not elevate ordinary human beings to the status of deities, nor does it deny the primacy of God, but rather it seeks to celebrate humanity and place the serving of one's fellow human beings as one of the highest Christian duties. According to sociologist Robert Bellah, such a perspective is characteristic of the 'modern' stage of religion, in which "man in the last analysis is responsible for the choice of his symbolism" ( Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1970, p. 42). James Davison Hunter believes that Christian humanism carries within it a potential for reaching across the metaphysical divide separating the two sides of what he calls "the American culture war," in which one side places moral authority in something transcending the individual, and the other places moral authority in personal human experience ("The American Culture War," in Peter Berger, ed., The Limits of Social Cohesion: Conflict and Mediation in Pluralist Societies Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998, p. 6). "You shall love thy neighbor as thyself" - Matthew22:39, Mark12:31, Luke10:27 (also Leviticus19:18) Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand"Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me." Then shall the righteous answer him, saying, "Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? And the King shall answer and say unto them,"Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me." - Matthew25:34-45 Christian humanism is first of all a movement for widened learning that emerged out of the Renaissance and was brought by devoted Christians to the study of the philological sources of the Greek New Testament. This project was undertaken at the time of the Reformation in the work of Erasmus of Rotterdam (who remained a Catholic), Martin Luther(who was an Augustinian priest and led the Evangelical Reformation, translating the Scriptures into his native German), and John Calvin(who was a student of law and theology at the Sorbonne where he became acquainted with the Evangelical Reformation, and began studying Scripture in the original languages, eventually writing a text-based commentary upon the entire Christian Old Testament and New Testament except the Book of Revelation). John Calvin was the most prominent of the many figures associated with Reformed Churches that proliferated in Switzerland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and portions of Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, and Poland. Each of the candidates for ordained ministry in these churches had to study the Christian Old Testament in Hebrew and the New in Greek in order to qualify. This continued the tradition of Christian humanism. The broader tradition extends the zone of usage of the term "Christian humanism." and continues to be used widely to describe the vocations of Christians active in the discipline of Humane Letters and who serve on Humanities faculties of colleges and universities. Many authors of novels and poems, writing in the Twentieth and Twenty First centuries can be described as "Christian humanists" in this derived sense, although not necessarily knowing any Hebrew or Greek or Latin, or holding any involvement in translating Scripture. Many teachers of literary criticism also call themselves "Christian humanists," and understand literary values as including those of gentility, morality, and faith-perspective. Novelists of the preceding generation identified in this manner were Dorothy Sayers, Charles Williams, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Flannery O'Connor. W.J. Bouwsma, John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1084026 GENERIC ( wiki:John_Calvin wiki:be wiki:studentby_#christian#devoted#_#study#of_#source#philological#of_#testament#New ) GENERIC ( wiki:novelist wiki:identify_PASS wiki:in_#manner#of_#gentility_,_morality_,_and_faith_-_perspective ) ************************** Castle Pines is a census-designated place located in Douglas County, Colorado . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 5,958. Castle Pines is located at 39°27'43" North, 104°53'40" West (39.462003, -104.894521) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 26.5 km² (10.2 mi² ). 26.5 km² (10.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 5,958 people, 2,078 households, and 1,886 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 224.6/km² (581.6/mi²). There are 2,223 housing units at an average density of 83.8/km² (217.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 95.85% White , 0.89% African American , 0.34% Native American , 1.29% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.57% from other races , and 1.06% from two or more races. 3.16% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,078 households out of which 44.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 86.5% are married couples living together, 3.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 9.2% are non-families. 6.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 1.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.87 and the average family size is 3.01. In the CDP the population is spread out with 29.5% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 33.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $138,035, and the median income for a family is $140,816. Males have a median income of $93,254 versus $57,054 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $70,456. 0.3% of the population and 0.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 108446 GENERIC ( wiki:44.0% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:86.5% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Günter Netzer(born September 14, 1944 in Mönchengladbach) was a German football player. He played for Borussia Mönchengladbach from 1963 until 1973, winning the German Championship in 1970 and 1971 and the German Cup in 1973. In 1973, he went to Real Madrid, playing there until 1976 and winning the Spanish Championship in 1975 and 1976 and the Spanish Cup in 1974 and 1975. In 1976, he went for a to Grasshoppers Zürich where he finished his career in 1977. He played for the German national team from 1965 to 1975, winning the European Championship in 1972 and the World Cup in 1974. After his career as a player he went to Hamburger SV as a manager from 1978 to 1986. In this time the Hamburger SV won the German Championship two times and in 1983 the European Cup. Nowadays he works as an expert for the german television. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1085623 ************************** Sallins( Na Solláin in Irish) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland, situated 3.5 km north of the town of Naas. Sallins grew as a result of its position on both the Grand Canal and the main Dublin to Cork/ Kerry/ Limerick railway line. Historically, the major employer in the village was Odlum's Flour Mills. The canal near the village is popular for fishing and the nearby Leinster Aqueduct is the area's most notable landmark. The village's railway station serves both Sallins itself and neighbouring Naas, as reflected in its official name of "Sallins and Naas". Originally named just "Sallins" (a branch line to Naas at one time diverged from the main line here), the station was closed in 1963 but with the later growth of both Sallins and Naas as Dublin dormitory towns, it was redeveloped and reopened in 1994 as part of the Kildare"Arrow" commuter rail project. The station was also the location for Ireland's largest train robbery- the so called " Sallins Train Robbery" - which occurred on March 31st, 1976. Several hundreth-thousands of Irish pounds where stolen from a Córas Iompair Éireann train. Several people where tried for the robbery and jailed and the case eventually became a significant miscarriage of justice. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1085988 GENERIC ( wiki:sallinNa_Soll wiki:á wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:sallin wiki:grow wiki:as_#result#of_#position ) GENERIC ( wiki:station wiki:close_PASS wiki:townin_#1963#with_#growth#later#of_#both_Sallins_and_Naas#as_#Dublin ) ************************** Norfolk is a town located in Litchfield County, Connecticut . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,660. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 120.2 km² (46.4 mi² ). 117.4 km² (45.3 mi²) of it is land and 2.8 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.37% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 1,660 people, 676 households, and 461 families residing in the town. The population density is 14.1/km² (36.6/mi²). There are 871 housing units at an average density of 7.4/km² (19.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.11% White , 0.48% African American , 0.24% Native American , 0.54% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.60% from other races , and 1.02% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 676 households out of which 28.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% are non-families. 24.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.44 and the average family size is 2.92. In the town the population is spread out with 23.7% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $58,906, and the median income for a family is $67,500. Males have a median income of $41,654 versus $36,442 for females. The per capita income for the town is $34,020. 4.1% of the population and 1.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 4.3% of those under the age of 18 and 6.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 108755 GENERIC ( wiki:58.3% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Magnalia Christi Americana is a book written in 1702 by Cotton Mather(1663-1728). Its title is in Latin, and is usually given the English title The Ecclesiastical History of New England as a translation. It was generally written in English and printed in London"for Thomas Parkhurst, at the Bible and Three Crowns, Cheapside." It consists of seven "books" collected into two volumes and details the religious development of Massachusetts, and other nearby colonies in New England from 1620 to 1698. An exerpt of the book is collected in the widely respected Norton Anthology . This excerpt details the works and accomplishments of William Bradford. Other notable parts of the book are Mather's descriptions of the Salem Witch Trials, in which he criticizes some of the methods of the court; his complete "catalogus" of all the students that graduated from Harvard College, and story of the founding of Harvard College itself; and his assertions that Puritan slaveholders should do more to convert their slaves to Christianity. Title Page of Magnalia Christi Americana from the American Antiquarian Society ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1087600 GENERIC ( wiki:assertionPuritan_slaveholders wiki:do wiki:of_#method#of_#court ) ************************** Old Lyme is a town located in New London County, Connecticut . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 7,406. It is a popular summer resort and artists' colony . Famous residents have included actress, Elsie Ferguson , artist Willard Metcalf , and naturalist Roger Tory Peterson . The US headquarters of Sennheiser is located in Old Lyme. Originally part of Saybrook , Old Lyme was separated February 13 , 1665 . The present-day artists' colony was established in 1899 by Florence Griswold , with an initial group of artists that came to be known as the "Lyme Art Colony". In addition to Metcalf, they included Childe Hassam and Henry Ward Ranger . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 74.6 km² (28.8 mi² ). 59.8 km² (23.1 mi²) of it is land and 14.8 km² (5.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 19.85% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 7,406 people, 2,958 households, and 2,153 families residing in the town. The population density is 123.8/km² (320.6/mi²). There are 4,570 housing units at an average density of 76.4/km² (197.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.37% White , 0.26% African American , 0.28% Native American , 1.16% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.32% from other races , and 0.59% from two or more races. 0.95% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,958 households out of which 30.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% are married couples living together, 7.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% are non-families. 22.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 2.93. In the town the population is spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.6 males. The median income for a household in the town is $68,386, and the median income for a family is $75,779. Males have a median income of $52,110 versus $39,158 for females. The per capita income for the town is $41,386. 3.4% of the population and 2.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 4.9% of those under the age of 18 and 1.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 108830 GENERIC ( wiki:Famous_residents wiki:include_PASS wiki:actress ) GENERIC ( wiki:day_artists#presentcolony wiki:establish_PASS wiki:in_#1899#by_#Florence_Griswold ) GENERIC ( wiki:30.2% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:63.2% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** In mathematics, a reductive group is an algebraic group G such that the unipotent radical of the identity component of G is trivial. Any semisimple algebraic group and any algebraic torus is reductive, as is any general linear group. The name comes from the complete reducibility of linear representations of such a group, which is a property in fact holding over fields of characteristic zero. Haboush's theorem shows that a certain rather weaker property holds for reductive groups in the general case. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1088386 GENERIC ( wiki:torus#algebraic wiki:be wiki:reductive ) GENERIC ( wiki:name wiki:come wiki:from_#reducibility#complete#of_#representation#linear#of_#group#such ) GENERIC ( wiki:property wiki:hold wiki:for_#group#reductive#in_#case#general ) ************************** Lake Hawea is located in the Otago region of New Zealand, at an altitude of 320 metres. It covers an area of some 124 km 2. Its name is Māori, though the exact meaning is uncertain. At its greatest extent, which is roughly along a north-south axis, the lake is 35 kilometres long. It lies in a glacial valley formed during the last ice age, and is fed by the Hunter River. Nearby Lake Wanaka lies in a parallel glacial valley eight kilometres to the west. At their closest point (a rocky ridge called The Neck), the lakes are only 1000 metres apart. The only flat land around the lake is at its southern end, surrounding its outflow into the Hawea River, a short tributary of the Clutha, which it joins near Albert Town. The settlement of Hawea is found at the lake's southern shore. The lake is a popular resort, and is well used in the summer for fishing, boating and swimming. The nearby mountains and fast-flowing rivers allow for adventure tourism year-round, with jetboating and skiing facilities located nearby. In pre-European history, Hawea had an important role, when, in the 1830s the Maori residents of Hawea brought warning to the residents of the South Island east coast of a planned attack over alpine passes by a war party of the warrior Te Puoho. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1088978 GENERIC ( wiki:Lake_Wanaka#Nearby wiki:lie wiki:kilometrein_#valley_eight#parallel_glacial ) ************************** The ICEE Company produces ICEE brand slushies, beverages, and Italian ice pops. Its flagship product is a frozen slushy drink invented by Dairy Queen francise owner Omar Knedlik(called a Slurpee by 7-Eleven, who licensed the invention in 1967) that comes in various fruit and soda flavors. Its products' mascot is an anthropomorphic cartoon polar bear. The ICEE Company is a division of J & J Snack Foods Corporation, and is located in Ontario, California. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1089712 GENERIC ( wiki:company#ICEE wiki:produce wiki:brand_slushies#ICEE ) ************************** The Heart Mountain War Relocation Center was a relocation camp located in northwestern Wyoming, United States, on an isolated site between the towns of Powell and Cody. The camp was used to imprison Japanese Americans during much of America's involvement in World War II. Construction on the camp began in June 1942, and the first prisoners arrived in August. By October, about ten thousand people lived at the camp, making it the third-largest settlement in Wyoming. Most residents had been moved by train from California. The camp closed in November 1945. Several buildings in the camp still stand, though they have become decrepit with time. A memorial, made of unfinished wood, has been erected. See: Japanese American internment ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1090395 GENERIC ( wiki:resident wiki:move_PASS wiki:by_#train#from_#California ) ************************** "It Ain't Nothin' To Me" is a song on the 1985 album Southern Accents by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. The song was written by Tom Petty and David A. Stewart. Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Additional musicians ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1091210 ************************** Trenton is a city located in Gilchrist County, Florida . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,617. According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2004 estimates, the town had a population of 1,767. It is the county seat of Gilchrist County . Trenton is located at 29°36'54" North, 82°49'4" West (29.615081, -82.817732) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.7 km² (2.6 mi² ). 6.7 km² (2.6 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,617 people, 608 households, and 390 families residing in the city. The population density is 241.1/km² (623.4/mi²). There are 690 housing units at an average density of 102.9/km² (266.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 77.67% White , 20.16% African American , 0.12% Native American , 0.25% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 0.43% from other races , and 1.30% from two or more races. 1.67% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 608 households out of which 33.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% are married couples living together, 19.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% are non-families. 30.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.47 and the average family size is 3.10. In the city the population is spread out with 27.6% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 83.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 75.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $25,259, and the median income for a family is $29,773. Males have a median income of $24,000 versus $21,302 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,054. 20.4% of the population and 18.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 30.2% of those under the age of 18 and 15.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 109181 GENERIC ( wiki:33.6% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:42.4% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Prescott County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1800 from a portion of Glengarry County. It later merged with Russell County to form Prescott and Russell United Counties. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1092390 ************************** Fellsmere is a city located in Indian River County, Florida . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 3,813. As of 2004 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 4,658 1 . Fellsmere is located at 27°46'0" North, 80°35'55" West (27.766771, -80.598642) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 14.0 km² (5.4 mi² ). 13.7 km² (5.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.85% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 3,813 people, 865 households, and 718 families residing in the city. The population density is 277.8/km² (719.1/mi²). There are 918 housing units at an average density of 66.9/km² (173.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 60.11% White , 6.69% African American , 0.47% Native American , 0.10% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 30.68% from other races , and 1.89% from two or more races. 73.17% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 865 households out of which 52.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% are married couples living together, 8.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 16.9% are non-families. 12.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.94 and the average family size is 4.18. In the city the population is spread out with 33.3% under the age of 18, 15.4% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 13.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 26 years. For every 100 females there are 139.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 149.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $30,395, and the median income for a family is $31,318. Males have a median income of $19,195 versus $15,521 for females. The per capita income for the city is $10,258. 24.3% of the population and 21.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.2% of those under the age of 18 and 12.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 109259 GENERIC ( wiki:52.6% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:66.6% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** 1278 state leaders- Events of 1279- 1280 state leaders- State leaders by year ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1093286 ************************** HighGrader is a Canadian magazine. It was launched in 1995 by musician Charlie Angus and his wife, Brit Griffin. The magazine published journalism relating to rural lifestyle and culture in Northern Ontario. In 2004, Syl Belisle of Timmins (705-266-4950; highrader@nt.net) bought the magazine and has since made several improvements to the quality of paper and type fonts. Mr. Belisle has also added a four page centrespread which features Northern artists. As of Oct. 1, 2005, HighGrader will have completed its first year under new ownership. Mr. Belisle is a former newspaper publisher. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1093953 ************************** Peccia is one of the six small Swiss municipalities which were merged in April 2004 to form the commune of Lavizzara, with about 1000 people. The other municipalities were Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, and Prato-Sornico. Peccia is a village in the Valle Maggia. In spite of the size, since 1984 a sculpting school established, working mostly on the marble of a local quarry. In fact it is the only place in Switzerland where marble is being quarried. The material has also been used when the church of Mogno(a hamlet of Fusio) was rebuilt by Mario Botta after the old one was destroyed by an avalanche. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1095345 ************************** Oak Ridge is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area located in Orange County, Florida . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 22,349. Oak Ridge is located at 28°28'29" North, 81°25'15" West (28.474596, -81.420738) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 11.2 km² (4.3 mi² ). 10.8 km² (4.2 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.48% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 22,349 people, 7,389 households, and 5,379 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 2,074.3/km² (5,370.9/mi²). There are 7,791 housing units at an average density of 723.1/km² (1,872.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 43.08% White , 28.44% African American , 0.41% Native American , 5.67% Asian , 0.29% Pacific Islander , 13.92% from other races , and 8.19% from two or more races. 41.42% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 7,389 households out of which 41.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% are married couples living together, 21.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% are non-families. 18.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 2.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.02 and the average family size is 3.40. In the CDP the population is spread out with 29.6% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 29 years. For every 100 females there are 101.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $30,290, and the median income for a family is $31,422. Males have a median income of $21,991 versus $18,573 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $12,347. 19.6% of the population and 17.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.9% of those under the age of 18 and 11.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 109545 GENERIC ( wiki:41.5% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:43.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Ben Wicks( October 1, 1926- September 10, 2000) was a Canadian cartoonist, illustrator, journalist and author. Wicks was a Cockney born into a poor, working class family in London's East End near London Bridge. He learned to play the saxophone in the British Army and toured Europe with a band. He emigrated to Canada in 1957 and found work as a milkman in Calgary and then joined the Canadian Army as a musician and began studying cartooning from books. Wicks came across a list in a library of magazines willing to purchase cartoons and began trying his hand - his first major success was being published by the Saturday Evening Post . In 1963, Wicks moved to Toronto to work for the Toronto Telegram and his cartoon, The Outsiders, was soon syndicated in over 50 newspapers. His cartoons were simply drawn but were very topical and witty and became popular with readers and were picked up by the Toronto Star after the Telegram ceased operations in 1971. At its height, his daily cartoon, now called Wicks was carried by 84 Canadian and more than 100 American newspapers. Wicks had a self-effacing but charming personality and became a popular guest on television and radio shows and had his own television show on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in the 1970s. He also illustrated a series of children's books written by his daughter which were turned into an animated television program for PBS in the United States. He also opened a pub in Toronto's Cabbagetown district named The Ben Wicks which is sitll in operation. Wicks was also known for his humanitarian work. He used his illustrations to publicize the plight of civilian sufferers of the Biafran War in Nigeria, and became a supporter of Oxfam. During the 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia, he organized Cartoonists for Africa raising money and awareness. Wicks spent much time in his later decades promoting literacy among children. In 1986 he was made a member of the Order of Canada. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1096314 GENERIC ( wiki:wick wiki:come wiki:across_#list#in_#library#of_#magazine ) GENERIC ( wiki:wick wiki:spend wiki:time#much ) ************************** Eagle Lake is a city located in Polk County, Florida . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 2,496. As of 2004 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 2,493 1 . Eagle Lake is located at 27°58'47" North, 81°45'17" West (27.979732, -81.754632) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.7 km² (1.4 mi² ). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.50% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,496 people, 879 households, and 637 families residing in the city. The population density is 693.3/km² (1,800.5/mi²). There are 964 housing units at an average density of 267.8/km² (695.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 82.09% White , 4.73% African American , 0.68% Native American , 0.24% Asian , 9.86% from other races , and 2.40% from two or more races. 21.47% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 879 households out of which 34.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% are married couples living together, 17.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% are non-families. 20.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.81 and the average family size is 3.21. In the city the population is spread out with 29.4% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,250, and the median income for a family is $35,078. Males have a median income of $27,500 versus $19,417 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,249. 17.9% of the population and 14.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 18.9% of those under the age of 18 and 12.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 109703 GENERIC ( wiki:34.8% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:48.9% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** : for the former federal electoral district, see Cariboo (electoral district) for the former provincial electoral district, see Cariboo (provincial electoral district) The Cariboo is a region of British Columbia along a plateau stretching from the Fraser Canyon to the Cariboo Mountains. The name is a reference to the woodland caribou that live in the region. The plateau is part of the Fraser Plateau and is also known of the Cariboo Plateau; its southern limit is the Bonaparte River although the Cariboo Region is considered to extend to the Thompson River to the south of that, and to border on the city of Kamloops at its southeastern corner. The Cariboo is commonly divided into North Cariboo, Central Cariboo and South Cariboo. The commercial centre of the north is Quesnel, of the central Williams Lake and of the south 100 Mile House. The Cariboo region is generally considered to reach as far southeast as the city of Kamloops and to include the Cache Creek and Lillooet areas in the south. The region west of the Fraser north of Lillooet, the Chilcotin, is often considered to be a part of the Cariboo; the country south of it immediately west of Lillooet is sometimes referred to as the West Cariboo. Important events in the history of the Cariboo region: The Cariboo Trail is a 1950 film about the gold rush era of the 1890's in the area. The film is based on a story by John Rhodes Sturdy, screenplay by Frank Gruber, directed by Edwin L. Marin, and starring Randolph Scott and Gabby Hayes. Bowron Lake Provincial Park is a popular canoe ing destination in the Cariboo Mountains east of Quesnel. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1097244 ************************** 1263 state leaders- Events of 1264- 1265 state leaders- State leaders by year ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1098388 ************************** The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive (or unit) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads. It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification, and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives. It is not used for steam locomotive s; instead, the Whyte notation is used. This system counts axles instead of wheels. Letters refer to powered axles, and numbers to unpowered (or idler) axles. "A" refers to one powered axle, "B" to two powered axles in a row, "C" to three powered axles in a row, and "D" to four powered axles in a row. "1" refers to one idler axle, and "2" to two idler axles in a row. A dash ("–") separates trucks, or wheel assemblies. A plus sign ("+") refers to articulation. "A1A-3" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "A1A" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. The "3" truck is under the back of the unit, and has three idler axles in a row. An example would be the Baldwin1,000 hp (750 kW) cab unit DR-6-2-10; one example for the Chicago and North Western Railway was built in 1948. "A1A-A1A" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. This was to more evenly spread the weight of the locomotive over the track. Examples would be the EMD E-units and Alco PA's, which were passenger locomotives. "B" means there are two powered axles under the unit. These axles are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives. "B-1" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "1" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one idler axle. Examples are the three LWT12 ' Aerotrain' locomotives built by EMD in 1956. "B-2" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "2" truck is under the back of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. Examples are the three lightweight locomotives built by Baldwin in 1956 and 1957 for use with Pullman-Standard Train X equipment. "B-A1A" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "A1A" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. Examples would be the Fairbanks-Morse passenger C-liners, built from 1950- 1955 and the EMD FL9. "B-B" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has two powered axles. Examples would be the EMD GP(General Purpose) units. This is a currently popular configuration used in high-speed, low-weight applications, such as intermodal trains. "B-B-B" means there are three identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has two powered axles. This arrangement is unusual. Placing six axles in a C-C arrangement is far more common. The EMD GM10 electric locomotive used this arrangement. "B+B-B+B" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Within each truck, there are two powered axles, and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. An example would be the General Electric U50, built from 1963- 1965. The 4500 horsepower (3.4 MW) turbine locomotives built by GE for Union Pacific also used this arrangement. The EVFM railway of Brazil uses narrow gauge GE "BB" locomotives with this arrangement, both with "standard" and wide cabs. A GE BB40-9W, for instance, is a wide cab Dash 9 series 4000 HP locomotive with a B+B-B+B wheel arrangement. "B-B+B-B" means that the locomotive has four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies. Each truck contains two powered axles. The middle pair of trucks are connected by a span bolster. In most cases the locomotive is articulated over the span bolster. The Union Pacific's M-10002 is an example of this type. This arrangement also includes locomotives made of two permanently coupled B-B units, such as some EMD FT units which had a solid drawbar connecting two units instead of the typical couplers. "C" means there are three powered axles under the unit. They are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives. "C-C" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. Examples would be the EMD SD(Special Duty) units. This is a currently popular configuration used in low-speed, high-weight applications, such as unit coal trains. "2-C+C-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are three powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The GG1 electric locomotives and GE steam turbine electric locomotives used this arrangement. "C-C+C-C" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. The only examples of this type were the 8500 horsepower (6.3 MW) turbine locomotives built by General Electric for Union Pacific. These locomotives consisted of two permanently coupled C-C units. "C+C-C+C" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. This was used on the "Jawn Henry" steam turbine-electric locomotive. "2-D-2" means there are three trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. At either end are trucks with two idler axles. The center truck has four powered axles. The PRR R1 electric locomotive used this arrangement. "D-D" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has four powered axles. Examples are the EMD DD units. "2-D+D-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. Examples include the Baldwin DR-12-8-1500/2 "Centipede" diesel locomotives and the GE Little Joe electric locomotive s. "B-D+D-B" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The W1 class of electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Great Northern used this arrangement. "1B-D+D-B1" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with one unpowered axle and two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives used by the Milwaukee Road used this arrangement. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1099007 GENERIC ( wiki:wheel_arrangements wiki:develop_PASS wiki:by_#Association_of_American_Railroads ) GENERIC ( wiki:letter wiki:refer wiki:_#axles_,_and_numbers#powered#_#idler#unpowered ) GENERIC ( wiki:" wiki:separate wiki:trucks_,_or_wheel_assemblies ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:be wiki:EMD_Eunits_and_Alco_PA ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:be wiki:lwt12aerotrainlocomotive ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:be wiki:lightweight_locomotives ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:be wiki:-_Morse_passenger#FairbanksCliner ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:be wiki:EMD_GPGeneral_Purposeunit ) GENERIC ( wiki:Placing_sixaxle wiki:be#far wiki:common ) GENERIC ( wiki:horsepowermwturbine_locomotives wiki:build#also_PASS wiki:by_#GE#for_#Union_Pacific ) GENERIC ( wiki:BB40-9_W#GE wiki:be wiki:cab_Dash_9#wideseries_4000hpB_+_B_wheel_arrangement ) GENERIC ( wiki:locomotive wiki:make_PASS wiki:of_#-_B_units#B ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:be wiki:EMD_SDdutyunit ) GENERIC ( wiki:GG1locomotives_and_GE_steam_turbinelocomotive wiki:use wiki:arrangement ) GENERIC ( wiki:example#only wiki:be wiki:horsepowermwturbine_locomotives ) GENERIC ( wiki:turbine_locomotives wiki:build_PASS wiki:by_#General_Electric_for_Union_Pacific ) GENERIC ( wiki:trucks_,_or_wheel_assemblies wiki:be wiki:truck ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:be wiki:EMD_DD_units ) GENERIC ( wiki:example wiki:include wiki:/_2#Baldwinlocomotive#"_Centipede_"_diesel ) ************************** Norman Park is a city located in Colquitt County, Georgia . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 849. Norman Park is located at 31°16'16" North, 83°41'3" West (31.271075, -83.684196) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 8.1 km² (3.1 mi² ). 8.1 km² (3.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.64% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 849 people, 328 households, and 246 families residing in the city. The population density is 105.4/km² (272.6/mi²). There are 374 housing units at an average density of 46.4/km² (120.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 76.09% White , 20.38% African American , 0.94% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 2.12% from other races , and 0.47% from two or more races. 3.42% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 328 households out of which 35.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% are married couples living together, 18.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% are non-families. 23.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.59 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 28.5% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $27,063, and the median income for a family is $31,875. Males have a median income of $27,019 versus $25,982 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,421. 22.2% of the population and 22.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 30.6% of those under the age of 18 and 24.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 110001 GENERIC ( wiki:35.4% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:53.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Oscar Fitzallen Holcombe( December 31, 1888– June 18, 1968) served as the mayor of Houston, Texas for 22 years, in 11 non-consecutive terms. Holcombe was born in Mobile, Alabama and raised in San Antonio, Texas. He moved to Houston when he was 18, and founded his own construction business, the O. F. Holcombe Company, at age 26. His business acumen and contacts eventually made Holcombe a millionaire. Six years after founding his business, in 1921, Holcombe won his first term as mayor. He would serve as mayor from 1921 to 1929, 1933 to 1937, 1939 to 1941, 1947 to 1953, and 1956 to 1958. His administrations were considered to be conservative and pro-business, though Holcombe was also aggressive about expanding the city's boundaries and improving public services (such as libraries, a municipal auditorium, and an improved sewage system). Holcombe married Mary Grey Miller on May 3, 1912. They had one daughter. During the early 1960s, Houston renamed the stretch of Bellaire Boulevard east of Southside Place, which runs through the Texas Medical Center, as Holcombe Boulevard. In the late 1980s, the municipality of West University Place also renamed Bellaire Boulevard as Holcombe Boulevard within its jurisdiction. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1100705 ************************** Craig Gannon is a British guitar player, best known for being the second guitarist in The Smiths in 1986. Gannon had already achieved some fame for his work with Aztec Camera before his work with The Smiths. When bass player Andy Rourke was fired from The Smiths in early 1986, Gannon was hired to replace him. Within a fortnight, however, Rourke was reinstated and Gannon moved to rhythm guitar, playing on the "Panic" and "Ask" singles and touring the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States with the band. Gannon also played on the scrapped single "You Just Haven't Earned It Yet, Baby", which was included on The World Won't Listen compilation. After the tour ended in October1986, Gannon was dismissed. Post-Smiths, Gannon joined The Adult Net and The Cradle and played with former Smiths singer Morrissey on his debut solo gig and 1989 singles "The Last of the Famous International Playboys" and "Interesting Drug". That same year saw him sue Morrissey and Johnny Marr over the degree of his involvement in songwriting (notably for "Ask"). The matter was settled out of court for the sum of £48,000. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1101721 ************************** Darien is a city located in McIntosh County, Georgia . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,719. The city is the county seat of McIntosh County . It is the second oldest planned city in Georgia. Darien is located at 31°22'16" North, 81°25'51" West (31.371134, -81.430742) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.1 km² (2.0 mi² ). 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,719 people, 697 households, and 464 families residing in the city. The population density is 335.2/km² (869.6/mi²). There are 832 housing units at an average density of 162.2/km² (420.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 54.10% White , 43.98% African American , 0.12% Native American , 0.64% Asian , 0.17% Pacific Islander , 0.06% from other races , and 0.93% from two or more races. 0.64% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 697 households out of which 30.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% are married couples living together, 18.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% are non-families. 30.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.47 and the average family size is 3.06. In the city the population is spread out with 29.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 80.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $24,135, and the median income for a family is $28,750. Males have a median income of $26,198 versus $16,897 for females. The per capita income for the city is $11,938. 24.7% of the population and 21.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 29.8% of those under the age of 18 and 25.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Fort King George (Georgia's oldest fort) was been built in 1721, near what would become Darien. At the time it was the southern-most outpost of the British Empire in North America. The fort was abandoned in 1727 following attacks from the Spanish. The town of Darien (originally known as New Inverness) was founded in January 1736 by Scottish Highlanders recruited by James Oglethorpe to act as settler-soldiers protecting the frontiers of Georgia from the Spanish in Florida , the French in the Alabama basin and their Indian allies. On January 10, 1736, 177 emigrants, including women and children, arrived on board the to establish Darien, which was named after the Darien Scheme , a former Scottish colony in Panama . Among the initial settlers was Lachlan McGillivray , the Indian trader, and Lachlan McIntosh , the revolutionary leader. The Scots originated mainly from around Inverness and consisted of both Jacobite and Hanoverian supporting clans , the majority of whom spoke only Gaelic . When visited by Oglethorpe in February the settlers had already constructed "a battery of four pieces of cannon, built a guardhouse, a storehouse, a chapel, and several huts for particular people". They showed similar progress in the construction of military forts, by March the Scottish settlers had begun work on two forts, Fort St. Andrews on Cumberland Island , and Fort St. George on the St. Johns River 60 miles to the south of the territory claimed by the British government in the charter of the Georgia colony. Fort St. George was later abandoned after agreement with the Spanish in October 1736. In 1736 work was also begun on Fort Frederica , which is on St. Simons Island , a few miles south of Darien, between Darien and Cumberland Island. As the Scots were intended as a military force those settlers whose travel was paid for by the Trustees of the Colony were organized into two companies, the Highland Independent Company of Foot , an infantry force, and the Highland Rangers , a mounted force. By 1737 the constant military activity of the Darien colony was taking its toll and an additional forty-four Highland settlers arrived to expand the town. Initially the Settlers economy was based on the cultivation of crops, however after the first year they experienced a succession of poor harvests and concentrated more on the rearing of cattle and the felling of timber for sale in nearby Savannah . In 1739 eighteen of the most prominent members of the Darien colony signed the first petition against the introduction of slavery into Georgia. This was in response to pleas to Oglethorpe and the Trustees by inhabitants of Savannah to lift their prohibition on slavery. The Highlander's petition was successful and slavery was not introduced until ten years later in 1749. A constant state of conflict continued with Spanish and Indian forces during this time, however did not grow beyond the level of occasional skirmishes until the onset of the War of Jenkins' Ear in October 1739. in November in response to the death of two Scots garrisoned on Amelia Island from an ambush by Spanish allied Indians the Darien settlers mobilized and together with forces from South Carolina captured the Spanish forts of Fort Picolata , Fort St. Francis de Pupo , Fort San Diego and Fort Mosa before attempting to lay siege to St. Augustine . The subsequent Battle of Fort Mosa resulted in the death or capture of fifty-one of the Darien settlers. After the battle a number of the settlers abandoned Darien for South Carolina and by 1741 another shipload of forty-three colonists had arrived. These colonists received land grants from the Trustees which specified that the land was to descend to the male or female descendants of the original recipients, in 'Tail General', this was a unique change as previously, with a few specific exceptions in Darien, all land grants in the American colonies had been granted in 'Tail Male', descending to the male children. This had caused great discontent Among the Highland Settlers as it went against their traditional land holding and inheritance practices. In future the majority of Georgia land grants were made in 'Tail General'. On June 11 , 1863 , Federal troops stationed on St. Simons Island looted and then completely destroyed the town, including the homes of the black residents/slaves. (This was not part of Sherman's brutal March to the Sea , which occurred more than a year later.) The destruction of this undefended city, which was of little strategic importance, was carried out by the 54 th Massachusetts Volunteers under the command of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the 2 nd South Carolina Volunteers under the command Colonel James Montgomery. Colonel Montgomery ordered that the town be looted and then burned. The First African Baptist Church (the oldest African-American church in the county) was destroyed along with the rest of the town. It was rebuilt and some meetings of the Civil Rights were held there. After the U.S. Army invaded McIntosh County and destroyed Darien; gunboats were used to blockade the ports. These personnel were constantly plundering McIntosh County. The only defense to the plundering that the county had was a group of men too old for military service. These old men were having a meeting at the Ebenezer Church, nine miles north of Darien, on the night of August 3, 1864. Federal troops found out about the meeting from spies. The troops surrounded the church, opened fire, and captured twenty-three old men. These civilians were marched to a landing near Darien and put on ships and taken to prisons in the North. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Darien was one of the largest ports for shipping lumber. When the timber was depleted, Darien became a fishing village, primarily for Georgia wild shrimp . It was once famous for its oysters . There are thirty-two markers of historic sites near Darien and forty-two markers in MacIntosh County. (See the external link for a list.) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 110249 GENERIC ( wiki:30.6% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:42.8% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) GENERIC ( wiki:Settlers_economy wiki:base_PASS wiki:on_#cultivation#of_#crop ) GENERIC ( wiki:ear wiki:garrison_PASS wiki:settler#Darienon_#Amelia_Island#from_#ambush#by_#indian#Spanish_allied ) GENERIC ( wiki:land_grants wiki:specify wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:land_grantsland wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:all_land_grants wiki:grant_PASS wiki:in_#Tail_Male ) GENERIC ( wiki:Federal_troops wiki:station_PASS wiki:on_#St ) GENERIC ( wiki:gunboat wiki:use_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Federal_troops wiki:find wiki: ) ************************** The Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad( BENTITY_LE; AAR reporting mark BLE) was a railroad company operating mainly in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. The railroad's main line ran from the Lake Erie port of Conneaut, Ohio to industrial city of North Bessemer, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh, a distance of 153 miles. The company has operated continuously since its founding in 1897 until it was purchased by Canadian National Railway in 2004. The B&LE formerly had passenger service, but is now strictly a freight hauler. The Pittsburgh, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad Company was founded in 1897 by Andrew Carnegie to haul iron ore and other products from ports on the Great Lakes to Carnegie Steel Company plants in Pittsburgh and surrounding areas. On the return trip, Pennsylvania coal was hauled to the ports. The company was created largely out of a series of small predecessor companies including the Pittsburgh, Shenango and Lake Erie Railroad, and the Butler and Pittsburgh Railroad Company. The company was renamed the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad in 1900. Carnegie Steel had an exclusive 999 year lease to the PS&LE. This lease was acquired by US Steel when that company acquired Carnegie Steel in 1901. In 1988, the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad became part of Transtar, Inc. Transtar is a privately-held transportation holding company with principal operations in railroad freight transportation, dock operations, Great Lakes shipping, and inland river barging that were formerly subsidiaries of USX, the holding company that owns U.S. Steel. In 2001, the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad became part of Great Lakes Transportation, LLC. On May 10, 2004, Canadian National Railway acquired the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad. The B&LE intersects with the Norfolk Southern at Wallace Junction, near Erie, Pennsylvania, and at the Shenango, Pennsylvania yard. The Union Railroad is intersected at North Bessemer, Pennsylvania, and CSX at the Shenango Yard and Butler, Pennsylvania. It also formerly also interchanged with the New York Central(until the latter line was removed) near the former KO yard (now just a junction of two B&LE routes) at Osgood, PA. The main rail yard and locomotive and car shops are located in Greenville, Pennsylvania. The company’s livery color scheme is reddish orange and black; the reason for this so that its primary traffic in iron ore won't discolor the cars. (Locomotives are bright orange and black.) Iron ore is still a major freight commodity. The B&LE mainline divides around Greenville between Osgood ("KO") three miles north of Greenville and Kremis (the waypoint uses this name) three miles south; the original line follows the Little Shenango and Shenango Rivers south into downtown Greenville (where the B&LE shops are located, and then to Kremis enroute to Fredonia and Mercer, PA. Some years ago, the B&LE constructed a shortcut cutoff ("KO") line to bypass this winding route through Greenville. It runs between the "KO" junction near Osgood over a massive trestle above the Little Shenango River (and the original B&LE mainline), passes east of Greenville, and rejoins the original line at Kremis, thus shortening the run by several miles (this section was double-tracked for some years but is now single track). There was originally one tunnel on the B&LE mainline, but it was "dug out" and converted into a cut through a hill some decades ago. As it approaches Bessember, the B&LE is also noticeable where it crosses the Allegheny River immediately north of and parallel to the Pennsylvania Turnipke. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1102515 GENERIC ( wiki:river_barging#inland wiki:be wiki:subsidiary ) GENERIC ( wiki:car_shops wiki:locate_PASS wiki:in_#Greenville ) GENERIC ( wiki:locomotive wiki:be wiki:orange#bright ) ************************** All India Muslim Forum is a Muslim political party in India. The president is Nihaluddin and the general secretary is Dr. M. K. Sherwani. The Forum is staunchly opposed to the Hindutva nationalism of BJP. The Forum oppose U.S. occupation of Iraq. The Forum demands that 4% of the parliamentary seats should be reserved for Muslim women. The Forum has collaboration with Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. In the 1999 Lok Sabha elections AIMF had launched three candidates, who together mustered 10 010 votes. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1103601 ************************** : See Freya radar for German World War II radar. For the municipality, see Frøya, Norway . Freya ( Old Norse : Freyja ), the sister of Frey ( Freyr ) and the daughter of Niord ('' ), is usually seen as the fertility goddess of Norse mythology . Freya means lady, female ruler, in Old Norse (cf. fru or Frau'' in Scandinavian and German ). While there are no sources suggesting that she was called on to bring fruitfulness to fields or wombs, she was a goddess of intimacy whose tears were gold . She was also goddess of love , sex , war, prophecies, and attraction , and correspondingly became one of the most popular goddesses. She might be considered the counterpart of Venus and Aphrodite . It is likely that she is the most direct mythological descendant from Nerthus . Freya was thought to be the most desirable of all goddesses, owner of the attractive piece of jewellery Brosingamen ( Brísingamen ), which she bought from four dwarf s ( Dvalin , Alfrik , Berling , and Grer ) for the price of a night with her. Freya loved jewelry so much that she named her daughter "Hnoss", meaning "jewel". According to Snorri's Edda Freya had a husband named Odr . He often went away on long journeys, and for this reason Freya cried tears of red gold. Early traditions do not distinguish clearly between Freya and Frigg , though in the later Scandinavian mythology, Freya and Frigg were obviously not one and the same. They were different goddesses with separate functions, personalities and symbols. They appeared in the same text together on many occassions. The giants seemed to be quite interested in Freya, and some giants even requested to marry her. Whenever this happened Freya would often throw a fit of rage and strongly refuse. Some sources say she was married to Odin, most likely due to Frigg and Freya once being the same character, and others claim that she had a sexual relationship with her brother Frey. As a battle-goddess, Freya rides a boar called Hildisvín the Battle-Swine. In the poem Hyndluljóð , we are told that in order to conceal Ottar, Freya transformed him into the guise of a boar. The boar has special associations within Norse Mythology, both relative to the notion of fertility and also as a protective talisman in war. Seventh century Swedish helmet plates depict warriors with large boars as their crests, and a boar-crested helmet has survived from Anglo-Saxon time and was retrieved from a tumulus at Benty Grange in Derbyshire . In Beowulf , it is said that a boar on the helmet was there to guard the life of the warrior wearing it. Other sources show that Freya had a chariot drawn by a pair of cats the size of lions. Freya chooses certain of the slain on the battlefield whilst Odin gets the others, according to : :Decides where the warriors shall sit: :And some belong to Odin. This association of Freya with death is underlined in Egil's saga when his daughter, Thorgerda ( Þorgerðr ), threatens to commit suicide in the wake of her brother's death, saying: "I shall not eat until I sup with Freya". Freya's palace is known as the "Rich-in-Seats". Freya was a skilled practitioner of seiðr , a form of magic which Snorri relates in the Ynglinga Saga in his Heimskringla she introduced among the Aesir. It has been been widely speculated that Gullveig was Freya under another name. Freya was the driver of a wagon drawn by a pair of cat s as big as lions. She was queen of the elves . Her chambermaids were Fulla , Hlín and Gná . Her palace was in Fólkvangr and her hall was Sessrúmnir . Besides the necklace, she owned a cloak of hawk/eagle feathers, which gave her the ability to change into any bird . She lends this garment to Loki in Þrymskviða . lmo:Freyja ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 11038 GENERIC ( wiki:descendant#direct_mythological wiki:be wiki:desirable#of_#all_goddesses ) GENERIC ( wiki:Freya wiki:cry wiki:tear ) GENERIC ( wiki:tradition wiki:distinguish#clearly wiki:between_#and_Frigg#Freya ) GENERIC ( wiki:boar wiki:have wiki:association#special ) GENERIC ( wiki:Seventh_centuryhelmet_plates wiki:depict wiki:warrior ) GENERIC ( wiki:chariot wiki:draw_PASS wiki:sizeby_#pair#of_#cat ) GENERIC ( wiki:decidewarrior wiki:sit wiki: ) ************************** Screven is a city located in Wayne County, Georgia . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 702. Screven is located at 31°29'6" North, 82°0'59" West (31.485008, -82.016305) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.6 km² (2.2 mi² ). 5.6 km² (2.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 702 people, 291 households, and 196 families residing in the city. The population density is 124.9/km² (324.0/mi²). There are 346 housing units at an average density of 61.6/km² (159.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 58.12% White , 39.60% African American , 0.28% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.85% from other races , and 0.14% from two or more races. 2.14% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 291 households out of which 30.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% are married couples living together, 14.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% are non-families. 30.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $25,714, and the median income for a family is $31,250. Males have a median income of $29,750 versus $20,536 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,308. 18.8% of the population and 12.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 23.1% of those under the age of 18 and 15.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 110429 GENERIC ( wiki:30.9% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:50.5% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Heron Island is a coral cay in the Great Barrier Reef. The island is located on the leeward side of a fringing reef, 72 km northeast of Gladstone, Queensland, Australia, and 539 km north of Brisbane. The surrounding reef is home to 900 fish species and 72% of the Great Barrier Reef's species of coral. The island has no fresh water supply, so all the water for human consumption is desalinated from seawater by reverse-osmosis. Similarly, all the electricity required is supplied by two diesel generators. There is a small man-made harbour and a wooden jetty to the east of the island, in which dive and fishing boats harbour, and where the launch from Gladstone docks. Bordering the entrance channel to the Harbour is the rusted wreck of the HMCS Protector, which was towed to this site in 1945 to form a dive and snorkelling site. There are an enormous number of birds on the island, so much so that there is definite bird smell to the island, and there is constant bird noise, even at night (so the resort provides all guests with earplugs to help them sleep). The island supports breeding colonies of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters and white-capped noddy terns. There are also Buff-banded Rails, Eastern Reef Egrets and silvereyes on the island year-round. The south-eastern quarter of Heron island is the site of Heron Island Research Station, run by the University of Queensland. Begun in the 1950s it undertakes a variety of research on coral reef ecology. The north-eastern quarter of the island is home to a resort, and is a popular getaway for scuba diving. The resort is run by Voyages (formerly P&O resorts), and accommodates 200 guests and 100 staff. Visitor numbers to the resort by region, as listed in the resort's Information Centre, are as follows: The remaining western half of the island is a national park, with a permanent rangers station. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1104922 GENERIC ( wiki:resort wiki:run_PASS wiki:amp;O_resorts#P_&by_#voyage ) ************************** Bustles were originally worn (in the period from 1825 to 1867) under the skirt in back, just below the waist, to keep the skirt from dragging down, especially if the fabric was heavy. Heavy fabric tended to pull the back of a skirt down and flatten it, so a petticoat ed or crinoline d skirt would be out of shape from sitting down or just from moving. The bustle later developed into a feature of fashion on its own after the overskirt of the late 1860s was draped up toward the back and some kind of support was needed for the new draped shape. Fullness of some sort was still considered necessary to make the waist look smaller and the bustle eventually replaced the crinoline completely. The bustle was worn in different shapes for most of the 1870s and 1880s with a short period of non-bustled, flat-backed dresses from 1878 to 1882. It reappeared in 1883 and survived into the 1890s and early 1900s as a skirt support was still needed and the stylish shape dictated a curve in the back of the skirt to balance the curve of the bust in front. The bustle had completely disappeared by 1905 as the long corset of the early twentieth century was now successful in shaping the body to protrude behind. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1105396 GENERIC ( wiki:bustle wiki:be#originally wiki:worn#in_#period ) ************************** Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party(Communist Workers Peasant Party), a political party in Pakistan formed in 1995 through the unification of Communist Party of Pakistan and Mazdoor Kissan Party. In 1986 the MKP had condemned Gorbachev’s policies whereas the CPP continued to support Glasnost and Perestroika. The MKP argued that those policies would eventually lead to the restoration of capitalism in the Soviet Union. The break-up of the Soviet Union had an enormous impact on the left in Pakistan. A great number of opportunist factions abandoned Marxism and the Communist movement. This was a period of ideological wavering, confusion, desertion, and international isolation. At this difficult juncture in history the Communist Party of Pakistan and the Mazdoor Kissan Party came together to uphold the banner of Communism. In 1995 both parties engaged in criticism and self-criticism. Comrades of the CPP were critical of their significant oversight of the impact of Soviet revisionism. Comrades of the MKP were critical of their significant deviation in characterising the Soviet Union as social imperialist. Both parties came together and formed the Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party. In 1999 much of the former CPP broke away and reconstituted themselves as a separate party. In the 2002 parliamentary elections the party was denied registration. The CMKP, made up of mainly former MKP elements, later went back to calling their party MKP. In 2003 a group led by Sufi Abdul Khaliq Balooch broke away and formed a party called CMKP. This party today publishes the magazine Surkh Parcham(Red Flag). ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1106084 GENERIC ( wiki:comrade wiki:be wiki:critical#_#restoration#of_#capitalism#in_#Soviet_Union#of_#oversight#significant#of_#impact#of_#revisionism#Soviet ) GENERIC ( wiki:comrade wiki:be wiki:critical#of_#deviation#significant ) ************************** Idaho City is a city located in Boise County, Idaho . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 458. The city is the county seat of Boise County . Idaho City is located at 43°49'43" North, 115°49'56" West (43.828513, -115.832175) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.8 km² (0.7 mi² ). 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 458 people, 191 households, and 119 families residing in the city. The population density is 252.6/km² (652.5/mi²). There are 257 housing units at an average density of 141.8/km² (366.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 92.36% White , 3.06% Native American , 0.87% Asian , 0.66% from other races , and 3.06% from two or more races. 1.53% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 191 households out of which 34.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% are married couples living together, 12.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% are non-families. 30.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 3.00. In the city the population is spread out with 29.3% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.2 males. The median income for a household in the city is $28,068, and the median income for a family is $33,295. Males have a median income of $25,750 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,370. 19.3% of the population and 17.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 28.7% of those under the age of 18 and 5.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 110627 GENERIC ( wiki:34.6% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:46.1% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Thurmaston is a village and civil parish in the Charnwood district of Leicestershire, England. It is just north of Leicester. In 2000 its population was estimated at 9,305. Thurmaston lies on the River Soar and is something of a boating centre. There are two marinas, one of which is also a boat-yard, and numerous less official mooring sites. Thurmaston, despite being small, is one of the most noticeable places as you exit Leicester to the North. Its prominent location has seen much development in recent years. In 2002 a new Asda supermarket opened, pushing the old Co-op out of business. The old Co-op site, across the road from Asda, is now being developed into a new outdoor shopping centre, already housing a McDonalds, Dumelm Mill and Sports Soccer. Other stores on the site have yet to be confirmed but Argos and Next are rumoured. Thurmaston also houses some of the main offices for Walkers Crisps. A Thurmaston urban district was formed in 1894 from what was then urbanised southern part of the parish. This is now part of Leicester, and has never since been known as Thurmaston and was given the name Rushey Mead. The village is somewhat split in two by the Midland Main Line, which is the main London to Sheffield line. To the east of the line is the newer part of the village. To the west is the old village, which stands on the old Fosse Way. The local football team Thurmaston Magpies once boasted former England international and current Leicester City striker/defender Dion Dublin in its ranks. