Hohmann is a lunar crater that lies within the central basin of the Mare Orientale formation, on the farside of the Moon. It is located to the south of Maunder crater, and to the west of Kopff crater. Due to its proximity to the western lunar limb, this area of the surface is occasionally visible during favorable librations. However the basin is viewed from the side, restricting the amount of detail that can be observed from Earth. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Hohmann crater. The following craters have been renamed by the IAU. ******************* file_id: 1003603 area be libration. file_id: 1003603 feature identify_PASS lunar_maps. ******************* Vicenza(population 107,223) is the capital of the province of Vicenza in the Veneto region, northern Italy at the northern base of the Monti Berici , straddling the Bacchiglione. At , Vicenza is approximately 60 km west of Venice and 200 km east of Milan. The city has an active and lively industrial sector, which is especially famous for jewelry and clothing factories. The Gold Exposition is world-famous and it takes place in Vicenza three times per year (January, June, September). Vicenza (Roman "Vicetia") an ancient Roman municipium (from 49 BCE), but was overshadowed by its neighbor Patavium ( Padua) in Roman times. Little survives of the Roman city, but three of the bridges across the Bacchiglione and Retrone rivers are of Roman origin, and isolated arches of a Roman aqueduct exist outside Porta Sta. Croce. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Vandals under Alaric then the Huns under Attila laid the area to waste. Later, it became the seat of one of the dozens of Lombard duchies, and joined the Lombard League against Federick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire. An independent commune with an oligarchic republican political structure, Vicenza was conquered in 1311 by the Scaliger i lords of Verona, who fortified it against the Visconti of Milan. Vicenza came under rule by Venice in 1405, and its subsequent history is that of Venice. Vicenza is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Site s. The late Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio(1518-1580) was a citizen of Vicenza, as was also his contemporary, Vincenzo Scamozzi(1552-1616). Vicenza is home to several buildings of Palladio . Of notable interest is the summer house called Villa Capra "La Rotonda", located just outside the downtown area; the public building Basilica Palladiana, centrally located in Vicenza's Piazza dei Signori, of which Palladio himself said that it might stand comparison with any similar work of antiquity; and the Teatro Olimpico. Palladio also designed several palazzi for families in the city, most notably the Palazzo Chiericati, home of Vicenza's museum, and the Palazzo Barbarano. All these buildings date from ca 1560- 1590. The inhabitants of Vicenza are pejoratively known to other Italians as magnagatti(cat eaters). Purportedly, Vicentinos turned to cats for sustenance during times of famine. ******************* file_id: 101583 arch exist Porta_Sta. file_id: 101583 Vicentinos turn cat. ******************* ''' ' , or Enångers tingslag , was a district of Helsingia in Sweden. The provinces in Norrland were never divided into hundreds and instead the court district ( tingslag'') served as the basic division of rural areas. ******************* file_id: 1017282 court_district serve division. ******************* Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins ) are respiratory protein s, metalloprotein s containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O 2 ). Oxygenation causes a color change between the colorless Cu(I) deoxygenated form and the blue Cu(II) oxygenated form. Hemocyanins carry oxygen in the blood of most mollusc s, and some arthropod s such as the horseshoe crab . They are second only to hemoglobin in biological popularity of use in oxygen transport . Although the respiratory function of hemocyanin is similar to that of hemoglobin, there are a number of differences in its molecular structure and mechanism. Whereas hemoglobin carries its iron atoms in porphyrin rings ( heme groups), the copper atoms of hemocyanin are bound as prosthetic group s comprised of histidine peptide s. Most hemocyanins bind with oxygen non-cooperatively and are roughly one-fourth as efficient as hemoglobin at transporting oxygen per amount of blood. Hemoglobin binds oxygen cooperatively due to steric conformation a changes in the protein complex , which increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when partially oxygenated. In some hemocyanins of horseshoe crab s and some other species of arthropods cooperative binding is observed, with Hill coefficient s between 1.6-3. Hill constants vary depending on species and laboratory measurement settings. Hemoglobin for comparison has a Hill coefficent of usually 2.8-3. In these cases of cooperative binding hemocyanin was arranged in protein sub-complexes of 6 subunits (hexamer) each with one oxygen binding site, binding of oxygen on one unit in the complex would increase the affinity of the neighboring units. Each hexamer complex was arranged together to form a larger complex of dozen of hexamers. In one study cooperative binding was found to be dependent on hexamers being arranged together in the larger complex, suggesting cooperative binding between hexamers. Hemocyanin oxygen binding profile is also affected by dissolve salt ion levels and pH . Hemocyanin is made of many individual subunit proteins, each of which contains two copper atoms and can bind one oxygen molecule (O 2 ). Each subunit weighs about 75 kilodaltons (kDa). Subunits may be arranged in dimer s or hexamer s depending on species, the dimer or hexamer complex are likewise arranged in chains or clusters in weights exceeding 1500 kDa. The subunits are usually homogeneous , or heterogeneous with two variant subunit types. Because of the large size of hemocyanin, it is usually found free-floating in the blood, unlike hemoglobin, which must be contained in cells because its small size would lead it to clog and damage blood filtering organs such as the kidney s. This free-floating nature allows for higher densities of hemocyanin in the blood (as compared to hemoglobin), and helps offset its low efficiency. ******************* file_id: 103324 hemocyanin carry oxygen. file_id: 103324 Whereas_hemoglobin carry iron_atoms. file_id: 103324 subunit arrange_PASS dimer. file_id: 103324 blood_filtering_organs s . ******************* In number theory, a positive integer m is called B- smooth if all prime factors p_i of m are such that p_i \leq B. For example, 2 233 565 4 is 5-smooth since none of its prime factors are greater than 5. Integer Sequences from OEIS(the numbers in parenthesis show the form of the numbers in the sequence): An important practical application of smooth numbers is for fast Fourier transform(FFT) algorithms such as the Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm that operate by recursively breaking down a problem of a given size n into problems the size of its factors. By using B-smooth numbers, one ensures that the base cases of this recursion are small primes, for which efficient algorithms exist. (Large prime sizes require less-efficient algorithms such as Bluestein's FFT algorithm.) 7-smooth numbers are sometimes called highly composite(although this conflicts with another meaning of that term); see Highly composite number. Further, is called - if all prime dividing satisfy: For example, 2 43 25 1 is 16-powersmooth since its greatest prime factor power is 2 4= 16. The number is also 17-powersmooth, 18-powersmooth, 19-powersmooth, etc. B-smooth and B-powersmooth numbers have applications in number theory, such as Pollard's p-1 algorithm. Such applications are often said to work with "smooth numbers," with no B specified; this means the numbers involved must be B-smooth for some unspecified small number B; as B increases, the performance of the algorithm or method in question degrades rapidly. For example, the Pohlig-Hellman algorithm for computing discrete logarithms has a running time of O( B 1/2) for groups of B-smooth order. ******************* file_id: 1035039 factor p i. file_id: 1035039 algorithm exist . file_id: 1035039 size require . file_id: 1035039 B have application. ******************* The Royal Wessex Yeomanry is an armoured regiment of the Territorial Army consisting of four squadrons, each of which bears the cap badge of an old yeomanry regiment: The Royal Wessex Yeomanry currently serves two roles; the Dorset Yeomanry serves as an infrastructure and training squadron for the armour replacement role, while the other three squadrons are operational as armour replacements on the Challenger 2 tank. ******************* file_id: 1041314 Royal_Wessex_Yeomanry be replacement. ******************* Anderson is a city located in Denali Borough, Alaska . As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 367. Anderson is located at 64°20'43" North, 149°11'43" West (64.345372, -149.195352) . Anderson lies 9 km (6 miles) west of the George Parks Highway , south of Nenana . 9 km (6 miles) south of Anderson is Clear Air Force Station, home of the 13th Space Warning Squadron (13SWS). Clear Air Force Station is located within the City boundaries. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 122.4 km² (47.3 mi² ). 121.0 km² (46.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.4 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.14% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 367 people, 101 households, and 74 families residing in the city. The population density is 3.0/km² (7.9/mi²). There are 148 housing units at an average density of 1.2/km² (3.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 86.38% White , 4.36% Black or African American , 1.36% Native American , 0.27% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.82% from other races , and 6.81% from two or more races. 5.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 101 households out of which 40.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 10.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% are non-families. 20.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 0.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.60 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 21.0% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 42.0% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 2.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 175.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 187.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $58,750, and the median income for a family is $62,188. Males have a median income of $31,641 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the city is $23,837. 17.6% of the population and 15.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.8% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Anderson is named after Arthur Anderson, one of several homesteaders who settled in the area in the late 1950s. In 1959, Mr. Anderson subdivided his homestead into house lots and sold most of the lots to civilian workers from Clear Air Force Station, a ballistic missile early warning site completed in 1961. An elementary school was built in the community in 1961 and Anderson incorporated as a city in 1962. In the 1960s, a road was completed between Anderson and Nenana, which gave access to Fairbanks . Vehicles were ferried across the Tanana River at Nenana until 1968, when a steel bridge was built there. In 1971 the George Parks Highway was constructed, which facilitated road access to Anchorage . ******************* file_id: 105290 40.6% have child. file_id: 105290 56.4% be couple. file_id: 105290 couple live . file_id: 105290 male have income. file_id: 105290 school build_PASS community. file_id: 105290 vehicle ferry_PASS Tanana_River. ******************* HotSauce(code named Project X) was a piece of experimental software developed by Apple Computer as a sample application of its Meta Content Framework technologies. HotSauce generated a 3D visualization of the contents of a MCF file, for example a Website. Apple offered beta versions of HotSauce as a web browser plugin for Mac OS and Microsoft Windows and a stand-alone application. The HotSauce application could also be used to navigate the contents of the hard drive or a folder on the disk. HotSauce was never released in a final version and while MCF was adapted by some web sites, most users saw no point in navigating them in a 3D space. The project was discontinued along with MCF shortly after Steve Jobs's return to the company in 1997. ******************* file_id: 1053486 apple offer version. file_id: 1053486 user see . ******************* Emmonak is a city located in Wade Hampton Census Area, Alaska . As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 767. Emmonak is located at 62°46'38" North, 164°32'42" West (62.777328, -164.544920) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 22.4 km² (8.6 mi² ). 19.5 km² (7.5 mi²) of it is land and 2.9 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 13.08% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 767 people, 189 households, and 150 families residing in the city. The population density is 39.4/km² (102.2/mi²). There are 218 housing units at an average density of 11.2/km² (29.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 5.61% White , 0.26% Black or African American , 91.26% Native American , 0.13% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 2.74% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 189 households out of which 55.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% are married couples living together, 18.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% are non-families. 16.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 4.06 and the average family size is 4.58. In the city the population is spread out with 44.1% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 23 years. For every 100 females there are 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 113.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,917, and the median income for a family is $38,750. Males have a median income of $23,750 versus $18,542 for females. The per capita income for the city is $9,069. 16.2% of the population and 16.4% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 15.9% of those under the age of 18 and 9.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 105702 55.6% have child. file_id: 105702 47.1% be couple. file_id: 105702 couple live . file_id: 105702 male have income. ******************* Reformed epistemology is the title given to a broad body of epistemological viewpoints relating to God's existence that have been offered by a group of Protestant Christian philosophers that includes Alvin Plantinga, William Alston, and Nicholas Wolterstorff among others. Rather than a body of arguments, ''reformed epistemology refers more to the epistemological stance that belief in God is properly basic, and therefore no argument for His existence is needed. It has been said the title comes from the fact that this view represent a continuation of the thinking about the relationship between faith and reason found in the 16th century Reformers, particularly John Calvin. Reformed epistemology aims to demonstrate the failure of objections that theistic Christian belief is unjustified, unreasonable, intellectually sub-par or otherwise epistemically-challenged in some way. Rationalists, foundationalists and evidentialists claim that theistic belief is rational only if there is propositional and or physical evidence for it, of which they assert there is none. Reformed epistemology seeks to defend faith as rational by demonstrating that epistemic propositions of theistic belief are properly basic and hence justified; as opposed to the truth of theistic belief. Reformed epistemology grew out of the parity argument presented by Alvin Plantinga in his book 'God and Other Minds' of 1967. There Plantinga concluded that belief in other minds is rational, hence, belief in God is also rational. Later, Plantinga in his 1999 book 'Warranted Christian Belief' argues that theistic belief has 'warrant' because there is an epistemically possible model according to which theistic belief is justified in a basic way. In epistemology, warrant refers to that part of the theory of justification that deals with understanding how beliefs can be justified or warranted. Plantinga contends that this model is likely true if theistic belief is true; and on the other hand, the model is unlikely to be true if theism is false. This connection between the truth of theism and its positive epistemic status implies that the goal of showing theistic belief to be externally rational or warranted requires reasons for supposing that theism is true . Those of faith have frequently criticized Reformed epistemology for favoring or or being exclusively committed to negative apologetics, counter-arguments to arguments that faith is not rational, and that it offers no reasons for supposing that theism or Christianity is true, so-called positive apologetics. Criticisms from those critical of or neutral to faith as rational have included that Reformed epistemology rests on the presupposition that there is religious truth, but does not present any argument to show that there is any. Another common criticism is that as a tool for discriminating justified from unjustified constituent beliefs, Reformed epistemology falls short; that it springs forth from a presupposition that within each of us resides a doxastic mechanism that generates religious convictions, belief in God, etc., supporting the conclusion that such beliefs are innate, hence properly basic. ******************* file_id: 1060840 title give_PASS body. file_id: 1060840 Rationalists_,_foundationalists_and_evidentialists claim . file_id: 1060840 deal justify_PASS . file_id: 1060840 reason be . file_id: 1060840 argument be . file_id: 1060840 mechanism generate conviction. ******************* Oakhaven is a city located in Hempstead County, Arkansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 54. Oakhaven is located at 33°43'46" North, 93°37'10" West (33.729477, -93.619571) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.1 km² (0.1 mi² ). 0.1 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 54 people, 20 households, and 17 families residing in the city. The population density is 417.0/km² (985.7/mi²). There are 24 housing units at an average density of 185.3/km² (438.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 90.74% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.85% from other races , and 7.41% from two or more races. 1.85% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 20 households out of which 45.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% are married couples living together, 20.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 15.0% are non-families. 15.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.70 and the average family size is 3.00. In the city the population is spread out with 35.2% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 18.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $63,750, and the median income for a family is $63,750. Males have a median income of $63,125 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the city is $22,535. 0.0% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . ******************* file_id: 107013 45.0% have child. file_id: 107013 60.0% be couple. file_id: 107013 couple live . file_id: 107013 male have income. ******************* Fortitude Valley, also known simply as the Valley is a suburb of central Brisbane, Australia. It is the hub of Brisbane's nightlife, renowned for its nightclubs and adult entertainment. It is also the hub for the gay scene, with many gay nightclubs and venues. In recent years, the reputation of the valley has improved, previously marred by crime and the high number of homeless people wandering the streets. The Brunswick Street Mall is the centrepiece of the Valley, boasting several clubs, restaurants, fast food outlets, hotels, and venues for live bands. Security improvements in recent years for the mall include a small police station, and security cameras. The Valley is also home to Brisbane's Chinatown. Fortitude Valley has undergone dramatic residential and commercial development, with its becoming the most rapidly growing suburb in Brisbane. ******************* file_id: 1070159 Security_improvements include police_station_,_and_security_cameras. ******************* Cove is a town located in Polk County, Arkansas . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 383. Cove is located at 34°26'11" North, 94°24'43" West (34.436384, -94.411845) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 4.5 km² (1.7 mi² ). 4.5 km² (1.7 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 383 people, 150 households, and 102 families residing in the town. The population density is 85.5/km² (221.6/mi²). There are 181 housing units at an average density of 40.4/km² (104.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.78% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 3.92% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 1.04% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 150 households out of which 38.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% are married couples living together, 9.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% are non-families. 28.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 3.17. In the town the population is spread out with 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 112.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $17,368, and the median income for a family is $21,875. Males have a median income of $16,964 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town is $8,310. 28.8% of the population and 25.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 35.0% of those under the age of 18 and 16.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 107198 38.0% have child. file_id: 107198 53.3% be couple. file_id: 107198 couple live . file_id: 107198 male have income. ******************* In the fictional universe of Warhammer 40,000 , the Necrontyr are the precursors of the Necron race, before their entire species was formed into a series of science fiction"killer-robots". Little is known about them, save that they were converted into Necrons by the might of the C'tan. What is known is that they lived short lives due to their homeworld being in a system with a brutally strong star that gave them cancers and other horrible condition s; this was reflected in the architecture, with the living more like temporary residents then owners. To extend their lives, they pursued technological progress, rather than Warp spawned magic. Upon encountering the Old Ones, they asked for their help. However, the Old Ones refused, and the Necrontyr turned on the elder race. They could not hope to stand against their might, and were quickly reduced to a minor annoyance. But their technological progress continued, and upon discovering the C'tan, they offered them physical bodies. Before long, the C'tan were worshipped as gods. With the power of the C'tan the Necrontyr could finally fight on even terms with the Old Ones. However, the "star gods" had one nasty trick up their sleeves. They convinced the majority of the Necrontyr to imbed their own minds in living machines. In doing so, they left their bodies to be consumed by the C'tan. At the last moment the Necrontyr figured out the brutal cost of this boon. They would be the slaves of the C'tan forever. The Necrontyr were thus utterly purged, becoming instead the Necrons, immortal servants of the C'tan. ******************* file_id: 1077985 life be system. file_id: 1077985 C worship_PASS god. ******************* Beckwourth is a census-designated place located in Plumas County, California . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 342. Beckwourth is located at 39°49'39" North, 120°24'13" West (39.827528, -120.403710) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 30.3 km² (11.7 mi² ). 30.3 km² (11.7 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 342 people, 147 households, and 108 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 11.3/km² (29.3/mi²). There are 225 housing units at an average density of 7.4/km² (19.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 93.86% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 2.05% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.88% Pacific Islander , 1.46% from other races , and 1.75% from two or more races. 2.92% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 147 households out of which 23.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% are married couples living together, 5.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% are non-families. 19.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.33 and the average family size is 2.67. In the CDP the population is spread out with 19.0% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 33.6% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 48 years. For every 100 females there are 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $47,813, and the median income for a family is $52,031. Males have a median income of $49,219 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $16,928. 2.8% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 4.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 107858 66.0% be couple. file_id: 107858 couple live . file_id: 107858 male have income. ******************* Davy is a small lunar crater that is located on the eastern edge of the Mare Nubium. It is overlaying the lava-flooded remains of the satellite crater 'Davy Y' to the east, a formation which contains a crater chain designated Catena Davy. To the southeast of Davy is the prominent Alphonsus crater. The outer rim of Davy is low, and the interior has been partly resurfaced. The perimeter is somewhat polygon al in shape, especially in the western half, and the southeast rim has been overlain by the 'Davy A' crater. The later is bowl-shaped with a notch in the northern rim. The interior of Davy lacks a central peak, although there are some low central mounds and the rim of 'Davy Y' forms a low ridge leading from the northern outer rim. This linear string of 23 tiny craters runs from the mid-point of 'Davy Y' toward Ptolemaeus walled-basin, following a slightly curving course to the east-northeast. It is located at selenographic coordinates 11.0° S, 7.0° W, and has a diameter of 50 km. This formation is not believed to be due to secondary cratering because it is not radial to a suitable source crater. The most likely cause is believed to be due to a single body that broke apart prior to impact due to tidal effects. High resolution images have demonstrated that the craters formed at about the same time since the ejecta from each crater does not overlay neighboring craters. However there are still some scientists who believe that this chain of craters may be volcanic in origin. The members of this crater chain listed below have been assigned individual names by the IAU. However their position in the chain is not readily distinguished based on their official coordinate s. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Davy crater. ******************* file_id: 1079659 resolution_images demonstrate_PASS . file_id: 1079659 crater be origin. file_id: 1079659 feature identify_PASS lunar_maps. ******************* Shasta Lake is a city located in Shasta County, California . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 9,008. It is the closest town to Lake Shasta and the Shasta Dam , which are popular tourist destinations. Shasta Lake is located at 40°40'41" North, 122°22'12" West (40.678167, -122.370003) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 28.3 km² (10.9 mi² ). 28.3 km² (10.9 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 9,008 people, 3,391 households, and 2,377 families residing in the city. The population density is 318.8/km² (825.6/mi²). There are 3,732 housing units at an average density of 132.1/km² (342.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 87.82% White , 0.72% African American , 4.43% Native American , 0.36% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 2.00% from other races , and 4.58% from two or more races. 6.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,391 households out of which 34.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% are married couples living together, 15.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% are non-families. 23.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.09. In the city the population is spread out with 28.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.2 males. The median income for a household in the city is $26,275, and the median income for a family is $33,010. Males have a median income of $31,418 versus $20,951 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,678. 20.1% of the population and 16.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.1% of those under the age of 18 and 6.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 108198 34.3% have child. file_id: 108198 48.5% be couple. file_id: 108198 couple live . file_id: 108198 male have income. ******************* In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry( Latin baptisterium) is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. The baptistery may be incorporated within the body of a church or cathedral and be provided with an altar as a chapel. In the early Christian Church, the catechumens were instructed and the sacrament of baptism was administered in the baptistery. The sacramental importance and sometimes architectural splendor of the baptistry reflect the importance of baptism to Christians. The octagonal plan of the Lateran Baptistery, the first structure expressly built as a baptistry, provided a widely-followed model, which might be twelve-sided, or even circular as at Pisa. In a narthex or ante-room the catechumens were instructed and made their confession of faith before baptism. The main interior space centered upon the baptismal font( piscina), in which those to be baptized were immersed thrice. Three steps led down to the floor of the font, and over it might be suspended a gold or silver dove. The iconography of frescos or mosaics on the walls were commonly of the scenes in the life of Saint John the Baptist. The font was at first always of stone, but latterly metals were often used. The Lateran baptistery's font was fed by a natural spring. When the site had been the palatial dwelling of the Laterani, before Constantine presented it to Bishop Miltiades, the spring formed the water source for the numerous occupants of the domus. It will be quickly apprehended that as the requirements for Christian baptisteries expanded, Christianization of sacred pagan springs presented natural opportunities. Cassiodorus, in a letter written in A.D. 527, described a fair held at a former pagan shrine of Leucothea, in the still culturally Greek region of south Italy, which had been Christianized by converting it to a baptistery ( Variae8.33). In a paper read in 1999, Samuel J. Barnish drew examples of the transition from miraculous springs to baptisteries from Gregory of Tours(died c.594) and Maximus, bishop of Turin(died c.466). Baptisteries belong to a period of the church when great numbers of adult catechumens were baptized, and when immersion was the rule. We find little or no trace of them before Constantine made Christianity the state religion, i.e. before the 4th century; and as early as the 6th century the baptismal font was built in the porch of the church and then in the church itself. After the 9th century, with infant baptism increasingly the rule, few baptisteries were built. Some of the older baptisteries were very large, so large that we hear of councils and synods being held in them. It was necessary to make them large, because in the early Church it was customary for the bishop to baptize all the catechumens in his diocese(and so baptisteries are commonly found attached to the cathedral and not to the parish churches), and also because the rite was performed only thrice in the year. During the months when there were no baptisms the baptistery doors were sealed with the bishop's seal, a method of controlling the orthodoxy of all baptism in the diocese. Some baptisteries were divided into two parts to separate the sexes; sometimes the church had two baptisteries, one for each sex. A fireplace was often provided to warm the neophytes after immersion. Though baptisteries were forbidden to be used as burial-places by the Council of Auxerre(578) they were not uncommonly used as such. The Florentine Antipope John XXIII was buried in the Baptistery facing Florence's Duomo with great ceremony and a tomb erected. Many of the early archbishops of Canterbury were buried in the baptistery at Canterbury. Baptisteries, we find from the records of early councils, were first built and used to correct the evils arising from the practice of private baptism. As soon as Christianity made such progress that baptism became the rule, and as soon as immersion gave place to sprinkling, the ancient baptisteries were no longer necessary. They are still in general use, however, in Florence and Pisa. The baptistery of the Lateran must be the earliest ecclesiastical building still in use. ( Main article: Lateran Baptistery.) A large part of it remains as built by Constantine. The central area, where is the basin of the font, is an octagon around which stand eight porphyry columns, with marble capitals and entablature of classical form; outside these are an ambulatory and outer walls forming a larger octagon. Attached to one side, towards the Lateran basilica, is a fine porch with two noble porphyry columns and richly carved capitals, bases and entablatures. The circular church of Santa Costanza, also of the 4th century, served as a baptistery and contained the tomb of the daughter of Constantine. This is a remarkably perfect structure with a central dome, columns and mosaics of classical fashion. Two side niches contain the earliest known mosaics of distinctively Christian subjects. In one is represented Moses receiving the Old Law, in the other Christ delivers to Saint Peter the New Law charter sealed with the XP monogram. The earliest surviving structure that was used as a baptistry is the tomb-like baptistry at Dura-Europas . Another baptistery of the earliest times has been excavated at Aquileia. Ruins of an early baptistery have also been found at Salona. At Ravenna exist two famous baptisteries encrusted with fine mosaics, one of them built in the middle of the 5th century, and the other in the 6th. To the latter date also belongs a large baptistery decorated with mosaics at Naples. In the East the metropolitan baptistery at Constantinople still stands at the side of the mosque which was once the patriarchal Church of Saint Sophia; and many others, in Syria, have been made known to us by recent researches, as also have some belonging to the churches of North Africa. In France the most famous early baptistery is Saint Jean at Poitiers, and other early examples exist at Riez, Fréjus and Aix. In England, a detached baptistery is known to have been associated with Canterbury Cathedral. Famous Italian baptistries include: ******************* file_id: 1085111 Barnish draw example. file_id: 1085111 baptistery belong period. file_id: 1085111 baptism use_PASS place. file_id: 1085111 mose receive Old_Law. file_id: 1085111 baptistery encrust_PASS mosaic. file_id: 1085111 baptistery decorate_PASS mosaic. file_id: 1085111 Famous_Italian_baptistries include . ******************* Central Waterford is a census-designated place located in New London County, Connecticut . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 2,935. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 5.2 km² (2.0 mi² ). 5.2 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 2,935 people, 1,298 households, and 759 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 566.6/km² (1,465.7/mi²). There are 1,379 housing units at an average density of 266.2/km² (688.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 91.65% White , 2.66% African American , 0.41% Native American , 2.28% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.33% from other races , and 1.67% from two or more races. 2.93% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,298 households out of which 23.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% are married couples living together, 10.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.5% are non-families. 36.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.19 and the average family size is 2.87. In the CDP the population is spread out with 20.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $42,409, and the median income for a family is $48,494. Males have a median income of $40,591 versus $29,015 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $22,083. 9.6% of the population and 5.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 19.3% of those under the age of 18 and 8.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 108811 43.5% be couple. file_id: 108811 couple live . file_id: 108811 male have income. ******************* Halesworth is a small market town (population of around 6000) in the north east corner of Suffolk, England. It is located 15 miles south west of Lowestoft, and straddles the River Blyth, nine miles upstream from the unspoilt, traditional seaside town of Southwold. The town is served by Halesworth railway station on the Ipswich- Lowestoft East Suffolk Line. Halesworth is twinned with both Bouchain in France and Eitorf in Germany. A Roman settlement in origin, Halesworth has the beautiful St Mary's Church (medieval with Victorian additions) and a pleasant pastiche of houses, from early timber-framed buildings to the dignified remnants of Victorian prosperity. The distinctive former almshouses now house Halesworth & District Museum, open from May to September. The recently opened and well demarcated Town Trail offers a pleasant walk, discovering the history of Halesworth. Halesworth is primarily centered on a pedestrianised, shopping street know as the Thoroughfare. "Thoroughfare" is an East Anglian term for the main street of a town. What would be commonly known elsewhere in the UK as the "High Street". Each year the Thoroughfare hosts a popular food, drink and craft fair, termed the "Thoroughfair", to raise money for good causes. Thousands attend. Halesworth's New Cut Arts, a centre for arts in the community, offers arts, music, theatre, dance, comedy, cinema, workshops and Art Exhibitions to the local area. It has a cafeteria and licensed bar. New Cut Arts is a registered charity with no central funding, relying on the support of the local community and its 500 Club benefactors. Halesworth boasts the largest Millennium Green in the UK with around 44 acres of grazing marsh providing a beautiful haven for wildlife close to the town centre. The surrounding countryside is easily accessible for walkers and cyclists. The rivers in this area are home to heron, kingfisher and otter. Deer roam Dunwich Forest and the RSPB Nature Reserve at Minsmere is home to all manner of wildlife. Halesworth's most famous resident is George Lansbury, founding member of the Labour Party, pacifist and grandfather of the actress Angela Lansbury. An interesting anecdote is that Halesworth used to issue its own banknotes! A five-guinea banknote, issued by the Suffolk and Halesworth Bank in 1799, has recently been recovered. Nearby villages include Cratfield. Most of this content is provided with the kind permission of: ******************* file_id: 1089742 countryside be walkers_and_cyclists. file_id: 1089742 arts_,_music_,_theatre_,_dance_,_comedy_,_cinema_,_workshops_and_Art_Exhibitions use . file_id: 1089742 village include cratfield. ******************* Lake Pukaki is the second largest of three roughly parallel alpine lakes running north-south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin(the others are Lakes Tekapo and Ohau). All three lakes were created by receding glaciers blocking their respective valleys with their terminal moraine. The glacial feed to the lakes gives them a distinction blue colour, created by glacial flour(extremely finely ground rock particles from the glaciers). It covers an area of 80 km 2, and is at an altitude of 480 metres above sea level. The lake is fed at its northern end by the braided Tasman River, which has its source in the Tasman and Hooker Glaciers, close to Mount Cook. Good views of the mountain, 70 kilometres to the north, can be had from the southern shore of the lake. The lake's outflow is at its southern end, into the Pukaki River. The lake is an upper part of the Waitaki hydroelectric scheme, and as such, several dams and artificial canals are found near its outflow, linking it with lakes Tekapo and Ruataniwha. The lake has been raised twice to increase storage capacity, submerging Five Pound Note Island (which once appeared on New Zealand's Five Pound note). ******************* file_id: 1091441 canal find_PASS outflow. ******************* Whitfield is a census-designated place located in Manatee County, Florida . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 2,984. Whitfield is located at 27°24'42" North, 82°34'3" West (27.411620, -82.567518) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 3.7 km² (1.4 mi² ). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.41% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,984 people, 1,244 households, and 878 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 822.9/km² (2,125.0/mi²). There are 1,364 housing units at an average density of 376.2/km² (971.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 94.27% White , 2.98% African American , 0.13% Native American , 0.70% Asian , 0.07% Pacific Islander , 0.80% from other races , and 1.04% from two or more races. 4.73% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,244 households out of which 21.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% are married couples living together, 9.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% are non-families. 20.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 2.75. In the CDP the population is spread out with 17.9% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $51,536, and the median income for a family is $54,009. Males have a median income of $35,444 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $25,408. 6.3% of the population and 3.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 8.3% of those under the age of 18 and 6.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 109389 58.0% be couple. file_id: 109389 couple live . file_id: 109389 male have income. ******************* The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive (or unit) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads. It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification, and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives. It is not used for steam locomotive s; instead, the Whyte notation is used. This system counts axles instead of wheels. Letters refer to powered axles, and numbers to unpowered (or idler) axles. "A" refers to one powered axle, "B" to two powered axles in a row, "C" to three powered axles in a row, and "D" to four powered axles in a row. "1" refers to one idler axle, and "2" to two idler axles in a row. A dash ("–") separates trucks, or wheel assemblies. A plus sign ("+") refers to articulation. "A1A-3" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "A1A" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. The "3" truck is under the back of the unit, and has three idler axles in a row. An example would be the Baldwin1,000 hp (750 kW) cab unit DR-6-2-10; one example for the Chicago and North Western Railway was built in 1948. "A1A-A1A" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. This was to more evenly spread the weight of the locomotive over the track. Examples would be the EMD E-units and Alco PA's, which were passenger locomotives. "B" means there are two powered axles under the unit. These axles are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives. "B-1" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "1" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one idler axle. Examples are the three LWT12 ' Aerotrain' locomotives built by EMD in 1956. "B-2" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "2" truck is under the back of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. Examples are the three lightweight locomotives built by Baldwin in 1956 and 1957 for use with Pullman-Standard Train X equipment. "B-A1A" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "A1A" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. Examples would be the Fairbanks-Morse passenger C-liners, built from 1950- 1955 and the EMD FL9. "B-B" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has two powered axles. Examples would be the EMD GP(General Purpose) units. This is a currently popular configuration used in high-speed, low-weight applications, such as intermodal trains. "B-B-B" means there are three identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has two powered axles. This arrangement is unusual. Placing six axles in a C-C arrangement is far more common. The EMD GM10 electric locomotive used this arrangement. "B+B-B+B" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Within each truck, there are two powered axles, and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. An example would be the General Electric U50, built from 1963- 1965. The 4500 horsepower (3.4 MW) turbine locomotives built by GE for Union Pacific also used this arrangement. The EVFM railway of Brazil uses narrow gauge GE "BB" locomotives with this arrangement, both with "standard" and wide cabs. A GE BB40-9W, for instance, is a wide cab Dash 9 series 4000 HP locomotive with a B+B-B+B wheel arrangement. "B-B+B-B" means that the locomotive has four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies. Each truck contains two powered axles. The middle pair of trucks are connected by a span bolster. In most cases the locomotive is articulated over the span bolster. The Union Pacific's M-10002 is an example of this type. This arrangement also includes locomotives made of two permanently coupled B-B units, such as some EMD FT units which had a solid drawbar connecting two units instead of the typical couplers. "C" means there are three powered axles under the unit. They are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives. "C-C" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. Examples would be the EMD SD(Special Duty) units. This is a currently popular configuration used in low-speed, high-weight applications, such as unit coal trains. "2-C+C-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are three powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The GG1 electric locomotives and GE steam turbine electric locomotives used this arrangement. "C-C+C-C" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. The only examples of this type were the 8500 horsepower (6.3 MW) turbine locomotives built by General Electric for Union Pacific. These locomotives consisted of two permanently coupled C-C units. "C+C-C+C" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. This was used on the "Jawn Henry" steam turbine-electric locomotive. "2-D-2" means there are three trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. At either end are trucks with two idler axles. The center truck has four powered axles. The PRR R1 electric locomotive used this arrangement. "D-D" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has four powered axles. Examples are the EMD DD units. "2-D+D-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. Examples include the Baldwin DR-12-8-1500/2 "Centipede" diesel locomotives and the GE Little Joe electric locomotive s. "B-D+D-B" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The W1 class of electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Great Northern used this arrangement. "1B-D+D-B1" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with one unpowered axle and two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives used by the Milwaukee Road used this arrangement. ******************* ******************* Calhoun is a city located in Gordon County, Georgia. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 10,667. The city is the county seat of Gordon County . Calhoun is located at 34°29'60" North, 84°56'33" West (34.499898, -84.942584) , along the Oostanaula River. Calhoun was a part of the Cherokee Nation until December 29, 1835, when Georgia claimed the Cherokee lands that became Gordon County. When the Cherokees refused to give up their lands, the U.S. Army was sent to the region to force them to move to the American West(see Trail of Tears). After the Cherokees left, a small town called Dawsonville was founded in the region, named for the owner of an early general store. Dawnsonville was later renamed Calhoun to honor U.S. Senator John C. Calhoun following his death in 1850. Instead of designating the location of the county seat, Gordon County's inferior court called an election to allow the voters to choose between a site on the Western & Atlantic Railroad or a site more centrally located within the county. Voters chose a site along the railroad, so the inferior court designated Calhoun as county seat in 1851(see 1837 map). The legislature incorporated Calhoun in an act approved on January 12, 1852(Ga. Laws 1851-52, p. 419). In 1861, Calhounians joined the Confederacy during the American Civil War. On May 16, 1864, Calhoun was near the center of action as Union General William Tecumseh Sherman and Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston postured before the outbreak of the Battle of Adairsville during Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.2 km²(11.7 mi²). 30.2 km² (11.6 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.17% water. As of the census of 2000, there are 10,667 people, 4,049 households, and 2,672 families residing in the city. The population density is 353.5/km² (915.4/mi²). There are 4,298 housing units at an average density of 142.4/km² (368.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 77.91% White, 7.56% African American, 0.42% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 11.61% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. 17.07% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 4,049 households out of which 30.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% are married couples living together, 13.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% are non-families. 28.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.56 and the average family size is 3.07. In the city the population is spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $33,618, and the median income for a family is $42,310. Males have a median income of $27,616 versus $25,018 for females. The per capita income for the city is $19,887. 16.8% of the population and 12.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 20.8% of those under the age of 18 and 19.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Calhoun is a home of New Echota Historic Site, a museum of Cherokee Nation capital, and Oakleigh, the home of the Gordon County Historical Society used to be General Sherman's Headquarter. ******************* file_id: 110124 voter choose site. file_id: 110124 calhounian join confederacy. file_id: 110124 30.9% have child. file_id: 110124 47.8% be couple. file_id: 110124 couple live . file_id: 110124 male have income. ******************* Waycross is a city located in Ware County, Georgia . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 15,333. The city is the county seat of Ware County . Notable residents include musician Gram Parsons , of The Byrds , the Flying Burrito Brothers , and the International Submarine Band . Other residents achieving some measure of fame are playwright and actor Ossie Davis , and actors Pernell Roberts and Burt Reynolds . Reynolds moved away at an early age but Davis and Roberts grew to adulthood in Waycross. Davis attended Center High School and Roberts attended Waycross High School . Waycross is also home to the Jones Company, a local conglomerate which owns a number of businesses operating in the area. Waycross is located at 31°12'50" North, 82°21'18" West (31.213860, -82.354911) . Waycross is the city closest to the Okefenokee Swamp . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 30.3 km² (11.7 mi² ). 30.3 km² (11.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.17% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 15,333 people, 6,094 households, and 3,741 families residing in the city. The population density is 506.4/km² (1,311.8/mi²). There are 7,534 housing units at an average density of 248.8/km² (644.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 44.31% White , 53.51% African American , 0.12% Native American , 0.62% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.68% from other races , and 0.74% from two or more races. 1.37% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,094 households out of which 27.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.3% are married couples living together, 21.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% are non-families. 34.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 3.09. In the city the population is spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 83.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 76.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $23,399, and the median income for a family is $28,712. Males have a median income of $24,865 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,468. 30.4% of the population and 24.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 45.9% of those under the age of 18 and 17.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 110305 resident include musician. file_id: 110305 36.3% be couple. file_id: 110305 couple live . file_id: 110305 male have income. ******************* The Lesser Stripetail Scorpion( Vaejovis coahuilae) is a small species of scorpion found in the southwestern United States. It is a member of the "eusthenura" group of Vaejovis (which also includes the American species Vaejovis spinigerus, Vaejovis waueri, Vaejovis globosus, Vaejovis confusus, and Vaejovis puritanus). It is generally found in Mexico and the U.S. states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. It lives in a variety of habitats and elevations, from desert flats to rolling grasslands to rocky slopes in mountains to about 7,000 feet or more. Because vaejovis coahuilae is primarily a burrowing species, they are most easily found by using a black light and can be found under rocks and debris. The sting is very painful. Sensitivity and pain can last from 15 to 30 minutes or occasionally longer, with no real medical side effects. Minor swelling and edema can be experienced during that time period depending on severity of sting. This scorpion uses a flick as its mode of defense, but they will occasionally stand their ground with a defensive posture. Males grow to about 35 mm. Females grow 40 to 45 mm, but rarely as large as 55 mm. ******************* file_id: 1103635 male grow mm. file_id: 1103635 female grow . ******************* Henry Allingham(born June 6, 1896 in Clapham) is one of the few surviving British veterans of World War I. He is also believed to be Britain's longest-lived soldier ever, and Britain's oldest living man since the death of Jack Davis ( March 1, 1895- 20 July, 2003). He is the last survivor of the Battle of Jutland as well as the last surviving founding member of the Royal Air Force. Henry's father died when he was only 14 months old. Brought up by his mother and grandparents, Henry attended the London County Council School, before going to work as a surgical instrument maker at St Barts Hospital. However, he did not find this job very interesting, and so left to join a coachbuilders specialising in car bodies. Henry wanted to join the war effort in August 1914 as a Despatch Rider, but his mother managed to persuade him to stay at home and look after her. However, after his mother died, Henry joined the Royal Naval Air Service(RNAS). He became formally rated as an Air Mechanic Second Class on September 21, 1915 and was posted to Chingford before completing his training. After graduation, Henry joined the RNAS Air Station at Great Yarmouth. On April 13, 1916, King George V inspected the Air Station and its aircraft. Henry was disappointed when the king turned and left just before he would have had his chance to speak to him! Henry also worked in Bacton, further up the coast, where night-flying was conducted. In May 1916, he was ordered to join HMS Kingfisher, which was carrying a Sopwith seaplane, where he was still posted when the Battle of Jutland began. Although the trawler was not directly involved in the battle (it shadowed the British Battle Fleet and then the High Seas Fleet), Henry can still make a proper claim to be the last known survivor of that battle. In September 1917, Henry, who had become an Air Mechanic First Class by now, was posted to the Western Front to join No. 12 Squadron (RNAS). This unit acted as a training squadron for other RNAS squadrons based on the Western Front. There is also some evidence that the squadron was involved in operations. When Henry arrived at Petite-Synthe, both the Royal Flying Corps(RFC) and the RNAS were involved in the Ypres offensive. On November 12, 1917, he was posted to the Aircraft Depot at Dunkirk, where he stayed for the rest of the war, on aircraft repair and recovery duties. He transferred to the Royal Air Force when the RNAS and the Royal Flying Corps were merged on April 1, 1918. At that time, he was ranked as a Rigger Aero, Aircraft Mechanic Second Class and was given a new service number - 208317. He is believed to be the last surviving founding member of the RAF. Henry returned to the Home Establishment in February 1919 and was formally discharged to the RAF Reserve on April 16, 1919. After this, he joined Ford, where he worked until his retirement. Shortly after being discharged, Henry married Dorothy, whom he had met at Great Yarmouth. This marriage lasted 53 years and produced 2 daughters. Henry now has 5 grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren. All of these live in America. During World War II, Henry was in a reserved occupation and worked on a number of different projects. The most significant of these was perhaps the effort to provide an effective counter-measure to the German magnetic mines. During his Christmas lunch in 1939, he was called away to help come up with a system that would neutralise the mines and open the port of Harwich. Nine days later, Henry returned after successfully completing this task. As the last surviving member of the British Air Services and the aforementioned last living founder member of the RAF, Henry was an honoured guest when the British Air Services Memorial was unveiled on September 11, 2004. The group of RAF technical trainees that joined him at this ceremony continue to visit Henry at his retirement home in Eastbourne, demonstrating the bond of respect that these men have for Henry, made even more remarkable since almost 90 years separate these young trainees from Mr. Allingham. During this time, Henry was given the Gold Medal of St-Omer, which marked the award of the Freedom of the Town. Henry was one of four British WWI veterans who attended the ceremony at the Cenotaph in London to mark 90 years since Britain entered the First World War. The ceremony took place on August 4, 2004. He also marched past the Cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday in 2005 and laid wreaths at memorials in St Omer on Armistice Day. Surviving veterans of the First World War ******************* file_id: 1105658 coachbuilder specialise car_bodies. file_id: 1105658 squadron involve_PASS operation. file_id: 1105658 group join ceremony. ******************* Wayne is a village located in DuPage and Kane County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 2,137. Wayne is located at 41°57'4" North, 88°15'26" West (41.951032, -88.257229) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 15.1 km² (5.8 mi² ). 15.1 km² (5.8 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,137 people, 726 households, and 630 families residing in the village. The population density is 141.8/km² (367.4/mi²). There are 746 housing units at an average density of 49.5/km² (128.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 94.81% White , 0.37% African American , 0.05% Native American , 2.81% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.75% from other races , and 1.22% from two or more races. 3.74% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 726 households out of which 39.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.8% are married couples living together, 3.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 13.1% are non-families. 10.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.94 and the average family size is 3.16. In the village the population is spread out with 27.4% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 33.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.1 males. The median income for a household in the village is $115,338, and the median income for a family is $124,571. Males have a median income of $91,873 versus $36,786 for females. The per capita income for the village is $54,990. 0.6% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 4.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The village is served by a Unit School District the Elgin Area School District U46 . It serves an area of some 90 square miles in Cook , DuPage and Kane Counties. Almost 40,000 children of school age are in its area. U-46 is second largest in Illinois . ******************* file_id: 111133 39.3% have child. file_id: 111133 81.8% be couple. file_id: 111133 couple live . file_id: 111133 male have income. ******************* Clifton is a village located in Iroquois County, Illinois , USA . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,317. Clifton is located at 40°56'5" North, 87°56'1" West (40.934592, -87.933535) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 2.3 km² (0.9 mi² ). 2.3 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,317 people, 519 households, and 367 families residing in the village. The population density is 571.3/km² (1,485.1/mi²). There are 542 housing units at an average density of 235.1/km² (611.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 99.16% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 0.08% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.46% from two or more races. 0.53% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 519 households out of which 34.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% are married couples living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% are non-families. 26.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.54 and the average family size is 3.09. In the village the population is spread out with 29.0% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.8 males. The median income for a household in the village is $47,216, and the median income for a family is $55,347. Males have a median income of $40,938 versus $25,577 for females. The per capita income for the village is $20,618. 4.5% of the population and 2.4% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 111299 34.7% have child. file_id: 111299 59.5% be couple. file_id: 111299 couple live . file_id: 111299 male have income. ******************* Okawville is a village located in Washington County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,355. Okawville is located at 38°25'57" North, 89°32'54" West (38.432589, -89.548358) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 5.3 km² (2.0 mi² ). 5.3 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,355 people, 569 households, and 372 families residing in the village. The population density is 257.7/km² (668.6/mi²). There are 617 housing units at an average density of 117.4/km² (304.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 98.23% White , 0.37% African American , 0.52% Native American , 0.15% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.22% from other races , and 0.52% from two or more races. 0.37% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 569 households out of which 29.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% are non-families. 30.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 2.98. In the village the population is spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.4 males. The median income for a household in the village is $37,448, and the median income for a family is $50,089. Males have a median income of $32,226 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the village is $19,476. 6.5% of the population and 3.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 5.6% of those under the age of 18 and 9.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 112014 55.9% be couple. file_id: 112014 couple live . file_id: 112014 male have income. ******************* Fenway Park is the home ballpark for the Boston Red Sox baseball club. It is located near, and named for, the Fenway neighborhood in the heart of Boston, Massachusetts, USA, which in turn is named for the nearby fens, or marshes. It opened on April 20, 1912, the same day as the now-defunct Tiger Stadium in Detroit. This makes it the oldest ballpark still in active use in Major League Baseball. Historically, Fenway Park has been decidedly unfriendly to left-handed pitchers. Babe Ruth is one of the few southpaw hurlers who found success there. Ruth started his career as a pitcher (mostly during the " dead-ball era",) and had a career record of 92 wins, 44 losses. Ruth also set a World Series record by pitching 29 2/3 scoreless innings, a record that lasted until broken by Whitey Ford of the New York Yankees in 1961. Fenway Park is one of the few remaining classic parks in major league baseball to have a significant number of obstructed view seats. These are sold as such, and are a reminder of an era of less commercially-driven ballparks. The stadium is most famous for the left field wall called " Green Monster". Constructed in 1934, the 37-foot (11 m) high wall is 240 feet long, has a 22-foot deep foundation, and was constructed from 30,000 pounds of Toncan iron. Previously, a 23-1/2-foot tall screen protected cars and pedestrians on Lansdowne Street. However, the screen was replaced with more seating atop the Green Monster (in an attempt to squeeze in as many seats as possible in Fenway). The wall measures only 310 feet (94.5 m) from home plate down the left field line ( See Duffy's Cliff). See comments below about the original measurement. During the 1934 remodeling, the left-field scoreboard was added, and is one of two remaining original manual scoreboards in professional baseball (the other being at Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois). Running vertically down the scoreboard, between the columns of out-of-town scores, are the initials "TAY" and "JRY" displayed in Morse code; a memorial to former Red Sox owners Thomas A. Yawkey and Jean R. Yawkey. In 1947, advertisements covering the left field wall were painted over using green paint, which gave rise to the "Green Monster" moniker. Prior advertisements were: the Calvert Brewery's owl mascot ( "Be Wise",) Gem razor blades ( "Avoid 5 O'Clock Shadow",) Lifebuoy soap ( "The Red Sox Use It!",) and Vimms vitamins ( "Get that Vimms Feeling!") In 1975, the wall was remodeled and an electronic scoreboard installed, and manual scoreboard changed to only show out-of-town scores from other American League games. In 1976, the tin panels in the wall were replaced by a Formica-type panel which resulted in more consistent caroms and less noise when balls hit the wall. In 2003, National League scores returned; American League East division standings were first displayed in 2005. "The Triangle" is a region of center field where the walls form a triangle 420 feet (128 m) from home plate. That deep right-center point is conventionally given as the center field distance. "Williamsburg", dubbed by sportswriters, is the bullpens built in front of the right-center field bleachers in 1940 for the benefit of Ted Williams. The name parodied Yankee Stadium's right field area that was often called " Ruthville". The lone red seat in the right field bleachers (Section 42, Row 37, Seat 21), signifies the spot where the longest measurable home run ever hit inside Fenway Park landed. Ted Williams hit the home run on June 9, 1946 off Fred Hutchinson of the Detroit Tigers. Williams' bomb was officially measured at 502 feet (153 m) -- well beyond "Williamsburg." "The Belly", is the sweeping curve of the box-seat railing from the right end of "Williamsburg" around to the right field corner. The box seats were added when the bullpens were built, and they cut the 1934 remodeling's right field line distance by some 30 feet. Pesky's Pole is the name for the pole on the right field foul line. The pole was named after Johnny Pesky, a light-hitting shortstop for the Red Sox, who hit some of his six home runs at Fenway Park around the pole and off the pole (a mere 302 feet from home plate). Pesky and the Red Sox attribute pitcher Mel Parnell with coining the name. The most notable for Pesky is a two-run homer in the eighth inning of the 1946 Opening Day game to win the game. (In his career, Pesky hit 17 home runs.) In similar fashion, Mark Bellhorn hit what proved to be the game-winning home run in Game 1 of the 2004 World Series off that pole's screen. Fisk’s Pole is the name for the pole on the left field foul line atop "The Green Monster". In a ceremony before the Boston Red Sox's 2005 interleague game against the Cincinnati Reds, the pole was officially named "Fisk's Pole" in honor of catcher Carlton Fisk, who provided one of baseball's most enduring moments in Game 6 of the 1975 World Series against the Reds. Facing Reds right-hander Pat Darcy in the 12th inning with the score knotted 6-6, Fisk launched a pitch down the left field line. It appeared to be heading foul, but Fisk, after initially appearing unsure of whether or not to continue running to first base, famously jumped and waved his arms as if to somehow will the ball fair. It ricocheted off the foul pole, winning the game for the Red Sox and sending the series to a seventh and deciding game the next night, which was won by Cincinnati. From 1912 to 1933, there was a 10-foot (3 m)-high mound that formed an incline in front of the left field wall at Fenway park, extending from the left-field foul pole to the center field flag pole. As a result of the mound, a left fielder in Fenway Park had to play part of the territory running uphill (and back down). Boston's first star left fielder, Duffy Lewis, mastered the skill so well that the area became known as "Duffy's Cliff". The mound served two purposes: 1) it was a support for a high wall; and 2) it was built to compensate for the difference in grades between the field and the street on the other side of that wall. It also served as a spectator-friendly seating area during the dead-ball era when overflow crowds would sit on the mound behind ropes. It is often compared to the infamous left field "terrace" at Cincinnati's Crosley Field, but, in truth, the 15-degree all-grass incline there served an entirely different purpose: as an alternative to an all dirt warning track found in most other ballparks. It was a natural feature of the site on which Crosley Field and its predecessors were located; slightly less severe inclines were deliberately built in center and right fields to compensate. As part of the 1934 remodeling of the ballpark, the bleachers and the wall itself, Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey arranged to flatten the ground along the base of the wall, so that Duffy's Cliff no longer existed, and thus became part of the lore of Fenway Park. Thus the base of the left field wall is several feet below the grade level of Lansdowne Street, accounting for the occasional rat that might spook the scoreboard operators. ( "The Fenway Project", ISBN 1579400914.) For decades there was considerable debate about the true left field distance, which was posted as 315 feet (96 m). For years, Red Sox officials refused to remeasure the distance. Reportedly, the Boston Globe was able to sneak into Fenway Park and remeasure the line. When the paper's evidence was presented to the club in 1995, the line was finally remeasured by the Red Sox and truly restated at 310 feet (94.5 m). The companion 96 meters sign remained unchanged, until 1998, when it was finally corrected to 94.5 meters. A theory about the incorrect foul line distance is the former 315 ft (96 m) measurement came from the Duffy's Cliff days. That measurement likely included the severity of the incline, and when the mound was leveled, the distance was never corrected. A quick study of the geometry of "Duffy's Cliff" suggests that the theory has merit. Regardless of the posted distance, frustrated pitchers will always argue that "The Green Monster" is closer than the sign says. In 1983 private suites were added to the roof behind home plate. In 1988, 610 stadium club seats enclosed in glass and named the "600 Club", were added above the home plate bandstand, replacing the existing press box. The press box was then added to the top of the 600 Club. The 1988 addition is largely credited with changing the air currents in Fenway Park to the detriment of hitters. In the 1980s, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor published his scientific finding that the addition does, in fact, curtail home runs at Fenway Park, giving credence to that claim by players, coaches, and fans. In 2002, the club renamed the club seats the ".406 Club" (in honor of Ted Williams' batting average in 1941), six days after his death. (Williams is the last player to hit .400 or better in the major leagues.) During the fall and winter of 2005-2006, as part of the continuing expansion efforts at Fenway Park, the existing .406 club is being rebuilt. Starting with the 2006 season, the second deck will feature two open-air levels: the bottom level will be the new "EMC Club" featuring 406 seats and concierge services, and above that, the Home Plate Pavilion Club, with 374 seats and a dedicated standing room area. The added seats will be wider than the current seats. There was once a smaller "triangle" at the left end of the bleachers, posted as 388 feet (118.3 m). The end of the bleachers form a right angle with "The Green Monster", and the flagpole stands within that little triangle. That is not the true power alley, but deep left-center. The true power alley distance is not posted. The foul line intersects with "The Green Monster" at a right angle, so the power alley could be estimated at 336 feet (102.4 m), assuming the power alley is 22.5 degrees away from the foul line as measured from home plate. A phrase made popular by boston television commentators, "Canvas Alley" is the open alley behind the first base line where the rain tarp is kept. In 1946, upper deck seats were installed; Fenway Park is essentially the first double-tiered ballpark in Boston since the South End Grounds of the 1880s. In 1947, arc lights were installed at Fenway Park. The Boston Red Sox were the third to last team out of 16 major league teams to have lights in their home park. In 1976, metric distances were added to the conventionally-stated distances because it was thought that the United States would adopt the metric system. Today, few American ballparks have metric distances posted. Fenway Park retained the metric measurement until mid-season 2002, when they were painted over. Also, Fenway's first message board was added over the centerfield bleachers. After Red Sox won the 2004 World Series, a new drainage system was installed on the field. The system, along with new sod, was installed to prevent the field from becoming too wet to play on during light to medium rains, and to reduce the time needed to dry the field adequately. Work on the field was completed only weeks prior to spring training. After the 2005 season, the Red Sox announced that they, in addition to their plans for the .406 Club area, would add 852 pavilion club seats, 745 pavilion box seats, and approximately 200 pavilion standing-room seats along the left- and right-field lines for the 2006 season, replacing approximately 1,300 seats. The Red Sox plan to also add approximately 700 tickets for the 2007 season and 1,400 tickets for the 2008 season. In adding additional seating, the Red Sox plan to have 1,000 of the seats added over the three years be high-priced premium seats, to help deflate ticket costs and bring Fenway up to the MLB average of percentage of premium seating. Fenway Park currently holds more than 36,200 spectators. This number has increased over the years as seats have been added in what was once foul territory, throughout the upper decks, and, most recently, on top of "The Green Monster" and atop the right field wall. Some people have proposed increasing the seating capacity by up to 10,000 more seats through the expansion of the upper decks, while others have proposed razing the historic ballpark entirely and building a similar, but larger and more modern, scalable facility nearby. Despite its relatively small size, Fenway Park's oblong-esque layout actually makes it a reasonably viable football facility. The National Football League's Washington Redskins played at Fenway for four seasons, 1933 to 1936, as the Boston Redskins after playing their inaugural season in 1932 at Braves Field as the Boston Braves, and the American Football League's Boston/New England Patriots called Fenway Park home from 1963 to 1968 after moving to there from Nickerson Field, the direct descendant of Braves Field. The Red Sox's one-time crosstown rivals, the Braves used Fenway Park when they were the Boston Braves and played their home games there during the 1914 World Series. At various times in the past, Boston College and Boston University teams have also played football games at Fenway Park, too. One of the most famous campaign speeches in American political history was made at Fenway Park in the 1940 Presidential race, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt promised that he would not send American servicemen into foreign wars. During this time World War II was raging in Europe, but the United States was officially neutral, although it was aiding Great Britain and the Soviet Union. This speech was noted repeatedly by Roosevelt's opponents, even after Japanese Imperial Naval forces attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941, forcing the United States to enter World War II. Although Fenway Park was not previously a frequent venue for concerts, the Red Sox' new ownership has recruited recent performances by acts such as the Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen, and Jimmy Buffett. The park was featured in a pivotal scene in the 1989 Kevin Costner film Field of Dreams . It was the only location shoot outside the Iowa- Illinois area. The 2005 movie, Fever Pitch (2005 film) included scenes shot on location during the 2004 American League Championship Series games and scenes from Busch Stadium were filmed after Game 4 of the 2004 World Series. Some scenes from Blown Away( 1994) and Little Big League(also 1994) were filmed at Fenway Park.(Source: , by William A. Gordon (ISBN 080651647X) ******************* file_id: 11238 /_2 protect_PASS cars_and_pedestrians. file_id: 11238 Yawkey cover field_wall. file_id: 11238 advertisement be . file_id: 11238 Vimms_vitamins get . file_id: 11238 noise hit wall. file_id: 11238 field compensate . file_id: 11238 home_runs hit . file_id: 11238 phrase make_PASS angle. file_id: 11238 deck_seats install_PASS 1946. file_id: 11238 light install_PASS Fenway_Park. file_id: 11238 light add_PASS distance. file_id: 11238 light adopt . file_id: 11238 ballpark have distance. file_id: 11238 number increase_PASS year. file_id: 11238 serviceman rage Europe. file_id: 11238 serviceman be . file_id: 11238 Red_Sox recruit_PASS performance. file_id: 11238 park feature_PASS scene. file_id: 11238 Fever_Pitch include scene. file_id: 11238 scene shoot_PASS location. ******************* Wingate is a town located in Montgomery County, Indiana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 299. Wingate is located at 40°10'22" North, 87°4'25" West (40.172864, -87.073552) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 0.7 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 299 people, 126 households, and 82 families residing in the town. The population density is 412.3/km² (1,086.0/mi²). There are 146 housing units at an average density of 201.3/km² (530.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 99.67% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.33% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.33% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 126 households out of which 27.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% are married couples living together, 5.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% are non-families. 31.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 2.95. In the town the population is spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $28,750, and the median income for a family is $42,500. Males have a median income of $41,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $14,123. 22.2% of the population and 15.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 30.7% of those under the age of 18 and 23.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 112500 53.2% be couple. file_id: 112500 couple live . file_id: 112500 male have income. ******************* Nashua is a city located in Chickasaw County, Iowa . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,618. The famed Little Brown Church featured in the song "The Little Brown Church in the Vale" is located here. Nashua is located at 42°57'8" North, 92°32'17" West (42.952231, -92.537944) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.8 km² (2.6 mi² ). 6.4 km² (2.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.46% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,618 people, 691 households, and 469 families residing in the city. The population density is 253.9/km² (658.2/mi²). There are 739 housing units at an average density of 116.0/km² (300.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 99.26% White , 0.06% African American , 0.06% Native American , 0.19% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.06% from other races , and 0.37% from two or more races. 0.31% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 691 households out of which 28.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% are non-families. 27.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.34 and the average family size is 2.83. In the city the population is spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,713, and the median income for a family is $37,284. Males have a median income of $27,969 versus $20,547 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,031. 9.0% of the population and 5.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.3% of those under the age of 18 and 8.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 112884 56.0% be couple. file_id: 112884 couple live . file_id: 112884 male have income. ******************* In cell biology, quiescence is the state of a cell when it is not dividing. Quiescence can also refer specifically to the "rest" state of a cell. Neurons, for example, are quiescent when not firing and sarcomeres (muscle cells) are quiescent when not contracting. ******************* file_id: 1130935 neuron be rest. file_id: 1130935 firing_and_sarcomeres be . ******************* The Greater Manchester County Council(GMCC) was the former upper-tier administrative body for Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county in England. It was established on April 1, 1974, and functioned for the next twelve years. Along with five other metropolitan county councils and the Greater London Council it was abolished in March 1986 by the government of Margaret Thatcher. The GMCC was a strategic authority running regional services such as transport, civil protection and strategic town and country planning. Elections were held to the council in 1973, 1977 and 1981. Upon its abolition, most of the functions of the council were devolved to the metropolitan district councils, and some of its functions such as emergency services and public transport continued to be run on a county-wide basis, administered by joint-boards of appointed councillors from the metropolitan district councils. Its assets were split between the Greater Manchester Residuary Body and the boroughs councils of Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan. ******************* file_id: 1131657 GMCC be authority. file_id: 1131657 election hold_PASS council. ******************* The Adelaide-Crafers Highway is a freeway leading through the Adelaide Hills, linking The City of Adelaide with the South Eastern Freeway. It is the largest road project South Australia has ever undertaken, costing a total of A$151 million, which was wholly funded by the Australian Federal Government. The freeway incorporates twin-tube tunnels, the first of its kind on the National Highway. The length of the freeway is 10km, 500 metres of which are the Heysen Tunnels. The Adelaide-Crafers Highway came as a much-needed upgrade and replacement to Mount Barker Road, which ascended the Adelaide Hills making it a dangerous and slow route. The notorious Devils Elbow was the site of many accidents. Mount Barker Road could not support a lot of traffic volume, as most of it was windy and 2-laned. On May 16th, 1995 Prime Minister Paul Keating announced the construction of the new freeway. Construction was completed early 2000 and on the 5th of May 2000 Prime Minister John Howard opened the new road. The freeway features 6 lanes of traffic, three on each side, safety ramps, concrete median barriers, street lighting through all 10kms and above all, a shorter and easier route through the hills. ******************* file_id: 1140832 freeway incorporate tube_tunnels. ******************* Remedy Lane is Pain of Salvation's fourth studio album, released in Spring 2002. It is a concept album focussing on the search of a man to discover himself. It deals with topics such as love, loss, lust, sex and understanding. A portion of the album is autobigraphical in nature, and is written by guitarist and vocalist Daniel Gildenlöw. The liner notes that come with the CD are filled with extra material (e.g. poems and photos) related to the concept, and also contain date markings to assist the dedicated listener (and reader) to piece together the album chronologically. While both Remedy Lane and One Hour by the Concrete Lake(Pain of Salvation's second studio album) are about a main character searching for truth and himself, Remedy Lane is a much more personal tale and the listener is exposed to a much more wider variety of emotions. The album's production is similar to that of its predecessor's ( The Perfect Element, part I), and is also quite a dark album, though there are definitive moments of happiness/devotion. Daniel Gildenlöw also have admitted that the concept of Remedy Lane was an era of his life in which he wished to learn what freedom was. Text here. :3. Fandango (5:51) :5. This Heart of Mine (I Pledge) (4:01) :7. Rope Ends (7:02) :9. Dryad of the Woods (4:56) :11. Waking Every God (5:19) :13. Beyond the Pale (9:56) All music by Daniel Gildenlöw, except instrumental part of Rope Ends; by Daniel Gildenlöw and Fredrik Hermansson. ******************* file_id: 1144388 portion be topic. file_id: 1144388 listener expose_PASS variety. ******************* Benton is a city located in Butler County, Kansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 827. Benton is located at 37°47'21" North, 97°6'30" West (37.789302, -97.108402) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.9 km² (0.8 mi² ). 1.9 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 827 people, 308 households, and 238 families residing in the city. The population density is 425.7/km² (1,109.0/mi²). There are 327 housing units at an average density of 168.3/km² (438.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.46% White , 0.12% African American , 0.24% Native American , 0.24% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.48% from other races , and 1.45% from two or more races. 1.33% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 308 households out of which 36.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% are married couples living together, 8.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% are non-families. 20.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.69 and the average family size is 3.07. In the city the population is spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $49,750, and the median income for a family is $58,214. Males have a median income of $40,380 versus $30,179 for females. The per capita income for the city is $21,975. 5.5% of the population and 3.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 10.5% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 114441 36.0% have child. file_id: 114441 64.9% be couple. file_id: 114441 couple live . file_id: 114441 male have income. ******************* This article describes the FA Premier League 1992-93 season. The FA Premier League was introduced for the 1992-93 season, in a 22-club format breakaway league in place of the old Football League First Division. The new league was backed up by a £305 million TV rights deal with BSkyB television which would last five seasons. In concept, it was identical to the old First Division of the Football League, which was now reduced to three divisions. The first Premier League title went to Manchester United, whose 26 year wait for a league championship finally ended thanks to the efforts of manager Alex Ferguson and a high quality squad of players. 19-year-old winger Ryan Giggs(also PFA Young Player of the Year for the second year running) and long-serving striker Mark Hughes were instrumental in the club's long-awaited success, but the catalyst to the success was French striker Eric Cantona- who had helped his previous club Leeds pip the Old Trafford club to the 1992 league title. He had been signed for £1.2 million and quickly formed a strong partnership with the ever-reliable Hughes, gaining himself a reputation as a dynamic match-winner whose performances transformed United's fortunes. Other key players in the championship-winning United side were goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel, captain Steve Bruce, defender Gary Pallister and midfielder Paul Ince. All of this success was achieved with just one pre-season signing. Striker Dion Dublin had been purchased from Cambridge United for £1million, and had started well. But he missed most of the season due to a broken leg suffered in a September clash with Crystal Palace when he was tackled by Eric Young. Manchester United's Premiership title success was achieved with a 10-point lead over runners-up Aston Villa. The lucrative Sky T.V sponsorship of the Premier League saw clubs plunge into the transfer market and pay vast sums of money for new players. Just before the season began, newly promoted Blackburn Rovers splashed out an English record fee of £3.5 million for Southampton's22-year-old England striker Alan Shearer. Champions Leeds United paid £2 million for the Arsenal midfielder David Rocastle, whose gap at Highbury was filled by the £1.5 million Danish midfielder John Jensen. Shortly after the season began, Aston Villa paid £2.5 million for the Liverpool striker Dean Saunders and Tottenham forked out £2 million for the Nottingham Forest striker Teddy Sheringham. During 1992-93, tens of millions of pounds were spent by Premiership clubs on new players. Although Manchester United ended the season as champions by a 10-point margin, the Premiership title was also contested for by three other clubs. Runners-up Aston Villa constantly led the table for much of the season, but their challenge faded in the final weeks of the season and any lingering hopes were killed off three games before the season was over - they lost 1-0 at home to Oldham Athletic. Norwich City led the Premiership at Christmas in the unusual position of having a negative goal difference, their defensive frailties having been highlighted by a 7-1 defeat at Blackburn early in the season. Nevertheless, it was an excellent Premiership debut for Mike Walker's team, who achieved European qualification for the first time. Blackburn, in the top division for the first time in almost 30 years, achieved a creditable fourth-place finish. Nottingham Forest's league form had suffered through the sale of key players like Des Walker and Teddy Sheringham, and they were bottom of the Premiership for much of the 1992-93 season. Their relegation was confirmed in early May when they lost to Sheffield United, and manager Brian Clough announced his retirement after 18 glorious years at the helm, which had yielded one league title, two European Cups and three League Cups. Next to go were newly-promoted Middlesbrough, who slumped from mid-table at Christmas to go down in second from bottom place. Their league form had not been helped by a seven-match losing streak which began in February. Last to go down were Crystal Palace, whose four-year tenancy in the First Division had looked promising until the sale of striker Ian Wright to Arsenal. Palace's relegation paved the way for Oldham Athletic to perform a miraculous survival act which was achieved with a 4-3 win over Southampton, while Palace were unable to win their final game of the season. Other teams who successfuly fought against relegation included Southampton, Ipswich Town and Leeds United. Leeds, the previous season's league champions, finished 17th of 22 having failed to win any of their 21 away fixtures. Manager George Graham achieved more success with Arsenal in 1992-93, guiding them to a unique double of both domestic cups - they beat Sheffield Wednesday2-1 in the finals of both the FA Cup and League Cup. This success was achieved with many players still at the club from the championship winning side of 1991 which lost just one out of 38 fixtures - including David Seaman, Alan Smith, Tony Adams, Lee Dixon and Nigel Winterburn. There were also some new players in the squad. They included high-scoring striker Ian Wright (a £2.5million acquisition from Crystal Palace shortly after the title success) and Danish midfielder John Jensen - who had been signed after scoring for Denmark in their surprise Euro 92 final win over Germany. The downside to Arsenal's season was their goal-shy Premiership form, they scored the fewest goals in the division (40) despite briefly leading the table in November. Arsenal's next challenge would be the Cup Winners' Cup. PFA Player of the Year was Paul McGrath, the hard working central defender who contributed to Aston Villa's runners-up finish in the Premier League. Aged 34 at the time, he is one of the oldest players ever to receive the award. PFA Young Player of the Year was Ryan Giggs, the highly talented 19-year-old Manchester United left winger who had won the award a year earlier. This time he was instrumental in helping his team achieve their first league title since 1967 - six years before he was born. Football Writers Player of the Year was Chris Waddle, who made his return to English football with Sheffield Wednesday after three years in France with Marseille. 32-year-old Waddle helped his club reach the finals of both domestic cup competitions, although they lost 2-1 to Arsenal in both finals. Alex Ferguson was voted Manager of the Year after achieving Manchester United's first league title for 26 years. It was also the fourth season in a row he had gained some silverware for the Old Trafford club, having previously won the F.A Cup, Cup Winners Cup and League Cup. ******************* file_id: 1145923 Premiership_title_success achieve_PASS 10_-_point_lead. file_id: 1145923 ten spend_PASS Premiership_clubs. file_id: 1145923 lingering_hopes kill_PASS game. file_id: 1145923 forest suffer_PASS sale. ******************* McFarland is a city located in Wabaunsee County, Kansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 271. McFarland is located at 39°3'12" North, 96°14'20" West (39.053241, -96.238934) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.5 km² (0.2 mi² ). 0.5 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 271 people, 105 households, and 72 families residing in the city. The population density is 581.3/km² (1,525.6/mi²). There are 115 housing units at an average density of 246.7/km² (647.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.15% White , 0.37% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 1.48% from two or more races. 1.11% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 105 households out of which 35.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% are non-families. 22.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.58 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 31.0% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,250, and the median income for a family is $45,250. Males have a median income of $31,250 versus $23,173 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,419. 11.1% of the population and 7.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.9% of those under the age of 18 and 11.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 114983 35.2% have child. file_id: 114983 54.3% be couple. file_id: 114983 couple live . file_id: 114983 male have income. ******************* The Imperial War Museum Duxford in Cambridgeshire, commonly referred to simply as ' Duxford', houses the Imperial War Museum's aircraft collection, as well as having a large collection of tanks, military and naval vehicles. The museum has seven main exhibition buildings with nearly 200 military and civil aircraft. Duxford has maintained and still uses its wartime buildings, such as the Control Tower, Operations Room and hangars which were used in the 1940s. The Operations Room has been carefully reconstructed and to look as it did when RAF personnel directed Duxford's fighters during the Battle of Britain. Duxford's American Air Museum (pictured), designed by Norman Foster, was officially opened by Her Majesty the Queen in August 1997. It contains Duxford's collection of American military aircraft from First World War biplanes to supersonic jets. It is a tribute to American air power and a memorial to the 30,000 US airmen who lost their lives flying from British bases during the Second World War. Although most famous for its aeroplane collection, Duxford also has a Land Warfare Hall that houses tanks, vehicles and artillery from the First World War to the Gulf war. Duxford has regular large air displays, which generally include Second World War fighters and bombers from many different nations, a variety of military jets, commercial aeroplanes and display teams such as the Red Arrows. The American Air Museum in Britain is primarily a memorial to the 30,000 Americans who died flying from the UK in the Second World War. The TBM Avenger is in the scheme George H. W. Bush used, and the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the only one on display outside of the United States. It has its own gift shop and cafe. It has the following on display; Britain has been important in the history of aircraft design, the collection reflects this with its military and civil aircraft on display. The display has the following exhibitions; This exhibition looks at the people and machines involved in the Battle of Britain and the Blitz of 1940 - 1941. It also shows Duxford's past as a fighter airfield. The exhibition is in Duxford's Hangar 4, which was used in the Battle of Britain. The following are on display; This exhibition recreates D-Day in 1944 when the Allies landed in Normandy in one of the biggest combined military operations ever attempted, when 150,000 American, British and Canadian and men as well as much equipment began the liberation. The display has part of the Pipe Line Under the Ocean ( Operation Pluto). The display has the following exhibitions; Bernard Law Montgomery is probably the most celebrated British military commander of the twentieth century. He was in charge of all Allied ground forces on D-Day. He led sometimes controversially, but ultimately successfully, to the end of the war in Germany. This exhibition has documents from the Imperial War Museum's collections and Montgomery’s three personal caravans that he used in North West Europe. The Forgotten War exhibition focuses on the personal, political and military aspects of the Second World War in the Far East, the Pacific and Burma between 1941 and 1945. This display consists of objects from the War, photographs and realistic scenes. The exhibition is a joint project between the Burma Star Association (BSA). The Museum covers the history of the East and Royal Anglian Regiments since the amalgamations of the former County Regiments (ten Counties of East Anglia and the East Midlands) from 1958-60. The display has the following exhibits; The Land Warfare holds Duxford’s collection of tanks, trucks and artillery and shows the technological advances in twentieth century warfare as exhibits are arranged chronologically from the First World War to the Gulf War. The hall has the following displays and exhibits; Duxford aerodrome, built during the First World War, was one of the earliest Royal Air Force bases established. During 1917 it was expanded to train Royal Flying Corps (RFC). The Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps were amalgamated to become the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 this was the World's first fully independent air force. Duxford opened as a flying school in September 1918 (known as No. 35 Training Depot Station), after the First World War ended in November 1918 the airfield was used as a base for the disbandment of squadrons across Europe. RAF Duxford became No.2 Flight Training School in 1920, flying the Avro 504, the DH9A, the Bristol Fighter and in 1923 flight training of Sopwith Snipe s introduced. Three fighter squadrons were formed at Duxford in 1924, numbers 19, 29 and III. Under reorganised Home Defence arrangements, Duxford became a fighter station, a role it was to carry out for the next 37 years. By 1925 Duxford's three fighter squadrons had expanded to include the Gloster Grebes and Armstrong Whitworth Siskins. No.19 Squadron re-equipped with Bristol Bulldogs in 1931, and in 1935, was the first squadron to fly the RAF's fastest new fighter, the Gloster Gauntlet, capable of 230 mph (375 km/h). This squadron gave a special demonstration over Duxford on the occasion of King George V's Jubilee review of the Royal Air Force. In 1936 Flight Lieutenant Frank Whittle, who was studying at Cambridge University, flew regularly from Duxford as a member of the Cambridge University Air Squadron. Whittle went on to develop the jet turbine as a means of powering an aircraft, this enabled Britain to produce the Allie’s first operational jet fighter in 1943 - the Gloster Meteor. In 1938 No.19 squadron was the first RAF squadron to fly the new Supermarine Spitfire, the first Spitfire was flown into Duxford in August 1938 by Jeffrey Quill, the Supermarine's test pilot. On 3 September 1939 Britain declared war on Germany and Duxford was ready to play a vital role. By June 1940 Belgium, the Netherlands and France were under German control and the invasion of Britain was their next objective ( Operation Sealion). Duxford was placed in a high state of readiness, to create space for additional units at Duxford, 19 Squadron moved to nearby Fowlmere. The dominance of the skies over Britain would be totally critical to keeping German forces out, this became known as The Battle of Britain. Hurricanes first arrived at Duxford in July with the formation of No.310 Squadron, which consisted of Czechoslovakian pilots escaped from France. At the end of August Air-Vice Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory ordered the Hurricanes of 242 Squadron, down from Coltishall to join 19 and 310 Squadrons on daily standby at Duxford. On 9 September the Duxford squadrons successfully intercepted and turned back a large force of German bombers before they reached their target. This proved Duxford’s importance, so two more squadrons were added to the Wing, No.302 ( Polish) Squadron with Hurricanes, and the Spitfires of No.611 Auxiliary Squadron which had mobilised at Duxford a year before. On average sixty Spitfires and Hurricanes were dispersed around Duxford and Fowlmere every day. On 15 September 1940 they twice took to the air to repulse Luftwaffe attacks intent at bombing London. RAF fighter Command was victorious, the threat of invasion passed and Duxford's squadrons had played a critical role. This became known as 'Battle of Britain Day'. Duxford became the home of several specialist units, including the Air Fighting Development Unit (AFDU). The AFDU's equipment included captured German aircraft, which they restored to flying condition for evaluation. Duxford was crucial in developing the Hawker Typhoon into a formidable low-level and ground attack fighter and in 1942 the first Typhoon Wing was formed. The first Wing operation took place on 20 June 1942. In April 1943 Duxford became fully under the control of the United States 8th Air Force. The 8th was the largest of the United States Army Air Forces at this time, with approximately 200,000 men at its peak strength. Duxford now became Base 357 and the headquarters of the 78th Fighter Group. The 78th Fighter Group flew P-47 Thunderbolts and P-51 Mustangs which escorted the large US daylight bomber raids in occupied Europe and Germany. On D-Day, 6 June 1944, the Allied invasion of occupied Europe began, the 78th Fighter Group Thunderbolts gave air cover to the Allied invasion fleet as it crossed the Channel. Later the group took part in raids on targets ahead of the ground forces. By the end of the war the 78th had destroyed 697 enemy aircraft either in the air or on the ground. Duxford was officially handed back to the Royal Air Force on 1 December 1945. The first RAF aircraft to return to Duxford were Spitfires but by 1947 they were replaced by Gloster Meteors. By 1951 a new concrete runway had been laid and a type T2 hangar built alongside the four First World War hangars. The original T2 hangar has gone now, and the Museum has since opened two more Second World War T2 hangars on the same site. Duxford was too far south and too far inland to be strategically important and the costly improvements required for modern supersonic fighters could not be justified. In July 1961 the last operational RAF flight was made from Duxford by the Gloster Javelin FAW7. In 1969 The Ministry of Defence declared its intention to dispose of Duxford. Plans were even made for a sports centre or a prison were but were never finalised. The Imperial War Museum had been looking for storage and renovation space for its displays too large for its headquarters in London, thus obtained permission to use the airfield for this purpose. Cambridgeshire County Council bought the runway in 1977 to give the abandoned aerodrome a new lease of life. Duxford is now established as the European centre of aviation history. ******************* file_id: 1152098 RAF_personnel direct fighter. file_id: 1152098 Warfare_Hall house tanks_,_vehicles_and_artillery. file_id: 1152098 Duxford have air_displays. file_id: 1152098 exhibition have document. file_id: 1152098 display consist object. file_id: 1152098 airfield use_PASS base. file_id: 1152098 air_cover be spitfire. file_id: 1152098 improvement require_PASS fighter. ******************* Olla is a town located in La Salle Parish, Louisiana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,417. Olla is located at 31°53'58" North, 92°14'5" West (31.899443, -92.234774) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 8.9 km² (3.4 mi² ). 8.9 km² (3.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. It is geographically situated directly adjacent to the communities of Rosefield and Standard, 4 miles from the town of Urania, 8 miles from the town of Tullos, and 16 miles from the Parish Seat of Jena. On November 23rd, 2004, a tornado that reached F4 strength tore through the middle of this town, destroying or damaging over 1/3 of the town. The town's High School was destroyed, and to date classes are held in an abandoned factory in the town limits. As of November 2005, the town is still recovering, rebuilding, and-- ironically-- playing host to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita victims. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,417 people, 587 households, and 407 families residing in the town. The population density is 160.0/km² (413.9/mi²). There are 681 housing units at an average density of 76.9/km² (198.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 95.06% White , 3.46% African American , 0.35% Native American , 0.42% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.21% from other races , and 0.49% from two or more races. 1.20% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 587 households out of which 32.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% are non-families. 27.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 2.95. In the town the population is spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.3 males. The median income for a household in the town is $24,762, and the median income for a family is $31,648. Males have a median income of $30,188 versus $15,833 for females. The per capita income for the town is $11,669. 23.5% of the population and 19.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 26.9% of those under the age of 18 and 14.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Olla was named after Miss Olla Mills, but for many years was known simply as White Sulphur Springs. The site served as a steam boat port on the nearby Castor River and between 1871 and 1911 was a nationally known health spa. A military high school, the Olla Institute, was also named after Miss Mills, who was a prominent early resident. The school flourished and attracted students from a wide area until it burned down in 1899. 1n 1893 the Houston, Central, Arkansas, and Northern Railroad came through the area and helped add permanence to the town. It was incorporated as the town of Olla in August of 1899. Olla is also known as the site of the only railroad holdup in the state of Louisiana. The robbers' goal was a large money shipment which was transferred before it reached the robbery site. Type of Government: Mayor and Bd. of Alderman (5) Lawrason Act Police: 4 full time officers / 2 patrol cars. Fire Department: 27 volunteers / 4 trucks Fire Rating: 5 in city. Health Care: Hardtner Medical Center Hotels/Motels: 1/30 rooms ******************* file_id: 115632 32.2% have child. file_id: 115632 55.5% be couple. file_id: 115632 couple live . file_id: 115632 male have income. file_id: 115632 student add . ******************* Bayou Gauche is a census-designated place located in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 1,770. Bayou Gauche is located at 29°49'31" North, 90°26'5" West (29.825162, -90.434727) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 52.3 km² (20.2 mi² ). 45.5 km² (17.6 mi²) of it is land and 6.8 km² (2.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 12.93% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,770 people, 598 households, and 508 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 38.9/km² (100.7/mi²). There are 637 housing units at an average density of 14.0/km² (36.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 96.84% White , 1.53% African American , 0.28% Native American , 0.11% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.85% from other races , and 0.40% from two or more races. 1.47% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 598 households out of which 44.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.4% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 14.9% are non-families. 11.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.96 and the average family size is 3.19. In the CDP the population is spread out with 29.1% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $51,667, and the median income for a family is $52,212. Males have a median income of $45,982 versus $23,966 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $22,170. 1.7% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 115727 44.8% have child. file_id: 115727 74.4% be couple. file_id: 115727 couple live . file_id: 115727 male have income. ******************* In statistical mechanics, the Potts model, a generalization of the Ising model, is a model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. By studying the Potts model, one may gain insight into the behaviour of ferromagnets and certain other phenomena of solid state physics. The strength of the Potts model is not so much that it models these physical systems well; it is rather that the one-dimensional case is exactly solvable, and that it has a rich mathematical formulation that has been studied extensively. The model is named after R. B. Potts who described the model near the end of his 1952 PhD thesis. The model was related to the "planar Potts" or "clock model", which was suggested to him by his PhD advisor C. Domb. The Potts model is sometimes known as the Ashkin-Teller model, as they considered a four component version in 1943. The Potts model is related to, and generalized by, several other models, including the XY model, the Heisenberg model and the N-vector model. The infinite-range Potts model is known as the Kac model. When the spins are taken to interact in a non-Abelian manner, the model is related to the flux tube model, which is used to discuss confinement in quantum chromodynamics. The Potts model consists of that are placed on a lattice; the lattice is usually taken to be a two-dimensional rectangular Euclidean lattice, but is often generalized to other dimensions or other lattices. Domb originally suggested that the spin take one one of possible values, distributed uniformly about the circle, at angles and that the interaction Hamiltonian be given by \left( \theta_{s_i} - \theta_{s_j} \right) with the sum running over the nearest neighbor pairs (i,j) over all lattice sites. The site colors s_i take on values, ranging from 1\ldots q. Here, J_c is a coupling constant, determining the interaction strength. This model is now known as the vector Potts model or the clock model. Potts provided a solution for two dimensions, for q=2,3 and 4. In the limit as q approaches infinity, this becomes the XY model. What is now known as the standard was suggested by Potts in the course of the solution above, and uses a simpler Hamiltonian, given by: where \delta(s_i,s_j) is the Kronecker delta, which equals one whenever s_i=s_j and zero otherwise. The q=2 standard Potts model is equivalent to the 2D Ising model and the 2-state vector Potts model, with J_p=-2J_c. The q=3 standard Potts model is equivalent to the three-state vector Potts model, with J_p=-3J_c/2. A common generalization is to introduce an external "magnetic field" term , and moving the parameters inside the sums and allowing them to vary across the model: where \beta=1/kT the inverse temperature, k the Boltzmann constant and T the temperature. The summation may run over more distant neighbors on the lattice, or may in fact be an infinite-range force. Different papers may adopt slightly different conventions, which can alter H and the associated partition function by additive or multiplicative constants. Despite its simplicity as a model of a physical system, the Potts model is useful as a model system for the study of phase transitions. For example 2D dimensional lattices with J>0 exhibit a first order transition if q>4. When q\leq 4 a continuous transition is observed, as in the Ising model where q=2. Further use is found through the models relation to percolation problems and the Tutte and chromatic polynomials found in combinatorics. The model has a close relation to the Fortuin-Kasteleyn random cluster model, another model in statistical mechanics. Understanding this relationship has helped develop efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for numerical exploration of the model at small q. The one dimensional Potts model mey be expressed in terms of a subshift of finite type, and thus gains access to all of the mathematical techniques associated with this formalism. In particular, it can be solved exactly using the techniques of transfer operators. Indeed, Ernst Ising used transfer operator methods to solve the closely related Ising model in his 1925 PhD thesis. This section develops the mathematical formalism, based on measure theory, behind this solution. While the example below is developed for the one-dimensional case, many of the arguments, and almost all of the notation, generalizes easily to any number of dimensions. Some of the formalism is also broad enough to handle related models, such as the XY model, the Heisenberg model and the N-vector model. Let be a finite set of symbols, and let s_k \in Q \; \forall k \in \mathbb{Z} \} be the set of all bi-infinite strings of values from the set . This set is called a full shift. For the defining the Potts model, either this whole space, or a certain subset of it, a subshift of finite type, may be used. Shifts get this name because there exists a natural operator on this space, the shift operator , acting as This set has a natural product topology; the base for this topology are the cylinder sets s_m = \xi_0, \ldots ,s_{m+k} = \xi_k \} that is, the set of all possible strings where k+1 spins match up exactly to a given, specific set of values \xi_0, \ldots, \xi_k. Explicit representations for the cylinder sets can be gotten by noting that the string of values corresponds to a q-adic number, and thus, intuitively, the product topology resembles that of the real number line. The interaction between the spins is then given by a continuous function on this topology. continuous function will do; for example will be seen to describe the interaction between nearest neighbors. Of course, different functions give different interactions; so a function of s_0, s_1 and s_2 will describe a next-nearest neighbor interaction. A function V gives interaction energy between a set of spins; it is not the Hamiltonian, but is used to build it. The argument to the function V is an element s\in Q^\mathbb{Z}, that is, an infinite string of spins. In the above example, the function V just picked out two spins out of the infinite string: the values s_0 and s_1. In general, the function V may depend on some or all of the spins; currently, only those that depend on a finite number are exactly solvable. Define the function as This function can be seen to consist of two parts: the self-energy of a configuration s_0, s_1, \ldots,s_n of spins, plus the interaction energy of this set and all the other spins in the lattice. The n\to\infty limit of this function is the Hamiltonian of the system; for finite n, these are sometimes called the finite state Hamiltonians. The corresponding finite-state partition function is given by \exp -\beta H_n(C_0 s_0,s_1,\ldots,s_n) with being the cylinder sets defined above. Here, β=1/ , where is Boltzmann's constant, and is the temperature. It is very common in mathematical treatments to set β=1, as it is easily regained by rescaling the interaction energy. This partition function is written as a function of the interaction to emphasize that it is only a function of the interaction, and not of any specific configuration of spins. The partition function, together with the Hamiltonian, are used to define a measure on the topology. The measure of a cylinder set is given by \frac{1}{Z_n(V)} \exp -\beta H_n (C_k s_0,s_1,\ldots,s_n) This measure is a probability measure; it gives the likelyhood of a given configuration occurring in the configuration space Q^\mathbb{Z}. By endowing the configuration space with a probability measure built from a Hamiltonian in this way, the configuration space turns into a canonical ensemble. Most thermodyanmic properties can be expressed directly in terms of the partition function. Thus, for example, the Helmholtz free energy is given by Another important related quantity is the topological pressure, defined as which will show up as the logarithm of the leading eigenvalue of the transfer operator of the solution. The simplest model is the model where there is no interaction at all, and so and . The partition function becomes If all states are allowed, that is, the underlying set of states is given by a full shift, then the sum may be trivially evaluated as If neighboring spins are only allowed in certain specific configurations, then the state space is given by a subshift of finite type. The partition function may then be written as e^{-\beta} \mbox{Tr} A^n where card is the cardinality or count of a set, and Fix is the set of fixed points of the iterated shift function: \{ s \in Q^\mathbb{Z} : \tau^n s = s \} The q \times q matrix A is the adjacency matrix specifying which neighboring spin values are allowed. The simplest case of the interacting model is the Ising model, where there the spin can only take on one of two values, and only nearest neighbor spins interact. The interaction potential is given by This potential can be captured in a matrix with matrix elements with the index . The partition function is then given by The general solution for an arbitrary number of spins, and an arbitary finite-range interaction, is given by the same general form. In this case, the precise expression for the matrix M is a bit more complex. The goal of solving a model such as the Potts model is to give the an exact closed-form expression for the partition function (which we've done) and an expression for the Gibbs states or equilibrium states in the limit of n\to\infty, the thermodynamic limit. ToDo: (article under development): ******************* ******************* Hollis is a town located in York County, Maine . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 4,114. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 85.3 km² (32.9 mi² ). 82.9 km² (32.0 mi²) of it is land and 2.4 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.79% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 4,114 people, 1,507 households, and 1,139 families residing in the town. The population density is 49.6/km² (128.5/mi²). There are 1,592 housing units at an average density of 19.2/km² (49.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.81% White , 0.15% African American , 0.12% Native American , 0.15% Asian , 0.10% Pacific Islander , 0.07% from other races , and 0.61% from two or more races. 0.53% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,507 households out of which 38.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.7% are married couples living together, 8.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% are non-families. 16.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.73 and the average family size is 3.06. In the town the population is spread out with 26.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $48,846, and the median income for a family is $53,621. Males have a median income of $35,064 versus $25,510 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,065. 6.6% of the population and 4.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.3% of those under the age of 18 and 10.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The town of Hollis was originally called Little Falls Plantation encompassing the towns of Hollis, Dayton, and part of Limington. It was bought by Major William Phillips from the town of Hobinowil and Mogg Hegon of the local Sagamore Indian tribe in 1664. In 1728 a trading post by an order from the General Court of Massachusetts was to be constructed on the site to protect trade with the Indians.It was made crudely of logs and equipped with a cannon. Ten men and a sergeant garrisoned it. John and Andrew Gordon tried to settle the land in 1754, but were driven away by the Indians. On March 27, 1781 the first recorded plantation meeting and Joseph Chadbourne was elected Moderator. By 1790 the population numbered 607 souls, the first vote for state office came in 1791 and Littlefalls gave John Hancock 27 votes. In 1798 Littlefalls was incorporated into Phillipsburg, named in honor of Major Phillips. The first town meeting took place on September 27, 1798 held at the home of Stephen Hopkinson. The moderator was Joseph Chadbourne. In 1810 a committee was put together to rename the town, headed by Colonel Isaac Lane and Captain Eben Cleaves. It was finally decided upon the name Hollis. The reasoning behind the name is not known it is thought to have been inspired by Hollis, New Hampshire or possibly by the surname Holles a friend of one of the renamers. Today with a population nearing four thousand and its close proximity to Portland , Hollis is growing fast. The town however still retains much of its country culture. It is mainly now just a home for people with jobs in Portland, South Portland, Saco, Westbrook, and Sanford. It has few large businesses except for Eagle Industries, and bottling plant for Poland Spring Water. Also,there is a school that offers education for grades K-5. The recreation center(across the street from the school)is excellent. The other businesses are mostly family run. Official Website of Hollis, Maine ******************* file_id: 116273 38.1% have child. file_id: 116273 62.7% be couple. file_id: 116273 couple live . file_id: 116273 male have income. file_id: 116273 littlefall give John_Hancock_27. ******************* Kearney Township is a township located in Antrim County, Michigan . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 1,764. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 91.1 km² (35.2 mi² ). 88.7 km² (34.2 mi²) of it is land and 2.4 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.67% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 1,764 people, 661 households, and 464 families residing in the township. The population density is 19.9/km² (51.5/mi²). There are 932 housing units at an average density of 10.5/km² (27.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 97.17% White , 0.28% African American , 0.57% Native American , 0.06% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.40% from other races , and 1.53% from two or more races. 1.59% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 661 households out of which 32.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% are married couples living together, 11.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% are non-families. 25.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 2.89. In the township the population is spread out with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.2 males. The median income for a household in the township is $36,058, and the median income for a family is $45,677. Males have a median income of $35,391 versus $21,739 for females. The per capita income for the township is $19,106. 8.1% of the population and 5.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 7.8% of those under the age of 18 and 11.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 117050 32.5% have child. file_id: 117050 54.3% be couple. file_id: 117050 couple live . file_id: 117050 male have income. ******************* Dowagiac is a city located in Cass County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 6,147. Dowagiac is situated at the corner of four townships: Wayne Township to the northeast, La Grange Township to the southeast, Pokagon Township to the southwest, and Silver Creek Township to the northeast. The city is at the junction of Michigan State Highway 51 and Michigan State Highway 62 . M-51 connects with Niles 17 miles to the southwest and with Interstate 94 21 miles to the northeast. M-62 connects with Cassopolis eight miles to the southeast and with Michigan State Highway 140 nine miles to the west. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.5 km² (4.0 mi² ). 10.4 km² (4.0 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.74% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 6,147 people, 2,421 households, and 1,542 families residing in the city. The population density is 590.4/km² (1,530.8/mi²). There are 2,631 housing units at an average density of 252.7/km² (655.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 76.95% White , 15.63% African American , 2.02% Native American , 0.57% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.59% from other races , and 3.24% from two or more races. 2.49% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,421 households out of which 32.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% are married couples living together, 18.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% are non-families. 31.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.43 and the average family size is 3.06. In the city the population is spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $29,926, and the median income for a family is $33,443. Males have a median income of $28,534 versus $22,282 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,659. 17.8% of the population and 14.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 12.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 117238 32.8% have child. file_id: 117238 40.1% be couple. file_id: 117238 couple live . file_id: 117238 male have income. ******************* Togawa Jun(戸川純) is a Japanese singer and musician born in 1961. She began her career in the early 1980s as a rather unique idol singer (or possibly a parody of an idol singer) with the single "Virgin Blues". It was soon apparent that her eccentric personality, surreal or disturbing lyrics and multiple wildly different yet highly accomplished singing voices set her apart from the usual bland, cute pop singers so popular in Japan. Her mash-up of "lolita" voice, straight singing, screaming, and operatics, married to traditional Japanese melodies, militaristic marching themes, and techno-pop continue to endear her to Japanese "maniac" fans, such as devotees of horror or erotic manga, particularly young women. Influential alternative musician and producer Jim O'Rourke known for his work with Sonic Youth amongst others, picked a Togawa Jun album "Goodbye 20th Century" as one of his "best albums of the year" in an interview in 2001. Although her deeply un-commercial attitude kept her away from major "pop" success, she survived as an influential and respected underground music figure both solo and as the lead singer of Guernica and Yapoos, and she recently released a new CD with her current project "Jun Togawa Band" featuring elements of noise rock, disco, techno-pop, opera and various other genres, to favourable reviews from many underground music fans in Japan. ******************* file_id: 1176528 marching_themes_,_and_techno_-_pop continue . ******************* Empire is a village located in Leelanau County, Michigan . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 378. The village is located within Empire Township . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 3.2 km² (1.2 mi² ). 3.0 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 7.26% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 378 people, 187 households, and 104 families residing in the village. The population density is 126.9/km² (328.5/mi²). There are 276 housing units at an average density of 92.7/km² (239.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 98.94% White , 0.26% Native American , 0.26% Asian , and 0.53% from two or more races. There are 187 households out of which 16.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% are married couples living together, 5.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 43.9% are non-families. 39.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.02 and the average family size is 2.70. In the village the population is spread out with 15.6% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 35.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 49 years. For every 100 females there are 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.9 males. The median income for a household in the village is $39,722, and the median income for a family is $52,813. Males have a median income of $31,042 versus $24,250 for females. The per capita income for the village is $27,850. 7.4% of the population and 2.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 7.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 117920 16.6% have child. file_id: 117920 47.1% be couple. file_id: 117920 couple live . file_id: 117920 male have income. ******************* The Ferrari Mondial is a 2+2 coupe automobile produced from 1980 through 1993. It replaced the angular 208/308 GT4"Dino". Although the Mondial was styled by Pininfarina rather than Bertone, it shared much of its predecessor's boxiness and is often criticized as a lesser model for the marque. It was sold as a large coupe and, eventually, cabriolet. The Mondial was produced in fairly high numbers for Ferrari, with more than 6,800 produced in its 12-year run, and is today one of the most affordable Ferrari models. The Mondial was introduced as the Mondial 8 in 1980. It was the first Ferrari to depart from the company's familiar 3-digit naming scheme, and was fairly mild-performing (for a Ferrari). It used a mid/rear-mounted V8, shared with the 308, mounted transverse ly. The engine was originally used in the 1974 Dino308 GT4. The chassis was also based on the 308 GT4, but with a 100 mm longer wheelbase at 2650 mm. The suspension was double wishbones all around. The Mondial 8 is considered one of the marque's most reliable, inexpensive to maintain, and even practical cars due to its 214 hp (160 kW), proven drivetrain, and four seats. The first Mondial engine, although a DOHC design, used just two valves per cylinder. The 1982 Quattrovalvole introduced a new 4-valve head. Again, the engine was shared with the contemporary 308 GTB, and produced a more respectable 240 hp (179 kW). A new Cabriolet bodystyle was added for 1983. Although the styling was very similar to the coupe version, the Cabriolet's top gave the car a lower look similar to the contemporary Testarossa. Like the new 328 GTB, the Mondial's engine grew in both bore and stroke to 3.2 L (3185 cc) for 1985. Output was now 270 hp (201 kW), and the car's weight distribution was changed enough for the car to classify as a true mid-engine design. Styling was refreshed with painted bumpers and new wheels. The final Mondial evolution was 1989's Mondial t. It was a substantially changed model, "spearhead of a new generation of V8 Ferraris", according to Road & Track magazine. The "t" called attention to the car's new engine/transmission layout: though the previously-transverse engine was now mounted longitudinal ly, the gearbox remained transverse, forming a "t". This configuration was used by Ferrari's Formula 1 cars of the 1980s, and would be the standard for the marque's future mid-engined V8 cars, beginning with the 348, introduced later in the year. That transverse gearbox was a dual-clutch design with beveled gears driving the axles on the earlier models, a single clutch and auto-manual gearbox (termed Valeo - the clutch was actuated automatically without a clutch pedal) were added later. The engine was up to 3.4 L (3405 cc) and 300 hp (224 kW). The Mondial's chassis would underpin a new generation of 2-seat Ferraris, right up to the 360, but the 2+2 Mondial would end production just four years later in 1993. The company has not produced a mid-engined 2+2 car since, leaving the front-engined V12 456 as the company's only 4-seat car. The Mondial was home to other Ferrari firsts: It used power brakes for the first time, and had a 3-position electronically controlled suspension. It also had standard antilock brakes, though other Ferraris had this feature as well. ******************* file_id: 1182030 mondial produce_PASS number. file_id: 1182030 styling refresh_PASS bumper. file_id: 1182030 configuration use_PASS Formula_1. ******************* The Oyster River is located on the East Side of Vancouver Island between Courtney British Columbia and Campbell River BC. The Oyster River runs from Pearl Lake to Saratoga Beach. Spawning channels located on the river are visited yearly by many salmon. ******************* file_id: 1189603 Spawning_channels locate_PASS river. ******************* George Ambrose Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd( 1879- February 4 1941) was a British Conservative politician strongly associated with the " Diehard" wing of the party. Educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1901 he joined the family firm Stewart and Lloyds Limited a Birmingham based steel tubes manufacturer and was involved with the tariff reform movement of Joseph Chamberlain before serving as an honorary trade consul to the Ottoman Empire In 1910 he was elected as a Liberal Unionist for West Staffordshire, marrying Blanche Lascelles in the following year. During World War One he served on the staff of Sir Ian Hamilton at Gallipoli landing with the ANZACs on the first day of that campaign and , after a time in Cairo, with T E Lawrence and the Arab Bureau in Hejaz, the Negev and the Sinai desert. In conjunction with Edward Wood (later Earl of Halifax) he wrote "The Great Opportunity" in 1918. This book was meant to be a Conservative challenge to the Lloyd George coaliton and stressed devolution of power from Westminster and the importance of reviving English industry and agriculture. In December 1918 he was appointed Governor of Bombay and made KCIE. His principal activities while Governer were reclaiming land for housing in the Back Bay area of the city of Bombay and building the Sukkur Barrage an irrigation scheme both of which were funded by loans raised in India instead of in England. Lloyd's administration was the first to raise such funds locally. He completed his term as Governer in 1922 and was made a Privy Councillor and KGCSI. In the 1920s he served as High Commissioner to Egypt until his resignation was forced by Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson. During the 1930s he was one of the most prominent opponents of proposals to grant Indian Home Rule, working alongside Winston Churchill against the National Government. When Churchill became Prime Minister in May 1940, he appointed Lloyd as Secretary of State for the Colonies and in December of that year he conferred the additional job of Leader of the House of Lords. However Lloyd died in office two months later. Lord Lloyd and the decline of the British Empire, John Charmley, Weidenfeld 1987 ******************* file_id: 1193698 Birmingham base_PASS steel_tubes_manufacturer. ******************* Funkley is a city located in Beltrami County, Minnesota . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 15. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.0 km² (0.4 mi² ). 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 15 people, 6 households, and 4 families residing in the city. The population density is 14.9/km² (38.9/mi²). There are 12 housing units at an average density of 11.9/km² (31.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 100.00% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6 households out of which 33.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% are married couples living together, 16.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% are non-families. 16.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 0.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 2.60. In the city the population is spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 0.0% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 13.3% from 45 to 64, and 33.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 150.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 120.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $26,250, and the median income for a family is $25,625. Males have a median income of $29,167 versus $17,083 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,521. 0.0% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . ******************* file_id: 119439 33.3% have child. file_id: 119439 66.7% be couple. file_id: 119439 couple live . file_id: 119439 male have income. ******************* Twin Lakes Township is a township located in Carlton County, Minnesota . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 1,912. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 116.1 km² (44.8 mi² ). 110.7 km² (42.8 mi²) of it is land and 5.3 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.57% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 1,912 people, 681 households, and 555 families residing in the township. The population density is 17.3/km² (44.7/mi²). There are 715 housing units at an average density of 6.5/km² (16.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 95.40% White , 0.52% African American , 2.04% Native American , 0.16% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.10% from other races , and 1.78% from two or more races. 1.15% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 681 households out of which 37.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.2% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% are non-families. 14.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 2.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.75 and the average family size is 3.03. In the township the population is spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 108.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.1 males. The median income for a household in the township is $48,565, and the median income for a family is $54,118. Males have a median income of $40,526 versus $30,114 for females. The per capita income for the township is $20,265. 6.4% of the population and 4.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 5.6% of those under the age of 18 and 4.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 119615 37.4% have child. file_id: 119615 71.2% be couple. file_id: 119615 couple live . file_id: 119615 male have income. ******************* Heron Lake Township is a township located in Jackson County, Minnesota . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 401. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 113.7 km² (43.9 mi² ). 100.4 km² (38.8 mi²) of it is land and 13.3 km² (5.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 11.71% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 401 people, 146 households, and 110 families residing in the township. The population density is 4.0/km² (10.3/mi²). There are 152 housing units at an average density of 1.5/km² (3.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 99.50% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.25% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.25% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 1.25% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 146 households out of which 32.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% are married couples living together, 2.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% are non-families. 21.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.75 and the average family size is 3.22. In the township the population is spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 119.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 121.4 males. The median income for a household in the township is $40,714, and the median income for a family is $43,194. Males have a median income of $22,188 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the township is $14,380. 9.8% of the population and 6.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 10.9% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 120375 32.9% have child. file_id: 120375 69.9% be couple. file_id: 120375 couple live . file_id: 120375 male have income. ******************* An anticausal system is a system that depends solely on future input values. An acausal system is a system that depends on both the past and the future, as opposed to a causal system which depend only on current and/or past input values. This is often a topic of control theory and digital signal processing(DSP). An example of acausal signal processing is a signal that is processed from another signal by looking at inputs both forward and backward in time from a predefined time arbitrarily denoted "present" time. (In reality, that "present" time input has been recorded at some time in the past, but conceptually it can be called the present or current input value.) This type of processing cannot be done in realtime as future input values are not yet known, but is done after the input signal has been recorded and is being post-processed. ******************* file_id: 1203920 system depend input_values. file_id: 1203920 type not_do_PASS realtime. ******************* Warren is a city located in Marshall County, Minnesota . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,678. It is the county seat of Marshall County 6 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.7 km² (1.4 mi² ). 3.7 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by surface water. The Snake River flows in serpentine fashion through the city (hence its name), and there is development on both banks. This has proved problematic as the city attempts flood control. Some major floods in the city's history occurred in 1896 (twice), 1969 , 1974 , 1979 , 1996 (twice), and 1997 . The streets of the original townsite of Warren are laid out on a grid parallel and perpendicular to the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad . Some newer additions, particularly those south of Bridge Street (Minnesota Highway 1) are laid out on a conventional north-south grid. The BNSF is the dividing line for the street system east and west, and Bridge Street is the dividing line north and south. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 1,678 people, 699 households, and 432 families residing in the city. The population density is 453.1/km² (1,174.1/mi²). There are 785 housing units at an average density of 212.0/km² (549.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.27% White , 0.12% African American , 0.24% Native American , 0.06% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.01% from other races , and 0.30% from two or more races. 2.62% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 699 households out of which 28.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% are married couples living together, 9.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% are non-families. 35.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 20.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.24 and the average family size is 2.90. In the city the population is spread out with 23.4% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 24.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $36,250, and the median income for a family is $45,063. Males have a median income of $32,216 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,547. 10.2% of the population and 6.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 11.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Warren was first settled in 1879 by Charles Wenzel. The coming of the Great Northern Railroad (now Burlington Northern Santa Fe) led to the establishment of a permanent settlement. It was named for a ticket agent for the railroad who probably never set foot in Warren. Warren was incorporated as a village in 1881 and as a city in 1892. There has always been some doubt surrounding the actual date of Warren's founding. Hence, the city celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1956 and its centennial in 1980. Although several times larger than the next largest city in the county, Warren's prominence as the county seat has been threatened several times in its history. The original plan for the Soo Line Railroad (completed in 1905) branch line that passes through Warren called for it to run from Thief River Falls to Argyle and then west. Argyle interests hoped the establishment of a railroad junction there would lead to the removal of the county seat from Warren to Argyle. Other interests prevailed, although the railroad line forms a parabola extending north from Thief River Falls, and then south to Warren, as if the plan changed while the line was being built. In 1974, citizens of the eastern part of the county, noting Warren's location in the western quarter of the long county, and very nearly at its southern boundary, petitioned twice for the relocation of the county seat to Newfolden. Neither effort that year resulted in the question being put on the ballot, and in fact, voters in the interim had approved the construction of an addition to the courthouse in Warren. Agriculture and agribusiness have been the mainstays of Warren throughout its history. In fact, for most of its history, there has been no other industry at all. Although the Red River Valley has a short growing season, which is often made even shorter due to floods, the area has excellent crop yields which help make farming in the area less risky than in other areas with poorer soil. The principal crops are wheat, soybeans, potatoes, and sugar beets. Warren was at one time home to the largest independent elevator in Minnesota. Northwest Grain Cenex Harvest States Cooperative has a large elevator on the Soo Line, and the American Crystal Sugar Co. operates a beet terminal just west of Warren during harvest. Warren has three bank branches, the largest being a branch of Community Bank of the Red River Valley, headquartered in East Grand Forks. Warren is home of the Warren-Alvarado-Oslo school district. The district has one six-year high school and one elementary school, both located in Warren. Both buildings have been called superior facilities for a district its size. The high school, built in 1954, includes a 1000-seat auditorium. The elementary school, built in 1970, was originally an "open school" design where the classrooms were separated by chalkboard partitions rather than walls, although a few walls were installed in 1987. Warren has a public library, the Godel Memorial Library, and is home to the Marshall County Historical Society, the Marshall County Fair, and the Warren Riverside Country Club (9-hole, par 4, grass greens). The city has three Lutheran churches (two affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and one affiliated with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod), a Roman Catholic parish and cemetery, an Evangelical Covenant Church, a United Methodist church, and an Assembly of God church. In the rural area surrounding the city, there are three small Lutheran churches. Some famous people who have lived in Warren are Congressman James L. Oberstar (D-Minn.) and ophthamologist Harold Scheie, founder of the Scheie Eye Institute. Solum, Nancy, ed. Self-Portrait of Marshall County: A History of One Minnesota County and Many People Who Made That History. Dallas: Taylor, 1976. Stevens, Charles L. Warren and Vicinity in the Eighties: Some Recollections of Happenings in This Section Nearly Fifty Years Ago. Warren, Minn.: Warren Register, 1928. Warren, Plains to Plenty: A Story of 75 Eventful Years , Warren, Minn: Sheaf Printing, 1956. ******************* file_id: 120716 49.6% be couple. file_id: 120716 couple live . file_id: 120716 male have income. file_id: 120716 interest hope . file_id: 120716 voter approve_PASS construction. file_id: 120716 area have crop_yields. file_id: 120716 crop_yields help . file_id: 120716 crop be wheat_,_soybeans_,_potatoes_,_and_sugar_beets. file_id: 120716 Both_buildings call_PASS facility. file_id: 120716 classroom separate_PASS chalkboard_partitions. ******************* Mungyeong Saejae is a mountain pass in central South Korea. It lies on Joryeong Mountain between the main peak (1017 m) and Sinseon Peak (967 m). The pass itself rises to 642 m above sea level. Mungyeong Saejae connects Mungyeong City, North Gyeongsang province with Goesan County in North Chungcheong province. Water flowing down from the Mungyeong side of the pass eventually flows into the Nakdong River and meets the Sea of Japan(East Sea) at Busan. Runoff from the Goesan side eventually flows into the Han River, which passes through Seoul to meet the Yellow Sea at Incheon. The pass is also known by the name " Joryeong" (조령,鳥嶺). Both names literally mean "bird pass," and probably signify "a pass so high that even birds find the crossing difficult." The pass is renowned as the only place where the old road between Seoul and Busan, the Great Yeongnam Road, still looks like it did in the Joseon Dynasty. On June 4, 1981, the area around the Mungyeong side of the pass was declared Mungyeong Saejae Provincial Park, which is now a significant tourist attraction. In addition to the pass and the surrounding scenery, the park boasts a museum and tourist hotel, along with a small village of businesses catering to the tourist trade. During the Joseon period, Mungyeong Saejae played an important role as the gateway in and out of the Gyeongsang province. Scholars, traders and government officials from Gyeongsang had to go through the pass when going to or from Seoul. Three great gates which maintained control over the pass during that time still stand, although the only people who go through them now are tourists. Mungyeong Saejae is the subject of at least one traditional Korean folksong in the arirang style. ******************* file_id: 1211996 bird find . file_id: 1211996 Scholars_,_traders_and_government_officials go pass. ******************* Glenbogle is a fictional Scottish estate, created by Compton Mackenzie in his Highland novels, and featured in the BBC series Monarch of the Glen . The novels place the estate near Ben Nevis(one of the laird's titles is "The Ben Nevis"), but the series is filmed in and around the Cairngorms, Badenoch and Strathspey, with Ben Nevis replaced by the fictional Ben Bogle. In the books and series, the estate has historic connections with the neighbouring Kilwillie and Drumsticket estates. In the books it also has connections with the islands of Little Todday and Great Todday, best known from Mackenzie's Whisky Galore . Locations in the estate mentioned in the books include Ben Booey, Ben Glass and Ben Gorm (the Three Sisters of Glenbogle); Loch na Craosniach (the Loch of the Spear); Glenbristle; the River Bogle; Strathdiddle; Loch Hoch; and Drumcockie Moor. Loch Hoch and the Three Sisters mark the borders of the estate. The TV series has added more locations, including Ben Bogle, as mentioned above, and Glenbogle Loch (actually Loch Laggan). The series also introduced Glenbogle town; in the books there is specifically no town near the estate. Some of the town scenes are filmed in Kingusie and Laggan. Several scenes in the series were set at Glenbogle Station - these were filmed at Broomhill Station, near Nethy Bridge. This station is the terminus of the Strathspey Railway, a restored steam railway. The MacDonalds of Glenbogle have a traditional rivalry with the MacIntoshes. According to the novels, Hector of the Great Jaw speared eleven MacIntoshes and drowned them in Loch na Craosniach (hence, presumably, the name). His descendent, the ninth laird, also named Hector, was involved in numerous disputes with the MacIntoshes, responding to one outrage by roasting forty-five of them in a church. The series shows the feud continuing to the present day; in the third series Stuart MacIntosh plans to avenge his clan by buying the estate from the bank, should the MacDonalds lose it. The estate's near bankrupcy has been a recurring theme in the series. Attempts to rectify this have included a wildlife preserve(with wolves), a jam-making concern (Glenbogle Preserves), and a plan to make Glenbogle Castle into a hotel. It may be assumed that the first two enterprises are continuing; the third failed to gain start-up capital. ******************* file_id: 1214831 estate have connection. file_id: 1214831 location mention_PASS book. file_id: 1214831 attempt rectify . file_id: 1214831 wildlife preserve wolf. ******************* Lind Township is a township located in Roseau County, Minnesota . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 58. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 93.6 km² (36.1 mi² ). 93.6 km² (36.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 58 people, 22 households, and 17 families residing in the township. The population density is 0.6/km² (1.6/mi²). There are 30 housing units at an average density of 0.3/km² (0.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 100.00% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 22 households out of which 31.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.8% are married couples living together, 0.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% are non-families. 18.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.00. In the township the population is spread out with 29.3% under the age of 18, 3.4% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.2 males. The median income for a household in the township is $26,250, and the median income for a family is $33,750. Males have a median income of $8,438 versus $30,625 for females. The per capita income for the township is $11,005. 0.0% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . ******************* file_id: 121616 81.8% be couple. file_id: 121616 couple live . file_id: 121616 male have income. ******************* Brockway Township is a township located in Stearns County, Minnesota . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 2,551. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 125.8 km² (48.6 mi² ). 124.0 km² (47.9 mi²) of it is land and 1.9 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.48% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 2,551 people, 864 households, and 693 families residing in the township. The population density is 20.6/km² (53.3/mi²). There are 885 housing units at an average density of 7.1/km² (18.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 99.26% White , 0.00% African American , 0.04% Native American , 0.31% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.16% from other races , and 0.24% from two or more races. 0.16% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 864 households out of which 44.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.4% are married couples living together, 3.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% are non-families. 14.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.95 and the average family size is 3.32. In the township the population is spread out with 31.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 111.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 115.3 males. The median income for a household in the township is $54,375, and the median income for a family is $60,625. Males have a median income of $37,865 versus $25,781 for females. The per capita income for the township is $22,041. 4.3% of the population and 3.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 6.1% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Brockway Township ******************* file_id: 121808 44.8% have child. file_id: 121808 71.4% be couple. file_id: 121808 couple live . file_id: 121808 male have income. ******************* Hartcliffe is a district of Bristol, England. It is a council estate on the southern edges of the city next to Withywood, on the northern slopes of Dundry Hill. Construction started in 1952 after the compulsory purchase of a number of pre-existing farms. A small shopping area was built, and the first church (St Andrew) opened in 1956. The name is from the Saxon Here Cliff. ******************* file_id: 1218211 construction start 1952. ******************* This is the top 106.7 countown by Los Angeles, California radio station KROQ. All songs came out in 1988. The ranking is determined by votes from listeners. Depeche Mode: Route 66 Bollock Brothers: Harley David (Son of a Bitch) Siouxsie and the Banshees: Peek-A-Boo U2: Desire Morrissey: Every Day is Like Sunday Midnight Oil: Beds Are Burning Erasure: Chains of Love New Order: Touched by the Hand of God Tone Loc: Wild Thing INXS: Kick Maxi Priest: Wild World The Primitives: Crash Marc Almond: Tears Run Rings Social Distortion: Prison Bound The Woodentops: Stop This Car Martini Ranch: Reach House of Love: Christine Pet Shop Boys: Always On My Mind Gene Loves Jezebel: Suspicion Talking Heads: (Nothing But) Flowers Midnight Oil: The Dead Heart Camouflage: The Great Commandment Robyn Hitchcock: Balloon Man Oingo Boingo: Cinderella Undercover Echo and the Bunnymen: Bedbugs and Ballyhoo Siouxsie and the Banshees: The Killing Jar Grandmaster Flash: Magic Carpet Ride Edie Brickell and the New Bohemians: What I Am Pop Will Eat Itself: There Is No Love Between Us Anymore R.E.M.: Stand The Escape Club: Wild Wild West The Smithereens: Only a Memory Pet Shop Boys: Heart Erasure: Heart of Stone Danielle Dax: Big Hollow Man The Sugarcubes: Motorcrash The Psychedelic Furs: All That Money Wants UB40/ Chrissie Hynde: Breakfast in Bed Killing Joke: America Jerry Harrison: Rev It Up The Screaming Tribesmen: I've Got a Feeling INXS: Devil Inside OMD: Dreaming The Bangles: In Your Room The Sisters of Mercy: This Corrosion Julian Cope: Charlotte Anne Sparks: So Important Morrissey: Suedehead Thomas Dolby: Airhead The Screaming Tribesmen: Take My Heart Away Eurythmics: I Need a Man Voice of the Beehive: There's a Barbarian in the Back of My Car Duran Duran: I Don't Want Your Love Big Audio Dynamite: Just Play Music Hugh Cornwell: Another Kind of Love The Alarm: Presence of Love Scritti Politti: Boom There She Was 10,000 Maniacs: What's the Matter Here? Information Society: What's on Your Mind? Joe Strummer: Trash City Icehouse: Electric Blue Eurythmics: Shame Ranking Roger: So Excited The Timelords: Doctorin' the Tardis Cocteau Twins: Carolyn's Fingers U2: Angel of Harlem The Ramones: I Wanna Be Sedated Jon Astley: Been There, Done That Ziggy Marley: Tomorrow People Jane's Addiction: Jane Says Was (Not Was): Dad I'm in Jail Cetu Javu: Situations Devo: Baby Doll Red Flag: Broken Heart Love and Rockets: Mirror People Sinéad O'Connor: I Want Your (Hands On Me) Mighty Lemon Drops: Inside Out R.E.M.: Orange Crush Erasure: Little Respect Danielle Dax: Cat House Oingo Boingo: Winning Side The Pogues: Fiesta Peter Murphy: All Night Long Jerry Harrison: Man With a Gun Shona Laing: Glad I'm Not a Kennedy Living Colour: Glamour Boys Morrissey: Hairdresser on Fire Pop Will Eat Itself: Def Con One Devo: Disco Dancer Pursuit of Happiness: I'm an Adult Now The Sugarcubes: Delicious Demon Book of Love: Tubular Bells Wire: Kidney Bingos Aswad: Don't Turn Around Camper Van Beethoven: Turquoise Jewelry Crowded House: Kill Eye A House: Call Me Blue The Pixies: Bone Machine Morrissey: Sister I'm a Poet Siouxsie and the Banshees: Ornaments of Gold Transvision Vamp: Tell That Girl to Shut Up Jesus and Mary Chain: Surfin' USA Dead or Alive: Turn Around and Count to Ten UB40: Come Out to Play Ziggy Marley: Tumblin' Down Midnight Oil: Dreamworld Boy John Frost: Mother's Day ******************* file_id: 1220882 All_songs come . file_id: 1220882 ranking determine_PASS vote. file_id: 1220882 bed burn erasure. ******************* Brashear is a city located in Adair County, Missouri . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 280. Brashear is located at 40°8'52" North, 92°22'39" West (40.147868, -92.377565) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 280 people, 124 households, and 73 families residing in the city. The population density is 308.9/km² (796.7/mi²). There are 142 housing units at an average density of 156.6/km² (404.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.14% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.36% from other races , and 2.50% from two or more races. 1.43% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 124 households out of which 30.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% are married couples living together, 8.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% are non-families. 36.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 23.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.26 and the average family size is 3.00. In the city the population is spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $21,750, and the median income for a family is $32,500. Males have a median income of $19,479 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the city is $11,763. 26.5% of the population and 20.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 39.7% of those under the age of 18 and 31.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 122476 30.6% have child. file_id: 122476 47.6% be couple. file_id: 122476 couple live . file_id: 122476 male have income. ******************* Parkdale is a village located in Jefferson County, Missouri . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 205. Parkdale is located at 38°29'0" North, 90°31'45" West (38.483337, -90.529059) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 0.3 km² (0.1 mi² ). 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 205 people, 70 households, and 59 families residing in the village. The population density is 608.9/km² (1,616.4/mi²). There are 71 housing units at an average density of 210.9/km² (559.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 97.56% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.49% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.98% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. 1.46% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 70 households out of which 28.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 14.3% are non-families. 12.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.93 and the average family size is 3.13. In the village the population is spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 109.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 106.4 males. The median income for a household in the village is $52,000, and the median income for a family is $56,875. Males have a median income of $41,000 versus $23,594 for females. The per capita income for the village is $17,783. 3.7% of the population and 3.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 11.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 122812 70.0% be couple. file_id: 122812 couple live . file_id: 122812 male have income. ******************* Boulder is a town located in Jefferson County, Montana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,300. It is the county seat of Jefferson County . Boulder is located at 46°14'11" North, 112°7'19" West (46.236300, -112.121823) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 3.0 km² (1.1 mi² ). 3.0 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,300 people, 508 households, and 316 families residing in the town. The population density is 440.3/km² (1,142.7/mi²). There are 568 housing units at an average density of 192.4/km² (499.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.23% White , 0.23% African American , 2.31% Native American , 0.69% Asian , 0.08% Pacific Islander , 0.31% from other races , and 2.15% from two or more races. 1.15% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 508 households out of which 32.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% are married couples living together, 10.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.6% are non-families. 34.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.34 and the average family size is 3.04. In the town the population is spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $29,276, and the median income for a family is $37,411. Males have a median income of $26,985 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the town is $14,657. 15.6% of the population and 10.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 19.7% of those under the age of 18 and 13.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 123446 32.7% have child. file_id: 123446 48.6% be couple. file_id: 123446 couple live . file_id: 123446 male have income. ******************* Talvin Singh(born in 1970 in Leytonstone, London, England) is a British DJ and tabla player, known for creating an innovative fusion of classical hindustani music and drum n bass. Talvin Singh is generally considered involved with an Electronica sub genre called Asian Underground. Singh grew up in Leytonstone and began playing the tabla, breakdancing and listening to punk rock as a child. At the age of 15, Singh went to India where he studied Tabla under Pandit Lashman Singh, but he returned the the UK after just one year. In spite of this classical training, Singh's tabla playing was not accepted by British promoters of classical Indian music, as he incorporated too strongly his western influences. by the late 1980s, Singh had decided to turn towards the fusion of sounds, and soon he began working as a musician with such artists as the Indigo Girls, David Sylvian, Siouxsie & the Banshees, Sun Ra, Björk and the Future Sound of London. In late 1995, Singh founded the club night: Anokha, at East London's Blue Note, where drum'n'bass DJs and South Asian punk bands went head to head with the amped-up sounds of his tabla and percussion. Guest spots by LTJ Bukem and others made Anokha a Monday-night hotspot in London, and Singh signed to Island for an Anokha compilation including several of his own productions. He worked as a remixer until releasing his solo debut, OK, in 1998. The album won him the Mercury Music Prize for 1999. ******************* file_id: 1234650 tabla_playing not_accept_PASS promoter. file_id: 1234650 punk_bands go head. file_id: 1234650 Guest_spots make Anokha. ******************* In mathematics, the Lickorish–Wallace theorem in the theory of 3-manifolds states that any closed, orientable, connected 3-manifold may be obtained by performing Dehn surgery on a framed link in the 3-sphere with +/-1 surgery coefficients. Furthermore, each component of the link can be assumed to be unknotted. The theorem was proved in the early 1960s by W. B. R. Lickorish and Andrew H. Wallace, independently and by different methods. Lickorish's proof rested on the Lickorish twist theorem, which states that any orientable automorphism of a closed orientable surface is generated by Dehn twists along 3 g− 1 specific simple closed curves in the surface, where g denotes the genus of the surface. Wallace's proof was more general and involved adding handles to the boundary of a higher dimensional ball. A corollary of the theorem is that every closed, orientable 3-manifold bounds a simply-connected compact 4-manifold. By using his work on automorphisms of non-orientable surfaces, Lickorish also showed that every closed, non-orientable, connected 3-manifold is obtained by Dehn surgery on a link in the non-orientable 2-sphere bundle over the circle. Similar to the orientable case, the surgery can be done in a special way which allows the conclusion that every closed, non-orientable 3-manifold bounds a compact 4-manifold. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 59 1963 307--317. ******************* file_id: 1240641 surgery be . file_id: 1240641 automorphism generate_PASS twist. file_id: 1240641 simple close curve. ******************* Nebraska City is a city located in Otoe County, Nebraska . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 7,228. It is the county seat of Otoe County . Nebraska City is home to the Missouri River Basin Lewis and Clark Center, which focuses on the natural history achievements of the expedition. Nebraska City is located at 40°40'34" North, 95°51'35" West (40.676247, -95.859659) , on the western bank of the Missouri River. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 11.4 km² (4.4 mi² ). 11.4 km² (4.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 7,228 people, 2,898 households, and 1,872 families residing in the city. The population density is 631.4/km² (1,633.6/mi²). There are 3,154 housing units at an average density of 275.5/km² (712.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 96.00% White , 0.37% African American , 0.30% Native American , 0.37% Asian , 0.07% Pacific Islander , 2.01% from other races , and 0.87% from two or more races. 4.40% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,898 households out of which 31.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% are married couples living together, 10.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% are non-families. 30.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 3.01. In the city the population is spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $34,952, and the median income for a family is $42,860. Males have a median income of $29,507 versus $19,859 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,969. 9.3% of the population and 6.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 12.0% of those under the age of 18 and 7.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. This city is known as "The Home of Arbor Day " due to its close propinquity to Arbor Lodge , home of the first Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, J. Sterling Morton , who enthusiastically promoted the planting of trees on the prairie for shade, fruit, and windbreaks. The National Arbor Day Foundation has its headquarters near his home in Nebraska City. Slaves were first bought and sold in the 1850s in Nebraska City. ******************* file_id: 124098 51.3% be couple. file_id: 124098 couple live . file_id: 124098 male have income. ******************* The Reverend Jesse Lee Peterson(born May, 24, 1949 in Midway, Alabama) is the president and founder of The Brotherhood Organization of A New Destiny (BOND), a group dedicated to promoting responsible fatherhood among African Americans. Peterson is a television personality (The Jesse Lee Peterson Show), which is produced and shown by God's Learning Channel, and hosts a nationally syndicated, conservative radio talk show on the Information Radio Network. His organization operates the BOND Home for Boys, which houses young men aged 13-25, and teaches them community values. Peterson is the creator of the annual “National Day of Repudiation of Jesse Jackson” event. Peterson is a member of the advisory board of Project 21, an African American Conservative organization, and a board member of the California Christian Coalition. Peterson has been criticized as to having an obsession to continously attack Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton in either public or private affairs. Though not as much recognized, his affiliation with Sean Hannity helps BOND popularity and endorsements. ******************* file_id: 1244164 affiliation help BOND_popularity_and_endorsements. ******************* Clayton is the county seat of St. Louis County, Missouri . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 12,825. The city was organized in 1877 and is named after Ralph Clayton, who donated the land for the courthouse. Clayton is located at 38°38'43" North, 90°19'55" West (38.645318, -90.331844) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.4 km² (2.5 mi² ). 6.4 km² (2.5 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 12,825 people, 5,370 households, and 2,797 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,996.7/km² (5,164.4/mi²). There are 5,852 housing units at an average density of 911.1/km² (2,356.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 84.94% White , 7.77% African American , 0.12% Native American , 5.62% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.29% from other races , and 1.22% from two or more races. 1.49% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 5,370 households out of which 25.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% are married couples living together, 6.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.9% are non-families. 40.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.09 and the average family size is 2.90. In the city the population is spread out with 20.1% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $64,184, and the median income for a family is $107,346. Males have a median income of $64,737 versus $42,757 for females. The per capita income for the city is $48,055. 7.7% of the population and 5.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.5% of those under the age of 18 and 3.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 124840 43.4% be couple. file_id: 124840 couple live . file_id: 124840 male have income. ******************* Tevatron is a circular particle accelerator (or synchrotron) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois . The Tevatron accelerates proton s and antiproton s in a 6.3 km ring to energies of up to 1 TeV . The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million and has been regularly upgraded since then. The Main Injector was the most substantial addition, built over five years from 1994 at a cost of $290 million. The acceleration occurs in a number of stages. The first stage is the 750 keV Cockcroft-Walton pre-accelerator, which ionize s hydrogen gas and accelerates the negative ions created using a positive voltage . The ions then pass into the 150 meter long linear accelerator (linac) which uses oscillating electrical fields to accelerate the ions to 400 MeV . The ions then pass through a carbon foil, to remove the electron s, and the charged proton s then move into the Booster . The Booster is a small circular magnetic accelerator, around which the protons pass up to 20,000 times to attain an energy of around 8 GeV . From the Booster the particles pass into the Main Injector , which was completed in 1999 to perform a number of tasks. It can accelerate protons up to 150 GeV; it can produce 120 GeV protons for antiproton creation; it can increase antiproton energy to 120 GeV and it can inject protons or antiprotons into the Tevatron. The antiprotons are created by the Antiproton Source . 120 GeV protons are collided with a nickel target producing a range of particles including antiprotons which can be collected and stored in the accumulator ring. The ring can then pass the antiprotons to the Main Injector. The Tevatron can accelerate the particles from the Main Injector up to 980 GeV, within 320 km/h of the speed of light. The protons and antiprotons are accelerated in opposite directions, crossing paths in the CDF and D0 (zero) detectors to collide at 1.96 TeV. To hold the particles on track the Tevatron uses superconducting dipole magnet s cooled in liquid helium producing 4.2 tesla s. On 27 September 1993 the cryogenic cooling system of the Tevatron Accelerator was named an International Historic Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers . When built in 1978 the system, which provides cryogenic liquid helium to the Tevatron's superconducting magnets, was the largest low-temperature system in existence. It maintains the coils of the magnets, which bend and focus the particle beam, in a superconducting state with a power consumption of 1/3 what it would be at normal temperatures. In 1995 , both CDF and D0 experiments announced the discovery of the top quark . ******************* file_id: 125024 antiproton s km_ring. file_id: 125024 acceleration occur number. file_id: 125024 field accelerate ion. file_id: 125024 protons_and_antiprotons accelerate_PASS direction. file_id: 125024 detector collide tev. ******************* A mangled or invalid packet is a packet of computer network data, based on ethernet and TCP/IP. Instead of having its sound order or content, the packet is mangled or mis-ordered to confuse computers, firewalls, routers or any service present on the network or Internet. Notable software tools such as nmap or Nessus can generate these types of mis-ordered / mangled packets to confuse and even shut down these devices. This is commonly associated with a type of network attack called DOS, denial-of-service. A Black hacker (malicious) can flood inadequate network with these types of network packets and confuse routers and computers. A White hacker is a good hacker who rescues you. Sometimes, a mangled packet is used to open the network ajar and to see what other services are available when operators need to restart disabled devices. ******************* file_id: 1256762 software_tools generate type. file_id: 1256762 operator need . file_id: 1256762 operator restart device. ******************* Cayuga is a village located in Cayuga County, New York . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 509. The village derives its name from the Cayuga tribe . The Village of Cayuga is in the Town of Aurelius . Cayuga is located at 42°55'7" North, 76°43'37" West (42.918509, -76.727079) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 3.5 km² (1.4 mi² ). 2.4 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 31.85% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 509 people, 203 households, and 137 families residing in the village. The population density is 213.6/km² (554.4/mi²). There are 240 housing units at an average density of 100.7/km² (261.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 99.02% White , 0.39% African American , 0.39% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.20% from two or more races. 0.39% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 203 households out of which 35.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% are non-families. 29.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.51 and the average family size is 3.17. In the village the population is spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.8 males. The median income for a household in the village is $37,679, and the median income for a family is $50,156. Males have a median income of $30,769 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the village is $17,894. 3.1% of the population and 1.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 3.1% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 126186 35.5% have child. file_id: 126186 56.7% be couple. file_id: 126186 couple live . file_id: 126186 male have income. ******************* With frozen shoulder– as the name implies – movement of the shoulder is severely restricted. This condition, medically referred to as adhesive capsulitis, is frequently caused by injury that leads to lack of use due to pain. Rheumatic disease progression and recent shoulder surgery can also cause frozen shoulder. Intermittent periods of use may cause inflammation. Adhesions (abnormal bands of tissue) grow between the joint surfaces, restricting motion. There is also a lack of synovial fluid, which normally lubricates the gap between the arm bone and socket to help the shoulder joint move. It is this restricted space between the capsule and ball of the humerus that distinguishes adhesive capsulitis from a less complicated painful, stiff shoulder. People with diabetes, stroke, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and heart disease, or who have been in an accident, are at a higher risk for frozen shoulder. The condition rarely appears in people under 40 years old. To prevent the problem, a common recommendation is to keep the shoulder joint fully moving to prevent a frozen shoulder. Often a shoulder will hurt when it begins to freeze. Because pain discourages movement, further development of adhesions that restrict movement will occur unless the joint continues to move full range in all directions. Physical Therapy will help one continue movement to discourage freezing. A medical doctor referral is needed before physical therapy can begin under law in many places. With a frozen shoulder, one sign is that the joint becomes so tight and stiff that it is nearly impossible to carry out simple movements, such as raising the arm. People complain that the stiffness and discomfort worsen at night. A doctor, or physical therapist, may suspect the patient has a frozen shoulder if a physical examination reveals limited shoulder movement. Frozen shoulder can also be diagnosed if limits to the active range of motion (range of motion from active use of muscles) are the same or almost the same as the limits to the passive range of motion (range of motion from a person manipulating the arm and shoulder). An arthrogram may confirm the diagnosis. Management of this disorder focuses on restoring joint movement and reducing shoulder pain. Usually, it begins with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the application of heat, followed by gentle stretching exercises. These stretching exercises, which may be performed in the home with the help of a physical therapist, are the treatment of choice. In some cases, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) with a small battery-operated unit may be used to reduce pain by blocking nerve impulse s. If these measures are unsuccessful, the doctor may recommend manipulation of the shoulder under general anesthesia to break up the adhesions. Surgery to cut the adhesions is only necessary in some cases. ******************* file_id: 1263292 Intermittent_periods cause inflammation. file_id: 1263292 adhesion grow surface. file_id: 1263292 people complain . file_id: 1263292 exercise be . ******************* Glycolysis is a series of biochemical reactions by which a molecule of glucose (Glc) is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr) with the concomitant: 1. Net reduction of two molecules of NAD + to two molecules of NADH ; 2. Net phosphorylation of two molecules of ADP to two molecules of ATP ; 3. Net release of two molecules of water and two proton s (H + ). The word glycolysis is from Greek glyk meaning sweet and lysis meaning dissolving. It is the initial process of many pathways of carbohydrate catabolism , and serves two principal functions: generation of high-energy ATP molecules, and production of a variety of six- or three-carbon intermediate metabolites which may be removed at various steps in the process for other intracellular purposes (such as nucleotide biosynthesis). Glycolysis is one of the most universal metabolic processes known, and occurs (with many variations) in many types of cell s in nearly all types of organisms. Glycolysis alone produces less energy per glucose molecule than complete aerobic oxidation and so flux through the pathway is greater in anaerobic conditions (i.e. in the absense of oxygen ). The most common and well-known type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway , initially elucidated by Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof . The term can be taken to include alternative pathways, such as the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway . However, glycolysis will be used here as a synonym for the Embden-Meyerhof pathway . The overall reaction of glycolysis is: So, for simple fermentation s, the metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose has a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP. Cells performing respiration synthesize much more ATP but this is not considered part of glycolysis proper, although these aerobic reactions do use the product of glycolysis. Eukaryotic aerobic respiration produces an additional 34 molecules (approximately) of ATP for each glucose molecule oxidized. Unlike most of the molecules of ATP produced via aerobic respiration, those of glycolysis are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation . In eukaryote s glycolysis takes place within the cytosol of the cell. Some of the glycolytic reactions are conserved in the Calvin cycle that functions inside the chloroplast . This is consistent with the fact that glycolysis is highly conserved in evolution, being common to nearly all living organisms. This suggests great antiquity; it may have originated with the very first prokaryote s, 3.5 billion years ago or more. The individual steps of the conversion of glucose into pyruvate are (in brief): The first step in glycolysis is phosphorylation of Glc by a family of enzymes called HK s to form G6P . In the liver an isozyme of hexokinase called GCK is used, which differs primarily in regulatory properties. This reaction consumes 1 ATP, but the energy is well spent. The cell membrane is permeable to Glc for two reasons - Glc transporters move Glc across the membrane, and neutrally charged Glc is able to passively diffuse through. G6P is negatively charged and this is repelled by the plasma membrane, so this phosphorylation effectively traps Glc in the cell. G6P is then rearranged into F6P by GPI . Fru can also enter the glycolytic pathway via phosphorylation at this point. Phosphofructokinase -1 then consumes 1 ATP to form F1,6bP . The energy expenditure in this step is justified in 2 ways: the glycolytic process (up to this step) is now irreversible, and the energy supplied destablises the molecule, allowing the ring to be split by ALDO into DHAP and GADP . TPI rapidly interconverts these, with GADP proceeding further into glycolysis. Each molecule of GADP is then oxidized by a molecule of NAD + in the presence of GAP , forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate . In the next step, PGK generates a molecule of ATP while forming 3-phosphoglycerate . At this step glycolysis has reached the break-even point: 2 molecules of ATP were consumed, and 2 new molecules have been synthesized. This step, one of the two substrate-level phosphorylation steps, requires ADP; thus, when the cell has plenty of ATP (and little ADP) this reaction does not occur. Because ATP decays relatively quickly when it is not metabolized, this is an important regulatory point in the glycolytic pathway. PGAM then forms 2-phosphoglycerate ; ENO then forms phosphoenolpyruvate ; and another substrate-level phosphorylation then forms a molecule of Pyr and a molecule of ATP by means of the enzyme PK . This serves as an additional regulatory step. After the formation of F1,6bP, many of the reactions are energetically unfavorable. The only reactions that are favorable are the 2 substrate-level phosphorylation steps that result in the formation of ATP. These two reactions pull the glycolytic pathway to completion. During anaerobic conditions glycolysis is the cellular mechanism to obtain ATP , by fermentation . However, in mammalian cells glycolysis is coupled with aerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, mitochondria take up pyruvate , the end-product of glycolysis, and further oxidize it into CO 2 and water. Consequently the flux through the glycolytic pathway is lower during aerobic conditions since the full oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate (equivalent to one-half molecule of glucose) can lead to 18 times more ATP. Malignant rapidly-growing tumor cells, however, have glycolytic rates which are up to 200 times higher than their normal tissues of origin despite the ample availability of oxygen. A classical view to explain the high gylcolytic rate in these cells is that it is probably due to the local depletion of oxygen within the tumor. Nevertheless, there is also strong experimental evidence that attributes these high aerobic glycolytic rates to an overexpressed form of mitochondrially-bound hexokinase responsible for driving the high glycolytic activity when oxygen is not necessarily depleted.This phenomenon was first described in 1930 by Otto Warburg and hence it is referred to as the Warburg Effect. This has a current important medical application as aerobic glycolysis by malignant tumors is utilized clinically to diagnose and monitor treatment responses of cancers by imaging uptake of 2- 18 F-2-deoxyglucose (a radioactive modified hexokinase substrate ) with positron emission tomography (PET) , . The ultimate fate of pyruvate and NADH produced in glycolysis depends upon the organism and the conditions, most notably the presence or absence of oxygen and other external electron acceptors. In aerobic organism s, pyruvate typically enters the mitochondria where it is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by pyruvate decarboylase and the set of enzymes of the citric acid cycle (also known as the TCA or Krebs cycle). The products of pyruvate are sequentially dehydrogenated as they pass through the cycle conserving the hydrogen equivalents via the reduction of NAD + to NADH . NADH is ultimately oxidized by an electron transport chain using oxygen as final electron acceptor to produce a large amount of ATP via the action of the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation . A small amount of ATP is also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during the TCA cycle. Although human metabolism is primarily aerobic, under hypoxic (or partially anaerobic) conditions, for example in overworked muscles that are starved of oxygen or in infarcted heart muscle cells, pyruvate is converted to the waste product lactate . This and similar reactions are known as fermentation and they are a solution to maintain the metabolic flux through glycolysis in response to an anaerobic or severely hypoxic environment. Although fermentation does not produce much energy, it is critical for an anaerobic or hypoxic cell since it regenerates NAD + that is required for glycolysis to proceed. This is important for normal cellular function as glycolysis is the only source of ATP in anaerobic or severely hypoxic conditions. There are several types of fermentation where pyruvate and NADH are anaerobically metabolized to yield any of a variety of products with an organic molecule acting as the final hydrogen acceptor. For example, the bacteria involved in making yogurt simply reduce pyruvate to lactic acid , whereas yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide . Anaerobic bacteria are capable of using a wide variety of compounds, other than oxygen, as terminal electron acceptors in respiration: nitrogenous compounds (such as nitrates and nitrites), sulphur compounds (such as sulphates, sulphites, sulphur dioxide, and elemental sulphur), carbon dioxide, iron compounds, manganese compounds, cobalt compounds, and uranium compounds. ******************* file_id: 12644 generation remove_PASS step. file_id: 12644 Glc_transporters move Glc. file_id: 12644 flux be condition. file_id: 12644 rate be time. file_id: 12644 condition starve_PASS oxygen. file_id: 12644 Anaerobic_bacteria be . ******************* Maldives has a policy of encouraging foreign financial investment. The law on foreign investments (Law 25/79) guarantees the security of investments, and accord fair and equitable treatment under law, for the investors. The country’s foreign investments policy allows 100% foreign owned enterprises and joint venture companies. The shares and profits thus earned can be freely transferred abroad without undue formalities. Moreover, the country’s history of political stability resulting out of the homogenous nature of society, and the absence of ethnic and communal unrest that can disrupt the economy, makes Maldives an ideal choice for trade and investment. Foreign investment is encouraged in a number of key economic areas such as tourism, transport, fisheries, financial, infrastructure development and other services sectors. The Foreign Investments Service Bureau was established in 1987, under the ministry of trade and industries, to administer and facilitate foreign investments. It provides the institutional framework necessary for the effective management of foreign investments. Maldives Monetary Authority that was established in 1981, was the nation's first central bank. List of other banks: The Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC), was incorporated in the Maldives in 1980. Its corporate structure is 60% government and 40% public subscription. The company’s authorized capital was 12.5 million rufiyaa of 250,000 shares, at 50 Rufiyaa per share. The Company opened its doors to business in January 1981. MTCC’s main areas of business are marine transportation, construction, machinery and spare parts, real estate and other contracting activities. External trade has always been an important component of the Maldivian economy. Being a seafaring nation, the Maldives has for centuries, carried out overseas trade with other countries in the region. The ancient trade in cowry shells was a monopoly of the Maldives, where the money shells were cultivated for export. Traditional exports consisted of copra, smoked and dried fish (Maldive fish), tortoise shells, and ambergris and coir rope. Woven garments, mats and embroidery items were also exported in the past. However, in time, fish became the dominant export commodity of the Maldives. Today, export destinations include South East Asia, Europe and the United States. Domestic exports consist mainly of garments and fish or fish related products such as frozen and caned tuna, tropical aquarium fish. Dried and salted fish are still exported, in small quantities Re exports consist of jet fuel and duty free imports sold to tourists. Following the relaxing of export controls in 1990, there has been a significant growth in exports from the private sector. The government’s policy is aimed towards relaxing any remaining controls on exports. There is no export duty in the Maldives. ******************* file_id: 1267156 treatment s investments_policy. file_id: 1267156 investment encourage_PASS number. file_id: 1267156 MTCC_’ s area. file_id: 1267156 Traditional_exports consist copra. file_id: 1267156 export_destinations include South_East_Asia. file_id: 1267156 export consist garments_and_fish_or_fish. file_id: 1267156 import sell tourist. file_id: 1267156 policy aim_PASS export_controls. ******************* Minisink is a town located in southwest Orange County, New York northeast of the New Jersey border between the Town of Greenville and the Town of Warwick . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 3,585. Historically, the name Minisink, which dates to the mid 17th century , has applied to a much larger area than the current town, running as far north as Minisink Ford , twenty miles northwest of present day Minisink, south to the Delaware Water Gap , thirty miles southwest of present day Minisink, and from the Kittatinny Ridge to the east to the Poconos to the west (See ). The Minisink Patent, granted in 1704, was a somewhat smaller area, but still far larger than the present town, which was given its present boundaries in 1800 . Adding to the confusion is the fact that the New York - New Jersey border was previously seven or eight miles north of its present location: Minisink used to be in New Jersey. The south town line is the border of New Jersey ( Sussex County ). According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 60.0 km² (23.2 mi² ). 59.8 km² (23.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.39% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 3,585 people, 1,182 households, and 945 families residing in the town. The population density is 59.9/km² (155.2/mi²). There are 1,245 housing units at an average density of 20.8/km² (53.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 95.96% White , 1.42% African American , 0.03% Native American , 0.59% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 1.03% from other races , and 0.92% from two or more races. 4.60% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,182 households out of which 44.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.3% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% are non-families. 15.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.02 and the average family size is 3.39. In the town the population is spread out with 29.8% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $55,561, and the median income for a family is $58,906. Males have a median income of $36,912 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,967. 5.8% of the population and 4.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 6.8% of those under the age of 18 and 3.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 126947 44.8% have child. file_id: 126947 69.3% be couple. file_id: 126947 couple live . file_id: 126947 male have income. ******************* Northeast Ithaca is a census-designated place located in Tompkins County, New York . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 2,655. Northeast Ithaca is located at 42°28'12" North, 76°27'51" West (42.469927, -76.464236) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 3.8 km² (1.5 mi² ). 3.8 km² (1.5 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,655 people, 1,058 households, and 692 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 707.0/km² (1,825.2/mi²). There are 1,096 housing units at an average density of 291.8/km² (753.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 74.65% White , 6.03% African American , 0.08% Native American , 15.63% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.39% from other races , and 2.22% from two or more races. 3.99% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,058 households out of which 36.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% are non-families. 24.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 3.02. In the CDP the population is spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 35.1% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $50,855, and the median income for a family is $65,833. Males have a median income of $51,250 versus $30,474 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $24,239. 12.1% of the population and 7.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 10.0% of those under the age of 18 and 3.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 127444 36.2% have child. file_id: 127444 56.0% be couple. file_id: 127444 couple live . file_id: 127444 male have income. ******************* Macclesfield is a town located in Edgecombe County, North Carolina . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 458. Macclesfield is located at 35°45'6" North, 77°40'18" West (35.751637, -77.671674) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 1.3 km² (0.5 mi² ). 1.3 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is land and 1.96% is water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 458 people, 209 households, and 142 families residing in the town. The population density is 346.7/km² (903.9/mi²). There are 229 housing units at an average density of 173.4/km² (451.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 81.44% White , 17.69% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.87% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 1.97% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 209 households out of which 22.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% are married couples living together, 14.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% are non-families. 31.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.19 and the average family size is 2.69. In the town the population is spread out with 18.8% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 45 years. For every 100 females there are 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $34,412, and the median income for a family is $36,806. Males have a median income of $27,750 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the town is $17,042. 7.9% of the population and 5.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 5.6% of those under the age of 18 and 17.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 127881 49.3% be couple. file_id: 127881 couple live . file_id: 127881 male have income. ******************* PS-Audio is an American company specializing in the creation of Hi-Fi audio components, also known as high end audio equipment for audiophiles. The company has switched owners during the 1990s, and is currently focusing on the production of hi-end power amplifiers, power related products, preamplifiers and cables. Founded in 1974, PS Audio was started by audio designers Paul McGowan (the P) and Stan Warren (the S). Stan Warren left the company in the early 1980's to form Superphon (still recognized as having created some good sounding but affordable audio equipment), and his place as audio designer and co-owner was taken over by Dr. Bob Odell, an audio designer himself, having created some of the notable Harmon Kardon designs (back when they made higher quality equipment). McGowan left the company in 1990 to join Arnie Nudell of Infinity systems in building High End loudspeakers with Genesis Technologies. In early 1998, PS Audio Inc. ceased operations due to financial problems. Shortly thereafter, Paul McGowan bought back the name 'PS Audio', and has been the principal designer for new products. In January of 1999, Paul left Genesis Technologies to devote full time to PS Audio. In the first quarter of 2000, the new PS Audio International grew at such a rapid rate that Peter Rudy was added as President of the corporation. One unique characteristic of PS Audio is that Paul McGowan or another employee will usually answer any question posed from anyone about a current or past PS Audio product. One simply needs to post a question on the PS audio discussion forum(external link) or the Audio Asylum PS audio discussion board(external link). This customer based focus has endeared many to PS audio. PS Audio manufactured amplifiers, preamplifiers, digital to analog converters and CD turntables. Amplifiers included the 250 Delta monoblock and the 100 Delta amplifier. PS Audio's modern incarnation first focused on power products, then various high end cables, and finally to amplifiers, preamplifiers and integrated amplifiers. The P-300 power "regenerator" was the first modern product from PS audio. It was designed to produce up to 300 watts of clean power to connected audio equipment. The P-300 had a digital sine wave stored in memory, which it passed through a digital to analog converter and then amplified to 117V (adjustable) at a frequency of 60 Hz (adjustable). Thus, connected equipment was provided with a precise 117V, 60Hz power signal (in the USA, other countries had units for their specific voltage and frequency) lacking noise from the utility company. The P-300 provided, in theory, perfect noise fee power of the same specifications that the power company should be providing. Various additional "waves" known as "multiwave" were also provided. The P-300 is a historically important product in high end audio as it helped redefine and popularize the Power Conditioner product category and spawned imitation. This even though companies such as Accuphase had already introduced the concept of power regeneration (though not additional waves, i.e., "multiwave" which PS audio claimed provided additional benefits). More powerful models of the P-300 were introduced. The P-500 and P-1000 provided up to 500 and 1000 watts of "clean" power to connected equipment. For high end cables, PS audio offered the "Lab" cable line which was replaced by the "Lab II" line, which was replaced by the "XStream" cable line. PS audio offered the PCA II preamplifier. This was discontinued and replaced with the GCP-200 preamplifier. Each had an optional phono stage and external power supply option. For amplifiers, PS audio offered the HCA-2 "digital" amplifier. This was a switching amplifier (many would call this a Class D Amplifier) that provied about 150 watts per channel. A more conventional amplifier, the Classic 250, provided 250 Watts per channel. These amplifiers were discontinued and the follow-on amplifiers were all "digital" type amplifiers from the GCA line, which had flexibility in the number of channels or number of watts per channel desired. ******************* file_id: 1280640 company specialize creation. file_id: 1280640 company switch_PASS owner. file_id: 1280640 power relate_PASS products_,_preamplifiers_and_cables. file_id: 1280640 audio start_PASS designer. file_id: 1280640 amplifier include Delta_monoblock. file_id: 1280640 unit lack noise. ******************* Apex is a town located in Wake County, North Carolina , a suburb of Raleigh . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 20,212. Apex is located at 35°43'55" North, 78°51'10" West (35.731952, -78.852878) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 27.5 km² (10.6 mi² ). 27.3 km² (10.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.57% water. Neighboring towns include Cary to the north and northeast, Raleigh to the east, and Holly Springs to the south. The town of Apex was incorporated in 1873, named for its location as the highest point on the Chatham Rail Line between the state capitol of Raleigh and the coal fields of nearby Chatham County . Apex grew slowly through the succeeding decades, despite several devastating fires, including a 1912 conflagration which destroyed most of the downtown business district. The town center was rebuilt and stands to this day, now one of the most intact railroad towns in the state. At the heart of town stands the Apex Union Depot, originally passenger station for the Seaboard Air Line Railroad and later home to the locally-supported Apex Community Library . Apex suffered mild setbacks during the Depression-era, but growth began again in earnest in the 1950's. The town's position in proximity to North Carolina's Research Triangle Park spurred additional residential development; yet the town managed to preserve its small-town character, residents taking pride that they had stayed off the burgeoning growth of the neighboring town of Cary . Still, during the decade of the 1990's, the town's population quadrupled to over 20,000, placing unprecedented demands upon Apex's infrastructure. Keith Weatherly is the current mayor of Apex, re-elected in November 2003 to his third consecutive term in office. As of the census of 2000 , there are 20,212 people, 7,397 households, and 5,584 families residing in the town. The population density is 740.4/km² (1,918.2/mi²). There are 8,028 housing units at an average density of 294.1/km² (761.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 85.06% White , 7.55% African American , 0.29% Native American , 4.27% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 1.11% from other races , and 1.67% from two or more races. 3.21% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 7,397 households out of which 46.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% are married couples living together, 7.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.5% are non-families. 18.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 2.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.73 and the average family size is 3.16. In the town the population is spread out with 30.8% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 44.8% from 25 to 44, 15.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $71,052, and the median income for a family is $78,689. Males have a median income of $55,587 versus $37,057 for females. The per capita income for the town is $28,727. 1.9% of the population and 1.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 1.2% of those under the age of 18 and 7.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 128297 Neighboring_towns include Cary. file_id: 128297 apex suffer setback. file_id: 128297 46.1% have child. file_id: 128297 66.2% be couple. file_id: 128297 couple live . file_id: 128297 male have income. ******************* Naked II is a live acoustic album by Dutch hard rock band Golden Earring, released in 1997(see 1997 in music). all songs written by Barry Hay and George Kooymans, except where noted ******************* file_id: 1284702 all_songs write_PASS and_George_Kooymans. ******************* Immersive Reality Gaming is defined as gaming where you receive you are TRULY part of the game. You may influence the story or push the story a certain direction with your actions. The games are mostly played online but they may include phone calls, faxes, emails, instant-messaging, text messaging, or even real world encounters. A few years back an Alternate Reality Game was created called The Beast . Though the game gave the player the illusion of immersion it never handed the player the controls. In 2004 AWARE was created by Real World Gaming. This game had all the elements of an ARG but gave the players involved more control of their environment. Since then more Immersive Reality Games have started. To include Project: Gateway and Wildfire Industries. Sites that handle Immersive Reality Gaming ******************* file_id: 1286040 part include phone_calls. file_id: 1286040 site handle reality. ******************* Bay Village is a city located in Cuyahoga County, Ohio . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 16,087. Bay Village is located at 41°29'3" North, 81°55'36" West (41.484193, -81.926581) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 18.4 km² (7.1 mi² ). 12.0 km² (4.6 mi²) of it is land and 6.3 km² (2.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 34.56% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 16,087 people, 6,239 households, and 4,685 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,341.5/km² (3,473.4/mi²). There are 6,401 housing units at an average density of 533.8/km² (1,382.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.05% White , 0.27% African American , 0.02% Native American , 0.72% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.21% from other races , and 0.72% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,239 households out of which 34.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% are married couples living together, 7.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% are non-families. 22.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 3.01. In the city the population is spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $70,397, and the median income for a family is $81,686. Males have a median income of $61,057 versus $36,061 for females. The per capita income for the city is $35,318. 3.1% of the population and 2.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 3.9% of those under the age of 18 and 4.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Patricia Heaton , star and Emmy nominee for ' Everybody Loves Raymond ' was born in Bay Village. Dr. Sam Sheppard , of the famous 1954 murder trial, lived in Bay Village at the time of the crime. Dave Zastudil , of the Baltimore Ravens, grew up in Bay Village and played football for the Bay High School Football Team. Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper and retired US National Team goalkeeper, Brad Friedel , grew up in Bay Village. ******************* file_id: 129069 34.1% have child. file_id: 129069 65.8% be couple. file_id: 129069 couple live . file_id: 129069 male have income. ******************* Malta is a village located in Morgan County, Ohio . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 696. Malta is located at 39°39'2" North, 81°51'52" West (39.650509, -81.864421) . It is on the west side of the Muskingum River , opposite McConnelsville, Ohio . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 8.82% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 696 people, 283 households, and 198 families residing in the village. The population density is 866.9/km² (2,241.1/mi²). There are 318 housing units at an average density of 396.1/km² (1,023.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 90.80% White , 5.75% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.29% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.29% from other races , and 2.87% from two or more races. 0.14% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 283 households out of which 34.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% are married couples living together, 22.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% are non-families. 27.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.39 and the average family size is 2.85. In the village the population is spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 77.7 males. The median income for a household in the village is $23,611, and the median income for a family is $27,083. Males have a median income of $28,125 versus $18,542 for females. The per capita income for the village is $10,703. 25.3% of the population and 23.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 36.9% of those under the age of 18 and 13.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 129661 34.3% have child. file_id: 129661 43.8% be couple. file_id: 129661 couple live . file_id: 129661 male have income. ******************* Poteau is a city located in Le Flore County, Oklahoma . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 7,939. It is the county seat of Le Flore County . It is the site of the largest hill in the United States, Cavanal Hill . Poteau is located at 35°3'31" North, 94°37'48" West (35.058560, -94.630116) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 82.0 km² (31.7 mi² ). 74.2 km² (28.6 mi²) of it is land and 7.8 km² (3.0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.54% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 7,939 people, 3,013 households, and 2,042 families residing in the city. The population density is 107.0/km² (277.2/mi²). There are 3,351 housing units at an average density of 45.2/km² (117.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 82.14% White , 2.24% African American , 10.00% Native American , 0.38% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 1.39% from other races , and 3.83% from two or more races. 5.82% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,013 households out of which 31.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% are married couples living together, 13.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% are non-families. 28.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.48 and the average family size is 3.02. In the city the population is spread out with 24.6% under the age of 18, 12.8% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $26,178, and the median income for a family is $31,226. Males have a median income of $24,595 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,175. 22.1% of the population and 19.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 31.8% of those under the age of 18 and 13.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 130316 50.0% be couple. file_id: 130316 couple live . file_id: 130316 male have income. ******************* Teeline is a shorthand system accepted by the NCTJ, an organisation for journalists in the United Kingdom. It is adaptable to a variety of languages but is mainly only used within the Commonwealth. It was developed in 1970 by James Hill, a teacher of Pitman Shorthand, as a streamlined way to transcribe the spoken word quickly by removing unnecessary letters from words and making the letters themselves faster to write. Vowels are often removed when they are not the first or last letter of a word, and silent letters are also ignored. It differs from many shorthand systems by basing itself on the alphabet as opposed to phonetics, making it more simple to learn but also carrying the speed limitations of the alphabet when compared to other systems. Still, speeds above 140wpm are not uncommon. Teeline is a shorthand system which depends on a combination of 'short term' memory and written outlines that are derived mainly from consonants. Vowels are hardly ever indicated, except at the beginning and end of words. It is a very useful skill in all areas of journalistic practice. It increases the speed and efficiency of your reporting. It widens your career opportunities since shorthand writing reporters are more likely to be given the responsibility of covering sensational and newsworthy trials, enquiries and tribunals. The alphabet is based on outlines which use the minimum of effort in writing strokes, are similar to traditional handwriting and move in a left to right motion. In order to acquire and develop this skill you will need to work and practice at it for between 20 and 30 minutes each day. It has to be a daily practice because bunching it all up into 1 day at the end of a week will not be effective. For more info see http://www.ma-radio.gold.ac.uk/shorthand/teeline1.htm or http://www.geocities.com/coursesite/teeline.htm ******************* file_id: 1303474 outline derive_PASS consonant. file_id: 1303474 alphabet base_PASS outline. ******************* Braggs is a town located in Muskogee County, Oklahoma . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 301. Braggs is located at 35°39'46" North, 95°11'54" West (35.662735, -95.198241) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 301 people, 123 households, and 86 families residing in the town. The population density is 352.2/km² (923.8/mi²). There are 137 housing units at an average density of 160.3/km² (420.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 75.42% White , 1.66% African American , 14.95% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.33% Pacific Islander , 0.33% from other races , and 7.31% from two or more races. 0.33% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 123 households out of which 32.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% are married couples living together, 14.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% are non-families. 26.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.45 and the average family size is 2.92. In the town the population is spread out with 27.6% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $21,750, and the median income for a family is $22,500. Males have a median income of $20,938 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the town is $11,396. 31.7% of the population and 23.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 50.0% of those under the age of 18 and 8.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 130410 32.5% have child. file_id: 130410 45.5% be couple. file_id: 130410 couple live . file_id: 130410 male have income. ******************* Milton-Freewater is a city located in Umatilla County, Oregon . The city received its current name in 1951 when the neighboring rival cities of Milton and Freewater voted to merge. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 6,470. Originally called Freeport, when the construction of a mill was proposed about 1868, the community changed its name to Milltown, which became Milton by 1873. Freewater, although named New Walla Walla on its original plat filed in 1889, received its name from the offer of free water extended to new settlers. This town was located to the north of Milton. Milton-Freewater is located at 45°56'11" North, 118°23'27" West (45.936359, -118.390898) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.9 km² (1.9 mi² ). 4.9 km² (1.9 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 6,470 people, 2,237 households, and 1,534 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,328.8/km² (3,433.9/mi²). There are 2,504 housing units at an average density of 514.3/km² (1,329.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 73.54% White , 0.43% African American , 0.71% Native American , 0.45% Asian , 1.17% Pacific Islander , 20.83% from other races , and 2.86% from two or more races. 31.76% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,237 households out of which 36.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% are married couples living together, 12.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% are non-families. 25.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.77 and the average family size is 3.31. In the city the population is spread out with 31.2% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.6 males. The median income for a household in the city is $28,365, and the median income for a family is $33,265. Males have a median income of $28,292 versus $19,176 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,101. 15.2% of the population and 13.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 18.8% of those under the age of 18 and 15.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 130963 name extend_PASS settler. file_id: 130963 36.0% have child. file_id: 130963 51.5% be couple. file_id: 130963 couple live . file_id: 130963 male have income. ******************* Vergnügungszug('Journey Train' or 'Pleasure Train') op. 281 is a polka composed by Johann Strauss II in 1864. The polka was composed for the Association of Industrial Societies' Ball held in the Redoutensaal on 19 January 1864 and inspired from the opening of the Austrian Southern Railway lines which operated many 'pleasure trains' offering many journeys to the countryside. Strauss himself was not the first composer to write a piece celebrating the technological innovation. Hans Christian Lumbye, the popular Danish composer wrote his 'Copenhagen Steam Railway' galop while much earlier, Johann Strauss I celebrated the opening of the first Austrian steam railway on 14 November 1837 between the Viennese suburbs of Floridsdorf and Deutsch Wagram with his own appropriately-titled waltz'Eisenbahn-Lust Walzer' op. 89 (Railway Joy Waltz). Eduard Strauss also wrote his own famous quick-polka Bahn Frei op. 45 which also celebrates the opening of a new railway line. Johann Strauss II's polka however, stood out with his vividly descriptive polka with triangles imitating train bells whereas horns suggest the train's chuffing. The Trio section does not let up the orchestral delight, with the melody constantly hinting of the train's journey. The polka has to end, like the train's journey and Strauss powered home the conclusion with high chords before a resounding flourish underlined by a strong snare drumroll. It is worth nothing that although many of Strauss' works commemorate travel and other forms of transportation, neither he nor his brother eagerly undertook extensive journeys. An anecdote states that Johann himself was terrified at the mere mention of the hanging precipices at the Semmering and later during a railroad trip to Boston in the 1870s for a concert tour in the United States, his wife, Henrietta Treffz noted that Strauss confessed that he would rather be killed than to take another trip via the American railroad. Many stories suggest that Strauss was terrified of train journeys and that he could be found huddled on the train floor although these are not substantiated. ******************* file_id: 1312964 strauss terrify_PASS train_journeys. ******************* Burnside Township is a township located in Centre County, Pennsylvania . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 410. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 223.1 km² (86.1 mi² ). 220.7 km² (85.2 mi²) of it is land and 2.3 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.04% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 410 people, 157 households, and 114 families residing in the township. The population density is 1.9/km² (4.8/mi²). There are 325 housing units at an average density of 1.5/km² (3.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 99.27% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.24% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.49% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 157 households out of which 26.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% are married couples living together, 6.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% are non-families. 21.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.07. In the township the population is spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 109.2 males. The median income for a household in the township is $31,786, and the median income for a family is $41,786. Males have a median income of $26,250 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the township is $21,195. 14.0% of the population and 10.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 22.2% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 131756 63.1% be couple. file_id: 131756 couple live . file_id: 131756 male have income. ******************* George Lohmann(born June 2, 1865; died December 1, 1901) is regarded as one the greatest bowlers of all time. Statistically, he holds the lowest lifetime Test bowling average among bowlers with more than ten wickets. He bowled at around medium pace, and on the primitive pitches of his time could gain a lot of spin, so that when rain affected the pitch he was invariably quite unplayable. However, against the best batsmen Lohmann possessed a great deal of skill and guile, and he could vary his pace, flight and break so deceptively as to worry batsmen on better pitches. He was the finest slip fielder of his time, and in county cricket a good enough hard-hitting batsman to score two centuries for Surrey and average 25 in 1887. Lohmann first played first-class cricket for Surrey in ten matches during 1884. He did little bowling but nonetheless established himself as a regular member of the side for his promising batting. The following year was nothing short of a sensation. Lohmann not only became Surrey's leading bowler, but was the leading first-class wicket-taker with 142 wickets. He also showed his promise as a batsman was no fluke, for he scored 571 runs. In 1886, Lohmann did equally well and played his first Test matches for England against Australia. He took only one wicket at Old Trafford, and none at Lord's, but his continued superb form in other first-class matches saw him retained for the last match at The Oval. Here, Lohmann established himself as a great bowler with a superb twelve for 104 (7 for 36 and 5 for 68), giving England what is still one of its most decisive wins in an Ashes series. Again being the leading first-class wicket-taker, Lohmann was chosen to tour Australia with Alfred Shaw's team. On his first tour, Lohmann moved even further ahead of the pack as a bowler. In the Second Test at the SCG, Lohmann became the first bowler to take eight wickets in a Test innings, and in the abnormally dry summer of 1887 showed himself far ahead of any other bowler - taking 154 wickets when the next best was 114. He also made his highest score as a batsman, scoring 115 against Sussex at Hove, whilst his aggregate of runs for the season totalled 843. Lohmann again toured Australia in the winter of 1887/1888, and with Johnny Briggs formed an irresistible combination in the only Test match on a sticky wicket. In 1888, a summer as wet as 1887 had been dry, Lohmann took full advantage of the dreadful pitches on which most matches were played, taking 209 wickets for only 10.90 each (including 143 in 14 county matches!). In the three Tests against Australia, Briggs, Bobby Peel and Billy Barnes did so well that Lohmann had to do little bowling at the Oval and Old Trafford. However, he took eight wickets at Lord's and made his only Test fifty at the Oval. In 1889, Lohmann again took over 200 wickets (115 for 1485 runs in purely county matches) and took nine wickets in an innings for the first time against Sussex. In 1890, the County Championship was officially constituted for the first time after years of unofficial "champion" counties (Surrey had been acknowledged as the champion county since 1887). Lohmann continued to carry all before him in 1890, taking a career-best 220 wickets and being the leading wicket-taker outside of touring teams for the sixth successive year (a feat bettered only by Tich Freeman between 1928 and 1935). For Surrey in county cricket he totalled 113 wickets, and he again helped England to victory over Australia in the only Tests where cricket took place. In 1891, Lohmann was leading English wicket-taker for the seventh successive year with 177 wickets, and on the following year's Australian tour, he again bowled wondefully well, taking eight for 58 on a dry wicket in Sydney. In 1892, with Surrey still crushing all opposition in the County Championship race, Lohmann "suffered only by comparison with previous years" ( Wisden ). He surprisingly ceded the position of Surrey's chief bowler to the emergent William Lockwood who took full advantage of Oval pitches being extremely fiery and untrue due to reconditionng of the square, but it still seemed as though Lohmann had many years of county and Test cricket ahead of him. A rude shock to Surrey was to come, however. After the 1892 season had ended, a dreadful shock came when it was announced that Lohmann had contracted tuberculosis. In an effort to improve his health, Lohmann sailed during the 1892/1893 winter to Cape Town, but his health did not at first improve and he could not play at all for Surrey in 1893 or 1894; indeed he could play no cricket until the 1894/1895 Currie Cup final where he turned out for Western Province. By July 1895 his health had recovered sufficiently for him to play again for Surrey. Fortuitously, Lohmann's return coincided with a return to extremely treacherous wickets after a long spell of very dry weather and much better pitches than Lohmann had ever bowled on before. Though completely overshadowed by the equally amazing Tom Richardson, the mere fact of missing the good wickets in May and June caused Lohmann to actually beat Richardson in the averages, though his batting (seen as an important part of his county cricket up to 1892) was completely insignificant. Returning to South Africa to maintain his health, Lohmann played no more first-class cricket until February, yet on the matting wickets in three "Tests" (the England eleven was no more than England "A" of today), Lohmann was so unplayable that he took 35 wickets for the remarkable average of just 5.80 runs each. During this series Lohmann twice broke the record for best analysis in Test cricket: he took 15 for 45 in the first Test, and, after not being put on initially in the second, he became the first bowler to take nine wickets in a Test innings. In 1896, Lohmann began to play for Surrey at the end of May, and, though he took 93 wickets and helped Richardson to put Australia out for 53 on a good wicket at Lord's, it was thought he had not come up to expectations, but he had a fully satisfactory benefit in the game against Yorkshire in August. A pay dispute, in which he demanded twice the existing 10-pound match fee given at the time to professional cricketers caused Lohmann, along with Billy Gunn to withdraw from the last Test match. He continued to play for Surrey that August, but at the end of the season his health again degenerated and he had to return to South Africa and retire from his English career for good. Lohmann immigrated to South Africa permanently in 1897 and played a full season of first-class cricket for Western Province. In five matches on matting pitches during March 1897 he took 34 wickets for 12.26 runs each, but it was clear throughout that year that his health was unlikely to recover, and he was able to play only one further first-class match for "A Bailey's Transvaal XI". However, Lohmann did come back to England in 1901 to manage the second South African touring team (and the first whose matches were actually recognised as first-class). However, his health was clearly never going to recover completely, and even after returning to Cape Town with the onset of autumn in England, Lohmann's condition only became more critical. On the first of December 1901, the tuberculosis he had fought against for nine years finally claimed his life at age 36. ******************* file_id: 1318827 match play_PASS . file_id: 1318827 return coincide return. ******************* St. Petersburg is a borough located in Clarion County, Pennsylvania . As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 405. St. Petersburg is located at 41°9'39" North, 79°39'14" West (41.160944, -79.653937) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 0.9 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 405 people, 164 households, and 115 families residing in the borough. The population density is 459.9/km² (1,189.8/mi²). There are 168 housing units at an average density of 190.8/km² (493.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 99.26% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.25% from other races , and 0.49% from two or more races. 0.49% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 164 households out of which 31.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% are married couples living together, 10.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% are non-families. 27.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.47 and the average family size is 2.97. In the borough the population is spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 108.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.4 males. The median income for a household in the borough is $30,083, and the median income for a family is $33,333. Males have a median income of $30,000 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $14,703. 11.0% of the population and 8.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 11.8% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 131949 55.5% be couple. file_id: 131949 couple live . file_id: 131949 male have income. ******************* The AMC Eagle was produced by the former American Motors Corporation, introduced for the 1980 model year and based on the AMC Concord range. The vehicle utilized an full-time all-wheel drive system (mechanism similar to the Jeep Cherokee, also produced by AMC) and had a noticeable increased height compared to competitors' automobiles. At the time, the Eagle was a logical extension to the Concord range: since AMC made Jeeps it made sense to combine off-road technology with a passenger car range. It is now considered ahead of its time, creating the model which vehicles such as the Subaru Outback, Audi Allroad Quattro, Volvo XC70 and Holden Adventra follow: that of the "raised" station wagon. Shift-on-the-fly 4WD was standard in 1985. Unlike the later cars, the Eagle was available as a ' Kammback,' essentially a three-door hatchback with a very vertical tailgate; a four-door sedan, a five-door station wagon, and a three-door fastback topping the range with an SX/4 variant. The Kammback and fastback had two-wheel-drive equivalents in the AMC Spirit range, which were basically restyled AMC Gremlin. As the range developed, the three-door models were deleted (1983). Toward the end of the Eagle's life, only the station wagon remained (1987). Sadly, the Eagle eventually suffered from sluggish sales, reliability, and mileage concerns, leading to its cancellation in early 1988 after AMC’s merger with Chrysler. ******************* file_id: 1320350 height compare_PASS competitor. file_id: 1320350 model follow . ******************* Capra aegagrus aegagrus Capra aegagrus blythi Capra aegagrus chialtanensis Capra aegagrus cretica Capra aegagrus hircus Capra aegagrus turcmenica The Wild Goat( Capra aegagrus) is a common type of goat. Wild Goats are terrestrial species found in Europe, Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Middle East. In the wild, goats live in flocks of 5-20 goats; males are solitary. Male goats go through a period called a rut, where they ready to mate. During the rut old males drive younger males from the maternal herds. The gestation period averages 170 days. Does usually give birth to one kid. Kids can follow the mother goat almost immediately after birth. Kids are wean ed after 6 months. Female goats reach sexual maturity at 1.5-2.5 years, males at 3.5-4 years. The lifespan of a goat can be from 12 to 22 years. ******************* file_id: 1325294 Wild_Goats be species. file_id: 1325294 species find_PASS Europe. file_id: 1325294 goat live flock. file_id: 1325294 male be . file_id: 1325294 Male_goats go period. file_id: 1325294 kid follow mother_goat. file_id: 1325294 kid be . file_id: 1325294 Female_goats reach maturity. ******************* Shore Line East(SLE) is a commuter railroad operating in southern Connecticut. A fully owned subsidiary of the Connecticut Department of Transportation(ConnDOT), SLE provides weekday service to communities along the Northeast Corridor between New Haven, Connecticut and New London, Connecticut, with continuing service to Bridgeport, Connecticut and Stamford, Connecticut, and connecting service to New York, New York via Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line. The section of the Northeast Corridor SLE operates on was once the New York- Boston mainline of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. This line is referred to as the Shore Line east of New Haven, to disambiguate it from the alternative Inland Route via Springfield, Massachusetts. In recognition of the large role played by the New Haven in the history and heritage of the state of Connecticut, ConnDOT paints SLE's diesel-powered locomotives in the New Haven's colors and "NH" markings. SLE was established as a temporary service to newly-reopened local stations between Union Station in New Haven and Old Saybrook, Connecticut, to alleviate traffic congestion that arose from scheduled construction work on Interstate 95. The restored service proved more popular than expected, and the service was made permanent, and extended one station east to New London. To attract more riders, some peak hour trains were extended to provide one seat rides via SLE to employment centers in Bridgeport and Stamford. Most SLE trains run local westbound from Old Saybrook to New Haven in the morning, with some nonstop eastbound service. This traffic pattern is reversed in the afternoon and evening rush. A handful operate through New Haven to or from Stamford. Service to the New London Station has been cut down to a single train in each direction every day. This is despite the popularity of the New London service after it was introduced; Amtrak was forced by the U.S. Coast Guard to curtail traffic over a moveable bridge. The Coast Guard has jurisdiction over marine traffic, and thus over how often the bridge can be closed to allow a train to pass. To make it up to SLE customers, Amtrak allows New London SLE monthly pass holders to board selected Regional trains. All trains that do not operate west of New Haven make a connection to a Metro North Railroad train at New Haven, for service to and from points in Connecticut, Westchester County, New York, and New York City. Although SLE service is funded by ConnDOT, it is operated under contract by Amtrak. Amtrak owns and dispatches the Northeast Corridor east of New Haven. West of New Haven, the Corridor is owned by Metro North. In contrast to Metro North's New Haven Line, whose rolling stock is also purchased in part by the state of Connecticut (a portion of the fleet is owned by the Metropolitian Transportation Authority, Metro North's parent organization), SLE trains are diesel push-pull trains, as opposed to Metro North's electric multiple units. SLE runs diesel service because, when it was purchasing motive power, Amtrak had not yet electrified the Northeast Corridor between New Haven and Boston. While the purchase of electric motive power is a long term goal, there are as of now no immediate plans to do so. When it happens, though, it is expected that ConnDOT will reassign the locomotives to a new proposed commuter line along Amtrak's New Haven- Hartford-Springfield, MA line, which is expected to imitate SLE's operating model. As of late 2004, SLE has just purchased several single level coaches from Virginia Railway Express, to increase its fleet size to accommodate higher ridership, as well as to provide a critical reserve in case of mechanical breakdown. Mindful of the weather-related equipment failures that plagued both Connecticut commuter railroads in the winter of 2003- 2004, Governor Jodi Rell has directed that the new cars be put into service immediately, without even taking time to paint them in SLE livery. See Northeast Corridor. ******************* file_id: 1327730 SLE establish_PASS service. file_id: 1327730 SLE_trains run westbound. file_id: 1327730 Amtrak allow sle. file_id: 1327730 All_trains not_operate west. file_id: 1327730 SLE_trains be push_-_pull_trains. ******************* Dunmore is a borough located in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania , adjoining Scranton . Dunmore was settled in 1835 and incorporated in 1862 . Extensive anthracite coal , brick, stone, and silk interests had led to a rapid increase in the population to 8,315 in 1890 , 12,583 in 1900 , 17,615 in 1910 , 20,250 in 1920 , and 23,086 in 1940 . As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 14,018. Dunmore is one of the numerous villages which sprang from the original township of Providence, Pennsylvania. Purchased from the natives in 1754, the territory now embracing this village offered its solitude to the pioneers seeking a home in the wilderness between the Delaware and the Susquehanna rivers until the summer of 1783. At this time, William Allsworth, a shoemaker by trade, who had visited the Connecticut land at Wyoming for the purpose of selecting a place for his home the year previous, reached the point at evening, where he encamped and lit his fire in the forest where Dunmore was thus founded. The need of more places of rest to cheer the emigrants traveling with heavy burdens induced Mr. Allsworth to fix his abode at this spot. Deer and bear were so abundant for many years within sight of his clearing, that his family never trusted to his rifle in vain for a supply of venison or the substantial haunches of the bear. The house of Mr. Allsworth, famed for the constant readiness of the host to smooth by his dry jokes and kind words the ruggedness of every man’s daily road, became a common point of interest and attraction to the emigrant or the wayfarer. The descendants of Mr. Allsworth have filled many places of trust and usefulness in the county, and adorned the various walks of social life. In the summer of 1795, Charles Dolph, John Carey, and John West began the labor of clearing and plowing lands in the neighborhood of Bucktown or Corners, as this place was long called after the first foot-path opened from Blakelye to the Roaring Brook crossed the Wyoming road at Allsworth’s. Edward Lunnon, Isaac Dolph, James Brown, Philip Swartz and Levi De Puy, purchased land of the State between 1799-1805 and located in this portion of Providence Township. The old tavern, long since vanished with its round swinging sign and low bar-room, one corner of which, fortified with long pine-pickets, extended from the bar to the very ceiling, in times of yore, was owned successively by Wm. Allsworth, Philip Swartz, Isaac Dolph, Henry W. Drinker, and Samuel De Puy. The external aspect of Dunmore promised so much by its agricultural expectations in 1813, that Dr. Orlo Hamlin with his young wife, was induced to settle a mile north of Allsworth. He was the first physician and surgeon locating in Providence. The population of Dunmore and Blakeley, doubling in numbers and increasing in wealth, warranted Stephen Tripp in erecting a saw and grist mill in 1820, on the Roaring Brook half a mile south of the village. A store was opened at the Corners in 1820 under the auspices of the Drinker Turnpike; but the village, consisting of but four houses, had but a negative existence until the Pennsylvania Coal Company, in 1847-1848, turned the sterile pasture-fields around it into a town liberal in the extent of its territory and diversified by every variety of life. By 1875, the township of Providence was dissolved and the land split up into various smaller boroughs and towns with Dunmore being one of them. Today, Dunmore is a borough bordering the town of Scranton, Pennsylvania . Dunmore is located at 41°25'3" North, 75°37'28" West (41.417530, -75.624432) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 22.8 km² (8.8 mi² ). 22.6 km² (8.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.79% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 14,018 people, 6,141 households, and 3,788 families residing in the borough. The population density is 619.3/km² (1,603.7/mi²). There are 6,528 housing units at an average density of 288.4/km² (746.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 98.45% White , 0.49% African American , 0.06% Native American , 0.44% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.18% from other races , and 0.36% from two or more races. 0.88% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,141 households out of which 24.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% are married couples living together, 11.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% are non-families. 34.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.26 and the average family size is 2.95. In the borough the population is spread out with 20.9% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.4 males. The median income for a household in the borough is $33,280, and the median income for a family is $43,354. Males have a median income of $32,855 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $19,851. 10.5% of the population and 6.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 11.1% of those under the age of 18 and 11.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 132836 coal_,_brick_,_stone_,_and_silk_interests lead_PASS increase. file_id: 132836 emigrant travel burden. file_id: 132836 46.1% be couple. file_id: 132836 couple live . file_id: 132836 male have income. ******************* Judicial review is the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent for constitutionality or for the violation of basic principles of justice. In many jurisdictions, the court has the power to strike down that law, to overturn the executive act, or order a public official to act in a certain manner if it believes the law or act to be unconstitutional or to be contrary to law in a free and democratic society. In some, such as Scotland and also England , the power goes further, and it may be possible to strike down a decision simply because it ignored relevant and material facts. Judicial review of federal and state legislation for constitutionality is established by Section 76 of the Constitution of Australia , making the High Court of Australia one of the first courts in the world to exercise this power, after the US Supreme Court . Australia has a unified system of state and federal courts, so state and federal constiutional issues can arise in state courts. A significant constitutional issue is almost always removed into the High Court of Australia for a final decision. Beginning with the Law/management.nsf/current/bytitle/54DB558856AEE672CA256F710006F886?OpenDocument Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 , Australia was the second Westminster system country to adopt a comprehensive system of administrative appeals on the merits of decisions. Judicial review on the legality of federal administrative decisions in Australia is available under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 or ADJR for short. An administrative act may be reviewable if it is a decision of an administrative character made, proposed to be made, or required to be made under an enactment by a Commonwealth authority or officer, excluding a decision of the Governor-General or a decision made exempt under statute. The Act provides for review of decisions (s5), conduct engaged in for the purpose of making a decision (s6) of failing to make a decision (s7). Under the Act, statutory orders of review replace the common law writs and equitable remedies (s16). Various Australian States also provide for statutory judicial review. In Queensland, the common law doctrines have been repealed and replaced under Part 5 (ss41-47) of the Judicial Review Act 1992 (Qld). Part 3 (ss20-30) provides the equivalent of the Commonwealth scheme, with the exception that decisions of an administrative character may also be reviewable if made under a "non-statutory scheme or program", provided it is publicly funded (s4(b)). When the Constitution of Austria , drafted by Hans Kelsen , was enacted in 1920 , Austria was the first country to implement what is now known as the "Austrian system" of judicial review, where a separate Constitutional Court has juridisction to review the constitutionality of statutes and decrees . There are various circumstances under which the Constitutional Court of Austria can be required to review legislation, e.g. The Constitutional Court can also review statutes which are part of the constitution on whether they are compatible with "basic principles" of the constitution, such as democracy , federalism , the rule of law , the republic an principle or the separation of powers . Other than normal constitutional statutes, pieces of legislation seriously affecting those principles (such as Austria's accession to the EU ) require a referendum in addition to the two thirds majority normally required to change or amend the constitution. However, so far the court has only in one case found that part of the constitution was incompatible with its basic principles. In Canada , the same principle applies as in the British parliamentary system, though since the Constitution of Canada created a federal state there was an issue of the division of powers so while there were questions regarding judicial review when jurisdictional conflicts arose, there was no clear power to overturn laws based upon other grounds. It is important to note that the courts in each province, while provincial, are courts of plenary jurisdiction under the Canadian constitution and are held to have the traditional powers of judicial review such as in England and Wales. Regarding the review of administrative decisions by public officials the concepts of fundamental justice and overturning of patently unreasonable decisionmaking have developed along with the evolution of the royal writs as in the United Kingdom. In 1982 when the patriated Canadian Constitution came into force the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms created a clear written power of judicial review. In that document, the Supreme Court of Canada was granted the power of judicial review beyond the power that it had held prior to that date. This power can be overridden by governments with respect to certain clauses of the Charter by invoking the notwithstanding clause in legislation. However, it is a mechanism which is often considered dangerous politically because of public respect for the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Judicial review in England is provided by virtue of section 31 of the Supreme Court Act 1981. Pursuant to s.31(3) a prospective applicant for judicial review must request 'leave' (now known as 'permission') to apply for judicial review, and permission shall not be granted unless "the High Court … considers that the applicant has a sufficient interest in the matter to which the application relates". The test of sufficient interest, or locus standi , is fairly liberal, especially when compared to the 'victim' test adopted for claims under section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 . Representative applications are allowed, and have been permitted from organisations such as Greenpeace and charities such as the World Development Movement . Once leave has been granted the applicant must establish grounds for review. The main grounds for review are: illegality, irrationality, procedural impropriety, Human Rights Act section 6, and breach of EC law . It is not just Government bodies which are susceptible to review, but also any body which operates a public function, for example the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers . Under the heading of 'illegality' are encompassed the following grounds of review: Under the heading of 'irrationality' are encompassed the following grounds of review: Irrationality is also know as Wednesbury unreasonableness after the case of Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v. Wednesbury Corp which stated that a decision would be unreasonable if it "is so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could ever have come to it" (per Lord Greene). It is very difficult to establish and rarely submitted as a ground on its own. There is also a sliding scale of intensity of review on the grounds of unreasonableness: Non-justiciable --> Super Wednesbury --> Ordinary Wednesbury --> Anxious Scrutiny Non-justiciable cases are those which involve matters best left to the executive (such as national security ), and courts will refuse to review such cases on the basis of irrationality. Anxious scrutiny applies to cases involving human rights. As a general rule, the further to the right of the scale the case falls, the more likely the courts are to find that a decision was unreasonable. Under the heading of 'procedural impropriety' are encompassed the following grounds of review: Section 6(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 provides that "it is unlawful for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right". The Convention referred to is the European Convention on Human Rights . An applicant may only bring a review on this ground if "he is (or would be) a victim of the unlawful act" - s.7(1)(b). Since the Factortame case EU law has been recognised as directly effective in the UK, and it is possible to bring a review based on a breach of EU law. In Germany , judicial review is a legal principle defined and guaranteed by the German constitution (often referred to as the Basic Law or ). Judicial review is indeed intended as a safeguard against tyranny of the majority and has been successfully employed to challenge, for example, the national census efforts of the German government in the 1980s. In particular, article 93 states that the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) shall rule: Also, article 93 provides that any court, as part of its proceedings, may request the Federal Constitutional Court or the appropriate land court to review a particular statute's constitutionality or compatibility with applicable international law. The power of judicial review of all actings of administrative bodies or courts in Scotland (and even in theory of the Scottish Parliament) is held by the Court of Session . The procedure is governed by Chapter 58 of the Rules of Court , although there are special rules for some categories of cases such as statutory review of the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal . There are no time limits on seeking judicial review, although if proper administration is prejudiced by delay the court may in its discretion refuse to grant it. In general, judicial review is available for any error of law by an administrative body, but it is sometimes possible to seek judicial review simply on the basis that the decision was entirely unreasonable, ignored known facts, or took irrelevant material into account. About six hundred judicial review cases are brought every year; most of these are settled by agreement and only a small minority have to be decided by the court. There is a full discussion on this site . Article 191 of the Swiss Federal Constitution states that federal statutes and international law are binding on the Federal Supreme Court. In consequence, the courts are not empowered to review the constitutionality of federal statutes, but will, where possible, construe statutes so as not to create a conflict with the Constitution. The courts can suspend the application of federal statutes that conflict with international law, but tend to exercise this power cautiously and deferentially: In Schubert (BGE 99 Ib 39), the Federal Supreme Court refused to do so because Parliament had consciously violated international law in drafting the statute at issue. The reason traditionally given for the lack of judicial review is the Swiss system of popular democracy : If 50'000 citizens so demand, any new statute is made subject to a popular referendum . In this sense, it is the people themselves that exercise judicial review. The situation described above for Swiss federal law applies mutatis mutandis to the constitutional and legal systems of the individual cantons . However, owing to the derogatory power of federal law, federal courts as a matter of course exercise judicial review on cantonal law, as well as on federal executive law (ordinances, executive orders etc.). The power of judicial review is held by courts in the United States which while developing out of British law is based fundamentally on the tripartite nature of governmental power as enunciated in the United States Constitution . The only explicit definition given in the Constitution is in Article III , which states: The power to strike down laws is not specifically listed, but is an implied power derived from Article III, and Article VI , which declares that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land: no state or federal law is allowed to violate the Constitution. The ultimate court for deciding the constitutionality of federal or state law under the Constitution of the United States is the Supreme Court of the United States . The doctrine of Judicial review was first established as part of Federal law in 1803 in the Supreme Court decision Marbury v. Madison . The ultimate court for deciding the constitutionality of state law under state constitutions is the highest appellate court in each state -- usually called a Supreme Court , but also sometimes known as the Court of Appeals. Even before Marbury , the doctrine of judicial review was specifically enshrined in some state constitutions, and by 1803 it had been employed in both state courts and federal courts in actions dealing with state statutes. In the Federal system, courts may only decide actual controversies; it is not possible to request the Federal courts to review a law without at least one party with legal standing to engage in a lawsuit. This principle means that courts sometimes do not exercise their power of review, even when a law is seemingly unconstitutional, for what are often described in the press as "technicalities". In some state courts, such as the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , legislation may be referred in certain circumstances by the legislature or by the executive for an advisory ruling on its constitutionality prior to its enactment (or enforcement). Although judicial review has become an established part of constitutional law in the United States, some people disagree with the doctrine, or believe that it is unconstitutional since it is not specifically spelled out in the Constitution. The Virginia Constitution of 1776 states, "All power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised." In a letter to William C. Jarvis in 1820 , Thomas Jefferson wrote: The origins of judicial review in the United States can be traced back to the Constitutional Convention and the Virginia Plan 's "council of revision", which included the Supreme Court, that would exam laws and could accept or reject them. However, under this system, the legislature could pass a bill over the council's veto. By August 27 , 1787 this plan had been dropped. James Madison , the author of the Virginia plan, stated in his notes on the convention that: Robert Yates , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from New York , predicted what would happen: Therefore, the Constitutional Convention, believing that the Supreme Court would abuse their power, changed the "council of revision" into the Presidential veto . Proponents of judicial review note that any government based on a written constitution requires some mechanism to prevent laws from being passed that violate that constitution. Otherwise, the document would be meaningless, and the legislature, with the power to enact any laws whatsoever, would be the supreme arm of government. This concept was laid out by Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 78 : ******************* file_id: 133040 issue arise state_courts. file_id: 133040 act provide review. file_id: 133040 conduct engage_PASS review. file_id: 133040 order replace law_writs. file_id: 133040 statute be part. file_id: 133040 power overturn law. file_id: 133040 law base_PASS grounds. file_id: 133040 power override_PASS government. file_id: 133040 Representative_applications allow_PASS . file_id: 133040 grounds be organisation. file_id: 133040 Government_bodies be . file_id: 133040 body operate function. file_id: 133040 body be . file_id: 133040 Scrutiny_Non be . file_id: 133040 court refuse . file_id: 133040 scrutiny apply case. file_id: 133040 court request . file_id: 133040 review be error. file_id: 133040 statute make_PASS . file_id: 133040 power hold_PASS court. file_id: 133040 court deal state_statutes. file_id: 133040 proponent base_PASS constitution. file_id: 133040 legislature enact law. ******************* Da'i Bachtiar(born April 25, 1951 in Indramayu, West Java) is Indonesia's former police chief. On 15 October 2002, he announced that Indonesian investigators at the scene of the Bali bombing had recovered traces of C-4 plastic explosives. It is rumoured that there was rivalry between Bachtiar and intelligence chief Hendropriyono. After Amrozi had been arrested Bachtiar had a face-to-face meeting with him. Bachtiar laughed, shook hands and posed for photographs with Amrozi. ******************* file_id: 1336932 investigator recover_PASS trace. ******************* Quemahoning Township is a township located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 2,180. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 93.7 km² (36.2 mi² ). 92.1 km² (35.6 mi²) of it is land and 1.6 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.74% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 2,180 people, 827 households, and 627 families residing in the township. The population density is 23.7/km² (61.3/mi²). There are 897 housing units at an average density of 9.7/km² (25.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 99.54% White , 0.05% African American , 0.09% Native American , 0.05% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.05% from other races , and 0.23% from two or more races. 0.37% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 827 households out of which 31.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% are married couples living together, 8.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% are non-families. 21.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.06. In the township the population is spread out with 25.5% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.8 males. The median income for a household in the township is $32,134, and the median income for a family is $37,500. Males have a median income of $27,000 versus $20,096 for females. The per capita income for the township is $14,002. 12.5% of the population and 9.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 16.3% of those under the age of 18 and 10.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 133813 63.4% be couple. file_id: 133813 couple live . file_id: 133813 male have income. ******************* 6 Meters is a popular ham radio band. It ranges from 50 to 54 MHz in the United States. The 6 Meter band is part of the VHF spectrum but exhibits some of the HF propagation mechanisms and because of this peculiar behaviour it is sometimes called Magic Band. The 6 Meter band is not as popular as 2 Meter band because of antenna size, legal issues, frequency and power restrictions. It is illegal to use in some countries because it is also a popular military communication channel. In some nations, the frequency range occupied by the six-meter ham band is used for television transmissions, although most countries have moved the channels to higher frequencies (see channel 1). Over the past decade or so, the availability of transceivers that include the six-meter band has increased greatly. Most modern HF amateur radios now include the six-meter band, as do some handheld VHF/ UHF transceivers. There exist and/or have existed a number of stand-alone 6 Meter transcievers, although these have been relatively rare in recent years. As tranceivers have become more available for the Magic Band, 6 meters has been gaining popularity quickly. In many countries, including the United States, access to 6 meters is granted to even entry-level license holders. Those without access to the international "HF" or shortwave frequencies get their first taste of true long-distance communications on the 6 meter band, when conditions are available. Many of these operators develop a real affection for the challenge of the band, and often continue to devote much time to 6 meters, even when they gain access to the HF frequencies upon urgrading licensure. Although the International Telecommunications Union does not allocate frequencies to amateurs in Europe, due to the decline of VHF television broadcasts and commerical pressure on the lower VHF spectrum, every European country except Hungary now has a 6 meter amateur allocation, and the situation in Hungary is currently under review by the national communcations regulator. In United Kingdom, it is legal to use 6 meters between frequencies 50 to 52 MHz, with some limitations at some frequencies. In UK, 50 to 51 MHz is primary usage and the rest is secondary with power limitations. The detailed band plan for UK can be obtained from RSGB Band plan documentation (PDF). Many organizations promote regular competitions in this frequency to promote its use and to familiarize operators to its quirks. For example RSGB VHF Contest Committee has la number of contests on 6 meters every year. Because of its peculiarity, there are a number of 6 meters operator groups. These people monitor the status of the band between different paths and promote 6 meter operations. (with the UKSMG's recommended change to the adoption of the term "inter-regional" rather than "inter-continental") (Source: VOLUNTARY OPERATING CODE OF PRACTICE for 6m operators UKSMG 16 February 2003) (Source: ARRL Band Plans) The Band Plan for IARU Region 3 may be found in their Band Plan Document ******************* file_id: 1340260 access grant_PASS entry_-_level_license_holders. file_id: 1340260 condition be Magic_Band. file_id: 1340260 rest be power_limitations. file_id: 1340260 organization promote competition. file_id: 1340260 people monitor status. ******************* Overfield Township is a township located in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania . As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 1,532. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 26.4 km² (10.2 mi² ). 25.6 km² (9.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.24% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 1,532 people, 612 households, and 438 families residing in the township. The population density is 59.9/km² (155.1/mi²). There are 852 housing units at an average density of 33.3/km² (86.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 98.56% White , 0.26% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.07% Asian , 0.07% Pacific Islander , 0.07% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. 0.46% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 612 households out of which 32.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% are married couples living together, 8.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% are non-families. 24.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 2.99. In the township the population is spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.3 males. The median income for a household in the township is $37,898, and the median income for a family is $45,216. Males have a median income of $31,897 versus $22,143 for females. The per capita income for the township is $19,034. 9.4% of the population and 7.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 13.6% of those under the age of 18 and 8.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 134214 32.5% have child. file_id: 134214 59.5% be couple. file_id: 134214 couple live . file_id: 134214 male have income. ******************* Collective Security is a system aspiring to the maintenance of peace, in which participants agree that any "breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states," and will result in a collective response. This began in 1918 after the balance of power no longer worked correctly. The lines between what is considered " collective defense" and "collective security" have been blurred. The concept of "collective security" forwarded by visionaries such as Martin Wight, Immanuel Kant, and Woodrow Wilson, are deemed to apply interests in security in a broad manner, to "avoid grouping powers into opposing camps, and refusing to draw dividing lines that would leave anyone out." Although this aspiration has never successfully worked, tenets of collective security continue to be behind many famous current and historical military alliances, most notably NATO. The term "collective security" has also been cited as a principle of the United Nations, and the League of Nations before that. By employing a system of collective security the UN hopes to dissuade any member state from acting in a manner likely to threaten peace, thereby avoiding any conflict. The theory is considered by politicians to be more successful when applied to military alliances than in attempts to use it as a universal principle as with the League of Nations and UN. Cited examples of the limitations of the latter form of collective security include the Falklands War. When Argentina invaded the islands, which are overseas territories of the United Kingdom, many UN members stayed out of the issue, as it did not directly concern them. An example given of the failure of the League of Nations to adhere to collective security is the Manchurian Crisis, when Japan occupied part of China(who was a League member). After two years of deliberation, the League passed a resolution condemning the invasion without committing the League's members to any action against it. The Japanese replied by quitting the League of Nations. This inaction by the League subjected it to criticisms that it was weak and concerned more with European issues (most leading members were European), and is considered by many to have encouraged, or at least to have not deterred, the aggression shown by the Axis powers leading to World War Two. The most active and articulate exponent of collective security during the immediate pre-war years was the Soviet foreign minister Maxim Litvinov, but after the Munich Agreement in September 1938 and Western passivity in the face of German occupation of the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 showed that the Western Powers were not prepared to engage in collective security against aggression by the Axis Powers together with the Soviet Union, Soviet foreign policy was revised and Litvinov was replaced as foreign minister in early May 1939, in order to facilitate the negotiations that led to the Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, signed by Litvinov's successor, Vyacheslav Molotov, on 23 August of that year. The war in Europe broke out a week later, with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September. However, many politicians who view the system as having faults also believe it remains a useful tool for keeping international peace. Henry Kissinger, in "Diplomacy", argued that collective security is fundamentally flawed, since the cost of enforcing security can be (or be perceived to be) exceedingly high while the benefit of doing so can be (or be perceived to be) exceedingly low, which strongly discourages action, while at the same time, there are no formal military alliance in place (which would enforce action), since the adaptation of such treaties by countries engaged in collective security would already imply that collective security was not trusted or expected to work. For example, prior to WW2, there was absolutely no chance France would intervene to save Czechoslovakia, since this would involve war with Germany, an enormously costly and dangerous act which was also massively unpopular. Any French politician of the time attempting to follow this course would have been removed from office by popular protest. This in fact relates to one of the weaknesses of democracy; that it tends to lead to decisions being made depending on their popularity, rather than their correctness. Martin Wight, "Systems of States" ed. Hedley Bull (London: Leicester University Press, 1977), 149. David S. Yost, "NATO Transformed: The Alliance's New Roles in International Security," (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1998), pp. 9-26 Collective Security began in 1918 after the Balance of Power no longer worked ******************* file_id: 1343423 participant agree . file_id: 1343423 concept forward_PASS visionary. file_id: 1343423 power divide line. file_id: 1343423 line leave anyone. file_id: 1343423 tenet continue . file_id: 1343423 theory consider_PASS politician. file_id: 1343423 example include Falklands_War. file_id: 1343423 member stay alliance. file_id: 1343423 inaction subject_PASS criticism. file_id: 1343423 member be issue. file_id: 1343423 politician attempt . ******************* Daniel Alexander Payne Murray( 1852 or 1853- 1925) Assistant librarian, Library of Congress; bibliographer, author, politician, and historian was the son of a freed slave. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland on March 24, 1853. In 1861, he went to work at the United States Senate Restaurant managed by his brother who was also a caterer. Murray became the personal assistant to the Librarian of Congress, Ainsworth Rand Spofford at the age of nineteen. On April 2, 1879 he married Anna Evans with whom he had seven children. By 1881 he had risen to become assistant librarian. He joined the professional staff of the Library of Congress in 1871. He was eighteen years old, and only the second black American to work for the Library. Ten years later Murray was named assistant librarian, a position he held for forty-one years. Murray married educator Anna Jane Evans, and the couple became a major force in the social and civic life of the District of Columbia. Murray began to compile a collection of books and pamphlets authored by African Americans at the request of Herbert Putnam, the successor to Spofford. The collection was to be an exhibition for the 1900 Paris Exposition on "Negro Authors". In 1900 Murray published a list of the collections' holdings to date and appealed for additions to the list through donations. Within several months, his list had grown to eleven hundred titles. The Library of Congress's "Colored Authors' Collection" originated from his efforts. Now known as the "Daniel A. P. Murray Pamphlet Collection", it contains works dating from 1821 by such authors as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Benjamin W. Arnett, and Alexander Crummell. Murray planned to expand his collection and create an encyclopedia of African-American achievement, unfortunately, the project never received sufficient support to become a reality. Murray was widely acknowledged as an authority on African-American concerns. He was the first African-American member of the Washington Board of Trade, and he testified before the House of Representatives about Jim Crow laws and the migration of African-Americans from rural locations to urban areas. He was twice a delegate to the Republican National Convention and was a member of many other councils and organizations. He was also a prolific author, and a frequent contributor to African American journals, in particular The Voice of the Negro . He was also well known for his writings on African American history, including his monumental but uncompleted Historical and Biographical Encyclopedia of the Colored Race . Murray's personal library of African American works was bequeathed to the Library of Congress upon his death March 31, 1925. ******************* file_id: 1343893 library color author. file_id: 1343893 work date . ******************* Spencer is a city located in McCook County, South Dakota . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 157. Spencer is located at 43°43'40" North, 97°35'31" West (43.727853, -97.592033) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.7 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. Spencer has been assigned the ZIP code 57374 and the FIPS place code 60060. As of the census of 2000 , there are 157 people, 64 households, and 44 families residing in the city. The population density is 233.1/km² (596.7/mi²). There are 73 housing units at an average density of 108.4/km² (277.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.73% White , 0.00% African American , 0.64% Native American , 0.64% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 64 households out of which 31.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% are married couples living together, 6.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% are non-families. 31.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 20.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.45 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 28.7% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 80.6 males. The median income for a household in the city is $21,250, and the median income for a family is $34,688. Males have a median income of $26,250 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,164. 11.4% of the population and 7.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 14.6% of those under the age of 18 and 14.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 134947 59.4% be couple. file_id: 134947 couple live . file_id: 134947 male have income. ******************* Bertram is a city located in Burnet County, Texas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,122. Bertram is located at 30°44'39" North, 98°3'21" West (30.744132, -98.055721) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.8 km² (1.1 mi² ). 2.8 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,122 people, 387 households, and 280 families residing in the city. The population density is 397.4/km² (1,031.3/mi²). There are 434 housing units at an average density of 153.7/km² (398.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 88.24% White , 0.89% African American , 0.62% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 9.09% from other races , and 1.07% from two or more races. 21.21% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 387 households out of which 36.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% are married couples living together, 7.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% are non-families. 25.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.69 and the average family size is 3.24. In the city the population is spread out with 24.6% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $36,250, and the median income for a family is $42,031. Males have a median income of $29,688 versus $20,179 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,132. 8.3% of the population and 7.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 8.3% of those under the age of 18 and 22.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Bertram hosts an annual "Oatmeal Festival" during the Labor Day weekend. Named after the remains of the nearby community of Oatmeal, it includes a number of activities that draw attendees from all over central Texas . The Duffy-Shamrock Joint Venture Tower a nearly 600 metre high radio mast. ******************* file_id: 135577 36.2% have child. file_id: 135577 62.0% be couple. file_id: 135577 couple live . file_id: 135577 male have income. ******************* WZZM-TV, "WZZM 13" is a television station affiliated with the ABC network, broadcasting on channel 13 in the Grand Rapids, Michigan metropolitan area. The station officially went on the air on November 1, 1962, at 6:30 p.m. Strangely enough, the station went off the air just twenty minutes later, due to transmitter tube failure, and went back on ten minutes later.=History= The station certainly had humble beginnings; its first broadcasts were from a banquet room-turned studio at the Pantlind Hotel (now the Amway Grand Plaza Hotel). Live broadcasts included This Morning with Bud Lindeman, Shirley's Show and an evening news program, though the station's most notable show in many minds is The Bozo Show , which was broadcast for more than 30 years. The news program improved in 1971 with the addition of the first weather radar in the West Michigan area, upgraded in 1974 to a computerized color version. In August of 1971, a multi-million dollar state-of-the-art studio was opened in Walker, with Congressman Gerald Ford, a Grand Rapids native, presiding over the ceremony. In the years following, WZZM became a formidable force in the Grand Rapids viewing community, gathering high ratings and a reputation as one of the top news programs in the West Michigan area. In the 1990s, WZZM made an array of changes with the new millennium looming. New news vehicles were purchased, a new tape format (Beta SP) was introduced to digitize all media, a new radar receiver and new weather cameras were added across the state, and a new set was built, coinciding with WZZM's introduction of a new logo. In 2003, WZZM first started broadcasting in High Definition. For most of its history, the newscast was called Eyewitness News until the late 1990's when it was replaced by WZZM 13 News."5:30 Edition" was introduced in 1993. It had soft news features in addition to the day's headlines. Many of its features were phased out and it became a standard newscast by 1997. Many of the features returned in 2004 when "Take 5 Grand Rapids" premiered. Take 5 originally aired at 5pm but later moved to 4:30. In 2005, they launched the 13 On Target Weather Network. It's a weather channel broadcast on Channel 13-2; on Comcast and Charter Communications cable systems in West Michigan on channel 247; and on wzzm13.com. My 13 On Target Weather, powered by myweather.com, is a customizable e-mail and website service. It includes a program similar to WeatherBug which features headlines, weather conditions, and severe weather warnings. Jay Schadler worked at WZZM during the 1970's. He currently works at ABC News.=News= Over the years, WZZM has received numerous awards for journalistic excellence. Some of these include: ="Take 5 Grand Rapids"= "Take 5 Grand Rapids" is a live talk and entertainment show on WZZM weekdays at 4:30pm (from its premiere in early 2004 to September 2005, it aired at 5:00pm). It is hosted by Catherine Behrendt with reporter/substitute host Stephanie Webb. Its slogan is "Learn a little. Live a little. Have some fun." It has some of the same soft news features that were on "5:30 Edition" in the 1990's, such as movie reviews and cooking segments. A key segment of this series is "Rescue My Home", which is similar to " Extreme Makeover: Home Edition". Several times a year, a house is chosen for the makeover of a specific room. In early 2005, there was an Extreme Mini-Makeover, which is similar to " Extreme Makeover". In addition to a week's worth of segments about the project, they air primetime "Rescue My Home" specials. Past projects included the living room, bedroom, and the yard. In addition to segments about gardening, cooking, being a mother, healthy lifestyle, movies, restaurants, money management, and auto maintenance, this show features celebrity interviews and performances by local artists and national artists who are visiting Grand Rapids.=Weather= Meteorologist George Lessens writes a weekly column for Advance Newspapers. The column includes a review of the previous week and the forecast for the upcoming week. The original weatherball was perched on top of the Michigan National Bank building in downtown Grand Rapids. The colors it displayed were representative of the coming weather pattern. A poem was written about the weatherball's colors: However, due to questions about its stability, it was removed in 1987, after 20 years of existence. WZZM located the weatherball, which had resided in a Kalamazoo junkyard since its removal, and purchased it in 1999. In 2002, plans were announced to refurbish the stainless steel ball, and add new neon lights. The weatherball was perched on a 100-foot monopole, and was lit on May 7, 2003. It is visible from both Interstate 96 and U.S. Highway 131, the two major freeways in the area. The Weather Chaser was introduced in 2001. It is a mobile version of the in-studio weather office capable of live broadcasts from anywhere in the broadcast area. During severe weather, the meteorologist using the Chaser can track and report storm conditions on location. It has not been mentioned on air in recent months. The weather deck is a deck set up for weather reports. Most weather reports are done outside, except when the weather makes it unsafe for the meteorologist to go outside, such as severe weather situations. The weather deck was introduced in 1999. From 1995 to 1999, the evening meteorologist reported from the parking lot. Once a week, the noon newscast has a "Weather Deck Guest" segment - a live interview from the deck.=Sports= WZZM started expanded coverage of high school football in 1995 with "Friday Night Football". A few years later, the name was changed to "13 On Your Sidelines". During the 5:30 and 6:00pm newscasts, a meteorologist does a weather report from the "Game of the Week" location with Blinkie the Weatherball mascot. During the 6:00pm newscast, the "Game of the Week" is previewed. The 11:00pm newscast is shortened to one news segment and one weather segment. During the weather segment, cheerleaders join the meterologist on the weather deck. Here's the current format for "13 On Your Sidelines": =Major personalities= =Ownership= The station was founded by an investment group who called themselves West Michigan Telecasters. Over the years, the station was bought and sold numerous times: Gannett is the current owner of WZZM, as well as numerous other television stations.=References= =External links= ******************* ******************* Southside Place is a city located in Harris County, Texas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,546. Southside Place is completely surrounded by the cities of Houston and West University Place . As of 2000, Southside Place is the 14th wealthiest location in Texas by per capita income . Southside place functions as a bedroom community for middle and upper-middle class families. Many businesses are located in Southside Place; all are along Bellaire Boulevard. Southside Place is located at 29°42'35" North, 95°26'8" West (29.709629, -95.435442) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.6 km² (0.2 mi² ). 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census There are 618 households out of which 40.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% are married couples living together, 5.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% are non-families. 38.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 3.44. In the city the population is spread out with 33.2% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $81,267, and the median income for a family is $163,303. Males have a median income of $100,000 versus $48,654 for females. The per capita income for the city is $57,021. 5.3% of the population and 3.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 2.7% of those under the age of 18 and 12.