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1107117 ************************** Watersmeet Township, Michigan ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1108591 ************************** Beardstown is a city located in Cass County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 5,766. Beardstown is located at 40°0'44" North, 90°25'43" West (40.012189, -90.428711) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 9.0 km² (3.5 mi² ). 8.8 km² (3.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.73% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 5,766 people, 2,172 households, and 1,437 families residing in the city. The population density is 652.9/km² (1,692.1/mi²). There are 2,339 housing units at an average density of 264.8/km² (686.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 90.76% White , 0.87% African American , 0.23% Native American , 0.33% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 7.01% from other races , and 0.76% from two or more races. 17.90% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,172 households out of which 32.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% are married couples living together, 11.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% are non-families. 28.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.59 and the average family size is 3.11. In the city the population is spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $29,104, and the median income for a family is $31,951. Males have a median income of $25,481 versus $20,054 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,777. 19.8% of the population and 17.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 24.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 110866 GENERIC ( wiki:32.5% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:49.1% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** In mathematics, Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves bounds the number of points on an elliptic curve over a finite field, above and below. If N is the number of points on the elliptic curve E over a finite field with q elements, then Helmut Hasse result states that |N - (q+1)| \le 2 \sqrt{q}. This had been a conjecture of Emil Artin. It is equivalent to the determination of the absolute value of the roots of the local zeta-function of E. That is, the interpretation is that N differs from q+ 1, the number of points of the projective line over the same field, by an 'error term' that is the sum of two complex numbers, each of absolute value √ q. Setting N= 0 one finds (√ q− 1) 2≤ 0 which cannot happen since q> 1. Therefore N> 0 and there is always at least one point. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1108758 ************************** Crossfade is the debut album by the band of the same name. It was released on April 13, 2004. 2004 Crossfade Heatseekers No. 1 2005 Colors Mainstream Rock Tracks No. 18 ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1109952 ************************** Woodridge is a village located predominantly in DuPage County , but also has portions in Will County and a very small parcel in Cook County, Illinois . It is a Suburb of Chicago . It uses the 630 area code As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 30,934. Woodridge is the home of the Morey Corporation , a campus of Westwood College , Wilton Industries and the Seven Bridges golf course and housing development. Woodridge is also one of the most racially diverse communities in DuPage County, with the third highest percentage of African-American residents and twelth highest percentage of Latino residents in the county. Incorporated in 1959 with less than 500 residents, Woodridge is a largely new community with the vast majority of its homes, businesses and churches constructed no earlier than the 1950s. Woodridge was founded by a housing developer, Albert Kaufman , who was largely responsible for the creation of the village. Woodridge is located at 41°44'40" North, 88°2'38" West (41.744582, -88.043869) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 21.6 km² (8.4 mi² ). 21.5 km² (8.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.24% water. Woodridge Borders Downers Grove , Bolingbrook , Naperville , Darien , and Lisle . Two major interstates run through Woodridge: the North-South Tollway (I-355) and the Stevenson Expressway (I-55). The North-South allows access to a variety of western and northwestern Chicago suburbs, while I-55 gives direct access to the City of Chicago to the north and Joliet and downstate Illinois to the south. Other important routes are 75th Street and Illinois Route 53. An industrial spur for the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad serves International Center, a large industrial area in the far south section. Commuter passenger rail service between Chicago and Aurora can be accessed in nearby Lisle. Bus service is provided by PACE, under the coordination of the Regional Transportation Authority. The Village's government is overseen by the Mayor and a Board of Trustees elected at large. The current mayor (2005) is William F. Murphy. Village Departments include Finance, Administration, Police, Building and Zoning, Community Development, and Public Works. The Police Department is a full service force of 55 sworn officers, as well as support staff for the 911 center, a records department and a resource center. Building and Zoning monitors construction permits, land use, up keep and other considerations. Public Works is responsible for the streets and other Village infrastructure, including the water supply. Woodridge receives its water from Lake Michigan. The Village Hall is located in Town Center at Five Plaza Drive. Town Center also includes the Police/Public Works building (One Plaza Drive), the Woodridge Public Library (Three Plaza Drive) and the United States Post Office (Two Plaza Drive). Woodridge lies within three fire protection districts, the boundaries of which were drawn before the incorporation of the Village. As a result, Woodridge does not maintain a village fire department. The fire departments serving the residents are the Lisle-Woodridge Fire District , the Darien-Woodridge Fire District and the Lemont Fire District. Lisle-Woodridge is rated as "ISO 1" by the Insurance Services Office. It is the only district in the nation with this rating. As of the census of 2000 , there are 30,934 people, 11,382 households, and 8,092 families residing in the village. The population density is 1,435.5/km² (3,716.7/mi²). There are 11,708 housing units at an average density of 543.3/km² (1,406.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 75.29% White , 8.02% African American , 0.16% Native American , 11.27% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 3.11% from other races , and 2.14% from two or more races. 9.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 11,382 households out of which 38.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% are married couples living together, 10.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% are non-families. 23.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.71 and the average family size is 3.26. In the village the population is spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 36.0% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.8 males. The median income for a household in the village is $61,944, and the median income for a family is $71,546. Males have a median income of $50,159 versus $33,475 for females. The per capita income for the village is $27,851. 3.8% of the population and 2.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 4.3% of those under the age of 18 and 3.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The Village of Woodridge school District 68 maintains six elementary schools (serving grades K-6) and one junior high (for grades 7 and 8). Woodridge does not have its own high school. The majority of Woodridge secondary school students attend Downers Grove North or South High School in Downers Grove District 99. Some students in southern Woodridge are served by Lemont District 210 and attend Lemont High School. Additionally, Woodridge students who reside west of Route 53 attend Naperville schools in District 203. This has created something of a demographic divide with the superior District 203 areas contributing to higher property values and drawing more affluent residents in the Seven Bridges developments west of Rt. 53. Some students also attend the nearby parochial schools St. Scholastica (K-8) and Benet Academy (9-12). Westwood College maintains a Woodridge campus. Other nearby higher education opportunities are Benedictine University (Lisle) , North Central College (Naperville) , Lewis University (Romeoville) , College of DuPage (Glen Ellyn) , Joliet Junior College (Romeoville and Joliet) and University of St. Francis (Joliet) . The Woodridge Park District maintains a well distributed group of local parks and open spaces, offering facilities for picnicking as well as sports like baseball, basketball, tennis, soccer and cricket. The Park District also maintains a swimming pool and the Cypress Cove water park. A series of bike paths built by the park district allow cyclists to ride through the town on paved, dedicated paths. Golf is another popular recreational activity. Village Greens of Woodridge is a Village-owned, 18-hole golf course; Seven Bridges is a privately-owned (but not members-only) championship class course. Zigfield Troy is a 9-hole, par 3 course. Woodridge is home to three multi-screen movie theaters as well as dining options ranging from fast food to formal banquets. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 111071 GENERIC ( wiki:Village_Departments wiki:include wiki:,_Administration_,_Police_,_Building_and_Zoning#Finance ) GENERIC ( wiki:Building_and_Zoning wiki:monitor wiki:construction_permits ) GENERIC ( wiki:38.3% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:57.1% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) GENERIC ( wiki:school#elementary wiki:serve wiki:gradek-6 ) GENERIC ( wiki:majorityschool_students wiki:attend wiki:or_South_High_School#Downers_Grove_North ) GENERIC ( wiki:Woodridge_students wiki:reside wiki:west ) GENERIC ( wiki:areaarea wiki:contribute wiki:resident_#property_values_and_drawing ) GENERIC ( wiki:woodridge wiki:be#as wiki:homeas_#dining_options ) ************************** Durham Tees Valley Airport is located five miles east of Darlington, in North East England. It is one of the UK's smaller airports and is mainly used for chartered flights, although there are a growing number of scheduled flights available. The airport is owned by a consortium of local authorities and Peel Holdings PLC. Previously called Teesside International Airport, it was renamed Durham Tees Valley Airport on 21 September 2004 as part of a redevelopment plan. Previously, Durham Tees Valley was a RAF base, RAF Middleton St. George. In 1963, the decision was made to close the airfield and it was sold to Cleveland County Council who developed the site into a commercial airport. Princess Margaretha of Sweden opened the international passenger terminal in 1966. The airport has since been developed as a regional airport for the North East of England, and has expanded successfully ever since. A new bus service, the Sky Express, was launched in May 2005, connecting the airport with Darlington's train station and town centre. Travel is free for passengers with a valid air ticket on the day, or £2 without. The service runs hourly throughout the day. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1111562 GENERIC ( wiki:airport wiki:own_PASS wiki:by_#consortium#of_#authorities_and_Peel_Holdings_PLC#local ) GENERIC ( wiki:travel wiki:be wiki:free#for_#flight#chartered#for_#passenger#with_#air_ticket#valid#on_#day ) ************************** Bingham is a village located in Fayette County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 117. Bingham is located at 39°6'50" North, 89°12'45" West (39.113898, -89.212460) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 0.7 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000, there are 117 people, 44 households, and 27 families residing in the village. The population density is 167.3/km² (429.6/mi²). There are 50 housing units at an average density of 71.5/km² (183.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 99.15% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.85% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 44 households out of which 36.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% are non-families. 27.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.66 and the average family size is 3.30. In the village the population is spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 108.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 117.5 males. The median income for a household in the village is $20,938, and the median income for a family is $16,250. Males have a median income of $28,750 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the village is $9,780. 39.2% of the population and 42.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 55.6% of those under the age of 18 and 25.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 111162 GENERIC ( wiki:36.4% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:34.1% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** .iq is the Internet country code top-level domain( ccTLD) for Iraq. This domain was in limbo for years, as the delegated manager was imprisoned in Texas on charges of alleged connection to terrorism. Some talk of redelegation and relaunching began taking place at the time of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and in 2005 a redelegation to the National Communications and Media Commission (NCMC) of Iraq was approved by ICANN. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1111957 ************************** Tivoli Gardens FC is a Jamaican football club, currently in the Jamaican National Premier League. Before moving to England, Ricardo Fuller played for Tivoli Gardens. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1112861 ************************** Tutekawa Wyllie( 24 October 1954- ), generally called Tu Wyllie, is a former New Zealand politician. He was an MP from 1996 to 1999, representing the New Zealand First party. He was first elected to Parliament in the 1996 elections as MP for Te Tai Tonga. When New Zealand First splintered, he was one of the MPs who remained with the party core. In the 1999 elections, Wyllie did not stand on the New Zealand first list — allegedly, this was because he had been warned that he would receive a low placing, as Jenny Bloxham and Robyn McDonald(also sitting MPs) eventually did. He did, however, seek re-election as MP for Te Tai Tonga, but was defeated by Mahara Okeroa of the Labour Party. Before entering politics, he worked as a teacher and as a policy analyst for various government departments. He was also a rugby player, having played one game for the All Blacks. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1114143 ************************** Lakemoor is a village located in Lake and McHenry County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 2,788. Lakemoor is located at 42°20'10" North, 88°12'0" West (42.336127, -88.200019) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 11.7 km² (4.5 mi² ). 11.1 km² (4.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.89% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,788 people, 1,014 households, and 717 families residing in the village. The population density is 251.5/km² (651.4/mi²). There are 1,161 housing units at an average density of 104.7/km² (271.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 92.72% White , 0.65% African American , 0.14% Native American , 1.83% Asian , 0.18% Pacific Islander , 2.87% from other races , and 1.61% from two or more races. 7.03% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,014 households out of which 42.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% are non-families. 20.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.75 and the average family size is 3.24. In the village the population is spread out with 30.7% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 41.9% from 25 to 44, 15.1% from 45 to 64, and 4.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 107.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.9 males. The median income for a household in the village is $56,217, and the median income for a family is $60,542. Males have a median income of $48,510 versus $32,841 for females. The per capita income for the village is $22,499. 8.7% of the population and 9.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.3% of those under the age of 18 and 10.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 111474 GENERIC ( wiki:42.4% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:60.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** The Cosmic Background Imager(or CBI) is a 13-element interferometer perched at an elevation of 5000 metres on the Chajnantor plateau in the Chile an Andes. It is used to study the cosmic microwave background. It was one of the first experiments to accurately measure small angular-scale fluctuations in the microwave background; it has also detected fluctuations in the polarization of the microwave background. Its measurements are conducted at a wavelength of about 1 cm (or a frequency of 30 GHz) and have a resolution of better than 1/10 of a degree. In comparison the pioneering COBE satellite, which produced the first detection of fluctuations in the microwave background in 1992, had a resolution of about 7 degrees. Among the key findings of the CBI is the fact that fluctuations which have a small size on the sky are weaker than fluctuations which have a large size on the sky, which confirmed earlier theoretical predictions. The CBI was built at the California Institute of Technology, and employed sensitive radio amplifiers from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory; two similar experiments are the Very Small Array, operated on the island of Tenerife, and the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer, operated in Antarctica. Both of these experiments used radio interferometry to measure CMB fluctuations at lower resolution over larger areas of the sky. Another experiment operated from Antarctica, the Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver, used total power (bolometric) detection and a single antenna at higher frequency and similar angular resolution to obtain results comparable results to the CBI. The confluence of these and other CMB experiments employing different measurement techniques in recent years is a great triumph of observational cosmology. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1115236 GENERIC ( wiki:fluctuation wiki:have wiki:size#small ) GENERIC ( wiki:resolution#similar_angular wiki:obtain wiki:resultresult ) ************************** Prestine is a commune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1116068 ************************** Antzevasiq was a region of the old Armenia c. 400– 800 in South-East of Vaspurakan, ruled by family Antzevatsi. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1116204 ************************** Bull Valley is a village located in McHenry County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 726. Bull Valley is located at 42°18'58" North, 88°22'1" West (42.316132, -88.366815) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 14.5 km² (5.6 mi² ). 14.5 km² (5.6 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 726 people, 268 households, and 217 families residing in the village. The population density is 50.0/km² (129.4/mi²). There are 281 housing units at an average density of 19.3/km² (50.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 96.69% White , 0.55% African American , 0.00% Native American , 1.10% Asian , 0.14% Pacific Islander , 0.69% from other races , and 0.83% from two or more races. 2.20% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 268 households out of which 28.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.9% are married couples living together, 3.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% are non-families. 15.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.71 and the average family size is 3.04. In the village the population is spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 35.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 46 years. For every 100 females there are 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.2 males. The median income for a household in the village is $92,693, and the median income for a family is $109,147. Males have a median income of $73,750 versus $37,188 for females. The per capita income for the village is $54,022. 2.3% of the population and 1.4% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 3.1% of those under the age of 18 and 6.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 111650 GENERIC ( wiki:76.9% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** A split in the Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti(The Communist Party of Sweden) in 1929 resulted in the formation of a parallel communist party, led by Karl Kihlbom and Nils Flyg. This party won over the entire communist parliamentary faction and a major part of the militancy. They were also able to win over the main publication of SKP, Folkets Dagblad Politiken. The SKP of Kihlbom and Flyg were generally called Kihlbommare whereas the official ComIntern affiliated SKP were called Sillenare(after their then party leader Hugo Sillén). In 1930 Flyg, as an MP, put forward a motion on separation of church and state. The motion was voted down in the Lower House. The Kihlbom party merged in 1934 with a break-away group of the Social Democrats based in Göteborg, led by Albert Ström. At the time of the merger, the party changed its name to Socialistiska Partiet(The Socialist Party). The transformation into SP also marked a break with the previous line of the party towards ComIntern and the Soviet Union. Initially the party had tried to persuade the ComIntern to be allowed to return to the International. Gradually, however the party became more and more antagonistic toward the ComIntern and the Soviet Union. The party gradually disintegrated, and many of the most prominent leaders such as Kilhbom, left the party in 1937. After Kihlbom's depature, Flyg became the leader of the party. During World War II, their staunch anti- Soviet line led the party to actually embrace some pro- Nazi views (partially since the huge financial problems of the party led it to seek financial aid from Germany). As a result of this, in 1940, a group of members that included Ström and Evald Höglund broke away and formed Vänstersocialistiska Partiet(The Left Socialist Party). In the elections the same year, the party lost its parliamentary representation. The strange metamorphosis from a Communist to a pro-Nazi party was not complete until the final stage of the war. The party changed its name to Svenska Socialistiska Partiet(Swedish Socialist Party) and began electoral cooperation with Nazi groups. Flyg died in 1943. After the defeat of Germany, the party disintegrated. The local units of the party were known as Socialistiska Arbetarkommuner(Socialist Labour Communes). As per the international contacts of the party, it was initially associated with the International Communist Opposition and later with the London Bureau. The youth league of the party was called Socialistiska Ungdomsförbundet(The Socialist Youth League). Electoral results of the party (in elections to the Riksdag): ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1117501 ************************** Polo is a city located in Ogle County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 2,477. Polo is located at 41°59'13" North, 89°34'38" West (41.986852, -89.577100) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.4 km² (1.3 mi² ). 3.4 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,477 people, 1,007 households, and 654 families residing in the city. The population density is 730.1/km² (1,886.2/mi²). There are 1,081 housing units at an average density of 318.6/km² (823.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.39% White , 0.04% African American , 0.20% Native American , 0.32% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 0.65% from other races , and 0.36% from two or more races. 1.57% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,007 households out of which 31.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% are married couples living together, 10.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% are non-families. 31.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 3.00. In the city the population is spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $38,833, and the median income for a family is $46,250. Males have a median income of $37,857 versus $24,135 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,604. 9.2% of the population and 7.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 11.2% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 111759 GENERIC ( wiki:51.5% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** See text Elaeagnus( Silverberry or Oleaster) is a genus of about 50-70 species of flowering plants in the Elaeagnaceae. The vast majority of the species are native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, with one species ( E. triflora) extending south into northeastern Australia, and another species ( E. commutata) restricted to North America. Another species ( E. angustifolia) may also be native in southeasternmost Europe though may be an early human introduction there. They are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves. The leaves and shoots are usually covered with tiny silvery to brownish scales, giving the plants a whitish to grey-brown colour from a distance. The flowers are small, with a four-lobed calyx and no petals; they are often fragrant. The fruit is a fleshy drupe containing a single seed; it is edible in many species, though generally lacking a good flavour. Elaeagnus species are used as food plants by the larva e of some Lepidoptera species including The Gothic. Selected species Hybrids ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1118136 GENERIC ( wiki:Elaeagnus_species wiki:use_PASS wiki:as_#food_plants#by_#larva_e#of_#Lepidoptera_species ) ************************** Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories , political movement s, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic situation. As a social movement, feminism largely focuses on limiting or eradicating gender inequality and promoting women's right s, interests, and issues in society . Within academia, some feminists focus on documenting perceived gender inequalities which they claim oppress women and on changes in the social position and representation of women. Others argue that gender , and even sex , are social constructs, and research the construction of gender and sexuality , and develop alternate models for studying social relations . Some feminist scholars have posited that the hierarchies in businesses and government and all organizations need to be replaced with a decentralized ultra- democracy . Some argue that having any central leader in any organization is derived from the androcentric family structure (and therefore needs reform and replacement), and thus such scholars see the essence of feminism as beyond the surface issues of sex and gender. (See Anarcha-Feminism and Post-structuralism ) Feminist political activists commonly campaign on issues such as reproductive rights , violence within a domestic partnership , maternity leave , equal pay , sexual harassment , street harassment , discrimination , and sexual violence . Themes explored in feminism include patriarchy , stereotyping , objectification , sexual objectification , and oppression . In the 1960s and 1970s, much of feminism and feminist theory represented, and was concerned with, problems faced by Western, white, middle-class women while claiming to represent all women. Since then, many feminist theorists have challenged the assumption that "women" constitute a homogeneous group of individuals with identical interests. Feminist activists emerged from within diverse communities, and feminist theorists began to focus on the intersection between gender and sexuality with other social identities, such as race and class. Many feminists today argue that feminism is a grass-roots movement that seeks to cross boundaries based on social class , race , culture , and religion ; is culturally specific and addresses issues relevant to the women of that society (for example female genital cutting in Sudan or the alleged glass ceiling in developed economies); and debate the extent to which certain issues, such as rape , incest , and mothering , are universal. As of 2005, a number of feminist political parties have formed. History of feminism . Feminism as a philosophy and movement in the modern sense may be usefully dated to The Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women's education. The first scientific society for women was founded in Middelburg , a city in the south of the Dutch republic , in 1785 . Journals for women which focused on issues like science became popular during this period as well. Mary Wollstonecraft 's ( 1792 ) is one of the first works that can unambiguously be called feminist. Feminism became an organized movement in the 19th century as people increasingly came to believe that women were being treated unfairly. The feminist movement was rooted in the progressive movement and especially in the reform movement of the 19th century . The utopian socialist Charles Fourier coined the word in 1837 ; as early as 1808 , he argued that the extension of women's rights was the general principle of all social progress. The organized movement was dated from the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls , New York, in 1848 . In 1869, John Stuart Mill published The Subjection of Women to demonstrate that "the legal subordination of one sex to the other is wrong...and...one of the chief hindrances to human improvement." Many countries began to grant women the vote in the early years of the 20th century , especially in the final years of the First World War and the first years hence. The reasons varied, but they included a desire to recognize the contributions of women during the war, and were also influenced by rhetoric used by both sides at the time to justify their war efforts. For example, since Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points recognized self determination as vital to society, the hypocrisy of denying half the population of modern nations the vote became difficult for men to ignore. Some forms of feminist theory question basic assumptions about gender, gender difference, and sexuality, including the category of "woman" itself as a holistic concept, further some are interested in questioning the male/female binary completely (offering instead a multiplicity of genders). Other forms of feminist theory take for granted the concept of "woman" and provide specific analyses and critiques of gender inequality , and most feminist social movements promote women's right s, interests, and issues. Feminism is not a single ideology. Over-time several sub-types of feminist ideology have developed. Early feminists and primary feminist movements are often called the first-wave feminists , and feminists after about 1960 the second-wave feminists . More recently, a new generation of feminists have started third-wave feminism . Whether this will be a lasting evolution remains to be seen as the second-wave has by no means ended nor has it ceded to the third-wave feminists. Moreover, some commentators have asserted that the silent majority of modern feminists have more in common ideologically with the first-wave feminists than the second-wave. For example, many of the ideas arising from Radical feminism and Gender feminism (prominent second-wave movements) have yet to gain traction within the broader community and outside of Gender Studies departments within the academy. Some radical feminists advocate separatism —a complete separation of male and female in society and culture—while others question not only the relationship between men and women, but the very meaning of "man" and "woman" as well (see Queer theory ). Some argue that gender role s, gender identity , and sexuality are themselves social constructs (see also heteronormativity ). For these feminists, feminism is a primary means to human liberation (i.e., the liberation of men as well as women. Other feminists believe that there may be social problems separate from or prior to patriarchy (e.g., racism or class divisions); they see feminism as one movement of liberation among many, each affecting the others. The various types of feminism include Although many leaders of feminism have been women, not all feminists are women. Some feminists argue that men should not take positions of leadership in the movement, because men, having been socialized to aggressively seek positions of power or direct the agendas within a leadership hierarchy, would apply this tendency to feminist organizations; or that women, having been socialized to defer to men, would be hindered in developing or expressing their own self-leadership in working too closely with men. However, some feminists do believe that men should be accepted as leaders in the movement. Compare pro-feminist , humanism , masculism , masculinism ®. Today, some young women associate "feminism" with radical and gender feminism, and this has put off some of these women from being active in feminism, spurring a move away from second-wave labels. However, the basic values of feminism (women's rights and gender equality for women) have become so integrated into Western culture as to be accepted overwhelmingly as valid, and non-conformity to those values characterized as unacceptable, by the same men and women who reject the label "feminist". Some feminists take a holistic approach to politics, believing the saying of Martin Luther King Jr. , "A threat to justice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere". In that belief, some self-identified feminists support other movements such as the civil rights movement and the gay rights movement . At the same time, many black feminists such as bell hooks criticize the movement for being dominated by white women. Feminist claims about the alleged disadvantages women face in Western society are often less relevant to the lives of black women. This idea is the key in postcolonial feminism . Many black feminist women prefer the term womanism for their views. Feminists are sometimes wary of the transgender movement because it challenges the