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Southside Place's city council meets on the second Tuesday of each month. The mayor and the city council are elected for two-year terms. Two and three vacancies are on the council on alternate years. Elections are held during the first Saturday in each May. Any qualified voter may be placed on the ballot for Mayor or a city council position. The Mayor and each council member receive a one U.S. dollar per year salary in accordance with a Texas state law which requires all city officials to receive a salary. The current (as of 2005) mayor is Richard Rothfelder. Jeffrey Elkin is the Mayor Pro Tem. Lisa Thornton Roy, Charles W. Evans, Champ D. Warren III, and Renato Pereira are the city council members. Southside Place is a member city of the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO). The city is served by bus lines 2, 69, 70, and 73. Southside Place residents commute to Downtown Houston via Highway 59 or via Main Street. The city is served by Houston Independent School District and the Houston Community College System . Pupils who live in Southside Place north of Bellaire Boulevard are zoned to West University Elementary School in West University, and people who live in Southside Place south of Bellaire Boulevard are zoned to Mark Twain Elementary School in the Braeswood Place neighborhood of Houston. All Southside Place pupils are zoned to Pershing Middle School in Braeswood Place in Houston but they may attend Pin Oak Middle School in Bellaire instead of Pershing. Pupils in Southside Place who are west of Stella Link and south of Bellaire Boulevard are zoned to Bellaire High School in Bellaire, while all other pupils in Southside Place are zoned to Mirabeau B. Lamar High School (in Upper Kirby in Houston), also in Houston. Two early childhood center s, Gabriela Mistral Early Childhood Center, and Las Americas Early Childhood Development (both of which are in Houston's Gulfton neighborhood), are closest to the city of Southside Place. Since only poor students, homeless students, or students who are not proficient in English may be enrolled in HISD preschools, most Southside Place residents rely on private preschools. Beehive , preschool located on the grounds of West University Elementary, serves many pupils from West University Place, Southside Place, and other communities. Students who are eligible for HISD's preschools may attend any Early Childhood Center in Houston ISD. Southside Place is near three public libraries. Harris County Public Library system operates a branch in West University Place. The Houston Public Library system operates the McGovern-Stella Link branch in a nearby area in Houston. The city of Bellaire also operates its own library. Southside Place once had its own water tower . The water tower was dismantled in the 2000s. ******************* file_id: 136019 40.9% have child. file_id: 136019 53.2% be couple. file_id: 136019 couple live . file_id: 136019 male have income. file_id: 136019 election hold_PASS first_Saturday. file_id: 136019 voter place_PASS ballot. file_id: 136019 city serve_PASS bus_lines_2. file_id: 136019 pupil live Southside_Place_north. file_id: 136019 pupil be west. file_id: 136019 students_,_or_students be . file_id: 136019 Place_residents rely preschool. file_id: 136019 student be english. ******************* In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the concept of integrally closed has two meanings, one for groups and one for rings. An ordered group G is called integrally closed iff for all elements a and b of G, a n≤ b for arbitrary high natural n implies a≤ 1. This property is somewhat stronger than that an ordered group is archimedean. Though for a lattice-ordered group to be integrally closed and to be archimedean is equivalent. We have the surprising theorem that every integrally closed directed group is already abelian. This have to do with the fact that an directed group is embeddable into a complete lattice-ordered group iff it is integrally closed. Further every archimedean lattice-ordered group is abelian. A commutative ring R contained in a ring S is said to be integrally closed in S if every element of the integral closure of R in S is also in R. Typically if one refers to a domain being integrally closed without reference to an overring, it is meant that the ring is integrally closed in it's field of fractions. If the ring is not a domain, typically being integrally closed means that every local ring is an integrally closed domain. Sometimes a domain that is integrally closed is called "normal" if it is integrally closed and being thought of as a variety. In this respect, the normalization of a variety(or scheme) is simply the Spec of the integral closure of all of the rings. ******************* file_id: 1361980 theorem be . file_id: 1361980 group be . file_id: 1361980 ring be . ******************* : This article is about the fictional planet Char. For other uses, see Char (Disambiguation) Char is a planet in the StarCraft universe. It orbits a binary star system consisting of a yellow star and a blue star and is very tectonically active. Char is one of the richest resource nodes in the sector, as the tectonic activity continually uncovers deposits of minerals and geysers of Vespene. The temperatures on the planet Char can become so intense that large portions of the planet's surface become completely liquefied. During certain times, when the planet is furthest from the twin suns of the system, small islands form on top of these seas of magma. These bits of land are, not surprisingly, replete with minerals and greatly prized as sources of incredible wealth. When mineral deposits are melted, they can be seen protruding from the obsidian landscape, serving as both landmarks and rich mining fields. While harsh and hot, life does exist on this world, including plant life and the ragnasaur. Terrans can breathe the air without help. Char was selected as a base by the Zerg after they captured Sarah Kerrigan on Tarsonis, as it made a convenient hiding place, with many caverns and a harsh environment. However, Kerrigan emitted psionic energy, calling Jim Raynor and Arcturus Mengsk. This also gathered the attention of the Protoss— specifically Tassadar and Zeratul. Zeratul detected the Khalis crystal on the surface of the planet. Raynor's Raiders under Jim Raynor and the Terran Dominion Alpha Squadron under Edmund Duke both tried unsuccessfully save Kerrigan. Both were forced to flee, but Duke remained nearby, stubbornly trying to claim Char as a Terran Dominion border colony, probably due to its rich resources. Tassadar and Zeratul met and decided to ally against the Zerg. Meanwhile, Kerrigan had regained the use of her powers and was able to find the Protoss. She challenged Tassadar to a duel. Zasz noted something odd about Tassadar (probably his use of Dark Templar psionics) and cautioned Kerrigan, but she tried to fight him anyway. However, Tassadar had created an illusion of himself to lure her away from Zeratul, who was testing out his Dark Templar powers to see if they could kill Zerg Cerebrates. The Garm Brood went insane without its leader and the Zerg were forced to destroy them. This was the first time the Zerg Defiler was tested. In revenge, the Zerg hunted down the Protoss, killing most of them and capturing Zeratul. Tassadar was forced to hide out on a platform over Char. The Zerg Overmind travelled to Aiur, leaving Kerrigan in charge of the few Zerg left on Char. The Protoss, along with Jim Raynor, eventually returned for the arrest of Tassadar, but Tassadar convinced them to free Zeratul instead. After freeing Zeratul, the Protoss left the planet, but fate would bring them back. With the death of the Zerg Overmind on Aiur, Daggoth ordered several Cerebrates to fuse, forming a new Zerg Overmind. The Protoss would return to retrieve the Khalis crystal, while the United Earth Directorate would attack the planet in order to take the second Overmind prisoner. Infested Kerrigan travelled to the planet in order to destroy the second Overmind, accompanied by a force of Dark Templar. Kerrigan had captured their Matriarch, Raszagal, and so Zeratul and the Dark Templar had little choice but to work with her. They destroyed the second Overmind for her, but Kerrigan refused to allow Raszagal to return to her tribes. The Dark Templar spirited her away, but Kerrigan hunted her down, defeating the remnants of the United Earth Directorate fleet in the process. In order to find Raszagal, Kerrigan had recalled almost all of the Zerg from the orbital platform over Char to the surface. The Protoss were defeated, and Zeratul was forced to slay his own Matriarch. Shortly thereafter, fleets from the United Earth Directorate, Terran Dominion and Shakuras, led by Artanis, arrived, all seeking revenge now that Kerrigan was in a weak position. Kerrigan defeated the three forces in a titanic battle and solidified her position. ******************* file_id: 1363982 portion become . file_id: 1363982 deposit be sun. file_id: 1363982 mineral_deposits melt_PASS source. file_id: 1363982 terran breathe air. ******************* Leakey is a city located in Real County, Texas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 387. It is the county seat of Real County . Leakey is located at 29°43'31" North, 99°45'41" West (29.725243, -99.761463) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.5 km² (0.6 mi² ). 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 387 people, 169 households, and 100 families residing in the city. The population density is 266.8/km² (694.8/mi²). There are 211 housing units at an average density of 145.5/km² (378.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 92.51% White , 0.52% African American , 1.03% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 5.94% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 22.74% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 169 households out of which 24.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% are married couples living together, 11.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.8% are non-families. 39.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 23.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.29 and the average family size is 3.02. In the city the population is spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 84.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $22,019, and the median income for a family is $25,417. Males have a median income of $17,500 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city is $11,511. 19.0% of the population and 9.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 19.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 136510 43.2% be couple. file_id: 136510 couple live . file_id: 136510 male have income. ******************* " Song 2" is a song and single by Blur. It was released from their eponymous fifth album, Blur on April 7, 1997. The song is named purely for the fact that it is the second song on the album, although it also happens to be two minutes and two seconds long. Because of the obscure title, which is not featured in the lyrics, it is widely believed to be called "Woohoo" or "Wayhoo" because of its chorus. Released on purple 7" vinyl record and 2 CD s; "Song 2" reached #2 (fittingly) in the UK singles chart and was the band's biggest hit in the USA, reaching #6 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart and #25 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart."Song 2" was featured in Intel's promotional commercials for its Pentium processors, and in UK trailers for the film Starship Troopers . It was also in computer game from EA Sports" FIFA: Road To World Cup 98". In 2001 the song was memorably featured in one of BMW's wildly successful The Hire Internet films, "Star," directed by Guy Ritchie. Blur fans sometimes report that Song 2 is a satire on American pop rock music, a deliberate construction based on successful rock songs. The success of the song would testify to their triumph, as the song is not understood to be a satire of the majority of listeners. Some ironic critics suggest that this was a rumor started as a satire of "indie kids" who are too eager to criticize pop music and read too much into other music. Neither of these rumors has been confirmed. ******************* file_id: 1371211 construction base_PASS rock_songs. ******************* Vernon is a town located in Tooele County, Utah . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 236. Vernon is located at 40°5'45" North, 112°27'0" West (40.095966, -112.450027) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 19.5 km² (7.5 mi² ). 19.5 km² (7.5 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 236 people, 77 households, and 59 families residing in the town. The population density is 12.1/km² (31.4/mi²). There are 86 housing units at an average density of 4.4/km² (11.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.07% White , 0.42% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.42% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 2.54% from other races , and 2.54% from two or more races. 4.66% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 77 households out of which 42.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% are married couples living together, 7.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% are non-families. 20.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.06 and the average family size is 3.62. In the town the population is spread out with 34.7% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.9 males. The median income for a household in the town is $42,500, and the median income for a family is $43,500. Males have a median income of $38,333 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the town is $13,053. 13.2% of the population and 10.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 21.5% of those under the age of 18 and 3.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 137132 42.9% have child. file_id: 137132 68.8% be couple. file_id: 137132 couple live . file_id: 137132 male have income. ******************* Hillsboro is a town located in Loudoun County, Virginia . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 96. Hillsboro is located at 39°11'54" North, 77°43'28" West (39.198347, -77.724391) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 0.2 km² (0.1 mi² ). 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 96 people, 39 households, and 28 families residing in the town. The population density is 411.8/km² (1,017.9/mi²). There are 41 housing units at an average density of 175.9/km² (434.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 96.88% White , and 3.12% African American . There are 39 households out of which 28.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% are married couples living together, 5.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% are non-families. 20.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.75. In the town the population is spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 30.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $54,375, and the median income for a family is $71,875. Males have a median income of $60,833 versus $27,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $44,455. 10.0% of the population and 11.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 137669 64.1% be couple. file_id: 137669 couple live . file_id: 137669 male have income. ******************* Coulee City is a town located in Grant County, Washington . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 600. Coulee City was officially incorporated on May 10 , 1907 . Coulee City is located at 47°36'43" North, 119°17'27" West (47.611942, -119.290904) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 2.6 km² (1.0 mi² ). 2.6 km² (1.0 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 600 people, 271 households, and 162 families residing in the town. The population density is 234.0/km² (605.0/mi²). There are 351 housing units at an average density of 136.9/km² (353.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.83% White , 1.00% African American , 0.83% Native American , 0.33% Asian , 0.50% Pacific Islander , 0.17% from other races , and 2.33% from two or more races. 2.83% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 271 households out of which 25.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% are married couples living together, 10.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% are non-families. 36.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.21 and the average family size is 2.87. In the town the population is spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 23.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $25,938, and the median income for a family is $42,500. Males have a median income of $31,375 versus $17,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $14,411. 22.1% of the population and 14.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 29.2% of those under the age of 18 and 11.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 137912 48.3% be couple. file_id: 137912 couple live . file_id: 137912 male have income. ******************* Brandon is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated a short distance to the south-west of Durham Brandon originally one of the seven townships within the ancient Parish of Brancepeth, grew from a sparcely populated agricultural area into a populous mining district after the establishment of collieries and later coke & fireclay works. Untill the 19th century Brandon village, formally known, as East Brandon was one of the larger settlements in Brancepeth Parish. Brandon was also a manor of the medievel lordship of Brancepeth and as such was possessed by the Neville family, the Earls of Westmoreland, while Holywell, Langley, Littleburn and other such localities were the sites of large freehold gentry houses. After the northern rising of 1569, Elizabeth Ist confiscated Brancepeth Castle and its territories, which were administered as Crown Lands untill the 1620's and plundered by a series of courtiers and Royal lesses, these lands were conveyed to the City of London in 1628-29, when Charles Ist was forced to redeem his debts to the city. The Brancepeth lands were then broken up in a series of sales to London merchants and financiers who in turn resold to local buyers at high profits. The one exception to these sales was the fate of Brandon manor which remained in the hands of its London buyer. A silk merchant, Edward Cropley, bought the whole estate of Brandon manor for £1,700 in 1630, and his family held onto the property till 1710, It was then conveyed to the Earl of Shaftsbury and remained in his family until the 1800,s In 1796, William Russell a coal owner retired from mining on Tyneside and spent part of his fortune on buying and restructuring Brancepeth Castle. He set about repurchasing as much as possible of the old lordship broken up in the sales of the 1630's. In 1806, he purchased the Brandon estate from the then Earl of Shaftsbury for £105,000. Russell's granddaughter married into the Irish peerage, and the name Hamilton-Russell and the title 'Viscount Boyne' became connected with the district, In 1801, the Brandon & Byshottles population was 522; in 1811, 435; in 1851; 525 in 1881; then rose to 10,850; and in 1891, was 14,240. There had been a decline in population during the 1830's being due to the removal of workmen, who had been engaged on the rebuilding and enlargement of Brancepeth Castle with the population falling to 427. The stone for this bulding work had been quarried in Brandon Village and Sawmills lane is thought to have been constructed as a more direct route for the carting of stone to Brancepeth. The great majority of the local workforce was engaged in agriculture, when the lessee of Brandon's coal seams was as much a farmer as he was a collier, it is recorded that John Shaw was operating a landsale pit in 1836 using a whim-gin usually employing horses to raise the coal to the surface, but apparently Shaw used a bull which was available from the farm. It was to be the 1850's when the area was to experience a dramatic change, as the iron and manufacturing industries required coal and coke in ever increasing quantities entrepreneurs like the Newcastle firm of Straker and Love, obtained the site that was to become Brandon colliery sinking the 'A' shaft in 1856 and the 'C' pit in 1860 working the Hutton, Busty, and Brockwell seams of coal, In 1894, 1150; men and boys were employed at this colliery. Brandon Pit house was sunk in 1924 and finally coal mining came to an end at Brandon on 15th March 1968. Other firms arrived to take leases, Bell Brothers of Newcastle and Middlesbrough, commenced sinking at Browney colliery in 1871, with coal being drawn in 1873 from three shafts working the Brockwell, Busty, and Hutton seams. The firm was taken over by Dorman Long & Co. ltd in 1923, In 1930, 625 were employed at the colliery, in July 1938 the pit closed due to flooding, while the North Brancepeth coal company secured the lease to Littleburn colliery sinking the engineer shaft in 1870, to the Busty seam to be followed by the merchant shaft to the brockwell in 1871. In 1931, the company went into liquidation, and the pit was re-opened by Bearpark coal and coke Co ltd, on a smaller scale to work the busty seam, until flooding from the river Browney, forced its closure in December 1950. It was to be in May 1877, under a newly confirmed provisional order that Brandon & Byshottles Parish was formed into a local government district governed by a local board and to finally breakaway from the Parish of Brancepeth, the local board was superceded by the forming of the Urban District Council after the passing of the local government act of 1894. The Brandon & Byshottles Urban District Council continued until it was amalgamated with Durham City and Durham Rural Councils to form the City of Durham District Council in 1974, the Brandon & Byshottles Parish Council today represents the area vist http://members.fortunecity.com/brandon_archive/ . ******************* file_id: 1385658 men_and_boys employ_PASS colliery. ******************* Barksdale is a town located in Bayfield County, Wisconsin . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 801. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 171.8 km² (66.3 mi² ). 143.1 km² (55.2 mi²) of it is land and 28.7 km² (11.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 16.73% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 801 people, 303 households, and 232 families residing in the town. The population density is 5.6/km² (14.5/mi²). There are 353 housing units at an average density of 2.5/km² (6.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 96.63% White , 0.12% African American , 1.00% Native American , 0.37% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 1.87% from two or more races. 0.50% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 303 households out of which 31.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.3% are married couples living together, 3.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% are non-families. 17.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 2.97. In the town the population is spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $45,714, and the median income for a family is $48,875. Males have a median income of $38,194 versus $24,722 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,680. 2.2% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 2.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 138704 69.3% be couple. file_id: 138704 couple live . file_id: 138704 male have income. ******************* The french white plan( plan blanc) is, in France, the emergency plan to face a sudden increase of activity in an hospital, such as a massive arrival of casualties due to an accident or a disaster(who may come by their own means to the emergency department or are evacuated by a red plan), an epidemic or a lasting climatic event that becomes deadly for fragile people such as a heatwave. The white plans are defined by each health institution, public or private, by a person chosen by the institution. The plan is submitted to the consultative and deliberative authorities of the institution (board of directors, medical committee, technical committee, hygiene, security and working conditions committee). The scheme of the white plans for the département is made by the local director of public health ( directeur départemental des affaires sanitaires et sociales), with the technical collaboration of the samu(french emergency medical service). Once it is started, the white plan is managed by the samu. The actions performed by the institution include: In case of a contaminating event ( nuclear, radiological, biological or chemical— NBC), the flow of incoming patients must be strictly controlled to avoid the contamination of the rest of the institution. The terrorist acts are likely to happen at the end of the afternoon, to "benefit" from the mass media coverage of the evening news (at 8 PM, " le 20h"). In this case, keeping the day shift allows to have two shifts at the same time when the evening shift arrives. ******************* file_id: 1389901 epidemic become people. file_id: 1389901 scheme make_PASS director. ******************* City Point is a town located in Jackson County, Wisconsin . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 189. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 233.7 km² (90.2 mi² ). 230.8 km² (89.1 mi²) of it is land and 3.0 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.26% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 189 people, 83 households, and 54 families residing in the town. The population density is 0.8/km² (2.1/mi²). There are 104 housing units at an average density of 0.5/km² (1.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 96.30% White , 0.53% African American , 1.59% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.53% from other races , and 1.06% from two or more races. 1.59% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 83 households out of which 16.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% are married couples living together, 2.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% are non-families. 30.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.28 and the average family size is 2.83. In the town the population is spread out with 18.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 46 years. For every 100 females there are 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 106.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $33,750, and the median income for a family is $46,071. Males have a median income of $32,500 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the town is $16,911. 6.9% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 15.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 139159 16.9% have child. file_id: 139159 60.2% be couple. file_id: 139159 couple live . file_id: 139159 male have income. ******************* Kendall is a village located in Monroe County, Wisconsin . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 469. Kendall is located at 43°47'38" North, 90°22'9" West (43.793890, -90.369226) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 1.9 km² (0.7 mi² ). 1.9 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 469 people, 200 households, and 126 families residing in the village. The population density is 244.7/km² (632.2/mi²). There are 213 housing units at an average density of 111.1/km² (287.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 99.79% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.21% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.64% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 200 households out of which 31.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% are married couples living together, 5.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% are non-families. 33.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.33 and the average family size is 2.98. In the village the population is spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.4 males. The median income for a household in the village is $36,250, and the median income for a family is $43,393. Males have a median income of $30,000 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the village is $21,073. 11.6% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 13.5% of those under the age of 18 and 16.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 139438 53.0% be couple. file_id: 139438 couple live . file_id: 139438 male have income. ******************* Wheatland is a town located in Vernon County, Wisconsin . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 533. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 71.5 km² (27.6 mi² ). 68.7 km² (26.5 mi²) of it is land and 2.8 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.98% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 533 people, 236 households, and 160 families residing in the town. The population density is 7.8/km² (20.1/mi²). There are 360 housing units at an average density of 5.2/km² (13.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.31% White , 0.00% African American , 0.19% Native American , 0.19% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.56% from other races , and 0.75% from two or more races. 1.31% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 236 households out of which 20.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% are married couples living together, 6.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% are non-families. 27.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.26 and the average family size is 2.74. In the town the population is spread out with 19.9% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 19.7% from 25 to 44, 37.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 47 years. For every 100 females there are 105.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.3 males. The median income for a household in the town is $35,500, and the median income for a family is $40,000. Males have a median income of $30,583 versus $17,708 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,247. 7.9% of the population and 4.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 16.3% of those under the age of 18 and 7.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 139880 58.1% be couple. file_id: 139880 couple live . file_id: 139880 male have income. ******************* Maine West High School is a public coeducational high school in Des Plaines, Illinois. Along with sister schools Maine East High School and Maine South High School, Maine West has among the highest per-student expenditures in the state, at over $14,000 spent by the township for each student. The historical mean student population of the school in the last five years is around 2,300; the school in its current layout can host a maximum of 2,500, however, some people believe the school is currently overcrowded. It is claimed by the Maine West Alumni Association website that the school was designed to host over 4,000 students. Built in 1959, in part to the United States's increasing emphasis on the education of hard sciences to compete against the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Maine West holds many Cold War-era characteristics. The basement level of the school, currently a fitness center (and affectionately called "The Pit"), was designed to be used as a fallout shelter capable of protecting 1,000 people in the event of a nuclear incident. Maine West has an indirect connection to one of the darkest chapters in modern American history. During the mid-1970's, the area near Des Plaines was the area where serial killer John Wayne Gacy killed some 33 young men. The investigation into Gacy began in 1978 with the disappearance of a Maine West student named Robert Priest. Lt. Joseph Kozenczak of the Des Plaines Police Department was the lead investigator who made the initial connection to Gacy and Priest's disappearance. After obtaining a search warrant for his Chicago home, a search turned up, among other things, a Maine West High School "Class of '75" ring with the initials "JAS" inscribed. The ring was identified as having belonged to another missing person, 19 year old John Szyc. This was one of the critical pieces of evidence that led police to believe that they were dealing with a potential multiple murderer, and not just a single "missing persons" case. As a result, resources for investigating Gacy increased leading to his arrest and likely saving many lives. Maine West was also the high school of the wise Tim Beals, infamous in 2005 for setting up a Slip n' Slide in the caf in, and going down it, as part of Senior Week. Beals was mentioned in two of the three graduation speeches (both made by Maine Scholars Christa Humbert and David Post), and will go down in history as one of Maine West's favorite senior pranks. Sadly however, no one from the 2005 class remembers it. So it wasn't that cool. Sorry Tim Beals! The floor plan is based around a central common area, with the cafeteria on the first floor and a 1,000 occupant auditorium on the second. Academic wings branch off a central rotunda; Upper A-wing is devoted to foreign languages and the English as a Second Language program. Upper B-wing houses the mathematics department the English department workroom and some English classes. Upper C-wing contains the majority of the English class rooms, and houses the social science department. D-wing has technology classrooms. Upper E-wing houses performing arts, while lower E houses visual arts. Lower A and B-wings contain the science classrooms; Lower C-wing contain vocational classrooms and driver's education. At the end of E-wing is the spectator gym. The library (known as the Learning Resource Center) has its own wing, L-wing. The 1st floor of L-wing has a Distance Learning Lab (with video hookups), a small theatre and assorted classrooms, one with a small stage. The 1st floor also houses the Technology Center, which used to be the Rotary Reading Room until it was remodeled in the 90s to accommodate a new computer lab. The 2nd floor of L-wing houses the library stacks proper. Each academic wing (A, B and C) has a gymnasium at the end. There are five computer labs for student use. Two are in the Write Place and Learning Resource Center each, the another is in the Tech Center. There are offices for Student Council, the Westerner(the student newspaper) and the Legend(the yearbook). There are two small courtyards between H and L-wings, one is used as a outdoor eating area. The original building has been expanded over the years. E-wing, the fine arts center of the school, and the spectator gym were built after the school opened to accommodate home athletics events and West's increasing interest in the fine arts. In 2003, H-wing was completed, adding additional science labs, traditional classrooms, a new food lab and a large general purpose room. Current construction projects include a new outdoor eating area outside the pool deck, which as of Spring 2005, is in the landscaping stage. More construction may be planned in the next 10-15 years to accommodate more space for the school. Prospective phases of construction may include second floors for H and D-wings and a fieldhouse. Maine West prides itself in its devotion to educating low income, ESL/minority students, and middle-class to upper-middle class areas of Des Plaines, and Rosemont. Maine West, however, has failed President George W. Bush's No Child Left Behind education reform policy in 2003 because of testing inadequacies that require non-English speakers to test at the level of regular and honors ( Advanced Placement and accelerated track) students. However, Maine West has easily passed President Bush's, "No Child Left Behind" policy in every aspect of teaching, besides having non-English speakers perform as well if not better than native English speakers. Maine West hopes to leave NCLB probation for lower non-english speaking test scores, before the end of the decade. Maine West competes in varsity athletics in the Central Suburban North Conference, against such notable schools like Glenbrook North High School, Deerfield High School, Highland Park High School, and others. Maine West has been IHSA champions in girls basketball( 1988?), baseball( 1960?) and badminton. Maine West is one of five schools in the state of Illinois to compete in varsity fencing(the others being New Trier, Adlai E. Stevenson High School, Homewood Flossmoor, and Marian Central Catholic High School). Maine West High School website ******************* file_id: 1400809 student_population be student_expenditures. file_id: 1400809 Maine_West hold Cold_War. file_id: 1400809 Upper_A devote_PASS language. file_id: 1400809 d have technology_classrooms. file_id: 1400809 Lower_A_and_B contain science_classrooms. file_id: 1400809 construction_projects include eating_area. file_id: 1400809 phase include floor. file_id: 1400809 child leave policy. file_id: 1400809 Maine_West compete varsity_athletics. ******************* Legislative elections were held in Denmark on February 8, 2005. Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen's Venstre regained the largest number of seats in parliament. The governing coalition between the Venstre and the Conservative People's Party remained intact. They will likely be supported by the Danish People's Party, which gained 2 seats. The Danish Social Liberal Party made the biggest gains of any party, although it remains outside the governing group of parties. The election marked the second time in a row that the Social Democrats were not the largest party in the parliament, a change from most of the 20th century. The party lost 5 seats and leader Mogens Lykketoft resigned immediately after the election. The prime minister called the elections on January 18. He claimed that he would have called it earlier, but the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake which killed a number of Danes delayed it. Rasmussen still had almost a year left in his term, but said he wanted to call the election before municipal elections in November. His reasoning was that he wanted a clear mandate for the municipal and county government restructuring that his government was implementing. From the last election the governing coalition of Venstre and the Conservative People's Party had 94 of the 175 seats together with the supporting Danish People's Party. The election increased their mandate to 95 out of 179. (+/-) - Difference in seats from 2001 election. The participation rate was 84.4%. An additional four members are elected to represent Greenland and the Faroe Islands. They are directly elected on election day. From Greenland Lars Emil Johansen from Siumut won one seat and Kuupik Kleist from Inuit Community won the other. From the Faroe Islands Høgni Hoydal, from the Republican Party won a seat and Anfinn Kallsberg from the People's Party won the last seat. 63 out of the 179 members of the new folketing are newly elected. Although women make up 38% of the total, several women hold prominent positions, notably Pia Kjærsgaard, leader of the third largest party. Marianne Jelved(leader of the Danish Social Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre)), Connie Hedegaard( Minister of the Environment), Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil(front figure of Unity List - The Red-Greens) and Helle Thorning-Schmidt(later elected as leader of Social Democrats) are other important woman in the parliament. A couple of parties, including the social democrats are holding leadership races which may be won by women. 9 of the top 20 candidates, in terms of personal votes, were women. Following the election, Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen reformed his cabinet as the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II. Venstre, the party of the prime minister, campaigned on their municipal restructuring plan, as well as a continuation of the "tax-freeze" and tight immigration requirements. They also promised to see 60,000 jobs created during a second term. The largest opposition party, the Social Democrats led by Mogens Lykketoft focused on employment, which they claim has decreased under the current government. The Danish People's Party, who support the Venstre- Conservative coalition, criticized the "tax-freeze" but agreed, conditionally, to support it for another parliamentary term. They also wanted increasingly tough immigration restrictions. ******************* file_id: 1407687 election hold_PASS Denmark. file_id: 1407687 woman hold position. file_id: 1407687 democrat hold leadership_races. file_id: 1407687 leadership_races win_PASS woman. ******************* " Blurry" is a song released by nu metal group, Puddle of Mudd in July, 2001. "Blurry" is about a breakup, and cowardice. Wes Scantlin(lead singer), is seen playing and talking with his son Jordan Scantlin. The song was primarily written about his son and how he misses him."Blurry" has been featured as one of the main songs in the Namco Flight-arcade shooting video game, Ace Combat 5: Unsung War, it also became the tribute song of the 2004 Tsunami, which killed about 150,00-270,000 people in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia, and many others. Sound bytes were added from news coverage from the Tsunami. ******************* file_id: 1415275 byte add_PASS news_coverage. ******************* Hahn is a lunar impact crater that is located near the northeastern limb of the Moon. The crater appears oval when viewed from the Earth due to foreshortening. It is located less than one crater diameter to the southeast of Berosus crater, a slightly smaller formation. The inner wall of Hahn crater contains a system of terraces, particularly in the southern half. A smaller crater lies across the northwest rim, forming a break that reaches the interior floor. The interior floor has a region of lower albedo in the northern half, making it darker in appearance than the southern section of the floor. At the mid-point of the interior is an elongated central ridge, with the longer extent oriented north-south. The floor is also marked by several tiny craterlets. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Hahn crater. ******************* file_id: 1421677 feature identify_PASS lunar_maps. ******************* Hausa is the Chadic language with the largest number of speakers, spoken as a first language by about 24 million people, and as a second language by about 15 million more. Hausa belongs to the West Chadic languages subgroup of the Chadic languages group, which in turn is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Native speakers of Hausa are mostly to be found in the African country of Niger and in the north of Nigeria, but the language is widely used as a lingua franca(similar to Wolof in Senegal) in a much larger swathe of West Africa, particularly amongst Muslims. Hausa is an official language in the north of Nigeria. Eastern Hausa dialects include Kano, Katagum and Hadejiya. Western Hausa dialects include Sokoto, Katsina, Gobirawa, Adarawa, Kebbawa and Zamfarawa. Northern Hausa dialects include Arewa and Arawa. Barikanchi is a pidgin used in the military. Hausa has glottalic consonants at four or five places of articulation(depending on the dialect), which are not accommodated by the standard Latin alphabet. They require movement of the throat during pronunciation and have a staccato sound. Each of these is similar to an English consonant and therefore they are written as modified versions of Latin letters. They can also be denoted with an apostrophe, either before or after depending on the letter, as shown below. See the individual articles on pronunciation. b' / , an implosive consonant, IPA , or sometimes d' / , an implosive , sometimes ts', an ejective consonant, according to the dialect; ch', an ejective (does not occur in Kano dialect) k' / , an ejective are separate consonants; 'y is not actually a glottalized , but rather a palatalized glottal stop, Hausa is a tone language. Each of its five vowels a, e, i, o and u may have low tone, high tone and falling tone. For representing tones the French accented vowels may be used:à è ì ò ù (low tone) á é í ó ú (high tone) â ê î ô û (falling tone) In general writing tone is often not marked. However it is needed for disambiguation in some cases. Hausa has had a written form for more than 200 years, at first with a variant of Arabic script called Ajami , but this has largely been superseded by a Latin alphabet which was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. There are three additional consonants which are added to the basic Latin alphabet: ɓ, ɗ and ƙ. ******************* file_id: 14216 speaker be . file_id: 14216 Hausa have consonant. ******************* The AllSpark is the Transformers afterlife, a term from the Beast Machines animated series, comprising part of the Transformers universe. Although the concept of the Transformers afterlife was briefly touched upon in the original series and Beast Wars series, it was not until Beast Machines that the whole concept was laid out. The Autobot Matrix of Leadership, as seen in the original series, was not merely a receptacle for the consciousness of deceased Autobot leaders - it was a gateway that led to the AllSpark - also called the Matrix - the Transformers afterlife, from which all sparks that had ever existed or ever would exist originated. Possessing a sentience, the AllSpark had sent Sparks out into the world, to live. And when the Transformer would pass on, their Spark would return to the AllSpark, and share with it all that it had experienced, thereby adding to the timeless font of knowledge and wisdom. It is apparent that ALL Transformers, not merely "good" ones, go to the Matrix. The term "AllSpark" was created by writer Robert N. Skir, and first appeared in a July 21, 1999 web page when responding to a fan question about the TV series Beast Machines. He explained that the Beast Machines entity called The Oracle was actually the AllSpark, consisting of "the spark of every transformer who has ever lived, or ever will live". In a November 6, 1999 web page, he said that the Matrix was something called the AllSpark and was "made up of every Spark that ever was, and every Spark that ever will be". The Allspark is also referred to as "The Matrix", which is a different thing from the other two bearers of the name, which are: ******************* file_id: 1424392 AllSpark send_PASS spark. ******************* Lucy Alexis Liu (born December 2 , 1968 in New York City , New York ) is a Chinese American actress, who starred in the TV series Ally McBeal and in the 2000 film Charlie's Angels . Her Chinese name is Liú Yùlíng (劉玉玲). She was raised in Queens, New York by Chinese immigrant parents, and attended New York City 's famous Stuyvesant High School . She attended New York University for one year, transferred to University of Michigan at Ann Arbor , and graduated with a degree in Asian languages and cultures. Liu is widely considered the most prominent Asian-American actress in American media. She had small stints in films and TV roles before landing a break on Ally McBeal . Liu's role on the series was originally not meant to be a regular, but the enthusiastic audience response to the actress' feisty Ling Woo secured Lucy as a prominent cast member. She became more famous with her turn as Alex in the Charlie's Angels movie, starring alongside more established modern Hollywood icons Drew Barrymore and Cameron Diaz . The sequel to the film , however, opened to poor reviews and box office receipts. Lucy was also paid sixteen million dollars less for her work in Charlie's Angels than co-star Cameron Diaz. Liu starred with Antonio Banderas in Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever , a critical and box-office failure that was remarkable only in its casting of two minorities as the lead roles. Liu had a hit as Princess Pei-Pei in Shanghai Noon . Lucy is perhaps most famous for her role as O-Ren Ishii in director Quentin Tarantino 's Kill Bill films. The first installment of the Kill Bill films, Volume 1 , exposed Lucy as a more serious and physically adept actress than had been evident from her previous roles. She won an MTV Movie Award , further solidifying her fame with young, hip audiences, for "Best Movie Villain". Lucy recently appeared on several episodes of "Joey" with Matt LeBlanc , who played her love interest in the Charlie's Angels movies. She also had a small role opposite Keira Knightley in the thriller Domino . Liu is currently in talks to recreate the Charlie Chan series for modern audiences. Although Liu is not married, rumors in the past have linked her with George Clooney . Recently, there was news that she is engaged to a New York playwright, Zach Helm. ******************* file_id: 142548 Liu be talk. file_id: 142548 rumor link_PASS George_Clooney. file_id: 142548 rumor engage_PASS playwright. ******************* An agency shop a place of employment where workers must pay union dues whether they are a member of a labor union or not. This mandatory payment is sometimes called the Rand formula. The first agency shop was established at the Ford Motor Company plant in Ontario, Canada, in 1946. ******************* file_id: 1429202 agency_shop pay union_dues. ******************* Sport-Club Freiburg is a football club that was founded in 1904. The club is based in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg. Until 1978 they played in amateur leagues, from 1978 to 1993 in the Second Bundesliga, and from 1993 on in the Bundesliga, besides the 1997/ 1998 and the 2002/ 2003 season. The club's greatest success was reaching the UEFA Cup in 1995 and 2001. Their manager, Volker Finke is the longest serving manager in the history of professional football in Germany, managing Freiburg since 1991. In 2004-05 Freiburg was again relegated when they finished last in the Bundesliga. But despite this setback, the club's chairman, Achim Stocker, hangs on to Volker Finke. nds:SC Freiburg ******************* file_id: 1438835 -_W_ü_rttemberg play league. ******************* Slangerup is a municipality ( Danish : kommune ) in Frederiksborg County in the northern part of the island of Zealand ( Sjælland ) in eastern Denmark . The municipality covers an area of 46 km² , and has a total population of 9,237 (2005). The current mayor (2005) is Bent Lund, a member of the Venstre (Liberal) Party . The municipal council meets in the town of Slangerup. Neighboring municipalities are Allerød to the east, Hillerød and Skævinge to the north, Frederikssund to the west, and Ølstykke and Stenløse to the south. Slangerup Municipality will cease to exist at midnight on 31 December 2006 . As part of the 2007 Municipal Reform ( Kommunalreformen ) the municipality, together with those of Jægerspris and Skibby , will from 1 January 2007 be merged with the existing Frederikssund Municipality . This will create a municipality with an area of 260 km² and a total population of ca. 44,140. The new municipality will belong to the new Region Hovedstaden ("Capital Region"). The town was established by the Viking Slangir at the time of Harald Bluetooth . King Eric I of Denmark (ca. 1070 -July 1103 ), was born in Slangerup. In the 1200s the town was the scene of activities involving both Bishop Absalon and Valdemar the Great . Thomas Kingo grew up and was priest in the town during the 1600s. ******************* file_id: 144305 Neighboring_municipalities be Aller_ø. ******************* Air Djibouti(Red Sea Airlines) was an airline based in Djibouti and was the national carrier of the Republic of Djibouti. The airline was formed in July 1971 when Air Somalia(founded in 1962 by Air France and Les Messageries Maritimes) took over the previous Air Djibouti (formed in 1963). Shareholding was reorganised following independence in June 1973. The airline was reorganised in 1997 as Air Djibouti (Red Sea Airlines). Air Djibouti operated international scheduled passenger and cargo services from Djibouti to Aden, Addis Ababa, Borama, Burao, Cairo, Hargeisa, Mogadishu, Paris, Sanaa and Sharjah. In the past the airline had at various times DHC Twin Otter, Antonov An-24 RV, Antonov An-26 B, Ilyushin IL-18, Boeing 727, Boeing 737-200 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 (in the early 1990s) aircraft. In 1998 the airline acquired an Airbus A310 used on the Djibouti to Paris and other routes, which was their last known aircraft. ******************* file_id: 1460269 passenger_and_cargo_services have time. file_id: 1460269 passenger_and_cargo_services use djiboutus. ******************* Powidl(or Powidel, from Czech povidla) is a plum stew. Unlike jam or marmelade, and unlike the German Pflaumenmus(plum puree), powidl is prepared without additional sweeteners or gelling agents. Powidl is cooked for several hours, in order to achieve the necessary sweetness and consistency. The plums used should be harvested as late as possible, ideally after the first frosts, in order to ensure they contain enough sugar. In Austria and Bohemia, powidl is the basis for Buchtels, koláč, powidl cake and Germknödel, but it is also used as a sandwich spread. Powidl will keep for a long time, especially if kept in traditional crockery. Traditionally, large amounts of powidl to be used as a winter store and natural sweetener were prepared in late autumn during a communal event. Since constantly stirring the stew was exhausting work, people took turns, and did easier work in between turns. The Czech term povidla is plural only, and is derived from povídat, which means to tell stories. Translated from the Powidl|corresponding article in the German Wikipedia, retrieved February 4, 2005. ******************* file_id: 1465670 powidl prepare_PASS sweeteners_or_gelling_agents. file_id: 1465670 amount use_PASS winter_store. file_id: 1465670 people take turn. ******************* Christian ecumenism is the promotion of unity or cooperation between distinct religious groups or denominations of the Christian religion, more or less broadly defined. For the purposes of this article, ecumenism in this sense is distinguished from interfaith pluralism , for reasons discussed immediately below. Because the meanings of " Christianity " are diverse, the description of what is meant by "Christian ecumenism" can take any of several directions. On the one hand, ecumenism is "interfaith dialogue" between representatives of diverse faiths, not necessarily with the intention of reconciling the professors of other faiths into full, organic unity with one another but simply to promote better relations. With some Christian perspectives on ecumenism, there is no other principle of ecumenism than this. They aim only toward the promotion of toleration, mutual respect and cooperation, whether between Christian churches and denominations, or between Christianity and other faiths. Thus, the World Council of Churches is an instrument in both the Ecumenical Movement and the Interfaith Movement. However, this is not the case for all Christian ecumenical initiatives. It would be difficult if not impossible to discuss them together, since much of the Christian world makes a definite difference between the two ideas. Therefore, readers are referred to the thorough discussion of ecumenism in the sense of the promotion of mutual appreciation and improvement between diverse religions , under the entry on religious pluralism . On the other hand, ecumenism means the aim to reconcile all who profess Christian faith, into a single, visible organization, for example, through union with the Roman Catholic Church , or the Orthodox Church . Ecumenism in this sense focuses on the special problem of the relationship between Christian denominations, where Christianity is dogmatically defined. For a significantly representative part of the Christian world, the highest aim of the Christian faith is the reconciliation of all divided humanity into a full and conscious union with one Christian Church, visibly united in the sense of governmental accountability between all of its parts and the whole. At a minimum, the desire is expressed in many places by official Christendom, that all who profess faith in Christ in sincerity, would be more fully cooperative and mutually correcting of one another. Christian ecumenism can be described in terms of the three largest divisions of Christianity: Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant. While this underemphasizes the complexity of these divisions, it is a useful model. Ecumenism for the Eastern Orthodox did not begin with the Roman Catholic Second Vatican Council . It is the Eastern Orthodox churches' work to embrace estranged communions as (possibly former) beneficiaries of a common gift, and simultaneously to guard against a promiscuous and false union with them. The history of the relationship between Eastern Orthodoxy and the Oriental Orthodox churches is a case in point. Likewise, the Eastern Orthodox have been leaders in the Interfaith movement, and some Orthodox patriarchs enlisted their communions as charter members of the World Council of Churches . Nevertheless, the Orthodox have not been willing to participate in any redefinition of the Christian faith toward a reduced, minimal, anti-dogmatic and anti-traditional Christianity. Christianity for the Eastern Orthodox is the Church; and the Church is Orthodoxy -- nothing less and nothing else. Therefore, while Orthodox ecumenism is "open to dialogue with the devil himself", the goal is to reconcile all non-Orthodox back into Orthodoxy. One way to observe the attitude of the Orthodox Church towards non-Orthodox is to see how they receive new members from other faiths. Non-Christians, such as Buddhists or atheists, who wish to become Orthodox Christians are accepted through the sacraments of baptism and chrismation . Protestants and Roman Catholics are sometimes received through chrismation only, provided they had received a trinitarian baptism. Also Protestants and Roman Catholics are often referred to as "heterodox", which simply means "other believing", rather than as heretics ("other-choosing"), implying that they did not wilfully reject the Church. Until the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council , the relationship between Rome and other Christian traditions was basically in deadlock. The traditional view of Roman Catholicism is that "there is no salvation outside the (Catholic) Church". To be sure, such intransigence works both ways, and as a result, ecumenism prior to this important council was only different by degrees from evangelization. However, Vatican II initiated a new era in the serious pursuit of unity between Rome and other dogmatic traditions. This new initiative of ecumenism embraces religious inclusivism as compatible with the ultimate aim of Catholic ecumenism, and simultaneously distances itself from pluralism as the ideal state of Christian unity. Two major documents outline the Roman Catholic perspective on ecumenism: The ultimate objective toward which these documents direct the Catholic ecumenical task, is nothing other than a complete, conscious communion of all Christians, indeed, of all mankind, in a single faith and one Christian Church, beginning with a conversion of the Catholic people. Ecumenism is essentially Catholic renewal. :"The unity of all divided humanity is the will of God. For this reason he sent his Son, so that by dying and rising for us he might bestow on us the Spirit of love. On the eve of his sacrifice on the Cross, Jesus himself prayed to the Father for his disciples and for all those who believe in him, that they might be one, a living communion. This is the basis not only of the duty, but also of the responsibility before God and his plan, which falls to those who through Baptism become members of the Body of Christ, a Body in which the fullness of reconciliation and communion must be made present." ( ) At the same time, the pursuit of renewal is not compatible with a complacent settling into the very patterns of sin that must be removed before renewal can take place. :7. There can be no ecumenism worthy of the name without a change of heart. For it is from renewal of the inner life of our minds, from self-denial and an unstinted love that desires of unity take their rise and develop in a mature way ... The words of St. John hold good about sins against unity: "If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us". So we humbly beg pardon of God and of our separated brethren, just as we forgive them that trespass against us." ( ) Therefore, ecumenism expresses a central concern of the whole Christian life. In the pursuit of this ultimate objective, it is necessary to reverse past patterns of hostility, and place the Church in the service of those who are alienated from it. This service cannot paradoxically aim at the destruction of enemies through a deceitful conquest by flattery, but must sincerely desire their benefit in terms that can be immediately understood as such without first requiring the reconciliation of the enemy. Thus, there is compatibility at least in principle, between religious inclusivism, and the ultimate aim of full agreement in the faith, as long as the principle of inclusivism to which the Church adheres is not a contradiction of fidelity to her own calling, but in fact, an expression of it. Therefore, Catholic ecumenism depicts itself as the attempt of the Catholic church to repair a conflict within itself. The contemporary ecumenical movement for Protestants likely began in 1910, with the opening of the 1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference . Led by Methodist layman John R. Mott , the conference marked the largest Protestant gathering to that time, with the express purposes of working across denominational lines for the sake of world missions . Eventually, formal organizations were formed, including the World Council of Churches , the National Council of Churches , and Churches Uniting in Christ . Protestants have often been leaders of these and other similar groups. Since that time, Protestants have been involved in a variety of ecumenical groups, working in some cases toward organic denominational unity and in other cases for cooperative purposes alone. Because of the wide spectrum of Protestant denominations and perspectives, full cooperation has been difficult at times. Catholic and Orthodox bishops in North America are engaged in an ongoing dialogue. They are meeting together periodically as the "North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation". It has been meeting semiannually since it was founded in 1965 under the auspices of the Bishops’ Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Standing Conference of Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas (SCOBA). The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops officially joined the Consultation as a sponsor in 1997 . The Consultation works in tandem with the Joint Committee of Orthodox and Catholic Bishops which has been meeting annually since 1981 . Since 1999 the Consultation has been discussing the filioque clause , with the hope of eventually reaching an agreed joint statement. The original anathemas (excommunications) that mark the "official" Great Schism of 1054 between Catholics and Orthodox were mutually revoked in 1965 by the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople. But just as the original schism developed over time rather than erupting overnight, reconciliation is proceeding slowly. Organizations such as the World Council of Churches, the National Council of Churches and Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian Churches Together continue to encourage ecumenical cooperation among Protestants, Eastern Orthodox, and, at times, Roman Catholics. Influenced by the ecumenical movement, the "scandal of separation" and local developments a number of United and Uniting churches have formed, there are also a range of mutual recognition strategies being practised where union is not feasible. ******************* file_id: 146890 reader refer_PASS discussion. file_id: 146890 ecumenism focus problem. file_id: 146890 ecumenism describe_PASS term. file_id: 146890 Eastern_Orthodox be_PASS leader. file_id: 146890 member receive . file_id: 146890 love take rise. file_id: 146890 John hold renewal. file_id: 146890 organization form_PASS attempt. file_id: 146890 protestant involve_PASS variety. file_id: 146890 anathema mark official. file_id: 146890 development form_PASS time. ******************* The Monitor is the name of several publications worldwide. The Monitor and Sunday Monitor are national newspapers in Uganda. In contrast to the state-owned New Vision , the paper has complete editorial independence and is often critical of the government and President Yoweri Museveni. The Nairobi-based Nation Media Group owns 60% shareholding in Monitor Publications Limited. The Monitor is also the name of a news magazine published in Podgorica, Montenegro, which has long supported democratic opposition to Serbia and independence for Montenegro. The Monitor is a newspaper based in the state of Texas, covering the Rio Grande Valley area in the southern part of the state. The paper is owned by Freedom Interactive Newspapers of Texas, a division of Freedom Communications, Inc.. ******************* file_id: 1474451 Monitor_and_Sunday_Monitor be newspaper. ******************* London South Secondary School, also known as South Secondary or simply South, is a public high school in London, Ontario, Canada. South belongs to the Thames Valley District School Board. Approximately 960 students attend, in grades nine to twelve plus a co-op program. There is also a program for gifted students called the Academy Program. The school colours are garnet and grey, and the school mascot is the Lion. South is known for its overall academic rigour and the strength of its arts program, which includes drama, visual arts, music, and dance. It is one of the few schools in the city to still teach Latin. Originally named the London South Collegiate Institute, it first opened in 1922 on Askin Street, London, with 290 students and 10 teachers. The growing school moved to its current location on Tecumseh Avenue, completed in June 1928, just six years later. School pride was a focus from the early years. According to the school's web site, early students recited a daily pledge: "We're here to win the day for the garnet and grey, and to London South we pledge allegiance now." The school's Latin motto, "virtus repulsae nescia sordidae", means "courage will never know ignominous defeat". Prominent faculty members have included well-known Jung ian psychologist Marion Woodman, who taught English at South in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Her brother, Fraser Boa, also a Jungian analyst, was also a teacher. Author John Krisak, co-founder of the Canadian Lyceum of Greece, was also an English teacher in the 1980s and 1990s. ******************* file_id: 1477959 student recite pledge. file_id: 1477959 faculty_members include_PASS Jung. ******************* : Alfheim redirects here. For other uses, see Alfheim (disambiguation) Álfheim( Old Norse Álfheimr'Elf-home') is the abode of the Álfar' Elves' in Norse mythology and appears also in northern English ballads under the forms Elfhame and Elphame, sometimes modernized as Elfland or Elfenland. It is also an ancient name for the modern Swedish province of Bohuslän. Álfheim as an abode of the Elves is mentioned only twice in Old Norse texts. The eddic poem describes twelve divine dwellings beginning in stanza 5 with: A tooth-gift was a gift given to an infant on the cutting of the first tooth. Snorri Sturluson in the relates as the first of a series of abodes in heaven: The account later, in speaking of a hall called Gimlé and the southernmost end of heaven that shall survive when heaven and earth have passed away, explains: It is not indicated whether these heavens are identical to Álfheim or distinct. Some texts read Vindbláin ( Vindbláinn'Wind-blue') instead of Vídbláin. Modern commentators speculate (or sometimes state as fact) that Álfheim was one of the nine worlds ( heima) mentioned in stanza 2 of the eddic poem Völuspá . In several Scots and English ballads about the fairies and their lore, the realm of the those folk is called or , though at other times or ' . The fairy queen is often called the "Queen of Elphame" in ballads such as that of Thomas the Rhymer: Elfhame, or Elfland, is protrayed in a variety of ways in these ballads and stories, most commonly as mystical and benevolent, but also at times as sinister and wicked. The mysteriousness of the land, and its otherworldly powers are a source of scepticism and distrust in many tales. Examples of journeys to the realm include "Thomas the Rhymer" and the fairy tale " Childe Rowland", the latter being a particularly negative view of the land. The twentieth century fantasy writer J. R. R. Tolkien Englished the Old Norse name Álfheim as Elvenhome which is imagined in his tales as lying in a coastal region of the Undying Lands in the far west. The High King of the Elves in the west was Ingwë, an echo of the name Yngvi often found as a name for Frey, whose abode was in Álfheim according to the Grímnismál. The Ynglinga saga, when relating the events of the reign of King Gudröd( ) the Hunter relates: The words "at that time" indicates the name for the region was archaic or obsolete by the 13th century. The element elfr is a common word for 'river' and appears in other river names. It is cognate with Middle Low German elve'river' and the name of the river Elbe. The Raum Elf marked the border of the region of Raumaríki and the Gaut Elf marked the border of Gautland (modern Götaland). It corresponds closely to the historical Swedish province of Bohuslän. The name Álfheim here may have nothing to do with Álfar'Elves', but may derive from a word meaning 'gravel layer'. However the Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar claims that the two rivers and the country was named from King Álf the Old ( Álfr hinn gamli) who once ruled there, and that his descendants were all related to the Elves and were more handsome than any other people except for the giants, a unique and possibly corrupt reference to giants being especially good looking. The Sögubrot af Nokkrum also mentions the special good looks of the kindred of King Álf the Old. According to Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar, King Álf the Old was married to Bryngerd ( Bryngerðr) the daughter of King Raum of Raumaríki. But according to the Hversu Noregr byggdist , Álf, also called Finnálf, was a son of King Raum who inherited from his father the land from the Gaut Elf river (the modern Göta älv river) north to the Raum Elf river (the modern Glomma river), and that the land was then called Álfheim. Finnálf married Svanhild ( Svanhildr) who was called Gold-feather ( Gullfjǫðr) and was the daugher of Day ( Dagr ) son of Dayspring ( Delling r) by Sun ( Sól ) daughter of Mundilfari . Dag as a personification of day and the sun-goddess Sól are mentioned elsewhere, but only the Hversu mentions their daughter. Svandhild bore Finnálf a son named Svan the Red ( Svanr inn Rauðr) who was father of Sæfari, father of Úlf ( Úlfr), father of Álf, father of Ingimund ( Ingimundr) and Eystein ( Eysteinn). According to the eddic poem Hyndluljód (stanza 12), Óttar, whose genealogy is the subject of this poem, was son of Innstein ( Innsteinn), son of Álf the Old, son of Úlf, son of Sæfari, son of Svan the Red. So the Innstein of the Hyndluljód and Eystein of the Hversu are presumably identical. Later kings are mentioned in some sagas. According to Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum (Book 8), the sons of King Gandálf the Old joined King Harald for the battle of Bråvalla. The Sögubrot names the sons of Gandálf as Álfar ( Álfarr) and Álfarin ( Álfarinn) and makes them members of King Harald's bodyguard. Presumably they died in the battle. But the kingdom of this Gandálf is not identified in these texts. The Sögubrot also relates that Sigurd Hring( Sigurðr Hringr), who was Harald's viceroy on the Swedish throne, married Álfhild, the daughter of King Álf the Old of Álfheim. But in a later passage she appears as a descendant of King Álf. The Hversu Novegr byggdist provides instead a lineage of King Álf the Old of Álfheim who was father of Álfgeir the father of Gandálf the father of Álfhild the mother of the famous Ragnar Lodbrok(by Sigurd Hring). That Álfhild's father was the same Gandálf whose sons were at the Battle of Bravalla makes good sense in legendary chronology. But this genealogy may have resulted from misidentification of Gandálf the Old of the battle of Bråvalla with Gandálf son of Álfgeir of the Ynglinga saga who is discussed below. Or if the two Gandálfs may be rightly identified then the chronology is badly garbled. In all these accounts, the son of Hring and Álfhild was supposedly the famous Ragnar Lodbrok, husband of Áslaug( Áslaugr) the mother of Sigurd Hart ( Sigurðr Hjǫrt) whose daughter Ragnhild ( Ragnhildr) married Halfdan the Black and bore to him Harald Fairhair, the first historic king of all Norway. Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra relates of a king Áli of Alfheim and his queen Alfrun. When the queen died, the king married a beautiful but evil woman named Grimhild. She murdered him and tyrannized Alfheim until it was laid waste. His daughter Signy would marry king Hringr of Denmark. The Ynglinga saga, Saga of Halfdan the Black, and Saga of Harald Fairhair, all included in the Heimskringla , tell of kings of Álfheim at the end of the legendary period: But later parts of his saga show Harald in full control of the land west of the Gaut Elf river showing that Álfheim did soon become part of his kingdom. From that point it ceased to be an independent region. The Saga of Harald Fairhair relates that it was first conquered by the Swedish king Eirik Eymundsson ( Erik Anundsson) who lost it to Harald Fairhair. Variant Anglicizations are: Álf: Alf ; Álfar: Alfar ; Álfarin: Alfarin ; Álfgeir: Alfgeir ; Álfheim: Alfheim ; Álfhild: Alfhild ; Áslaug: Aslaug ; Finnálf: Finnalf ; Frey: Freyr ; Gandálf: Gandalf ; Gimlé: Gimle ; Grímnismál: Grimnismal ; Gudröd: Gudrod, Guthröth ; Haki: Hake ; Halfdan the Black: Hálfdan the Black ; Raumaríki: Raumarike, Raumarik, Raum's-ric ; Sæfari: Saefari ; Sigurd Hart: Sigurd Hjort, Sigurth Hart ; Sigurd Hring: Sigurd Ring, Sigurth Hring ; Sól: Sol ; Úlf: Ulf ; Ull: Ullr ; Völuspá: Voluspá. ******************* ******************* In quantum mechanics, the term symbol is an abbreviated description of the angular momentum quantum numbers in a multi- electron atom. It is related with the energy level of a given electron configuration. LS coupling is assumed. The ground state term symbol is predicted by the Hund's rules. The term symbol has the form {}^{2S+1}\!L_{J} where and J is the total angular momentum quantum number. When used to describe electron states in an atom, the term symbol usually follows the electron configuration, e.g., in the carbon case, the ground state is 1s 22s 22p 2 3 P 0. The term symbol is also used to describe compound systems such as mesons or atomic nuclei, or even molecules (see molecular term symbol). In that last case, greek letters are used to designate the (molecular) orbital angular momenta. For a given electron configuration As an example, for S= 1, L= 2, and J= 3, there are (2×1+1)(2×2+1) = 15 different microstates corresponding to the 3 D term, of which (2×3+1) = 7 belong to the 3 D 3 level. The sum of (2 J+1) for all levels in the same term equals (2 S+1)(2 L+1). In this case, J can be 1, 2, or 3, so 3 + 5 + 7 = 15. The parity of a tem symbol is calculated as where l i is the orbital quantum number for each electron. In fact, only electrons in odd orbitals contribute to the total parity: an odd number of electrons in odd orbitals (those with an odd l such as in p, f,...) will make an odd term symbol, while an even number of electrons in odd orbitals will make an even term symbol, irrespective of the number of electrons in even orbitals. When it is odd, the parity of the term symbol is indicated by a superscript letter "o", otherwise it is omitted: Alternatively, parity may be indicated with a subscript letter "g" or "u", standing for (even in German) or (odd): It is relatively easy to calculate the term symbol for the ground state of an atom. It corresponds with a state with maximal and . As an example, in the fluorine case the electronic configuration is: 1s 22s 22p 5. 1. Discart the full subshells and keep the 2p 5 part. So we have five electrons to place in subshell p ( l= 1).2. There are three orbitals ( = 1, 0, −1) that can hold up to 2(2 +1) = 6 electrons. The first three electrons can take = 1/2 (↑) but the Pauli exclusion principle force the next two to have = −1/2 (↓) because they go to already ocupied orbitals 3. S= 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 − 1/2 − 1/2 = 1/2; and L= 1 + 0 − 1 + 1 + 0 = 1, which is "P" in spectroscopic notation; 4. As fluorine 2p subshell is more than half filled, J= L+ S= 3/2. Its ground state term symbol is then {}^{2S+1}\!L_J = {}^2\!\mathrm P_{3/2}. To calculate all possible term symbols for a given electron configuration the process is a bit longer. ******************* file_id: 1482326 term_symbol be description. file_id: 1482326 molecule see term_symbol. file_id: 1482326 greek_letters use_PASS . file_id: 1482326 electron contribute parity. file_id: 1482326 term_symbols be bit. ******************* An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR ) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Like other transmembrane receptor s, acetylcholine receptors are classified according to their "pharmacology", or according to their relative affinities and sensitivities to different molecules. Although all acetylcholine receptors, by definition, respond to acetylcholine, they respond to other molecules as well. Molecular biology has shown that the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors belong to distinct protein superfamilies . The nAChRs are ion channel s, and, like other members of the "cys-loop" ligand-gated ion channel superfamily, are composed of five protein subunit s arranged like staves around a barrel. The subunit composition is highly variable across different tissues. Each channel contains two alpha subunits, a beta, a gamma, and a delta. Binding of acetylcholine to the N termini of each of the alpha subunits results in activation of the channel. Each subunit contains four regions named M1, M2, M3, and M4, which probably span the membrane. The M2 region, which sits closest to the pore lumen, forms the pore lining. The pore formed when the nAChR channel is open is permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. In contrast, the mAChRs are not ion channels, but belong instead to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptor s that activate other ionic channels via a second messenger cascade. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by curare and toxins present in the venoms of snake s and shellfish es. Drugs such as the neuromuscular blocking agents bind reversibly to the nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and are used routinely in anaesthesia. Nicotinic receptors are the main mediator of nicotine and tobacco addiction. In myasthenia gravis , the receptor is targeted by antibodies , leading to muscle weakness. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by the drugs atropine and scopolamine . Changeux, J.P., and Edelstein, S.J. (2005) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Odile Jacob, New York. 284 pp. Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, T.M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., pp.178-180. McGraw-Hill, New York. ******************* file_id: 148282 acetylcholine_receptors classify_PASS . file_id: 148282 receptor belong protein_superfamilies. file_id: 148282 Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptors block_PASS curare. file_id: 148282 Nicotinic_receptors be mediator. file_id: 148282 receptor target_PASS antibody. file_id: 148282 Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptors block_PASS drugs_atropine_and_scopolamine. ******************* Scott Treleaven is a Toronto-born artist and filmmaker. He first came to attention with his initial foray into filmmaking, Queercore: A Punk-u-mentary. The movie proved to be a decisive documentary of the queercore scene in the 1990s. Featuring live performances by Los Crudos and Pansy Division and interviews with Martin Sorrondeguy of Limp Wrist, Chris Freeman and Jon Ginoli of Pansy Division and Anita Smith of Fifth Column, the film offered audiences at film festivals across North America and Europe a rare look at the queerpunk scene. After the success of his film, he began work on a zine which he called This Is The Salivation Army. It distinguished itself from other zines by virtue of being the first queer punk pagan zine. Other topics included industrial music, the occult, and homages to filmmakers Kenneth Anger and Derek Jarman. Contributors have included artists and writers such as Black Sun Productions, G.B. Jones, Jason Louv, and many others. In 2002 Scott presented an overview of his zine experience in a film entitled The Salivation Army. The film quickly garnered cult status, and in 2003 a 'bootleg' compendium of his zines was released, with an additional foreword by Genesis P-Orridge. Since then Treleaven has primarily been recognised for his artwork, employing collage, film and installation to expand on the topics first explored in his zine, and exhibiting in galleries throughout the U.S., Europe and Canada. A book marking the 10 year anniversary of This Is The Salivation Army, containing an entire reprint the zines, will be available from Printed Matter Inc.(NY) in early 2006. ******************* file_id: 1489331 film offer audience. file_id: 1489331 contributor include_PASS artists_and_writers. ******************* " Why Does It Always Rain on Me?" is the breakthrough single that earned Travis international recognition. It was the third single from their second album The Man Who and their first Top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart. Regional singles were released for the UK, Austria, Japan, and USA. The song is noted for its strings introduction and heartfelt lyrics. Fittingly, when Travis was performing "Why Does It Always Rain On Me?" at the 1999 Glastonbury Festival, it promptly began to rain at the site. The song was performed at the Live 8 concert, London on July 2, 2005. ******************* file_id: 1490481 singles release_PASS ,_Austria_,_Japan_,_and_USA. ******************* An author mill is a variety of vanity press. The name was coined by Victoria Strauss of Writer Beware, as a parallel formation from diploma mill(an unaccredited college or university that offers degrees without regard to academic achievement) and puppy mill(a breeding operation that produces large numbers of puppies for sale with little regard for breed purity, puppy placement, health, or socialization). As described by Writer Beware, an author mill is:"...a company that publishes a very large number of authors in the expectation of selling a hundred books or so from each (as opposed to publishing a limited number of authors in hopes of selling thousands of books from each, as commercial publishers do). Author mills don't require authors to make any financial expenditures at all, hidden or otherwise. However, they do rely on their authors as their major source of income (through books purchased by the author for re-sale, or sold to "pocket" markets the author him/herself is responsible for identifying), and so can be defined as vanity publishers, despite the lack of upfront or other charges. Also, author mills tend to share a business model with vanity publishers: no editorial screening of submissions, no meaningful pre-publication editing, no meaningful post-publication marketing or distribution." Typically an author mill does the cheapest possible job of production; it sets high cover prices and prints its books "on demand." The books are listed with on-line booksellers such as amazon.com and bn.com, and on the publisher's website. Any marketing, promotion, or physical bookstore placement is up to the authors themselves. While authors are not "required" to buy any of their own books, authors who wish to find readers discover that they need to buy their own books for resale. The rise of the author mill is based on the rise of the on-line bookselling industry plus digital printing technology. The necessary ingredients are: ******************* file_id: 1494069 college_or_university offer degree. file_id: 1494069 mill produce number. file_id: 1494069 Author_mills not_require . file_id: 1494069 author make expenditure. file_id: 1494069 author be . file_id: 1494069 author_mills tend . file_id: 1494069 author wish . ******************* Won Buddhism, often written Wonbuddhism, is a modern religious movement based in South Korea. The Korean word, based on a Chinese character, Won means circular. Founded in 1924 by the venerable So Tae San, Won Buddhism combines aspects of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism, Zen Buddhism and Christianity. Combining Zen, Seon, Chan Buddhist teachings with some Christian influence, Won Buddhists believe in the Irwonsang, symbolized by a black circle, which represents the ultimate truth. Sotaesan is unique among founders of Buddhist sects in that he found enlightenment through Korean folk religious practices, and when seeking to explain his experience, discovered that the Buddhist perfection of wisdom teachings (prajnaparamita) were most appropriate. Sotaesan summarized his doctrine in the “Verse of Truth,” which contains echoes of the Heart Sutra’s paradox, “form is emptiness, and emptiness is form”: Being changes into Non-being And Non-being into Being, Turning and turning again; But in the ultimate Reality Being and Non-being are both Void, And the Void contains everything and is perfect. Won Buddhist practice shares much in common with traditional Zen practice, emphasizing sitting meditation and seeking enlightenment but eschewing the monastic isolation of Buddhist devotionalism. Sotaesan broke new ground in his insistence on the equality of men and women in Buddhist practice, and the need for properly organizing spiritual life in the context of science and technological development. ******************* file_id: 1496789 Won_Buddhism combine aspect. file_id: 1496789 Sotaesan be founder. ******************* Tales of the Velvet Comet is a series of four science-fiction novels by Mike Resnick. The Velvet Comet, one of the many leisure and entertainment enterprises owned by the galaxy-spanning Vainmill Corporation, is a barbell-shaped space station that serves as the galaxy's most exclusive bordello to the rich and (in-)famous. The four novels which comprise the series looks in on four periods of the Velvet Comet's lifespan, from early on in the Comet's life ( Eros Ascending) to a period after the Comet's decommissioning ( Eros at Nadir). ******************* file_id: 1505631 tale be series. file_id: 1505631 tale look . ******************* Hickory is a city located in Catawba County , North Carolina . As of the 2000 census, the city had a Metropolitan Statistical Area of 341,851, making it the 4th largest metropolitan area in North Carolina. The Hickory area serves as the home of Bernhardt, Broyhill, Boyles, Classic Leather, Drexel Heritage, Henredon, Hickory Chair and Mitchell Gold furniture companies. Hickory is also headquarters to optical fiber cable makers Corning Cable Systems and Commscope. In the 1790s, a tavern was built in the northwest section of Catawba county. This area became known as Hickory Tavern. This name remained intact for almost 100 years. The city of Hickory was established in 1870 . Over 38,000 people reside in this city today. Hickory is the economic, social, and cultural center of the Catawba Valley. As the recipient of numerous awards, including the 1998 Money Magazine's "most livable place to live" (ranked 16th among medium-sized southern cities) and twice-named an "All American City," Hickory continues to attract tourists, families, and industries to this part of the state. Hickory was known in the years after World War II for the "Miracle of Hickory". In 1944 the area around Hickory (the Catawba Valley) became the epicenter of one of the worst outbreaks of polio ever recorded. Residents who were then children recall summers of not being allowed to play outside or visit friends for fear of contracting the disease. Since local facilities were inadequate to treat the victims, the citizens of Hickory and the March of Dimes decided to build a hospital to care for the children of the region. From the time the decision was made until equipment, doctors, and patients were in a new facility, took less than 54 hours. Several more buildings were quickly added. A Red Cross offical on the scene praised the project "as the most outstanding example of cooperative effort he has ever seen." (Hickory Daily Record, June 30, 1944. Although few good references are available online, an interesting side to this story is found here . Hickory is located at 35°44'16" North, 81°19'42" West (35.737682, -81.328372) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 72.7 km² (28.1 mi² ). 72.7 km² (28.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.04% is water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 37,222 people, 15,372 households, and 9,361 families residing in the city. The population density is 512.0/km² (1,326.1/mi²). There are 16,571 housing units at an average density of 227.9/km² (590.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 77.23% White , 14.09% African American , 0.19% Native American , 3.90% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 3.08% from other races , and 1.46% from two or more races. 7.69% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 15,372 households out of which 27.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% are married couples living together, 12.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% are non-families. 32.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.98. In the city the population is spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $37,236, and the median income for a family is $47,522. Males have a median income of $31,486 versus $23,666 for females. The per capita income for the city is $23,263. 11.3% of the population and 8.4% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 14.8% of those under the age of 18 and 7.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Hickory is one of North Carolinas fastest growing cities other than Durham and High Point, but Hickory is a beautiful city lined with glistening lakes in the summer, and Snow packed trees in the winter. Catawba County Chamber of Commerce Catawba County Historical Association Hickory City Schools Catawba County Schools Catawba Valley Community College Lenoir-Rhyne College ******************* file_id: 150818 resident be child. file_id: 150818 decision make_PASS equipment_,_doctors_,_and_patients. file_id: 150818 44.6% be couple. file_id: 150818 couple live . file_id: 150818 male have income. ******************* Ken Dodd , born November 8 , 1929 , Liverpool , is a veteran British comedian and singer, famous for his buck teeth, frizzy hair, feather duster (or "tickling stick"), and his catchphrase, "How tickled I am!" He works largely in the music hall tradition, although he has appeared in several dramatic plays and as the Tollmaster in the Doctor Who story Delta and the Bannermen . His comedy style is fast and furious, relying on a high number of one-liner jokes. Dodd sometimes intersperses his comedy with music, and sings with a baritone voice. He has had many recording hits. His song Tears is still one of the biggest selling singles of all time in the United Kingdom. His stage performances used to involve Diddy Men - children dressed up, or ventriloquist s dummies - supposedly residents of his mythologised home town, Knotty Ash (a real place in Liverpool in which he still lives). His performance stamina is legendary. His solo stage shows can still run for more than three hours. He claims that on one occasion the caretaker of the theatre handed him the keys on stage and told him to lock up when he was finished. Whilst appearing on a Comic Relief television special, he overran his spot but refused to be silenced, forcing the presenters to enter the stage and attempt to manually remove him. He is a very difficult television interview subject because of his seeming inability to stop performing and reciting jokes. He always ends his stage performances with a soulful rendition of his hit song "Happiness". More controversially, he went on trial for tax evasion in 1989 . Although he was eventually acquitted, he was forced to hand over £800 000 in unpaid taxes, and had his passport confiscated. Unlike many other famous Liverpudlians, who have left the city on finding fame, Dodd has stayed loyal to his roots and still lives in the part of Liverpool where he was born, in Knotty Ash. In a 2005 poll to find The Comedian's Comedian , he was voted amongst the top 50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. ******************* file_id: 151545 child dress_PASS . file_id: 151545 ventriloquist s dummy. file_id: 151545 comedian act comedians_and_comedy_insiders. ******************* Robert Barclay (c. 1648 – October 3 , 1690 ), one of the most eminent writer s belonging to the Religious Society of Friends and a member of the Clan Barclay . Barclay was born at Gordonstown in Morayshire . His father Col. David Barclay of Urie had served under Gustavus Adolphus , and pursued a somewhat tortuous course through the troubles of the civil war. Robert was sent to finish his education at the Scots College Paris , of which his uncle was Rector, and made such progress in study as to gain the admiration of his teachers, specially of his uncle, who offered to make him his heir if he would remain in France, and join the Roman Catholic Church. In 1667 , however, he followed the example of his father, and joined the recently formed Society of Friends after returning to Scotland. Soon afterwards he began to write in defence of his sect, by publishing in 1670 Truth cleared of Calumnies , and a Catechism and Confession of Faith ( 1673 ). In 1670 he had married a Quaker lady, Christian Mollison of Aberdeen . He was an ardent theological student, a man of warm feelings and considerable mental powers, and he soon came prominently forward as the leading apologist of the new doctrine, winning his spurs in a controversy with one William Mitchell . The publication of fifteen Theses Theologiae ( 1676 ) led to a public discussion in Aberdeen , each side claiming a victory. The most prominent of the Theses was that bearing on immediate revelation, in which the superiority of this inner light to reason or scripture is sharply stated. His greatest work, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity , was published in Latin at Amsterdam in 1676, and was an elaborate statement of the grounds for holding certain fundamental positions laid down in the Theses. It was translated by its author into English in 1678 , and is claimed to be "one of the most impressive theological writings of the century." It is a weighty and learned work, written in a dignified style, and was eagerly read. It, however, failed to arrest the persecution to which the Quakers were exposed, and Barclay himself, on returning from Europe , where he travelled extensively (once with William Penn and George Fox ), and had several interviews with Elizabeth, Princess Palatine , was several times thrown into prison, but soon regained his liberty, and was in the enjoyment of Court favour. In later years he had much influence with James II , who as duke of York had given New Jersey to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . After Carteret's death his half ( East Jersey ) was sold in 1682 to twelve people, eleven of whom were members of the Society of Friends. One of the eleven Quaker proprietors was William Penn, and after expanding to include a larger number of proprietors, the group elected Barclay to be the governor. He is said to have visited James with a view to making terms of accommodation with William of Orange , whose arrival was then imminent. His latter years were spent at his estate of Ury, where he died. The essential view which Barclay maintained was, that Christians are illuminated by an Inner Light superseding even the Scriptures as the guide of life. His works have often been reprinted. ******************* file_id: 152063 christian illuminate_PASS light. ******************* : This article is about the video game weapon. For the swordsmith, see Masamune. The Masamune is the name of a sword that has been featured in many video games, most notably the Final Fantasy series. It has appeared in various incarnations, sometimes just a sword that a character can use during battles and other times it plays a major role in the story. In the majority of the Final Fantasy series, the Masamune is a sword that is picked up and can be equipped by one of your characters. Depending on the game, the Masamune is either the best weapon or one of the best. It has little impact on the story. One exception is in Final Fantasy VII where the Masamune is not available to you under normal circumstances. It is actually wielded by the main enemy, Sephiroth. In this incarnation, it is an extremely long sword and it is said that only Sephiroth has the strength to wield it. A prop version of the Masamune can be won (yet not used) in the Speed Square of the Gold Saucer. Another exception to this is in Tales of Symphonia , where the Masamune is one of the earliest (and in turn one of the weakest) swords at Lloyd's disposal in the entire game. The Masamune plays a much larger role in the Chrono series ( Chrono Trigger , Chrono Cross ). It first appears in Chrono Trigger as the legendary holy sword forged by Melchior. Unlike other Squaresoft games, the Masamune is more of a broadsword than a katana. Two spirits known as Masa and Mune(who inhabit the sword) guard it. After Crono, Marle, and Lucca successfully pass Masa and Mune's test, they are given the sword. It is then discovered that the sword is broken and needs to be reforged. After acquiring Dreamstone from the distant past, they bring the sword and stone to Melchior to have it reforged. The process is successful and the sword is presented to Glenn ( Frog) to allow him to defeat the dark wizard Magus. After the events of Chrono Trigger, the Masamune is lost during the fall of the Kingdom of Guardia. The name of the sword in the Japanese version is "Grandleon." (1) The sword reappears in Chrono Cross as "the Blood-Stained Sword of Evil." Something has happened that has changed the Masamune from a holy sword to an evil one. It most likely occurred as a consequence of the fall of Guardia (the sword is shown covered in blood during the specially added FMV sequence at the end of the PlayStation version of Chrono Trigger). Now the sword draws out the darkest desires and emotions of the wielder until the feelings overwhelm him and he acts upon them. For example: if the wielder feels extreme jealousy, he will kill the object of this feeling. This happens to Radius in Chrono Cross when he kills his best friend Garai (who is the greatest swordsman). Eventually, Serge and his friends succeed in purging the evil from the sword (in a side-quest). Masa and Mune then "wake up" and do not realize what has happened to them and the sword. They then are reunited with their sister Doreen who joins with them to form the Mastermune, which is arguably Serge's ultimate weapon. The Masamune has also appeared in the Castlevania: Symphony of the Night , Golden Sun , Shining Soul 2 , and the Soul Calibur series. In Onimusha Blade Warriors , there are two Masamunes, the Soshu Masamune and the Hocho Masamune. ******************* file_id: 1533425 sword use battle. file_id: 1533425 exception be tale. ******************* The Singapore River is a small river in terms of physical attributes, but of extreme historical importance to the country of Singapore, the political entity which shares its name. The mouth of the Singapore River was the old Port of Singapore, being naturally sheltered by the southern islands. Historically, the city of Singapore initially grew around the port so the river mouth became the centre of trade, commerce and finance. To this day, area around the old Singapore River river mouth, the Downtown Core, remains the most expensive and economically important piece of land in Singapore. Some parts of this area include quays such as Clarke Quay and Boat Quay, which generated trade and extensive demand for services when the boats that landed at the quay, Boat Quay itself handling three quarters of the shipping service in the 1860s. Shophouses and warehouse s flourished around the quays due to their proximity to trade during the colonial era, but presently house various bars, pubs and restaurants, as well as antique shops. There have been plans announced by the government of Singapore recently to dam the Singapore River at its outlet to the sea to create a new reservoir of freshwater. While damming this area would create a valuable source of fresh water for the tiny city-state, it would prevent the docking of ocean-going ships at the Singapore River which was arguably the original reason Singapore came into existence. Whereas the original mouth of the Singapore River emptied into the straits between Singapore and its southern islands before major land reclamation took place, the Singapore River now empties into Marina Bay- an area of water partially enclosed by the reclamation work. The Port of Singapore is now located to the west of the island, using most of the south-west coast, and passenger ship s to Singapore now typically berth at the Singapore Cruise Centre at HarbourFront. Thus the Singapore River's economic role has shifted away from one that of trade, towards more a role accommodated for tourism and aesthetics for the commercial zone which encloses it. ******************* file_id: 1545225 role accommodate_PASS tourism_and_aesthetics. ******************* Actinomycosis, ak tuh nuh my KOH sihs, is a rare infectious disease, from Actinomyces bacteria, that affects human beings. It is characterised by the formation of painful abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or digestive organs. These abscesses grow larger as the disease progresses, often over a period of months. In severe cases, the abscesses may break through bone and muscle to the skin, where they break open and leak large amounts of pus. Actinomycosis occurs in cattle and other animals as a disease called lumpy jaw . This name refers to the large abscesses that grow on the head and neck of the infected animal. Actinomycosis is caused by any of several members of a group of bacteria called actinomyces . These bacteria are anaerobes - that is, they cannot survive in the presence of large amounts of oxygen. Actinomyces normally live in the small spaces between the teeth and gums. They cause infection only when they can multiply freely in places where oxygen cannot reach them. The three most common sites of infection are decayed teeth, the lungs, and the intestines. Doctors use penicillin to treat actinomycosis. ******************* file_id: 1550253 actinomycosis occur cattle. file_id: 1550253 animal call_PASS jaw. file_id: 1550253 site decay_PASS tooth. file_id: 1550253 doctor use . ******************* Words of Bengali origin have entered other languages. Many words have been incorporated into Indian English. Some have thence been exported to the English language in general and thence to other languages. As with other languages of the Indian subcontinent, the British Empire was responsible for the absorption of many of these loanwords into English. Also the use of Bengali as a significant literary language, and Rabindranath Tagore's Nobel prize gave the language extra prestige. ******************* file_id: 1561810 word enter_PASS language. ******************* The Group Wilders(Groep Wilders) is a right-wing conservative Dutch political party that was started in August 2004 after Geert Wilders left the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy(a liberal party) , after a disagreement about the political direction. No fellow parlementarians wished to join his new party, so since September 2 2004, he forms an independent fraction of the Dutch parliament all alone. The "group" is currently only represented by Mr. Wilders, however opinion polls have indicated that if elections were held now, his party would gain more seats. The main issues the Group deals with is the integration of (Muslim) immigrants into Dutch society. Some people feel that there is space on the right of the political spectrum following the assassination of Pim Fortuyn and the subsequential disintegration of the List Pim Fortuyn. The group is said to sympathise with the neoconservative movement in the USA and the Edmund Burke Foundation in the Netherlands. ******************* file_id: 1567909 opinion_polls indicate_PASS . file_id: 1567909 people feel election. ******************* The Desmond Rebellions occurred in the 1560s, 1570s and 1580s in Munster in southern Ireland. They were rebellions of the Earl of Desmond dynasty—the Fitzgerald family or Geraldines—and their allies against the efforts of the Elizabethan English government to extend their control over the province of Munster. The rebellions were primarily about the independence of feudal lords from their monarch but also had an element of religious conflict ( Roman Catholic against Protestant). The result of the rebellions was the destruction of the Desmond dynasty and the subsequent plantation or colonisation of Munster with English settlers. See also Tudor re-conquest of Ireland The south of Ireland (the provinces of Munster and southern Leinster) was dominated by the Old English Butlers of Ormonde and Fitzgeralds of Desmond, who formed what were essentially miniature feudal principates. However, Henry Sidney, as Lord Deputy of Ireland, was charged with establishing the authority of the English government over the independent lordships there. His solution was the formation of "lord presidencies"—provincial military governors who would replace the local lords as military powers and keepers of the peace. The local dynasties saw the presidencies as intrusions into their sphere of influence, and into their traditional violent competition over the balance of power. This had seen the Butlers and Fitzgeralds fight a pitched battle against each other at Affane in Waterford in 1565. This was a blatant defiance of the Elizabethan state's law. Elizabeth I summoned the heads of both houses to London to explain their actions. However, the treatment of the dynasties was not even handed. Thomas Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormonde— who was the Queen's cousin — was pardoned, while both Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond and his brothers, John and James, were arrested and detained in the Tower of London. This decapitated the natural leadership of the Munster Geraldines and left the Desmond Earldom in the hands of a soldier, James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, the "captain general" of the Desmond military. Fitzmaurice had little stake in a new de-militarised order in Munster. He was also a devout Catholic, influenced by the counter-reformation, which made him see the Protestant Elizabethan governors as his enemies. To discourage these interlopers and re-establish Desmond primacy, he planned a rebellion, to show that the powers-that-be in Munster were not to be lightly tangled with. A factor that drew wider support for Fitzmaurice was the prospect of land confiscations, which had been mooted by Sidney and Peter Carew, an English colonist. This ensured Fitzmaurice the support of important clans, notably MacCarthy Mor, O'Sullivan Beare and O'Keefe. Fitzmaurice launched his rebellion by attacking the English colony at Kerrycurihy in north Cork in June 1569. In response, Sidney mobilised large forces of English troops, Gaelic clans antagonistic to the Geraldines, and Ormonde's men, and began devastating the lands of Fitzmaurice's allies. Fitzmaurice's forces broke up, as individual lords had to retire to defend their own territories. Sidney forced Fitzmaurice into the mountains of Kerry, from where he launched hit and run attacks on the English and their allies. By 1570, most of Fitzmaurice's allies had submitted to Sidney. Nevertheless, the guerrilla campaign dragged on for three more years until Fitzmaurice finally submitted in February 1573, after which he fled to the continent to seek help from the Catholic powers. Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond, and his brother John were released from prison to stabilise the situation and to reconstruct their shattered territory. Although all of the local chiefs had submitted by the end of the rebellion, the methods used to suppress it provoked lingering resentment, especially among the Irish mercenaries; gall oglaigh or " gallowglass" as the English termed them, who had rallied to Fitzmaurice. Drury, the new Lord President of Munster, executed around 700 of them in the aftermath of the rebellion. Furthermore, Gaelic customs such as Brehon Laws, Irish dress, bardic poetry and the maintaining of private armies were outlawed. Fitzmaurice, by contrast, had deliberately emphasised the Gaelic character of the rebellion, wearing the Irish dress, speaking only Irish and referring to himself as the captain ( taoiseach) of the Geraldines. The second Desmond rebellion was sparked when James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald launched an invasion of Munster in 1579. During his exile in Europe, he had reinvented himself as a soldier of the counter-reformation, arguing that since the Pope's excommunication of Elizabeth I in 1570 Irish Catholics did not owe loyalty to a heretical English monarchy. The Pope granted Fitzmaurice an " indulgence" and also Papal troops and money. The Catholic King of Spain accepted Ireland into his possessions, pending the expulsion of the English. Fitzmaurice and 700 Spanish and Italian soldiers landed in Dingle, Kerry in July 1579. He was immediately joined by John Fitzgerald, the brother of the Earl, who had a large following among his kinsmen and the disaffected swordsmen of Munster. Other Gaelic clans and Old English families also joined in the insurgency. Gerald, the Earl of Desmond, initially tried to stay out of the rebellion but joined it being declared a traitor by the authorities. Fitzmaurice was killed shortly after he landed, leaving the rebellion under the command of John and Gerald Fitzgerald. The rebels sacked the towns of Youghal and Kinsale, and devastated the country of the English and their allies. In 1580, the rebellion spread to Leinster, under the leadership of Gaelic Irish chieftain Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne and the Pale lord Viscount Baltinglass—motivated by Catholicism and hostility to the English. A large English force under Earl Grey de Wilton were sent to subdue them, only to be ambushed and massacred at the battle of Glenmalure, losing over 800 dead. The rebels temporarily bestowed the title of King of Leinster on Creon MacMurrough Kavanagh, whose ancestors had held this title before the English conquest. However, the tide in Munster was already turning against the rebels. English troops and locally raised forces under Ormonde succeeded in re-taking the south coast, destroying the lands of the Desmonds and their allies in the process, and killing their tenants. By capturing Carrigafoyle, the principal Desmond castle on the mouth of Shannon river, they cut off the Geraldine forces from the rest of the country and prevented a landing of foreign troops into the main Munster ports. When the Catholic reinforcements did arrive, they were only 600 Papal troops, and they were bottled up in a castle at Smerwick in Kerry before being captured and massacred. By relentless scorched earth tactics, the English broke the momentum of the rebellion. By 1581, most of the Fitzgerald's allies in Munster and Leinster had submitted on terms. For the Geraldine family, however, there would be no pardon, and the rising would go on until the bitter end. From 1581 to 1583, the war dragged on, with the remaining Geraldines evading capture in the mountains of Kerry. The rebellion was finally ended in November 1583 when Gerald, the Earl of Desmond, was hunted down and killed in the Slieve Mish mountains in Kerry by a local clan named the O'Moriartys. The O'Moriarty chief, Maurice, received 1000 pounds of silver from the English government for Desmond's head, which was triumphantly displayed on the walls of Cork. After three years of scorched earth warfare, famine hit Munster. In April 1582, the provost marshal of Munster (Warhame St Ledger) estimated that 30,000 people had died of famine in the previous six months. Plague broke out in Cork city, where the country people fled to avoid the fighting. People continued to die of famine and plague long after the war had ended, and it is estimated that by 1589 one third of the province's population had died. Grey was recalled by Elizabeth I for his excessive brutality. Two famous accounts tell us of the devastation of Munster after the Desmond rebellion. The first is from the Gaelic Annals of the Four Masters. The second is from the View on the Present State of Ireland, written by English poet Edmund Spencer who fought in the campaign.''In those late wars in Munster; for notwithstanding that the same was a most rich and plentiful country, full of corn and cattle, that you would have thought they could have been able to stand long, yet eare one year and a half they were brought to such wretchedness, as that any stony heart would have rued the same. ''Out of every corner of the wood and glens they came creeping forth upon their hands, for their legs could not bear them; they looked Anatomies of death, they spoke like ghosts, crying out of their graves; they did eat of the carrions, happy where they could find them, yea, and one another soon after, in so much as the very carcasses they spared not to scrape out of their graves; and if they found a plot of water-cresses or shamrocks, there they flocked as to a feast for the time, yet not able long to continue therewithal; that in a short space there were none almost left, and a most populous and plentiful country suddenly left void of man or beast. The wars of the 1570s and 1580s marked a watershed in Ireland. Although English control over the country was still far from total, the Geraldine axis of power had been annihilated, and Munster was "planted" with English colonists. Thousands of English soldiers and administrators had been imported to deal with the rebellion, and were allocated land in the subsequent Munster Plantation of confiscated Desmond estates. The Munster plantation settled several thousand of these people in the south of Ireland. The Elizabethan conquest of Ireland was completed after the subsequent Nine Years War in Ulster. ******************* file_id: 1572510 rebellion be independence. file_id: 1572510 governor replace lord. file_id: 1572510 Sidney mobilise force. file_id: 1572510 ancestor hold_PASS title. file_id: 1572510 ally submit_PASS term. file_id: 1572510 people continue . file_id: 1572510 stony_heart rue_PASS . ******************* Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg( 27 June 1771- 21 November 1844) was a Swiss education ist. He was born at Bern. His father was of patrician family, and a man of importance in his canton, and his mother was a granddaughter of the Dutch admiral Van Tromp. From his mother and from Pfeffel, the blind poet of Colmar, he received a better education than falls to the lot of most boys, while the intimacy of his father with Pestalozzi gave to his mind that bent which it afterwards followed. In 1790 he entered the university of Tubingen, where he distinguished himself by his rapid progress in legal studies. On account of his health he afterwards undertook a walking tour in Switzerland and the adjoining portions of France, Swabia and Tirol, visiting the hamlets and farmhouses, mingling in the labors and occupations of the peasants and mechanics, and partaking of their rude fare and lodging. After the downfall of Robespierre, he went to Paris and remained there long enough to be assured of the storm impending over his native country. This he did his best to avert, but his warnings were disregarded, and Switzerland was lost before any efficient means could be taken for its safety. Fellenberg, who had hastily raised a levy en masse, was proscribed; a price was set upon his head, and he was compelled to fly into Germany. Shortly afterwards, however, he was recalled by his countrymen, and sent on a mission to Paris to remonstrate against the rapacity and cruelty of the agents of the French republic. But in this and other diplomatic offices which he held for a short time, he was witness to so much corruption and intrigue that his mind revolted from the idea of a political life, and he returned home with the intention of devoting himself wholly to the education of the young. With this resolution he purchased in 1799 the estate of Hofwyl, near Bern, intending to make agriculture the basis of a new system which he had projected, for elevating the lower and rightly training the higher orders of the state, and welding them together in a closer union than had hitherto been deemed attainable. For some time he carried on his labors in conjunction with Pestalozzi, but incompatibility of disposition soon induced them to separate. The scheme of Fellenberg at first excited a large amount of ridicule, but gradually it began to attract the notice of foreign countries; and pupils, some of them of the highest rank, began to flock to him from every country in Europe, both for the purpose of studying agriculture and to profit by the high moral training which he associated with his educational system. For forty-five years Fellenberg, assisted by his wife, continued his educational labors, and finally raised his institution to the highest point of prosperity and usefulness. He died in 1844. See Hamm, Fellenberg's Leben und Wirken(Bern, 1845); and Schoni, Der Stifter van Hofwyl, Leben und Wirken Fellenberg's. ******************* file_id: 1585354 Switzerland lose_PASS means. ******************* Julian Beck ( March 31 , 1925 – September 14 , 1985 ) was a Jewish-American actor , director , poet , and painter . He was born in New York City and briefly attended Yale University , but dropped out to pursue writing and art, intending to be an Abstract Expressionist painter. At age 17, he met Judith Malina and quickly came to share her passion for theatre ; they founded The Living Theatre in 1947 , and Beck co-directed the group until his death. Beck and Malina were life partners in an open marriage , and Beck had a long-term relationship with Ilion Troya, a male actor in the company. Besides his theatre work, Beck published several volumes of poetry reflecting his anarchist beliefs. He also had an occasional film career, with small roles in Emergency , The Cotton Club , 9½ Weeks , and Poltergeist II . Beck was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 1983 , and died 18 months later at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City at the age of 60. ******************* file_id: 158661 Beck_and_Malina be life_partners. ******************* Gloria Trevi (born Gloria de los Ángeles Treviño Ruiz , February 15 , 1970 in Monterrey , Nuevo León ) is a Mexican singer. Her life has been as controversial as her career as a singer has been successful. Her scandals and controversies have made some people nickname her The Madonna of Mexico . Trevi was born in a reportedly violent and impoverished home. She struggled to survive when she was little, as the lack of food and money in her house being a challenge. She wanted to become an entertainer since she was little, and she began to learn poetry when she was five, and then she started taking ballet and piano lessons. Trevi's parents divorced when she was ten. There have been allegations that her mother mistreated her and tried to discourage her from being a singer. The veracity of those rumors, however, are not clear. The fact her mother has come out on international television , pleading for Trevi to change her wild ways, makes those rumors look even more like just rumors. Gloria left her home city at the age of twelve, arriving at Mexico City , where she met the also controversial manager Sergio Andrade , alleged child molestor and slave master. Before meeting Andrade, she worked singing and dancing on the streets for spare change, as well as teaching aerobics and serving tacos at a taco stand. In 1985 , she was a member of a short-lived girl group named Boquitas Pintadas ( Little Colored Mouths ). With Andrade's help, Trevi released her first album in 1989 , Y Que Hago Aqui? ( And What Am I Doing Here? ). The album scored an instant number one hit for her, Dr. Psiquiatra ( Dr. Psychiatrist ), and four other songs from that album went up the charts too. She soon became known as a challenger to the machismo ideas of many of Mexico's men, breaking social standards and taking a feminist stand point on many of her songs, while exploring sexuality in a way that not many female Mexican entertainers had done before her. Trevi would even bring male members of her audience to the stage and undress them. Despite the way she carried herself on stage, she was also able to become very popular among Mexican and Latin American children. At that point of her career, it became common for many little girls and teenaged females to dress like Gloria's concert attire. Trevi, however, also carried herself to the public as a girl who could break down and cry at any minute and for anything she heard about. A lot of times, during her television interviews, the talk show host would mention her childhood and she'd go from acting happy to spilling her tears from one minute to the other. She followed up her first record, with the 1991 album Angel De La Guardia ( Guardian Angel ), which became even more successful than the first one, her song Pelo Suelto ( Loose Hair ) becoming her most widely known hit; it became number one all over Latin America and for the Latino population in the United States . Trevi then filmed a movie, also named Pelo Suelto . In it, she participated with fellow wild living former world boxing champion Jorge Paez . The movie became a number one hit, and Gloria was invited to tour in many countries. In 1992 , she began a tour all over the Caribbean and South America , which took her to Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Argentina , Venezuela and Chile . She also released her first calendar, which was considered by many of her fans and critics to be very suggestive and sexually oriented. Meanwhile, she kept talking in public about such things as teen sex, abortion , drugs , AIDS , prostitution and anything that came into her mind. Her third album, Me Siento Tan Sola ( I Feel so Lonely ), was released in 1993 , and it garnered her another hit, Zapatos Viejos ( My Old Shoes ). The album was taped in Los Angeles . Gloria released a new calendar, which was even more suggestive than the first one. Then, her second movie, also named like her song, Zapatos Viejos , was released. Trevi became more reclusive after that. For years, all that was heard about her were rumors and speculation. But then, in 1995 , Sergio Andrade's former wife published a book about how Andrade allegedly would pick up teenaged girls and lure them into a web of sex and slavery by promising to make them superstars. According to the book, named De La Gloria Al Infierno ( From Glory to Hell ), Trevi was also a willing participant of Andrade's scams, and she had fallen in love with her manager, supposedly participating in his manager's sexual orgies and slavery acts with the teenaged girls just to please him. Around 1997 , many of the girls that were allegedly abused escaped from Andrade and declared stories of horror and violence to television cameras. Andrade and Trevi flew out of Mexico without being captured, stopping in Spain and Chile before they were declared, along with a third accomplice named Mary Boquitas , as fugitives of the Mexican judicial system. Soon after, Karina Yapor , a girl from northern Mexico, gave birth to a baby boy she alleged to be Andrade's son. By this time, Trevi, Boquitas and Andrade were the talk of every Spanish tabloid television show in the United States, and most of Latin America. Trevi, Andrade and the rest of their 'troop' soon escaped to Argentina , where the remaining girls escaped and were soon flown to Mexico. But before Trevi, Andrade and Boquitas were caught, they escaped to Brazil , where they were able to live for a couple of years, until they were finally caught by Brazilian police and arrested. In Brazil, Trevi allegedly enjoyed walking around the neighborhood where she resided, eating at a local bakery every day. When they were caught, the news quickly spread to Spanish speaking people everywhere. A legal battle ensued because Brazilian prosecutors wanted them charged there, but Mexican prosecutors claimed that the three prisoners belonged to them because they had begun their practices while still in Mexico. Trevi, Andrade and Boquitas were flown from their original jail to another facility because of overcrowding. Soon after, a tape where Trevi can be heard singing songs (allegedly to Andrade) on the plane ride became public. In the song, which didn't seem to be a written song but one she was making up, she talks of how she'd done everything for the love of a man. In the new jail facility, Trevi became pregnant. She initially accused a jail guard of raping her, supposedly causing the pregnancy. But, after giving birth to a baby boy, she admitted the boy was Andrade's son. She was released under a Brazilian law that allows women who give birth while prisoners to live in a house with their children, but her new freedom was brief, because once again, Mexican authorities began to ask for her, so she had to be taken back to jail. Brazil's authorities came to an agreement with Mexican authorities and, on December 21, 2002 they extradited Trevi, Andrade and Boquitas to Mexico so they can face charges there. Her baby ended up living with his grandmother, Trevi's mother. There were allegations also that, while fugitive, Trevi supposedly gave birth to a baby girl of Andrade, and that they left the baby to die. However, no body or evidence were found, so they were not charged with homicide. (Trevi would later admit in a comic strip that she does not know of the whereabouts of this daughter.) On November 27 of 2003 , Andrade was jailed in the same facility as Trevi, but they were not allowed to get in contact there. On February 24 , 2004 , Trevi was expecting to be set free by Mexico's justice system. She was denied freedom at the time. After she learned that she would not be allowed to go free, she began a hunger strike. On September 21 , 2004 , Trevi was acquitted and set free by a Mexican court, citing a lack of evidence in the case. She had spent nearly five years incarcerated in Brazil and Mexico. Trevi began a new tour in 2005 when she sang at a concert in Monterrey. The tour was cancelled when she arrived at Puerto Rico, however, because she tested positive in a pregnancy test, with the only leg of the tour to be carried on being a concert, alongside Olga Tañon and Ana Barbara , at Disney World in Orlando, Florida . She decided to carry on with the Disney World concert, in part, because she took her small son with her to that Florida theme park . ******************* file_id: 159493 allegation mistreat . file_id: 159493 member carry stage. file_id: 159493 female dress concert_attire. file_id: 159493 battle ensue prosecutor. file_id: 159493 prosecutor claim . file_id: 159493 tape hear_PASS singing_songs. file_id: 159493 authority begin . file_id: 159493 authority come agreement. ******************* The Langham Hotel is one of the largest and best known traditional style grand hotels in London. It is the district of Marylebone and faces up Portland Place towards Regent's Park. It is a member of the Leading Hotels of the World marketing consortium. The Langham Hotel was built between 1863 and 1865 at a cost of £300,000. It was then the largest and most modern hotel in the city, featuring a hundred water closets, thirty six bathrooms and the first hydraulic lifts in England. The opening ceremony was performed by the Prince of Wales. After the original company was liquidated during an economic slump, new management acquired the hotel for little more than half what it had cost to build, and it soon became a commercial success. In 1870 a former Confederate officer named James Sanderson was appointed general manager and the hotel developed an extensive American clientele, which included Mark Twain. It was also patronised by the likes of Napoleon III, Oscar Wilde, Antonin Dvorak, and Arturo Toscanini. Electric light was installed in the entrance and courtyard at the exceptionally early date of 1879, and Arthur Conan Doyle set Sherlock Holmes stories such as A Scandal in Bohemia and The Sign of Four partly at the Langham. Later celebrity guests included Noel Coward, Wallis Simpson, Don Bradman and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. The Langham was hard hit by the Great Depression and the owners attempted to sell the site to the BBC, but Broadcasting House was built on the other side of the road instead. During World War II the hotel was used in part by the Army and then damaged by bombs and forced to close. After the war, it was occupied by the BBC as ancillary accommodation to Broadcasting House, and the corporation purchased it outright in 1965. The ballroom became the BBC record library and programs such as The Goon Show were recorded there. In 1980 the BBC unsuccessfully applied for planning permission to demolish the building and replace it with an office development designed by Norman Foster. In 1986 it was sold to Ladbroke Group for £26 million, which purchased the non-US Hilton business in 1987 and eventually reopened the hotel as the Langham Hilton in 1991 after a £100 million refurbishment. New owners extended the hotel and carried out other refurbishments between 1998 and 2000. It has nearly five hundred rooms and suites. Hotels in London Official site ******************* file_id: 1608714 Later include ,_Wallis_Simpson_,_Don_Bradman_and_Emperor_Haile_Selassie. file_id: 1608714 New_owners extend hotel. ******************* In quantum physics , a quantum fluctuation is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, arising from Werner Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle . According to one formulation of the principle, energy and time can be related by the relation \Delta E \Delta t \approx {h \over 2 \pi} That means that conservation of energy can appear to be violated, but only for small times. This allows the creation of particle-antiparticle pairs of virtual particle s. The effects of these particles are measurable, for example, in the effective charge of the electron, different from its "naked" charge. In the modern view, energy is always conserved , but the eigenstate s of the Hamiltonian ( energy observable ) aren't the same as (don't commute with) the particle number operator s. Quantum fluctuations may have been very important in the origin of the structure of the universe: according to the model of inflation the ones that existed when inflation began were amplified and formed the seed of all current observed structure. ******************* file_id: 161253 Quantum_fluctuations be_PASS origin. file_id: 161253 Quantum_fluctuations begin . ******************* RTÉ News: Six One(or Six One News) is Radio Telefís Éireann's early evening news programme. It airs seven days a week at 6:01pm (18:01 GMT/ IST) on RTÉ One. On Saturdays and Sundays the programme is called Six One News And Sport (aka RTÉ News And Sport), reflecting the extended sports coverage, since most sports events take place on weekends. The programme is regularly presented by Bryan Dobson accompanied by Sharon Ní Bheoláin, and is the only RTÉ News bulletin with two presenters. The programme starts with a segment covering the main news stories of the day. After the first commercial break, there is typically an interview with a person connected with the main news story. This is followed by shorter, more off-beat, or regional reports. The final third of the programme includes a sports summary (with a separate presenter) and a business news round-up. During the summer months, Six One is usually contracted to a half-hour news bulletin. The summer break has however been getting shorter; in 2004, this lasted for only four weeks in August. The programme is broadcast daily on the Irish RTÉ One TV channel. It can also be watched in full as a Real Player video stream from its associated Internet webpage. Six-One has been RTÉ's flagship television news programme since its launch in October 1988. Its predecessor programme was known as " Newstime". It also went out at 6:01pm, but was preceded by an RTÉ News programme at 5:40pm. The programme's first lead male presenter, Seán Duignan, was later appointed Government Press Secretary by Albert Reynolds. In the early 1990s he was later replaced by Eammon Lawlor, who later moved to RTÉ Lyric FM. He in turn was replaced by current incumbent Bryan Dobson. It established its own place in political history when the expected winner of the 1990 presidential election campaign, Tánaiste(deputy prime minister) Brian Lenihan delivered what was universally accepted to be a disastrous live response to a crisis in his campaign. Seeking to deny that he had ever been part of unsuccessful efforts to force President Hillery to refuse a parliamentary dissolution in a way that would help Lenihan's party get back into power (claims he himself had made in an on-the-record taped interview recorded some months earlier), Lenihan tried to stare into the camera and kept telling viewers that "on mature recollection" his earlier version was wrong and that he had made no phone calls to the presidential residence to put pressure on the President. The programme also destroyed the political career of then Foreign Minister Gerard Collins, when in response to a leadership struggle in his party, an overly emotional, tearful Collins pleaded with the man challenging for the leadership not to "burst the party". Collins's own chances of leadership were perceived to have been destroyed by his performance on the live bulletin. Since the 1950s, RTÉ has broadcast a one minute period of silence except for the ringing of a church bell linked to the Angelus, a Catholic prayer, at 12noon and 6pm. Though periodic calls have been made for its removal, and few Irish people ever say the prayer, a number of religious faiths outside Roman Catholicism, notably the Church of Ireland, have called for its continuation, regarding the minute as offering a chance for reflection amid a busy television schedule. (The broadcast no longer carries Roman Catholic imagery, and instead focuses on images of people contemplating.) Because of this, the radio and television news bulletins start at one minute past six, hence the name. Some broadcasters at RTÉ privately welcome the delayed start time in the belief that it gives viewers a chance to catch the headlines on BBC, UTV or Sky News before switching over to catch the start of Six One. Some critics have mounted a campaign to abolish the Angelus on RTÉ. It is unclear whether RTÉ would move its bulletin back one minute to 6pm as that would mean that the newscast would be in direct competition to get viewers at the exact same time as other stations. Other RTÉ News programmes include: ******************* ******************* Microsoft Anti-Virus( MSAV) was a antivirus program introduced by Microsoft into its MS-DOS operating system. The program first appeared in version 6.0 and last appeared in version 6.22. The antivirus program was quite rudimentary, had no update facility and could scan for about 1,000 viruses. Microsoft later introduced a similar product into its Windows 3.11 range, called Microsoft Anti-Virus for Windows( MWAV). Similar to the MS-DOS version this did not have any update facility. This product became noted as determining that upgrade program of Windows 95 was detected as a computer virus, something which was embarrassing to Microsoft. The MS-DOS and Windows versions of the antivirus program had some common features, for instance its "Detect and Clean" strategy and could detect 1,234 distinct viruses. Other features included the detection of boot sector and trojan horse type viruses which typified the type of virus problems that occurred at this time. The program also had an anti-stealth and checksum feature that could be used to detect any changes in normal files. This technology was intended to make up for the unavailablity of regular update packages. Only one virus update was introduced since the original releases bringing the total protection to 2,371 viruses in 1996. The MS-DOS and Windows versions of the anti-virus program were written by Central Point Software Inc.(later acquired by Symantec Corporation in 1994) and were essentially stripped down versions of the Central Point Anti-Virus( CPAV) product which were later integrated into the Symantec Norton AntiVirus product. Later versions of Windows do not have any inbuilt antivirus protection, but the arrival of Microsoft AntiSpyware, the acquisition of RAV Antivirus from GECAD and the upcoming Windows OneCare anti-virus program have Microsoft specialists in the field suggesting the arrival of a new antivirus product for current or future versions of Microsoft Windows. ******************* file_id: 1626435 horse_type_viruses typify type. file_id: 1626435 version not_have protection. ******************* There has never been a Pope John XX . Some 11th century historians believed that there had been a pope named John between antipope Boniface VII and the actual Pope John XV ; thus, the series of Pope John XV to Pope John XIX was mistakenly numbered John XVI to XX. These popes have been renumbered as John XV to XIX; however, Pope John XXI to Pope John XXIII were numbered based on the confusion of having twenty Popes John before them. Hence, Pope John XX doesn't exist, having been skipped over in the enumeration of popes, and as the enumeration is now firmly established, it is unlikely that any attempt at rectification will be made. Some have used this discontinuity in numbering as "evidence" that there was a Pope Joan : See myths and legends surrounding the Papacy . In the humorous fantasy novel Jurgen , by James Branch Cabell , the protagonist learns of this omission. He gains admission to Heaven by pretending to be Pope John XX, there being no one to contradict him by claiming the title. ******************* file_id: 166102 attempt make_PASS . file_id: 166102 myths_and_legends surround papacy. ******************* The people residing in the State of Kuwait are primarily Arab in origin, but less than half of them are from the Arabian Peninsula . Many Arabs from nearby states took up residence in Kuwait because of the prosperity brought by oil production after the 1940s. However, following the liberation of Kuwait from Iraq i occupation in 1991, the Kuwaiti Government undertook a serious effort to reduce the expatriate population. Kuwait still has a sizable Iranian and Indian population. Seventy-five percent of native Kuwaitis are Sunni Muslim s, and 25% are Shi'a Muslim s. There are very few Kuwaiti Christian s. The 79% literacy rate, one of the Arab world's highest, is due to extensive government support for the education system. Public school education, including Kuwait University , is free, but access is restricted for foreign residents. The government sends qualified students abroad for degrees not offered at Kuwait University. About 1,000 Kuwaitis are currently studying in U.S. universities. Population: 2,335,648 note: includes 1,291,354 non-nationals (July 2005 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 27.2% (male 323,382; female 311,700) 15-64 years: 70.1% (male 1,045,589; female 591,243) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 40,439; female 23,295) (2005 est.) Population growth rate: 3.44% (2005 est.) note: this rate reflects a return to pre-Gulf crisis immigration of expatriates Birth rate: 21.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) Death rate: 2.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) Net migration rate: 14.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.77 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.74 male(s)/female total population: 1.52 male(s)/female (2005 est.) Infant mortality rate: 9.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.03 years male: 76.01 years female: 78.1 years (2005 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.97 children born/woman (2005 est.) Nationality: noun: Kuwaiti(s) adjective: Kuwaiti Ethnic groups: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7% Religions: Muslim 85% (Sunni 45%, Shi'a 40%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other 15% Languages: Arabic (official), English widely spoken Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.5% male: 85.1% female: 81.7% (2003 est.) See also : Kuwait ******************* file_id: 16687 access restrict_PASS resident. file_id: 16687 government send student. ******************* : This article is about the musical. For other meanings of this term see South Pacific . South Pacific is a musical play, written with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II that opened on Broadway on April 7 , 1949 , and ran for more than five years. It is generally considered to be one of the greatest musicals of all time and a number of its songs, such as Bali Ha'i , Younger than Springtime, and Some Enchanted Evening , have become worldwide standards. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950 . The play is based upon two short stories by James A. Michener from his book Tales of the South Pacific , which itself was the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948 . The original cast starred Mary Martin as the heroine Nellie Forbush and opera star Ezio Pinza as Emile de Becque, the French plantation owner. Also in the cast were Juanita Hall , Myron McCormick , Betta St. John , and William Tabbert . On a South Pacific island during World War II , a U.S. Navy nurse, Ensign Nellie Forbush, falls in love with a middle-aged French plantation owner, Emile de Becque. Meanwhile, the restless sailors of the Navy, led by the entrepreneurial seabee Luther Billis, are lamenting on the absence of women or combat to relieve their boredom, when Lieutenant Joe Cable of the U.S. Marine Corps arrives on the island to take part in a dangerous spy mission that would turn the tide of the war against the Japanese . As only officers can sign out boats, Billis notices this opportunity to be able to get over to the mysterious and valuable island of Bali Ha'i, and convinces Cable to accompany him. On Bali Ha'i, Bloody Mary, the native souvenir dealer, introduces him to her daughter, Liat, and the two fall in love. The two couples prosper, and proposals of marriage are made; however, Nellie is shocked to discover that Emile has mixed-race children from an earlier relationship, and Cable refuses to marry Liat due to her race, infuriating Mary. Dejected and with nothing to lose, Emile and Cable agree to go on their dangerous mission, successfully sending reports on enemy action. 'Operation Alligator' gets underway, and the previously idle sailors, including the reluctant Luther Billis, are sent into battle. Unfortunately, Cable is killed during the mission, and Emile narrowly escapes a similar fate to return home to the now-understanding Nellie and his children. The plot has often been labelled flimsy in favor of the popular and more well-known songs. However, the issue of racial prejudice is sensitively and candidly explored; James Michener claimed he was pressured to ask Rodgers and Hammerstein to take out the Joe Cable story, because it involved miscegenation. The musical was made into a successful film of 1958 , starring Rossano Brazzi and Mitzi Gaynor in the leading roles, with Juanita Hall in the part of Bloody Mary that she had played in the original stage production. Metropolitan Opera star Giorgio Tozzi provided the voice for the role of Emile de Becque. Kauai , one of the Hawaiian Islands , served as the filming location for the movie. The film is notorious for the use of colored filters during many of the song sequences, which has been almost universally poorly received. An elaborate television production in 2001 was directed by Richard Pearce and starred Glenn Close , Rade Serbedzija , Harry Connick Jr. , and Natalie Mendoza . ******************* file_id: 167964 emile mix_PASS race_children. file_id: 167964 film be use. ******************* The German word Fraktur (pronounced in IPA ) refers to a specific blackletter typeface . The term derives from the past participle of Latin frangere ("to break"), fractus ("broken"). As opposed to Antiqua (common) typefaces, modelled after antique Roman square capitals and Carolingian minuscule , the blackletter lines are broken up. Sometimes, all blackletter typefaces are called fraktur . One difference between the Fraktur and other blackletter scripts is that in the small-letter o , the left part of the bow is broken, but the right part is not. Besides the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, and the ess-zet and vowels with umlaut s as well, Fraktur typefaces often include the long s , a variant form of the letter r, and a variety of ligature s once intended to aid the typesetter and which have specialized rules for their use. The first Fraktur typeface was designed when Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1493 – 1519 ) established a series of books and had a new typeface created specifically for this purpose. Fraktur quickly overtook the earlier Schwabacher and Textualis typefaces in popularity, and a wide variety of Fraktur fonts were carved. As opposed to other countries, in Germany, typesetting in Fraktur was entirely common still in the 19th century . Some books from the time used Schwabacher still; however, the predominant typeface was the Normalfraktur (Fig. 1), which came in various slight variations. Since the 18th century , the Fraktur was replaced more and more by antiqua because of the obvious communication problems with non-native German speakers. However, in an attempt to deliberately differentiate Germany from the rest of the Western world, it was reinforced by Nazi Germany , which pronounced that Antiqua typefaces were not Aryan . This policy was officially upheld until January 3 , 1941 , when Martin Bormann issued a circular letter to all public offices which suddenly declared Fraktur to be Judenlettern (Jewish letters) and prohibited further use. It has been speculated that the régime had realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during World War II , but the main problem there was the Fraktur-based handwriting of the German occupiers; the real reason may have been a desire to use fonts and equipment confiscated outside Germany for the printing of German language texts. Fraktur saw a short resurgence after the War because many printers did not have the money for new typefaces during the economic hardships of (roughly) 1945-1955, but after the economy started to recover it was quickly abandoned. Fraktur is today used merely for decorative typesetting; for example, a number of traditional German newspapers still print their name in Fraktur on the first page, and it is also popular for pub signs. In this modern decorative use the Fraktur rules about long s and short s or about ligature s are often disregarded. Isolated Fraktur letters are also used in mathematics , e.g. to denote Lie algebra s, σ-algebra s or ring ideal s. Earlier versions of the Volapük language added vowel s from Fraktur to the Roman ones. Later versions substituted them by the Roman version with a diaresis . (The German sentence in the figures reads: "Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich". This is a nonsense sentence meaning "Victor chases twelve box fighters across the dike of Sylt ", but contains all 26 letters of the alphabet plus the German umlauts and is thus an example of a pangram .) ******************* file_id: 168760 all_blackletter_typefaces call_PASS fraktur. file_id: 168760 fonts_and_equipment confiscate_PASS Germany. file_id: 168760 version substitute Roman_version. ******************* Robert Dick Wilson( February 4, 1856– 1930) was an American linguist and Presbyterian scholar who made major contributions in verifying the reliability of the Hebrew Bible. In his quest to determine the accuracy of the original manuscripts, Wilson eventually learned 45 languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, as well as all the languages into which the Scriptures had been translated up to 600 AD. Wilson was born in Indiana, Pennsylvania. He proved himself an outstanding language student even as an undergraduate. While at Princeton University, he was able to read the New Testament in nine languages. He graduated from Princeton at the age of 20, later receiving a master's degree and doctorate before doing post-graduate work in Germany at the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1883, Wilson became Professor of the Old Testament at Western Theological Seminary (later known as Pittsburgh Theological Seminary), where he had done some of his graduate studies. In 1900, he returned to Princeton as the William Henry Green Professor of Semitic Languages and Old Testament Criticism at Princeton Theological Seminary. Throughout his career, he opposed the higher criticism theory, which held that the Bible was inaccurate on many points and not historically reliable. Professor Wilson wrote, "I have come to the conviction that no man knows enough to attack the veracity of the Old Testament. Every time when anyone has been able to get together enough documentary 'proofs' to undertake an investigation, the biblical facts in the original text have victoriously met the test" (quoted in R. Pache, The Inspiration and Authority of Scripture). In the late 1920s, he left Princeton to teach at the new, conservative Westminster Theological Seminary. Among his other works, Wilson contributed articles to the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, a noted Bible reference of the early 20th century. ******************* file_id: 1687846 scholar make contribution. file_id: 1687846 documentary undertake investigation. file_id: 1687846 seminary contribute article. ******************* PuLSE Radio(or PuLSEfm) is the official radio station of the London School of Economics Students' Union(LSESU). Self-described as "the pulsating heart of the LSE", it is part of the LSESU's Media Group, which consists of PuLSEfm, The Beaver newspaper, and a journal, The Script. Mainly a music radio station, PuLSE is staffed by student volunteers who act as D.J.s, technicians, and producers, and is funded by the LSESU, advertising revenue, and donations. During term term PuLSE can be heard broadcasting live in the LSE Union Café and Shop, and via the PuLSE website. ******************* file_id: 1692561 PuLSE staff_PASS student_volunteers. ******************* The K-wing, also known as the Koensayr BTL-S8 K-Wing Assault Starfighter is a bomber class starfighter as shown in the Star Wars book trilogy The Black Fleet Crisis . It was one of the most recent starfighters produced by Koensayr, which was the same company responsible for producing the Y-wing for the New Republic's ongoing conflict with the Imperial Remnant. Like the X-wing and A-wing starfighters, and most other New Republic starfighters, the K-wing was designed to perform a special role in combat. The K-wing starfighter's missions included precision bombing of planetary targets, slow moving capital ships and space stations, close-range combat, and serving as both an escort fighter and short-range reconnaissance vehicle. The K-wing consists of two large maneuvering wings connected to a large, fixed stabilizer. Primary thrust turbines located at the junction between the stabilizer and wings provide the K-wing with sublight speed similar to the Y-wing's top speed despite its greater size. An ion engine mounted near the rear of the main stabilizer allows extremely fast acceleration for short bursts. The K-wing lacks a hyperdrive and must rely on large fleet carriers. To fulfill its role in the New Republic Defense Force, the K-wing supports a deadly arsenal for a vehicle of its size. There are 18 hard points which spread across the vehicle's 3 wings that allow New Republic engineers to arm the vehicle with a large variety of weapons including concussion missiles, sublight torpedoes and floating mines. The disadvantage to this system is that once a K-wing fires its last weapon, it has to return back to its docking bay to rearm. When it is attacked by enemy fighters, the K-wing can open fire with a short-range quad turbolaser turret and a medium-range twin laser cannon turret mounted on its command module. It is also equipped with a deflector shield. Because of its large amount of weapons, the K-wing requires a gunner. The pilot and gunner sit in small cockpits on either side of the command module. The command module can also detach from the rest of the ship to serve as an escape pod. ******************* file_id: 1698463 thrust_turbines locate_PASS junction. file_id: 1698463 pilot_and_gunner sit cockpit. ******************* The National Agricultural Statistics Service(NASS), as part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, collects, summarizes, analyzes, and publishes agricultural production and marketing data on a wide range of items; statistical highlights summarize frequently requested data for the most recent year. An extensive collection of reports and datasets cover the number of farms and land in farms; areas, yield, production, and stocks of grains, hay, oilseeds, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, fruits, selected vegetables, floriculture, and selected specialty crops; inventories and production of hogs, cattle, sheep and wool, goats and mohair, mink, catfish, trout, poultry, eggs, and dairy products; prices received by farmers for products, prices paid for commodities and services, and related indexes; cold storage supplies; agricultural chemical use; and related areas of the agricultural economy. Estimates for approximately 120 crops and 45 livestock items are published in 400 reports each year. ******************* file_id: 1705017 highlight summarize . file_id: 1705017 price receive_PASS farmer. file_id: 1705017 price pay commodities_and_services. ******************* The Bhutan Broadcasting Service is the national radio and television service in Bhutan. Run by the state, it is currently the only service to offer both radio and television to the Kingdom, and is the only television service to broadcast from inside the Bhutanese border. For many years, Bhutan did not have modern telecommunications. The first radio broadcasts commenced in November 1973, when the National Youth Association of Bhutan(NYAB) began radio transmissions of news and music for a half-hour each Sunday, under the name "Radio NYAB." The transmitter was first rented from a local telegraph office in Thimphu. The government took over Radio NYAB in 1979, and renamed it the Bhutan Broadcasting Service in 1986, with expansions in radio scheduling as well as construction of a modern broadcast facility occurring in 1991. The first night of television broadcasts finally occurred on June 2, 1999, on the night of the Jigme Singye Wangchuk's silver jubilee. Currently, television service is limited to the capital city. News, documentaries, and entertainment programs were originally broadcast for three hours in the evening (7 p.m. to 10 p.m.), seven days a week, but expanded to four hours (6 p.m. to 10 p.m.) in December 2004. Most of the programming is aired in Dzongkha, but some current events and news programs are also aired in English. As of 2005, FM and shortwave radio service reaches about 75 percent of the country. The service plans to reach the rest of Bhutan by 2010. ******************* file_id: 1721705 National_Youth_Association_of_Bhutan(NYAB) begin radio_transmissions. file_id: 1721705 telecommunications be . ******************* Kabarole is a district of western Uganda. The chairman of the district, Augustine Bafaaki Kayonga, is also the head of the local government. The seat of government is in Fort Portal, the mayor of which is Edson Asaba Ruyonga. The residents of Fort Portal are mainly of the Batooro ethnicity, but the district has diverse cultures and people, such as the Bakiga. Kabarole District was originally much larger and was made up of present-day Kamwenge, Kyenjojo and Kabarole. The Toro kingdom is headed by Rukidi IV. While in western Uganda you can listen to the local radio station Voice of Toro on 101 FM. It serves the whole of western Uganda and some parts of the central. ******************* file_id: 1735552 district have cultures_and_people. ******************* Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball fielding position between second and third base . Shortstop is often regarded as the most dynamic defensive position in baseball, because there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters, and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly, so more balls go to the shortstop than any other position. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the shortstop is assigned the number 6. Shortstops are required to cover second base in double play situations when the ball is hit to the second baseman, first baseman , pitcher , or catcher . They often cover second when a runner is attempting a stolen base . They also must cover third at various times, including the rotation play; that is, when there are runners on first and second and a sacrifice bunt is attempted. Shortstops generally are given precedence on catching pop-ups in the infield as well, so they end up calling off other players many times, although on deep pop-ups they fall back when called off by an outfielder . Traditionally, players are selected as shortstops for their fielding prowess, but in recent years more shortstops with excellent hitting have entered the leagues as well. ******************* file_id: 173555 hitter have tendency. file_id: 173555 shortstop require_PASS . file_id: 173555 player select_PASS shortstop. ******************* The American League Against War and Fascism was a Comintern affiliate organization formed in 1933 by CPUSA and pacifists united by their concern as Nazism and Fascism rose in Europe. It published "The FIGHT against War and Fascism" broadsheet. Henry F. Ward, a Methodist minister and chairman of the American Civil Liberties Union, became chairman of the League. Communist publications were widely distributed throughout churches. It was a major campaign by the CPUSA to infiltrate the churches and enlist church members into the American League. Reverend Hermann F. Reissig of the League stated that church members had the duty 'neither to commend nor to vindicate religious beliefs or organizations. Our function is to use religious forces in the defense of the masses of people." The executive committee which did actually planning was known as the Natal Bureau. On 9 August 1935 the Bureau issued a plan targeting trade unions and religious groups for special attention. Roman Catholics were the first target. The plans targeted the International Association of Catholic Alumni, League of Catholic Men, Knights of Columbus, Catholic Association for International Peace, and various Catholic women's groups. Jewish religious, cultural, fraternal and Zionist groups also were listed as targets. Among Protestants, attention was to be given to the YMCA ministerial associations, local parishes, and adherents of the Lutheran and Reformed faiths, 'because of their German traditions and friendships.' " By 1935 the League claimed membership of 3,291,906 Americans, which rose and to 7,836,691 by the outbreak of the European war in 1939. There were actual number of dues paying members was about 20,000. The League claimed 241 affiliated groups, eighty of them being in New York City. In 1937 it became the American League for Peace and Democracy. Helen Silvermaster was associated with this group. Its communist elements then influenced the founding of the American Peace Mobilization front. ******************* file_id: 1745289 Against_War_and_Fascism have . ******************* Play UK, formerly known as UK Play, was part of the UKTV Network. The British television channel was launched (as UK Play) on 10 October 1998. The channel was aimed at playing (for most of the time) music in the morning and afternoon while broadcasting comedy in the evening. Play UK broadcasted all day on the digital platforms but on the Astra 1 (Sky Analogue) satellite system, it broadcasted between 1am and 7am when UK Horizons was not broadcasting. It closed on 30 September 2002 due to low ratings because of the closure of ITV Digital in May 2002. Play UK's comedy programming was then moved to UK Gold (now UKTV Gold). The majority of the music programmes broadcasted (quizzes, interviews and compliations) on Play UK were produced by themselves. Play UK also repeated TOTP2 , which was originally broadcast on BBC Two. Most of the comedy programming on Play UK had already been broadcasted on the BBC's channels. Play UK also produced original comedy programming as well as those already broacasted on the BBC's channels. Later on, Play UK also broadcasted American comedy and animation. ******************* file_id: 1750725 quizzes_,_interviews_and_compliations produce_PASS . ******************* Decoder Ring is an experimental electronic- rock crossover group from Sydney, Australia, formed in 2001 by Matt Fitzgerald and members of The Jackson Code, Sea Life Park and El Mopa. The band has wrote the soundtrack for two films, both of which were shown at the Cannes Film Festival: the 2004 Australian film Somersault , and the 2005 short feature Jewboy by writer/director Tony Krawitz. All the band's performances are accompanied by film projections put on by Simon Killalea who, while not playing an instrument, is considered a member of the band.__NOTOC__ ******************* file_id: 1752971 band accompany_PASS film_projections. ******************* Superatoms are clusters of atoms which seem to exhibit some of the properties of elemental atoms. Sodium atoms when left to condense in clusters from vapour naturally form into clusters of 8, 20, 40, 58 or 92 atoms (the magic numbers). The first of these can be recognised as the number of electrons in filled s and p orbitals. The suggestion is that free electrons in the cluster form atomic like structure (larger numbers show deviations from the number of electrons in a shell as the potential is not central). The atomic properties of this structure should mimic the atomic properties of atoms with filled s and p orbitals, i.e. the noble gases. Certain aluminium cluster s have superatom properties. These aluminium clusters are generated as anions(Al n - with n = 1,2,3...) in a helium gas and reacted with a gas containing methyliodide. When analyzed by mass spectroscopy one main reaction product turns out to be Al 13 I - . This clusters of 13 aluminium atoms with an extra electron added does also appear not to react with oxygen when it is introduced in the same gas stream. Assuming each atom liberates its 3 valence electrons, this means that there are 40 electrons present, which is one of the magic numbers noted above for sodium, and implies that these numbers are a reflection of the noble gases. Calculations show that the additional electron is located in the aluminium cluster at the location directly opposite from the iodine atom. The cluster must therefore have a higher electron affinity for the electron than iodine and therefore the aluminium cluster is called a superhalogen. The cluster component in Al 13 I - ion is similar to a iodine ion or better still a bromine atom. The related Al 13 I 2 - cluster is expected to behave chemically like the triiodide ion Similarly it has been noted that clusters with one greater than the magic numbers appear to exhibit the properties of an alkali metal Bergeron/2005 . D. E. Bergeron, P. J. Roach, A.W. Castleman Jr., N.O. Jones, S. N. Khanna Science, Vol 307, Issue 5707, 231-235 , 14 January Abstract MS spectrum ******************* file_id: 1758807 superatom be cluster. file_id: 1758807 superatom exhibit . file_id: 1758807 Sodium_atoms leave_PASS . file_id: 1758807 Certain_aluminium_cluster have property. file_id: 1758807 aluminium_clusters generate_PASS anion. file_id: 1758807 calculation show . ******************* Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft , and is part of the Microsoft Office suite. Although often used mainly as an e-mail application, it also provides calendar , task and contact management. It can be used as a stand-alone application , but can also operate in conjunction with Microsoft Exchange Server to provide enhanced functions for multiple users in an organization, such as shared mailboxes and calendars, public folders and meeting time allocation. Versions for Microsoft Windows include: Microsoft also released several versions of Outlook for the Apple Macintosh ; however, most mail features were disabled after Office 98. After Office 98, Entourage replaced Outlook on Macintosh systems, however in 2001 , Microsoft released Outlook 2001 for Mac to allow Classic users to access Exchange servers. Outlook Express is a slimmed-down email, newsgroup , and contact management application that Microsoft makes available at no charge, in conjunction with the Internet Explorer web browser. Other than the confusingly similar name it has very little in common with Outlook. One of Microsoft's goals is for the email client to be easy to use. However, the embedded automation and lack of security features compared to competitors (omitted to avoid inconveniencing unsophisticated users (Lotus Notes)) have been repeatedly exploited by malicious hacker s using email viruses . These typically take the form of an email attachment which executes on the user's machine and replicates itself by mass-mailing the user's or Exchange server's address list. Examples of such viruses are the Melissa and Sobig worms . Other programs have exploited Outlook's HTML email capabilities to execute malicious code or confirm that email addresses are valid targets for spam . The noteriety of the worms and other viruses has gained Outlook a reputation as a highly insecure email platform. Famous Unix programmer Bill Joy has suggested that Outlook is insecure largely because it was written in C , making it easy to write programs to exploit it. He also believes the widespread use of Outlook is a major contributing factor in the proliferation of spam . His views are shared by many leading IT professionals. As part of its Trusted Computing initiative, Microsoft has recently taken corrective steps to fix Outlook's reputation in its latest incarnation, Office Outlook 2003. Among the most publicized security features are that Office Outlook 2003 does not automatically load images in HTML emails, and includes a built-in spam filter . The base code is also said to be much more secure. As of July 2005 , this most recent release has been well received, and regarded as the primary driver of Office upgrades among business users. Instances of new worms have slowed significantly, however, due to the release of numerous security updates and Service Packs which have corrected the known vulnerabilities exploited by previous viruses. ******************* file_id: 176271 version include . file_id: 176271 mail_features disable_PASS Office. file_id: 176271 automation_and_lack compare_PASS competitor. file_id: 176271 example be and_Sobig_worms. file_id: 176271 email_viruses be . file_id: 176271 program exploit . file_id: 176271 instance slow_PASS . ******************* The Special Criminal Court( Irish Cúirt Choiriúil Speisialta) is a juryless criminal court in the Republic of Ireland which tries terrorist and organized crime cases. Article 38 of the Constitution of Ireland empowers the Dáil to establish "special courts" with wide-ranging powers when "the ordinary courts are inadequate to secure the effective administration of justice". The court was first established by the Dáil under the Offences Against the State Act, 1939 to prevent the Irish Republican Army from subverting Ireland's neutrality during World War II( see: the Emergency). The current incarnation of the Special Criminal Court dates from 1972, just after the Troubles in Northern Ireland began. The court is composed of three judges appointed by the government from among the judges of the ordinary courts, usually one from the High Court, one from the Circuit Court and one from the District Court. The court sits as a three-judge panel with no jury, and verdicts are by majority vote. Verdicts can be appealed to the Court of Criminal Appeal. In 2004, justice minister Michael McDowell announced his intention to establish a second Special Criminal Court to speed up the trial process. The court tries offences under the following laws: Offences under these acts are known as "scheduled offences". These scheduled offences range from illegal possession of firearms, to importing seditious foreign newspapers, to threatening to damage property. The court can also try other, non-scheduled offences if the Director of Public Prosecutions issues a certificate stating that the ordinary courts are inadequate to handle the case. Although the court was initially set up to handle terrorism-related crime, it has been handling more and more organized crime cases after the Provisional IRA ceasefire in the 1990s. For instance, members of the drugs gang which murdered journalist Veronica Guerin were tried in the Special Criminal Court. The Special Criminal Court has been criticized by the Irish Council for Civil Liberties, Amnesty International and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Among the criticisms are the lack of a jury, and the increasing use of the court to try organized "ordinary" crimes rather than the terrorist cases it was originally set up to handle. Critics also argue that the court is now obsolete since there is no longer a serious terrorist threat to the State ( see: Northern Ireland peace process). Under the law, the court may accept the opinion of a Garda Síochána superintendent as evidence that a suspect is a member of an illegal organization. (However, the court has been reluctant to convict on the word of a garda alone, without any corroborating evidence.) The Sinn Féin political party have also been critical of the Special Criminal Court, although it never saw the same level of miscarriages of justice that occurred in England in the 1970s. Some prominent Sinn Féin members (including Martin Ferris and Martin McGuinness) have been convicted of offences by it. Most famous is the case of Nicky Kelly, who was convicted along with two other men by the Special Criminal Court in 1978 of carrying out the Sallins Train Robbery. All three convictions were later overturned after it was found that the suspects had been assaulted by gardaí while in custody. In 2003, Michael McKevitt was convicted of "directing terrorism" and "membership of an illegal organization" for his role as leader of the Real IRA. In 2001, Dundalk man Colm Murphy was convicted of "conspiracy to cause an explosion likely to endanger life or cause injury", in connection with the Omagh bombing. In January 2005, Murphy's conviction was quashed and a retrial ordered by the Court of Criminal Appeal, on the grounds that two gardaí had falsified interview notes, and that Murphy's previous convictions were improperly taken into account by the trial judges . ******************* ******************* Hari Seldon is the intellectual hero of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series . In his supreme capacity as mathematics professor at Streeling University on Trantor , he developed psychohistory , allowing him to predict the future in probabilistic terms. His ability to predict disasters is the reason behind his nickname "Raven" Seldon. In the first five books of the Foundation Series , Hari Seldon made only one in-the-flesh appearance, in the first chapter of the first book ( Foundation ), although he did appear other times as pre-recorded messages. After writing five books in chronological order, Asimov went back with two books to better describe the initial process. The two prequels— Prelude to Foundation and Forward the Foundation — describe his life in considerable detail. He is also the central character of the Second Foundation Trilogy written after Asimov's death ( Foundation's Fear by Gregory Benford , Foundation and Chaos by Greg Bear , and Foundation's Triumph by David Brin ), which are set between Asimov's two prequels. Born in the 11,988th year of the Galactic Era (GE) (-79FE); died 12,069 (1FE). He was born on the planet Helicon in the Arcturus sector. His father was a tobbacco grower in a hydoponics plant. He showed precocious mathematical abilities at a very early age. His biography was written by Gaal Dornick . Using psychohistory, Seldon found the right time and place to set up a new society, one that would replace the collapsing Galactic Empire by sheer force of social pressure, over a thousand-year time span. As a thirty-two year old assistant professor of mathematics at Helicon University, Seldon visits Trantor from his native Helicon to attend the Decennial Mathematics Convention. He presents a paper which indicates that one could theoretically predict the Galactic Empire's future. At first, Seldon has no idea how this could be done in practice, and he is fairly confident that no one could actually fulfill the possibility. Shortly after his presentation, he becomes a lightning rod for political forces who want to use psychohistory for their own purposes. The rest of the novel tells of his flight, which lasts for approximately a year and which takes him through the complex and variegated world of Trantor. During his flight to escape the various political factions, he discovers how psychohistory can be made a practical science. It is in this novel that he meets his future wife Dors Venabili , future adopted son Raych Seldon , and future partner Yugo Amaryl. This novel is actually told as a sequence of short stories , just as was the case with the original trilogy. They take place at intervals a decade or more apart, and tell the story of Hari's life, starting about ten years after Prelude and ending with his death. The stories contrast his increasingly successful professional life with his increasingly unsuccessful personal life. In his capacity as First Minister, he gains the nickname Raven for his dire predictions of the future. ******************* file_id: 178048 ability predict disaster. ******************* Oium(from Aujom, meaning "in the waterlands" in Gothic) was according to Jordanes, a name for Scythia, where the Goths settled after leaving Gothiscandza. Archaeologically, it corresponds to the Gothic Chernyakhov culture, and geographically to Ukraine. Jordanes gave an account of Goth history in Oium, of which parts can be corroborated by archaeology and of which other parts were the result of blending the Goths with classic history and Greek mythology, putting the Goths in the place of Scythians, Dacians and Thracians. This was probably inspired by a need to give the Goths a more glorious past to compensate for their barbaric and unremarkable Scandinavian origins. Jordanes relates that their king Filimer lead the Goths searching for suitable lands and when they found Oium they were delighted with the richness of the land. When half the army had passed a bridge, the bridge collapsed and so no one could pass the area anymore. The Goths claimed the land for themselves and defeated the previous inhabitants, the Spali(which probably was the ruling Sarmatian clan). They then claimed the plains near the Azov Sea. The Goths then made a second migration to Moesia, Dacia and Thrace, but then they returned to Oium in a third migration and settled again north of the Black Sea. They settled down and were divided under ruling dynasties. The Visigoths were ruled by the Balþi and the Ostrogoths by the Amali. This account fits well the patterns of the Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture, which show a Germanic migration from the Vistula Basin to Ukraine. Perhaps in order to make up for their not very prestigious origins in the distant and barbaric Scandza, Jordanes (or Cassiodorus) made use of classic sources putting the Goths in the place of Scythians, Dacians and Thracian s. Jordanes wrote that the Goths fought Sesostris, the king of Egypt(1291 BC-1212 BC) under their king Tanausis. After a battle at the river of Phasis, in Georgia, they pursued the Egyptians all the way back to Egypt. After Tanausis death, the Goths were once away pillaging, and a neighbouring tribe tried to kidnap the Goth women. However, the women defended themselves and defeated the attackers under the leaders Lampeto and Lampesia. The two leaders cast lots, and Lampesia pursued the enemy into Asia where she conquered many tribes and apparently formed the Amazons. The Goth king Antyrus was approached by Darius, the king of Persia( 521 to 485 BC), who wanted to marry his daughter. Antyrus refused the marriage and was attacked by Darius, and after Darius by his son Xerxes. None of the attacks was successful. Philipp II allied with the Goths by marrying Medopa who was the daughter of king Gudila(a Thracia n king). However, Philip needed gold and wanted to pillage the town of Odessos, a town belonging to the Goths. The Goths sent out their Godis who were dressed in white and played harps, chanting to their gods to help them. This stunned the Macedonians so much that they returned. Much later, a king named Sitalces(a Thracian king 431- 424 BC) wanted revenge, gathered 150 000 men and attacked the Athenians. He fought Perdiccas II, whom Alexander I had left as a ruler, and the Goths laid Greece waste. When Burebista was king (a Dacian king 70 BC- 44 BC), he received a priestly reformer named Decaeneus, and this Decaeuneus advised the Goths to pillage Germania. He also gave the Goths laws, named bi-lageineis( lag= law), taught them logic, philosophy and astrology. Then he selected a priestly elite who was taught theology and named them the Pilleati(those who wore felt hats). The remainder of the Goths were called the Capillati(bare-headed). Julius Caesar tried to subdue the Goths without success, and the Goths also remained free during the reign of Tiberius. When Decaeneus was dead, Comosicus took his place, and after Comosicus, Scoryllus ruled the Goths in Dacia. A long time passed and the Romans were ruled by Emperor Domitian(A.D. 81- 96). As the Goths (historically, the Dacians) feared his avarice, they broke the truce with the Romans and pillaged the banks of the Danube and killed the soldiers and the generals. At this time Diurpaneus(king Duras-Diurpaneus of Dacia 69– 86 or Decebalus who ruled 87- 106) was king of the Goths and Oppius Sabinus was the governor of Moesia(having succeeded Fontejus Agrippa( 69– 70). In 85, the Goths (Dacians) beheaded Oppius Sabinus and plundered many Roman cities and fortifications. Domitian arrived with the legions to Illyria and sent Fuscus with a selected force. Fuscus used boats to build a pontoon bridge and crossed the Danube upstreams from the Goths. The Gothic army defeated the Romans, killed Fuscus and pillaged the Roman camp ( 86 AD). After this use of Dacian, Thracian and Scythian history, Jordanes returns to Gothic tradition by reciting the line of descent of the Gothic royal family from Gapt(Gaut or Odin). This digression is followed by a statement that the Goths entered Moesia and Thrace in the late 2nd century where they stayed for some time. Based on Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, he writes that Emperor Maximinus Thrax( 235 AD - 238 AD) was the son of a Goth who arrived at this time and an Alan woman. In the Hervarar saga, the Scandinavian Heidrek usurps the Gothic throne in Reidgotaland. In this saga, the Goths capital is called Arheimar and is located on the Danpar( Dniepr). Heidrek appears to establish a first contact with the Huns by kidnapping the Hun Princess Sifka, raping her and sending her back to the Huns pregnant with Hlod. When Heidrek dies in the Carpathians, his son Angantyr succeeds him. However, his second son Hlod, who had grown up with the Huns, claims his inheritance and attacks with a Hunnish horde comprising 350 000 mounted warriors. The Goths are aided by the old Geatish king Gizur, and the war ends in an epic battle on the plains of the Danube, when Angantyr slays his brother Hlod. ******************* file_id: 1781126 part corroborate_PASS archaeology. file_id: 1781126 goth search land. file_id: 1781126 goth behead Oppius_Sabinus. file_id: 1781126 fuscus use boat. ******************* Lincoln(pronounced "Ling-k'n") is a cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, England, a bridging point over the River Witham, with a population, at the 2001 Census of 85,963 for the city proper. The population for the whole built-up area ("Lincoln Urban Area") was 104,221, up 6.4% from the 1991 figure of 97,996. Its twin town is Neustadt, Germany. Under the Romans, Lincoln was a flourishing colony named Colonia Domitiana Lindensium, founded under Domitian, and was at the northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road. The stone Newport Arch, which was the northern gateway to the Roman city, is the only Roman arch in England through which traffic still passes. Only foundations and fragments of the other three Roman gateways remain. The Romans also dug the Fosseway Canal(Fossdyke), linking the rivers Witham and Trent, and also dug an inland quay at the Brayford Pool('bray ford' means 'the place to cross the swamp'). This allowed boats to get freely all the way to Lincoln and beyond, and the city became a flourishing inland port. During this period it was populated mainly by the local populace and retired legionnaires. After the legions left in 410, the drainage ditches and waterways fell into decline, and by the close of the 5th century the city was virtually deserted. After the first destructive Viking raids the city once again rose to some importance. In Viking times Lincoln was a trading centre important enough to issue coins from its own mint. After the establishment of Dane Law in 886, Lincoln became one of The Five Boroughs in the East Midlands. Over the next few centuries, Lincoln once again rose to prominence. In 1068, two years after the Norman Conquest, William I ordered a castle to be built on the site of the former Roman settlement. The first Lincoln Cathedral, within its or walled precinct facing the castle was commenced when the see was removed from Dorchester and completed in 1092; it was rebuilt after a fire but was destroyed by an unusual earthquake in 1185. The rebuilt Lincoln Minster, enlarged to the east at each rebuilding, was on magnificent scale, its crossing tower crowned by a spire 160 m (525 feet) high, the highest in Europe. The bishops of Lincoln were among the magnates of medieval England: Lincolnshire, the largest diocese, had more monasteries than the rest of England put together, and the diocese was supported by large estates outside the county. When the Magna Carta was drawn up in 1215, one of the witnesses was Hugh of Wells, Bishop of Lincoln. A copy is now preserved in Lincoln Castle. Among the most famous bishops of Lincoln were Robert Bloet, the magnificent justiciar to Henry I; Hugh of Avalon, the cathedral builder canonized as Saint Hugh of Lincoln; Robert Grosseteste, the 13th century intellectual; Henry Cardinal Beaufort, a politician deeply involved in the Wars of the Roses; Philip Repyngdon, chaplain to Henry IV of England and defender of Wycliffe; Thomas Cardinal Wolsey. The administrative centre was the Bishop's Palace, the third element in the central complex. When it was built in the late 12th century, the Bishops' Palace was one of the most important buildings in England. Built by the canonized bishop Hugh of Lincoln, the palace's East Hall range over a vaulted undercroft is the earliest surviving example of a roofed domestic hall. The chapel range and entrance tower were built by Bishop William of Alnwick, who modernised the palace in the 1430s. Both Henry VIII and James I were guests of bishops here; the palace was sacked by royalist troops during the Civil War in 1648. By 1150, Lincoln was amongst the wealthiest towns in Britain. The basis of the economy was cloth and wool, exported to Flanders; Lincoln weavers had set up a guild in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green" the reputation of which was later enhanced by Robin Hood wearing "Lincoln Green". In the Guildhall that surmounts a city gate, the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, probably the finest collection of civic regalia outside London. Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered outside the Bailgate, and down Steep Hill to the High Bridge, which bears half-timbered housing, the upper storey jettied out over the river, as London Bridge once had. There are three ancient churches: St. Mary le Wigford and St. Peter at Gowts are both 11th century in origin and St Mary Magdalene, built in the late 13th century, is an unusual English dedication to the saint whose cult was coming greatly into vogue on the Continent at that time. Lincoln was home to one of the five most important Jewish communities in England, well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, anti-semitic riots that started in Lynn, Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their habitations were plundered. The so-called "House of Aaron" has a two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and a nearby "Jew's House" likewise bears witness to the Jewish population. In 1255, the affair called “The Libel of Lincoln” in which prominent Jews of Lincoln, accused of the ritual murder of a Christian boy (" Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln" in medieval folklore) were sent to the Tower of London and 18 were executed. The Jews were expelled en masse in 1290. During the 14th century, the city's fortunes began to decline. The lower city was prone to flooding, becoming increasingly isolated, and plagues were common. In 1409, the city was made a county corporate. The dissolution of the monasteries further exacerbated Lincoln's problems, and between 1642 and 1651, during the English Civil War, Lincoln was on the frontier between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces. Military control of the city therefore changed hands numerous times. Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry, no easy access to the sea and was poorly placed. As a consequence of this, while the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the beginning of the 1700s, Lincoln suffered immensely, travellers often commenting on the state of what had essentially become a "one street" town. The Reformation cut off the main source of diocasan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. When the great spire rotted and collapsed in 1549 and was not replaced, it was a sign of Lincoln's decline; however, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved structures that would have been lost in more prosperous contexts. By the Georgian era, Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the Agrarian Revolution. The re-opening of the Foss Dyke allowed things like coal to be brought to the city. Coupled with the arrival of the railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the industrial Revolution, and several world-famous companies arose, such as Ruston's, Smith-Clayton's, Proctor's, and William Foster's. Lincoln began to excel in heavy engineering, building diesel engine trains, steam shovels, and all manner of heavy machinery. Lincoln was hit by a major typhoid epidemic between November 1904 and August 1905, caused by polluted drinking water from Hartsholme Lake and the River Witham. Over 1000 people contracted the disease and fatalities totalled 113. Westgate Water Tower was constructed to provide new water supplies to the city. In the world wars Lincoln naturally switched to war production. The first tanks were designed and built in Lincoln by William Foster & Co. Ltd during the First World War and population growth provided more workers for even greater expansion. During the Second World War, Lincoln produced a vast array of war goods, from tanks, aircraft, munitions, and military vehicles. Ruston and Hornsby produced diesel engines for ships and locomotives, then by teaming up with former colleagues of Frank Whittle and Power Jets Ltd, in the early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) started to produce gas turbine engines for land-based & sea-based energy production. They were taken over by GEC in the late 1960s (diesel engine production was transferred to a division of GEC in Newton-le-Willows), merged with Alstom of France in the late 1980s, then in 2003 were bought out by Siemens AG of Germany, now being called Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery. In the post- war years after 1945, new suburbs were built, but unfortunately industry declined towards the end of the 20th Century. Lincoln's economy is based mainly on public administration, commerce and arable farming. The loss of an all-day direct train service to and from London in the late 1980s, when the King's Cross to Doncaster route was electrified, deterred inward movement by new employers. The local newspaper is the Lincolnshire Echo, and the local radio stations are Radio Lincolnshire on 94.9FM and its commercial rival Lincs FM on 102.2 FM. In the 1990s, Lincoln Art College and Riseholme Agricultural College became part of De Montfort University in Leicester. Thanks to the dogged support and also vision of local commerce, the University of Humberside opened a Lincoln campus next to Brayford Pool in 1996, changing the name to University of Lincolnshire and Humberside. This has attracted additional students to the city, giving it a refreshing youthful appearance, and possibly a more outward-looking viewpoint. The Lincoln campus took priority over the Hull campus (which is now a much-reduced branch of the main university), and as such the name changed in 2002 to the University of Lincoln, taking over the Art College and Riseholme College. The city is a tourist centre, but is never overwhelmed by tourists; those who come do so to visit the numerous historic buildings, including of course, the Cathedral and the Castle. The Collection, of which the Usher Gallery is now a part, is an important attraction; as is the Museum of Lincolnshire Life. Tranquil destinations close by include Whisby Nature Reserve and Hartsholme Park, whilst noisier entertainment can be found at Waddington airfield, Scampton airfield, base of the RAF's " Red Arrows" jet aerobatic team, the County Showground or the Cadwell Park motor racing circuit near Louth. Football (soccer) team Lincoln City F.C. are based in the city. ******************* file_id: 17880 foundations_and_fragments remain . file_id: 17880 legionnaire leave_PASS . file_id: 17880 diocese support_PASS estate. file_id: 17880 Both_Henry_VIII_and_James be guest. file_id: 17880 palace sack_PASS royalist_troops. file_id: 17880 Lincoln_weavers set_PASS guild. file_id: 17880 riot start Lynn. file_id: 17880 plague be . file_id: 17880 poverty preserve structure. file_id: 17880 structure lose_PASS context. file_id: 17880 re_-_opening allow thing. file_id: 17880 and_Hornsby produce engine. file_id: 17880 suburb build_PASS lincoln. ******************* Brisbane Girls Grammar School, founded in 1875, is one of eight grammar school s in Queensland which were established under the Grammar Schools Act of 1860. The school originally opened as a branch of the Brisbane Grammar School in Brisbane, Queensland, with fifty female students under the direction of a Lady Principal, Mrs. Janet O'Connor. The opening of Brisbane Girls Grammar School in March 1875 signified its development as a successful academic secondary school for girls in the unsophisticated colony of Queensland. This was six years before women were admitted to universities in Sydney and Melbourne and before similar schools appeared elsewhere in the country. It is therefore not surprising that there were inordinate pressures on those responsible for the development of the school. Within six months of opening, the school outgrew its premises and relocated to Wickham Terrace. In July 1882, the school made the decision to separate from the Brisbane Grammar School and operate independently under the Grammar Schools Act. Sir Charles Lilley's vision to provide girls with the same educational opportunities as their brothers, was far ahead of its time. In the following years, the traditions established for the education of young women not only were maintained, but also greatly strengthened. By July 1882, the School was well established and the decision was made to separate from Brisbane Grammar School and to operate independently under the Grammar Schools Act . Plans were also made that year to move the School to its present site on Gregory Terrace and in 1884, the Main Building, designed by architect Richard Gailey, was opened to one hundred students. The school's motto is 'Nil Sine Labore', Latin for 'Nothing Without Work'. It was adopted from the Brisbane Grammar School, which in turn borrowed it from Horace's Second Boook of Satires. The school badge is an open book on a sheild with the school motto on a ribbon underneath. The open book was also borrowed from Oxford University, where over half of the original staff of Brisbane Grammar School were originally secured. The current Principle of BGGS is Ms. Amanda Bell. She was enstated in 2002 after the retirement of Mrs. Judith Hancock. The school uniform consists of a white blouse, long navy blue skirt, and royal blue tie. In winter the girls are required to wear black stockings and the school blazer outside of school. The summer uniform substitutes socks for stockings, and does not require the blazer. The school badge and repsective house badge are required to be worn on the tie. The school's hat is the unofficial 'mascot', it is navy blue felt with a band running around the crown. The school colour, royal blue, was adopted from Brisbane Grammar School, as a result of a tradeoff between the Oxford and Cambridge colours, light blue and dark blue. Chorus Nil Sine Labore! Set your goals and strive; Dare to let your dreams take wing and soar. Inspired by those who showed the way, we keep our hopes alive, And hold our proud traditions to the fore. Verse 1 Maintain our founder's vision bold: A life enriched by learning. Embracing change, we build and hold A future more discerning. Chorus Verse 2 Draw strength from our diversity; We have so much to give; Each fledgling talent we can see Mature, take flight and live. Chorus Ubla, ubla, sarramatta tong, Bishba, bishba, hoola, soola, bong, Marrapatta, marrapatta, rang a carra coo, Come on Grammar, blue, blue, blue! There are now nine houses which exist in the school. These houses include: Beanland (Pink), England (Blue), Gibson (Purple), Griffith (Red), Hirschfeld (Orange), Lilley (Green), Mackay (White), O'Connor (Maroon), Woolcock (Yellow). The houses are named after past principles and teachers of the school. Beanland House is named after Miss Sophia Beanland, the former Head Mistress of the School from 1882 to 1889. The House was first established in 1964 when the School had ten Houses, each with approximately fifty students. The inaugural House Captain was Susan Baker. Beanland House was the first House to win the Lilley Cup and joint winners of the Lilley Cup with Mackay House in 1965. Beanland House and four other Houses were discontinued in 1966, as the system of ten Houses was not manageable. Beanland House was reintroduced in 1994. Girls elected to take up the challenge of a new House and proudly donned Beanland's distinctive hot pink colour. Since then, the House has surpassed all expectations. Beanland has been successful in swimming, artistic gymnastics, drama, triathlon, beep test, basketball, volleyball, athletics (individual events and relays) and choral competitions over the years. Recently, it has had noted success in Interhouse Athletics Competitions in winning the individual events, relays and overall trophy. In all areas, Beanlanders have shown tremendous House spirit. The proud tradition of Lilley House began when it was one of ten houses established in 1964. Lilley House was named after Sir Charles Lilley, the former Premier and Chief Justice of Queensland, and the founder of Brisbane Girls Grammar School. Particularly influential in the educational arena, Sir Charles Lilley had a substantial influence on the Education Act 1875, and was responsible for the introduction of free education in Queensland in 1870. Gibson House was originally formed in 1964 and lasted until 1973 when the House System was discontinued in favour of a horizontal division based on year groups. Gibson House was officially re-constituted in February 1980 after a gap of seven years and is named in honour of Major John Lockhart Gibson, M.D. one of Brisbane’s most brilliant and best known doctors. His association with Brisbane Girls Grammar School was a long and happy one as he was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Board of Trustees in 1906. From 1929 until his resignation in 1940 he served as Chairman of the Board. England House was named after Mr John Edwyn England, who was one of the longest serving Trustees of the School. He was a Member of the Trust for 20 years and was Chairman of the Board from 1952 to 1961. Ted, as he was affectionately known as, led a busy life as a senior State Public Servant. Aside from these duties, he was a Founding Member of the Hamilton Bowling Club, an excellent bass singer and a father of three. Mackay House was formed in 1998. Girls elected to take up the challenge of a new House and proudly donned Mackay’s distinctive wings and halo to create the Mackay Angel. Mackay House was named after Margaret Annie Mackay. She was a pupil at the School in its early days. She then became a teacher at Brisbane Girls Grammar School and finally was appointed Head Mistress in 1916. She retired in 1924. Miss Mackay exemplified the following maxim, “courage, truth and the beauty of simplicity” and we have tried to follow her lead ever since. O’Connor House was named after Brisbane Girls’ Grammar School’s first Headmistress, Mrs Janette O’Connor. Mrs Janette O’Connor (daughter of Andrew Dodds and Eleanor Pattison) was born in Truro, Cornwall and was educated at Military College, Bath. In 1851, she married Mr Daniel O’Connor. The couple had four children: Alice, Thomas, Janet and Catherine. Australia in the 1850s was a very different place to the Australia of today and it must have been a monumental decision for the mother of four to leave England and start a new life in the colony. From 1875 to 1877, Mrs O’Connor led the fledgling School which was then located in George Street. Her personal integrity and high academic standards laid the foundation of excellence for which the School would later become renowned. O’Connor House was established in 1964 and was discontinued in 1966. In 1990, it was re-established and adopted maroon as it signature colour. In the same year, O’Connor House began a sponsorship programme with Year One students from Inala State School. Since then, the House has supported the Variety Club and has more recently adopted The East Timor Scholarship Fund as it official charity. Griffith House was originally established in 1964 and combined with Mackinlay House in 1966 to form a larger Griffith house. It continued in this form until 1973 when the house system was discontinued in favour of a horizontal division based on year groups. Griffith House was officially re-constituted in February 1980 after a gap of seven years and is named in honour of Sir Samuel Walker Griffith External links == House information from the BGGS website. Songs from BGGS Student Handbook. ******************* file_id: 1796656 vision provide girl. file_id: 1796656 tradition establish_PASS education. file_id: 1796656 house name_PASS principles_and_teachers. file_id: 1796656 House surpass_PASS all_expectations. file_id: 1796656 trophy show_PASS spirit. file_id: 1796656 standard lay foundation. file_id: 1796656 maroon begin sponsorship_programme. ******************* Adam Mitchell is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , played by Bruno Langley. A young English researcher in the employ of American billionaire Henry van Statten from the year 2012, he is the second known of the Ninth Doctor. He appeared in the episodes Dalek and The Long Game , making him one of the shortest-serving of television series companions. He also has the distinction of being the Doctor's first male television companion since Vislor Turlough in 1984. Adam first appeared in Dalek, cataloguing extraterrestrial artefacts in an underground bunker in Utah called the Vault. Van Statten had been collecting these artefacts for years, reverse engineering them to create technologies such as broadband Internet which he then sold. Adam was also a genius, having successfully hacked into the United States Department of Defense computers when he was eight years old, nearly causing, in his own words, World War III. He was eventually recruited by Van Statten. Van Statten had one living specimen in his museum, which he termed a "metaltron", but was actually a Dalek. The Dalek managed to break free and slaughter its way through the base, and Adam found himself running from it along with Rose, the Doctor's companion. At the end of the episode, Rose asked the Doctor to take Adam along with them in the TARDIS as Adam had told her earlier that he had always wanted to see the stars. It was implied that she also found Adam attractive. Despite the Doctor's scepticism about Adam as a potential fellow-traveller, he agreed. Adam's travels with the Doctor and Rose did not last long. During The Long Game , taking place in the year 200,000, Adam was overwhelmed by the wealth of information and technology available to him and ultimately gave in to temptation. He had an advanced computer interface port installed in his head (activated by a snap of the fingers) so he could access the future's computer systems, and attempted to transmit information back to 21st century Earth using Rose's modified mobile phone, dubbed the "Superphone". Discovering this breach of his trust, the Doctor returned Adam to his home despite Adam's apologetic pleading, leaving there after destroying the answering machine which had received the information. The Doctor observed that Adam would have to live a quiet life from now on, lest someone discover the implant in his head and dissect him to uncover its secrets. The ease at which this could happen was demonstrated when Adam's mother returned home and snapped her fingers, inadvertently activating the implant. What happened to Adam next is, as yet, unchronicled. He is the only on-screen companion to be actually expelled from the TARDIS crew due to bad behaviour. ******************* file_id: 1801336 engineering create technology. ******************* Pierce Brendan Brosnan (Honorary) OBE (born May 16 , 1953 ) is an Irish film actor and producer. He is best known for portraying the James Bond secret agent character in four spy films: GoldenEye , Tomorrow Never Dies , The World Is Not Enough , and Die Another Day . His fans credit him with reviving the James Bond film series after a six year hiatus caused by legal disputes over ownership of the series. Born an only child in the Republic of Ireland in Drogheda , County Louth , Brosnan lived in nearby Navan , County Meath . He was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers and would later condemn their brutality. After Brosnan's father, Tom, abandoned his mother she moved to London for work; in 1964, at the age of 11, he joined her. His mother subsequently divorced his father and married a Scottish World War II veteran who was quickly embraced as a father figure by the young Pierce. In the early-1980s, he became a television star with his leading role in the popular miniseries Manions of America which was followed in 1982 by Brosnan playing the title role in the NBC detective series Remington Steele . Brosnan's first wife, the Australian actress Cassandra Harris , died of ovarian cancer , in 1991, after eleven years of marriage. In 2001, Brosnan married American journalist Keely Shaye Smith. In July 2003 , Queen Elizabeth II awarded Brosnan an honorary OBE for his "outstanding contribution to the British film industry". As an Irish citizen, he is ineligible to receive the full OBE honour, which is awarded only to a British subject. On September 23 , 2004 , Pierce Brosnan became a naturalized citizen of the United States . He is the father of three American sons, and has lived in the United States for more than twenty years. He currently resides in Hawaii . In 1986, with Roger Moore 's retirement from the role of James Bond, Timothy Dalton was offered the role of Bond once again after previously having turned it down when Sean Connery left the role in 1967. The 1986 film adaptation of Brenda Starr , however, kept Dalton from being able to immediately accept the role. A number of actors were then screentested for the role, notably Sam Neill , but ultimately were passed over by Cubby Broccoli . Pierce Brosnan (whose Remington Steele series had just ended), was offered the role, but publicity revived the Remington Steele programme and forced Brosnan to back out of the role due to his contract with the show. Timothy Dalton then became available and accepted the role. Dalton's second film Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) was a disappointment at the American box office, and legal squabbles about ownership of the film franchise resulted in cancellation of a proposed third Dalton film in 1991 (rumoured title: The Property of a Lady ) and would put the series in a six-year hiatus. During that time, Timothy Dalton acted upon a clause in his contract and resigned, which left the door open for Brosnan, in 1994. Brosnan's appointment as Bond brought things full circle for the actor, who stated in interviews that the very first movie he ever saw was Goldfinger and that Sean Connery's performance as Bond inspired him to enter show business. Aware of the danger of being typecast as James Bond, Pierce Brosnan asked EON Productions , when accepting the role, to be allowed to work in other projects between Bond series films. The request was granted, and for every Bond series film, Brosnan appeared in at least two mainstream films, including several he had produced. For a time, rumour was that Brosnan's Bond contract forbade him from wearing a dinner suit (in the United States generally as a tuxedo) in any non-Bond film; that rumour was false. Brosnan was signed for a four-film deal and first appeared as agent 007 in 1995 's GoldenEye to much critical praise. GoldenEye more than doubled the gross of Dalton's previous film in worldwide ticket box office sales. Pierce returned as Bond in 1997 's Tomorrow Never Dies and 1999 's The World Is Not Enough to virtually the same success. In 2002 Brosnan appeared for his fourth and final time as the super suave secret agent in Die Another Day . Die Another Day , while controversial to fans as being perhaps one of weaker entries in the Bond series, shattered all previous Bond films in terms of worldwide box office gross and is currently the highest grossing Bond film ever (although not with inflation counted). In early 2004 , Brosnan starred in the James Bond video game Everything or Nothing , allowing his likeness to be used as well as doing the voice work for the character. Shortly after, the media began questioning whether or not Brosnan would reprise the role for a fifth and final time, Brosnan keeping in mind that aficionados and critics both were unhappy with actor Roger Moore playing the role well into his 50s. Throughout 2004 Brosnan was rumoured numerous times to have been "fired" from the role to make way for a new and younger actor to take over. This was denied by MGM , EON Productions, and even Brosnan himself. In October 2004 , however, Brosnan had been quoted as saying "it's absolutely over" and that he considered himself fired from the role. Although Brosnan had been rumoured frequently as still being in the running to play 007, he had denied it several times and in February 2005 posted on his website that he was finished with the role. In spite of this, rumours continued to circulate that he was in negotiations with the producers up until Daniel Craig was signed and announced on October 14 , 2005 . After the anouncement of Daniel Craig as the next 007, Brosnan's Bond wax figures at all Madame Tussauds including London , New York City , and Las Vegas were removed. Brosnan was the first James Bond actor to be born after the April 13 , 1953 publication of the first Bond novel, Casino Royale . ******************* file_id: 180738 film_series cause_PASS dispute. file_id: 180738 squabble result cancellation. file_id: 180738 door bring thing. file_id: 180738 Brosnan be actor. ******************* The Star Wars Roleplaying Game is a d20 System game written by Bill Slavicsek and Andy Collins and published by Wizards of the Coast in late 2000 and revised in 2002. An earlier but unrelated Star Wars roleplaying game was published by West End Games between 1987 and 1999. As with any d20 System game, Star Wars d20 offers playable races (called species) and classes to the Player Characters (PCs). The species of Star Wars d20 include Humans, Cereans, Ewoks, Gungans, Ithorians, Mon Calamari, Rodians, Sullustans, Trandoshans, Twi'leks, and Wookiees. Much like in Dungeons & Dragons , each species has its own advantages and disadvantages. An example of this is the Wookiee, who is very strong but not as nimble and charismatic as other races. The classes of Star Wars d20 correspond with most of the classes in Dungeons & Dragons. Fringer: A class representing those who live in the far reaches of the galaxy, they're good at learning new things and fixing broken objects. Examples include both Anakin and Luke Skywalker prior to their Jedi training. Noble: Similar to the aristocrat class from Dungeons & Dragons and the noble class from the Dragonlance Campaign Setting. The noble focuses heavily on diplomacy as well as calling in much needed favors for the group. Examples include Princess Leia, Queen Amidala, as well as Senator Bail Organa. Scoundrel: Very similar to the rogue class, the scoundrel fits right in when things need to be "acquired." Examples include Han Solo and Dash Rendar. Scout: Similar to the ranger class, the scout is an excellent addition to any group. Examples include Chewbacca. Soldier: The soldier is the fighter of Star Wars d20, and can specialize in many different roles, from fighter pilot to tank pilot. Examples include Wedge Antilles and various rebel and Imperial grunts. Tech Specialist: A character adept at using technology and repairing broken equipment. Examples include Chewbacca. Note: This class was introduced in the 2002 Revised Core Rulebook . Force Adept: A person who is Force-sensitive, but who has not received formal training. Possibly believes that the Force is magical in nature. The Witches of Dathomir from the Expanded Universe are a prime example. Jedi Consular: The diplomat of the Jedi ranks. Examples include Yoda. Jedi Guardian: The more combat-oriented Jedi. Examples include Obi-Wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker. As with any Roleplaying Game, the decision of when to play is the decision of both the game master and the players, but Star Wars d20 highlights three eras. The eras coincide with major events in the Star Wars universe, and are the Rise of the Empire era, the Rebellion era, and the New Jedi Order era. Other popular settings are the various "What Ifs?" that the Star Wars universe creates. These scenarios, called Infinities after a comic line, can vary widely in nature. The eras of play are not limited to those three, as the fan community is constantly working on rules for eras described in the Expanded Universe, but not in an official sourcebook. Many different books have been released by Wizards of the Coast for the product line. What follows is a list of these products. Utilities Gamemaster Screen Deluxe Character Record Sheets Sourcebooks Alien Anthology Arms and Equipment Guide Coruscant and the Core Worlds Dark Side Sourcebook Galactic Campaign Guide Geonosis and the Outer Rim Worlds Heroes Guide Invasion of Theed Adventure Game Living Force Campaign Guide Power of the Jedi New Jedi Order Sourcebook Rebellion Era Sourcebook Secrets of Tatooine Starships of the Galaxy Ultimate Adversaries Ultimate Alien Anthology Adventures Tempest Feud ''Many RPGA Living Force adventures for RPGA members only. The Star Wars Roleplaying Game section of the Wizards of the Coast website regularly features new material available for free download. This includes web supplements, Q&A, short adventures, and character profiles, to name a few. ******************* file_id: 1813655 Wars_d20 offer race. file_id: 1813655 race call_PASS species. file_id: 1813655 example include both_Anakin_and_Luke_Skywalker. file_id: 1813655 example include Princess_Leia. file_id: 1813655 scoundrel fit thing. file_id: 1813655 example include Chewbacca. file_id: 1813655 example include antille. file_id: 1813655 example include Chewbacca. file_id: 1813655 example include Yoda. file_id: 1813655 example include -_Wan_Kenobi_and_Luke_Skywalker. file_id: 1813655 era coincide event. file_id: 1813655 book release_PASS wizard. ******************* Voer Færgested is a nature center in Denmark, located north of Randers Fjord. In the past, it was a dock for ferrys. The nature center features activities like: The exhibition includes topics like plants, life in the water, protection of water environment etc. Naturcenteret Homepage ******************* file_id: 1819574 nature_center feature activity. file_id: 1819574 exhibition include topic. ******************* : This article is about the TV program ESPN2 Friday Night Fights. For a TV program with a similar name shown on the British TV channel Sky Sports 1, see Friday Fight Night. ESPN2 Friday Night Fights is a TV program, of the American channel ESPN2, that shows a series of live boxing fights on Friday nights, usually at 9 PM ET. The program is hosted by ESPN's Bryan Kenny and a guest host. Friday Night Fights now has its counterpart, ESPN2 Tuesday Night Fights, also on ESPN2. Boxers who have fought on ESPN2 Friday Night Fights: Boxers who have fought on ESPN2 Tuesday Night Fights: ******************* file_id: 1822906 boxer fight Night_Fights. file_id: 1822906 boxer fight Night_Fights. ******************* The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine , created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. It was geographically equivalent to today's Kingdom of Jordan , and remained under the nominal auspices of the League of Nations , until its independence in 1946 . "Transjordan" was a word coined to express the idea that the lands so described were "across the Jordan", i.e. on the far (eastern) side of the Jordan River . On the western side of the Jordan River was Palestine which contained many places of historical and religious significance to Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Under the Ottoman empire , Transjordan did not correspond precisely to a political division, though most of it belonged to the Vilayet of Syria and a small southern section came from the Vilayet of Hejaz . The inhabitants of northern Jordan had traditionally associated with Syria, those of southern Jordan with the Arabian Peninsula, and those of western Jordan with the administrative districts west of the Jordan River. However, the creation of the Hejaz Railway by the Ottoman Empire had started to reshape the associations within the territory. Historically the territory had formed part of various empires; among these are the Jewish , Assyrian , Achaemenid , Macedonian ( Seleucid ), Nabataean , Ptolemaic , Roman , Sassanid , Muslim , Crusader , and Ottoman empires. The Mandate for Palestine, while specifying actions in support of Jewish immigration and political status, stated that in the territory to the east of the Jordan River, Britain could 'postpone or withhold' those articles of the Mandate concerning a 'Jewish National Home'. The territories to the East of the Jordan River had never been promised at any time as part of Jewish National Home. In September 1922, the British government presented a memorandum to the League of Nations stating that Transjordan would be excluded from all the provisions dealing with Jewish settlement, and this memorandum was approved by the League on 11 September. From that point onwards, Britain administered the part west of the Jordan as Palestine, and the part east of the Jordan as Transjordan. Technically they remained one mandate but most official documents referred to them as if they were two separate mandates. Transjordan remained under British control until 1946. The borders and territory of Transjordan were not determined until after the Mandate came into effect. The borders in the east of the country were designed so as to aid the British in building an oil pipeline from their Mandate of Iraq through Transjordan to seaports in the Palestine Mandate. The Hashemite Emir Abdullah , elder son of Britain's wartime Arab ally Sharif Hussein of Mecca, was placed on the throne of Transjordan. Britain recognized Transjordan as a state on May 15 , 1923 and gradually relinquished control, limiting its oversight to financial, military and foreign policy matters. In March 1946 , under the Treaty of London , Transjordan became a kingdom and on May 25 , 1946 , the parliament of Transjordan proclaimed the emir king, and formally changed the name of the country from the Emirate of Transjordan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan . In December 1948, Abdullah took the title King of Jordan, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949. The following year he annexed the West Bank. With the exception of the French Cisjordanie , the coinage, Cisjordan , meant to apply specifically to the West Bank at that time, has not since caught on, outside Jordanian circles. ******************* file_id: 182759 document refer_PASS . file_id: 182759 policy_matters become kingdom. ******************* Útila is the third largest of Honduras's Bay Islands, after Guanaja. Útila is now starting to undergo the same commercialisation that Roatan experienced in the mid to late 1990s. With some of the best diving locations, Útila is attracting the general tourist along with its previous army of international back-packers.Útila attracts people from around the world to dive and snorkel its extensive reefs teeming with marine life, including the elusive whale shark. Útila borders on the Mesoamerican barrier reef system, the second-largest reef in the world, after the Australian Great Barrier Reef. There are currently about 50 established scuba diving sites on Útila. Ruins on all three of the Bay Islands indicate that they were inhabited well before the Europeans arrived. Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage to the new world, landed on the island of Guanaja on July 30th, 1502. He encountered a fairly large population of Indians whom he believed to be cannibals. The Spanish enslaved the islanders and sent them to work on the plantations of Cuba and gold and silver mines of Mexico. They did not stay uninhabited for long, however. English, French & Dutch pirates established settlements on the islands and raided the cumbersome Spanish cargo vessels laden with gold and other treasures from the new world. The English buccaneer Henry Morgan established his base at Port Royal on Roatan, about 30 kilometers from Útila, in the mid 17th century; at that time as many as 5,000 pirates were living on that island. During the Maya reign in Central America (between the foutth and tenth centuries), the Paya Indians populated the Bay Islands. The Payas were a smaller and less advanced group than the Mayans. Their civilization was characterized by simpler housing and tools. Payan artifacts (pottery, jade, and shells) are often found in Island burial and ceremonial sites and are referred to by the locals as "yaba ding dings." The island Indians mined jade, which they took in small boats to the mainland to trade for tools and other items. The islands provided an abundant variety of foodstuffs such as manioc, fish, corn, turtles, iguanas, agouti(island "rabbits"), native fruits, land crabs and deer. Colonization by the Spanish began in the early 1500s. Over the next century, the Spanish plundered the island for its slave trade and eliminated the island of Indians by the early 1600s. Britain, in its aggressive attempt to colonize the Caribbean from the Spanish, occupied the Bay Islands on and off between 1550 and 1700. During this time, the Buccaneers found the vacated, mostly unprotected Islands a haven for safe harbor and transport. Útila is rich in pirate lore: to this day, scuba divers look for sunken treasure from Captain Morgan's lost booty from his raid on Panama in 1671. The British were forced to give back the Bay Islands to the Honduran government in the mid 1800s. It was at this time that the nearly uninhabited islands was being seeded by its now Caymanian roots. They remain rich in Caymanian culture and dialect.Útila has been a part of Honduras for over 150 years. Yet its nature reflects its independence and its local government works diligently to promote and protect its unique and wonderful culture. For almost 200 years Spanish conquistadores and British pirates battled for control of these islands, ignoring the Indians for the most part. During this period, the Islands were used for food and wood supplies, safe harbor, and slave trading. Remains of British forts and towns named after famous pirates remain as their legacy. One group of slaves was "parked" here during this time during the heat of a battle. When the winners came to collect them, the slaves refused to go. These are the Garifunas who still populate much of the Bay Islands, maintaining their own cultural identity and language. Punta Gorda on Roatán is one of many villages where they live. ******************* ******************* Spire Christian Comics was a line of comic book s published by Fleming H. Revell starting in the 1970s. Later, Revell would become Barbour Publishing, and continued keeping the comics in print as "Barbour Christian Comics". While Barbour is still in business, they no longer keep the comics in print. Most of the Spire Comics were written and drawn by Al Hartley, who was working for Archie Comics at the time. Due to this connection, he was able to get permission from Archie Comics to use the Archie characters in many of the comics. Others comics were based on true stories or Christian movies. The comics were created from 1972 and 1982, and kept in print for several years. "Archie" Series Bible Story Adaptations Biographical and Autobiographical Other Book/Movie Adaptations ******************* file_id: 1835777 Others_comics base_PASS story. ******************* Chris Chavis, best known as Tatanka(born June 8, 1961 in Pembroke, North Carolina) is a Native American professional wrestler in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation who was popular in the 1990s. He is descended from the Lumbee tribe. Chavis didn't start his professional wresting career until 1989 at the age of 28. In 1982 after competing in powerlifting, he competed in his first bodybuilding contest which was Mr. Virginia Beach (he placed 2nd). In 1983 he was Mr. Goldcoast, 1985 he placed 2nd at Citrus States, 19871st place at First Coast Bodybuilding Championship, and 1988 Mr. Gulf Coast. He was on national T.V. shows regarding bodybuilding and had the ability to go to the nationals, which would qualify him for the pro's, but he decided against it for personal reasons. From 1985 to 1990 he worked for Bally's Health and Tennis Corporation. He worked his way to Divisional Manager and managed a 70,000 square foot (6,500 m²) club and became Bally's top producer, personally responsible for $400,000-$500,000 per month for the club. In 1987 he received many tryouts for the National Football League, from teams such as the Miami Dolphins, Detroit Lions, Washington Redskins, and the Oakland Raiders. However, he decided to pursue a career with the Miami Dolphins. Approximately 2,000 tryouts showed up. After many cuts about 20 players were left. Chavis was one of the 20. The Dolphins offered him a free agent contract with the availability to increase after the first year. After careful thought he decided to decline, since his present income at Bally's exceeded the potential NFL contract. In 1989 he left Bally's to pursue a dream of becoming a professional wrestler for the World Wrestling Federation. "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers was his contact into the sport. They met in Florida at a video store looking for wrestling tapes. Rogers had Chavis call Larry Sharpe, who ran a wrestling school in southern New Jersey aka "The Monster Factory", alumni included Bam Bam Bigelow and Papa Shango. After 3 months of hard work he had his 1st match against Joe Thunderstorm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 13, 1990 on a WWA card that marked up his first professional victory. After coming back to Buddy Rogers, he took Chavis to George Scott, the previous booker for the WWF in the early Hulk Hogan years. Scott was starting his own promotion called North American Wrestling Association which eventually changed to South Atlantic Pro Wrestling. The company was orginially based out of Charlotte, North Carolina. There he was hanging around Ricky Steamboat and Wahoo McDaniel, then two stars of the wrestling world. His career began as Native American wrestler "The War Eagle" Chris Chavis. In 1990 he was voted runner up for Rookie Of The Year in Pro Wrestling Illustrated . Also in 1990, he became The South Atlantic Heavyweight Champion by beating Ken Shamrock. After that year, he was signed to a WWF contract. He made his debut into the WWF in 1991 as Chris Chavis beating Kato, Skinner, Barry Horowitz and The Brooklyn Brawler in early matches. He took on the name Tatanka soon afterwards. WWF fans quickly took to Tatanka because of his exciting war dance with the Lumbee tribal war cry and thrilling fallaway slam known as the "Papoose To Go", later known as "The End of The Trail". This move, along with "The Tomahawk Chop off the Top Rope" was Tatanka's two finishing maneuvers. With his new name came a new look - a red stripe dyed in the middle of his hair. Along with his name, the hair proved he was a Native American. Tatanka moved rapidly up the WWF ratings. Scored his first significant WWF victory on February 18, 1992 by beating Warlord. He went from runner up rookie of the year in 1990 to PWI's WWF rated number 10 wrestler. Tatanka made his Wrestlemania debut against Rick Martel. Tatanka had burst into the WWF beating every opponent he had faced. Wrestlemania was at The Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana on April 5, 1992. He won in less than five minutes by pinning Martel with a spectacular flying cross body block. This was no small victory, Martel was a former AWA World Champ and held the WWF tag team titles three times. Tatanka moved on defeating tough competition such as Col. Mustafa known also as the Iron Sheik. It was his way of demonstrating that the win over Martel at Wrestlemania was no fluke. Martel came back several times, but never defeated Tatanka. Also in his string of victories he defeated The Mountie, The Berzerker, The Repo Man, Shawn Michaels, Damien Demento, Razor Ramon, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Jerry Lawler. After two years of nothing but victories, he had shattered the WWF record books with the longest winning streak. In 1993 he was named in the top 20 of PWI's Top 500. But on September 28 in Worester, Massachusetts he suffered his first defeat, at the hands of Ludvig Borga. After the match Rodney Anoai aka Yokozuna came down to inflict more damage, causing Tatanka injures that shelved him for 3 months. After his time off, Tatanka came back to avenge the loss to Borga, and to go after the WWF Champion Yokozuna. On January 17, 1994 he got his shot. He was defeated in his only shot at the WWF Championship. After years as a face, right before he left the WWF, he turned heel against Lex Luger. They faced each other in many battles, in which most he won. After 5 plus years with the company, Tatanka walked away from the WWF. He said he had to get things right with his wife and the Lord Jesus. He now wrestles and makes personal appearances. Along with his wife, Michelle, he has 2 girls, Christiana Mariah and Rhea Aiyana, and a son, Joseph Tatanka. On August 1, 2005 Chavis returned to RAW in a special one-off appearance to face Eugene in the "Eugene Invitational", a 3-minute match with Kurt Angle's Olympic gold medal on the line. Tatanka lost the match when Angle attacked Eugene with 27 seconds remaining, causing a disqualification. He mentioned on his website afterward that he loved being back in a WWE ring and hoped someday to return to full action. On August 3, 2005 Chavis reported on his website that he had been offered a contract to return to WWE. There is no word yet regarding what his role with the company will be. Most speculate that it is a "Legends" contract, allowing the WWE to use his image in merchandising. All info is from Chris Chavis and is written with his approval. ******************* file_id: 1840959 alumnus include and_Papa_Shango. file_id: 1840959 Tatanka have burst. file_id: 1840959 opponent face_PASS . ******************* The Institute for Advanced Study is a private institution in Princeton Township, New Jersey , U.S.A. (although it is not part of Princeton University ), designed to foster pure cutting-edge research by scientists in a variety of fields without the complications of teaching or funding, or the agendas of sponsorship. It is perhaps best known as the academic home of Albert Einstein after his immigration to the United States . There are other Institutes of Advanced study in the U.S. and elsewhere which are based on the Princeton model. The Institute consists of a School of Historical Studies, a School of Mathematics, a School of Natural Sciences, a School of Social Science, and a newly created program in Theoretical Biology. There is a small permanent faculty for each school, supplemented by the Visiting Members who are selected for fellowship s each year. One might discern a certain ideology behind such an unusual collection of disciplines, although it is probably more accurate to say that the Institute has been distinguished more by the strong personalities that have passed through it over the years than any particular "mission statement." There are no degree programs or experimental facilities at the Institute, and research is funded by endowments, grants and gifts — it does not support itself with tuition or fees. Research is never contracted or directed; it is left to each individual researcher to pursue his or her own goals. It is not part of any educational institution; however, the proximity of Princeton University (less than three miles from its science departments to the Institute complex) means that informal ties are close and a large number of collaborations have arisen over the years. (The Institute was actually housed within Princeton University - in the building since called Jones Hall, which was then Princeton's mathematics department - for 6 years, from its opening in 1933, until Fuld Hall was finished and opened in 1939. This helped start an incorrect impression that it was part of Princeton, one that has never been completely eradicated.) The institute was founded in 1930 by Louis Bamberger and Caroline Bamberger Fuld with the proceeds from their department store in Newark, New Jersey . The founding of the institute was fraught with brushes against near-disaster; the Bamberger siblings pulled their money out of the stock market just before the Stock Market Crash of 1929 , and their original intent was to express their gratitude to the state of New Jersey through the founding of a dental school . It was the intervention of their friend Dr. Abraham Flexner , the prominent education theorist, that convinced them to put their money in the service of more abstract research. The Institute has been home to some of the most renowned thinkers in the world, including Albert Einstein , Kurt Gödel , T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang , J. Robert Oppenheimer , John Von Neumann , Freeman J. Dyson , and André Weil , to name just a few of the more widely known. (For more see List of faculty members at the Institute for Advanced Study .) There are numerous academic centres of varying status named as places for "Advanced Study" all over the world, but the Princeton-based Institute identifies itself primarily with the members of a select consortium known as Some Institutes for Advanced Study (SIAS). There are other, older institutions such as All Souls College , Oxford in the United Kingdom and the Collège de France in Paris , France which may be said to be part of the inspiration for the Princeton Institute, but these do not belong to the SIAS consortium. SIAS members were founded explicitly to follow the Princeton model (with certain variations - not all maintain a permanent faculty for instance), and place an emphasis on granting one-year fellowships. In the United States, the next oldest member of the SIAS consortium is the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavorial Sciences , exists near Stanford University . Like the Princeton-based Institute, the Center is often assumed to be part of its nearby university but is actually an independent private institution. The Center is funded by the Ford Foundation , and was founded after WWII . The more recent American member institutions have been founded since 1970. They are the National Humanities Center in the Research Triangle in North Carolina ; the Radcliff Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard ; the Social Science Research Council and the Russell Sage Foundation in New York City . The European SIAS members (which also came into being since 1970) are the Collegium Budapest in Budapest , Hungary ; the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in Wassenaar , the Netherlands ; the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences , in Uppsala , Sweden ; the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin in Berlin , Germany . ******************* file_id: 184179 degree_programs fund_PASS endowments_,_grants_and_gifts. file_id: 184179 degree_programs _PASS . file_id: 184179 tie be . file_id: 184179 status name_PASS place. ******************* Capilano—Howe Sound was a federal electoral district represented in the Canadian House of Commons between 1988 and 1997. It was located in the province of British Columbia . This riding was created in 1987 , and eliminated in 1996. It consisted of the northwest part of the North Vancouver District Municipality, the District Municipality of West Vancouver, the part of electoral Area B of the Greater Vancouver Regional District west of the Capilano River and north of Electoral Area A, the Village of Lions Bay, Electoral Area C of the Greater Vancouver Regional District, and the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District, except Electoral Areas A and B and the Village of Lillooet. |- | Progressive Conservative | Mary Collins |align="right"|20,219 | Liberal |John D. Pozer |align="right"|12,828 | New Democratic Party | Olga Kempo |align="right"|6,174 | Reform |Neil Thompson |align="right"|3,531 | Rhinoceros Party of Canada |Alfred "The Alien" Frinton | align="right"|292 | Libertarian |Bill Tomlinson |align="right"|173 |} |- | Reform | Herb Grubel |align="right"|17,752 | Liberal |Audrey Sojonky |align="right"|13,609 | Progressive Conservative | Mary Collins |align="right"|7,331 | New Democratic Party | Sandra Bauer |align="right"|1,443 | National Party of Canada | Doris Fuller |align="right"|1,385 | Green |Peggy Stortz |align="right"|428 | Natural Law |William Alexander Cameron |align="right"|266 |No affiliation |Audrey Ashley |align="right"|100 | Libertarian |Bill Tomlinson |align="right"|73 | Commonwealth |Rolf A.F. Witzsche |align="right"|15 |} ******************* file_id: 1843203 district represent_PASS House. ******************* In law , laches is an equitable defense accusing an opposing party of having "sat on his rights"; as a result of this delay, the delaying party is undeserving of equitable relief. It is a form of estoppel for delay. In Latin , Vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit . :Equity aids the vigilant, not the negligent (that is, those who sleep on their rights). Laches is not entirely analogous to the expiry of the period allowed under a statute of limitations . It essentially alleges prejudicial delay and unfairness in the context of a particular situation, whereas statutes of limitation tend to define a specific legally prescribed period of time (after the cause of action has accrued) within which a lawsuit for a particular type of cause of action may be commenced or after which the right to recovery is barred. Moreover, while a lawsuit started within a period covered by a limitation period is valid no matter how long it takes to get to trial, laches can be applied even in a situation where a lawsuit has been started and the delays would otherwise be reasonable. It is generally allowed by a court when a defendant could reasonably have believed that the plaintiff was not going to exercise his or her legal rights and acted on that belief to his or her detriment. A defense lawyer raising the defense of laches against a motion for injunctive relief (a form of equitable relief) might argue that the plaintiff comes "waltzing in at the eleventh hour" when it is now too late to grant the relief sought, at least not without causing great harm that the plaintiff could have avoided. In certain types of cases (for example, cases involving time-sensitive matters, such as elections), a delay of even a few days is likely to be met with a defense of laches, even where the applicable statute of limitations might allow the class of action to be commenced within a much longer time period. A successful defense of laches will find the court denying the request for equitable relief. However, even if equitable relief is not available, the party may still have an action at law if the statute of limitations has not run out. Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , laches is an affirmative defense , i.e. the burden of proving laches is on the defendant. A good example of the defense of laches is the case of British Telecom 's attempt to collect fees for the use of hypertext . ******************* file_id: 18465 lach be defense. file_id: 18465 lach apply_PASS situation. file_id: 18465 action collect fee. ******************* Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski( 1555- 1628) was a Polish nobleman ( szlachcic). Adam was voivode of Leczyca Voivodship, participant of King Stefan Batory`s wars against Muscovy, member of the Sejm, general starost of Greater Poland from 1593 to 1628. He serves as mediator during the Rokosz of Sandomierz. In 1606- 1609 he participated in wars against Turkey and Sweden. ******************* file_id: 1846601 czarnkowskus participate war. ******************* Tourism has been an important money revenue industry for Puerto Rico for a very long time. Because Puerto Rico is host to diverse natural wonders, cultural and historical buildings, concerts and sporting events, the island attracts a wide variety of tourists. The fact that Americans do not need a passport to enter Puerto Rico attracts a large number of tourists from the mainland United States each year. Other groups of tourists that visit Puerto Rico in large numbers include Mexicans , Dominicans , Venezuelan , Spaniards , French and Asian tourists. ******************* file_id: 185357 fact not_need passport. file_id: 185357 tourism include mexican. ******************* John Mugabi (born March 4 , 1960 ) is a former boxer and world Jr. Middleweight champion. A world traveller, Mugabi was a part of a early 1980s Jr. Middleweight and Middleweight division scene that also included Marvin Hagler , Thomas Hearns , Wilfredo Benitez , Davey Moore and Roberto Duran , and, together with the aforementioned world champions, he was a part of an era that many boxing fans rank as one of the mot exciting times ever in the Jr. Middleweight and Middleweight divisions. His nickname was The Beast . Mugabi was born in Kampala, Uganda , where he started to box. He won a silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Soon afterwards he started as a professional on December 5 , 1980 , by knocking out Oemer Karadenis in round one at Kampala. Soon after that win, Mugabi moved to London , where he became acquainted with boxing promoter Mickey Duff , an expert in boxer marketing that got Mugabi various fights in England and made him a known boxer there. Mugabi won eight fights in Europe , and then he moved to the United States , setting up residence in Florida . Over there, he became a favorite of American tv networks, beating the likes of Curtis Ramsey , Gary Guiden , former world champion Eddie Gazo , Curtis Parker , Frank The Animal Fletcher , Nino Gonzalez and Earl Hargrove . Because of his ability to fight both at Jr. Middleweight and Middleweight, fans began to talk of the possibility of him challenging either world Jr. Middleweight champion Hearns or world Middleweight champion Hagler. By the time Mugabi was done with all those capable boxers, his knockout win streak had reached 26 in a row, without any of his professional opponents faring any better. Because of that and because of Hagler's tough battle with Hearns on April of 1985 , many fans thought Mugabi had a chance to be the man to take Hagler's world Middleweight title away. The fight between Hagler and Mugabi was set up for November 14 of 1985 . Hagler, however, had a back injury and the fight had to be postponed until next year. The fight finally came up on March 10 of 1986 , and it was the first fight televised by Showtime . Mugabi landed his share of blows to Hagler's head, but it was Hagler who came out as the winner in the end, with a knockout in 11 rounds. After his first loss, Mugabi went down in weight and was given an opportunity by the WBC to win their world Jr. Middleweight title, vacated by Hearns. Once again, many fans favored him, this time against Duane Thomas , on December 5 of '86. However, Mugabi suffered a broken bone below his eye as a consequence of a punch in round three, and the fight had to be stopped. Mugabi underwent through optical surgery the day after to repair his injury. Mugabi then set off on another knockout winning streak, but, because many of his opponents after the Thomas fight were of obscure quality, he almost disappeared from the boxing map. However, in 1989 , he was given another opportunity to become world champion by the WBC, and on July 8 of that year, Mugabi finally made his dream come true, knocking out Rene Jacquot in round one in Paris to become world Jr. Middleweight champion. After two non-title wins, Mugabi put his title on the line, against Terry Norris . Mugabi became the second champion, after Al Singer , to both win and lose the world title by knockout in round one when he was defeated by Norris. Two more wins, and Mugabi once again found himself fighting for a world title, when he faced WBO world Jr. Middleweight champion Gerald McClellan , on November 20 of 1991 . Mugabi once again came out on the losing end, by a first round knockout. Mugabi then retired for 5 years, and moved to Australia , where he still resides. In 1996 , he came back and had a seven fight comeback, but, apart from beating Jamie Wallace by a decision in 12 at the Gold Coast for the Australian Middleweight title, his comeback was undistinguished. After losing to Glenn Kelly by a knockout in eight on January 16 of 1999 , he finally retired, with a record of 42 wins, 7 losses and 1 draw, 39 wins by knockout. He plans to return to boxing. His 26 fight knockout win streak stands as one of the longest knockout streaks ever in boxing. ******************* file_id: 188465 expert get Mugabi. file_id: 188465 fan begin . file_id: 188465 Middleweight_champion_Hearns_or_world_Middleweight_champion_Hagler do_PASS . ******************* Internet romance is a situation where two people are having a romantic relationship while communicating through the Internet . Meetings usually occur a considerable time after the two parties first meet on-line. People may meet through online dating service s, in online games, or through chat room s and forums, which may or may not be themed around relationships. One advantage in developing a romance on the internet is the fact that by the limitations of the net itself, it encourages people to have to focus on each other's personalities. In the absence of the physical stimulation of real life interaction, people have to communicate with words to get to know one another. Many internet romances do successfully turn into real life relationships, and those couples also reap the advantage of already knowing each other's personalities and having also learned to communicate well together. In those aspects, a couple whose romance first began online will be ahead of that of two people meeting for the first time in real life who haven't had the advantage of that prior internet communication time. When you meet someone you've known for a length of time online, you are meeting a person who is at the same time both a stranger and also very familiar. See also: ******************* file_id: 190027 people meet online_dating_service. file_id: 190027 personality communicate word. ******************* Lucifer's Friend was a 1970s German hard rock and progressive rock band who often incorporated elements of jazz and pop music . Despite the band's German origin and progressive rock stylings, they are not usually classified as krautrock which had a more electronically oriented sound. Originally formed as Asterix , the band changed their name to Lucifer's Friend after only one album. The early albums were released on the prestigous Vertigo Records label in Europe, but in the United States those albums were released on a series of small independent record labels (Billingsgate, Janus, Passport), often a year or more after their release in Europe. Thus, despite airplay in some markets and a cult following, the band's albums were hard to find and commercial success eluded them. The band was finally signed to Elektra Records in the late 1970s who released three albums with a more commercial pop oriented sound, but by then interest in the band had waned; those albums were even less successful than the earlier ones. Lucifer's Friend was known for changing musical styles and influences on each album. The self-titled 1970 debut had dark lyrics and a stripped-down guitar and organ style heavily influenced by Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath . That album is still sought after by fans of early heavy metal music . The second album, Where the Groupies Killed the Blues , took an entirely different direction; it was a very experimental album of progressive and psychedelic rock, mostly composed by John O'Brien Docker . On the third album, I'm Just a Rock & Roll Singer , they changed direction again, this time in the straightforward rock style popularized by such groups as Grand Funk Railroad , and gritty "life on the road" themes in the lyrics. Banquet featured extended, multi-layered jazz fusion compositions and a 30-piece backup band, alternating with some shorter tracks reminiscent of Chicago and Traffic . Those first four albums are all concept albums of a sort and along with the self-titled Asterix album are the most sought after today. Mind Exploding established a holding pattern and tried to combine the jazz of Banquet with the garage-rock of Rock & Roll Singer , but was not as well received as the earlier albums. Vocalist John Lawton left in 1976 to join Uriah Heep , but returned for the 1981 album Mean Machine . On the two albums without Lawton they dropped any further attempts at experimentation and instead opted for a slickly produced commercial sound, managing a competent imitation of Queen on 1978's Good Time Warrior and veering into disco on 1980's Sneak Me In . John Lawton's 1980 solo album on RCA , Heartbeat , was a Lucifer's Friend album in everything but name, with the lineup from Sneak Me In performing as backup musicians on that project. Lawton's official return, Mean Machine , found the band returning to heavy metal, this time in the vein of Foreigner and Bad Company . The band officially broke up in 1982 but briefly reformed in the late 1990s to release a new CD, Sumo Grip . The later albums on Elektra include keyboardist Adrian Askew, formerly of the pop group Edison Lighthouse who had the early 1970s hit single "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)". During the 1970s John Lawton split his time between Lucifer's Friend and another band, the Les Humphries Singers , which was very different from Lucifer's Friend and performed a revue of then-current Top 40 and gospel music material. Lawton currently performs with the band Gunhill. ******************* file_id: 1902857 album release_PASS series. file_id: 1902857 debut have lyric. file_id: 1902857 album be all_concept_albums. ******************* Clarence Henry "Pants" Rowland ( February 12 , 1879 - May 17 , 1969 ) was a Major League Baseball manager for the Chicago White Sox from 1915 through 1918 who went on to become a major figure in minor league baseball . He was born in Platteville, Wisconsin . In his varied career, he was a barkeep , catcher , scout , major league umpire r, minor and major league manager, and a boisterous baseball executive. He started in baseball at age nine, where he earned his nickname, "Pants", from base-running antics while wearing his father's overalls at games of the Dubuque (Iowa) Ninth Street Blues. Rowland served as a reserve catcher in the minors. Never a great player, his love of the game drove him to find other occupations. Pants worked as a scout in the so-called "Three-I" League (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa) for the Dubuque Miners. He worked his way into a managerial job, which proved to be his early calling. He then became the manager of the Triple-I League Peoria Distillers. After the 1914 season, on December 17 , Charles Comiskey , possibly as much for his legendary cheapness as for Rowland's talent, surprised White Sox fans and Chicago journalists when he called on Pants to manage the White Sox. In his first year, Rowland and the White Sox finished 93-61, third in the American League ; the next year, he finished second. And in 1917 , he led them to an 100-54 record and a World Series title when they beat the New York Giants . Disagreements with Comiskey got him fired the following season, which, given the state of affairs at the White Sox that were leading up to the 1919 Chicago Black Sox scandal, probably saved his reputation. In 1938 , as a scout for the Chicago Cubs, he was tasked with the unenviable job of obeying owner P. K. Wrigley's orders to buy a washed-up Dizzy Dean 's contract at any cost. Rowland signed the ragged righty for $185,000, one of the most expensive loss-leader contracts in baseball history. Rowland's all-time record was 339-247 in 591 games, a .591 winning percentage. Kid Gleason succeeded Rowland as the next manager of the White Sox. He later served as an American League umpire for seven years, calling games with the likes of Babe Ruth . He returned to the front office during WWII . Rowland was the president of the Los Angeles Angels in 1944 , where he earned The Sporting News' title of No. 1 minor-league executive. It was as president of the Pacific Coast League that Rowland came to real prominence. "Pacific Coast baseball men are fed up with playing Santa Claus to the major leagues," said a TIME magazine article in December of 1944, "...They do not like losing their Buck Newsomes, Joe Di Maggios and Ted Williamses. They think postwar air travel may well lure some big league club to pick up a Los Angeles franchise (the St. Louis Browns nibbled at it two years ago). Above all, they await the day when they can support a third big league of their own." Rowland was the cheerleader for the PCL battle cry of independence. Air travel was still primitive, and the PCL teams had near major-league standing in the rapidly-growing cities of the Western United States. He took on major league baseball commissioners Kenesaw Mountain Landis and Happy Chandler , trying to free the league from losing players to the American and National League for a miniscule $7,500.00 buyout of their contract. He went to the 1944 winter meetings of the NABPL (National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues) in Buffalo with a two-plank agenda. He proposed that minor leagues get $10,000 (a compromise figure) instead of $7,500 when one of their players is drafted by a major-league club. He also suggested that if & when the major leagues invade minor-league territory, the incumbent minor-league owners should get first crack at the major franchise. To his surprise, Rowland won support for both of his proposals. Kenesaw Mountain Landis , the intractable lord high Commissioner of Major League Baseball opposed the PCL proposal, and threatened to "outlaw" the league if it tried to move up in the world. The former judge, who had been brought in by the owners of baseball to clean up the mess from the 1919 Chicago scandal, held anyone connected with the organization at that time in particularly low esteem. Pants' ties to the last season of pre-Black Sox ball tarred him with the same brush in the eyes of the man called the "baseball tyrant." Rowland tried his hand at establishing the PCL as a major league with Landis' successor, Happy Chandler . Chandler and his fact finding team that included National League and American League presidents Ford Frick and Will Harridge begged off again. At a meeting in September of 1951 in San Francisco, California , Rowland lead the charge of the club owners, who voted to serve an ultimatum on the majors. If they did not get exemption from the player draft, the PCL would become an 'outlaw' major league. "We're all living or dying together in this deal, and if the majors won't go along, to hell with 'em," said C. L. "Brick" Laws, owner of the Oakland team in a Time Magazine story on the PCL. Without the blessings of major league baseball, and the implied threat that they could come into the Coast League at any time with one of their clubs, or an expansion club, Rowland was not able to secure the backing for any of his teams that would bring both facilities and teams up to major league standards. Rowland died in Chicago, Illinois , the hometown of the team he managed. He was inducted into the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame in 2005. ******************* file_id: 1906802 pants work scout. file_id: 1906802 disagreement get 1917. file_id: 1906802 league_owners get crack. file_id: 1906802 pants tar brush. ******************* The term lifestyle center is used in a variety of ways. The most common use is to refer to a clinical center where lifestyle intervention is used in the treatment of patient's lifestyle-related conditions. Lifestyle-related conditions are those diseases which result from unhealthy lifestyle practices. Lifestyle centers can be inpatient (residential) or outpatient. Programs at inpatient lifestyle centers typically run for about 18 days but vary by program. Clinical lifestyle centers often involve placing a patient on a heart-healthy, plant-based diet and starting them on a vigorous exercise program. Other lifestyle interventions may include getting adequate water and sleep, stress management, and natural remedies. Lifestyle centers will frequently be supervised by physicians but include a multi-disciplinary approach using nurses, therapists, exercise physiologists, preventive care specialists, counselors, and chaplains. Lifestyle center , as used in commercial development in the United States , a is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall but with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers. Lifestyle centers, which emerged as a concept in the late 1990s , are sometimes labeled "boutique malls" and are often located in affluent suburban areas. The proliferation of lifestyle centers in the United States accelerated in the 2000s , with number going from 30 in 2002 to 120 at the end of 2004 . Lifestyle centers are sometimes depicted as occupying the upscale end of the spectrum of commercial development, at the opposite end of the outlet mall , which typically caters to a wider range of income with bargain prices. The growth of lifestyle centers had occurred at the same time of an acceleration of the shutting down of traditional shopping malls, which typically require large sites over 70 acres (283,000 m²) at a time when land prices are escalating. The construction of lifestyle centers usually require less land and generate higher revenue margins, often generating close to 500 dollars per square foot, compared to an average of 330 dollars per square foot for a traditional mall . Typical amenities at lifestyle centers include plush chairs instead of traditional plastic seating in common areas. ******************* file_id: 1912931 term_lifestyle_center use_PASS variety. file_id: 1912931 condition be disease. file_id: 1912931 disease result practice. file_id: 1912931 center be outpatient. file_id: 1912931 amenity include chair. ******************* "The Library of Babel " ("La biblioteca de Babel") is a short story by Argentine author (and librarian ) Jorge Luis Borges , conceiving of a universe in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410-page books that can be composed in a certain character set. The story originally appeared in Spanish in Borges's 1941 collection of stories El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan ( The Garden of Forking Paths ). That entire book was, in turn, included within his much-reprinted Ficciones (1944). Two English-language translation s appeared approximately simultaneously in 1962, one by James E. Irby in a diverse collection of Borges's works entitled Labyrinths and the other by Anthony Kerrigan as part of a collaborative translation of the entirety of Ficciones . The story repeats the theme of Borges's 1939 story "The Total Library" ("La biblioteca total"). The narrator describes how his universe consists of an endless expanse of interlocking hexagon al rooms, each of which contains the bare necessities for human survival—and four walls of bookshelves . Though the order and content of the books is random and apparently completely meaningless, the inhabitants believe that the books contain every possible ordering of just a few basic characters (letters and punctuation marks). Though the majority of the books in this universe are pure gibberish, the library also must contain, somewhere, every coherent book ever written, or that might ever be written, and every possible permutation or slightly erroneous version of every one of those books. The narrator notes that the library must contain all useful information, including predictions of the future, biographies of any person, and translations of every book in all language s. Conversely, for any given text some language could be devised that would make it readable with any of an infinite number of different contents. Despite—indeed, because of—this glut of information, all books are totally useless to the reader, leaving the librarians in a state of suicidal despair. This short story features many of Borges' signature themes, including infinity , reality , cabalistic reasoning , and labyrinths . The concept of the library is often compared to Borel's dactylographic monkey theorem ; it is also overtly analogous to the view of the universe as a sphere having its center everywhere and its circumference nowhere. The mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal employed this metaphor , and in an earlier essay Borges noted that Pascal's manuscript called the sphere effroyable, or "frightful". In "The Net of Babel", published in Interzone in 1995 , David Langford imagines the Library becoming computer ized for easy access. This aids the librarians in searching for specific text while also highlighting the futility of such searches as they can find anything, but nothing of meaning an sich . The sequel continues many of Borges' themes, while also highlighting the difference between data and information , and satirizing the Internet . ******************* file_id: 192303 irby entitle labyrinth. file_id: 192303 letters_and_punctuation_marks be gibberish. file_id: 192303 permutation contain . file_id: 192303 biography s . file_id: 192303 all_books be reader. ******************* Tommy Head (born June 4 , 1945 in Robertson County, Tennessee ) is a Tennessee Democratic politician and a former member of that state's House of Representatives . He is also a farmer and a utility contractor . Head is a 1965 graduate of Cumberland College in Lebanon, Tennessee with an associate's degree , and a 1967 graduate of Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee . He taught high school and coached basketball for two years after his university graduation. He is the brother of legendary women's basketball coach Pat Head Summitt . In 1988 , Head was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives and served eight terms until being defeated for reelection in 2004 . He served District 68. While in the House he served as the chairman of several subcommittes and the vice-chairman of several committees, mostly those dealing with finance. He was regarded as one of the chamber's most powerful Middle Tennessee -based members at one point. ******************* file_id: 1926329 head elect_PASS Tennessee_House. ******************* A free clinic is a medical facility offering community healthcare on a free or low-cost basis. Care is generally provided to persons who have lower or limited income and no health insurance . Almost all free clinics provide care for acute, non-emergent conditions. Many also provide a full range of primary care (including preventive care) and care for chronic conditions. Volunteer health care professionals provide most of the staffing for free clinics, which are independent, non-profit entities with Boards of Directors comprised of local representatives that provide oversight and direction. Free clinics receive little or no federal government funding and rely mostly on support from private donors, foundations, United Way and local government s. ******************* file_id: 1930917 clinic provide care. file_id: 1930917 Volunteer_health_care_professionals provide . file_id: 1930917 profit_entities comprise_PASS representative. file_id: 1930917 Free_clinics receive . ******************* An adverbial phrase is a linguistic term for a phrase with an adverb as head . The term is used in syntax . Adverbial phrases can consist of a single adverb or more than one. Extra adverbs are called intensifiers. An adverbial phrase can modify a verb phrase , an adjectival phrase or an entire clause . Examples of adverbial phrases in English : ******************* file_id: 1935385 phrase consist adverb. file_id: 1935385 Extra_adverbs call_PASS intensifier. ******************* Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, and engineering as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variable s representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities. Those Greek letters which have the same form as Latin letters are usually not used: capital A, B, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, X, Y, Z; small o. Sometimes font variants of Greek letters are used as distinct symbols in mathematics. __NOTOC__ ******************* file_id: 1943892 letter use_PASS mathematics_,_science_,_and_engineering. file_id: 1943892 variant use_PASS symbol. ******************* Oak chips can be used in the brewing process of beer , wine , cider and mead . The use is similar to using oak barrels to age the beverage, and impart flavors to it. However, instead of putting the beverage into the oak barrel, oak chips are cut, roasted, and added to the aging vessel (typically stainless steel in large operations, and glass in homebrewing usage). The use of oak chips in aging has been described as adding vanilla , butter and other flavors to the beverage while it ages. ******************* file_id: 1949807 Oak_chips use_PASS brewing_process. file_id: 1949807 oak_chips cut_PASS . ******************* Minimax (sometimes minmax ) is a method in decision theory for mini mizing the max imum possible loss . It started from two player zero-sum game theory , covering both the cases where players take alternate moves and those where they make simultaneous moves. It has also been extended to more complex games and to general decision making in the presence of uncertainty. A simple version of the algorithm deals with games such as tic-tac-toe , where each player can win, lose, or draw. If player A can win in one move, his best move is that winning move. If player B knows that one move will lead to the situation where player A can win in one move, while another move will lead to the situation where player A can, at best, draw, then player B's best move is the one leading to a draw. Late in the game, it's easy to see what the "best" move is. The Minimax algorithm helps find the best move, by working backwards from the end of the game. At each step it assumes that player A is trying to maximize the chances of A winning when he plays, while on the next turn player B is trying to minimize the chances of A winning (i.e., to maximize B's own chances of winning). In classical statistical decision theory, we have an estimator that is used to estimate a parameter . We also assume a risk function , usually specified as the integral of a loss function . In this framework, is called if it satisfies An alternative criterion in the decision theoretic framework is the Bayes estimator in the presence of a prior distribution . An estimator is Bayes if it minimizes the risk A minimax algorithm is a recursive algorithm for choosing the next move in a two-player game . A value is associated with each position or state of the game. This value is computed by means of a position evaluation function and it indicates how good it would be for a player to reach that position. The player then makes the move that maximises the minimum value of the position resulting from the opponent's possible following moves. If it is A <nowiki>'s</nowiki> turn to move, A gives a value to each of his legal moves. One allocation method is to assign a certain win for A as +1 and for B as −1. This leads to combinatorial game theory as developed by John Conway . An alternative is to use a rule that if the result of a move is an immediate win for A it is assigned positive infinity and, if it is an immediate win for B , negative infinity. The value to A of any other move is the minimum of the values resulting from each of B <nowiki>'s</nowiki> possible replies. ( A is called the maximizing player and B is called the minimizing player ), hence it is called the minimax algorithm . The above algorithm will assign a value of positive or negative infinity to any position since the value of every position will be the value of some final winning or losing position. Often this is generally only possible at the very end of complicated games such as chess or go , since it is not computationally possible to look ahead as far as the completion of the game, except towards the end, and instead positions are given finite values as estimates of the degree of belief that they will lead to a win for one player or another. This can be extended if we can supply a heuristic evaluation function which gives values to non-final game states without considering all possible following complete sequences. We can then limit the minimax algorithm to look only at a certain number of moves ahead. This number is called the "look-ahead", measured in " ply s". For example, "Deep Blue" looks ahead 12 plies. The algorithm can be thought of as exploring the node s of a game tree . The effective branching factor of the tree is the average number of children of each node (i.e., the average number of legal moves in a position). The number of nodes to be explored usually increases exponentially with the number of plies (it is less than exponential if evaluating forced move s or repeated positions). The number of nodes to be explored for the analysis of a game is therefore approximately the branching factor raised to the power of the number of plies. It is therefore impossible to completely analyze games such as chess using the minimax algorithm. The performance of the naïve minimax algorithm may be improved dramatically, without affecting the result, by the use of alpha-beta pruning . Other heuristic pruning methods can also be used, but not all of them are guaranteed to give the same result as the un-pruned search. The following example of a zero-sum game, where A and B make simultaneous moves, illustrates the minimax algorithm . If each player has three choices and the payoff matrix for A is: and B has the same payoff matrix with the signs reversed (i.e. if the choices are A1 and B1 then B pays 3 to A ) then the simple minimax choice for A is A2 since the worst possible result is then having to pay 1, while the simple minimax choice for B is B2 since the worst possible result is then no payment. However, this solution is not stable, since if B believes A will choose A2 then B will choose B1 to gain 1; then if A believes B will choose B1 then A will choose A1 to gain 3; and then B will choose B2; and eventually both players will realize the difficulty of making a choice. So a more stable strategy is needed. Some choices are dominated by others and can be eliminated: A will not choose A3 since either A1 or A2 will produce a better result, no matter what B chooses; B will not choose B3 since B2 will produce a better result, no matter what A chooses. A can avoid having to make an expected payment of more than 1/3 by choosing A1 with probability 1/6 and A2 with probability 5/6, no matter what B chooses. B can ensure an expected gain of at least 1/3 by using a randomized strategy of choosing B1 with probability 1/3 and B2 with probability 2/3, no matter what A chooses. These mixed minimax strategies are now stable and cannot be improved. John von Neumann proved the Minimax theorem in 1928 , stating that such strategies always exist in two-person zero-sum games and can be found by solving a set of simultaneous equations. Minimax theory has been extended to decisions where there is no other player, but where the consequences of decisions depend on unknown facts. For example, deciding to prospect for minerals entails a cost which will be wasted if the minerals are not present, but will bring major rewards if they are. One approach is to treat this as a game against Nature , and using a similar mindset as Murphy's law , take an approach which minimizes the maximum expected loss, using the same techniques as in the two-person zero-sum games. In addition, expectiminimax tree s have been developed, for two-player games in which chance (for example, dice) is a factor. If games have a non-zero-sum in terms of the payoffs between the players, apparently non-optimal strategies may evolve. For example in the prisoner's dilemma , the minimax strategy for each prisoner is to confess even though they would each do better if both denied their guilt. So, for non-zero-sum games the best strategy is not minimax but Tit for Tat . ******************* file_id: 19589 case take . file_id: 19589 value compute_PASS means. file_id: 19589 position give_PASS value. file_id: 19589 evaluation_function give value. file_id: 19589 A_and_B make move. file_id: 19589 Minimax_theory extend_PASS decision. file_id: 19589 consequence depend fact. file_id: 19589 strategy evolve . ******************* Alexander Maconochie (1787-1860) was a naval officer, geographer, and penal reformer. He was born in Edinburgh , Scotland on 11 February 1787 . He joined the British Navy in 1803 and as a midshipman he saw active service in the Napoleonic Wars and was a prisoner of war from 1810 to 1814. He later saw service in the British-American War against the United States. He was a founder, and first secretary of, the Royal Geographical Society in 1830, and in 1833 became the first professor of geography at the University of London . In 1836 he sailed to the convict settlement at Hobart in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania ) as private secretary to the Lieutenant-Governor Sir John Franklin . Here he wrote a report strongly critical of the state of prison discipline. The convict system, being fixated on punishment alone, released back into society crushed, resentful and bitter expirees, in whom the spark of enterprise and hope was dead. Maconochie's report “can be said to mark the peak and incipient decline of transportation to Australia” when it was given to Lord Russell , the Home Secretary and ardent critic of transportation, claims Robert Hughes. Although this report was used by the Molesworth Committee on transportation in 1837-38, the criticism of this work forced Franklin to dismiss him. According to his biographer John Barry, Maconochie “was a deeply religious man, of generous and compassionate temperament, and convinced of the dignity of man.” His two basic principles of penology were that: Following the Molesworth committee's report, transportation to New South Wales was abolished in 1840, although it continued to other colonies. Disturbed at reports of conditions on Norfolk Island, Lord Normanby , Secretary of State for the Colonies , suggested that a new system should be used, and the superintendence given to an officer deeply concerned with the moral welfare of the convicts. Maconochie was recommended to put this new system in place. In March 1840 he took up duties as commandant of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island and applied his penal principles. Convicts were awarded 'marks' to encourage effort and thrift. Sentences were served in stages, each increasing in responsibility. Cruel punishments and degrading conditions were reduced, and convicts' sense of dignity was respected. Perhaps the fact that he was the only commandant to have experienced the life of a prisoner himself, played a part in his approach to his task. These views contrasted greatly with the cruel conditions that had existed on Norfolk Island prior to Maconochie's arrival. He was not permitted to apply his principles to the 1200 hardened twice-sentenced convicts, but only to the 600 newcomers sent directly from England and who were separated from the 'Old Hands'. His 'mark' system was not permitted to reduce a convict's sentence, and it was difficult to find other incentives. His reforms were resisted by military guards, supervisers and constables (many of whom were ex-convicts) at his command. In particular, his deputy held views opposite to his own. In an exclusively male environment, he found he was unable to reduce the 'unnatural offence' of sodomy which was prevalent and which he continued to punish by flogging . Criticism of his methods in Sydney and England led Governor Sir George Gipps to visit the island in 1843. He was favourably impressed with the condition of the convicts and the effectiveness of the 'marks' system, and reported that Maconochie's System of Moral Reform could work if carried through to its conclusion. However the order had already been given in England for Maconochie to be replaced. Under the commandants who followed him, Norfolk Island reverted to being an object of terror under brutal masters. Almost 1400 convicts had been discharged during Maconochie's term, and he always claimed that a high percentage did not offend again. Maconochie returned to England in 1844 and two years later published a book outlining his system. This had an immense influence on the development of penology. In 1849 he was appointed governor of the new prison at Birmingham , but was unjustly dismissed and criticised for his actions, in spite of being praised for his humanity and benevolence. He died on 25 October 1860 , still campaigning for penal reform in spite of ill-health. John Barry states that “Maconochie was a pioneer in penal reform, and suffered the fate of men in advance of their times. His concepts and many of his practical measures are now the basis of Western penal systems.” Primary Sources Secondary Sources ******************* file_id: 1961920 convict award_PASS mark. file_id: 1961920 sentence serve_PASS stage. file_id: 1961920 condition reduce_PASS . file_id: 1961920 convict respect_PASS . file_id: 1961920 reform resist_PASS guards_,_supervisers_and_constables. file_id: 1961920 deputy hold view. ******************* Alvin Martin is one of West Ham United's all-time greats, a true pro respected by fans and players alike. Alvin, born in Liverpool on July 29 1958 , was rejected by his local club Everton before joining West Ham United straight from school. He went on to amass 586 first team appearances for the Hammers in a successful 19-year career at Upton Park , in which he became one of only two players ( Billy Bonds is the other) to be awarded two testimonials . It was alongside Bonzo in the centre of defence that Alvin - nicknamed ’Stretch’ - enjoyed his most rewarding years, winning the FA Cup and Second Division winners medals in successive seasons at the start of the 80s. As a player Alvin was very comfortable in possession of the ball and deserved to win more than 17 England caps as one of the most accomplished defenders in the British game. Alvin was given his first England cap by Ron Greenwood , who brought him to West Ham as a 14-year-old, against Brazil at Wembley in May 1981. Injury ruled him out of the World Cup finals in Spain in 1982, but he was playing some of the finest football of his career when the next England manager, Bobby Robson , included Alvin in his 1986 squad for the finals in Mexico . He played admirably in the victory over Paraguay but was surprisingly dropped for the next game, the quarter-final defeat by Argentina’s infamous ’Hand of God’ . After leaving the Hammers, Alvin had a brief spell with East London neighbours Leyton Orient , before managing Southend United for two years. After retiring from football management Alvin joined London based radio station talkSPORT and is also a regular pundit on Sky Sports TV football talk shows. ******************* file_id: 1971161 pro respect_PASS fans_and_players. ******************* Placido Falconio , also called Falconi in some sources, was an Italian composer of the 16th century . His birth and death dates are unknown; his first publication dates from 1575 , his last from 1588 . In 1549 , he entered a Benedictine monastery , and the title pages of his published works indicate that he was a monk in the abbey of Monte Cassino at the time of their printing. According to the dedication of Falconio's Psalmodia vespertina ( Vespers psalm s), the composer was part of a group or consortium that helped introduce Venetian music printing methods into his native Brescia . Falconio's works are all of the sacred vocal category, and include introit s, alleluia s, magnificat s, psalm settings, and works relating to the Passion . He seems to have taken pains in many cases to make his works readily performable even for less-trained forces in smaller parishes. This is illustrated in that, despite the prevailing atmosphere of polychoral works, or at least works for five or more voices, Falconio wrote often for but four voices, and even for three on one occasion, a Voces Christi . Contributing also to this accessibility is the simple, homophonic nature shared by many of his works, though of course such an idiom had begun to dominate in the post- Tridentine era of the 1570s and 80s. Perhaps more telling, then, of Falconio's practicality is that, when he did compose in a more contrapuntal fashion, in his collection Introitus et Alleluia per omnes festivitates totius anni , he included an explicit part for organ accompaniment in the publication. While Falconio almost surely did not invent the technique, and this work of 1575 is very probably pre-dated by the presence of other such organ parts in manuscript, it contains the first known published example of "basso seguente." This technique, in which a line for organ simply provides the lowest note being sounded in the vocal parts at any given time, is the precursor of the basso continuo (for further explanation of this, see Figured bass ). ******************* file_id: 1976462 psalm_settings relate passion. file_id: 1976462 Introitus_et_Alleluia festivitate annus. ******************* Queen Elizabeth Driveway is a scenic parkway in Ottawa , Canada that runs along the western edge of the Rideau Canal . It runs from Laurier Avenue in the north to Dow's Lake where it turns into Prince of Wales Drive . It is administered and owned by the National Capital Commission (NCC). The driveway was one of the first projects of the NCC, then known as the Ottawa Improvement Agency. The two-lane road replaced the industrial buildings and private boathouses that had stood along the canal and were widely considered unsightly. The driveway was lined with trees and gardens, and a series of large houses were built along it. It was originally known as the Government Driveway but was soon renamed the Rideau Canal Driveway. Several decades later it was given its current name. The speed limit for most of its length is 60 km/h (35 mph). In the 1950s a similar route was created on the eastern edge of the canal, the Colonel By Drive . The driveway runs alongside a dedicated bicycle path for its entire length. ******************* file_id: 1978129 boathouse stand canal. file_id: 1978129 driveway line_PASS trees_and_gardens. ******************* Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport is located in Trenton, Maine . Its IATA Airport Code is BHB, and its ICAO Airport Code is KBHB. It serves the residents of Hancock County, Maine , Bar Harbor and Mount Desert Island with commercial and charter aviation services. During the summer months, the airport becomes one of Maine's busiest, with significant private jet operations bringing visitors to the numerous summer colonies on Mount Desert Island . ******************* file_id: 1983047 aviation_services become . ******************* Viesīte is a town in the western part of Jēkabpils County , Latvia . Viesīte is typical Selonia town that cherished by its people, now is blossoming on the hills in the very middle of district. Selonia is the culture historical district, bordering on Latgale , Zemgale (Semigalia), Vidzeme and Lithuania . Viesīte town (previously called Ekengrave, Azu village) is situated on the crossroads of very important trunk roads: Jekabpils-Nereta, Akniste-Riga. The distance to Jekabpils is 32km, to Riga - 130km, and to the Lithuanian border- 31km. The area of Viesīte town is 2.3km 2 , the territory of its rural area begin 311.1km 2 large. According to a 2002 survey, 2950 people were living in Viesite's territory. Five golden acorns on a purple background, symbolising power and mightiness are depicted on the coat of arms of Viesīte town. On Viesīte flag you can see the colours of Selonia district flag- green, white and red, with the coat of arms of viesite in the middle of it. Viesīte Town and Rural territory Council consists of 9 deputies. Council chairman is Janis Dimitrijevs. There are four permanent committees working in the municipality: The council deputies together with municipality people have organised several committees for problem solving and implementation of separate functions of the Council. The most interesting objects in Viesite are: the little engine, ViesIte Culture Castle, Memorial room and places of Professor Pauls Stradins, memorial room of writer Anna Brodele, Viesīte Brīvibas (Freedom) Church, Viesīte museum of local history "Selonia". Viesīte ******************* file_id: 199156 village situate_PASS crossroads. file_id: 199156 acorn depict_PASS coat. ******************* Galaxy is a network of radio stations operated in the United Kingdom by Chrysalis Group . It comprises stations in Manchester , Birmingham , Yorkshire and Newcastle , and specialises in dance and R'n'B music. Each station broadcasts local programming from its respective city by day, and evening and late-night programmes are broadcast from one of the network's stations to all cities in the network. The first Galaxy station, Galaxy 101 , launched in 1990 in South West England broadcasting from Bristol and was operated by the Chiltern Radio group. Chrysalis purchased the station in 1996, and in 1997 expanded the network by buying the Faze FM -operated stations Kiss 102 and Kiss 105 in Manchester and Yorkshire respectively. In 1998, black community station Choice FM was acquired in Birmingham and became Galaxy 102.2 . Chrysalis scored another success in 1999 with the Radio Authority 's award of the North East regional licence to Galaxy 105-106 . However, Galaxy 101's success in Bristol was starting to falter, and the station was sold to the GWR Group in 2002, becoming Vibe 101 . ******************* file_id: 1997723 night_programmes broadcast_PASS . ******************* Cyrille Guimard is a French former professional racing cyclist who became famous as the directeur sportif for two famous French cyclists and Tour de France winners: Bernard Hinault and Laurent Fignon . As a professional rider he was the French national champion in 3 separate occasions in 3 different disciplines: road in 1967 for the amateur category, vitesse in 1970 and cyclo-cross in 1976. he won several stages of the Tour de France and the points classification of the Vuelta a España . He was a team leader on the Gitane-Campagnolo team - in which a young Bernard Hinault was often a roommate - when he took over the team's management in 1977. He convinced Hinault to stay on his team. Guimard is known as a master tactician in a race, and innovator in training techniques. He is credited as one of the first cycling coaches to use the periodization method in the early 1980 s. He is also known to have told his riders to hold back from entering certain races and competitions if he feels that they were not ready for the challenge yet. A famous example of this was Hinault's decision not to enter the 1977 edition of the Tour de France despite his impressive list of early season wins as a first-year professional (neo-pro), only to win strongly the following year. In his autobiography, Hinault credited Guimard with his uncanny tactical sense for many of his greatest wins, including the snowy Liège-Bastogne-Liège of 1980 . However, Guimard's strong personality also led to disagreements with his riders, most notably with Hinault in the mid-1980s. Hinault had to abandon the 1983 Tour de France due to his knee injury, and his lieutenant Fignon won the race. The following season he decided to switch to the newly-formed La Vie Claire cycling team. "With Guimard, you do not argue, you can only listen," Hinault was known to say. Fignon was a young cyclist and was already closely associated with Guimard since his youth. "With Hinault, Guimard already had a champion. With me, he made a champion. That is perhaps why we have a special bond," Fignon admitted in an interview. Guimard was also involved in the early development of the French UCI ProTour team Cofidis , although he no longer has a formal association. He is also closely associated with the frame maker Cyfac . His riders used to ride on Cyfac frames under the team sponsor's paint job. ******************* file_id: 2001740 Guimard know_PASS master_tactician. file_id: 2001740 cyclist ride Cyfac_frames. ******************* Andrey Andreyevich Voznesensky ( ) (b.  May 12 , 1933 , Moscow ) is a Russian poet and writer who has been referred to by Robert Lowell as "one of the greatest living poets in any language." He lives and works in Moscow. Early in his life, Andrey was fascinated with painting and architecture , in 1957 graduating from the Moscow Architectural Institute. His enthusiasm for poetry , though, proved to be stronger. While still a teenager, he sent his poems to Boris Pasternak ; the friendship between the two had a strong influence on the young poet. His first poems were published in 1958 and immediately reflected his unique style. His lyrics are characterized by his tendency "to measure" the contemporary person by modern categories and images, by the eccentricity of metaphors , by the complex rhythmical system and audio effects. Vladimir Mayakovsky and Pablo Neruda have been cited among the poets who influenced him most. In 1960s , during the so-called Thaw , Voznesensky frequently traveled abroad: to the U.S. , France , Germany , Italy and other countries. Popularity of Voznesensky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Bella Akhmadulina were marked by performances in front of the adoring thousands at the stadiums , in the concert halls and universities . One collection of his poems, "Antimiry" ("Anti-worlds") served as the basis for a famous performance at the Taganka Theater in 1965 . Voznesensky's friendship with many contemporary writers, artists and other intellectuals is reflected in his novels and articles. He is known to wider audiences for the superhit Million of Scarlet Roses that he penned for Alla Pugacheva in 1984 and for the hugely successful rock opera Juno and Avos (1979), based on the life and death of Nikolay Rezanov . In 1978 Voznesensky was awarded the USSR State Prize . He is an honorable member of ten academies, including Russian academy of learning ( 1993 ), the American Academy of Arts and Letters , Parisian Académie Goncourt and others. ******************* ******************* Truck Festival is an annual music festival started by the Bennett family in 1998 when thinking that mainstream festivals such as Glastonbury had become too commercial and predictable. Truck is held in July at Hill Farm in Steventon , near Abingdon , Oxfordshire , with the main stage being constructed from two large truck s, which is how the festival gets its name. Truck has grown somewhat since its inception, but with an annual attendance of around 5000 it is dwarfed by the likes of Glastonbury (around 150,000 people) and Reading/Leeds . Part of Truck's appeal for fans is that it can be viewed as a microcosm of these larger festivals, with a similar layout and facilities but on a more manageable scale. Due to a variety of factors, chiefly the layout of Hill Farm, it is highly unlikely that Truck has any potential for significant growth in the near future. Hill Farm remains very much a working farm, shutting down only temporarily to allow the festival to take place each year. One of Truck's six stages is the so-called " Barn That Cannot Be Named " - a cow-shed with a stage set up at one end - which, despite the rich smell of manure , remains an ever-popular place to watch bands at the festival. The festival also gave birth to the Truck Records label in 1999. In 2005 the event took place on July 23rd and 24th and was headlined on Saturday night by Biffy Clyro and on Sunday by The Magic Numbers . Other acts near the top of the bill included The Raveonettes , MC Lars , Do Me Bad Things and Goldrush . ******************* file_id: 2014561 mainstream_festivals become_PASS . file_id: 2014561 mainstream_festivals s . file_id: 2014561 Truck have potential. file_id: 2014561 place watch band. ******************* Daniel Patrick "Pat" Moynihan( March 16, 1927– March 26, 2003) was a four-term U.S. Senator, ambassador, administration official, and academic. He was first elected to the United States Senate in 1976 by the citizens of New York as the nominee of the Democratic Party and re-elected three times, in 1982, 1988, and 1994. He declined to run for re-election in 2000 and was succeeded by Democrat Hillary Clinton. Clinton began her campaign for the Senate at Moynihan's farm in upstate New York. Moynihan supported her bid for his Senate seat. Moynihan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and was brought by his family to New York City at the age of six months. There he was brought up in a poor neighborhood, shined shoes for money, and attended various public, private, and parochial schools before graduating from Harlem High School. He studied for one year at the City College of New York, which at that time provided free higher education, but then joined the navy. He served on active duty from 1944 to 1947, last serving as Gunnery Officer of the U.S.S. Quirinus. He went on to graduate from Tufts University; received graduate degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy; studied as a Fulbright fellow at London School of Economics and Political Science. Moynihan was a member of Averell Harriman's New York gubernatorial campaign in 1954 and thereafter served 4 years on the Governor's staff, in positions including acting secretary to the Governor. He was a Kennedy delegate at the 1960 Democratic Convention. Prior to his years in the Senate, Moynihan was a member of four successive presidential administrations, beginning with the administration of John F. Kennedy, and continuing through the administrations of Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford. Moynihan was an Undersecretary of Labor for policy in the Kennedy administration, and in the early part of the Johnson administration. In that capacity, he did not have operational responsibilities, allowing him to devote all of his time to trying to formulate national policy for what would become the War on Poverty. He had a small staff including Paul Barton, Ellen Broderick, and Ralph Nader who at 29 years of age, hitchhiked to Washington, D.C. and got a job working for Moynihan in 1963. They took inspiration from the book Slavery written by Stanley Elkins. Elkins essentially contended that slavery had made the blacks dependent on the dominant society, and that that dependence still existed a century later. This was the beginning of much of the philosophy that the government must go beyond simply ensuring that members of minority races have the same rights as everyone else, and in fact give minority members benefits that others did not get on the grounds that those benefits were necessary to counteract that lingering effects of past actions. Moynihan found data at the Labor Department that showed that even as fewer people were unemployed, more people were joining the welfare rolls. These recipients were families with children, but only one parent (almost invariably the mother). The laws at that time permitted such families to receive welfare payments in certain parts of the United States. Moynihan's report was seen by people on the left as "Blaming the Victim", a slogan coined by William Ryan. He was also seen as propogating the views of racists, because much of the press coverage of his reports focused on the discussion of children being born out of wedlock. Despite Moynihan's warnings, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program had the "Man out of the house rule". Critics said that the nation was paying poor women to throw their husbands out of the house. Moynihan supported Richard Nixon's idea of a Guaranteed Annual Income (GAI). By 1964, Moynihan was supporting Robert F. Kennedy, (the brother of the assassinated president who had appointed him). For this reason he was not favored by then president Johnson. He left the Johnson administration in 1965. He ran for but did not win the presidency of the New York City Council. He then became an academic, becoming director of the Joint Center for Urban Studies at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but continued to write about the problems of the poor in the cities of the Northeastern part of the United States. With turmoil and riots in the United States he wrote that the next administration would have to be able to unite the nation again. Connecting with President elect Richard Nixon in 1968 he joined Nixon's White House Staff as an urban affairs advisor. He was very influential at that time, as one of the few people in Nixon's inner circle who had done academic research related to social policies. He later served as the ambassador to India from 1973 to 1975, and as the United States Representative to the United Nations, serving a rotation as President of the United Nations Security Council in 1976. He remained a member of the Democratic Party, although he feared that the party had moved too far to the left at that time. He once wrote in a memo to President Nixon that "the issue of race could benefit from a period of benign neglect". He argued that Nixon's conservative's tactics were playing into the hands of the radicals, but he regreted that he was misinterpreted as advocating that the government should neglect minorities. Perhaps the most controversial action of Moynihan's career was his response, as ambassador to the UN, to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975. The Ford administration considered Indonesia, then under a military dictatorship, a key ally against communism. Moynihan ensured that the UN Security Council took no action against the clearly illegal annexiation of a small country by a larger one, nor at the subsequent massacres that killed over 200,000 Timorese. As he put it in his memoirs:"The United States wished things to turn out as they did, and worked to bring this about. The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success." (A Dangerous Place, Little Brown, 1980, p. 247) Later, he admitted that he had defended a "shameless" Cold War policy toward East Timor. In 1976, Moynihan was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating Representative Bella Abzug in the Democratic primary, and Conservative Party incumbent James Buckley in the general election. In the post Cold War era, the 103rd Congress enacted legislation directing an inquiry into the uses of government secrecy. Moynihan chaired the Commission. The Committee studied and made recommendations on the "culture of secrecy" that pervaded the United States government and its intelligence community for 80 years, beginning with the Espionage Act of 1917, and made recommendations on the statutory regulation of classified information. The Committee's findings and recommendations were presented to the President in 1997. As part of the effort, Moynihan was able to secure release from the Federal Bureau of Investigation its classified Venona file, documents on the FBI's joint counterintelligence investigation with the United States Signals Intelligence Service into Soviet espionage within the United States. Much of the information had been collected and classified secret information for over fifty years. After release of the information, Moynihan authored Secrecy: The American Experience, where he discussed the impact government secrecy has had on the domestic politics of America for the past half century, and how myths and suspicion created an unnecessary partisan chasm. In addition to his distinguished career as a politician and diplomat, Moynihan was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Wesleyan University, and Syracuse University. After completing a tour of duty in the United States Navy in 1947 which he began in 1944 during World War II when he was 17 years old, Moynihan used his GI Bill benefits to attend Tufts University. He then received a Fulbright Fellowship to study at the London School of Economics. He authored some 19 books, including Beyond the Melting Pot, an influential study of American ethnicity which he co-authored with Nathan Glazer in 1963, followed by The Negro Family: The Case for National Action otherwise known as the Moynihan Report in 1965, Family and Nation( 1986), Came the Revolution( 1988), On the Law of Nations( 1990), and Secrecy( 1998). Moynihan died at the age of 76 after complications suffered from an emergency appendectomy about a month earlier. He is survived by his wife of 39 years, Elizabeth Brennan Moynihan, three grown children, Timothy Patrick Moynihan, Maura Russell Moynihan, and John McCloskey Moynihan, and two grandchildren, Michael Patrick and Zora Olea. In 2004, Michael Bloomberg, the mayor of New York City, announced plans for a replacement of Penn Station as the city railroad hub. Built a block away at the old Farley Post Office Building, it would be named for Moynihan. This article draws from from the book "The Promised Land" by Nicholas Lemann, Bill Clinton's statements when awarding Moynihan the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2000, and statements by senators on the occasion of his death in 2003, as well as the sources noted below. ******************* file_id: 201756 member have rights. file_id: 201756 moynihan find datum. file_id: 201756 recipient be family. file_id: 201756 report see_PASS people. file_id: 201756 critic say . file_id: 201756 nation pay woman. file_id: 201756 conservative play hand. file_id: 201756 conservative misinterpret_PASS . file_id: 201756 government take . file_id: 201756 measure undertake . file_id: 201756 recommendation pervade government. ******************* Rivers Cuomo (born June 13 , 1970 , New York , New York ) is a singer, songwriter and guitarist for the band Weezer . He was born in a New York City hospital, and raised on a Hindu ashram (run by the late guru Sri Swami Satchidananda ) in Northeastern Connecticut . Cuomo's parents decided to stay in Connecticut when the ashram (known as Yogaville ) was relocated to a plot of land along the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia . Rivers attended and graduated from E. O. Smith High School in Storrs . Cuomo, who at the time went by the name "Peter Kitts" ("Kitts" being the surname of his stepfather), formed a progressive metal band known as Avant Garde , and played several shows in Connecticut. He moved with the band to Los Angeles in March 1989 ; Avant Garde changed its name to Zoom, which dissolved in the late spring of 1990 . After a series of musical projects in L.A., Cuomo formed Weezer on February 14 , 1992 with bandmates Patrick Wilson , Matt Sharp , and Jason Cropper . Jason Cropper left the band during recording on their first album. Brian Bell joined in his place. Weezer signed with DGC, a music publisher of Geffen Records, on June 25 , 1993 . They began recording their first album, Weezer (also known as The Blue Album ), in August, 1993. During the spring of 1995 , Cuomo had surgery on his right leg to correct a condition where one of his legs was longer than the other. The operation corrected his height after months of painful "stretching" of the bone. The procedure required the bone to be broken, which in turn allowed for bone growth. Once healed, Rivers celebrated his new, equal-length legs by joining a club soccer team during his time in Boston . Cuomo started college at Harvard University as an undergraduate in 1995 , studying music, but eventually switched his major to English and dropped out two semesters short of graduation. In the fall of 2004 , he re-enrolled at Harvard to complete his degree. After another break for the release of Weezer's fifth album, Make Believe , Cuomo has recently stated on his MySpace.com blog that he intends to return to Harvard in Spring 2006 to finish his degree. See Weezer and Avant Garde for his work with those bands. ******************* file_id: 203079 river attend . file_id: 203079 river celebrate . ******************* "China Girl" is a 1983 hit single by David Bowie , written by Bowie and Iggy Pop and taken from the album Let's Dance . Pop was first to record the song, appearing in a different arrangement on his 1977 album The Idiot . His version never became a hit. It is likely Bowie played a large part in writing the song, as with most of Pop's songs from the album. The video was controversial because it shows Bowie and the "China Girl" naked on a beach, apparently making love while waves wash over them. The single reached #2 in the UK charts and was a big hit in the United States. Making an appearance in the movie The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ), "China Girl" is one of David Bowie 's most popular songs. Some people believe this song is about heroin addiction , given the fact that " China white " is a street nickname for heroin, and based on the following lyrics in the song: I could escape this feeling, with my china girl : I feel a wreck without my, little china girl ... : I’m a mess without my, little china girl Wake up mornings, where’s my little china girl. Stevie Ray Vaughan was the lead guitarist on this song and most of the album. ******************* file_id: 2039092 china_girl wake morning. ******************* The Old Bridge in Huntingdon (now part of Cambridgeshire , England ) is a well-preserved medieval stone bridge over the River Great Ouse , connecting Huntingdon to Godmanchester . The town has long been an important bridgehead, with Ermine Street (connecting London to Lincoln and York ), as well as various east-west trade routes, crossing the Great Ouse here. Edward the Elder built a wood en bridge around the 10th century , and also ordered the nearby Huntingdon Castle to be rebuilt. Until the 1107 construction of the first bridge in St Ives , it is believed that there was no bridge further downstream, and foreign trade would navigate the river as far upstream as Huntingdon. The current bridge was constructed around 1332 . It was intended for both pedestrian and horse -drawn tranport (the bridge has recesses for people to stand to let the heavier traffic pass), but now serves exclusively for light vehicular traffic. Pedestrians use a parallel footbridge just metres upstream, and heavy goods vehicle s must use the modern bridge which forms part of the A14 bypass . However, until that was built in 1975 , the narrow medieval bridge stood alone, and had to be used by both lorries travelling the Great North Road and footgoing shoppers, to the dissatisfaction of all parties. The bridge is now Grade I listed and a Scheduled Ancient Monument . ******************* file_id: 2055139 tranport have recess. file_id: 2055139 pedestrian use parallel_footbridge. file_id: 2055139 goods_vehicle s both_pedestrian_and_horse. file_id: 2055139 shopper be . ******************* A militia is a group of citizens organized to provide paramilitary service. The word can have four slightly different meanings: In any of these cases, a militia is distinct from a national regular army. It can serve to supplement the regular military, or it can oppose it, for example to resist a military coup. In some circumstances, the "enemies" against which a militia is mobilized are domestic political opponents of the government, such as strikers. In many cases the role, or even the existence of a militia, is controversial. For these reasons legal restrictions may be placed on the mobilization or use of militia. see Freikorps One of the most famous and ancient militia are the Swiss militia. It is not widely recognized, but Switzerland maintains, proportionally, the largest military force in the world, with more than twice as many active-duty soldiers per capita as the next-proportionally-largest force, in Israel, having a trained reserve militia of 36% of the total population. However, it should be noted that Switzerland has a long tradition of political and military neutrality. For much of the history of England, the military was controlled by Parliament, which had access to the resources to maintain a standing army. At various times, The Crown and Parliament were in strong disagreement, but Parliament's economic ability to use the army was counterbalanced by the Crown's traditional ability to call out the militia. As long as the army's weapons were not radically more powerful than the militia's, this balance of power was effective. The English Bill of Rights( 1689) declared, amongst other rights: and Following the creation of large standing army, the word militia fell into disuse in the UK, though many units retained the distinction of being designated "militia" units as extra battalions of regular regiments and "Irish" militia were heavily relied upon to suppress rebellion in Ireland. The militia was formally disbanded in 1908 with the creation of a reserve force, known as the Territorial Force, later the Territorial Army, and the units of the militia were transferred to the Special Reserve. The Special Reserve were renamed the Militia in 1921, its units being placed in 'suspended animation', and the militia was disbanded in 1953. A number of old Militia units remain in existence, two in the Territorial Army: the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers-- which was first formed in 1539-- and the Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey), 73rd Regiment, Royal Engineers(formerly the Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey and first formed in 1337). Also, the Royal Alderney Militia-- created in the 13th Century and reformed in 1984-- is part of the Army Cadet Force, thus ensuring the continuation of the name. Additionally, the Atholl Highlanders are a (ceremonial) private army maintained by the Duke of Atholl- they are the only legal private army in the United Kingdom. In modern usage, the term Paramilitary is more widely used of (illegal) private armies such as the UVF, UDA and Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland. The early Puritan colonists of America considered the militia an important social structure, necessary to defend their colonies from Indian attacks. All able-bodied males were expected to be members of the town militia. During the French and Indian Wars the town militias formed a recruiting pool for the Provincial Forces. The legislature of the colony would authorize a certain force level for the season's campaign, and based on that set recruitment quotas for each town militia. In theory millita members could be drafted by lot if there were not volunteers enough to meet the quota, however this was rarely resorted to as Provincial soldiers were highly paid (more highly paid then their regular British Army counterparts) and rarely engaged in combat. In the American Revolutionary War, colonial militiamen or armed citizens agreed to turn out for service at a minute's notice. The term minutemen is used especially for the men who were enrolled ( 1774) for such service by the Massachusetts provincial congress. These were also known as the " valiant farmers" who fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Concord. The delegates of the Constitutional Convention, (the founding fathers/framers of the United States Constitution) under Article 1; section 8, paragraphs 15 and 16 of the federal constitution, granted Congress the power to "provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining (regulating/training) the Militia," as well as, and in distinction to, the power to raise an army and a navy. The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution was intended to formalize this balance between the "well-regulated" militia and organized military forces. The militia act of 1792 clarified whom the militia consists of; " I. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the respective States, resident therein, who is or shall be of age of eighteen years, and under the age of forty-five years" In contrast the United States National Guard, created by the Militia Act of 1903, was a federalized portion of the State militias which were converted into regular troops kept in reserve for the United States Army. The Defense Act of 1916 placed all state militia units under the National Guard. This act was later amended in 1933 under the National Guard Mobilization Act, to place all National Guard units under the control of the United States Army effectively ending their status as "militia" under Article 1, section 8, paragraphs 15,16, of the Federal Constitution and the second amendment of the Federal Constitution. The current United States Code, Title 10 (Armed forces), section 311 (Militia: Composition and Classes), paragraph (a) states "The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard." Section 313 of Title 32 refers to persons with prior military experience who could serve as officers. These persons remain members of the militia until age 65. Paragraph (b) further states, "The classes of the militia are: (1) the organized militia, which consists of the National Guard and the Naval Militia; and (2) the unorganized militia, which consists of the members of the militia who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia." . The National Guard is the largest of the organized federal reserve military forces in the United States. The National Guard is classified (under title 10, see above) as the organized federal militia as it is under both federal and state control, and both the President of the United States and state governor s can call upon it. Since the 2003 Invasion of Iraq many National Guard units have served overseas (under the Total Force Policy of 1973 which effectively combined the National Guard with the armed forces making them regular troops.) This can lead to problems for states that also face internal emergencies while the Guard is deployed overseas. To address such issues, many of the states, such as New York and Maryland also have organized state "militia" forces or State Guards which are under the control of the governor of a state, however many of these "militia" also act as a reserve for the National Guard and are thus a part of it (varies from state to state depending on individual state statutory laws). New York and Ohio also have active naval militia s, and a few other states have on-call or proposed ones. In 1990, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of Perpich v. Department of Defense that the Federal government has plenary power over the National Guard, and greatly reduced (to the point of nonexistence) the state government's ability to withhold consent to Federal deployments and training missions of the National Guard. During some wars, both the suitability and effectiveness of the National Guard have been questioned, because of perceptions that personnel are often hastily, or not fully, trained for the roles they are asked to perform. For many decades, there were persistent allegations of nepotism, favoritism and/or the use of influence in the commissioning and assignment of officers. (See, for example, George W. Bush military service controversy.) Numerous states have their own Guard units separate from the National Guard; some authorized by the states themselves, like the Alabama State Defense Force, others simply are acknowledged by the state as their official State Guard. These units have no affiliation with the National Guard.(For information on organized private citizen militias not authorized by the Federal or state governments, see US private militias, below.) In Canada the word militia refers to the part-time army reserve component of the Canadian Armed Forces. Militia troops usually train one night a week and every weekend of the month, except in the summer. Summertime training generally consists of a course and/or a "call out", as well as a longer exercise, usually 8-15 days. A call out can involve any job a soldier might be expected to do: staff member on a course, ceremonial guard duty, etc. In addition, primary reserve members may volunteer for service with the regular force overseas - usually NATO or UN missions. Reserve courses are often shortened versions of the same regular force course, but can use regular force staff members. Most Canadian cities have one or more militia units. Often these 'regiments' perpetuate famous Canadian regiments that are no longer required as part of the regular forces. was an alternate name for the Citizens Military Forces(CMF), the reserve units of the Australian Army between 1901 and 1980. After Australian federation, the six former colonial militias were merged to form the CMF. Initially the CMF infantry forces formed the vast bulk of the Australian Army, along with standing artillery and engineer units. The Defense Act of ( 1903) granted the Australian federal government the powers to conscript men of military age for home defense. However, these powers were unpopular and were used only for short periods at a time. The government was also forbidden by law from deploying the CMF outside Australian territories, or using it in strikes and other industrial disputes. As a result of the ban on foreign service, during World War I and World War II, all-volunteer Australian Imperial Forces were formed for overseas deployment. CMF units were sometimes scorned by AIF soldiers as "chocolate soldiers" or "chockos", because "they would melt under the pressure" of military operations. Nevertheless, some Militia units distinguished themselves in action against the Empire of Japan during the Pacific War, and suffered extremely high casualties. In mid-1942 Militia units fought in two significant battles, both in New Guinea, which was then an Australian territory. The exploits of the young and poorly trained soldiers of the 39th (Militia) Battalion during the rearguard action on the Kokoda Track remain celebrated to this day, as is the contribution of the 7th Militia Brigade at the Battle of Milne Bay. Later in the war, the law was changed to allow the transfer of Militia units to the 2nd AIF, if 65% of the personnel had volunteered for overseas service. Another change allowed Militia units to serve anywhere south of the Equator in South East Asia. Consequently they also saw action against Japanese forces in the Dutch East Indies. After the war, CMF units continued to form the bulk of the peacetime army, although with the creation of standing infantry units — such as the Royal Australian Regiment— from 1947, the regular army grew in importance. By 1980, when the name of the CMF was changed to the Army Reserve, the Regular Army was the more significant force. There are United States right wing political movements that calls themselves "citizens' militias", which supporters claim are based on the common law concept of an armed citizenry and various paragraphs in the United States Constitution and United States Code. These militas are not formally linked to a state or Federal government parpamilitary organization or self defense force. They often speak out against the political actions of the Federal government because of what they consider oppressive policies and unConstitutional laws. The private "citizen militias" drew ideas and recruits from the independent survivalist movement, tax-protestor movement and others in the "Patriot" subculture in the United States. A few small private militia groups developed within the United States during the 1970s and 1980s, but the movement experienced a wave of growth in the 1990s for various reasons including the Gordon Kahl, Ruby Ridge, and Waco incidents and the passage of the Brady law, and 1994 "Assault Weapons Ban" . The private-militias continued to grow for a few years after the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on April 19, 1995. The movement declined after the election of Republican George W. Bush to the Presidency in 2000 and by 2002 had largely vanished. The FBI has published its report on the militia movement and has determined that the movement is not a threat to the national security of the United States. Most private-militias engage in a variety of far-right political conspiracy theory, and claim that the current federal statutory laws, policies, treaties with foreign powers, and many federal agencies, are to varying degrees un-constitutional, and are engaged in unlawful practices. Private-militia activities range from organized lawful protesting of government policies to criminal activities including the illegal modification and manufacture of firearms and explosives. However, the majority of private-militia groups are non-violent and only a small segment of the private-militias actually commit acts of violence to advance their political goals and beliefs. A number of leaders of these groups, such as Lynn Van Huizen of the Michigan Militia Corps-Wolverines, have gone to some effort to actively rid their ranks of radical members who are inclined to carry out acts of violence and/or terrorism. Officials at the FBI Academy classify private "citizen militia" groups within four categories, ranging from moderate groups who do not engage in criminal activity to radical cells which commit violent acts of terrorism. Private "citizen militia" anxiety, paranoia of Globalism, and millenarianism relating to the year 2000 were based mainly on a political ideology, as opposed to religious beliefs. Many private-militia members believed that the year 2000 would lead to political and personal repression enforced by the United Nations and countenanced by a compliant U.S. government. This belief is known as the New World Order(NWO) conspiracy theory. Other issues which have served as motivating factors for the private-militia movement include gun control, the incidents at Ruby Ridge(1992) and Waco(1993), the Montana Freemen Standoff(1996) and the restriction of land use by federal agencies, as well as the current Supreme Court decision regarding eminent domain. One can find numerous references in private-militia literature to military bases to be used as concentration camps in the NWO and visiting foreign military personnel conspiring to attack Americans. In reponse to the attack of September 11, congress passed the Patriot Act, a law that supposedly helps fight terrorism, without debate. The Patriot Act contains federal legislation similar to that which the New world order conspiracy theorists predicted. Many feel this act has eroded many American constitutionally guaranteed freedoms, and may encourage growth in the survivalist and private "citizen militia" subcultures. The left wing militias generally consider themselves to be freedom fighters and run the gamut of leftist causes, from the national liberation movements under foreign occupation, to the various terrorist groups such as the Red Brigades, and communist guerillas in Central America. As their funding and armament in the 20th century came almost entirely from the Soviet Union, Maoist China(1949-1976) and other Marxist-Leninist states, many of these organizations declined in their activities during the 1990s, as these governments fell or changed their nature. Within the United States, the Black Panthers and Young Lords claimed an association with such armed 'national liberation' groups. Both groups used guerilla-style uniforms, although they otherwise adopted the culture of a Marxist political party; for example their leaders were the 'Chairman' and 'Minister of Information' rather than using quasi-military titles. The Panthers carried weapons, although both groups' activity was basically political rather than military/terrorist. Contemporary groups such as the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front could be argued to be militias, although they do not use the term themselves. An important difference is that they are unarmed and do not kill people as a matter of policy. As noted above, there is much disagreement about the ability of even the best organized militia to resist a modern regular army. However irregular forces do have several points in their favor, including familiarity with local terrain, dedication (assuming one's home is being threatened), entrenchment, and no obligation to fight " by the rules". The famed successes of Boer and American snipers against British volley fire during their respective wars for independence immediately come to mind. In more modern times, during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising a handful of untrained and poorly armed Polish Jews held off an entire Wehrmacht division for roughly six weeks during the liquidation of that city's Ghetto. Although the uprising was eventually ended by artillery fire, the German Ninth Army was able to accomplish very little throughout most of 1943 as a direct result of this action. Many modern observers have pointed out that the invasion of Poland took only three weeks, and speculate that such resistance early in the war could have stopped the Blitzkrieg in its mechanized tracks. Indeed, the USA is facing a similar situation in Iraq, i.e. a swift victory over conventional military opponent followed by an intractible insurgency. Also, in WWII the French Resistance, armed mainly with captured German weapons and supplied by Allied air drops, were able to cause many disruptions to the Nazis which aided greatly during and after the Allied invasion of 1944. In the United States there were widespread fears of a Japanese invasion of the largely undefended West Coast. Some military experts at the time suggested entrenchment at the Mississippi River in case of such an invasion, on the assumption anything west of that point would be impossible to defend. Such an invasion never materialized, and there are rumors of uncertain authenticity suggesting that the Japanese feared "a rifle behind every blade of grass" -- a reference to the ubiquity of skill-at-arms in the American West at that time, although this theory completely disregards the impossible logistics of such an operation Furthermore, when an Allied invasion of Japan appeared to be imminent later in the war, the Japanese government began arming its populace with bamboo spears. Even to the well-armed and mechanized Allied forces, the prospect of facing such a foe was daunting, and millions of Allied and Japanese casualties were expected. This was a major factor in the decision to use nuclear weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Another case of the effectiveness of militia is that of the Iraqi insurgency; while the regular forces and Republican Guard were quickly crushed by the invading Coalition, the insurgency is estimated to continue perhaps another 12 years. Switzerland's continued neutrality during World War II is often seen to be due to the well-armed and well-trained citizenry. Even when militarily insignificant, irregular action can be highly effective as a demoralizing factor, as famously seen in Vietnam, Iraq, Somalia, and Algeria. Some famous militia organizations: ******************* ******************* Weddellite(CaC 2 O 4·2H 2 O), is a mineral that was named for occurrences of millimeter-sized crystals found in bottom sediments of the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica. Constituted by calcium oxalate. Occasionally, weddellite partially dehydrates to whewellite, forming excellent pseudomorphs of grainy whewellite after weddellite's short tetragonal dipyramids. The weddelite or calcium oxalate di-hydrate crystallizes in the tetragonal system. The classic crystal shape is the eight-face bi-pyramid. In bright field microscopy, the weddelite crystals are recognized easily by their shape that reminds a mail envelope. More complex shapes of weddelite are possible. The dumbbell shape is not rare. The former has no precise angles or sides. This form is, in reality, a microcrystalline agglomerate that takes the shape of a biconcave disc. Weddelite crystals are poorly birefringent and do not show any interference pattern under polarized light. Weddelite crystals are usually of little clinical value. Many specimens develop weddelite crystals on standing. Together, apatite, whewellite, and weddellite are probably the most common urinary stones. ******************* file_id: 2082800 mineral name_PASS occurrence. file_id: 2082800 Weddelite_crystals be . file_id: 2082800 Weddelite_crystals be value. file_id: 2082800 specimen develop crystal. ******************* Opothleyahola, also spelled Opothle Yohola , Opothleyoholo , Hu-pui-hilth Yahola , and Hopoeitheyohola, ( about 1798 – March 27 , 1863 ) was a Muscogee Creek Indian chief, noted as a brilliant orator and spokesperson of the Upper Creek Council. He fought against the United States government during the first two Seminole Wars , and then for the Union during the American Civil War . He was also known by his nickname, "Old Gouge." Opothleyahola was born at Tuckabatchee town in present day Elmore County, Alabama . He is believed to have fought against the whites possibly as early as the War of 1812 and again in the Creek War of 1813 - 1814 , including against General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend . Opothleyoholo swore his allegiance to never again bear arms against the Federal government. After the Creek War, some of the Lower Creek leaders signed a number of treaties that ceded considerable land to Georgia . Eventually, the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense. In 1825 , these chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs , which gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia. The Creek National Council, led by Opothleyahola, protested to the United States government that the treaty was fraudulent. President John Quincy Adams was sympathetic, and eventually the treaty was nullified in a new agreement, the Treaty of Washington (1826) . However, Georgia officials began forcibly removing the Indians . When the Alabama legislature also moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks, Opothleyahola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for appeasement. When none was forthcoming, the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24 , 1832 , which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments. Creeks could either sell their allotments and received funds to remove to the West , or stay in Alabama and submit to the state laws. In 1834 , Opothleyahola traveled to Nacogdoches, Texas , in an attempt to purchase land to accommodate his people. After an initial payment of $20,000, pressure from both the Mexican and American governments forced Opothleyahola to abandon the idea. In 1836 , Opothleyahola, commissioned as a colonel by the U.S. government, led 1,500 of his warriors against rebellious Lower Creeks that had allied with Seminoles in fighting the white occupation. Soon after, Federal authorities forced the emigration of many of the tribes to the West , an exile known as the " Trail of Tears ." In 1837 , Opothleyahola led 8,000 of his people from Alabama to lands north of the Canadian River in the Indian Territory , now Oklahoma . Opothleyahola joined the Freemason s and became a Baptist . He became a wealthy trader and owned a 2,000-acre plantation near North Fork Town, with labor from a number of slaves . He quarreled with "half-breed" Lower Creek leaders, who advocated closer relationships with encroaching whites and had supported the removal to Indian Territory. He encouraged the Creek Council to pass and carry out a death sentence on one of these men, Chief William McIntosh , who had been accused of illegally selling Creek lands to the whites. At the outbreak of the American Civil War , Opothleyahola refused form an alliance with the Confederacy , unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, hoping to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South . On August 15 , 1861 , Opothleyahola and tribal chief Micco Hutko contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the loyalists. On September 10 , they received a positive response stating the United States government would indeed assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas , where they would receive asylum and aid. On November 15 , former Federal Indian Agent and now Confederate Col. Douglas H. Cooper led 1,400 men, including blacks and pro-Confederate Indians, northward to convince Opothleyahola and his followers to support the Confederacy or to "drive him and his party from the country." Believing the promises that the Federal government would provide assistance, Opothleyahola led his band (including Seminoles under Halleck Tustenuggee ) toward Kansas , fighting three battles against their pursuers. At Round Mountain , he was able drive back the Confederates to Fort Gibson . However, in December , he suffered a tactical loss at Chusto-Talasah and then a crushing defeat at Chustenahlah . Only 7,000 of his estimated 9,000 followers survived the battles, disease, and bitter winter blizzards during their ill-fated walk to Fort Row. However, they soon learned that there were not adequate medical attention and supplies there, and the refugees were moved to Fort Belmont, where conditions were still intolerable. The majority of the Creeks had only the clothes on their backs and lacked proper footwear and shelter. Many more perished, among them Opothleyahola's daughter. Opothleyahola died in the Creek refugee camp near the Sac and Fox Agency at Quenemo in Osage County, Kansas . He was buried beside his daughter near Fort Belmont. ******************* file_id: 2093760 law make land_cessions. file_id: 2093760 Federal_authorities force emigration. file_id: 2093760 exile know_PASS trail. file_id: 2093760 Creek_lands refuse form. file_id: 2093760 blacks_,_Chickasaw_and_Seminole_Indians begin . file_id: 2093760 band include seminole. file_id: 2093760 condition be . ******************* Civil society or civil institutions refers to the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations or institutions which form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force backed structures of a state (regardless of that state's political system). While there are myriad definitions of civil society , the London School of Economics Centre for Civil Society working definition is illustrative: Civil society refers to the arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests , purposes and values . In theory, its institutional forms are distinct from those of the state , family and market , though in practice, the boundaries between state, civil society, family and market are often complex, blurred and negotiated. Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power. Civil societies are often populated by organisations such as registered charities, development non-governmental organisations, community groups, women's organisations, faith-based organisations, professional associations, trades unions , self-help groups, social movement s, business associations, coalitions and advocacy groups. Examples of civil society institutions: Whether all of these institutions are by definition part of civil society is up for debate. Neera Chandoke, a scientist from India, thinks not. She concludes that only institutions that are critical of the state are the real thing, while the rest are merely not governmental. The notion here is that not every institution is a 'countervailing power' to the state. In developing countries , civil society is popular with aid donors because it can make government behave in a better way. But mock civil society organisations can exist that serve only to gain access to development aid . The term civil society is currently often used by critics and activists as a reference to sources of resistance to and the domain of social life which needs to be protected against globalization . However, within the United Nations context, the phrase "civil society" has been a source of some controversy, as its meaning also includes businesses as well as private voluntary organisations – see United Nations: Partners in Civil Society . On the other hand others see globalization as a social phenomenon bringing classical liberal values which inevitably lead to a larger role for civil society at the expense to politically derived state institutions. ******************* file_id: 209443 society refer totality. file_id: 209443 organizations_or_institutions form basis. file_id: 209443 institution be . file_id: 209443 institution be . file_id: 209443 society_organisations exist . file_id: 209443 Partners see globalization. ******************* Pickled beet eggs are hardboiled eggs that are put in a container with whole beet s, all soaking in a mixture of vinegar and sugar . Typically, they are left to sit in a cool place or a fridge for two days to a week for desired pickling flavor, and served cold. They are often served as holiday or summertime sides or treats. ******************* file_id: 2107071 beet_eggs hardboil_PASS egg. ******************* Sir Dermot MacDermot (1906-1989), Prince of Coolavin , Chief of the Name, head of the MacDermot clan, and a descendant of the Kings of Moylurg . Sir Dermot MacDermot had served as British Ambassador to Indonesia (1956-59) and Thailand (1961-65). He succeded his brother as The MacDermot upon the latter's death in 1979. His outstanding achievement towards the Macdermot clan was his definitive account of the family, "MacDermot of Moylurg: The Story of a Connacht Family" . It is commonly held to be one of the best - if not the best - books dealing with the origins, history and descent of a Gaelic family. At over five hundred pages it chronicles in depth yet with clarity the affairs of the Kings of Moylurg and their neighbours over the course of six hundred years, and the story of many different MacDermot families from the time the kingdom ceased to exist up to the 20th century. It contains thirty-five family trees concerning MacDermots and their related families, and ten fascinating appendices. Dermot died before seeing the book in print, but it was published shortly after by his sons Niall and Connor. Chiefs of the Name Kings of Moylurg ******************* file_id: 2109419 book deal origins_,_history_and_descent. ******************* St Mark's Basilica ( Italian : Basilica di San Marco in Venezia ) is the most famous of the church es of Venice and one of the best known examples of Byzantine architecture . It lies on St Mark's Square , adjacent and connected to the Doge's Palace and has been the seat of the Patriarch of Venice , archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice since 1807 . The first St Mark's was a temporary building in the Doge’s Palace , constructed in 828 , when Venetian merchants acquired the supposed relics of Saint Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria . This was replaced by a new church on its present site in 832 . The new church was burned in a rebellion in 976 , rebuilt in 978 and again to form the basis of the present basilica in 1063 . The church is based on a Greek cross floorplan, based in part on the Hagia Sophia and the Basilica of the Apostles , both in Constantinople . It has a raised choir with a crypt beneath. The plan of the interior consists of three longitudinal and three transverse nave s. Over the high altar is a baldacchino on columns decorated with eleventh-century reliefs; the altarpiece is the famous Pala d'Oro (Golden Pall) , Byzantine metal-work of the year 1105 , originally designed for an antependium . Behind the high altar is another altar with alabaster columns. The choir stalls are embellished with inlaying by Fra Sebastiano Schiavone , and above them on both sides are three reliefs by Sansovino . On the two marble pulpit s of the ambo are statuettes by the Massegne brothers (1394). Also in the choir are Sansovino's bronze statues of the Evangelists and Caliari's of the Four Doctors. The basilica was consecrated in 1094 , the same year as in which the body of Saint Mark was supposedly rediscovered in a pillar by Vitale Falier , doge at the time. The crypt then housed the relics until 1811 . The building also incorporates a low tower , believed by some to have been part of the original Doge's Palace . While the basic structure of the building has been little altered, its decoration changed greatly over time. The succeeding centuries, especially the fourteenth , all contributed to its adornment, and seldom did a Venetian vessel return from the Orient without bringing a column , capital s, or frieze s, taken from some ancient building, to add to the fabric of the basilica. Gradually, the exterior brickwork became covered with various marble s and carving s, some much older than the building itself. A new frontage was constructed and the dome s were covered with higher wood en domes in order to blend in with the Gothic architecture of the redesigned Doge's Palace. Inside, the walls were covered with mosaic s, in a mixture of Byzantine and Gothic styles, while the floor is a twelfth century mixture of mosaic and marble in geometric pattern s and animal designs. The mosaic contains gold, bronze, and the greatest variety of stones. The Horses of Saint Mark were installed on the basilica in about 1254 . They date to Classical Antiquity ; by some accounts they once adorned the Arch of Trajan . The horses were long displayed at the Hippodrome of Constantinople , and in 1204 Doge Enrico Dandolo sent them back to Venice as part of the loot sacked from Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade . They were taken by Napoleon in 1797 but restored in 1815 and remained in place until the 1990s and now sit in an exhibition room, the horses now on the facade of the cathedral being no more than fibreglass replicas. ******************* file_id: 211329 merchant acquire . file_id: 211329 dome cover_PASS wood. ******************* : For the German cartoon character see Schnappi Snapi is an assistive technology that places automatic teller machine (ATM) user preferences onto a smart card . The full title is Special Needs Application Program Interface – an API created to help people with special needs . When a card containing snapi data is put into an ATM it informs the computer how to communicate with the user. This can enable various accessibility modes such as a high-contrast display or increased font size. When the transaction is complete the ATM returns to its default settings. The card could also be developed for use with any computer system with a smart card reader. The technology was based on European standard EN1332-4 and developed in part by the Royal National Institute of the Blind (RNIB). ******************* file_id: 2114156 technology place teller_machine. file_id: 2114156 title be need. file_id: 2114156 card put_PASS atm. ******************* The Reborn Jedi are characters in the fictional Star Wars Universe . They appeared in the computer games Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast and Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy . They serve as lightsaber and Force wielding enemies in the games. were Imperials who were taken by Desann , a Dark Jedi , to the Valley of the Jedi , thus infusing them with the Force . The name Reborn possibly stems from their 'rebirth' into Force-sensitivity, or from Lord Hethrir's faction the Empire Reborn. The majority of Reborn were from the group of Empire Youth selected by Desann's master Lord Hethrir. Later, Admiral Galak Fyyar , an Imperial Remnant scientist, finished designing the Shadow Armor . This armour was then distributed to the most skilled Reborn, creating the Shadowtroopers . The Reborn project have begun before Kyle Katarn 's fateful interference. Fyyar established a testing facility on Kejim for the Artusian Crystals, the experiments never finished as Katarn infiltrated the base. New Republic scientists concluded that artificially infuse the powers of the Force into living subjects with machines was impossible. Later Desann ordered Tavion to fake murdering Jan Ors on Artus, forcing Katarn to use the power of the Valley for revenge. Desann traced Katarn's ship, thus learning the location of the Valley and solve his technical problems. Therefore it was Kyle Katarn who unwillingly aided the Remnant to create Reborn warriors. Reborn are classified into 5 groups: These colors are a designation of their power. Reborn Boss are the most difficult to defeat in the game. They have been fed the most Force power and possess several abilities. During the assault on the Jedi Academy , Reborn worked in teams, sealing off exits and overwhelming Jedi. Reborn could not use Force Lightning but could Force Push Jedi and even Force Choke them. Even so, they were still defeated because they were never properly trained in the way of the Force and the use of lightsabers . Luke Skywalker stated that the Jedi had the advantages of training and discipline. Reborn had power, but no knowledge to back them up. The only advantage for the Imperials was Reborn warriors outnumbered the Jedi Knights. The source of their lightsabers, considered it was quite a large number, remained an unknown. Reborn made their first public appearance in the Cloud City of Bespin. When Kyle Katarn encountered them, he found the Reborn "looked like a Jedi and fought like a Jedi, but his power felt so... warped." Desann's Apprentice, Tavion, explained the origin of the Reborn to Kyle Katarn later on Bespin Platform. The Elite of the Reborn warriors, the Shadowtroopers were the culmination of Galak Fyyar's efforts in Jedi Outcast . Armed with a lightsaber and suited in the Shadow Armour, they saw the most success in the assault on the Jedi Academy. What differentiates the Shadowtroopers from other Reborn is the Shadow Armor. At first sight the Shadow Armor may look like a TIE Pilot suit, in fact it was developed by Galak Fyyar which has three notable characteristics. Firstly, its black color and the attached Personal Cloaking Device granted the wearer greater stealth capabilities. Secondly, the suit itself has a Cortosis weave giving it a certain amount of resistance to lightsabers. Finally, the armor has an attatched Artusian crystal that has been imbued with the Force in the Valley of the Jedi . It is speculated that by donning the armor one gains Force-sensitive capabilities while wearing it and using the Artusian crystal. During one of the Stormtrooper conversations Kyle Katarn can listen to, one remark to the other that given the Shadow Armor he could do anything the Reborn can do. This suggests the armor instantly grants its user the ability to wield the Force, but not the skill to do so properly. In addition, the Shadowtroopers in the game drop imbued Artusian crystals on death that replenish Kyle's Force meter, acting as further evidence to the theory. When Rogue Squadron destroyed Fyyar's flagship, the Imperial Star Destroyer Doomgiver , it destroyed every Shadowtrooper aboard, and the ones at the Jedi Academy were all destroyed, ending the Shadowtrooper threat. Personal Cloaking Devices returned in Jedi Academy in the hands of certain Imperial Officers. In the game Jedi Academy , sequel to Jedi Outcast , the Reborn returned as enemy forces. They are now divided as New Reborn , Reborn Twin , and the powerful Reborn Master . Apart from standard lightsabers, Academy Reborn were trained to use double-bladed lightsabers as well as dual lightsabers. In the story-based Single Player Mode, as the Player could access more Force Power in Academy than Outcast , so could the Reborn. The Player would often see the Reborn accessing powers like Heal, Protect, Absorb, Lightning, Drain, Rage, etc. Reborn who were lucky enough to survive the events in Jedi Outcast were rounded up by Tavion, Desann's Apprentice. Upon discovering an artifact named the Scepter of Ragnos, Tavion formed a cult called The Disciples of Ragnos , leading the Reborn to fight against the Jedi and the New Republic. Tavion used the scepter to empower new recruits with Force energy, resulting in the rising number of dark powered Cultist and Reborn. In addition, Ragnos Cultists followed a color scheme similar to Outcast Reborn. All Reborn warriors ever existed were supposed defeated after Jedi Academy , ending the Reborn threat forever. ******************* file_id: 2118133 Jedi be character. file_id: 2118133 imperial take_PASS Desann. file_id: 2118133 reborn work team. file_id: 2118133 advantage reborn_PASS warrior. file_id: 2118133 armor_one gain Force. file_id: 2118133 shadowtrooper imbue crystal. file_id: 2118133 reborn return enemy_forces. ******************* Taungoo ( Toungoo ) is a city in the Bago Division of Myanmar , located 220 km from Yangon , towards the northern end of the division, with mountain ranges to both east and west. The main industry is in forestry products, with teak and other hardwood s extracted from the mountains. The city is also known for its areca palms, to the extent that a Burmese proverb for unexpected good fortune is equated to a “ betel lover winning a trip to Taungoo”. King Mingyinyo founded Taungoo (Kaytumadi) in 1510 AD. Although few visible historic remains survive, Taungoo was once the capital of one of the most powerful post- Bagan Burmese kingdoms, over which seven kings reigned for a period of 155 years. All the four sides of the brick city wall remain, with the exception of the part of the southern wall. The 9.6 m wide moat is dried up, except in some of its sections on the eastern side, where it is purposely kept and properly maintained. The eastern portion of Taungoo district in home to many Karen . Major sights: Shwesandaw Paya Myasigon Paya Kawmudaw Paya Thargaya Elephant Camp ******************* file_id: 2127773 industry be forestry_products. ******************* Tex Morton (born Robert William Lane in Nelson, New Zealand , August 30 , 1916 ; died 1983 ) was a pioneer of Australia n country music. About 1934, he recorded some 'hillbilly' songs privately. He later claimed that these were played on New Zealand radio, though this is perhaps unlikely. Some of these recordings have recently come to light, though they haven't been commercially reissued. About 1934 (the exact date is uncertain - Morton himself once claimed it was 1932), he emigrated to Australia, apparently intent on a recording career. On February 25 1936 , he recorded four songs for the Columbia Graphophone Company in Sydney, Australia. Between 1936 and 1943, Morton recorded 93 78-rpm records of his songs (accompanying himself on an acoustic guitar for most tracks) for Columbia's Regal Zonophone label. On some later tracks, he was accompanied by his band, The Rough Riders, and a female singer 'Sister' Dorrie (real name Dorothy Carroll). In 1943, he left Columbia following a dispute with Arch Kerr, the Record Sales Manager, probably over the company's reluctance to use The Rough Riders. He was billed as 'The Yodelling Boundary Rider' on records, though he apparently didn't approve of the name. In 1949 and 1950, he recorded more sides in Sydney and possibly New Zealand. These were released on the Rodeo and Tasman labels; some songs were probably recorded at the instigation of Ralph Peer, who visited Sydney in 1949 and met Morton. Morton, in his career, capitalized on American cowboy and "Wild West" images, and was sometimes billed as "The Singing Cowboy Sensation," performing for rodeos, and singing in a yodeling style that drew heavily on those of American singers such as Jimmie Rodgers . His yodelling was influenced by Rodgers, Goebel Reeves and the British Alpine yodeller, Harry Torrani. Although Morton chose to sing in an American (rather than Australian) accent and sang many songs with American subject matter, several of his recorded songs (such as "The Ned Kelly Song," "Beautiful Queensland," and "Murrumbidgee Jack") feature Australian themes. ("Beautiful Queensland" was a simple re-write of W. Lee O'Daniel's "Beautiful Texas", however.) During the 1930s and 1940s, he gradually 'Australian-ised' many of the songs he wrote. This approach was followed by other Australian country artists who followed in his footsteps, such as Buddy Williams and Slim Dusty , leading to a particular genre of country music - the Australian bush ballad, which was also influenced by the turn-of-the-century poetry of 'Banjo' Patterson and Henry Lawson. From 1950 to 1959, Morton was in Canada and the United States. He toured with Pee Wee King in 1952 and recorded in Nashville in March 1953. He claimed to have toured for six months as an opening act for Hank Williams , but this is extremely unlikely, though he may have met Williams in late 1952 through Oscar Davis, who was Morton's manager and Williams's last manager. Morton toured Canada and the United States as a stage hypnotist, memory expert, whip cracker and sharpshooter, and was associated for some time with the Canadian country singer, 'Dixie' Bill Hilton. He returned to Australia in 1959 with a Grand Ole Opry show, featuring Roy Acuff, the Wilburn Brothers and June Webb, but the show was not popular with Australian audiences and the tour had to be called off. Morton continued to record during the 1960s and 1970s, but increasingly showed an interest in acting. He appeared in Australian television shows and feature movies (eg "We Of The Never Never"). He was the first inductee into Australia's country music Roll of Renown in 1976, recognising his pivotal role in the development of country music in Australia and New Zealand. Morton died on July 23 1983 , after a short illness. In evaluating Morton's career, one has to be careful of exaggerated claims that may not be true. For example, some of the information in the link below is incorrect. "Tex Morton: Boundary Rider," from The New Zealand Edge ******************* ******************* : This article is about a particular design of solar chimney . For the astronomical instrument and other uses of the term, see solar tower . The Solar Tower is a brand of renewable-energy power plant based on the solar chimney concept. Air, passing under a very large agricultural glass house (between 2 and 36 kilometre s in diameter), is heated by the sun and travels upwards towards a convection tower where it rises naturally, thereby driving wind turbine s, which generate electricity . The Solar Tower could be built almost entirely from recycled materials. EnviroMission Ltd Australia owns the exclusive license to German designed solar power technology in Australia. H. Alfred Goolsbee owns the Japanese trademark and service mark "Solar Tower" and retains certain rights to the use of the words "Solar Tower" in the United States as well. EnviroMission is planning to build a Solar Tower in Wentworth Shire , New South Wales , Australia . The originally-announced design called for a 200MWatt tower at a height of 1km and costing around AU$900 million. If built, it would have become the tallest structure in the world by a significant margin, and the announcement attracted significant world attention to the Solar Tower concept. During the final design stages, new heat absorbtion and storage technology was aquired which reduced the height to around 650 metres while generating the same level of power. Shortly after taking on the services of Australia's largest investment bank Macquarie Bank (at the time famous for their infrastructure investments and risk-management) the scale was reduced again to only a 50MWatt tower. This would be the minimum size and the most risk-averse option in what the company announced as a "flexibly scalable" 50-200MWatt range that can be scaled to local and nearby demand. No information has been released on the final size, but applying the square-cube law suggests an estimate of 450 metres or less. Enviromission is also working with Sunshine Energy (Aust.) Pty Ltd. who have made an initial USD$8,000,000 investment to enable development of this technology in China , and a third Solar Tower is reputedly to be built in Texas although few details are available. Several other techonologies exist that can convert solar energy into electrical energy . The solar chimney is part of the solar thermal group of solar conversion technologies. There are two other designs that work in the same way. The first is the solar trough design and the other is the solar dish/Stirling design. Of these technologies the solar dish/ Stirling has the highest energy efficiency (the current record is a conversion efficiency of 30% of solar energy). Solar trough plants have been built with efficiencies of about 20%. The solar chimney has an efficiency of less than 2%. However, due to its greater scale and simplicity, the solar chimney may have an economic efficiency approaching or exceeding that of the other methods. Australia's only existing solar power station, White Cliffs Solar Power Station , was originally built using solar dish/steam turbine technology, but has now been upgraded to photovoltaic to obtain almost twice the electric output from the same dishes. The Vortex engine , proposed by Louis Michaud, is an idea very similar to the solar chimney but replacing the physical chimney by a vortex of twisting air. However it is not absolutely clear that this could be made workable (for instance, wind might disrupt the vortex). ******************* file_id: 213555 Solar_Tower build_PASS material. file_id: 213555 Solar_trough_plants build_PASS efficiency. ******************* Pierre Roger Ducos ( 1747 – 1816 ), better known as Roger Ducos , was a French political figure. He was a member of the National Convention and of the Directory . He was elected deputy to the Convention by the département of the Landes . He sat in the Plain, i.e. , in the party which had no opinion of its own, which always leaned to the stronger side. He voted for the death of Louis XVI , without appeal or delay, but played no noticeable part in the Convention. He was a member of the Council of the Five Hundred, over which he presided on the 18th of Fructidor in the year V. At the end of his term he became a judge of the peace, but after the parliamentary coup d'etat of the 30th of Prairial of the year VIII, he was named a member of the executive Directory, thanks to the influence of Barras , who counted on using him as a passive instrument. Ducos accepted the coup d'etat of Bonaparte on the 18 Brumaire , and was one of the three provisional consuls. He became vice-president of the senate. The Empire heaped favors upon him, but in 1814 he abandoned Napoleon, and voted for his deposition. He sought to gain the favor of the government of the Restoration , but in 1816 was exiled in virtue of the law against the regicides. He died in March 1816 at Ulm , from a carriage accident. In spite of his absolute lack of talent, he attained the highest of positions—an exceptional fact in the history of the French Revolution . ******************* file_id: 2139946 Empire heap favor. file_id: 2139946 vice_-_president attain position. ******************* The Puppet Master is an album by King Diamond released in 2003. A limited edition includes a DVD on which King Diamond is telling the story of The Puppet Master. Female guest vocals are performed by Livia Zita . ******************* file_id: 2151023 Female_guest_vocals perform_PASS Livia_Zita. ******************* :''This article deals with the concept of defending oneself from an attack. For the legal usage, see defense (justification) Self-defense refers to actions taken by a person to defend onself, one's property or one's home. There is considerable debate amongst individuals as to what constitutes an acceptable level of physical force during self-defense. Some individuals prefer a limited pacifist response, while others advocate means up to and including deadly force, such as firearms. Self-defense strategies formed the basis of numerous martial arts , especially East Asian martial arts, which usually provide self-defense classes as part of their curricula . Many schools of self-defense also teach strategies aimed at avoiding or defusing physical confrontations. The curriculum for such courses commonly teach positioning strategies and strengthening the defender's self-confidence, which is assumed to discourage some physical attacks. Some studies, for instance, including those by David Lesak, have shown perpetrators who sexually assault acquaintances test their victims first. The perpetrator will gradually cross the potential victim's boundaries through techniques such as touching or making inappropriate sexual comments. If the woman responds with discomfort or fear his intrusive behavior may escalate to sexual assault. Women who responded to these early tactics with consistent assertiveness avoided rape. In politics, the concept of national or mutual self-defense to counter a war of aggression refers to a defensive war organised by the state, and is one possible criteria in the Just War theory . ******************* file_id: 215864 self form basis. file_id: 215864 strategy aim_PASS avoiding_or_defusing. file_id: 215864 woman respond tactic. ******************* Alaska Seaplane Service is an airline based in Juneau , Alaska , USA . It operates scheduled services around Alaska, as well as charters. Its main base is Juneau International Airport . The airline was established in 1954 and was formerly known as Loken Aviation . Alaska Seaplane Service operates services to the following domestic scheduled destinations (at January 2005 ): Angoon , Elfin Cove , Juneau , Pelican and Tenakee . The Alaska Seaplane Service fleet includes Cessna C-180 Skywagon and DHC-2 Beaver aircraft (at July 2005). ******************* file_id: 2158887 Seaplane_Service operate service. ******************* Joseph Kagan, Baron Kagan ( June 6 , 1915 – January 17 , 1995 ) was a British industrialist and the founder of Kagan Textiles, Elland , who made raincoats from the waterproof Gannex fabric which Kagan had invented. Gannex raincoats were most famously worn by Harold Wilson . He was sent to prison for ten months in 1980 for stealing from from his own companies. Kagan had anglicised his surname from the original Kaganas, and was a Lithuania n Jew . Kagan first came to Britain in 1934 to study at Leeds University but returned to Lithuania where he was trapped on the outbreak of World War II in Kovno . He managed to survive six years in the Kovno ghetto hiding in a factory, and then sold radios in Bucharest . From 1946 he settled in Huddersfield and began work as a blanket weaver. He founded his firm at a small factory opposite Elland Town Hall. His father Benjamin also emigrated: he was the second oldest man in Britain when he died at the age of 109. In 1951 Kagan invented Gannex and his firm began to grow in size (it moved to a larger mill in Dewsbury Road). The raincoats became fashion icons, with several people in the public eye wearing them, including Royalty. Huddersfield was the home town of Harold Wilson who became Leader of the Opposition in 1963 , and Kagan became close to Wilson and provided funding for his private office. In 1967 , he bought Barkisland Hall, Barkisland as accommodation for visitors to his company, and on Wilson's resignation honours list in 1970 he was given a Knighthood. When Wilson finally resigned as Prime Minister, Kagan was made a life peer on the 'Lavender list' in 1976 , taking the Labour Party whip. However, police investigation into irregularities in his companies found criminal behaviour and Kagan was prosecuted; he tried to flee the country to either Israel or Spain but was stopped in Paris . On December 12 , 1980 , he was convicted of four counts of theft and sentenced to ten months' imprisonment and a fine of £105,000. He was stripped of his knighthood but could not lose the peerage, and on his release he campaigned in the House of Lords for prison reform. In 1994 , he suffered a heart attack in the House of Lords chamber. ******************* file_id: 2162823 raincoat become fashion_icons. ******************* The Adriatic League , sometimes called the Goodyear Adriatic League or simply Goodyear League for sponsorship reasons, is a top-level basketball league that features teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Serbia and Montenegro , and Slovenia , all of which are former republics of Yugoslavia . The league exists alongside domestic leagues in each country; all of its teams play in their country's own competitions as well as the Adriatic League. The Adriatic Basketball Association which organizes the league is a full member of ULEB and a voting member of the Euroleague board, so this league can be considered as a local version of the Europe-wide Euroleague , in which many Adriatic League clubs also compete. It does not include teams from the Republic of Macedonia (which was also part of Yugoslavia) or the other Balkan countries. The league was founded in 2001 with 12 teams, the strongest sides of the former Yugoslavia. For the 2002 - 03 season, the league remained at 12 teams, with one team dropping out and Israel i power Maccabi Tel Aviv joining. Maccabi left the league after one season, but the league expanded to 14 teams for 2003- 04 , and to 16 for 2004- 05 . The league reverted to 14 teams for 2005- 06 . Like most European leagues, the regular season consists of a double round-robin schedule, with each team playing every other team home and away. The top teams in the league then advance to a playoff round to crown the league champion. From 2002 through 2004, four teams qualified, and the playoffs were termed the "Final Four"; starting in 2005, eight teams advanced to the "Final Eight" round. All playoff rounds consist of one-off knockout matches, unusual among European leagues. However, since all Adriatic League clubs play in domestic leagues at the same time, and many also play in the Euroleague, the current format has the virtue of limiting fixture congestion for the playoff sides. So far, every team that topped the Adriatic League's regular-season table has gone on to win the championship. At present, the teams in the league are: The teams that dropped out after the 2004-05 season were: ******************* file_id: 2169249 level_basketball_league feature team. file_id: 2169249 league exist league. file_id: 2169249 team be part. file_id: 2169249 round consist knockout_matches. file_id: 2169249 team top league. ******************* The Stöned Age(also known as Tack's Chicks) is a 1994 American movie directed by James Melkonian. This movie opens with a crawl, somewhat like Star Wars, the crawl says:' : Once upon a time'' ' : In a land called Suburbia'' ' : there lived a noble breed of men.'' ' : Men who spent their lives'' ' : on a never-ending quest'' ' : for Honor...'' ' : Glory...'' ' : and Fine Chicks...'' That pretty much sums up this stoner film set during the 1970's featuring the longhaired stoner Michael Hubbs, and his sidekick Joe Connolly, who spend the night cruising around looking for some "fine chicks". They end up hearing about a "shitload of chicks" down by "that Frankie Avalon place" so they go there for a crazy night of partying and almost get their asses kicked in the process. Hubbs and Connelly are out driving around in Hubbs' car "The Blue Torpedo", looking for chicks when they pass a guy named Tack, who they think is a total loser. After Joe spits a loogey at him, Tack yells out "I got some chicks"; so Hubbs backs up and they let Tack get into the car. Tack tells them he has a "shitload" of fine chicks staying near "that Frankie Avalon place." After going to pay for gas and cigarrettes, Hubbs and Connolly talk to the clerk, a guy named Crump, who tells him about two "radical chicks" his brother has up in Torrance Beach near "that Frankie Avalon place." They lie to Crump and tell him that this girl named Desiree Gibson (whom Crump's psychotic brother "digs") is doing amateur night at Dirty Doug's. They end up telling Tack to get out and wash their windows and then leave him at the gas station after finding out 'Tack's chicks' are really 'Crump's brother's chicks'. Hubbs and Joe arrive at the chicks' house, and find out there's only two of them. And only one of the chicks; a girl named Lanie (who looks "just like that chick from the Virgin Killer album") is actually "fine". Lanie won't let them in to party unless they bring some 151. So Hubbs and Joe head to Liquor World, sneak a bottle of 151 past the crazy disco guy clerk, and return to the chick's house. Tack ends up arriving and almost costs Hubbs and Joe to lose the chicks by taking them to a party in Palos Verdes. After getting the girls back home, Hubbs and Laney end up having sex while Joe is stuck talking to her much less attractive friend, Jill. Joe and Jill go for a walk, and when they return find Tack and a gang of horny guys carrying cases of Ox 45 they stole from a warehouse outside Jill's house. Tack calls Jill a fat-ass and the guys all beat up Joe. Jill helps Joe get back into the house and then Crump's brother shows up, he beats down all of the guys outside and tries to get inside the house, Joe and Hubbs keep him out but just when it looks like he is about to get inside, Jill's father, Roger shows up and beats the crap out of him. Hubbs and Joe try to get out of the house before Roger has them arrested, but only Hubbs is able to escape at first. Roger calls the cops and Joe finally escapes after hearing a lecture about "all that heavy metal music". Joe sneaks a kiss from Jill, but forgets to ask for her phone number. That's all folks! ******************* file_id: 2170376 man spend life. file_id: 2170376 Fine_Chicks set_PASS 1970. file_id: 2170376 and_Connelly be shitload. file_id: 2170376 forget ask phone_number. ******************* Surplus value is a concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy , where its ultimate source is claimed to be unpaid surplus labour performed by the worker for the capitalist , serving as a basis for capital accumulation . The German equivalent word "Mehrwert" means simply value-added , but in Marx's value theory, the extra or surplus-value has a specific meaning, namely the amount of the increase in the value of capital upon investment , i.e. the yield regardless of source or form. The problem of explaining the source of surplus value is expressed by Frederick Engels as follows: "Whence comes this surplus-value? It cannot come either from the buyer buying the commodities under their value, or from the seller selling them above their value. For in both cases the gains and the losses of each individual cancel each other, as each individual is in turn buyer and seller. Nor can it come from cheating, for though cheating can enrich one person at the expense of another, it cannot increase the total sum possessed by both, and therefore cannot augment the sum of the values in circulation"." Marx himself regarded the reduction of profit, interest and rent income to surplus-value, and surplus value to surplus labour as one of his greatest theoretical achievements. For Marx, the gigantic increase in wealth and population from the 19th century onwards was mainly due to the competitive striving to obtain maximum surplus-value from the employment of labor, resulting in an equally gigantic increase of productivity and capital resources. To the extent that increasingly the economic surplus is convertible into money and expressed in money, the amassment of wealth is possible on a larger and larger scale (see capital accumulation and surplus product ). In the Communist Manifesto , Marx and Engels wrote: "The bourgeoisie , during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization or rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?" surplus-value in an economy (Marx refers to the or volume of surplus-value) is basically equal to the sum of net distributed and undistributed profit , net interest , net rents , net tax and various net receipts associated with royalties , licensing , leasing, certain honorariums etc. (see also value product ). However Marx's own discussion focuses mainly on profit, interest and rent, largely ignoring taxation and royalty-type fees which were proportionally very small components of the national income when he lived. To illustrate, in the Netherlands the government tax take as a fraction of GDP was about 4% in 1850 compared to 39% in 2002. Accurate measures of net tax yield are not easy, because the state both "taketh and giveth away" in a complex series of transfers. Of course, the way generic profit income is grossed and netted in social accounting may differ somewhat from the way an individual business does that (see also Operating surplus ). Surplus-value may be viewed in five ways: According to Marx's theory of exploitation , living labour at an adequate level of productivity is able to create and conserve more value than it costs the employer to buy; which is exactly the economic reason why the employer buys it, i.e. to preserve and augment the value of the capital at his command. Thus, the surplus-labour is unpaid labour appropriated by employers in the form of work-time and outputs, on the basis that employers own and supply the means of production worked with. The commercial function of labour is only to conserve their value, add value to them, and transfer value. According to Marx's labor theory of value , human labor is the only source of net new economic value, but is also indispensable for the conservation and transfer of economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets). Asset revaluations according to this theory only redistribute claims to product-value which has already been created previously. The rate of surplus-value in production is defined by Marx as the volume of surplus-value produced by the workforce divided by the variable capital (or labour-costs) expended to produce it (the ratio S/V). This is very roughly equivalent to the profits/wages ratio, though there is debate in Marxian economics about what exact profit and wage measures should be used. After all, total labour costs often involve far more than wage payments, and profits can be "grossed" and ""netted" in different ways. Alternative measures Marx cites are: The five measures of the rate of surplus value mentioned do not all refer to the same thing exactly (see further rate of exploitation and surplus product ). However, the basic meaning of the rate of surplus value is always the rate of exploitation of living labour-capacity , i.e. the net yield obtained from the employment of living labour. Marx usually assumed in his models that the rate of surplus-value would be the same in all industries, different rates being equalised to a general norm in an open market for capital and labour. In reality, this is probably not the case, i.e. the rates may vary. Some authors have interpreted this "rate of exploitation" as a purely economic or commercial concept (in the sense of "labor utilisation", the use of a resource) while others see it primarily as a moral or political concept referring to the domination of a social class which commands labour in virtue of ownership of capital assets. Complicating factors in assessing surplus-value are: These phenomena often make it difficult to calculate what the real net wage income is, and what the real net profit income is; there may be a very significant difference between gross income and disposable income. In modern society, the complexity of transactions can often seem almost inpenetrable or opaque. People may become less concerned with issues of exploitation , rather their concern may just simply be with defending their entitlement to a secure real net income ("take home pay") from the work they do, or from any other source. How the exchange between capital and labour happens to be viewed, depends greatly on the balance of power between employers and employees, and on the ability for all parties to the exchange to make gains from the trade in human labor. People would not usually trade unless they made a positive gain by it, but obviously the gains could be very unequally distributed among different parties to the trade. The more real net income capitalists and workers lose, the more concerned they become about fair exchange and exploitation. Surplus-value is not a fixed category but a dialectical, developing one, because the forms in which new value is created and appropriated, and the way the burdens of productive work are shifted between strata of the population, change over time. There is obviously a big difference between simple commodity producers exchanging agricultural surpluses in a village market, and "fast money" in today's global money markets. Historically, Marx argues, surplus-value originated outside production in the first commercial forms of exchange - usury, merchant, rentier and bank capital and their associated lending operations. Thus, the first forms of surplus-value include (leaving aside extortion and robbery etc.) profits from simple commodity production, merchants' profit from "buying cheap and selling dear" or unequal exchange , certain types of rent imposed on production, and interest on loans extended by financiers, bankers and usurers. In Europe, "share" certificates of the joint-stock type date from the 16th century. In ancient and feudal society, the ability to appropriate surplus-value from trade in commodities and capital was usually strongly regulated, and limited by the state and religious authorities; a universal market where almost everything could be bought and sold freely using money did not exist. Originally, as Marx explicitly notes, commercial trade emerged at the boundaries of economic communities based on a non-capitalist mode of production , and it is only when commerce begins to dominate and regulate the bulk of production itself, that it becomes clearer that the ultimate source, or substance, of all surplus-value is really surplus-labour . The processes whereby capitalist commerce conquers direct control of production are however very lengthy and complicated ones; all kinds of socio-economic obstacles ("market rigidities") must be cleared away, and new institutions created, before all the necessary factors of production can be freely bought and sold as inputs and outputs. A good example of that is modern China . Both in Das Kapital and in preparatory manuscripts such as the Grundrisse and Results of the immediate process of production , Marx shows how commerce by stages transforms a non-capitalist production process into a capitalist production process, integrating it fully into markets, so that all inputs and outputs become marketed goods or services. When that process is complete, the whole of production has become simultaneously a labor process creating use-value s and a valorisation process creating new value, and more specifically a surplus-value appropriated as net income (see also capital accumulation ). In fact, Marx argues that the whole purpose of production in this situation becomes the growth of capital, i.e. that production of output becomes conditional on capital accumulation . If production becomes unprofitable, capital will be withdrawn from production sooner or later. This means, systemically, that the main driving force of capitalism becomes the quest to maximise the appropriation of surplus-value augmenting the stock of capital. The overriding motive behind efforts to economise resources and labor is to obtain the maximum possible increase in income and capital assets ("business growth"), and provide a steady or growing return on investment. According to Marx, absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in an accounting period. Marx talks mainly about the length of the working day or week, but in modern times the concern is about the number of hours worked per year. In many parts of the world, as productivity rose, the working classes forced a reduction in the workweek, from 60 hours to 50, 40 or 35 hours; but casualisation and flexibilisation of working hours also permits higher paid workers to work less (a fact of concern to statesmen who worry about international competitiveness, i.e. if we don't work harder our country will lose business). Relative surplus value is obtained mainly by The attempt to extract more and more surplus-value from labor on the one side, and on the other side the resistance to this exploitation, are according to Marx at the core of the conflict between social classes , which is sometimes muted or hidden, but at other times erupts in open class warfare and class struggle . Marxists will often spout rhetoric about class struggle , but in reality there is a big difference between class conflict and class struggle . A class conflict may exist and fester for a long time, without classes being able and willing to organise any mass struggle actively. Employers may provoke a strategic fight in order to demolish workers' militancy in a critical area; or, mass revolts of workers are sparked off by moral outrage about some event, or because conditions have become intolerable. No easy generalisations are possible, especially because the moods, feelings and inclination to act of social classes can change very rapidly; bursts of mass action can take most people by surprise. Marx distinguished sharply between value and price, in part because of the sharp distinction he draws between the production of surplus-value and the realisation of profit income . Output may be produced containing surplus-value ( valorisation ), but selling that output (realisation) is not at all an automatic process. Until payment from sales is received, it is uncertain how much of the surplus-value produced will actually be realised as profit from sales. So, the magnitude of profit realised in the form of money and the magnitude of surplus-value produced in the form of products may differ greatly, depending on what happens to market prices and the vagaries of supply and demand fluctuations. This insight forms the basis of Marx's theory of market value, prices of production and the tendency of the rate of profit of different enterprises to be equalised by competition. In his published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx went into great detail to examine many different factors which could affect the production and realisation of surplus-value. He regarded this as crucial for the purpose of understanding the dynamics and dimensions of capitalist competition , not just business competition but also competition between capitalists and workers and among workers themselves. But his analysis did not go much beyond specifying some of the overall outcomes of the process. His main conclusion though is that employers will aim to maximise the productivity of labour and economise on the use of labour, to reduce their unit-costs and maximise their net returns from sales at current market prices; at a given ruling market price for an output, every reduction of costs and every increase in productivity and sales turnover will increase profit income for that output. The main method is mechanisation , which raises the fixed capital outlay in investment. In turn, this causes the unit-values of commodities to decline over time, and a decline of the average rate of profit in the sphere of production occurs, culminating in a crisis of capital accumulation , in which a sharp reduction in productive investments combines with mass unemployment, followed by an intensive rationalisation process of take-overs, mergers, fusions, and restructuring aiming to restore profitability. Most Marxist discussions focus on the rate of surplus value, but for businessmen, the growth of the mass of surplus-value, or the profit volume produced (denoted here as P ) is just as important, or even more important. The growth of P depends on the growth of the volume of output in an accounting period, and the volume of sales turnover. We can illustrate the point with a simplified example. If: and assuming (perhaps unrealistically) that a sum equal to P is reinvested (with or without the aid of credit) with zero price inflation, we can construct a series of annual business results, starting off with K = 1 million and r = 10% where the profit rate declines by a constant 0.1% per annum (reaching zero in a hundred years): We see here that within two years at least, an 18.5% increase in annual profit volume has occurred, even although the rate of profit decreased by 0.2%. In other words, there's nearly one-fifth more income to disburse to the owners of the capital, although the rate of return fell slightly. What this simplistic example really implies is that, provided market sales keep growing and business expands, a slight fall in the profit rate on capital may not be a point of concern. After all, capital assets have grown, but more importantly, the total volume of revenue that can be distributed has grown. However, if the total profit volume created in a capitalist economy stops growing, this becomes a real problem (as highlighted by Henryk Grossman ). Because in that case, profitability must fall across the board, and business income is reduced everywhere. In some Marxist crisis theories (e.g. by Grossmann and Paul Mattick ), the root cause of economic crisis is precisely that the growth of profit volume is eclipsed by the decline of the profit rate in production, the result being that the total profit volume that can be distributed stagnates or falls. The overall implication is that market expansion is critical for the total volume of surplus-value that can be distributed as profit. Total business income can increase, even although the profit rate on capital invested falls. In general, business leaders and investors are hostile to any attempts to encroach on total profit volume, especially those of government taxation . The lower taxes are, other things being equal, the bigger the mass of profit that can be distributed as income to private investors. It was tax revolts that originally were a powerful stimulus motivating the bourgeoisie to wrest state power from the feudal aristocracy at the beginning of the capitalist era. In reality, of course, a substantial portion of tax money is also redistributed to private enterprise in the form of government contracts and subsidies. If that had not been the case, the tax take would never have been permitted to rise to a quarter or a third of gross product. Capitalists may therefore be in conflict among themselves about taxes, since what is a cost to some, is a source of profit to others. Marx never analysed all this in detail; but the concept of surplus value will apply mainly to taxes on gross income (personal and business income) and the trade in products & services. Estate duty for example rarely contains a surplus value component, although profit could be earnt in the transfer of the estate. Generally, Marx seems to have regarded taxation imposts as a "form" which disguised real product values . Apparently following this view, Ernest Mandel in his 1960 Marxist treatise refers to (indirect) taxes as "arbitrary additions to commodity prices". But this is something of a misnomer, and disregards that taxes become part of the normal cost-structure of production. In his later treatise on late capitalism , Mandel astonishingly hardly mentions the significance of taxation at all, a very serious omission from the point of view of the real world of modern capitalism. Generally, Marx focused in Das Kapital on the new surplus-value generated by production, and the distribution of this surplus value. In this way, he aimed to reveal the "origin of the wealth of nations" given a capitalist mode of production . However, in any real economy, a distinction must be drawn between the primary circuit of capital, and the secondary circuits. To some extent, national accounts also do this. The primary circuit refers to the incomes and products generated and distributed from productive activity (reflected by GDP ). The secondary circuits refer to trade, transfers and transactions occurring outside that sphere, which can also generate incomes, and these incomes may also involve the realisation of a surplus-value or profit. It is true that Marx argues no net additions to value can be created through acts of exchange, economic value being an attribute of labour-products (previous or newly created) only. Nevertheless trading activity outside the sphere of production can obviously also yield a surplus-value which represents a transfer of value from one person, country or institution to another. A very simple example would be if somebody sold a second-hand asset at a profit. This transaction is not recorded in gross product measures (after all, it isn't new production), nevertheless a surplus-value is obtained from it. Another example would be capital gains from property sales. Marx occasionally refers to this kind of profit as profit upon alienation , alienation being used here in the juridical, not sociological sense. By implication, if we just focused on surplus-value newly created in production, we would underestimate total surplus-values realised as income in a country. This becomes obvious if we compare census estimates of income & expenditure with GDP data. This is another reason why surplus-value produced and surplus-value realised are two different things, although this point is largely ignored in the economics literature. But it becomes highly important when the real growth of production stagnates, and a growing portion of capital shifts out of the sphere of production in search of surplus-value from other deals. Nowadays the volume of world trade grows significantly faster than GDP , suggesting to Marxian economists such as Samir Amin that surplus-value realised from commercial trade (representing to a large extent a transfer of value by intermediaries between producers and consumers) grows faster than surplus-value realised directly from production. Thus, if we took the final price of a good (the cost to the final consumer) and analysed the cost structure of that good, we might find that, over a period of time, the direct producers get less income and intermediaries between producers and consumers (traders) get more income from it. That is, control over the access to a good, asset or resource as such may increasingly become a very important factor in realising a surplus-value. In the worst case, this amounts to parasitism or extortion . The first attempt to measure the rate of surplus-value in money-units was by Marx himself in chapter 9 of Das Kapital , using factory data of a spinning mill supplied by Friedrich Engels (though Marx credits "a Manchester spinner"). Both in published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx examines variables affecting the rate and mass of surplus-value in detail. Some otherwise intelligent Marxist thinkers like Geoffrey Pilling and Ira Gerstein have argued that surplus value "cannot be measured", but that was demonstrably not the view of Marx and Engels themselves. The real question was how accurately it could be measured, and this depended on the publicly available data. We can develop statistical indicators of trends, without mistakenly conflating data with the real thing they represent, or postulating "perfect measurements or perfect data" in the empiricist manner. If theory is not disciplined by valid data, it becomes metaphysical , rather than being scientific. Since the pioneering studies by Marxian economists like Eugen Varga , Charles Bettelheim, Joseph Gillmann, Edward Wolff and Shane Mage, there have been numerous attempts by Marxian economists to measure the trend in surplus-value statistically using national accounts data. The most convincing modern attempt is probably that of Professors Anwar Shaikh & Ahmet Tonak. Usually this type of research involves reworking the components of the official measures of gross output and capital outlays to approximate Marxian categories, in order to estimate empirically the trends in the ratios thought important in the Marxian explanation of capital accumulation and economic growth : the rate of surplus-value , the organic composition of capital , the rate of profit , the rate of increase in the capital stock, and the rate of reinvestment of realised surplus-value in production. The Marxian mathematicians Emmanuel Farjoun and Moshé Machover argue that "even if the rate of surplus value has changed by 10-20% over a hundred years, the real problem to explain is why it has changed so little" (quoted from The Laws of Chaos; A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy (1983), p. 192). The answer to that question must, in part, be sought in artifacts (statistical distortion effects) of data collection procedures. Mathematical extrapolations are ultimately based on the data available, but that data itself may be fragmentary and not the "complete picture". Experienced financial analysts are, however, liable to shake their heads at these kinds of Marxian empirical estimates from official data. As regards total profit volume, statisticians use survey data, administrative records, and tax data to estimate it, consistent with a standard definition of gross product and capital transactions. But this may include or exclude items at variance with real business practice. Some types of transactions are disregarded, while imputations are made for other transactions. Almost always tax data is the main source of generic profit estimates, but tax data typically understate true profitability. Or, if the rate of profit is measured as a ratio between the total profit component in value added and fixed capital, what is ignored is that capital assets include more than fixed assets, and that profit income includes more than the value added component. So to assess profit volume or profitability, really the problem has to be looked at using a variety of different measures and a variety of difference sources (national accounts data, tax data, direct surveys, company reports and circumstantial evidence). As against that, it can also be shown statistically that most time series of different profit measures from different sources will show the same historical trends (see e.g. the research by Dumenil & Levy). In neo-Marxist thought, Paul A. Baran for example substitutes the concept of "economic surplus " for Marx's surplus value. In a joint work, Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy define the economic surplus as "the difference between what a society produces and the costs of producing it" ( Monopoly Capitalism , New York 1966, p. 9). Piero Sraffa also refers to a "physical surplus" with a similar meaning, calculated according to the relationship between prices of physical inputs and outputs. In these theories, surplus product and surplus value are equated, while value and price are identical, but the distribution of the surplus tends to be separated theoretically from its production ; whereas Marx insists that the distribution of wealth is governed by the social conditions in which it is produced , especially by property relations giving entitlement to products, incomes and assets (see also relations of production ). In Capital Vol. 3, Marx insists strongly that "the specific economic form, in which unpaid surplus labour is pumped out of direct producers, determines the relationship of rulers and ruled, as it grows directly out of production itself and, in turn, reacts upon it as a determining element. Upon this, however, is founded the entire formation of the economic community which grows up out of the production relations themselves, thereby simultaneously its specific political form. It is always the direct relationship of the owners of the conditions of production to the direct producers -- a relation always naturally corresponding to a definite stage of he methods of labour and thereby its social productivity -- which reveals the innermost secret, the hidden basis of the entire social structure, and with it the political form of the relation of sovereignty and dependence, in short, the corresponding specific form of the state. This does not prevent the same economic basis -- the same from the standpoint of its main conditions -- due to innumerable different, empirical circumstances, natural environment, racial relations, external historical influence, etc. from showing infinite variations and gradations in appearance, which can be ascertained only by analysis of the empirically given circumstances." (see also relations of production ). This is a substantive - if abstract - thesis about the basic social relations involved in giving and getting, taking and receiving in human society , and their consequences for the way work and wealth is shared out. It suggests a starting point for an inquiry into the problem of social order and social change . But obviously it is only a starting point, not the whole story, which would include all the "variations and gradations". Some economic historians argue that Marx did not discover the concept of surplus-value, because other political economists (e.g. Karl Rodbertus-Jagetzow ) had already discovered it first. There is some truth in this, but as against that, Marx only claimed that he had theoretically refined and systematised existing notions of added value, removing inconsistencies and apologistic theories (he himself claimed little originality, and normally carefully documented "who said it first"; he was among the first economic thinkers to use an extensive apparatus of footnotes). His theoretical presentation is far superior though to that of his contemporaries, as economic historians acknowledge. A substantive, foundational criticism of Marx's concept of the surplus product and surplus-value was made by Harry W. Pearson in the 1950s in his essay, "The economy has no surplus". Another modern, more sophisticated critique of the concept is by Helen Boss (see references). An alternative criticism is by Steve Keen, who argues that the economy does have a surplus, but that it can arise from numerous different sources. Specifically, he claims that "mathematics and Marx's philosophy confirm that surplus value - and hence profit - can be generated from any input to production" ( Debunking Economics , p. 298). Thus Marx's view that economic value is a human attribution or comparison, and that only human labour can conserve, transfer and create value is rejected. A typical textbook-type example of an alternative interpretation to Marx's is provided by Lester Thurow . "In a capitalistic society", he argues in an Concise Encyclopedia of Economics article, "profits - and losses - hold center stage." But what, he asks, explains profits? There are five reasons for profit, according to Thurow: The problem here is that Thurow doesn't really provide an objective explanation of profits so much as a moral justification for profits, i.e. as a legitimate entitlement or claim, in return for the supply of capital. He adds that "Attempts have been made to organize productive societies without the profit motive (...) but since the industrial revolution... there have been essentially no successful economies that have not taken advantage of the profit motive." The problem here is again a moral judgement, dependent on what you mean by success. Some societies using the profit motive were ruined; profit is no guarantee of success, although you can say that it has powerfully stimulated economic growth. Thurow goes on to note that "When it comes to actually measuring profits, some difficult accounting issues arise." Why? Because after deduction of costs from gross income, "It is hard to say exactly how much must be reinvested to maintain the size of the capital stock". Ultimately, Thurow implies, the tax department is the arbiter of the profit volume, because it determines depreciation allowances and other costs which capitalists may annually deduct in calculating taxable