distinctions between men and women. Transgender and transsexual women are excluded from some " women-only " gatherings and events and are rejected by some feminists who say that no one born male can fully understand the oppression that women face, and that there is sexism inherent in the notion that femaleness is a default gender that one can enter after shedding externally recognizable male traits. This exclusion is criticized as transphobic by transwomen who assert that the discrimination and various struggles (such as that for legal recognitions) that they face due to asserting their gender identity is closely linked to many feminist efforts, and that discrimination against gender-variant people is another face of heterosexism and the so-called patriarchy . See transfeminism and gender studies . Some feminists would argue that there is still much to be done on these fronts, while others would disagree and claim that the battle has basically been won. Feminism has effected many changes in Western society, including women's suffrage ; broad employment for women at more equitable wages; the right to initiate divorce proceedings and the introduction of "no fault" divorce; the right to keep children from their fathers, the right to obtain contraception and safe abortion s; the right to not allow men to face a woman who accuses them of rape, the right to be allowed admittance into any university in the US; and the right to have over 60 female-only universities in the US. Feminism is a pro-choice movement, although there are some exceptions. The national organization Feminists for Life , for instance, condemns the act of abortion , claiming that the reason that abortion is so common is because women do not have access to alternate resources and information. Feminists for Life even suggest that what they refer to as the "abortion industry" is part of a system which allows the abuse of women and women's rights. English -speaking feminists are often proponents of what they consider to be non-sexist language , using " Ms. " to refer to both married and unmarried women, for example, or the ironic use of the term "herstory" instead of "history". Feminists are also often proponents of using language, such as "humanity" instead of "mankind", or "he or she" (or other gender-neutral pronouns ) in place of "he" where the gender is unknown. Feminists in most cases advance their desired use of language either to promote what they claim is an equal and respectful treatment of women or to affect the tone of political discourse. This can be seen as a move to change language which has been viewed by some feminists as imbued with sexism, providing for example the case in the English language in which the word for the general pronoun is "he" or "his" ( ), which is the same as the masculine pronoun ( ). These feminists argue that language then directly affects perception of reality (compare Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ). However, to take a postcolonial analysis of this point, many languages than English may not have such a gendered pronoun instance and thus changing language may not be as important to some feminists as others. Yet, English is becoming more and more universal, and the issue of language may be seen to be of growing importance. On the other hand, quite a different tendency can be seen in French . Gender, as a grammatical concept, is much more pervasive in French than in English, and as a result, it has been virtually impossible to create inclusive language. Instead, nouns that originally had only a masculine form have had feminine counterparts created for them. " Professeur " ("teacher"), once always masculine regardless of the teacher's sex, now has a parallel feminine form " Professeure ". In cases where separate masculine and feminine forms have always existed, it was once standard practice for a group containing both men and women to be referred to using the masculine plural. Nowadays, forms such as " Tout les Canadiens et Canadiennes " ("all Canadians", or literally "all the male Canadians and female Canadians") are becoming more common. The feminist movements have certainly affected the nature of heterosexual relationships in Western and other societies affected by feminism. While these effects have generally been seen as positive, there have been some consequences that can be catalogued as negative from the traditional point of view on morals. In some of these relationships, there has been a change in the power relationship between men and women. In these circumstances, women and men have had to adapt to relatively new situations, sometimes causing confusions about role and identity . Women can now avail themselves more to new opportunities, but some have suffered with the demands of trying to live up to the so-called "superwomen" identity, and have struggled to 'have it all', i.e. manage to happily balance a career and family. In response to the family issue, many socialist feminists blame this on the lack of state-provided child-care facilities. Others have advocated instead that the onus of child-care not rest solely on the female, but rather that men partake in the responsibility of managing family matters. Some men counter that this expectation is unrealistic, claiming a deemphasis on breadwinning would be injurious to their ability to attract mates; while many women have the choice to try to "have it all", they claim that societal expectations placed on men preclude them from devoting themselves further to domestic responsibilities. Proponents of this position cite the following anectodal observation: While men are derided for not devoting enough time to childrearing and domestic tasks, few women seem attracted to men who engage in these activities to the detriment of their careers. ( In Defense of Working Fathers Sacks, Glenn . .) There have been changes also in attitudes towards sexual morality and behavior with the onset of second wave feminism and " the Pill ": women are then more in control of their bodies, and are able to experience sex with more freedom than was previously socially accepted for them. This sexual revolution that women were then able to experience was seen as positive (especially by sex-positive feminists ) as it enabled women and men to experience sex in a free and equal manner. However, some feminists felt that the results of the sexual revolution only was beneficial to men. Feminists have debated whether marriage is an institution that oppresses women and men. Those who do view it as oppressive sometimes opt for cohabitation or more recently to live independently reverting to casual sex to fulfill their sexual needs. Feminism has had a great effect on many aspects of religion . In liberal branches of Protestant Christianity (and in some theologically conservative dominations as well, such as Assemblies of God ), women are now ordained as clergy , and in Reform , Conservative and Reconstructionist Judaism , women are ordained as rabbi s and cantor s. Within these Christian and Jewish groups, women have gradually become more nearly equal to men by obtaining positions of power; their perspectives are now sought out in developing new statements of belief. In Islam women have historically contributed to all aspects of Islamic life, from religious edicts to aid on the battlefield. Around half of the sayings of Muhammad are taken from his wife Aisha, whom men often consulted on religious matters. In this day you will often see many women scholars on Arabic satellite television answering Islam-related questions, asked by both genders. One matter remains debatable nowadays, which is whether or not a woman can lead men in prayers. These trends, however, have been resisted within Roman Catholicism . Roman Catholicism has historically excluded women from entering priesthood and other positions in clergy , allowing women to hold positions as nuns or as laypeople. Feminism also has had an important role in embracing new forms of religion. Neopagan religions especially tend to emphasize the importance of Goddess spirituality, and question what they regard as traditional religion's hostility to women and the sacred feminine. In particular Dianic Wicca is a religion whose origins lie within radical feminism . Among traditional religions, feminism has led to self examination, with reclaimed positive Christian and Islamic views and ideals of Mary , Islamic views of Fatima Zahra , and especially to the Catholic belief in the Coredemptrix , as counterexamples. However, criticism of these efforts as unable to salvage corrupt church structures and philosophies continues. Some argue that Mary, with her status as mother and virgin, and as traditionally the main role model for women, sets women up to aspire to an impossible ideal and also thus has negative consequences on human sense of identity and sexuality. There is a separate article on God and gender ; it discusses how monotheistic religions reconcile their theologies with contemporary gender issues, and how modern feminism has influenced the theology of many religions. Opponents of feminism claim that women's quest for external power, as opposed to the internal power to affect other people's ethics and values, has left a vacuum in the area of moral training, where women formerly held sway. Some feminists reply that the education, including the moral education, of children has never been, and should not be, seen as the exclusive responsibility of women. Paradoxically, it is also held by others that the moral education of children at home in the form of homeschooling is itself a women's movement. Such arguments are entangled within the larger disagreements of the Culture Wars , as well as within feminist (and anti-feminist) ideas regarding custodianship of societal morals and compassion . The following is a sampling of statistics related to the relative status of women worldwide. Most feminists believe discrimination against women still exists in North American and European nations, as well as worldwide. But there are many ideas within the movement regarding the severity of current problems, what the problems are, and how best to confront them. Extremes on the one hand include some radical feminists such as Mary Daly who argues that human society would be better off with dramatically fewer men. There are also dissidents, such as Christina Hoff Sommers or Camille Paglia , who identify themselves as feminist but who accuse the movement of anti-male prejudice. On the other hand, many feminists question the use of the term feminist to groups or people who fail to recognize a fundamental equality between the sexes. Some feminists, like Katha Pollitt (see her book Reasonable Creatures ) or Nadine Strossen (President of the ACLU and author of Defending Pornography a treatise on freedom of speech ), consider feminism to be, solely, the view that "women are people." Views that separate the sexes rather than unite them are considered by these people to be sexist rather than feminist . There are also debates between difference feminists such as Carol Gilligan on the one hand, who believe that there are important differences between the sexes (which may or may not be inherent, but which cannot be ignored), and those who believe that there are no essential differences between the sexes, and that the roles observed in society are due to conditioning. There is no consensus among modern scientists on whether inborn differences exist between men and women (other than physical differences such as anatomy , chromosomes and hormones ). In Marilyn French's seminal works analyzing patriarchy and its effects on the world at large--including women, men and children--she defines patriarchy as a system that values power over life, control over pleasure, and dominance over happiness. According to French, "it is not enough either to devise a morality that will allow the human race simply to survive. Survival is an evil when it entails existing in a state of wretchedness. Intrinsic to survival and continuation is felicity, pleasure. Pleasure has been much maligned, diminished by philosophers and conquerors as a value for the timid, the small-minded, the self-indulgent. "Virtue" involves the renunciation of pleasure in the name of some higher purpose, a purpose that involves power (for men) or sacrifice (for women). Pleasure is described as shallow and frivolous in a world of high-minded, serious purpose. But pleasure does not exclude serious pursuits or intentions, indeed, it is found in them, and it is the only real reason for staying alive" Beyond Power This philosophy is what French offers as a replacement to the current structure where power has the highest value--and it is this feminism to which many (women and men) subscribe. However many believe this view is flawed, simply because one who desires power will usually obtain power over one who does not. Feminism, in some forms and to varying degrees, has become generally accepted in Western society. However, the attention it has attracted, due to the social changes it has effected, has resulted in many dissenting voices. Criticism has come from within the movement, from masculists , and from social conservatives. Postcolonial feminists criticise Western forms of feminism, notably radical feminism and its most basic assumption, universalization of female experience. They argue that this assumption is based on the experience of white, middle-class women, for whom gender oppression is primary; and that it cannot so easily be applied to women for whom gender oppression comes second to racial or class oppression. Non-feminist critics suggest that the continual emphasis on women's issues throughout the evolution of the movement has resulted in gynocentric ideology. They think that modern-day feminists are biased by the lens that filters their world views. They would like to see a gender-neutral term such as " gender egalitarianism " replace "feminism" when used in reference to the belief in basic equal rights and opportunities for both sexes. Many who support masculism argue that because of both traditional gender roles and sexism infused into society by feminists, males are and have been oppressed. Their view as expressed by Warren Farrell in "The Myth of Male Power" is that the traditional world was a bi-sexist world, not a uni-sexist one, and that the issues men faced then still exist plus several new ones created by feminist organizations. One complaint is that feminists promote misandry, even male inferiority - it has been demonstrated that replacing the words "male" and "female" in some feminist writings with "black" and "white" respectively would make these texts racist. However, this is applicable to non-feminist writing as well, as Douglas Hofstadter tried to show in "A Person Paper on Purity in Language" . Another interesting word substitution is substituting "male" and "female" with each other in texts, like Gerd Brantenberg 's Egalia's Daughters . Others still dismiss this word substitution argument as overly simplistic, and state that changing "men oppress women" to "blacks oppress whites" says as little about the speaker of the original sentence as would changing "I love Jews" to "I hate Jews". Another concern is that the belief in a glass ceiling for women may have resulted in affirmative action programs that promote women more for the purpose of public relations than for merit. Sexual harassment is also a topic of dispute: critics claim that, in the name of protecting women, men are discriminated against when they are the subject of claims; and that they are treated less seriously when claiming cases. The same is true with domestic violence, and even though oft-quoted feminist research suggests that over 30% of the victims of domestic violence are male, only a handful of the thousands of tax-funded shelters in the US will even admit men. Other concerns include inequity in health funding (particularly breast vs. prostate cancer), societal sympathy for women vs. vilification of men (e.g., emphasis on "violence against women"), and fears of censorship. Feminists disagree on the importance of men's issues; some argue that these issues are not important because society is male-dominated, others point out that the fact that a small group of men have much power doesn't contradict the idea that many men (especially poor, non-white, or non-straight men) might be oppressed. The concept of "patriarchy" is also questioned by masculists, largely because masculists examine whether a government's actions are more in line with men's interests or women's interests, not based on the gender of the people performing the actions, but on the actions themselves. Conservative criticism includes the claim that the feminist movement is trying to destroy traditional gender roles. Proponents argue that men and women have many natural differences, and that everyone benefits from recognizing them. They consider children to benefit from having a masculine father and a feminine mother, and that divorce, single parenthood, and non-traditional gender roles harm children. There is also a group of Paleoconservatives including George Gilder and Pat Buchanan who argue that feminism has produced a fundamentally unworkable, self-destructive, stagnant society. They note that societies in which feminism has developed the furthest have below-replacement rates of fertility and high rates of immigration (frequently from countries with cultures and religions hostile to feminism). In the US, "liberal" religious groups most accepting of feminism have noted fewer conversions and less natural increase. The most rapidly growing major religion in the US is Islam , some forms of which are extremely hostile to feminism. Many critics argue that feminists really do not support equality, but actually support female-favoring sexism while only giving lip service to equality. They offer lists of quotations such as the following which illustrate this claim. Others argue that such criticism is dishonest, since a quotation by itself lacks context, and since any legitimate political movement may be misrepresented by compiling a list of the most extreme views of some of its members. However, some quotes used in criticism are from feminist leaders rather than fringe activists. Smash Patriarchy, Smash the State simple:Feminism ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 11185 GENERIC ( wiki:interests_,_and_issuesfeminist wiki:focus wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:gender_inequalities wiki:claim wiki:woman#oppress ) GENERIC ( wiki:all_organizations wiki:need wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:leader#central wiki:derive_PASS wiki:from_#family_structure#androcentric ) GENERIC ( wiki:theme wiki:explore_PASS wiki:in_#feminism ) GENERIC ( wiki:problem wiki:face_PASS wiki:by_#Western ) GENERIC ( wiki:Feminist_activists wiki:emerge wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:theorist#feminist wiki:begin wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:boundary wiki:base_PASS wiki:on_#class_,_race_,_culture_,_and_religion#social ) GENERIC ( wiki:journal wiki:focus wiki:on_#issue#like_#science ) GENERIC ( wiki:woman wiki:treat#unfairly_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:womanextension wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:movement#feminist_social wiki:promote wiki:woman# ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:commentator wiki:assert_PASS wiki:_#wave_feminists#third ) GENERIC ( wiki:construct#social wiki:see wiki:heteronormativity ) GENERIC ( wiki:all_feminists wiki:be wiki:woman ) GENERIC ( wiki:problem#social_man wiki:take wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:position wiki:socialize_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:man wiki:accept_PASS wiki:as_#leader#in_#movement ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:be#sometimes wiki:wary#of_#transgender_movement ) GENERIC ( wiki:woman#transsexual wiki:exclude#only_PASS wiki:from_#woman#"#"_#gatherings_and_events ) GENERIC ( wiki:oppressionwoman wiki:face wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:right wiki:initiate wiki:divorce_proceedings ) GENERIC ( wiki:right wiki:keep wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:man wiki:face wiki:woman ) GENERIC ( wiki:right wiki:have wiki:femaleuniversity ) GENERIC ( wiki:Englishspeaking_feminists wiki:be wiki:proponent ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:be wiki:proponent ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:advance wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:form wiki:le wiki:"#Canadiens_et_Canadiennes ) GENERIC ( wiki:Canadians_"#female wiki:become wiki:common ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist#many_socialist wiki:blame wiki:on_#lack#of_#child_-_care_facilities ) GENERIC ( wiki:man wiki:partake wiki:in_#responsibility ) GENERIC ( wiki:mate wiki:have wiki:choice ) GENERIC ( wiki:expectation#societal wiki:place_PASS wiki:on_#man ) GENERIC ( wiki:proponent wiki:cite wiki:observation#anectodal ) GENERIC ( wiki:woman wiki:be#then wiki:in_#control#of_#body ) GENERIC ( wiki:revolution#sexualwoman wiki:be#then wiki:able#_#experience ) GENERIC ( wiki:women_and_men wiki:experience wiki:sex ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:debate_PASS wiki:whether_#marriage ) GENERIC ( wiki:institution wiki:oppress wiki:women_and_men ) GENERIC ( wiki:woman wiki:ordain_PASS wiki:as_#rabbi ) GENERIC ( wiki:matter wiki:remain wiki:nowaday#debatable ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminine#sacred wiki:be wiki:religionorigin ) GENERIC ( wiki:church_structures_and_philosophies#corrupt wiki:continue wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:believe#still wiki:discrimination ) GENERIC ( wiki:problem wiki:be wiki:as_#responsibility#exclusive#of_#woman ) GENERIC ( wiki:extreme wiki:include wiki:feminist#radical_ ) GENERIC ( wiki:extremesociety#human wiki:be#off wiki:with_#man ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:see wiki:bookcreatureNadine_Strossenpresident ) GENERIC ( wiki:people wiki:consider_PASS wiki:by_#people ) GENERIC ( wiki:pleasure wiki:describe_PASS wiki:by_#philosophers_and_conquerors#as_#value ) GENERIC ( wiki:offer#Frenchpower wiki:have wiki:value ) GENERIC ( wiki:women_and_men wiki:subscribe wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:degree wiki:accept_PASS wiki:in_#society#Western ) GENERIC ( wiki:Postcolonial_feminists wiki:criticise wiki:form#Western ) GENERIC ( wiki:gender_oppression wiki:come wiki:second#_#woman#_#class_oppression#racial ) GENERIC ( wiki:noncritic wiki:suggest wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:day_feminists#modern wiki:bias_PASS wiki:by_#lens ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminism_" wiki:use_PASS wiki:in_#reference#_#belief#in_#rights_and_opportunities#basic_equal#for_#both_sexes ) GENERIC ( wiki:gender_roles_and_sexism#traditional wiki:infuse wiki:into_#society#by_#feminist ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:be wiki:into_#society#by_#feminist ) GENERIC ( wiki:state wiki:change wiki:manwoman ) GENERIC ( wiki:jew wiki:" wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:jew wiki:hate wiki:Jews_" ) GENERIC ( wiki:belief wiki:result_PASS wiki:in_#action_programs#affirmative ) GENERIC ( wiki:critic wiki:claim wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:man wiki:discriminate_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:feminist wiki:disagree wiki:on_#importance#of_#man# ) GENERIC ( wiki:manissue wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:man#non_straight wiki:oppress_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:proponent wiki:argue wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:men_and_women wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:child wiki:benefit wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:gender_roles#non_traditional wiki:harm wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:society wiki:have wiki: ) ************************** Summerfield is a village located in St. Clair County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 472. Summerfield is located at 38°35'49" North, 89°45'4" West (38.596948, -89.751171) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi² ). 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 472 people, 161 households, and 123 families residing in the village. The population density is 433.9/km² (1,122.6/mi²). There are 180 housing units at an average density of 165.5/km² (428.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 96.61% White , 1.27% African American , 0.85% Native American , 0.21% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.85% from other races , and 0.21% from two or more races. 2.12% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 161 households out of which 36.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% are married couples living together, 11.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% are non-families. 17.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.93 and the average family size is 3.20. In the village the population is spread out with 32.2% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.1 males. The median income for a household in the village is $42,031, and the median income for a family is $42,500. Males have a median income of $27,813 versus $18,472 for females. The per capita income for the village is $13,283. 6.7% of the population and 5.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 22.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 111937 GENERIC ( wiki:36.0% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:60.2% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Alta Gracia is a city located in the north-centre of the . Its name means "High Grace". It is built upon the Sierras Chicas, in a region that the Comechingón indians used to call Paravachasca. It has about 43,000 inhabitants ( ). In the 17th century Alta Gracia was as a large agricultural ranch (an estancia) operated by Jesuits. Along with other ranches, including Colonia Caroya, Jesús María, Santa Catalina, La Candelaria y San Ignacio de los Ejercicios, Alta Gracia was founded to economically support the Collegium Maximum or " Colegio Máximo", one of Argentina's first universities ( Universitas Cortuba Tucumaæ) today: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, and other educational institutes that are now part of the Manzana Jesuítica("Jesuit Block"), an important center in Córdoba City. Owners of the Alta Gracia: Alta Gracia has a rich historical heritage. Some of the most important places are: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1119619 GENERIC ( wiki:estancia wiki:operate_PASS wiki:by_#jesuit ) ************************** The Telmac 1800 was an early microcomputer delivered in kit form. It was introduced in 1977 by Telercas, the Finnish importer of RCA microchips. Most of the 2,000 manufactured units were bought by electronics enthusiasts in Finland and Sweden. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1120160 ************************** Zvezdara(Звездара) is one of Belgrade's 16 municipalities. Its name comes from the word zvezda which means star. It has 150,000 residents. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1121214 ************************** Histological section refers to thin slices of tissue applied to a microscopic slide, usually around 5 to 10 micrometres thick, which are viewed under a microscope. Sections are usually stained with dyes to give optical contrast before viewing. Sections usually have a very thin piece of glass applied over the surface called a cover slip. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1121561 GENERIC ( wiki:section#Histological wiki:refer wiki:_#slice#thin#of_#tissue ) ************************** Results from the 1962 Formula One Dutch Grand Prix held at Netherlands on May 20, 1962 ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1122247 GENERIC ( wiki:resultDutch_Grand_Prix wiki:hold wiki:at_#Netherlands#on_#May_20_,_1962 ) ************************** Results from the 1981 Formula One Belgian Grand Prix held at Zolder on May 17, 1981 ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1122796 GENERIC ( wiki:resultGrand_Prix#Belgian wiki:hold wiki:at_#Zolder#on_#May_17_,_1981 ) ************************** Fortville is a town located in Hancock County, Indiana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 3,444. Fortville is located at 39°56'5" North, 85°50'50" West (39.934740, -85.847237) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 3.2 km² (1.2 mi² ). 3.2 km² (1.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 3,444 people, 1,394 households, and 950 families residing in the town. The population density is 1,089.9/km² (2,831.8/mi²). There are 1,454 housing units at an average density of 460.2/km² (1,195.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.14% White , 0.06% African American , 0.06% Native American , 0.17% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.73% from other races , and 0.84% from two or more races. 1.74% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,394 households out of which 36.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% are married couples living together, 11.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% are non-families. 27.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 3.03. In the town the population is spread out with 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $42,642, and the median income for a family is $49,010. Males have a median income of $37,723 versus $25,951 for females. The per capita income for the town is $17,745. 6.5% of the population and 4.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.8% of those under the age of 18 and 8.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 112304 GENERIC ( wiki:36.2% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:52.4% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Results from the 1991 Formula One Japanese Grand Prix held at Suzuka on October 20, 1991. Ayrton Senna clinched the 1991 world championship when Nigel Mansell retired, and handed the lead to team-mate Gerhard Berger on the last lap. This race saw the final points finish for the legendary Brabham team. Eric Bernard crashed heavily in qualifying, and was out of F1 for more than 2 years. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1123119 GENERIC ( wiki:resultJapanese_Grand_Prix wiki:hold wiki:at_#suzuka#on_#October_20_,_1991 ) ************************** Lewisville is a town located in Henry County, Indiana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 395. Lewisville is located at 39°48'26" North, 85°21'6" West (39.807221, -85.351549) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 395 people, 151 households, and 117 families residing in the town. The population density is 462.2/km² (1,206.4/mi²). There are 157 housing units at an average density of 183.7/km² (479.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 99.24% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.76% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 151 households out of which 33.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.9% are married couples living together, 7.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% are non-families. 19.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.62 and the average family size is 2.97. In the town the population is spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $37,841, and the median income for a family is $43,750. Males have a median income of $34,750 versus $23,864 for females. The per capita income for the town is $15,476. 8.3% of the population and 4.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 12.1% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 112337 GENERIC ( wiki:33.1% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:66.9% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Deon Burton(born October 25, 1976 in Reading, England) is a British- Jamaica n footballer who currently plays striker for Rotherham. Burton began his professional career with Portsmouth, with whom he made his debut in the 1993-94 league season, playing in two games. Burton would play intermittently for Portsmouth over the next three seasons before moving to Derby County for the 1997-98 season. Burton would again struggle to establish a starting role at Derby, playing intermittently there until 2002-03, when he would again return to Portsmouth. Burton stayed shortly at Portsmouth, but, unable to establish a starting role, moved to Brentford for the 2004-05 campaign. In July2005 he joined Rotherham United on a free tranfer. Burton made an enormous impact with the Jamaican national team in their 1998 World Cup Qualifying campaign, scoring in his first cap with the team against Canada, and in the next three qualifiers against Costa Rica, the United States, and El Salvador, helping the team to get to the , where he played an important role as well. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1123490 ************************** The Parliament of Victoria is a bicameral legislature. It comprises the Queen of Australia, Legislative Assembly or Lower House and the Legislative Council or Upper House. The head of the State Government is the Premier of Victoria. It sits at Parliament House, Melbourne and has for most of the last 150 years. This was interrupted for a few decades when the Federal Parliament sat there. The Parliament has the power to make any laws for the State of Victoria, Australia. This is subject only to limitations placed on it by the Australian Federal Parliament. The party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly is invited by the Governor of Victoria to form government. The Governor of Victoria is the representative the Monarch( Queen Elizabeth II), as Head of State, in Victoria. Among the Governor's vice-regal duties are the opening of Parliament and the signing of Acts which are passed by the Victorian Parliament. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1123813 ************************** Uranium-thorium dating, also often referred to as thorium-230 dating, uranium-series disequilibrium dating or uranium-series dating, is a radiometric dating technique commonly used to determine the age of carbonate materials such as speleothem or coral. Unlike other commonly used radiometric dating techniques such as rubidium-strontium or uranium-lead dating, the uranium-thorium technique does not measure accumulation of a stable end-member decay product, instead calculating an age from the degree to which equilibrium has been restored between the radioactive isotope thorium-230 and its radioactive parent uranium-234 within a sample. Because uranium is soluble to some extent in all natural waters, any material that precipitates or is grown from such waters also contains trace uranium, typically at levels of between a few parts per billion and few parts per million by weight. In contrast, thorium is not soluble in natural waters under conditions found at or near the surface of the earth and so materials grown in or from these waters do not usually contain thorium. As time passes after the formation of such a material, the uranium-234 in the sample decays to thorium-230, with a half-life of 245,000 years. The thorium-230 is itself radioactive with a half-life of 75,000 years and so instead of accumulating indefinitely (as for instance is the case for the uranium-lead system) it instead approaches equilibrium with its parent isotope. At equilibrium, the number of thorium-230 decays per year within a sample is equal to the number of uranium-234 decays per year in the same sample. Uranium-thorium dating has an upper age limit of somewhat over 500,000 years, defined by the half-life of thorium-230, the accuracy with which we can measure the thorium-230/uranium-234 ratio in a sample, and the precision to which we know the half-lives of thorium-230 and uranium-234. Note that to calculate an age using this technique the ratio of uranium-234 to its parent isotope uranium-238 must also be measured. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1124466 GENERIC ( wiki:technique wiki:date wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:materialprecipitate wiki:grow#also_PASS wiki:from_#water#such ) GENERIC ( wiki:material wiki:grow_PASS wiki:near_#surface#of_#earth ) GENERIC ( wiki:number wiki:be wiki:equal#_#number#of_#decay#uranium-234#per_#year#in_#sample#same ) GENERIC ( wiki:uraniumthorium wiki:date wiki:_#number#of_#decay#uranium-234#per_#year#in_#sample#same ) ************************** Thursday Afternoon( 1985) is an album by the British ambient musician Brian Eno. It is a soundtrack to a video production by the same title made in 1984 at the request of the Sony corporation. Since recording Discreet Music in 1975, Eno has shown a strong interest in creating music that can influence the atmosphere of the space in which it is played, rather than be focused on directly. The video was conceived as a series of “video paintings” which can be looked at in passing without demanding full attention from the viewer. It consists of seven segments of video depicting simple imagery that has been treated with visual effects, much in the same way as Eno’s music is often made up of simple instrumental performances which have been treated with audio effects. The music on this album consists of multiple tracks of processed piano and electronic textures. The layers of the composition are phased so that their relationships to each other are constantly changing in a way similar to Ambient 1/ Music for Airports. This album is also the first to take advantage of the extended running time of the compact disc format, containing only one 61 minute track. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1125506 GENERIC ( wiki:imagery wiki:treat_PASS wiki:with_#effect#visual ) ************************** Ecchi (also etchi ; from the エッチ etchi ) is an English word deriving from a Japanese word meaning "lewd" or "naughty" when used as an adjective, and can refer to a pervert or sexual intercourse when used as a noun. The Japanese word origin is the English letter "H". In Japanese this word is romanized as etchi in the Hepburn system , but in English and several other languages it is usually spelled ecchi . Etchi as an adjective can be translated as lewd or sexy, while as a noun it can be translated as sexual intercourse, e.g. to do etchi ( etchi suru ) would mean to have sex. The word sekkusu is also used in Japan for sex, and Japanese native words for sex (such as 性交 seikō ) are often replaced by words of foreign origin such as sekkusu or neologisms such as etchi . The nuance of etchi varies with context, but in general the word itself is comparable in nuance to the English words "naughty" or "dirty" (when used as an adjective). The most common theory states that etchi derives from the first letter of the word hentai (変態), and indeed the two words have similar meanings (although the word hentai cannot be used to refer to sexual intercourse, nor can it be used as a verb). Another theory suggests that the "H" is from the first letter of the word harenchi (破廉恥), a word meaning "shameless" or "lewd". The word originated as a euphemism used by Meiji era female high school and college students in the late 19th century. It became popularized in 1952 with its usage in a serialized novel by Funabashi Seiichi. In the 1990s, it gained its usage as a noun to refer to the sexual act itself. The comedian Akashiya Sanma is often credited with this development and further widespread usage. In English, the word is often used in the context of manga and anime . The term Ecchi is applied to anime or manga that has vague sexual content (such as skimpy clothing, partial or full nudity), but does not show sexual intercourse. However, has historically often been used as a synonym of hentai , presumably due to confusion of the two; thus it can carry different connotations than allowed for by the original Japanese. In recent years, however, its use by English-speakers has largely realigned with the Japanese meaning – although H (pronounced as the standard aitch ) has become a completely separate term, inclusive of all of the above. The ecchi art style is loosely comparable to pin-up girl artwork, as well provocative fantasy and comic book art in the United States and other countries. Typical features include: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 112658 GENERIC ( wiki:ecchusetchus wiki:be wiki:word#English ) GENERIC ( wiki:theory_states#common wiki:etchi wiki:derive変_æ…‹ ) GENERIC ( wiki:feature#Typical wiki:include wiki: ) ************************** Marina Militare(Italian Navy) is one of the four divisions of the military forces of Italy. It was born in 1946, as the Navy of the Italian Republic, from the ashes of the Regia Marina. Marina Militare celebrates on 10 June, on the anniversary ( 1918) of the sinking of the Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Szent István. Marina Militare is divided into six corps: The ensign of the is the Italian tricolour with emblem on the white third. The emblem is composed by a shield, whose four parts are reference to Mediaeval Italian Thalassocracies(Italian: ): The shield has a golden crown, that distinguish military vessels from merchant. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1126939 ************************** Charles de Valois, duc d'Angoulême( 1573- 1650), the natural son of Charles IX of France and Marie Touchet, was born on the 28th of April 1573, at the castle of Fayet in Dauphiné. His father dying in the following year, commended him to the care and favour of his brother and successor, Henry III, who faithfully fulfilled the charge. His mother married François de Balzac, marquis d'Entragues, and one of her daughters, Henriette, marchioness of Verneuil, afterwards became the mistress of Henry IV. Charles of Valois, was carefully educated, and was destined for the order of Malta. At the early age of sixteen he attained one of the highest dignities of the order, being made grand prior of France. Shortly after he came into possession of large estates left by Catherine de' Medici, from one of which he took his title of count of Auvergne. In 1591 he obtained a dispensation from the vows of the order of Malta, and married Charlotte, daughter of Henry, Marshal d'Amville, afterwards duke of Montmorency. In 1589 Henry III. was assassinated, but on his deathbed he commended Charles to the good-will of his successor Henry IV. By that monarch he was made colonel of horse, and in that capacity served in the campaigns during the early part of the reign. But the connection between the king and the marchioness of Verneuil appears to have been very displeasing to Charles, and in 1601 he engaged in the conspiracy formed by the dukes of Savoy, Biron and Bouillon, one of the objects of which was to force Henry to repudiate his wife and marry the marchioness. The conspiracy was discovered; Biron and Bouillon were arrested and Biron was executed. Charles was released after a few months' imprisonment, chiefly through the influence of his half-sister, his aunt, the duchess of Angouleme and his father-in-law. He then entered into fresh intrigues with the court of Spain, acting in concert with the marchioness of Verneuil and her father d'Entragues. In 1604 d'Entragues and he were arrested and condemned to death; at the same time the marchioness was condemned to perpetual imprisonment in a convent. She easily obtained pardon, and the sentence of death against the other two was commuted into perpetual imprisonment. Charles remained in the Bastille for eleven years, from 1605 to 1616. A decree of the parlement (1606), obtained by Marguerite de Valois, deprived him of nearly all his possessions, including Auvergne, though he still retained the title. In 1616 he was released, was restored to his rank of colonel-general of horse, and despatched against one of the disaffected nobles, the duke of Longueville, who had taken Péronne. Next year he commanded the forces collected in the Île-de-France, and obtained some successes. In 1619 he received by bequest, ratified in 1620 by royal grant, the duchy of Angoulême. Soon after he was engaged on an important embassy to Germany, the result of which was the treaty of Ulm, signed July 1620. In 1627 he commanded the large forces assembled at the siege of La Rochelle; and some years after in 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, he was general of the French army in Lorraine. In 1636 he was made lieutenant-general of the army. He appears to have retired from public life shortly after the death of Richelieu in 1643. His first wife died in 1636, and in 1644 he married Francoise de Narbonne, daughter of Charles, baron of Mareuil. She had no children and survived her husband until 1713. Angouleme himself died on the 24th of September 1650. By his first wife he had three children: Henri, who became insane; Louis Emmanuel, who succeeded his father as duke of Angoulême and was colonel-general of light cavalry and governor of Provence; and Françoise, who died in 1622. The duke was the author of the following works: Mémoires, from the assassination of Henri III. to the battle of Arques (1589-1593) published at Paris by Boneau, and reprinted by Buchon in his Choix de chroniques (1836) and by Petitot in his Mémoires (1st series, vol. xliv.) Les Harangues, prononcés en assemblée de MM. les princes protestants d'Allemagne, par Monseigneur le duc d' Angoulême(1620) a translation of a Spanish work by Diego de Torres. To him has also been ascribed the work, La générale et fidèle Rélation de tout ce qui s'est passé en l'isle de Ré, envoyée par le roi à la royne sa mère(Paris, 1627). ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1127190 GENERIC ( wiki:father wiki:d wiki:entrague ) ************************** Jolley is a city located in Calhoun County, Iowa . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 54. Jolley is located at 42°28'45" North, 94°43'5" West (42.479239, -94.718127) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.3 km² (0.1 mi² ). 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 54 people, 28 households, and 12 families residing in the city. The population density is 173.7/km² (469.1/mi²). There are 39 housing units at an average density of 125.5/km² (338.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 100.00% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 1.85% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 28 households out of which 21.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.7% are married couples living together, 10.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 53.6% are non-families. 50.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 25.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.93 and the average family size is 2.92. In the city the population is spread out with 22.2% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 20.4% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 134.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 121.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $24,286, and the median income for a family is $48,125. Males have a median income of $30,625 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the city is $23,268. 12.3% of the population and 18.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 33.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 112818 GENERIC ( wiki:35.7% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Willard is a 2003 movie directed by Glen Morgan. It is a remake of the 1971 film Willard . Willard Stiles (played by Crispin Glover) is a social misfit taking care of his ill and fragile but verbally abusive mother Henrietta ( Jackie Burroughs) in a musty old mansion that is also home to a colony of rats. Willard finds himself constantly humiliated in front of his co-workers and is eventually fired by his cruel and uncaring boss, Frank Martin ( R. Lee Ermey). A co-worker Cathryn ( Laura Harring) has feelings for the quirky Willard. Meanwhile, Willard quickly becomes obsessed with his friendship with a rat he names Socrates. Socrates has competition with a much larger rat named Ben. Nonetheless when Socrates is killed, Ben is more than willing to guide the army of basement rats to help Willard avenge himself upon his slave-driving boss. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1128527 GENERIC ( wiki:co_-_workercathrynharring#Laura wiki:have wiki:feeling ) GENERIC ( wiki:socrate wiki:have wiki:competition ) GENERIC ( wiki:socrate wiki:kill_PASS wiki:with_#friendship#with_#rat ) ************************** Alicia Masters is a fictional supporting character of the Fantastic Four in the Marvel Comics universe, who has served as a romantic interest and a frequent damsel in distress. Alicia Masters was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and first appeared in Fantastic Four#8, November, 1962. Masters was permanently blind, due to an explosion of radioactive clay accidentally caused by her step-father, the supervillain known as the Puppet Master, during his fight with a rival. She became the girlfriend of Fantastic Four member Ben Grimm, AKA the Thing, naturally being the only person who could "see" him for who he was without being repelled by his monstrous appearance. Masters is also an accomplished and famous sculptor who can create perfect representations by touch and memory alone. Masters played an integral role in one of the cornerstone stories of the Marvel Universe, in Fantastic Four(1961 series) #48-50. When the Silver Surfer first came to Earth as a herald to the world-destroying Galactus, he crashed into Masters' apartment after fighting the Fantastic Four. Her gentle pleading with him convinced him to reject his master and defend Earth, and the Surfer has been a steadfast hero ever since. After the Thing had chosen to remain on an alien planet where he could change back to human form, Masters and the Human Torch fell in love, and the Thing returned in time to unhappily attend their wedding. However, in a retroactive rewrite of the story years later that angered many fans, it was revealed that the "Alicia Masters" the Torch married was actually a female member of the shapeshifting Skrulls named Lyja, who had abducted and replaced Masters to serve as a spy. After the ruse was discovered, the real Alicia Masters was rescued from suspended animation by the Fantastic Four, unaware that any time had passed. She subsequently became romantically involved with the Silver Surfer and eventually left earth with him, travelling through outer space at his side in an armored suit that allows her to see energy signatures and take a more active role than she was previously capable of. Her character in adaptations into other media has remained true to her classic role as the Thing's girlfriend. Alicia Masters was a regular character in the 1994-96 Fantastic Four animated television series that aired as half of the Marvel Action Hour, with her voice performed by Pauline Arthur Lomas. In the infamous 1994 live-action film adaptation, Masters was played by Kat Green. Masters was most recently played by Kerry Washington in the 2005 live-action Fantastic Four film. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1128998 GENERIC ( wiki:sculptor#famous wiki:create#alone wiki:representation#perfect ) ************************** The Thiel Mountains( ) in Antarctica is an isolated, mainly snow-capped mountain range, 72 km (45 mi) long, located roughly between the Horlick Mountains and the Pensacola Mountains and extending from Moulton Escarpment on the west to Nolan Pillar on the east. Major components include Ford Massif (2,810 m), Bermel Escarpment and a group of eastern peaks near Nolan Pillar. Observed and first positioned by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse Party, 1958-59. Surveyed by the USGS Thiel Mountains parties of 1960-61 and 1961-62. Named by US-ACAN after Edward C. Thiel, traverse seismologist at Ellsworth Station and the Pensacola Mountains in 1957. In December 1959, he made airlifted geophysical observations along the 88th meridian West, including work near these mountains. Thiel perished with four others on November 9 1961 in the crash of a P2V Neptune aircraft soon after take-off from Wilkes Station. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1130694 GENERIC ( wiki:component#Major wiki:include wiki:Ford_Massifm ) GENERIC ( wiki:mountain#Pensacola wiki:make wiki:observation#airlifted_geophysicalWest ) ************************** The Estadio Tecnológico is a stadium located in city of Monterrey, Mexico. It is the home venue of the Rayados de Monterrey and the Borregos Salvajes of the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey. The Estadio Tecnológico was opened in July 17, 1950 by Mexican president Miguel Alemán Valdés. Originally, it seated 19,000 spectators, but in 1965 it was expanded to 33,500 seats. . The Tec Stadium has been a venue for the 1986 Mexico FIFA World Cup, the highest competition in World-Wide professional soccer. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1130985 ************************** Bosom Buddies was an American sitcom starring Tom Hanks and Peter Scolari. It ran from 1980 to 1982. Its premise was the two main male characters having to secretly dress in drag to live in a women-only hotel with cheap rent. They worked at the advertising firm of Livingston, Gentry & Mishkin, but later in the series left to start their own advertising firm called Sixty Seconds Street. The theme song was "My Life" by Billy Joel although it was not sung by Joel himself. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1132254 ************************** National Nature Reserves in Northern Ireland are designated and maintained by the Environment and Heritage Service in Northern Ireland , United Kingdom . List of Reserves See also: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 113259 ************************** ' USS Samuel B. Roberts (DD-823)', a Gearing-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Samuel B. Roberts, a Navy coxswain who was killed evacuating Marines during the battle of Guadalcanal in 1942. Her crew nicknamed the ship the "Steamin' Sammy B." for its busy schedule. The second Samuel B. Roberts was laid down on 27 June 1945 by the Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, Texas; launched on 30 November1945; sponsored by the namesake coxswain's mother; and commissioned on 22 December 1946, Comdr. C. T. Doss in command. Following shakedown training off Guantanamo Bay in February 1947, Samuel B. Roberts joined the Atlantic Fleet. She participated in Atlantic Fleet maneuvers before proceeding to the Mediterranean in January 1948. Returning to the United States in June, she began another year of operations along the east coast of the United States. Her second tour of foreign duty took her to northern Europe from May to September 1949. Roberts participated in western Atlantic operations until March 1950, when she sailed to the Mediterranean to join the 6th Fleet until October. Following operations in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean, she got underway for Scotland on 10 September 1952 to join NATO forces in Operation Mainbrace, before proceeding to the Mediterranean to join the 6th Fleet. Two months later, in November, she returned for duty off northern Europe, and finally sailed for the United States, arriving at Newport on 29 January 1953. operated in the Atlantic and Caribbean from early 1953 until 3 August 1954, when she headed for the western Pacific, via the Panama Canal, to begin an around-the-world cruise. She spent five months in the waters around Japan and the Philippines, then sailed across the Indian Ocean and through the Suez Canal, arriving home on 14 March 1955. The remainder of 1955 was spent in local operations with the exception of a hastily ordered voyage in July to a lifeguard station off Greenland during President Eisenhower's flight to Geneva. Western Atlantic operations in early 1956 gave way to foreign duty when Roberts again joined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean on 27 September. On 25 October, Roberts weighed anchor for the Persian Gulf and duty with the Middle East Force. She transited the Suez Canal on the night of 27– 28 October, the last warship to transit the canal southbound before it was closed during the invasion of Egypt. The ship was then on duty with the Middle East Force until sailing for home by way of Pakistan, India, East Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, and Brazil. Roberts arrived in Newport on 14 March 1957. With the exception of a midshipmen's cruise to Rio de Janeiro, Samuel B. Roberts remained near Newport until mid-September. She then participated in NATO exercises off northern Europe and returned to the United States on 22 October1957. In March 1958, after a three-month overhaul, the destroyer moved into the Caribbean for refresher training. In May, the exercises were interrupted. Roberts deployed hastily to Venezuela and prepared to evacuate United States nationals following the violence during Vice President Nixon's visit to South America. By the 15th, however, the situation was under control. Roberts was relieved and returned to Newport. Two months later, she was ordered to Morehead City, N.C., to rendezvous with amphibious units carrying Marine reinforcements to the Mediterranean during the Lebanon crisis. By 25 July, the reinforcements were no longer needed. Roberts, with her squadron, Destroyer Squadron 10, escorted the amphibious units to Puerto Rico, whence the destroyers continued on to the Mediterranean. Arriving on 10 August, Roberts cruised off the coast of Lebanon from 17 to 25 August and again from 2 to 20 September to furnish gunfire support to the troops on the beach if it proved necessary. On 17 September, she transited the Suez Canal, thence proceeded to the Persian Gulf, where she remained into October. On 19 October, she retransited the canal. On 4 November, she left Gibraltar behind; and, on 13 November, she returned to the United States. operated continuously in the western Atlantic until 15 June 1959 when she sailed from Newport for the St. Lawrence River to participate in operation "Inland Seas," the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway. After official ceremonies attended by Queen Elizabeth and President Eisenhower, transited the seaway and crossed Lakes Ontario and Erie to arrive at Detroit, Mich., on 3 July. On 20 July, moved into Lake Michigan with the first destroyer division to traverse all five Great Lakes. On 27 July, headed for the Atlantic again and arrived at Newport on 12 September. After further United States east coast activities, Roberts joined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean on 31 March 1960, remaining until 29 May. She then passed through the Suez Canal to join the Middle East Force. She was relieved of Middle East duties on 30 June and rejoined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. On 15 October, Roberts returned to Newport. Spending most of 1961 undergoing a FRAM(fleet rehabilitation and modernization) overhaul in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Roberts returned to Newport on 26 February 1962 and remained in the western Atlantic for the rest of 1962 and most of 1963. During April and June of the latter year, she operated off the northern New England coast in search of the missing submarine, Thresher . In October 1963, Roberts resumed overseas operations; and, for the next two years, rotated between duty in the western Atlantic and tours with the 6th Fleet. In the fall of 1965, however, she headed south; transited the Panama Canal; and moved into the western Pacific to join the 7th Fleet. She operated primarily in Vietnam ese and Philippine waters until 19 February 1966, then steamed for home via the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean. Returning to Newport, R.I., on 8 April, she cruised in the Atlantic and Caribbean until deploying to the Mediterranean again on 8 December. returned to Newport on 20 March. She remained in Atlantic and Caribbean waters from that time to 10 January 1968 when she sailed on another tour of Mediterranean duty, returning to Newport on 17 May. The remainder of the year was spent in Atlantic operations. She continued to operate in the Atlantic and Caribbean during 1969 until deploying to the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean on 22 November. She steamed in the Black Sea from 9 to 12 December and returned to Newport on 22 May 1970. In August 1970, the Inspection and Survey team ruled the ship unfit for further service. Her crew stripped her for decommissioning, and her name was struck from the Navy list on 2 November. She joined the Inactive Fleet at Philadelphia, Pa., where she remained until sunk as a target off Puerto Rico on 14 November 1971. See USS Samuel B. Roberts for other ships of the same name. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1133050 GENERIC ( wiki:remainder wiki:spend_PASS wiki:in_#operation#local#with_#exception#of_#voyage#in_#July#_#lifeguard_station#off_#Greenland#during_#President_Eisenhower##_#Geneva ) GENERIC ( wiki:ThresherRoberts wiki:resume wiki:operation#overseas ) ************************** Semarang is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. It is the capital of the province of Central Java(Jawa Tengah). It has an area of 373,67 km² and approximately 1.5 million people making it the Indonesia's fifth largest city . Semarang is located at . A major port during the Dutch colonial era, and still an important port today, the city is known in Indonesia for its large ethnically Chinese population. The name of the city, Semarang, may have originated from the concatenation of the words "asem" (tamarind) and "arang". Semarang's history dates back to the ninth century, when it was known as Bergota. By the end of fifteenth century, an Arab mullah with the name of Kyai Pandan Arang founded a village and an Islamic boarding school in this place. On 2 May 1547, after consulting Sunan Kalijaga, Sultan Hadiwijaya of Pajang declared Kyai Pandan Arang the first bupati (town leader) of Semarang, thus culturally and politically, on this day Semarang was born. In 1678, Sunan Amangkurat II promised to give control of Semarang to the Dutch East India Company(VOC) as a part of a debt payment. In 1682, the Semarang state was founded by the Dutch colonial power. On 5 October 1705 after years of occupations, Semarang officially became a VOC city when Susuhunan Pakubuwono I made a deal to give extensive trade rights to the VOC in exchange of wiping out Mataram's debt. VOC and later the Dutch East Indies government established tobacco plantations in the region, and built roads and railroads, making Semarang an important colonial trading centre. Beginning in the 1920s the city became a center of leftist and nationalist activism. Particularly with the founding in the city of the Communist Party of Indonesia, Semarang became known as the "Red City". The Japan ese military occupied the city, along with the rest of Java, in 1942 during Pacific War of World War II. During that time, Semarang was headed by a military governor (Shico) from Japan and two vice governors (Fuku Shico), one from Japan and one from local. After Indonesian independence in 1945, Semarang became the capital of Central Java province. The city of Semarang divided into 16 districts of Kecamatan and 177 sub-districts of Kelurahan. The 16 districts of Kecamatan are: Semarang Barat, Semarang Timur, Semarang Tengah, Semarang Utara, Semarang Selatan, Candisari, Gajahmungkur, Gayamsari, Pedurungan, Genuk, Tembalang, Banyumanik, Gunungpati, Mijen, Ngaliyan, and Tugu. A Bupati used to be the head of government in Semarang until 1906. After 1906, the city of Semarang was headed by a Walikota (Mayor). The list of Mayor of Semarang after Indonesian independence: Semarang is located on the north coast of Java. The northern part of the city is built on the coastal plain while the southern parts, known as Candi Lama and Candi Baru, are on higher ground. The population of Semarang is predominantly Javanese, though with smaller numbers of people from many regions in Indonesia. The city is known for its large ethnically Chinese population. The main languages spoken are Indonesian and Javanese. Semarang is home to several universities: Semarang is a commercial city rather than a tourist destination, but does have a number of places of interest: ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1134311 GENERIC ( wiki:Dutch_East_Indies_government wiki:establish wiki:tobacco_plantations ) ************************** R R Patil is an India n politician from the state of Maharashtra. On November 1, 2004, he was sworn in as the deputy chief minister of Maharashtra. He is the chief of the Nationalist Congress Party's Maharashtra unit and NCP legislative party in Maharashtra. He represents Tasgaon in Sangli district in the Maharashtra legislative assembly since 1990. He was also the Home Minister of Maharashtra in the previous government. He is known as "Mr. Clean" in political circles and popularly known as "Aba". ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1135479 ************************** From the establishment of East Germany in 1949 to 1959 , the flag of East Germany was the same as the Flag of West Germany , and the current Flag of Germany . The Coat of Arms was designed in 1955 , and was added to the East German national flag in 1959 . The three horizontal stripes in the flag of East Germany of black, red and gold are the same as in the West German flag , but the state emblem of East Germany is placed in the centre, to distinguish it from the West German flag. It contains a hammer (symbolizing the workers), and a compass (symbolizing the intellectuals) inside ears of grain (symbolizing the farmers). The display of this flag was regarded as unconstitutional in West Germany and West Berlin and was prevented by the police. Only in 1969 did the West German government reverse this policy. The current German flag was reinstated as the East German national flag from June of 1990 to until official reunification in October of that year. The GDR flag continues to be controversial after reunification. Some fans of football clubs from the East like to display it in the stadium; western fans often react very negatively to this practice, and some stadiums have banned it. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 113679 ************************** The Bunker Hill Monument is the first public obelisk erected in the United States. The 221 foot (67 m) granite obelisk erected between 1827 and 1843 in Charlestown, Massachusetts with granite quarried in Quincy, Massachusetts and conveyed to the site by the first railway in the United States, built specially for that purpose. Interestingly, the Bunker Hill Monument is not on Bunker Hill but instead on Breed's Hill, where most of the fighting actually took place. The Monument Association, which had purchased the battlefield site, was forced to seal off all but the hill's summit in order to complete the monument. The monument was erected to commemorate the Battle of Bunker Hill, an early American victory in the Revolutionary War, fought there June 17 1775. The first monument at the site was created in 1794 by King Solomon's Lodge of Masons and was initially an 18 foot (5 m) wooden pillar topped with a gilt urn. Bunker Hill is one of the sites along the Freedom Trail and is part of Boston National Historical Park. William Ticknor, a well-known Boston lawyer and antiquarian, first suggested the memorial and an interested group of men met for breakfast at the home of Colonel Thomas Handasyd Perkins. Among them were William Tudor, Daniel Webster, Professor George Ticknor, Doctor John C. Warren, William Sullivan, and George Blake. On May 10 1823, the first public meeting was called. Each member subscribed five dollars, and on June 7 1823, the Bunker Hill Monument Association was established and the work of raising money was begun. Famed nineteenth-century philanthropist Amos Lawrence contributed $10,000 to fund the building. In the spring of 1825 the directors had purchased about 15 acres (61,000 m²) on the slope of Breed's Hill, but had yet chosen a design. The first design committee consisted of Daniel Webster, noted engineer Loammi Baldwin, Jr., George Ticknor, Gilbert Stuart, and Washington Allston. One hundred dollars was offered for the best design; about 50 plans were presented in response. Choice was soon narrowed to two (a column and an obelisk) and a new committee was appointed to procure designs and estimate expenses for each. At the next meeting the majority voted that the obelisk designed by Solomon Willard be used. The directors laid the corner-stone on June 17 1825. The Marquis de Lafayette performed the ceremony, Daniel Webster delivered the oration, and the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, conducted the services. Perhaps surprisingly, the first railroad in the United States, the Granite Railway, was created to carry granite for the monument's construction. Work proceeded somewhat slowly at first, but on January 4 1826, citizens petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to build a Railroad, which was then completed in short order and became operational on October 9 1826 as the first railroad in the United States. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1136948 GENERIC ( wiki:citizen wiki:petition wiki:legislature#Massachusetts ) ************************** Leverett Glacier( ) is about 80 km (50 mi) long and 4 to 6 km (3 to 4 mi) wide, draining northward from the Watson Escarpment, between the California and Stanford Plateaus, and then trending WNW between the Tapley Mountains and Harold Byrd Mountains to terminate at the head of the Ross Ice Shelf close east of Scott Glacier. Discovered in December 1929 by the Byrd AE geological party under Laurence Gould, and named by him for Frank Leverett, eminent geologist at the University of Michigan and authority on glacial geology of the central United States. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1137279 ************************** Jefferson is a city located in Greene County, Iowa . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 4,626. It is the county seat of Greene County . It is the home of the Mahanay Memorial Carillon Tower, 168 feet tall and visible for miles. Jefferson is located at 42°1'0" North, 94°22'36" West (42.016749, -94.376753) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 15.2 km² (5.9 mi² ). 15.1 km² (5.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.85% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 4,626 people, 1,954 households, and 1,234 families residing in the city. The population density is 306.9/km² (794.6/mi²). There are 2,094 housing units at an average density of 138.9/km² (359.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.97% White , 0.15% African American , 0.24% Native American , 0.39% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.61% from other races , and 0.63% from two or more races. 1.73% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,954 households out of which 28.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% are married couples living together, 8.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% are non-families. 33.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 20.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.26 and the average family size is 2.88. In the city the population is spread out with 23.7% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 26.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 78.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,818, and the median income for a family is $42,754. Males have a median income of $32,206 versus $21,359 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,441. 7.3% of the population and 3.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 7.6% of those under the age of 18 and 7.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 113808 GENERIC ( wiki:51.5% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Luis Sepúlveda(b. October 4, 1949) is a Chile an writer, film director, journalist and political activist. Luis Sepúlveda was born in Ovalle in Chile in 1949. After secondary school in Santiago, he studied theatre production at the National University. In 1969, Sepúlveda was given a five-year scholarship to continue his drama studies at the Moscow University, but it was withdrawn after five months on account of 'misconduct' (he made friends with some dissidents, and had to go back to Chile). Luis Sepúlveda was politically active first as a leader of the student movement and in the Salvador Allende administration in the department of cultural affairs where he was in charge of a series of cheap editions of classics for the general public. He also acted as a mediator between the government and Chilean companies. After the Chilean coup of 1973 which brought to power General Augusto Pinochet he was jailed for two-and-a-half years and then obtained a conditional release through the efforts of the German branch of Amnesty International and kept under house arrest. He managed to escape and went underground for nearly a year. With the help of a friend who was head of the Alliance Française in Valparaíso he set up a drama group the became the first cultural focus of resistance. He was rearrested and given a life sentence (later reduced to twenty-eight years) for treason and subversion. The German section of Amnesty International intervened again and his prison sentence was commuted to eight years of exile and in 1977 he left Chile to fly to Sweden where he was supposed to teach Spanish literature. At the first stopover in Buenos Aires he escaped and managed to go to Uruguay but since many of his Uruguayan and Argentinean friends were dead or in prison because of the respective dictatorships he went first to São Paulo in Brazil and then to Paraguay. He had to leave again because of the local regime and finally settled in Quito in Ecuador guest of his friend Jorge Enrique Adoum. He directed the Alliance Française theatre, founded a theatrical company and took part in a UNESCO expedition to asses the impact of colonization on the Shuar Indians. During the expedition he shared the life of the Shuars for seven months and came to an understanding of Latin America as a multicultural and multilingual continent where the Marxism-Leninism he was taught was not applicable to a rural population that was dependent on its surrounding natural environment. He worked in close contact with Indian organizations and drafted the first literacy teaching plan for the Ibambura peasants' federation, in the Andes. In 1979 he joined the Simón Bolívar international brigade which was fighting in Nicaragua and after the victory of the revolution he started working as a journalist and one year later he left for Europe. He went to Hamburg in Germany because of his admiration of German literature (he learnt the language in prison) especially the romantics as Novalis and Holderlin and worked there as journalist traveling widely in Latin America and Africa. In 1982 he came in contact with Greenpeace and worked until 1987 as a crewmember on one of their ships. He later acted as co-ordinator between various branches of the organization. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1138263 GENERIC ( wiki:company#Chilean wiki:bring wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:brigade wiki:fight wiki:in_#Nicaragua#in_#contact#close#with_#organization#Indian ) ************************** An electricity meter is generally taken to be a device which measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to a customer of an electricity company. The most common type is more properly known as a (kilo) watt-hour meter or a joule meter. Modern electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage( volts) and current( amperes) and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power( watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used ( joules, kilowatt-hours etc). The most common type of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction meter. This consists of an aluminium disc which is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc - this acts as a brake which causes the disc to stop spinning when power stops being drawn rather than allowing it to spin faster and faster. This causes the disc to rotate at a speed proportional to the power being used. The aluminium disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of power used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. It should be noted that with the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism. The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils. Some newer meters are solid state and display the power used on an LCD. Most solid-state meters use a current transformer to measure the current. This means that the main current-carrying conductors need not pass through the meter itself and so the meter can be located remotely from the main current-carrying conductors, which is a particular advantage in large-power installations. It is also possible to use remote current transformers with electromechanical meters though this is less common. Solid state meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as maximum demand, power factor and reactive power used etc. The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt-hour which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI megajoule instead. Electricity retailers may wish to charge customers different tariffs at different times of the day. This is because there is generally a surplus of electricity at times of low demand, such as during the night (see supply and demand). Such tariffs are facilitated by meters which incorporate or are connected to a time switch and which have multiple registers. In the UK such tariffs are branded or and are commonly used in conjunction with electrical storage heaters. The popularity of such tariffs has declined in recent years, at least in the domestic market, due to the (perceived or real) deficiencies of storage heaters and the low cost of natural gas. Domestic variable-rate meters normally only permit two tariffs ("peak" and "off-peak") and in such installations a simple electromechanical time switch may be used. Large commercial and industrial premises may use electronic meters which record power usage in blocks of half an hour or less. This is because on most electricity grids there are demand surges throughout the day, and the power company may wish to give incentives to large customers to reduce demand at these times. These demand surges often corresponding to meal times or, famously, to intervals in popular television programme s. Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of the power company or by the customer. Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be supplied to the power company by telephone, post or over the internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter. Newer electronic meters can be read automatically. One common means of semi-automated meter reading has a serial port on the meter that communicates by infrared LED through the faceplate of the meter. In some apartment buildings, a similar protocol is used, but in a wired bus using EIA-485 to connect all the meters to a single plug. The plug is often near the mailboxes. In the European Union, the most common infrared protocol is "FLAG", a simplified subset of mode C of IEC 1107. In the U.S. and Canada, the favoured infrared protocol is ANSI C12.18. Remote meter reading is an application of telemetry. One protocol proposed for this purpose is DLM/COSEM which can operate over any medium. The data can be transmitted by Zigbee, WiFi, telephone line s or over the power lines themselves. Some meters can be read over the internet. An electricity meter will be designed to operate across a specified range of voltage, current and frequency. Mechanical meters normally have an accuracy of better than 2%. Solid-state meters may have an accuracy better than 0.8%. The accuracy of the meter will be poorest at the extremes of its specified operating conditions. Most domestic electricity meters do not account for reactive power but more sophisticated meters which do measure reactive power may be used in commercial and industrial environments where low power factor loads may be present. In most countries, the required accuracy of the meter is specified by law. The accuracy of a meter may decline with age and mechanical meters may be affected by events such as voltage spike s caused by lightning strikes on the supply. The manufacturer will generally guarantee the accuracy of the meter for a certain number of years and after that period the electricity company must replace or recalibrate the meter. Due to the deregulation of electricity supply markets in many countries, the company responsible for an electricity meter may not be obvious. Depending on the arrangements in place, the meter may be the property of the electricity distributor, the retailer or for some large users of electricity the meter may belong to the customer. The company responsible for reading the meter may not always be the company which owns it. Meter reading is now sometimes subcontracted and in some areas the same person may read gas, water and electricity meters at the same time. The location of an electricity meter varies with each installation. Possible locations include on a power pylon serving the property, in a street-side cabinet or inside the premises adjacent to the consumer unit/ distribution board. Electricity companies may prefer external locations as the meter can be read without gaining access to the premises but external meters may be more prone to vandalism. As stated above, the use of current transformers permits the meter to be located remotely from the current-carrying conductors. This arrangement is commonly used in larger installations, for example an outdoor substation serving a single large customer may have metering equipment installed in a nearby cabinet without the need to bring the very heavy cables leading out of the substation into the cabinet. In North America, it is common for smaller electricity meters to clip into a standardised base unit. This arrangement allows the meter itself to be replaced without disturbing the supply and load cables which terminate in this base unit. Some base units may have a facility to bypass the meter whilst it is removed for service. The amount of electricity used without being recorded during this small time is considered insignificant when compared to the inconvenience which might be caused to the customer by cutting off the electricity supply. In the UK, the supply and load terminals are normally provided in the meter housing itself, at least for smaller meters (up to around 100 amps). Some customers may attempt to manipulate the meter such that it under-registers or even runs backwards, effectively using power without paying for it. Some may justify this by reference to the increasing costs of energy, profits of the electricity company, etc. Most would consider this to be fraud and such behaviour is probably illegal in most countries. Techniques vary from unsubtle means such as physically breaking the meter housing and jamming the mechanism to more sophisticated methods involving applying magnets to the outside of the meter or altering the characteristics of the load with the intention of temporarily or permanently altering the characteristics of the meter. The owner of the meter may employ a number of means to secure the meter against such actions. Most consist of physical means such as sealing the meter in such a way that the connections and mechanism cannot be tampered with without breaking the seal. Meter readers are also trained to spot signs of tampering. The standard business model of electricity retailing involves the electricity company billing the customer for the amount of energy used in the previous month or quarter. If the retailer believes that the customer may for whatever reason not pay the bill then a prepayment meter may be fitted. This requires the customer to make advance payment before electricity can be used. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity is cut off by a relay. In the UK, mechanical prepayment meters used to be common in rented accommodation. Disadvantages of these included the need for regular visits to remove cash, risk of theft of the cash in the meter and the lack of a means of applying a standing charge. Modern solid-state electricity meters in conjunction with smart card technology have removed these disadvantages and such meters are commonly used for customers considered to be a poor credit risk. The payments can be made using the PayPoint network, where rechargable tokens (Quantum cards for gas, or plastic "keys" for electricity) can be loaded with whatever money the customer has available. Many electricity customers are installing their own electricity generating equipment, whether for reasons of economy, redundancy or environmental reasons. Gas turbines, wind turbines and photovoltaic cells are all in common use. When a customer is generating more electricity than required for his own use, the surplus may be exported back to the power grid. This exported energy may be accounted for in the simplest case by the meter running backwards during periods of net export, thus reducing the customer's recorded energy usage by the amount exported. More sophisticated meters permit such exported energy to be recorded and accounted for separately. See also Net metering. In addition to the types of meter described above which directly measure the amount of energy used, other types of meter are available. Meters which measure the amount of current ( coulombs) used, known as amp-hour meters, were used in the early days of electrification. These were dependant upon the supply voltage remaining constant for accurate measurement of energy usage which is not a likely circumstance with most supplies. Some meters measured only the length of time for which current flowed, with no measurement of the magnitude of voltage or current being made. These were only suited for constant load applications. Neither type is likely to be found in electricity retail use today. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1138590 GENERIC ( wiki:Modern_electricity_meters wiki:operate wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:watt wiki:be#then wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:energy wiki:use_PASS wiki:joule ) GENERIC ( wiki:type wiki:describe_PASS wiki:in_#direction#opposite_#_#gearing_mechanism ) GENERIC ( wiki:state_meters#solid wiki:use wiki:transformer#current ) GENERIC ( wiki:conductor wiki:need wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:conductor wiki:pass wiki:through_#meter ) GENERIC ( wiki:Electricity_retailers wiki:wish wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:tariff#Such wiki:facilitate_PASS wiki:by_#meter ) GENERIC ( wiki:time_switch wiki:use_PASS wiki:in_#conjunction#with_#storage_heaters#electrical ) GENERIC ( wiki:premise#industrial wiki:use wiki:meter#electronic ) GENERIC ( wiki:electricity_meters#domestic wiki:read#manually_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:newermeter wiki:read#automatically_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:electricity_meters#domestic wiki:connect wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:/_COSEM#DLM wiki:operate wiki:over_#medium ) GENERIC ( wiki:state_meters#Solid wiki:have wiki:accuracy ) GENERIC ( wiki:electricity_meters#domestic wiki:account wiki:meterfor_#power#reactive_ ) GENERIC ( wiki:environment#industrial_power_factor_loads wiki:be wiki:present ) GENERIC ( wiki:meter#mechanical wiki:affect_PASS wiki:by_#event#as_#voltage_spike#In_#country ) GENERIC ( wiki:strike wiki: wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:location#Possible wiki:include wiki:on_#power_pylon ) GENERIC ( wiki:Electricity_companies wiki:prefer wiki:location#external ) GENERIC ( wiki:accessmeter wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:behaviour#such wiki:be#probably wiki:illegal#in_#country ) GENERIC ( wiki:technique wiki:vary wiki:from_#means#unsubtle_ ) GENERIC ( wiki:prepayment_meters#mechanical wiki:use_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:modernstate_electricity_meters wiki:remove_PASS wiki:disadvantage ) GENERIC ( wiki:cell#photovoltaic wiki:be wiki:in_#use#common ) GENERIC ( wiki:type wiki:be wiki:likelyfor_#load_applications#constant ) ************************** Historically, Oxfordshire has always had some importance, it has been valuable agricultural land resting between the main southern cities and containing the prestigious settlement at Oxford(from the Old English Oxenaforda). Ignored by the Romans it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born in Wantage. The university at Oxford was founded in 1096. The area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912 and MG in Abingdon in 1929. The importance of agriculture as an employer has declined rapidly in the 20th century; currently under 1% of the county's population are involved. In 1808 the county had fourteen hundred s, namely Bampton, Banbury, Binfield, Bloxham, Bullingdon, Chadlington, Dorchester, Ewelme, Langtree, Lewknor, Pyrton, Ploughley, Thame and Wootton. The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry was based at the Barracks on Bullingdon Green, Cowley. The Vale of the White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were previously part of Berkshire and were added to the county in 1974. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading has traditionally been part of Oxfordshire. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1139784 ************************** Patterson is a city located in Madison County, Iowa . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 126. Patterson is located at 41°20'56" North, 93°52'50" West (41.348815, -93.880684) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.5 km² (0.2 mi² ). 0.5 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 126 people, 58 households, and 33 families residing in the city. The population density is 243.2/km² (635.1/mi²). There are 67 housing units at an average density of 129.3/km² (337.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 100.00% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 58 households out of which 20.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% are married couples living together, 3.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.4% are non-families. 27.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.17 and the average family size is 2.74. In the city the population is spread out with 16.7% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 34.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 129.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 118.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $47,500, and the median income for a family is $52,500. Males have a median income of $31,607 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the city is $21,457. 1.4% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 114028 GENERIC ( wiki:51.7% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Airoli is a suburb in the city of Navi Mumbai. Around 20 minutes from Thane and 10 minutes from Bhandup, or Mulund it is also accessible by the newly completed railway line from Thane or Vashi. The best way of travelling to Airoli is still by catching a bus from Mulund east / Vashi or Share Autos from Thane. Airoli has a few industries, a small residential population and two engineering colleges, the Datta Meghe College and MICT. Datta Meghe college or just the 'college' as it is known is Airoli is one of the best colleges in Navi Mumbai. Real estate prices are booming in Airoli. Previously considered as a middle class locality, Airoli was always within the reach of the common man. Now the Airoli Knowledge Park is fast making Airoli a big place. PCS is also planning to set up shop here. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1140514 GENERIC ( wiki:estate_prices#Real wiki:boom wiki:in_#Airoli ) ************************** The rack is a torture device. It consists of a rectangular, usually wood en frame, with a roller at one, or both, ends. The victim's feet are manacled to one roller, and the wrists are chained to the other. As the interrogation progresses, a handle and ratchet attached to the top roller are used to very gradually stepwise increase the tension on the chains, which induces excruciating pain as the victim's joints slowly dislocate. It was used throughout Europe, being the chief instrument of torture in many dungeons. Because of its mechanically precise, graded operation, it is particulaly suited for hard interrogation, as to extract a confession. One gruesome aspect of being stretched -deliberately- too far on the rack are the loud popping noises made by snapping cartilage, ligaments or bones. Eventually, if the application of the rack is continued, the victim's limbs are ripped right off. One powerful method for putting pressure upon a prisoner was to merely force him to view someone else being subjected to the rack. Well known victims of the rack include Guy Fawkes, Edmund Campion and Anne Askew in England, and Queen Brunhilda in France. The term rack is also used, occasionally, for a number of simpler constructions that constitute no such mechanical torture device, but simply to position the victim over for some physical punishment, after which it may be named specifically, e.g. caning rack, since in a given jurisdiction it was often custom or even prescribed to administer any given punishment in a specific position, for which the device (with our without fitting shackling and/or padding) would be chosen or specially made. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1141234 ************************** Texas District 6 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional district that serves an area including four counties to the south of the Dallas/ Fort Worth area plus the southeast corner of Tarrant County. As of the 2000 census, District 6 represents 651,620 people. The current Representative from District 6 is Joe Barton and has been since 1985. Please note that U.S. Congressional District borders are periodically redrawn and some District Residence locations may no longer be in the 6th District. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Died in office. <nowiki>**</nowiki> Phil Gramm resigned in 1983 to run by special election as a Republican. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1141881 GENERIC ( wiki:district#Congressional wiki:serve wiki:area_including_fourcountycorner ) GENERIC ( wiki:U.S_.Congressional_District_borders wiki:be#periodically wiki:redrawn ) ************************** ABSYS was an early declarative programming language from the University of Aberdeen which anticipated a number of features of Prolog . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 114299 ************************** The Southern Cross Cable, operated by a company named Southern Cross Cables, is a trans- Pacific network of submarine fibre optic cables. It links the following locations: The network topology is configured to have redundant paths and be self healing in case of physical damage. The company is owned by Telecom New Zealand(50%), Optus(40%) and MCI(10%). Construction of the cable began in July 1999, and was in use by customers by November 2000. Additional works and upgrades have since taken place to increase the network's capacity to 480 Gbit/s. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1143575 GENERIC ( wiki:works_and_upgrades#Additional wiki:have wiki: ) ************************** New Fort York was built to replace Toronto's original Fort York at the mouth of Garrison Creek as the primary military base for the settlement. A series of stone buildings were constructed in what is now the Canadian National Exhibition grounds. Today only one of the original buildings survives. The Stanley Barracks was once home to the Marine Museum, which has since been moved to Harbourfront. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1144776 ************************** Wathena is a city located in Doniphan County, Kansas (see map ). As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,348. Wathena is located at 39°45'44" North, 94°56'53" West (39.762161, -94.948117) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.1 km² (2.0 mi² ). 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,348 people, 524 households, and 345 families residing in the city. The population density is 266.9/km² (690.6/mi²). There are 566 housing units at an average density of 112.1/km² (290.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.48% White , 0.67% African American , 0.59% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.30% from other races , and 0.96% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 524 households out of which 34.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% are married couples living together, 10.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% are non-families. 30.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.48 and the average family size is 3.14. In the city the population is spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 81.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $34,046, and the median income for a family is $40,216. Males have a median income of $31,618 versus $20,800 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,440. 9.8% of the population and 5.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 11.6% of those under the age of 18 and 17.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 114532 GENERIC ( wiki:34.4% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:53.4% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** A mouthguard is the name given to the type of device that fits into the mouth over one or both arches of teeth, which is usually made of vacuum-formed plastic. Mouthguards may be used to protect against injury during sport or fighting, or may serve a medical purpose such as the splints used to treat temporomandibular joint dysfunction and bruxism. A thin acrylic mouthguard appliance is often used during tooth bleaching. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1145902 GENERIC ( wiki:mouthguard wiki:use_PASS wiki: ) ************************** Keshava and Keshav(केशव) are alternate names for the Hindu Lord Krishna. Keshava appears as the 23rd and 648th names in the Vishnu sahasranama. Kesava (Sanskrit) is the first of the 24 epithets of Lord Krishna The name means "One whose Kesa or locks are beautiful." Alternatively, it means one who is Himself the three: kah Brahma; ah Vishnu and Isa Shiva. In still another meaning, Keshava means one who destroyed the asura or demon Kesi in the Krishna avatar. It also means One who is endowed with the rays of light spreading within the orbit of the sun. Still furthermore, it means One who is endowed with divine powers of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. Cited from reference: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, commentary by Sri Sankaracharya, trasnlated by Swami Tapasyananda, available at Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai. available at India web site: http://www.sriramakrishnamath.org and US site: http://www.vedanta.com. For more information, see the wikipedia article on Krishna. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1146086 GENERIC ( wiki:and_Keshav(केशव)#Keshava wiki:be wiki:name#alternate ) GENERIC ( wiki:name wiki:mean wiki:"_OneKesa_or_locks ) ************************** Waldron is a city located in Harper County, Kansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 17. Waldron is located at 37°0'14" North, 98°10'59" West (37.003860, -98.183165) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.8 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 17 people, 10 households, and 5 families residing in the city. The population density is 21.2/km² (55.2/mi²). There are 13 housing units at an average density of 16.2/km² (42.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 88.24% White , 0.00% African American , 11.76% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 10 households out of which 0.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% are married couples living together, 0.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 50.0% are non-families. 50.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 40.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.70 and the average family size is 2.40. In the city the population is spread out with 0.0% under the age of 18, 0.0% from 18 to 24, 0.0% from 25 to 44, 35.3% from 45 to 64, and 64.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 76 years. For every 100 females there are 70.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 70.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $11,250, and the median income for a family is $36,250. Males have a median income of $46,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,350. 28.6% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 44.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 114608 GENERIC ( wiki:0.0% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:50.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Cammell Laird Dock is a dock at Bidston near Birkenhead on Merseyside. It exits directly onto the River Mersey. Formerly part of Cammell Laird shipbuilders, it is owned by Mersey Docks and Harbour Company and leased to Northwestern Shiprepairers & Shipbuilders. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1147263 ************************** Jos Verstappen( 4 March, 1972) is a Dutch Formula 1 driver. He started karting at the age of 8, and was participating in (national) competitions not long after. In 1984 he became Dutch junior champion. He remained successful, and won two European titles and a large number of international races in 1989. At the end of 1991 he made the transition to car racing after . He drove in the Formula Opel Lotus, a class in which identical cars are raced. He immediately won the European championship, and got an offer to drive Formula 3. During that European winter season, he raced in New Zealand Formula Atlantics. While in German Formula 3 he won several international competitions, including the 1993 Marlboro Masters and the German Formula 3 championship. In 1994 he was hired as a testing and backup driver in the Benetton team. After a test crash by J.J. Lehto(who broke a neck vertebra) he drove in several races as a regular driver from the start of the season, beside Michael Schumacher. Verstappen made his debut in the Benetton Formula 1 team during the Grand Prix of Brazil. During the race he was torpedoed by Eddie Irvine during an overtake. Verstappen somersaulted, but emerged unharmed. During a pitstop in the GP of Germany at the Hockenheimring, gasoline was spilled on heated car parts, setting the car with Verstappen in it ablaze for a brief period. As was usual at the time, the visor of his helmet was open, and he walked away with slight burn wounds to his nose. Since then, drivers keep their visors closed during refuels. A high point in this season was Verstappen's 3rd place during the Grand Prix in Hungary. A curiosity was his accident during a training session for the GP of France in Magny-Cours, in which Verstappen rammed his car into the pits wall, causing debris to fly and destroy a TV installation. Due to this accident, this equipment is now protected from the race track by plexiglass in contemporary setups. For the last two races, Verstappen was replaced by Johnny Herbert. In 1995 he was stationed by his Benetton teamboss Flavio Briatore at Simtek. Despite some strong showings Jos only finished once in the five races he drove for Simtek. The team had financial troubles and went bankrupt after the Grand Prix of Monaco. After the Simtek debacle Jos did some testing with Benetton and Ligier. In 1996 he drove for the Arrows team, and though he drove well, engine troubles prevented him from making a splash on the stage. During the GP of Belgium a part of the suspension of Verstappen's car broke off, causing him to hit the railing hard. He ended up with a prolonged neck injury. If it had not been for the raised cockpit edges introduced that year, Verstappen might not have survived the accident. In 1997 he went to the Tyrrell-Ford team, but didn't score. He was rehired by the team, now known as Stewart Grand Prix, for the last 9 races of the season 1998, and was a test driver for the Benetton team earlier on in that same year, but the latter would not hire him as a permanent test driver for lack of sponsor s. For 1999 everything seemed to go in the right direction for Verstappen. Near the end of 1998 Jos became the testdriver for the Honda Formula 1 project. Jos teamed up with old Tyrrell friends Rupert Manwaring and Harvey Postlethwaite, testing in 1999 and participating from the year 2000 and on. All went well for the Honda testteam until at one day the driving force behind the project, Dr. Harvey Postlethwaite, died of a hart-attack. Not long after this happened Honda changed their plans from becoming a fully factoryteam to just an engine-supplier and Jos was again without a seat. In 2000 he returned to Arrows, at that moment a promising team. The promise wasn't made good on, though; the many technical problems plagued not only Verstappen but also his teammates Pedro de la Rosa and Enrique Bernoldi. During the 2001 season Jos had some very good races but at the Brazilian Grand Prix there was a non-racing incident in which Verstappen put Juan Pablo Montoya, who was leading at the time, out of the race. The Arrows proved to be fast, but quite unreliable. Jos finished the season with a contract for the next season but is ultimately put aside in favor of the better funded Heinz-Harald Frentzen. Not waiting for things to come Jos starts looking for another team in 2002. He had almost signed a testcontract with Sauber but the they found out that Jos is to large for the small Sauber C21. Funny enough another driver fits perfectly. Heinz-Harald Frentzen, who prematurely left the now ill-fated Arrows-team. In 2003 Verstappen drove for European Minardi, a team which rarely scores points. He made an impression several times with the reliable but very slow Minardi, but left the Italian Formula 1 team because he didn't feel like driving in the rear guard for another year. Verstappen participated in 107 grands prix. He achieved 2 podiums, and scored a total of 17 championship points. (Note: grands prix in denote races.) After 2 years of not participating in races Jos Verstappen was confirmed in July as driver of the A1 Netherlands team for the A1 Grand Prix series ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1148735 GENERIC ( wiki:car#identical wiki:race_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:gasoline wiki:spill_PASS wiki:on_#car_parts#heated ) GENERIC ( wiki:driver wiki:keep wiki:visor ) GENERIC ( wiki:team wiki:have wiki:trouble#financial ) GENERIC ( wiki:engine_troubles wiki:prevent wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:Jos wiki:team#up wiki:with_#Tyrrell_friends_Rupert_Manwaring_and_Harvey_Postlethwaite#old ) ************************** Bunker Hill is a city located in Russell County, Kansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 101. Bunker Hill is located at 38°52'29" North, 98°42'10" West (38.874716, -98.702759) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.6 km² (1.4 mi² ). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 101 people, 51 households, and 29 families residing in the city. The population density is 28.3/km² (73.2/mi²). There are 68 housing units at an average density of 19.0/km² (49.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 100.00% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 6.93% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 51 households out of which 13.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% are married couples living together, 3.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% are non-families. 39.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.98 and the average family size is 2.59. In the city the population is spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 1.0% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 37.6% from 45 to 64, and 23.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 51 years. For every 100 females there are 83.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 80.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $24,821, and the median income for a family is $29,375. Males have a median income of $29,167 versus $30,833 for females. The per capita income for the city is $24,128. 2.1% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 114898 GENERIC ( wiki:51.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** The Azania n People's Organisation, or AZAPO is a South Africa n political organisation. Its inspiration is drawn from the 'Black Consciousness' philosophies developed by Steve Biko, Onkgopotse Tiro and Vuyelwa Mashalaba. It was founded in 1978 out of three organisations: the Black People's Convention (BPC), the South African Students' Organisation(SASO) and the Black Community Programmes(BCP). These were three of a number of black consciousness organisations that were banned on Wednesday, 19 October 1977 for their role in the armed resistance and the 16 June 1976 Soweto uprisings. In October 1994, AZAPO merged with its sister organisation, the Black Consciousness Movement of Azania(BCMA). AZAPO campaigned for the isolation of South Africa during its apartheid years by waging a so-called "cultural boycott" in the country; black people increasingly regained their resolve to fight for their rights and formed trade unions and civic organisations that drew the blue print for the conduct of struggles by civil society. During the 1980s, it was engaged in a bloody internecine feud with the ANC. Since then, AZAPO has carried on as a small political party, winning two seats to the South African Parliament at the 2004 general election. On 21 March 1998 a faction broke away to form the Socialist Party of Azania(SOPA) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1149212 GENERIC ( wiki:16_June_1976Soweto_uprisingsAZAPO wiki:merge wiki:with_#sister_organisation ) GENERIC ( wiki:organisation#civic wiki:draw wiki:print#blue ) GENERIC ( wiki:AZAPO wiki:carry_PASS wiki:of_#number#of_#consciousness_organisations#black ) ************************** Augusta is a city located in Bracken County, Kentucky , along the Ohio River . As of the 2005 census, the city had a total population of 2,004. When Bracken County was organized in 1796 , Augusta was the county seat . In 1839 , a new county courthouse was built at a more central location in Brooksville . Augusta is located at 38°46'21" North, 84°0'6" West (38.772556, -84.001530) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.3 km² (1.6 mi² ). 3.2 km² (1.2 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 26.67% water. As of the census of 2005 , there are 2,004 people, 1384 households, and 430 families residing in the city. The population density is 411.0/km² (990.9/mi²). There are 605 housing units at an average density of 191.5/km² (497.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.51% White , 1.25% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.17% Pacific Islander , 0.33% from other races , and 0.75% from two or more races. 0.58% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 534 households out of which 28.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% are married couples living together, 14.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% are non-families. 34.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.25 and the average family size is 2.88. In the city the population is spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $28,333, and the median income for a family is $34,167. Males have a median income of $27,500 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,450. 16.8% of the population and 9.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 3.9% of those under the age of 18 and 5.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Augusta was founded in 1786 as a trading post along the Ohio River . The city was named after Augusta County, Virginia . The city grew quickly and in 1796 (in some cases as some people believe, 1786) became county seat of the Extensive Bracken County area. The location was moved to Oxford then back to Augusta the finally to Brooksville in 1839 as county seat. The city was home to five separate schools, one private four public. The most famous built was the Augusta College, which served the entire Bracken area until 1887 when the High School was moved into that spot. The college continued to serve the city until October 31 , 1896 . John Laycock (2002-Present) Wendell High (1998-2002) Louis Habermehl Jr (1994-1998) Mike Bach (1990-1994) Issac Weldon (19??-1986) Thomas Appelman (1972-19??) Current enrollment: 279 High School students 66 Middle School students 280 Elementary School students ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 115039 GENERIC ( wiki:43.4% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** In computational complexity theory, the complexity class FL is the set of function problems which can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in a logarithm ic amount of memory space. Loosely speaking, a function problem takes a complicated input and produces a (perhaps equally) complicated output. Function problems are distinguished from decision problems, which produce only Yes or No answers. FL corresponds to the set L of decision problems which can be solved in deterministic logspace. FL is a subset of FP , the set of function problems which can be solved in deterministic polynomial time. FL is known to contain several natural problems, including the multiplication of two numbers. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1151048 GENERIC ( wiki:Function_problems wiki:distinguish_PASS wiki:from_#decision_problems ) GENERIC ( wiki:FL wiki:correspond wiki:_#set_L#of_#decision_problems ) ************************** Lake Alexandrina is located in the Mackenzie Basin of New Zealand's South Island, between the much larger lakes Tekapo and Pukaki, to the north of Lake Tekapo township. The Maori name for the lake is Whakatukumoana. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1151499 ************************** St. Regis Park is a city located in Jefferson County, Kentucky . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,520. St. Regis Park is located at 38°13'43" North, 85°36'60" West (38.228670, -85.616634) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.4 mi² ). 0.9 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,520 people, 582 households, and 463 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,630.2/km² (4,251.8/mi²). There are 595 housing units at an average density of 638.1/km² (1,664.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 96.78% White , 1.78% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.66% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 0.53% from two or more races. 0.59% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 582 households out of which 30.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.6% are married couples living together, 7.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% are non-families. 19.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 2.98. In the city the population is spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 30.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $73,350, and the median income for a family is $81,498. Males have a median income of $45,078 versus $29,637 for females. The per capita income for the city is $31,975. 2.0% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 6.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 115255 GENERIC ( wiki:30.4% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:70.6% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** : For the Italian industrial designer see Joe Cesare Colombo. Joseph "Joe" Colombo Sr.( 1914– 1978) was leader of the Colombo crime family, one of the " Five Families" considered the most important in the American Mafia. Colombo became head of what was then known as the Profaci family in 1962, following the deaths of family founder Joe Profaci and his successor, Joe Magliocco. Colombo inherited a family wracked by internal dissention and battles with other crime leaders, most particularly Carlo Gambino. In the spring of 1970, Colombo responded to increasing FBI scrutiny of his activities by picketing FBI offices in New York City, claiming that the FBI was harassing Italian-Americans. These activities led to the formation of the Italian-American Civil Rights League. On June 29, 1970, 50,000 people showed up in Columbus Circle in New York City for an "Italian-American Unity Day" rally. Among the participants were five U.S. Representatives and several prominent entertainers. Under Colombo's guidance, the League quickly grew in numbers and soon developed a national presence. The League drew further publicity when in November 1970 Frank Sinatra headlined a benefit for the League at Madison Square Garden. Colombo became increasingly public in his attempts to portray FBI anti-Mafia activities as "harassment" of Italian-Americans. Unlike other mob leaders at the time who tried to shun the spotlight, Colombo began to appear in television interviews and make other speaking appearances on behalf of the League. Colombo planned to follow up on the League's early successes by planning a second Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle to be held June 28, 1971. Other Mafia leaders were quite displeased with Colombo's public activities. Prior to the rally, Colombo's position became more difficult with the release from prison of Joey Gallo. Gallo had previously battled for control of the Profaci/Colombo organization during the "Profaci War." Gallo used his time in prison to build alliances with other ethnic criminals (most particularly black criminals in Harlem and the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn), and was using these contacts to disrupt Colombo's activities in Brooklyn. On the morning of the second Italian Unity Day rally, Colombo was shot by Jerome Johnson, who, disguised as a news photographer, approached Colombo and shot him as Colombo was about to address the rally. As Colombo's son and several others were wrestling Johnson to the ground, another man, never identified, stepped up and shot Johnson dead. The unidentified man then escaped. Colombo was seriously wounded. He did not die immediately, but never regained consciousness. He lingered on in a coma for nearly seven years ("vegetabled" in the words of Joe Gallo) and died at his New Jersey estate on May 22, 1978. Colombo's murder was never solved. Because the assailant was a black man, it has often been assumed that Joe Gallo, with his alliances with black criminals and his hatred of Colombo, ordered the murder. Carlo Gambino also was considered a suspect. Gambino was angered over the increasing publicity generated by Colombo's activities with the League, and it was later reported that Colombo responded to a Gambino request to cease his public activities by spitting in Gambino's face. In addition, Johnson, the assassin, was known to have associated with people connected with the Gambinos. Another theory, not considered credible, is that the U.S. government set up the assassination to destroy the League. Colombo was replaced as head of the Colombo family by Vincent Alo, and his assassination touched off a second intra-family war with the Gallo forces. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1153709 GENERIC ( wiki:family wiki:wrack_PASS wiki:by_#dissention_and_battles#internal#with_#crime_leaders#other ) GENERIC ( wiki:FBI wiki:harass wiki:american#Italian ) ************************** The topic of music and movement in the curriculum is an area that has long been neglected up until recently. Educators are now becoming more aware of the benefits of a quality music and movement program because of increased studies. Researchers have found that music and movement programs have a positive impact on child development for children between birth and their primary school years in many of the developmental domains. Singing songs to children and with them will teach them about beat, tones, and lyrics which are all important in developing auditory discrimination. The use of instruments will promote fine motor development and encourage creative development. Creative movement helps children learn many concepts such as balance, coordination, rhythm, and is also an important tool for developing self-esteem and body awareness. This annotated bibliography will help educators learn about the importance of music and movement programs, and create their own programs within their classroom. Below are links to external websites that provide information in the form of online articles, lesson plans and activities, and sites to purchase materials. Providing this an annotated bibliography will allow the reader to know what the website contains before accessing it. This article focuses on the link between music and intellect. It goes on to discuss the many different research experiments that have been conducted that all seek to prove that there is a link between music and children’s functioning. All of the studies that were discussed did find that music was beneficial for children and in most cases seen an improvement in the area that was being studied which included math and science skills, spatial skills, and even music aptitude. This article also focuses on what educators and caregivers can do to incorporate music into their daily routine. It concludes with giving direct points regarding the benefits of music and movement. This article discusses the importance of creative movement and its many benefits. Creative Movement is an exciting way for children to explore movement through music. Creative movement also teaches children a lot about their own personal bodies, the space around them, and their other classmates. This article also goes on to discuss the many other benefits of creative movement. It outlines many findings in relation to child development, sensory awareness, social development, health and fitness, language development and cognitive learning, self-esteem and so much more. While the article isn’t very in-depth it does give a great overview of the benefits of creative movement. This article gives a very general description about how children progress in their individual music development. While the article was very short it did give a lot information about how children progress for infancy to childhood. Siting a lot of research has been done in the area of children and music. One of the most interesting findings is that young children develop musically through a predictable sequence to basic music competence. The article also went on to describe what parents and caregivers can do to ensure that their child is developing appropriately. Start the music was a report based on the early childhood music summit. The meeting was held as a way to educate the public about the importance of music and to make it an essential component in early childhood development. Many of the benefits of music and movement programs/activities which have been found in extensive research studies were addressed. The summit also addressed three needs that they viewed as very important that needed to be met. They are; Strategies were created for each of the above needs. This can help educators who do not have a strong music program to create one. Overall the notes from the summit were very informative and provided a lot of great ideas that school boards need to implement. This site allows educators to share their music and movement ideas. There are different links which make it a lot easier to find what you’re searching for. The links are everyday songs and finger plays, creative movement activities, holiday songs and finger plays, musical instruments, themed songs, sharing classical musical with children, music links, and CDs and cassettes. This site is a great resource for educators to have. The Early Childhood Music and Movement Association (ECMMA) is an organization of professional educators dedicated to the ideal that all children should be given the advantage of music and movement instruction during their early years from birth to age seven. The website lists the many focuses of the ECMMA which have to do with the advancements in music and movement development, educating and encouraging early childhood educators, and supporting the family system. This website also provides information about certification programs, links to readings, and information about conferences. Kindermusik is a community of families and teachers passionately committed to bringing music to children's lives through developmentally appropriate curricula, CDs, books, instruments, and activities. They offer classes to the public throughout Canada and the United States. There is even a class locater so you can search for a class in your area. Besides offing classes this site educates about the importance of music for young children. They have a lot of statistics posted on their site from numerous research studies that they have conducted. There is also a section where parents/caregivers/educators can purchase materials that are used during the Kindermusik sessions. This would allow families to continue the songs that they have learned within their home. Kindermusik is truly dedicated to bringing music and movement into the lives of families. This site provides a great deal of information about their programs and the importance of music in a young child’s life. The Best Children’s Music website provides quality materials and resources for both home and school. The website is broken up into age categories to make searching for materials quick and easy. What is available are CD’s and cassettes that the website claims are kid tested and parent approved so you can be sure your getting a quality product. This website provides many resources for teaching music and movement. This online catalogue has many different brightly coloured musical instruments. The first two pages contained instruments, while the last page has books and scarves. All of the materials on this site are geared towards young children. They are all brightly coloured and incorporate animals (bear tambourine and monkey bells). The prices seemed somewhat reasonable ranging from $8.75 for one rainmaker to $58 for a bundle of rhythm materials. For an early childhood educator this site would provide a lot of useful resources to add to their collection. West Music Company is a site dedicated to music. Educators can browse online and find exactly what they are looking for or they can request a catalogue. It was very easy to find what I was looking for on this site because of a search option. This option listed all of the musical resources that they have available so you can easily find what you need (there was even a section for early childhood). There were resources available that were appropriate for all ages. There were the typical brightly coloured early childhood instruments, guitars for all ages, and even full drum sets. Educators who are teaching children how to play a certain instrument would also be able to find instruction books for their students. Overall I think that this website provides everything that an educator would need to create a successful music and movement program within their classroom. This is the section in the Ontario Curriculum that focuses on the arts. The site explains what children will be learning and specific outcomes for Music and Drama and Dance in their primary and junior years. See also the Early Childhood Music Association of Ontario, . ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1155100 GENERIC ( wiki:researcher wiki:find_PASS wiki:of_#benefit#of_#quality_music_and_movement_program ) GENERIC ( wiki:music_and_movement_programs wiki:have wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:movement#Creative wiki:help wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:bibliography wiki:help wiki:educator ) GENERIC ( wiki:below wiki:be wiki:link ) GENERIC ( wiki:site wiki:purchase wiki:material ) GENERIC ( wiki:educators_and_caregivers wiki:do wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:point#direct wiki:regard wiki:benefit ) GENERIC ( wiki:benefit#many_otherchild#young wiki:develop#musically wiki:through_#sequence#predictable#_#music_competence#basic ) GENERIC ( wiki:parents_and_caregivers wiki:do wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:parents_and_caregivers wiki:ensure wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:activity wiki:find_PASS wiki:in_#research_studies#extensive ) GENERIC ( wiki:strategy wiki:create_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:educator wiki:have wiki:music_program#strong ) GENERIC ( wiki:school_boards wiki:need wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:educator wiki:share wiki:music_and_movement_ideas ) GENERIC ( wiki:link wiki:be wiki:songs_and_finger_plays#everyday ) GENERIC ( wiki:all_children wiki:give_PASS wiki:advantage ) GENERIC ( wiki:site wiki:educate wiki:about_#importance#of_#music#for_#child#young ) GENERIC ( wiki:sectionparent wiki:/ wiki:caregiver ) GENERIC ( wiki:material wiki:use_PASS wiki:during_#Kindermusik_sessions ) GENERIC ( wiki:page#first wiki:contain wiki:instrument ) GENERIC ( wiki:educator wiki:browse wiki:online ) GENERIC ( wiki:resource wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:educator wiki:teach wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:instruction_bookswebsite wiki:provide wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:childchild wiki:learn wiki: ) ************************** Grayson is a village located in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 531. Grayson is located at 32°2'55" North, 92°6'42" West (32.048640, -92.111666) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 3.3 km² (1.3 mi² ). 3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 531 people, 227 households, and 167 families residing in the village. The population density is 161.4/km² (418.2/mi²). There are 260 housing units at an average density of 79.0/km² (204.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 88.89% White , 9.79% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.56% from other races , and 0.75% from two or more races. 1.88% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 227 households out of which 32.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% are married couples living together, 22.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% are non-families. 25.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.34 and the average family size is 2.78. In the village the population is spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 80.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 70.4 males. The median income for a household in the village is $28,125, and the median income for a family is $33,250. Males have a median income of $30,556 versus $20,536 for females. The per capita income for the village is $14,491. 25.6% of the population and 23.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 38.2% of those under the age of 18 and 16.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 115530 GENERIC ( wiki:32.2% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:47.1% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Nine Lives is the ninth album by Bonnie Raitt, released in 1986(see 1986 in music). It was Raitt's most difficult release, due to the poor sales, negative reviews, and general circumstances surrounding its release."In 1983 there was a corporate sweep at Warner's, coming from upstairs, and they needed to trim the fat," Raitt recalled in 1990. "I just had completed an album called Tongue & Groove, which was produced by Rob Fraboni, who had also done Green Light . And I don't think they maliciously said, 'Let's let her finish her album and get the tour all lined up and print the covers and hire the people to do the video and then drop her.' You know, ha, ha, ha. But that's what they did. it was literally the day after I had finished mastering it. I had already finished the album once, and Warner's claimed the Jerry Williams tune would be more commercial if it didn't have quite as reggae a beat. Or something like that. So I went in and redid it. I thought if I cooperated a little more, maybe they'd promote the album more. But instead they dropped me and pulled the rug out from under my tour. I thought the way they did it was real crummy. They sent a letter. I think I suffered from not having a relationship with the A&R department there, because I had an independent production deal..." Raitt could've purchased the master tapes and released the album elsewhere, but Warner's asking price was considered too extravagant. "They told me I can take the tapes and shop them around," said Raitt, "but they wanted about $500,000 for them, and nobody wanted to pay that much..." The material for Tongue & Groove was shelved until two years later when "Warner's suddenly said they were going to put the record out," Raitt recalled. "I said it wasn't really fair. I think at this point they felt kind of bad. I mean, I was out there touring on my savings to keep my name up, and my ablility to draw was less and less. So they agreed to let me go in and recut half of it." The result was Nine Lives which was finally released in 1986. - Billboard(North America) - Billboard (North America) ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1156665 ************************** The city of New Roads is the parish seat of Pointe Coupee Parish , in the US state of Louisiana . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 4,966. New Roads is located at 30°41'47" North, 91°26'20" West (30.696305, -91.438980) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 11.8 km² (4.6 mi² ). 11.8 km² (4.6 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 4,966 people, 1,818 households, and 1,243 families residing in the city. The population density is 421.4/km² (1,091.8/mi²). There are 2,044 housing units at an average density of 173.4/km² (449.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 38.99% White , 59.32% African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.79% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.16% from other races , and 0.52% from two or more races. 0.62% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,818 households out of which 33.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% are married couples living together, 23.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% are non-families. 28.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.24. In the city the population is spread out with 27.4% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 82.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 75.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $24,583, and the median income for a family is $31,250. Males have a median income of $32,679 versus $20,547 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,840. 30.3% of the population and 23.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 40.3% of those under the age of 18 and 22.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 115695 GENERIC ( wiki:33.2% wiki:have wiki:child ) GENERIC ( wiki:40.4% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Burkhard Heim( February 9 1925– January 14 2001) was a German theoretical physicist. He devoted a large portion of his life to the pursuit of his unified field theory. The inspiration for Heim theory is from general relativity and quantum mechanics, both of which were considered fundamental to a physical understanding of the universe. One of his childhood ambitions was to develop a method of space travel, which contributed to his motivation to find such a theory. During World War II, Heim was recruited by the Nazis and worked briefly in a chemical laboratory as an explosives technician. An explosion in the laboratory caused by the mishandling of unstable compounds left him with a debilitating handicap. The accident left him without hands and seriously deaf and blind when he was 19. His behaviour subsequently became progressively eccentric and reclusive. Eventually, he retreated into almost total seclusion, concentrating on developing and refining his theory of everything. A large proportion of Heim's private study focused on the unification of space and time using the mathematics of geometrical forms. The result of these efforts are described more fully in the companion article Heim theory. This article contains primarily biographical information about Heim. A large proportion of the 76 years of Heim's life was spent on theoretical physics and the formulation of his Heim theory. In 1943 he met Heisenberg who was involved in German atom bomb research at that time and told him of his plan to use chemical implosion to facilitate an atomic explosion. This design was based on his idea he developed for a 'clean' hydrogen bomb when he was 18. Heisenberg was impressed by Heim's knowledge, but thought the approach would be impractical. 10 years later, Heim's design was used in the first such bomb. At that point Heim had to do military service in the German airforce. He sent a paper on explosives to the Chemical-Technical 'Reichsanstalt' in Berlin, whereupon he was summoned to work there on the development of the proposed new explosives. It was here that he met with the accident that handicapped him for life. In 1946, Heim registered at the University of Goettingen to study physics. He fulfilled his academic degree requirements with the help of companions. Afterwards, he continued to study a variety of topics including medicine, psychology, electronics, history and theology. In 1954 he began to study under Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in Göttingen. He wrote his diploma thesis on physical processes in the Crab Nebula Supernova. After this, he began to work at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Göttingen. However, he soon found it extremely difficult to work in a team due to his handicaps. Von Weizsäcker also did not want to burden Heim with the development of a unified field theory. However, this was essentially the only thing that Heim was interested in. Heim decided that it was best that he worked from home as a result of these circumstances. By the 1960s, he worked almost exclusively in isolation—obsessively, often unceasingly for days on end. The magazine le Figaro remarked ( January 15 1969) that he was an "inhuman robot". Heim was very mindful of keeping his work from others and worried about plagiarism. In particular, he saw some colleagues as possible plagiarists, e.g., Anderson and Ahner (see for a related paper by these authors with a higher dimensional theory reminiscent of Heim's). One other reason for his distrust of others was due to a colleague who embezzle d donations from a society he founded in 1959. (The Institut für Kraftfeldphysik e.V. was intended to develop test models of his propulsion concepts.) Some of his first publications were written during this period. This included a series of anticipated papers published in the Zeitschrift für Flugkörper(1959). Heim discussed "the principle of the dynamic Kontrabarie" in which he examined how a field drive would be more effective than the best chemical drive for rockets. These papers remained ambiguous on the fundamental concepts underlying his theory of the field drive, likely due to the necessity to complete the calculations on the extra fields of his field theory. These calculations were not performed until a few years later. In the late '50s and early '60s there were a number of reports on Heim in magazines and tabloids such as Le Figaro, Bunte Illustrierte, Quick and Stern . Also the main German TV station, ARD, ran reports and interviews with Heim. It was widely publicised that Heim was likely to make a breakthrough, either in fundamental physics or propulsion theory. The aerospace company Bölkow was prepared to finance Heim's effort to develop a field drive, but were unable to obtain adequate financing. The firm's chief executive Ludwig Bölkow suggested to Heim that he concentrate on deriving as many concrete predictions from his theory as possible. With this suggestion, Heim decided to turn from an experimentalist back to a theorist. It would be almost 20 years before Heim's predictions materialised into anything concrete—in the end, part of this resulted in what is known today as his mass formula for elementary particles, the values of the fine structure constant, and the force coupling coefficients. Heim was known to a few top physicists in the 1940s and 50s. He was known to Werner Heisenberg, who recognized his potential, and also to the relativist Pascual Jordan. Heim was also keenly aware of the theories of Einstein. In particular, his works reference the book The Meaning of Relativity by Albert Einstein, published in 1950. It would not be until the 1970s that Heim would publish his first work. He did not submit his work to scientific peer review. Instead, he chose to publish with a little known publishing house, resulting in errors in the presentation of his theory. Many of those errors are only now undergoing correction. His only peer review ed paper was in 1977 in Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, a publication of the Max Planck Institute for physics. The publication of this paper followed on a visit to Hans-Peter Dürr, then director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics& Astrophysics near Munich and successor to Heisenberg. Duerr, after initial scepticism, became fascinated when he realised that Heim's was a structure theory leading to mass predictions from first principles. After an intense session of questioning over several hours, Duerr convinced Heim to break with his habit of non-publication. The resulting paper was schematic, as he had been asked to avoid too many equations. Nevertheless, it excited great interest in letters from physicists of all calibres eager to learn more of the theory (though it is not known if any actually referred to Heim's paper in a formal publication). In 1982 Heim's mass formula was programmed on a computer at DESY at his discretion. The task was completed at this, the main centre for elementary particle research in Hamburg, Germany, with the assistance of some resident scientists. The results were surprisingly accurate when compared with empirically measured values current at that time. It is important to observe that this was the first time a physics theory had achieved this—no other physics theory has reproduced a comparable result since. Although astonished at the accuracy, the DESY experimental physicists wanted to have corroboration from other theorists before publishing the results of the test. Up to this point, Heim had not yet confided in other theoretical physicists on the details of the mass formula derivation. Hence, the DESY results were not widely published and disseminated for academic scrutiny. Fortuitously in the same year, Walter Droescher, a theorist at the Vienna Patent Office, began to work with Heim. The first result of their collaboration cumulated into the second volume of Heim's major work, appearing in 1984. It is almost error-free, in contrast to the first volume which was not reviewed to this extent. Heim was a precocious child. At age of 6 he knew the positions of the major planets and constellations. In school, he taught himself thousands of Chinese characters with which to write secret messages. He was already advanced far beyond his age in chemistry, so that when he devised an explosive booby trap on door knobs as a prank on unpopular teachers, he was not suspected of being the culprit as he seemed too young for such an advanced construction. At the age of 18, he did his 'Abitur' or high school diploma. Heim had to undergo a series of operations (at least 50 according to ) after the explosion which resulted in the loss of his arms. He found that intense concentration on the study of Einstein's relativity theory helped him control the pain in his arms mentally and physically. The loss of his hands and serious diminution of his eyesight apparently resulted in Heim acquiring an eidetic, acoustic memory. He rarely forgot a formula if it was recited, and could learn a language in a matter of days. He married a former concert singer from Prague in 1950 named Gerda. The full delineation of his work covers about 2000 pages, and was written almost entirely in isolation from university life. The primary works which describe Heim's theory and its extensions span 4 volumes totalling around 1000 pages. The lengthy nature of the work led many publishing houses to refuse printing, often citing economic concerns regarding profitability. His notation made representation of his work in technical journals substantially difficult to reproduce, and exacerbated the difficulty in getting his work published. All of this has made his work difficult to assess by the scientific community objectively even today. His theory also left an impression on the new age community, particularly those groups interested in UFOs, "anomalous atmospheric phenomena", antigravity, "mind over matter", and material consciousness. Although a subset of these topics are studied from an academic perspective, the tendency of these groups to popularize and exaggerate Heim's claims have served as a double-edged sword for Heim today—it has spread the awareness of Heim, but at the expense of his academic credibility in the eyes of modern theoretical physicists. Heim was indeed interested in such "mystic" things, but was mindful to separate his objective work from his subjective work. Nevertheless, his publications reflect a cross influence between these two topics and a tendency to unify the two. Regardless, the mathematical work is substantial and operates under standard scientific logic. Hence, it is necessary to interpret Heim's work carefully, and in the context in which it was written. What remains fundamental, however, is that the serious work of Heim will require a substantial amount of rigorous critique and scrutiny before it will be accepted by the scientific community as a mainstream theory. His mass formula, once perhaps the most celebrated result of his theory among his supporters, has largely been replaced by the propulsion implications as the best known of the theory's physics predictions. There is debate among physicists as to whether the ideas of Heim achieved his goals. Those who have collaborated with Heim generally believe that he may have succeeded. Most other physicists have not held the theory in as high a regard, primarily because a significant portion of Heim's work has not been publish ed in rigorously peer review ed journals. Other factors limiting the acceptance of Heim's theory include its complex mathematical formalism(such as its use of selector calculus), as well as its lengthy nature. In particular, the theory was initially published in German and had notations which were not in widespread use. For these reasons, Heim's theory has attracted a limited audience and appeal in today's theoretical physics community. As a result, he is not as well known now as most prominent physicists, though in the 1950s and 1960s he was prominent in the media and amongst distinguished physicists. A few researchers today continue developing Heim's theory using a form of quantum gravity with the expectation that Heim may receive posthumous credit for finding a comprehensive framework for a Theory of Everything . A 1982 calculation based on Heim's theory was programmed on a computer at DESY in Hamburg, the main German centre for experimental particle physics. This particular set of calculations is based on Heim's "mass formula for sub-atomic particles", also known as the "mass formula". The calculation gave the ground state masses for many fundamental particles to within a reasonable experimental error. No other theory of theoretical particles at present has achieved a comparable result. The scientists at DESY expressed reserved optimism for Heim's theory, and requested that more confirmation be given from theorists that the calculations were valid. As Heim's work had not undergone a rigorous peer review process, the request was difficult to fulfil—indeed, it is debatable even today whether the result has been verified sufficiently and without error. As a result, this has been interpreted by many observing the development of Heim's theory that it fundamentally lacks rigour and substance. Nevertheless, the people who have continued to develop the theory believe that these difficulties can be overcome, primarily by publishing in more established journals, which Heim circumvented either by choice or necessity. In the years since the DESY activity, Heim worked on further refining his theory until he could also predict the lifetimes of particles and infer the stability of their excited state s. These results are of greater interest to experimentalists at particle accelerators, as it allows them to target specific energies in which high energy particles can be created. Since Heim's death in 2001, the small group of scientists around him finished work on predicting the energy spectrum of particle ground and excited states. So far, the agreement with experiment achieves five to seven decimal places of accuracy, but is outside the error bar of the mass measurements for stable and long lived particles, where the measure accuracy is highest, see this table. In some respects, Heim's theory is closer to being a Theory of Everything than the relatively more established standard model of particle physics and Superstring theory(see The Elegant Universe by Brian Greene) because it is able to infer particle masses, which the other theories are unable to do. However, theoretical physicists still need to work through the formidable mathematics before they can assess the validity of Heim's theory, and obtain reasonable confidence in the results. A sign that the theory is perhaps undergoing a renewal of interest is a paper published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2005 authored by Droescher and Haeuser. The paper discusses potential aerospace applications of Heim theory. The Nuclear and Future Flight Propulsion Technical Committee of the AIAA decided to acknowledge the publication with a "best paper of the year" award in July 2005. The authors duly accepted their award in July 2005. This was widely reported on web-sites associated with the University of Braunschweig (e.g. , , ) and elsewhere. There are indications that the science press is also interested in reporting on the award and its relation to LQT. Heim Theory is unknown to a majority of scientists and theoretical physicists. Until fairly recently, most of Heim's works were only published in German. English papers are now becoming available primarily due to the efforts of a small group of scientists associated with the Heim Theory Group . For example, a paper on Heim theory and space propulsion will be published by the American Institute of Physics early in 2005, having undergone a formal peer review. There is debate on whether the publication represents an impartial support for Heim theory, because the complexities of the theory may obscure flaws which are not immediately apparent and hard to detect. There is also criticism that in consideration of the small number of scientists who support the validity of Heim theory, groupthink may be the cause of the perceived strength of the theory, rather than its intrinsic theoretical and foundational considerations. Indeed, the removal of errors introduced by the first publication of Heim theory, and translation to more common notation will be paramount for wider acceptance of the theory. Bridging the language and intellectual barriers required to understand Heim theory are the main tasks of the group working on Heim theory (see external links). An overview of Burkhard Heim's life targeting the general public has also been proposed. This will almost certainly be in German, from a member of the Heim-Theory group, and will be largely non-technical in nature. There are plans to write the publication in advance of wide dissemination of the theory among scientists who have the credentials to verify it. This has lead some observers to question Heim theory as it is, since the proposal appears contrary to traditional methods required for a theory to become accepted. The impression is that those proposing the publication for general audiences are more interested in generating publicity for Heim for reasons other than the dissemination of quality scientific thought for rigorous analysis and discussion. Further limiting the ease of acceptance of Heim theory was the choice of Heim to publish initially with Resch Verlag of Austria, and to remain with it, as opposed to seeking a better-known and reputable science publisher. The publisher has been associated with " new age" type publications, and this association has resulted in a generally negative first impression of Heim theory. In addition, Heim himself was interested in mystic ideas such as the paranormal and alternative interpretations of reality. This has caused observers to question whether Heim himself was sufficiently impartial to separate these ideas from his comprehensive theory of everything. Indeed, Heim's later non-technical publications incorporate some notion of spirit. His rigorous main works such as those on quantum field theory do not contain such notions. Supporters of Heim contend that too much emphasis has been placed on Heim's perceived associations, and that his theory should be evaluated independent of these contexts. Other notable scientists such as Isaac Newton were also interested in mysticism, and supporters of Heim contend that this association does not and should not necessarily tarnish the mathematical theory. In the context and times in which Heim worked during the 1950s and 1960s, the pressure in academia to publish papers for recognition (such as tenure or job security) was considerably less than that of today. As Heim chose to work outside of the university environment and in isolation, he was not exposed to such pressures and minimized his risk of printing premature publications. As a comparison, it is noteworthy to consider that Einstein went through a long period of 'incubation' before producing his revolutionary relativity theory. Heim's incubation period was approximately ten times longer. There are also similarities between Heim and Newton—the latter waited 20 years before going into print with the results of his year of wonders, during which interval many of his contemporaries dismissed him as an "alchemical dabbler". Also, due to staring at the sun Newton was nearly blind for a long time. Although these observations are largely coincidental, it should be noted that Heim indeed overcame substantial limitations to actually publish his works. After many years of arduous concentration on the development of his mathematical physics theory, largely in isolation from society, Heim thought it time to talk to audiences about his more accessible philosophical speculations. As part of this, he began to describe the philosophical interpretation of the character of the extra dimensions in his theory; for example, that the 5th and 6th coordinates exercised an ordering influence on material systems. In popular culture, news of these ideas spread and were unfortunately unaccompanied by descriptions of the underlying rigorous mathematics. Thus for the majority of people, the only aspects of Heim's theories that made sense were the more philosophical or mystical ones. See external links for details. These external links contain supplemental biographical information on Heim. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1157821 GENERIC ( wiki:inspiration wiki:be wiki:from_#relativity_and_quantum_mechanics#general ) GENERIC ( wiki:explosion wiki:cause_PASS wiki:by_#mishandling#of_#compound#unstable ) GENERIC ( wiki:accident wiki:leave wiki:without_#hand ) GENERIC ( wiki:proportion#large wiki:spend_PASS wiki:on_#physics#theoretical ) GENERIC ( wiki:structure_theory wiki:lead wiki:_#mass_predictions#from_#principle#first ) GENERIC ( wiki:notation wiki:be wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:set#particular wiki:base_PASS wiki:on_#Heim##for_#particles_"#atomic ) GENERIC ( wiki:confirmation wiki:give_PASS wiki:from_#theorist ) GENERIC ( wiki:result wiki:be wiki:of_#interest#_#experimentalist#at_#particle_accelerators ) GENERIC ( wiki:energy_particles#high wiki:create_PASS wiki:of_#interest#_#experimentalist#at_#particle_accelerators ) GENERIC ( wiki:paper wiki:discuss wiki:aerospace_applications#potential ) GENERIC ( wiki:theory#Heim wiki:be wiki:unknown#_#majority#of_#scientist ) GENERIC ( wiki:flaw wiki:be#primarily wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:barrier#intellectual wiki:require_PASS wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:publisher wiki:associate_PASS wiki:with_#age#new#"_#type_publications ) GENERIC ( wiki:observer wiki:question wiki:whether_#heim ) GENERIC ( wiki:supporter wiki:contend wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:scientist#Other_notable_ wiki:be#also wiki:interested#in_#mysticism_,_and_supporters#of_#heim ) GENERIC ( wiki:pressure wiki:publish wiki:papers ) ************************** Hornbeck is a town located in Vernon Parish, Louisiana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 435. Hornbeck is located at 31°19'33" North, 93°23'45" West (31.325937, -93.395945) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 3.0 km² (1.2 mi² ). 3.0 km² (1.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 435 people, 181 households, and 121 families residing in the town. The population density is 143.6/km² (372.9/mi²). There are 227 housing units at an average density of 74.9/km² (194.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.02% White , 2.30% African American , 2.07% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.23% Pacific Islander , 0.23% from other races , and 1.15% from two or more races. 0.69% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 181 households out of which 28.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% are married couples living together, 10.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% are non-families. 31.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 3.03. In the town the population is spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 80.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $25,446, and the median income for a family is $33,036. Males have a median income of $27,750 versus $17,000 for females. The per capita income for the town is $11,237. 14.3% of the population and 13.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 10.7% of those under the age of 18 and 29.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 115818 GENERIC ( wiki:54.7% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Munishvara was a 17th century India n mathematician who produced accurate sine tables. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1158681 GENERIC ( wiki:century_India_n_mathematician#17th wiki:produce wiki:table#accurate_sine ) ************************** A seismic gap is a segment of an active geologic fault that has not slipped in an unusually long time. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1159619 ************************** The Eden Valley Railway is located near Appleby-in-Westmorland in Cumbria. The line, which the Trust hopes will begin service in 2005, will operate for 6 miles on the standard gauge route from Appleby to Warcop. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1160709 ************************** Corinna is a town located in Penobscot County, Maine . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,145. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 102.1 km² (39.4 mi² ). 100.1 km² (38.7 mi²) of it is land and 2.0 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.98% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 2,145 people, 842 households, and 621 families residing in the town. The population density is 21.4/km² (55.5/mi²). There are 981 housing units at an average density of 9.8/km² (25.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.18% White , 0.42% African American , 0.14% Native American , 0.09% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.23% from other races , and 0.93% from two or more races. 0.51% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 842 households out of which 31.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% are married couples living together, 8.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% are non-families. 21.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 2.89. In the town the population is spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.6 males. The median income for a household in the town is $32,115, and the median income for a family is $37,900. Males have a median income of $28,707 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town is $17,345. 19.5% of the population and 14.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 26.4% of those under the age of 18 and 8.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 116110 GENERIC ( wiki:60.0% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Prithvirajraso is a biography of Prithviraj Chauhan, the last Hindu ruler of North India in the 12th century AD. It was written by Chand Bardai, the court poet and adviser to the king who accompanied him in all his battles. Chand Bardai belonged to the community of record keepers, poets and scribes called Charans who accompanied Hindu Rajput armies to encourage and exhort the warriors to bravery in battle by reciting the great deeds of their illustrious clan forebears. The original copy of Prithvirajraso is not extant today. The currently available copy has been been slowly modified over the years may with corruptions, interpolations and later additions. Nevertheless, it has always been a popular book with Hindus. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1161934 GENERIC ( wiki:Chand_Bardai wiki:belong wiki:_#community#of_#record_keepers_,_poets_and_scribes ) GENERIC ( wiki:charan wiki:accompany wiki:Hindu_Rajput ) ************************** The General in His Labyrinth(original Spanish title: El general en su laberinto) is a novel written by Gabriel García Márquez and was published in 1989. Based on research conducted by the author, it is a fictionalized telling of the last seven months in the life of Simón Bolívar, the Great Liberator of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador from Spanish rule. In this time ( 1830), Bolívar travels from the high Andes to the Caribbean coastline of Colombia. The book is mostly given over to long recollections of Bolívar's personal history, and his fall from glory over the course of a few years coupled with his physical debilitation. GABRIEL GARC�'IA M�'ARQUEZ' newest novel is a departure in form for the Nobel Prize-winning author. While his previous fictional works were much flavored by Colombian culture, The General in His Labyrinth is the first to draw directly from the tortured and labyrinthine history of the region. The novel tells the story of the final journey of General Sim�'on Bol�'ivar, known as "The Liberator" in many South American countries. Bol�'ivar led the revolution that rid the northern part of South America from Spanish domination and tried to unite the freed regions into one country. He was opposed by the local aristocracy because "the oligarchies in each country . . . had declared war to the death against the idea of integrity because it was unfavorable to the local privileges of the great families." The failure to realize this dream led to Bol�'ivar's disillusionment. The General in the Labyrinth is the story of Bol�'ivar's last days, particularly his last voyage along the Magdalena River from Bogot�'a, Colombia to the sea. Disillusioned, consumptive, and reeling from an assassination attempt, he has renounced the presidency of the Republic of Colombia. His plans are to leave the quagmire of political strife and civil wars that followed the expulsion of the Spanish from the region, sail to Europe, and live out his days in retirement. However, the siren call of a people in need, the stubbornness of his own dreams, and the failure of the government that replaces him force his return to the political stage. Bol�'ivar is once again on the path to the realization of his desire for a united South America when illness and death end his return. Even in his lifetime, The Liberator was larger than life. He was known for his passionate nature and titanic temper, as well as for his unparalleled leadership abilities. He dominates the novel much as he would have any gathering he attended. The other characters pale in comparison. Notable exceptions who never actually appear in the novel (except in the remembrances of the General) are Santander, his enemy in politics, and Sucre, his most able commander who is assassinated while the General is on his voyage. Another well-drawn character is Manuelita S�'aenz, his mistress who saves him from the assassination attempt. As Garc'ia M�'arquez says in an afterword, he picked the voyage down the Magdalena to fictionalize because it was the least known part of a well-documented life. The reasons were no doubt also thematic. Bol�'ivar's final voyage has a symbolic power that the author uses to good effect. The trip becomes one of nostalgia and sentiment for the glories and hope of his youth. As the general and his large entourage float towards the sea through the steamy jungle, the general floats in and out of sickness and delirium, and memories become confused with hallucinations. The attitudes and arcane discomforts of illness and old age play a prominent role in these final days. His illness and its effects on his body are described in detail. The story is concerned with ravages of old age in much the same manner as Love in the Time of Cholera, Garc�'ia M�'arquez' last novel. The factual bounds of the life of Bol�'ivar have curbed some of the excesses that were apparent in Love in the Time of Cholera. The style in that book verged on melodramatic and the prose was excessively purple. The problem with such a judgment is that this is a review of the English translation of the original Spanish. Garc�'ia M�'arquez' longtime translator has been Gregory Rabassa. Rabassa translated the author's masterwork, One Hundred Years of Solitude, as well as other books, while Edith Grossman translated both The General and Love. The difference in styles between One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera is tremendous and not easily explained by the time between their respective publications. Still, the combination of Garc�'ia M�'arquez' myth-making talents and Bol�'ivar's own mythical public persona is intriguing. The dangers of such an undertaking are multiple, ranging from public censure for daring to write about such a reverent figure to an excess of factual information in the story at the expense of creativity. Garc�'ia M�'arquez succeeds for the most part. Bol�'ivar's epic accomplishments and strong character gain immediacy and resonance without diminishing the towering myth of The Liberator. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1162324 GENERIC ( wiki:war#civil wiki:follow wiki:expulsionfrom_#assassination_attempt ) GENERIC ( wiki:story wiki:concern_PASS wiki:with_#ravages#of_#age#old ) GENERIC ( wiki:combinationiaM_�arquezmyth_-_making_talents_and_Bol_�ivarpersona wiki:be#easily wiki:intriguing ) GENERIC ( wiki:Bol_�ivar wiki:be wiki:accomplishment#epicfrom_#censure#public ) ************************** Crawford is a town located in Washington County, Maine . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 108. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 97.6 km² (37.7 mi² ). 89.6 km² (34.6 mi²) of it is land and 8.0 km² (3.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 8.20% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 108 people, 41 households, and 31 families residing in the town. The population density is 1.2/km² (3.1/mi²). There are 99 housing units at an average density of 1.1/km² (2.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.22% White , 0.00% African American , 0.93% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.93% from other races , and 0.93% from two or more races. 0.93% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 41 households out of which 29.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% are married couples living together, 12.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% are non-families. 17.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.63 and the average family size is 2.88. In the town the population is spread out with 28.7% under the age of 18, 1.9% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 108.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $43,125, and the median income for a family is $27,083. Males have a median income of $46,250 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the town is $13,864. 24.0% of the population and 24.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 31.3% of those under the age of 18 and 25.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 116233 GENERIC ( wiki:58.5% wiki:be wiki:couple#married ) GENERIC ( wiki:couple#married wiki:live#together wiki: ) GENERIC ( wiki:male wiki:have wiki:income#median ) ************************** Toss bombing(sometimes known as loft bombing) is a method of bombing where the attacking aircraft pulls upwards and releases its bomb load, giving the bomb additional forward velocity. Although this might seem the direct opposite to dive bombing, where the plane pitches downwards to aim at its target, toss bombing is often performed with a short dive preceding the bomber raising its nose and releasing its bomb, since the dive can help give both the bomb and aircraft extra momentum and so helping the aircraft gain altitude post-release. Toss bombing is often performed at low altitudes, with the aircraft pulling up at the last moment, at an angle which helps the bomb cover some horizontal distance, in spite of the low altitude release. Release usually occurs between about 35 and 75 degrees above the horizontal, causing the bomb to literally be tossed forward, like an underarm throw of a ball. Toss bombing is often used by pilots wishing to evade detection and/or who are dropping particularly powerful loads, such as nuclear weapons, upon their targets. In the former case, remaining at a low altitude for as long as possible allows the bomber to avoid radar and visual tracking, and in the latter case, gaining altitude post release can help the bomber to avoid the subsequent blast from the device. Due to the intense pilot workload involved with flying and entering the window of opportunity, aircraft employed a "Toss Bomb Computer" that enabled the pilot to release the bomb at the most efficient angle. The Toss Bomb Computer took airspeed inputs from the aircraft's Pitot system, altitude inputs from the Static system, attitude inputs from the gyroscopic system, as well as inputs from weapons selectors signifying the type of bomb. While deployed in Europe with NATO, RCAF CF-104 fighter-bombers carried a Toss Bomb Computer until their nuclear role was eliminated by the Canadian government effective 1 January 1972. A more dynamic variant of toss bombing, called over-the-shoulder bombing, is a particular kind of loft bombing where the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back towards the target. This tactic was first made public in 1957 at Eglin AFB, when a B-47 entered its bombing run at low altitude, pulled up sharply into a half loop with a half roll on top, and released its bomb at a predetermined point in its climb. The bomb continued upward for some time, in a high arc, before falling on a target which was a considerable distance from its point of release. In the meantime, the maneuver had allowed the bomber to change direction and distance itself from the target. ----------------- -- FILE_ID: 1163990 GENERIC ( wiki:plane wiki:pitch wiki:downward ) GENERIC ( wiki:detection_and/or wiki:drop wiki:load#powerful ) GENERIC ( wiki:Toss_Bomb_Computer wiki:take wiki:airspeed_inputs ) GENERIC ( wiki:CF-104_fighter#RCAFbomber wiki:carry wiki:computer#Toss_Bomb ) ************************** Linganore-Bartonsville is a census-designated place located in Frederick County, Maryland . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 12,529. Linganore-Bartonsville is located at 39°24'31" North, 77°19'26" West (39.408668, -77.323795) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 42.5 km² (16.4 mi² ). 41.8 km² (16.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.83% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 12,529 people, 4,140 households, and 3,456 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 300.1/km² (777.3/mi²). There are 4,273 housing units at an average density of 102.3/km² (265.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 93.12% White , 3.28% African American , 0.21% Native American , 1.35% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 0.54% from other races , and 1.45% from two or more races. 2.16% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 4,140 households out of which 52.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.3% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female househol