gross income. This is obviously a theory very different from Marx's. In Thurow's theory, the aim of business is to maintain the capital stock. In Marx's theory, competition , desire and market fluctuations create the striving and pressure to increase the capital stock; the whole aim of capitalist production is capital accumulation , i.e. business growth maximising net income. In Thurow's theory, profit is mainly just "something that happens" when costs are deducted from sales, or else a justly deserved income. For Marx, increasing profits is, at least in the longer term, the "bottom line" of business behaviour: the quest for extra surplus-value, and the incomes obtained from it, are what guides capitalist development (in modern language, "creating maximum shareholder value"). That quest, Marx notes, always involves a power relationship between different social classes and nations, inasmuch as attempts are made to force other people to pay for costs as much as possible, while maximising one's own entitlement or claims to income from economic activity. The clash of economic interests that invariably results, implies that the battle for surplus value will always involve an irreducible moral dimension; the whole process rests on complex system of negotiations, dealing and bargaining in which reasons for claims to wealth are asserted, usually within a legal framework. That was the main reason why the real sources of surplus-value were shrouded or obscured by ideology , and why Marx thought that political economy merited a critique. Quite simply, economics proved unable to theorise capitalism as a social system , at least not without moral biases intruding in the very definition of its conceptual distinctions. Hence, even the most simple economic concepts were often riddled with contradictions. But market trade could function fine, even if the theory of markets was false; all that was required was an agreed and legally enforcable accounting system. http://www.jourdan.ens.fr/~levy/ http://www.debunking-economics.com/ ******************* ******************* Jirka and Karel Bartok are gay pornographic actors from the Czech Republic who appear in adult films . They are identical twin brothers, best known for scenes in which they have sex with each other. Performing individually, the twins usually perform in the bottom role. After appearing in Bounced Czechs , in which the twins wrestled and masturbate d with each other, they made their most well-known film, 2000 's Double Czech , in which the brothers have both oral and anal sex with each other. Some versions were released without this last season featuring their consummation. Karel Bartok is sometimes credited as Karol Bartok or Zdenek Bartok . ******************* file_id: 2186487 and_Karel_Bartok be actor. ******************* The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world. It is one of the five churches that comprised what is now the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church before the Great Schism . It is a major inheritor of Syriac Christianity and has Syriac , a dialect of Aramaic , as its official language. The church is led by the Syrian Patriarch of Antioch . The church is often referred to as Jacobite (after Jacob Baradaeus ) or Monophysite , but these terms are misleading, and not appreciated by the some of the church today. In 2000 , a Holy Synod ruled that the name of the church in English should be the Syriac Orthodox Church . Before this, it was, and often still is, known as the Syrian Orthodox Church . The name was changed to disassociate the church from the polity Syria . The official name of the church in Syriac is '' '', this name has not changed, nor has the name changed in any other language. The Syriac Orthodox Church claims to be the first church of Christianity , established in Antioch by the Apostle St. Peter in 34 AD. The current head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is the Patriarch His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas , who resides in Damascus , the capital of Syria . The Church has about 26 archdiocese s and 11 patriarchal vicarate s. Some estimate that the church has about four million members globally. Patriarch Zakka was enthroned head of the church on 14 September 1980 , the feast of the Cross . Syriac Orthodox faithful around the world took part in silver jubilee celebrations of his patriarchate in 2005 . The church in Malankara, Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church is an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church with the Patriarch of Antioch as its supreme head. The local head of the church in Malankara is the Catholicose of India , currently His Beatitude Baselios Thomas I , ordained by and accountable to the Patriarch of Antioch. The Syrian orthodox divine liturgy is performed in Syriac . Both it and the Chalcedonian Antiochian Orthodox Church claim to be the sole legitimate church of Antioch and successor of the Apostle St. Peter. There are also three uniate churches headed by Patriarchs of Antioch — the Syrian Catholic Church , the Maronites and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church . There is also an unrelated (so-called Nestorian ) Assyrian Church of the East . ******************* file_id: 219283 church base_PASS Middle_East. ******************* The Brick Testament is a project created by Brendan Powell Smith in which Bible stories are illustrated using still photographs of dioramas constructed entirely out of Lego bricks. The project began as a website in October 2001 that featured six stories from the book of Genesis . The popularity of the website has also spawned a Brick Testament book series. Aside from its ambitious scope and its use of Lego as an art medium, what also sets the project apart from other illustrated versions of the Bible is its strict adherence to scripture . All stories are retold using direct quotes of passages from the Bible, with chapter and verse numbers cited. The website and book series have become popular both among religious believers who often use its material for evangelical and instructional purposes ( Sunday School classes, etc.) and among non-Christians who view The Brick Testament as pointing out the absurdities of the Bible. Smith's stated purpose in creating The Brick Testament is to increase people's knowledge of the Bible, whether they are believers or not. A graduate of Boston University with a degree in Philosophy & Religion , Smith says he first read the Bible in its entirety in college, and came away from it amazed at how little of it most people are familiar with, regardless of their level of religious devotion. The dioramas seen in The Brick Testament are created at home using Smith's personal Lego collection. He generally does not alter the Lego bricks themselves, but picks and chooses pieces from hundreds of Lego sets dating from the 1960s to the present, and recombines them to create the various Biblical scenes. In the few instances where alterations are made to Lego elements, they are generally simple changes made with a hobby knife or permanent ink marker. One notable instance of such alteration is God 's hair. Since the Lego Group has never released a white hair piece for their minifigure s, Smith made God's white hair by carving a white helmet piece. The only completely non-Lego part of Smith's scenes is the background sky, which is generally a piece of posterboard with blue sky printed on it. All of Smith's images are digital. Smith photographed early scenes with a Nikon Coolpix 950 . He currently uses a Nikon Coolpix 4500. After photographing the scenes, he adds speech balloon s and sometimes makes alterations using image editing programs such as Paint Shop Pro or Adobe Photoshop . The wording of the Bible passages used in The Brick Testament is Smith's own, and is based on a number of public domain Bible translations. The Brick Testament website began in October 2001. It originally featured six stories from the book of Genesis . The site now contains nearly 200 illustrated stories from both the Old and New Testaments. It had an Alexa traffic rank of 44,701 in August 2005. Each story is marked for the following content: The website features official Brick Testament merchandise, including the "Moses & the Ten Commandments" and "The Holy Trinity" custom sets. Currently, five hardcover Brick Testament books have been published. (ISBN 1931686459) was the first Brick Testament book in print. It features more than 175 photographs and was published by Quirk Books in 2003. It contains the following stories: The Brick Testament: The Story of Christmas (ISBN 1594740127). It is 175 pages and contains quotations from Matthew and Luke . It was published by Quirk Books in 2004. (ISBN 1594740445). It was published by Quirk Books in 2005. It contains the following stories: Das 1. Buch L. (ISBN 3725413363) is the German language version of The Brick Testament: Stories from the Book of Genesis . It was published by Sanssouci in 2004. レゴで遊ぶ天地創造ものがたり (ISBN 4576042351) is the Japanese language version of The Brick Testament: Stories from the Book of Genesis . It was published by Futami (二見書房) in 2004. ******************* file_id: 2202232 Bible_stories illustrate_PASS . file_id: 2202232 photograph construct_PASS . file_id: 2202232 All_stories be . file_id: 2202232 alteration make_PASS element. file_id: 2202232 change make_PASS hobby_knife. file_id: 2202232 Smith photograph scene. ******************* The Streaked Xenops , Xenops rutilans , is a passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World from Costa Rica and Trinidad south to Bolivia and northern Argentina . It is a member of the South America n bird family Furnariidae , a group in which many species build elaborate clay nests, giving rise to the English name for the family of "ovenbirds". However, Streaked Xenops simply places a few stems and roots in a hole in a tree. The normal clutch is two white egg s, incubated by both sexes. This species is a resident breeder in forest habitats. The Streaked Xenops is typically 12.2 cm long, weighs 12.6 g, and has a stubby wedge-shaped bill. The head is dark brown with a whitish supercilium and malar stripe. The upperparts are brown, becoming rufous on the tail and rump, and there is a buff bar on the darker brown wings. The underparts are white-streaked olive brown. Sexes are similar. The Streaked Xenops is is often difficult to see as it forages for insect s, including the larvae of wood-boring beetle s, on bark, rotting stumps or bare twigs. It moves in all directions on the trunk like a treecreeper , but does not use its tail as a prop. It may be located by its chattering call, a series of 5 or 6 metallic zeet notes. ******************* file_id: 2204516 species build clay_nests. file_id: 2204516 sex be tail_and_rump. ******************* : For the Will Ferrell film, see Old School (film) . For the Tobias Wolff memoir, see Old School (memoir) . Old school , variously spelled old skool , oldschool or oldskool , is a slang term referring to old ways of thinking or acting, and to old objects in general, within the context of newer, more modern times. It generally does not have a negative connotation (cf. obsolete or out-dated ). Indeed, it may be used to indicate a time (perceived to be) of better standards or level of craft. Many apply the term old school as if one would say, "They just don't make 'em like this anymore." Old school is often interchangeable with the word nostalgic but practitioners of semantics often define old school as simply something of an earlier period but not necessarily inferior or hopelessly dated. Nostalgia, on the other hand, is often given a negative connotation. For example, as a sentimental attachment to dated works many of which are now considered embarrasingly 'corny' or 'cheesy' in their execution. This definition is often associated with cartoons and other children's shows, especially after one reaches adulthood. Old School has some specific uses: The 'Old Skool' is also a style of shoe made by Vans. ******************* ******************* : This article was Spanish Translation of the Week . The #Central region and las Pampas , #Northwest region and Cuyo , #Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego , #Appendix sections still need to be translated. The Spanish text has been commented out; to translate, simply click edit on the specific sections. You can also help by copyediting and proofreading. Argentine cuisine is distinct from that of the rest of Latin America by the characteristic influx of two great Europe an traditions: Italian and Spanish cuisine . Beyond these there is the influence of native American cuisine. Among the native influences one must note those of Andean origin (including Quechua and Mapuche as well as many others) and those of Amazonic origin (such as the Guaraní ). Given the importance of Italian, Spanish and even Near-East influx, the typical Argentine diet is a continuation what is often called the Mediterranean diet . Another determining factor of Argentine cuisine is that Argentina is one of the world's major food producers, including wheat , maize , meat (especially beef ), milk , and since the 1970s , also soybean s. The large production of red meat makes it a common part of the Argentine diet (in many periods of Argentine history the annual consumption of red meat has been above 100 kg per capita, and in the 19th century, consumption neared 180 kg per capita). Similarly, the huge size of the production of wheat have made white (wheat flour) bread the most commonly found on the table, and explains the success of certain Italian dishes based on it. Besides the regional differences which are mentioned in this article, there exist at least two others which are important in understanding Argentine cuisine: The first distinguishes a cuisine that is essentially urban (highly influenced by the "globalization" of cuisine and its customs) from a rural one, which is more traditional and occasionally, more 'folkloric'. The other distinction is made on the basis of socioeconomic criteria. Argentines are famous for their high protein diet, particularly beef . Grilled meat ( parrillada ) from the asado is a staple, with steak and beef ribs especially common. Chorizo , morcilla , chinchulines , mollejas , and other parts of the animal are enjoyed. In Patagonia , lamb and chivito — goat — are eaten more than beef. Whole lambs and goats can be seen on the asado. Chimichurri , a sauce of herbs and chili, is usually the only seasoning for steak and chorizo. Breaded and fried meat — milanesa s — are used as snacks, in sandwiches or eaten warm with mashed potato es — puré . Empanadas — pastries of meat, cheese, sweet corn and a hundred other varieties — are a common sight for parties, starters and picnic s across Argentina. Vegetables and salads are important too for Argentines, even beyond the fried or mashed potato. Tomato es, onions , lettuce , eggplant s, squash es and zucchini are common sides. Just as much as beef, Italian staples, such as pizza and al dente pasta , are eaten. It is said that Buenos Aires has more pizzerias than Rome . Fideos , ñoquis , ravioles and canelones can be bought freshly-made on every block in Buenos Aires . Italian-style ice cream is made in huge parlours, with even drive-thru places offering hundreds of flavors to satisfy this national obsession. In Chubut , the Welsh community is known for their teahouses, with scones and Torta Galesa , rather like Bara Brith . Sandwiches de miga are delicate sandwiches made with crustless buttered white bread, very thinly sliced cured meat and cheese and leaf lettuce. They are often purchased from entrepreneurial home cooks and consumed with a Quilmes beer for a light evening meal. In the provinces, food is less European and more influenced by pre-Columbian and colonial traditions, with maize , beans, pumpkin s and chilis making more appearances, whereas in Buenos Aires, even black pepper has been shunned. Locro is a spicy stew of white maize, often with pumpkin and sausage . Pucheros (stews) and cazuelas (casserikes) reflect a blend of Amerindian and Spanish cuisines. The sweet paste, Dulce de leche is another national obsession, used to fill cakes and pancakes, spread over toasted bread for breakfast or as an ice cream flavour. Alfajor es are shortbread cookies sandwiched together with dulce de leche or a fruit paste. The "policeman's" or "truck driver's" sweet is cheese with quince paste or dulce de membrillo . Dulce de batata is made of sweet potato / yam : this with cheese is the Martin Fierro 's sweet. Fruits of Argentina are delicious, and their quinces, apple s, pear s, peach es, kiwifruit s, avocado s and plum s are major exports. A traditional drink of Argentina is a tea-like drink called yerba mate or mate . The dried leaves and twigs are placed in a small cup, also called mate , usually made from a gourd, but also bone or horn. The drink is sipped through a metal or cane straw called a bombilla . Mate can be sweetened with sugar, or flavoured with aromatic herbs or dried orange peel, to hide its strong bitter flavour, although this a less traditional method, looked at unkindly by seasoned drinkers, as the added flavours may remain in the gourd and influence later mates . Hot water is poured into the gourd at near-boiling point so as to not burn the herb and spoil the flavour. This action is called cebando el mate , and is consdered an important social ritual. At family or small social gatherings, one mate may be shared by the group, with the host preparing the mate to the preference of each guest. When one guest is finished, the mate is returned to the host, who will then prepare a mate for another guest. Mate cocido is the same leaf, which rather than brewed, is boiled and served, as coffee or tea, with milk or sugar to taste. Other typical drinks include wine (occasionally mixed with soda water); tea and coffee are equally important. 'Quilmes' is the national brand of lager , named after the town Quilmes where it was first produced. Although there exists an Argentine cuisine that is common to the whole country— asado s (grilled meats), dulce de leche (a sweet caramel-like custard), empanadas and mate —there is a cuisine that is specific to each of four regions of Argentina, which follow in order of population (2005): This region comprises of the provinces of Buenos Aires , Córdoba , Santa Fe , La Pampa , part of Entre Ríos , and all of the Autonomos City of Buenos Aires . This region of Argentina has received the greatest direct European influence, most visibly from Italy . It is also a crucial center of cattle production for Argentina and is thus the origin of the quintessentially Argentine dishes carne asada (roasted beef) and dulce de leche . It is here that red-meat-based foods are combined with white meat, diary products and pasta, producing a high- protein diet . In addition to the aforementioned carne asada and dulce de leche , other dishes that typify the region are milanesas , or breaded meats. A common dish of this variety is the milanesa napolitana (the name comes from Naples , Italy ). Milanesa napolitana is an Argentine innovation despite its name. In addition to roast beef, bifes , and churrascos , a visitor to the central region will find many dishes of Italian origin that have been incorporated into the Argentine cuisine and heavily modified from their original forms. Pizza (locally pronounced ), for example, has been wholly subsumed and in its Argentine form more closely resembles Italian calzone s than it does its Italian ancestor. Typical or exclusively Argentine pizzas include , (stuffed pizza), (pizza by the meter), and (grilled pizza). While Argentine pizza, derives from Neapolitan cuisine, the Argentine / comes from the ( Genoa n), but in any case its preparation is rather different. It is rather different in preparation from its Italian counterpart, and the addition of cheese to make the dish or is an Argentine invention. Another Argentine invention is fainá , a type of fugazza made with chickpea flour (adopted from Spain). During the 20th century , people in pizza shops in Buenos Aires, Rosario or Córdoba have commonly ordered a "combo" of moscato , pizza, and fainá . This is a large glass of a sweet wine called moscato ( muscat ), plus two triangular stacked pieces (the lower one being pizza and the upper one fainá ). Nevertheless, the pasta s (pasta, always in the plural) surpass pizzas in consumption levels. Among them are tallarines ( fettuccine ), ravioles ( ravioli ), ñoquis ( gnocchi , and canelones ( cannelloni ). They are usually cooked, served, and consumed in Argentine fashion, called al-uso-nostro , a phrase of Italian origin. For example, it is common for pasta to be eaten together with white bread ("French bread"), which is unusual in Italy. This can be explained by the low cost of bread and the fact that Argentine pastas tend to come together with a large amount of tuco sauce (Italian suco "juice"), and accompanied by estofado (stew). Less commonly, pastas are eaten with a dressing of pesto , a green sauce based on basil , or salsa blanca ( Béchamel sauce ). The sorrentinos are also a local dish with a misleading name (they do not come from Sorrento , but were invented in Mar del Plata ). They look like big round ravioles stuffed with mozzarella , cottage cheese and basil in tomato sauce . comes from northern Italy and is very common throughout Argentina. But unlike in Italy, this cornmeal is eaten as a main dish, with sauce and melted cheese. Spanish influences are abundant: desserts like the churros (cylinders of pastry, usually fried, sometimes filled with dulce de leche ) and ensaimadas , alfajor es , and dishes such as the tortillas ( omelet s, especially made of potato, and having little to do with the Mexican dish of the same name), most kinds of stew, and puchero . Many of the guiso s and puchero s ( stew s) are derived from Spain. , though typically South American, have an Andalucia n origin (they derived from the Near-Eastern and ), and they can be also traced to the Galicia n empanada and to certain stuffed . Germanic influence is comparatively small, but appears remarkable in the field of sweet dishes. The pastries known as facturas are Germanic in origin: croissant s, known as medialunas , are the most popular of these, and can be found in two varieties: butter- and lard-based. Also German in origin are the "Berlinese" known as bolas de fraile ("friar's balls"), and the rolls called piononos . The facturas were re-christened with local names given the difficult phonology of German, and usually Argentinized by the addition of a dulce of leche filling. Most dishes of the Central/Pampean region are urban, often requiring a gas oven of a type not found in the countryside. This is not strange considering that more than 80% of the Argentine population is concentrated in the main cities of this region ( Buenos Aires , Rosario , Córdoba , etc.). Not much is left of the gaucho food, except asado , dulce de leche , mate (the yerba mate infusion), tortas fritas , and arroz con leche ( rice pudding ). The scene was different until the first half of the 19th century. Lucio V. Mansilla in his Memorias records that that in the cities of Buenos Aires province (which at that time also included Montevideo , now in Uruguay ) common foods were quibebe , mazamorra (a sweet, milky corn pudding) as a dessert, chancaca (a sugary, brown, corn cake), the pacú fish, surubí , sábalo , asados (roasts) etc. When the Salta -born Juana Manuela Gorriti wrote her book La cocina ecléctica ("Eclectic Cuisine") in the last years of the 19th century, already a large part of the Argentine preparations mentioned in this book were forgotten among the people of the Central region and the Pampas. It was precisely in this era that the great innovative influx of Italian immigrants and Italian food occurred. The aforementioned L.V. Mansilla noted the existence of ravioles in principal cities of the River Plate basin around the 1880s ; Jorge Luis Borges said that "the first time" that he came to know ravioli was at the beginning of the 20th century, while very young, at the home of Italian immigrants whose Argentine son invited him. In the rural areas of the Pampas corresponding to la Pampa Húmeda , principally in the center and south of Santa Fe, center, east and south of Córdoba and north Buenos Aires, sausage preparations such as salames ( salami ), bondiola s , codeguines , salamines , etc. are very common. The preparation of ham is inherited as much from the Spanish jabugo s as from the prosciutti of Parma (Italy). The most famous Argentine hams are probably the jamones serranos (Serrano hams) from Sierras de Córdoba and environs. The Northwest and Cuyo includes the provinces of Jujuy , Salta , Catamarca , Tucumán , Santiago del Estero , La Rioja , San Juan , Mendoza , and San Luis . The region includes the provinces of Corrientes , Chaco , Misiones , Formosa , and most of Entre Ríos , the north of Santa Fe , and the east of Santiago del Estero . Four principal foods characterize the nourishing productions of this Argentine region: la mandioca , rice, freshwater fish, and mate. This area of Argentina provides yerba mate ( caá ) to the rest of the nation, and even to neighboring states. The two provinces of Corrientes and Misiones are the principal producers of yerba . As the main producer of yerba mate, the mate drink is most popular in this area. In the Northeast, mate is sometimes mixed with cold fruit juices (called Tereré ), or even with spirits. cassava and many dishes of Northeast Argentina are identical or very similar to those of Paraguay and of Santa Cruz de la Sierra . Common foods include varieties of homemade breads ( ), some made with flour, and tapioca . Varieties of tapioca called and spread throughout Southern cone due to internal migrations. is also the base for the dish called (also known as or ). Empanadas are also made here with flour instead of traditional wheat flour. Rice is widely available and is often used in the filling of empanadas. In the Entre Rios province it is also possible to find empanadas filled with milk pudding . The abundance of rivers, streams, and lagoons makes fish common to the northeastern diet. Among the fish commonly eaten are pacú , dorado , surubí , mandiyú , manguruyú , patí and boga . They can be roasted, served with rice stews or in empanadas. ( capybara ) and meat were common before the arrival of the Spanish conquest, and can still be found. The ''carpincho' is sometimes cooked by placing hot stones inside the dead animal. Fruit production is also widespread, and fruit is a component of various desserts and beverages. The horticultural fruits are oranges , banana s, watermelon s, avocado s, grapefruit s, tangerine s, and pineapple s. Palm tree s are found in this region, and the palmitos ( palm heart s) are nowadays eaten all over Argentina, usually with Salsa Golf , a mix of ketchup and mayonnaise . This region consists of the provinces of Chubut , Neuquén , Río Negro , Santa Cruz , and Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands . Here, one can encounter asados (roasts), dulce de leche , empanadas (except for the Falkland Islands ), and the intake of infusions of yerba mate (although it often has to come from abroad). Tallarines, Raviolis, ñoquis ( gnocchi ), and pizzas are also common in Southern Argentina. Unlike the rest of the country, the southern region has, like its natural production, migratory influences, and its climate, has come unique characteristics. In addition to the always present influence of Italian and Castillian flavors, one can notice the influence of Central and Northwestern Europe. Welsh immigration, for example, since the second half of the 1960s in Chubut has introduced two large contributions to local cuisine: the torta negra , and the cheese called Chubut , whose consumption later sspread to the greater part of Patagonia (especially in Neuquén ) and in the south of the province of Buenos Aires. Central European immigration has spread the preparation of certain deserts and sweets (cherry, apple, raspberry, bilberry , rosa mosqueta , zarzaparrilla ( sarsaparilla ), sauces, etc.) chocolates like those of Bariloche and the practice of smoking wild boar and red deer meat. The original peoples had made their particular contributions, such as the curanto , el ñaco (a kind of porridge), breads and cakes made from flour composed of "nuez" de pehuén , a candy called llao llao , as well as the fruits of the lenga and calafate . The coastlines and lakes of this region have proven rich in fish and shellfish , leading to extravagant preparation of seafood . It is common to find "patés" , roasts and guisos of centolla ( spider crab ), squid , giant squid , octopus , pollock , salmon , trout s, corvina s , oyster s, and so forth. The cold weather is a good "excuse" for the consumption of spirits, the Andean portion of Patagonia produces their crafted beers, and the current trends compare those found in Ireland and Central Europe. In the valleys of the Río Negro y Neuquén (ultimately going into northwest Chubut) fine white wines such as Riesling are made, being perhaps the most southern vineyards in the world. Inevitably, there are also roasts. Characteristically, in the southern part of Argentina, besides cattle roast, there are pig roasts, goat roasts, and especially corderito patagónico lamb, guanaco , ñandú ( rhea ), and Patagonic deer. Though we have assembled a review of the cuisine of Argentina and its principal regions, with abundant information, it would be incomplete if the article mentioned only the foods and beverages already cited. For example, though the importance of the production and consumption of wine ( vino ) has been discussed, it is important to note that beer ( cerveza ; the Italian birra is frequently used) in the second half of the 20th century (at the least) and in the first five years of the 21st, competes with wine in popularity. Breweries appeared in Argentina at the end of the 1860s, started by Alsacian colonists; the first were almost in the downtown of Buenos Aires ( el égido de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ), and soon Polish brewers began industrial production of beer: San Carlos in the province of Santa Fe, Río Segundo and Córdoba in the province of Córdoba, Quilmes and Lavallol on the outskirts of La Plata (a province of Buenos Aires), San Miguel de Tucumán in the province of Tucumán and on the outskirts of the cities of Mendoza and Salta . The presence of a rather important production and consumption of beer has supported the existence of related events, for example the so-called Oktoberfest s (sic) or " Fiestas de la Cerveza " in locations that have a significant German population ( Villa General Belgrano in Córdoba, San Carlos and Esperanza in the province of Santa Fe, etc.). Such celebrations copy, in an Argentine manner, Munich 's Oktoberfest , and similarly are tourist attractions. However, the presence of an also-numerous population of Celt ic lineage, principally of Irish origin, has supported the creation of other celebrations of beer, often for marketing purposes, such as Saint Patrick's Day ( Día de San Patricio ), patron of Ireland, which is celebrated with abundant libations. Although the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Argentina is perhaps less than that of the United States, and certainly much less than that of the British Isles, Scandinavia, or Central and Eastern Europe, the Argentines enjoy a variety of alcoholic beverages and Argentina can boast a varied array of elaboraciones , whether industrial or artisanal. Besides beer and wine, Argentines frequently drink cider (here again, the heritage comes from Spain and Italy, more precisely from Asturias and Campania ). Cider is the most popular beverage of the middle and lower economic classes at Christmas and New Year (the high classes preferring to celebrate with champagne ). Other widely consumed spirit beverages are aguardiente ( firewater ) made from sugar cane, known as caña quemada ("burnt cane") or, simply, caña ("cane"). A folkloric note about caña quemada : until June 21 it is traditional to drink caña quemada with ruda macho (a variant of common rue ), it is supposed that this mixture prevents the flu and other illnesses. Caña competes, mainly in rural areas, with gin . There are many artisanally produced liqueur s in Argentina, for example those flavored with peperina , orange , egg , anise , coffee , cherry and, inevitably, dulce de leche . The esperidina is a type of liqueur (a distilled, flavored alcoholic beverage) made from orange peels invented in Argentina around 1890. Among the liqueurs one may count chitronchelo or (in Italian) citroncello , based on lemon. This beverage arrived with immigrants from the Mezzogiorno , and is produced both artisanally and industrially (for example, in Mar del Plata). Nevertheless, Argentines are far more adept at non-alcoholic infusions (although now and then both "families" are mixed; the yerbiao for example, is mate mixed with caña or gin). To insist with the mate as the favourite drink might be redundant but it must be done; but the fact that the mate is very consumed by the inhabitants of the Southern Cone must not lure the foreigner into thinking that other infusions are rare in the region, in Argentina especially, given that there is a strong European cultural imprint, the consume of coffee is very common. And not so long ago chocolate infusions were common (the eating of chocolate is a Spanish influence—although the plant originated in Meso-America), this consumption grows during autumn and winter, or in the cold regions of the country; there are two dates where consumption of chocolate infusions is traditional in the primary educational centres: 25 May and 9 July , that is, the two national dates of Argentina. The English cultural influx (reinforced at the end of the 19th century and beginnings of the 20th by the resurgence of the Far East) has also made very common the consumption of tea . To finish the index of infusions consumed in Argentina, it must be said that medicinal herbs are common in the whole country, and that many of them are drunk infused: chamomile , lanceleaf , boldo , poleo , peperina , carqueja , tomillo , canchalagua , rue ( macho and hembra , that is, "male" and "female"), malva, romero, passion flower , bira bira , palán palán , muña muña , to mention only the main ones. Many of these herbs are also used in aperitif s and bitters , whether alcoholic or not. Common restoranes or restaurantes nearly anywhere in Argentina today serve (into the wee hours) quickly prepared meals that, in the course of the 20th century came to be known as minutas . Some of the dishes included in the catgory of minutas are milanesas , churrascos , bifes , escalopes , tallarines , ravioles , ñoquis , although some are very typical of los lugares de ventas de comida: los "bifes a caballo" (bistecs de carne vacuna acompañado con dos huevos fritos), la "milanesa a horse", la "milanesa completa" (una milanesa con dos huevos fritos y una guarnición de papas fritas), el revuelto Gramajo , el colchón de arvejas , la "suprema de chicken" (una especie de milanesa de carne de pollo), los matambre s, la lengua a la vinagreta y los "sandwiches"... "Sandwiches"...así es como se llama a los emparedado s en Argentina, la variedad de "sandwiches" en Argentina parece casi infinita, los más comunes son los de milanesa, los de jamón cocido y queso, los de pan de miga, los de pan tostado, los pebete s, los pancho s, los carlito s, los llamados choripan es y morcipan es etc; desde Montevideo se ha difundido una especie de emparedado llamado chivito , aunque muchas veces en éste no exista ninguna carne caprina. Su mención merecen las picada s, las cuales son consumidas en los hogares o en los bares, "cafés", "cafetines" y "bodegones", tratánse las picadas de un conjunto de platillos en los que se encuentran distribuidos dados de queso (tipo queso Mar del Plata o Chubut), dados de salame, aceitunas en salmuera, papas fritas", maní es,etc.; toda picada se consume acompañada por alguna bebida alcohólica (un "fernet" , una cerveza, un vino con soda , para dar algunos de los ejemplos más comunes). --> ******************* ******************* Theater Hopper (or simply TH) is a webcomic based on a movie fan, his wife, and their friends. It debuted August 5 , 2002 and is written and drawn by Tom Brazelton (Speedy to his fans). In 2003 , Theater Hopper became a member of the Dayfree Press Webcomics Network, and is still an active member today. The majority of Theater Hopper strips lean towards the "gag-a-day" style of joke telling, usually either focusing on a specific movie or set of upcoming releases or making an all out parody of a classic film. During the slow release times however, the strip has been known to shift gears and allow a longer more involved story to unfold, such as the introduction of the character Charlie or the unfortunate circumstances surrounding Jimmy losing his job. Tom Brazelton's art style has evolved quite a bit in the time since he's been doing his comic. Originally utilizing thick lines and at times odd positioning the comic now looks much more realistic. Jared Brinkmeyer and Derek Rose have lent their talents to producing flash games for the comic. This can be found within the Bonus Materials section of the webpage. As of the time of this writing the games available include solitaire , memory, and a dress-up game. Theater Hopper has developed a cult like following which has manifested it's self in the form of a rather popular message board known as the 'THorum' ( T heater H opper f orum )). An offshoot of the THorum, the TH Webcam Portal is a place where members post (self) images for the world to see. ******************* file_id: 222560 release make parody. file_id: 222560 TH_Webcam_Portal be place. ******************* In psychometrics , content validity (also known as face validity or logical validity ) refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social concept . For example, a depression scale may lack content validity if it only assesses the affective dimension of depression but fails to take into account the behavioral dimension. ******************* file_id: 2229899 measure represent all_facets. ******************* Michael Ryan (born March 26 , 1973 ) is a developer of video games, and co-founder of Fat Frog Studios . In 1995, he joined Looking Glass Studios as a quality assurance tester for Flight Unlimited , a flight simulator for DOS.  After working as a technical support representative for a couple years, Michael moved over to the design team working as a level designer on Thief: The Dark Project , the first title in the Thief Series .  He later joined the design team of System Shock 2 , which was co-developed by Looking Glass Studios and Irrational Games , and published by Electronic Arts in 1999. A few months after Looking Glass Studios closed its doors in May 2000, Michael joined Mad Doc Software , a newly-formed company just north of Boston .  He worked as a designer on a number of projects, including Star Trek: Armada 2 , a real-time strategy game published by Activision , and an expansion pack for Return to Castle Wolfenstein , which was eventually cancelled and released as a free multiplayer-only download. In late 2003, Michael co-founded Fat Frog Studios with Timothy Farrar , another former Mad Doc Software and Looking Glass Studios developer.  They have since developed and released a title for mobile phones called, Eye of Rana . While continuing work with Fat Frog Studios , Michael also contracts with Floodgate Entertainment and Arkane Studios as a level designer for computer and video games targeting the PC and next-generation video game consoles. ******************* file_id: 2245999 Â_  work designer. ******************* : For other meanings of pickling see pickling (disambiguation) . Pickling is the process of preparing a food by soaking and storing it in a brine containing salt , acid (usually vinegar ), or both, a process which can preserve otherwise perishable foods for months. The resulting food is called a pickle . If the food contains sufficient moisture a pickling brine may be produced simply by adding dry salt. Some pickling forms, most notably sauerkraut and Korean kimchi , salt the vegetables to draw out excess water, then allow natural fermentation to create a vinegar-like solution containing lactic acid. Other pickles are made by placing the vegetable in vinegar. Unlike the canning process, pickling does not require the food to be made completely sterile before it is sealed. The acidity or salinity of the solution makes it an environment in which bacteria or fungi do not easily grow. Pickling began as a way to preserve food for out-of-season use and for long journeys, especially by sea. Salt pork and salt beef were common staples for sailors before the days of steam engines. Although the process was originally used to preserve foods, pickling is frequently done because people enjoy the resulting flavor. Fruits are sometimes pickled in high-sugar or solutions with flavorings such as cinnamon , mustard , or dill seed. The US pickle market is dominated by pickled cucumber s. In the UK , the most common type of pickle in British cuisine is the pickled onion . They are often sold in Fish 'n' Chip shops , as are pickled egg s. Pickled beetroot and condiment s such as Branston Pickle and piccalilli are typically eaten as an accompaniment to pork pie s and cold meats or a ploughman's lunch . China is home to a huge variety of pickled vegetables, including radish , cabbage (notably suan cai and la bai cai ), chili pepper and cucumber , among many others. In Taiwan , popular pickled food includes: plum , cucumber , cabbage, radish and eggs . In Romania, common pickles are cucumbers, green tomatoes ( gogonele ), carrots, cabbage, bell peppers, melons, mushrooms and cauliflower. Japan ese tsukemono include daikon , plums , turnips , and lettuce , among other vegetables, as well as rice bran . Korea n kimchi is usually made from pickled cabbage . Indian mixed pickle s consist of various pickled fruits and vegetables (invariably including chile pepper s) suspended in vegetable oil . Pickled herring and rollmops are pickled fish dishes popular typically in Scandinavia . Lox may be brine-pickled. Caper s and olive s are almost invariably served pickled, rather than fresh. Other foods that are commonly pickled include: ******************* file_id: 2259607 process preserve food. file_id: 2259607 Salt_pork_and_salt_beef be staple. file_id: 2259607 egg be . file_id: 2259607 ese_tsukemono include daikon_,_plums_,_turnips_,_and_lettuce. file_id: 2259607 pickle consist fruits_and_vegetables. file_id: 2259607 cucumber s . file_id: 2259607 herring_and_rollmops pickle_PASS . ******************* The Easter Lily is an artificial paper badge worn around Easter by Irish republicans chiefly as symbol of remembrance for Irish combatants who died during or were executed after the 1916 Easter Rising . The Easter Lily was introduced in 1926 by Cumann na mBan . Proceeds from the sale of the badge went to the Irish Republican Prisoners' Dependents Fund . Traditionally, they were sold outside church gates on Easter Sunday and worn to republican commemorations. In the first few decades of its existence, people from a broad political spectrum – from Fianna Fáil to Sinn Féin – wore lilies, which were sold by members of those political parties as well as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), Fianna Éireann , and Conradh na Gaeilge . As tensions developed between Fianna Fáil and the IRA in the 1930s, the former unsuccessfully attempted to introduce a new commemorative republican symbol. In addition, successive Dublin governments have attempted to suppress sales of the badge, claiming that permits require permits to sell the badge. Owing to the policy of abstentionism , republicans refused to apply for permits. After the 1969/70 IRA split, which led to the emergence of the Provisional IRA , the majority Official IRA produced a new type of Easter Lily with a self-adhesive backing. This led to the members of the Official IRA and Official Sinn Féin being referred to pejoratively as the "Stickies". On the other hand, the Provisionals retained the traditional paper and pin and became known as the "Pinheads", a nickname which has not lasted. Both the Officials and the Provisionals also saw the Easter Lily as a symbol of remembrance for their members who died on “active service”. With the decline in the Official IRA, the Easter Lily became more and more associated with the Provisionals and the popularity of the lily declined during the 1970s. Easter Lilies are now almost exclusively identified with Provisional Sinn Féin . In the 1990s, metal versions of the Lily became popular and are worn by some at any time of the year. Their sales and usage has increased with the rise in electoral support of the party. Breaking with republican tradition, since 1987 Provisional Sinn Féin has applied to the Garda Síochána for permits to sell Easter Lilies. Traditional republicans, organised in Republican Sinn Féin , repudiate this practice as this involves some recognition of the institutions of the Irish state, which they argue has executed many of the IRA members commemorated by the Easter Lilies. ******************* file_id: 2265201 paper_badge wear_PASS easter. file_id: 2265201 proceeds go prisoner. file_id: 2265201 people wear lily. file_id: 2265201 government attempt_PASS sale. file_id: 2265201 Dependents_Fund require . file_id: 2265201 permit sell badge. file_id: 2265201 permit refuse_PASS . ******************* Locations in Houston, Texas are generally classified as either being inside or outside Interstate 610 , known as the "610 Loop." Inside the loop generally encompasses the Central business district and the "island cities" of West University Place (West U.) , Southside Place and a portion of Bellaire . ("Island cities" refers to the City of Houston's practice of annexing around the existing boundaries of incorporated municipalities.) Other "island cities" include the Memorial Villages — Bunker Hill Village , Hedwig Village , Hilshire Village , Hunters Creek Village , Piney Point Village , and Spring Valley . The outlying areas of Houston, as well as the rest of Bellaire, the Memorial Villages, the airports and the city's suburbs and enclaves are outside the loop. Another ring road, Beltway 8 (also known simply as the "Beltway"), encircles the city another 5 miles (8 km) further out. A third, Texas Highway 99 or Grand Parkway, has begun construction roughly 10 miles (16 km) beyond the Beltway around the outer suburbs and currently extends from north of Interstate 10 east of Katy to U.S. Highway 59 in Sugar Land . Locations within the Houston city limits inside the 610 loop had traditionally used the 713 area code. Those outside the 610 loop but within city limits had received the 281 or 832 area code. However, the geographic division between 713, 281, and 832 has been eliminated, and newly-issued phone numbers (especially for cell phone s and fax machine s) within that zone may be assigned any of the three codes. Areas far north, west, east and south of the inner-city also use 936 and 409. Zip codes in Houston range from 77002 to 77099. However, a small portion of northeast Houston uses zip codes 77339 and 77345. Houston, being the largest city in the United States without zoning laws, has grown in an unusual manner. Rather than a single “downtown” as the center of the city's employment, five additional business districts have grown throughout the inner-city, including one for Houston's medical center complex. If these business districts were combined, they would form the third largest downtown in the United States. The city also has the third largest skyline in the United States (after New York City and Chicago, Illinois ), but because it is spread over a few miles, pictures of the city show, for the most part, the main downtown area. Downtown , the seventh largest business district in the country, is located in the very center of the city's highway system. The is the heart of downtown and home to headquarters of various multinational businesses and financial institutions. The Houston Theater District , in north downtown, is home to Houston's eight performing arts organizations and includes the Alley Theater, Hobby Center for the Performing Arts, Wortham Center, the Verizon Wireless Theatre (formerly Aerial Theater), and Jones Hall, home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra. The theater district is the second-largest performing arts district, next to New York City . Downtown is also home to one of the city's two Chinatowns . The first Chinatown is situated in the shadow of the George R. Brown Convention Center downtown, while the newer, larger Chinatown (originating around 1982 ), is located primarily on Bellaire Boulevard west of the Sharpstown neighborhood. The Main Street Corridor in downtown, opened in 2004 , has become a popular nightlife spot, particularly now that the city has light rail service . This is because the light rail line begins near the University of Houston-Downtown . Midtown , southwest of downtown, is a recently redeveloped area with many newly-constructed, trendy apartments and condos. It is also home to Little Saigon , the center of the city's Vietnamese American commerce and businesses. Uptown is primarily anchored by the Houston Galleria . It is the city's second- largest business district and home to the world-famous Williams Tower . The Uptown area is also known as the Galleria shopping district, as it is the center of Houston's fashion scene, home to many high-end retailers and local and national fashion designers. The Texas Medical Center , about three miles (5 km) south of the Midtown area is the largest medical complex in the world. Bordering the Texas Medical Center are Reliant Park and Six Flags Astroworld to the south and the Rice University / Rice Village area to the north. The Museum District comprises more than 16 institutions, Hermann Park, the Houston Zoo and the Miller Outdoor Theatre. It is one of the most visited museum districts in the country. When Houston was established in 1837 , the city's founders divided it into political geographic districts called " wards ." The ward designation is the progenitor of the current-day Houston City Council districts — there are nine in all. Much of the predominantly African-American First Ward was torn down recently as part of a gentrification effort. Much of the district is bordered by Houston Avenue, Interstates 10 and 45, and Washington Avenue; these days, it is viewed as a "refugee housing" community: Because of rising land values, houses formerly located in Third Ward, Montrose, the West End and West University Place were relocated from their former land parcels and rehabilitated. It is home to the first campus of Booker T. Washington High School ; Booker T. Washington later moved to Independence Heights in northern Houston. The Second Ward , located east of downtown, was developed in the roaring '20s. Stephen F. Austin High School depicts art deco architecture of the time. The Second Ward is now predominantly a Hispanic community. The predominantly African-American Third Ward , southeast of downtown, was home to one of the most affluent African-American communities in the South after World War I . It is also where the University of Houston and Texas Southern University are located. The tallest structure in the Third Ward is the Moody Towers, an 18-story, twin tower dormitory on the University of Houston campus. The Third Ward lies within two city council districts (D and I). The Fourth Ward , known as Freedmen's Town for all the freed slaves that settled there after the United States Civil War , was the first African-American community in Houston. Historically, it has been among the poorest areas of the inner-city, but is undergoing extensive gentrification because of its proximity to downtown. It was the prominent area of the African American community, including the Allen Parkway Village housing project, which was redeveloped into the Historic Oaks at Allen Parkway Village. The Freedmen's Town Historical District was created in 1988 . Today, about 40 percent of the original wood-frame homes remain — aggressive gentrification has threatened the ward's historical status. The Fifth Ward is another predominantly African American community originally settled by freed slaves. It too is undergoing gentrification. The Greenway Plaza business district is west of Midtown and southwest of Downtown Houston. This area is home to a few skyscrapers, as well as the Compaq Center , soon to be a megachurch , Lakewood International Center . Montrose or "The Montrose", is located west of downtown and Midtown and northwest of the medical center. It is the center of Houston's gay and lesbian community, and known for its vintage shops, 1950s -style eateries and street art. Montrose traditionally hosted the Westheimer Street Festival , a colorful community gathering that was ended mostly due to gentrification . It is also the location of the Menil Collection and the University of Saint Thomas . The historic Houston Heights , near downtown, has the highest point of elevation in the city. Like the smaller Woodland Heights neighborhood just to its east, it was originally a separate, independent suburb connected to Houston by streetcar. It was incorporated in 1891 and consolidated into the city of Houston in 1919 . Even today it retains a ban on liquor sales and is a popular area for antique shopping. Like the neighboring Montrose, Houston Heights has long been a popular place for the artistic and gay and lesbian communities to live. Like other neighborhoods, the Heights has been experiencing gentrification pressures as the inner-loop grows, but residents concerned with historic preservation have resisted through the user of deed restrictions . Many of the Heights' Victorian houses and Craftsman bungalows are in high demand, especially those that have been been remodeled. The Houston Heights is also home to the Art Car Museum , a tourist attraction. is the city's most affluent area, often compared to Beverly Hills . Beyond Houston, it is the wealthiest neighborhood in the entire state and is home to many celebrities and political figures. Situated as it is between downtown and Uptown, River Oaks is a collection of mansions in a sea of high-rise apartments and lofts. Near and partially blending into River Oaks, the areas of and are home to many high-end shopping and dining venues. To the west is the Memorial Area . The zip code for Memorial (77024) is the fourth wealthiest in the nation. It contains the largest of a series of affluent municipalities separate from but surrounded by the city of Houston, known as the Villages, which include Hedwig Village , Bunker Hill Village , Hunters Creek Village , Piney Point Village , Hilshire Village , and Spring Valley ''. The area is generally considered part of central Houston rather than a suburb. To the southwest are several communities that sprang up in the years following World War II , when they were considered to be suburbs, such as Fondren Southwest , Meyerland , Sharpstown and Westbury . Fondren Southwest and Meyerland are centers of Houston's Jewish community. Sharpstown has a large Asian American community and was the first master-planned community in Houston. Westbury and Meyerland are becoming popular places for some gay men and lesbians to live, as real estate in Montrose has become more expensive as it has gentrified. South of downtown, but to the east of Meyerland and Fondren, lies Hiram Clarke, Sunnyside, South Park, Kennedy Heights and other largely African-American communities with sizable Latino populations. Collectively (with the Third Ward) known as the "Southside," these formerly rural communities were childhood homes of country singer Kenny Rogers and (more recently) rap atists, Scarface (rapper) and DJ Screw . is a master-planned community located in southeast Houston. It is home to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center , the University of Houston-Clear Lake and a very large upper-middle class Asian American community. The area was annexed into the city of Houston in 1979 . League City , just south of this area, is home to a few water-side resorts. To the northeast is the 14,000-acre master-planned community of Kingwood , which was annexed by the city of Houston in 1996 . (Some residents still resent the annexation — some cars in the area bear bumper stickers that read "Free Kingwood".) Kingwood is the largest master-planned community in Harris County . In addition to the "island cities" of Bellaire, West University Place, Southside Place and the Memorial Villages, there are several communities not part of Houston that are important to the metropolitan area. is a city southwest of Houston in northeast Fort Bend County , and is named for the former Imperial Sugar refinery. It is home to a number of international energy, software and product firms. It also is one of the fastest-growing and wealthiest cities in the state due to the numerous master-planned communities in the area, such as Chelsea Harbour, First Colony, New Territory, Greatwood, Sugar Creek, Sugar Lakes, Avalon, and Riverstone. Sugar Land has the most master-planned communities within Fort Bend County, which is home to the largest number of master-planned communities in the nation. Sugar Land ranked second among the hottest places to live within the state of Texas and 46th in the United States for 2005 according to magazine. In 1890, the land that now comprises Missouri City was advertised for sale in St. Louis, Missouri and surrounding areas as "a land of genial sunshine and eternal summer." Despite all the efforts to appeal to settlers from the "north," the first actual settlers came from Arlington, Texas - between Dallas and Fort Worth - in early 1894. Partial within Harris County, but mostly in neighboring Fort Bend County , the community boasts a large middle-class African-American population. "Mo City," as it is sometimes called, has maintained its status as a bedroom community of commuters despite significant " white flight ." Pearland is a city located south of Houston in Brazoria County with a small portion in Harris County. Pearland is the fastest-growing city in Brazoria County — it has increased from about 19,000 to 41,000 residents in the last decade alone (based on 2000 U.S. Census figures). It is home to companies such as Wheatherford and Aggreko. It is the closest suburb to Downtown Houston and the Texas Medical Center (about 10 miles away), which attracts professionals from the oil, gas, energy, medical and aerospace industries. Some of the master-planned communities found in the area are Silverlake, Silvercreek, and Shadow Creek Ranch. Katy is about 30 minutes west of downtown. Many people live between Katy and Houston — those areas have "Katy" addresses and are referred to as "New Katy", while the city proper is known as "Old Katy". is a large master-planned community about 30 miles north of Downtown Houston in Montgomery County . It is one of the largest and most popular master-planned communities in the country. Most of The Woodlands lies in the city of Houston's extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) and the city limits of Shenandoah . To the east is the city of Pasadena , Houston's most populous suburb and the location of "Gilley's," the honky-tonk bar that inspired the hit 1980 movie Urban Cowboy , which was filmed in Pasadena. Because of its location skirting the ship channel, where most of the city's refineries are located, Pasadena is considered the backbone of Houston's enormous petrochemical complex. The nearby cities of Baytown , La Porte , and Channelview are also host to many refineries and chemical plants. Another city nearby is Deer Park , which is home to the San Jacinto Monument . A popular day trip may include Galveston to visit Moody Gardens or the beach. Before near destruction in 1900 Galveston was larger and wealthier than Houston, dubbed "The Wall Street of the Southwest" and on par with New Orleans as the Gulf Coast 's premier city. Galveston's vulnerability on a narrow barrier bar island led to the creation of the Port of Houston, made by dredging the shallow Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay to form a protected port some 40 miles (64 km) inland of the open Gulf and less than 10 miles (16 km) from Houston's central business district. Beach houses owned by Houstonians have sprung up in other cities along the Gulf of Mexico's shoreline. Another tourist hot spot is Kemah where visitors see the Kemah Boardwalk , which has many seafood restaurants and local tourist attractions. Kemah is surrounded by Galveston Bay to the east and Clear Lake Shores (a brackish-water boater's paradise with open pass through to Galveston Bay) to the west. ******************* ******************* The Galleria at Erieview is a two floor shopping mall that opened in 1987 in Cleveland, Ohio , on the east side of the city's downtown . It is adjacent to the Tower at Erieview , a 40-story office building. The Galleria is also a few blocks away from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The concept for the Galleria began in 1985 , when Richard E. Jacobs , who had just bought the Cleveland Indians baseball team, also bought the Tower at Erieview, which had opened in 1964 . Jacobs began planning to convert the plaza that lay in front of the tower into a shopping center to serve the Cleveland area . The result was the Galleria, a glass-enclosed 207,600 square foot mall, opened amid much fanfare in late 1987. The Galleria, which helped spark Cleveland's downtown revitalization in the 1990s , has become very empty in recent years. As of 2005 , the mall has only 36 tennants out of a possible 66. In 2003 , The Galleria and Tower at Erieview were purchased by Werner Minshall , who made a proposal to close the mall and convert it into a convention center . This didn't materialize, however, and Minshall changed his approach to try to revive the mall by filling it with local tennants. So far, this plan has been very slow to develop, but it has seen success: a few area businesses have bought retail space, and several area vendors set up stands during the week and sell their goods . Another strong point of the Galleria is its food court , which has remained very healthy throughout the mall's existence and attracts many downtown workers on weekdays. For a full list of tenants, see the Galleria store directory ******************* file_id: 2288804 area_vendors set_PASS stand. ******************* Freier Haufe zu Coeln e.V. is a non-commercial medieval combat reenactment group based in Cologne , Germany . The name roughly translates into "Free Company of Cologne". The group was initiated in early December 2003 by the British reenactor Roger Martin and officially founded as a club on January 6th, 2004 . After resubmitting the request several times, Freier Haufe zu Coeln became an e.V. later that year. The group has quickly grown from its original ten founding members to a total of more than sixty fighting members as of July 2005 , which makes it the largest medieval combat reenactment club in the region and one of the largest of the country. It currently participates in events accross North-Rhine Westphalia and in the United Kingdom . The Freier Haufe is also the initiator and a founding member of Zeit der Schwerter and thus shares it ruleset for semi-contact combat. In 2004 the group received media attention when it performed a combat display at the city museum's annual festival. This has been repeated in 2005 and will probably become a regular part of the festival's features. The Freier Haufe covers the entire 7th to 14th century and thus features Vikings and medieval soldiers alike. The coat of arms consists of a red and white background with a jagged transition, the upper third being red and the lower two thirds of the coat of arms being white. A black griffon facing left is centered on the white area. The coat of arms is strongly based on the coat of arms of the city of Cologne. The club's official battlefield dress is primarily black, although this is not mandatory (and widely regarded as inauthentic). The black surcoat features a red version of the griffon from the group's coat of arms. Both, the coat of arms and the red griffon act as the club's logo. Official Website ******************* file_id: 2292725 share ruleset semi_-_contact_combat. ******************* The Open Software License ("OSL") is a software license created by Lawrence Rosen . The Open Source Initiative (OSI) has certified it as an open source license, but the Debian project has judged it (v1.1) to be incompatible with the DFSG . The OSL is, in the main, a fairly standard copyleft license. Its main peculiarity (and the reason it was written) is its patent termination clause: 10) Mutual Termination for Patent Action. This License shall terminate automatically and You may no longer exercise any of the rights granted to You by this License if You file a lawsuit in any court alleging that any OSI Certified open source software that is licensed under any license containing this "Mutual Termination for Patent Action" clause infringes any patent claims that are essential to use that software. Many people in the free software / open source community feel that software patents are harmful to software, and are particularly harmful to open source software. The OSL attempts to counteract that, by creating a pool of software which a user can use if that user doesn't harm attack of it with a patent lawsuit. So the OSL can be thought of as an offer to pay patent holders not to use patents to harm open source software, "you can use any OSL-licensed software, provised you don't sue any of it for violation of patents"; if a patent holder doen't think this is a fair offer, they are entirely free to decline it, and are no worse off. ******************* file_id: 230158 OSI_Certified license_PASS license. file_id: 230158 patent_claims be . file_id: 230158 software be software. file_id: 230158 patent_holders not_sue . ******************* Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir (born 31st of December 1954, Reykjavík , Iceland) is an Icelandic politician and the leader of the social democratic Alliance ( Samfylkingin ), the largest opposition party in the country's parliament, the Althing . Ingibjörg started her political carrier in the Womens's Alliance ( Samtök um kvennalista ), a party she represented in Reykjavík's city council from 1982 to 1988 . She also represented the party in parliament from 1991 to 1994 . Ingibjörg became mayor of Reykjavík in 1994 when the Independence Party ( Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn ) lost the majority it had held in the city council for 12 years to a coalition of all the other major political parties in the country, led by Ingibjörg. She was the city's mayor until 2003 . She resigned due to demands from the Progressive Party and the Left-Green Movement who were unhappy that she was representing the Alliance in the parliamentary elections of 2003 . Because of her popularity, her candidacy could have impacted the electoral results of the associated parties. They felt this was unacceptable, since they were part of the coalition that brought her to power as mayor, the position which was the foundation of her popularity. Up until the resignation as mayor of Reykjavík in 2003 , Ingibjörg had been a successful politician. Some argue that she lost credibility in the run-up to the 2003 election, when she resigned as mayor. In 2005 she became leader of the Alliance after a sharply contested election between her and the previous party leader Össur Skarphéðinsson . Supporters of Ingibjörg compare her with the English Prime Minister Tony Blair and say that she is the natural choice for Iceland's next Prime Minister. Her opponents on the left would rather liken her to Neil Kinnock , a Labour Party politician widely expected to win the English parliamentary elections in 1992 , only to lose in part due to over-confidence. Politicians on the conservative spectrum in Iceland argue that she lacks economic credibility and contend that Reykjavík's finances got worse while she was the city's mayor. ******************* file_id: 2313129 -_Green_Movement be demand. file_id: 2313129 supporter compare English_Prime_Minister_Tony_Blair. file_id: 2313129 politician argue . ******************* Bowls will be one of the events at the 2006 Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne . The venue for the lawn bowls will be the State Lawn Bowls Centre in John Cain Memorial Park in Thornbury, Victoria . The lawn bowls program will last over nine days with competition for both men and women in singles, pairs and triples. The preliminary rounds will be in a round-robin with the top eight in the competitiom making the quarter finals. From the quarter finals, the games will be on a knockout format. The winners of the semi-finals will play in the final to decide the gold and silver medallists. The State Lawn Bowls Centre has been developed especially for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. In June 2003, Gordon Rich Phillips , the Victorian Opposition spokesman on the Commonwealth Games claimed that the venue was ten months behind schedule. Justin Madden , the minister responsible for the Commonwealth Games, claimed that the delay was due to community consultation to ensure that the venue met expectations but was confident that the venue would be ready. The organisers of the Melbourne games are hoping for a record turnout in these Games. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games , the gold medallists were: There was no triples competition in Manchester with fours being played instead. England won gold medals in both mens and womens pairs but will not have a chance to defend their titles. National squads for the competition will have no more than six members. On May 16, 2005, Canada announced its squad for the event. Representing Canada in the event will be Jo Anne Bugler, Leanne Chinery, Lynn McElroy, Anita Nivala, Jean Roney, Andrea Stadnyk, Ryan Bester, Michel Larue, Steve McKerihen, Keith Roney, Mark Sandford, and Chris Stadnyk. Alternates for the Canadian team are Claire Fitzpatrick, Harriete Pituley, Herb Nesbitt, and Ryan Stadnyk. ******************* file_id: 2317728 expectation be . file_id: 2317728 England win gold_medals. file_id: 2317728 alternate be Claire_Fitzpatrick_,_Harriete_Pituley_,_Herb_Nesbitt_,_and_Ryan_Stadnyk. ******************* Robert (Bob) Chiarelli(born September 24, 1941 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the current (2005) mayor of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. His term runs until November 2006. Charelli was raised in the Little Italy area of Ottawa near Preston Street. His parents were wealthy entrepreneurs owning a number of stores in the neighbourhood. Robert was the youngest of their seven children. Chiarelli was an excellent hockey player in high school and attended Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York on a hockey scholarship. He received a Bachelor of Business Administration degree, and then returned to Ottawa to attend the University of Ottawa law school. He began his legal practice in 1969, specializing in corporate law. Chiarelli became a noted lawyer and businessman in the Ottawa area before entering politics in 1980. He served for seven years on the National Capital Commission before running for the Ontario provincial legislature in the 1987 provincial election. Chiarelli ran as a candidate of the Liberal Party of Ontario and was easily elected in Ottawa West, which had previously been regarded as a safe Progressive Conservative seat. He was not included in the cabinet of David Peterson, though he served as the parliamentary assistant to the Chair of the Management Board in 1987- 88. Chiarelli was re-elected in the provincial elections of 1990 and 1995, though by narrower margins against his Progressive Conservative opponents. Chiarelli endorsed Dalton McGuinty's bid to lead the Ontario Liberal Party in 1996{ Canada NewsWire, 19 August 1996). He resigned his seat in 1997, shortly after the death of his wife. His cousin, Rick Chiarelli, unsuccessfully attempted to succeed him in the 1999 provincial election. In 1997, Robert Chiarelli was elected as Regional Chair of Ottawa-Carleton. For the next three years, he argued in favour of eliminating the region's "two-tiered" government, and amalgamating the regional municipalities into a single city. The provincial government of Mike Harris did this in 2000, and Chiarelli declared himself a candidate to become the first mayor of the amalgamated city of Ottawa. Chiarelli was elected as the first mayor of the newly amalgamated city of Ottawa on November 13, 2000, and was re-elected on November 10, 2003(see 2003 Ottawa election for full results). Note that in the population of the Ottawa region, there is disagreement about the status of the mayor and indeed the city. Some see the newly amalgamated city as a continuation of the original city of Ottawa with the mayor's office continuing from that. Others see the situation quite differently and see the new city of Ottawa as arising from a merger of equals. In this view, the mayor's office in the new city began with the new city's inception and the office of mayor in the old city of Ottawa was abolished at that time along with the offices of mayor and reeve in the other municipalities in the former region. Chiarelli is either the 57th or 1st mayor depending on the view taken. There is no consensus on this matter. ******************* file_id: 232677 parent be entrepreneur. file_id: 232677 entrepreneur own number. ******************* Kudrun (sometimes known as Gudrun Lied ), is a Middle High German epic , written probably in the early years of the 13th century , not long after the Nibelungenlied , the influence of which may be traced upon it. It is preserved in a single manuscript , which was prepared at the command of Maximilian I , and was discovered as late as 1820 in the Castle of Ambras in Tirol . The author was an unnamed Austrian poet, but the story itself belongs to the cycle of sagas, which originated on the shores of the North Sea . The epic falls into three easily distinguishable parts: the adventures of King Hagen of Ireland , the romance of Hettel , king of the Hegelingen , who woos and wins Hagen's daughter Hilde , and lastly, the more or less parallel story of how Herwig , king of Seeland , wins, in opposition to her father's wishes, Gudrun, the daughter of Hettel and Hilde. Gudrun is carried off by a king of Normandy , and her kinsfolk, who are in pursuit, are defeated in a great battle on the island of Wulpensand off the Dutch coast. The finest parts of the epic are those in which Gudrun, a prisoner in the Norman castle, refuses to become the wife of her captor, and is condemned to do the most menial work of the household. Here, thirteen years later, Herwig and her brother Ortwin find her washing clothes by the sea; on the following day they attack the Norman castle with their army and carry out the long-delayed retribution. The epic of Gudrun is not unworthy to stand beside the greater Nibelungenlied, and it has been aptly compared with it as the Odyssey to the Iliad . Like the Odyssey, Gudrun is an epic of the sea, a story of adventure; it does not turn solely round the conflict of human passions; nor is it built up round one all-absorbing, all-dominating idea like the Nibelungenlied. Scenery and incident are more varied, and the poet has an opportunity for a more lyric interpretation of motive and character. Gudrun is composed in stanzas similar to those of the Nibelungenlied, but with the essential difference that the last line of each stanza is identical with the others, and does not contain the extra accented syllable characteristic of the Nibelungen metre. Gudrun is also an unrelated character in Norse mythology . Gudrun was first edited by von der Hagen in vol. 1. of his Heldenbuch (1820). Subsequent editions by A, Ziemann and A. J. Volimer followed in 1837 and 1845. The best editions are those by K. Bartsch (4th ed., 1880 ), who has also edited the poem for Kurschners Deutsche Nationalliteratur (vol. 6, 1885 ), by B. Symons ( 1883 ) and by E. Martin (2nd ed., 1901 ). L. Ettmuller first applied Lachmann's ballad-theory to the poem ( 1841 ), and K. Mullenhoff ( Kudrun, die echten Teile des Gedichts , 1845 ) rejected more than three-quarters of the whole as not genuine. There are many translations of the epic into modern German , the best known being that of K. Simrock (15th ed., 1884 ). A translation into English by M. P. Nichols appeared at Boston, U.S.A., in 1889 . See K. Bartsch, Beitrage fur Geschichte und Kritik der Kudrun (1865); H. Keck, Die Gudrunsage ( 1867 ); W. Wilmanns, Die Entwickelung der Kudrundicbtung ( 1873 ); A. Fcamp, Le Pome de Gudrun, ses origines, saformation et son histoire (1892); F. Panzer, Hilde-Gudrun (1901). For later versions and adaptations of the saga see 0. Benedict, Die Gudrunsage in der neueren Literatur ( 1902 ). ******************* file_id: 2343859 story belong cycle. file_id: 2343859 brother find clothes. file_id: 2343859 gudrun compose_PASS stanza. ******************* The Sehome Hill Arboretum is an 180 acre (0.7 km²) park located in the city of Bellingham, Washington , adjacent to the campus of Western Washington University . The hilly, naturally wooded arboretum is jointly managed by both the university and the city. The park offers students and city dwellers over 5 miles (8 km) of public trails to explore. Unique features of the park include an 80-foot wooden observation tower atop Sehome Hill, with aerial views of Bellingham Bay to the south. There is also a large tunnel, cut into rock, through in which hikers can walk. The Arboretum was the focus of both mining in 1870's and logging operations as recently as 1906. The land became a park in 1922 and an arboretum in 1967, with the closure of the park to automobiles. The Arboretum contains the following plant species: ******************* file_id: 2345729 students_and_city_dwellers explore . file_id: 2345729 Unique_features include . file_id: 2345729 hiker walk . ******************* Usury (from the Latin usuria , "demanding in return for a loan a greater amount than was borrowed") was defined originally as charging a fee for the use of money. This usually meant interest on loan s, although charging a fee for changing money (as at a bureau de change ) is included in the original meaning. After moderate-interest loans became an accepted part of the business world in the early modern age , the word has come to refer to the charging of unreasonable or relatively high rates of interest. Usury (in the original sense of any interest) is scripturally and doctrinally forbidden in many religions. Judaism forbids a Jew to lend at interest to another Jew. It is forbidden in Islam . In 1745, the Catholic teaching on usury was expressed by Pope Benedict XIV in his Vix Pervenit , which strictly forbids the practice as such, although he adds that "entirely just and legitimate reasons arise to demand something over and above the amount due on the contract" - such reasons could include the risk of loss, the time value of money in the modern economy, etc. While Jewish law forbids the charging of interest to another Jew, Jews are not forbidden to charge interest on transactions to non-Jews. Throughout history, the interest attached to loans by Jews to non-Jews is widely considered to have been a central issue in causing a perception of usury, and contributing to a climate of anti-Semitism. Allegations of usury have been one factor leading to forceful confiscations of property and discrimination against Jews in business practice. In the modern world Islamic teachings against Usury probably have the widest influence, and specialized codes of banking have developed to cater for Muslim investors wishing to obey Qur'anic law; see: Islamic banking . Usury was denounced by countless spiritual leaders and philosophers of ancient times, including Plato , Aristotle , Cato , Cicero , Seneca , Plutarch , Aquinas , Muhammad , and Moses . Cato in his De Re Rustica said: "And what do you think of usury?" "What do you think of murder?" The following quotations are from the Bible ( New Living Translation ): If you lend money to a fellow Hebrew in need, do not be like a money lender, charging interest. Do not demand an advance or charge interest on the money you lend them. Instead, show your fear of God by letting them live with you as your relatives. Remember, do not charge your relatives interest on anything you lend them, whether money or food. Do not charge interest on the loans you make to a fellow Israelite, whether it is money, food, or anything else that may be loaned with interest. You may charge interest to foreigners, but not to Israelites, so the LORD your God may bless you in everything you do in the land you are about to enter and occupy. After thinking about the situation, I spoke out against these nobles and officials. I told them, "You are oppressing your own relatives by charging them interest when they borrow money!" Then I called a public meeting to deal with the problem. I myself, as well as my brothers and my workers, have been lending the people money and grain, but now let us stop this business of loans. Those who do not charge interest on the money they lend, and who refuse to accept bribes to testify against the innocent. Such people will stand firm forever. A person who makes money by charging interest will lose it. It will end up in the hands of someone who is kind to the poor. Then I said, "What sadness is mine, my mother. Oh, that I had died at birth! I am hated everywhere I go. I am neither a lender who has threatened to foreclose nor a borrower who refuses to pay--yet they all curse me." And suppose he grants loans without interest, stays away from injustice, is honest and fair when judging others, ...and lends money at interest. Should such a sinful person live? No! He must die and must take full blame. ...helps the poor, does not lend money at interest, and obeys all my regulations and laws. Such a person will not die because of his father's sins; he will surely live. There are hired murderers, loan racketeers, and extortioners everywhere! They never even think of me and my commands, says the Sovereign LORD. The following quotations are from the Qur'an : Those who charge usury are in the same position as those controlled by the devil's influence. This is because they claim that usury is the same as commerce. However, God permits commerce, and prohibits usury. Thus, whoever heeds this commandment from his Lord, and refrains from usury, he may keep his past earnings, and his judgment rests with God. As for those who persist in usury, they incur Hell, wherein they abide forever God condemns usury, and blesses charities. God dislikes every disbeliever, guilty. O you who believe, you shall observe God and refrain from all kinds of usury, if you are believers. If you do not, then expect a war from God and His messenger. But if you repent, you may keep your capitals, without inflicting injustice, or incurring injustice. If the debtor is unable to pay, wait for a better time. If you give up the loan as a charity, it would be better for you, if you only knew. Al-'Imran 3:130 O you who believe, you shall not take usury, compounded over and over. Observe God, that you may succeed. Al-Nisa 4:161 And for practicing usury, which was forbidden, and for consuming the people's money illicitly. We have prepared for the disbelievers among them painful retribution. Ar-Rum 30:39 The usury that is practiced to increase some people's wealth, does not gain anything at God. But if you give to charity, seeking God's pleasure, these are the ones who receive their reward many fold. St. Thomas Aquinas , the leading theologian of the Catholic Church, argued charging of interest is wrong because it applies to "double charging", charging for both the thing and the use of the thing; the " Just price " theory said that a lender charges for the loan by requiring the loan to be paid back; in other words, paying back the loan is the charge for the loan. Any further charge is a charge for using the loan. Aquinas said this would be morally wrong in the same way as if one sold a bottle of wine, charged for the bottle of wine, and then charged for the person using the wine to actually drink it. Generally speaking, in the Middle Ages, money could not be invested in the way it can today, but could only be hoarded or spent, and so the comparison to charging someone to drink a bottle of wine was correct at the time. Later, the Protestant John Calvin (father of a Protestant Reformation movement known as Calvinism ) defended interest charges, helping to set the stage for the development of capitalism in northern Europe. Such a connection was advanced in influential works by Richard H. Tawney and by Max Weber . In The Divine Comedy Dante places the usurers in the inner ring of the seventh circle of hell, below even suicides. (Showing how cultural attitudes have changed since the 14th century , the usurers' ring was shared only by the blasphemers and sodomites .) In the 16th century it was necessary for Shylock to convert to Christianity and forsake usury before he could be redeemed in the Merchant of Venice 's climax. Thomas Lodge 's didactic tirade against London moneylender s, tried to incite the educated class against the harm usurers seemed to induce in their victims. By the 18th Century Usury was more often treated as a metaphor than a crime in itself, so that Jeremy Bentham 's was not as shocking as it would have appeared two centuries earlier. In the early 20th century Ezra Pound 's anti-usury poetry was not primarily based on the moral injustice of interest but on the fact that excess capital was no longer devoted to artistic patronage , as it could now be used for capitalist business investment. ( ). "When money is lent on a contract to receive not only the principal sum again, but also an increase by way of compensation for the use, the increase is called by those who it lawful, and by those who do not." (Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, p. 1336). In the United States, usury laws are state laws that specify the maximum legal interest rate at which loans can be made. Congress has opted not to regulate interest rates on purely private transactions, although it arguably has the power to do so under the interstate commerce clause of Article I of the Constitution. It is, however, a federal offense to use violence or threats to collect usurious interest (or any other sort). Such activity is referred to as loansharking, although that term is also applied to non-coercive usurious lending, or even to the practice of making consumer loans without a license in jurisdictions that require licenses. The primary ethical argument in defense of usury has been the argument of liberty against the "restraint of trade" (since the borrower has voluntarily entered into the usury contract). A practical argument for usury in welfare economics is that charging interest is essential to guiding the investment process, based on the claim that profit s are required to direct investments to their most productive use (solving the economic calculation problem ). According to this argument, interest-driven investment is essential to economic growth , and therefore to the very existence of industrial civilization. This practical argument for the utility of usury treats all "unearned" returns to capital as interest; traditionally, guaranteed interest is usurious, whereas dividends from shared ventures are less so. In this tradition, the practical case against usury does not completely apply (although replacing debt market investments with stock market savings may not always be desirable). Officially, this is how capitalist Islamic states solve the calculation problem. An example of the 'moral' difference between dividend income and interest income is found in the Merchant of Venice : Shylock lends Antonio money for trade speculation, demanding repayment in flesh should Antonio's project fail utterly (accepting none of the business risk ). In addition to the defense of interest as such, the practice of charging high interest rates is defended by those who point out that such rates reflect the very fact that the loans are being given to creditors with a high risk of default (in a competitive debt market the interest spread simply covers the credit risk). Austrian economists say that there is no such thing as a "just" interest rate separate from the free market equilibrium determined by the time-preferences of individual lenders and debtors. (Other free market theorists take a similar view on the merit of an unregulated debt market, but may not explain the subjective estimate of a worthwhile interest-rate bargain through time preference.) Some "loan sharks" have even defended the threat or use of violence (legal or illegal ) against non-payers (such as required by Shylock ). This (minority) position is based on the idea that without violence there will be a market failure - since very high interest loans will only be taken up by those intending to default. The need for violence in this case is due to the failure of governments to see this fact, or to adequately enforce the loan contracts (such as with overly lax bankruptcy laws), rather than any immorality inherent in moneylender s. See: " The market for lemons ". Some low-interest charity loans (such as small business micro-loans) have made a defense on the fact that interest rates allow for the indefinite administration of the charity, the replacement of defaulted loans, and in some cases, the creation of additional loan pools in other regions. The final "ethical result" of the interest rates justifies charging them. ******************* file_id: 234706 reason arise . file_id: 234706 jew be . file_id: 234706 interest attach_PASS loan. file_id: 234706 allegation be_PASS factor. file_id: 234706 code develop_PASS . file_id: 234706 usury denounce_PASS leaders_and_philosophers. file_id: 234706 charge be charge. file_id: 234706 connection advance_PASS work. file_id: 234706 show change_PASS 14th_century. file_id: 234706 law be state_laws. file_id: 234706 state_laws specify interest_rate. file_id: 234706 loan make_PASS . file_id: 234706 violence_or_threats collect interest. file_id: 234706 dividend be . file_id: 234706 state solve calculation_problem. file_id: 234706 interest_rates defend_PASS . file_id: 234706 loan give_PASS creditor. file_id: 234706 economist say . file_id: 234706 thing determine_PASS time_-_preferences. file_id: 234706 interest_charity_loans make_PASS defense. file_id: 234706 interest_rates allow administration. ******************* Mountain men were trapper s and explorer s that roamed the Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s . These were primarily beaver trappers but included some who mainly wanted to explore the West. The stereotypical mountain man was depicted as a loner dressed in animal pelts, sporting bushy facial hair and carrying a muzzle loader and butcher knife , commonly refered to as a "scalpin' knife." Although depicted wearing pelts and furs, it is a incorrect description. For a more accurate depiction look at the art work of Alfred Jacob Miller . While there were many free trappers , most mountain men were employed by fur companies. The life of a company man was almost militarized. The men had mess groups, hunted and trapped in brigades and always reported to the head of the trapping party. This man was called a "boosway", a bastardization of Bourgeious. He was the leader of the brigade, the head trader and overall CEO. Some mountain men were gruff, while others were well-mannered, however, they were romanticized as honorable men with their own chivalrous code who would help their brethren, but were more at home in the wild. See also : List of Mountain Men , Noble Savage The existence of trappers in the West in any numbers started with Manuel Lisa in 1807 1 . A major influx of trappers was started by the expedition of Ashley's Hundred in 1822 . This gave rise to yearly trapping expeditions with the trappers leaving St. Louis with supplies, returning with pelt s which were used to pay off debt s and traded for supplies, whiskey and other necessities. In 1824 the rendezvous began 2 which hauled supplies to the mountains in the spring and brought back pelts in the fall. Major W. H. Ashley started this system through the Rocky Mountain Fur Company . He sold this business to the outfit of Smith, Jackson and Sublette while still taking the profits by selling that firm their supplies. This system continued with other firms, particularly the American Fur Company , entering the field. The beaver pelt s had been needed to make the beaver hats then popular in England . Fashion s changed in the early 1840s making beaver less valuable at a time that they were harder to find because of overtrapping . The opening of the Oregon Trail and the use of the Mormon Trail gave employment to the trappers who did not want to return to civil society. ******************* file_id: 236646 Mountain_men be . file_id: 236646 mountain_men employ_PASS fur_companies. file_id: 236646 mountain_men be brigade. ******************* A portable stove is a stove specially designed to be portable and lightweight, as for camping . The division of portable stoves into several broad categories is based on the type of fuel used in the stove: Simple single-burner stoves, often without any controls at all, that use solid or liquid fuel that is placed in the burner before ignition. Single-burner stoves that use volatile liquid fuel in a pressurised burner-tank combination. Single- or multi-burner bottled-gas stoves, which have controls to regulate the heat, similar to the controls on a kitchen stove . Gravity-fed spirit stoves, which have priming pans. The simplest stove is a burner that contains the fuel , and which once lit burns until either it is snuffed or the fuel is exhausted. The rise in the popularity of extreme light-weight equipment for extended backpacking, and the increasing restrictions on the use of campfire s in most wilderness areas, have made these small stoves extremely popular. The two most popular of these are the solid fuel stove, using Hexamine tablets, and the liquid fuel ed stove using methylated spirit s. Both types are available commercially. There are also many designs published for similar home-built stoves, like the Pepsi can stove . While solid-fueled stoves may be refueled while burning with care, with a liquid-fueled stove it would be reckless to attempt this. Both solid alcohol fuel and stoves for using it are produced by Esbit , and fuel is produced by several other makers. While most brands of firelighters can be used in such stoves, some types will produce a troublesome residue that may be impossible to remove from cookware, and will taint any food exposed to the flame or fumes. One popular make of simple liquid-fueled stove is the Trangia , available in many different models from a single bare burner to an integrated expedition cooking system. Some of these come with a sealing cover, allowing the burner to be packed while containing fuel. There is some controversy over the invention of the pressurised burner. Most have given the credit to F. W. Linqvist , who was granted a patent for a kerosene-fueled burner in the late 1880s and went on to develop the Primus brand of stove into a market leader. However, some have suggested that he bought the design. The Primus stoves and their imitators were a significant advance over previous designs, which had used a wick to supply liquid fuel to the burner by capillary action. The Primus burner vaporised the fuel in a loop of pipe, and used this both to supply the fuel to the burner as a gas and to maintain pressure in the fuel tank. Initial pressure was provided by a small, hand-operated pump. It was also necessary to pre-heat the burner with methylated spirits. This burner design was also successfully adapted to portable lamps, lighthouse lamps, and blowtorches . Pressurised-burner stoves are now available to burn almost any volatile flammable liquid, including alcohol; diesel or other motor fuels; kerosene; jet propellant; and many others. Work is proceeding on vegetable-oil burners. Some can burn multiple fuels or even mixtures. Some require special low-residue stove fuel; others are designed to resist clogging or to be easily and regularly cleaned of the residue. Most pressurised-burner stoves provide some control over the amount of heat produced. Some fuels permit preheating (or priming ) with the fuel; others require use of a more volatile fuel, such as methylated spirit or alcohol priming paste, for preheating the burner. Most provide an integrated pump for initial pressurisation; others require the use of a separate pump; and a few need no pump, but pressurise themselves when the burner is preheated. Although heavier than the simpler designs and more complex to maintain and operate, these stoves can heat food more quickly. Standard issue to many units in the Second World War , they enjoyed a large base of competent users in the years immediately following the war. Another of their advantages is that hydrocarbon fuels have a higher heat content, weight for weight, than alcohol fuels, so that, for extended expeditions, the weight advantage of alcohol-fueled stoves is reduced or even reversed. The greatest variety in designs is in this category. They include gas-cartridge stoves and refillable gas-bottle stoves. In most of these the gas is stored as a liquid under pressure, but vaporises immediately it leaves the storage bottle and so arrives at the burner as a gas. Smaller, lighter designs tend to use non-refillable gas cartridges containing butane , propane or a mixture of hydrocarbons. There is little compatibility between different makers and systems, and cartridges for older stoves are often unobtainable. In addition, the single-use cartridges are considered objectionable by some on environmental grounds. Refillable gas bottles are heavier and tend to be used on larger stoves intended for car-camping or expedition base camps. However a great variety of gas-fired stoves is available, some integrating the gas cylinder, some connecting it by a hose. The traditional "spirit stove" still found in many pleasure boats is a unique design, largely replaced by gas stoves but still with a following. It consists of a tank that supplies methylated spirit under gravity to the burner or burners, where it is vaporised and burned. Around each burner is a priming pan used to preheat the burner. To light the stove, the burner is first turned on to allow a small amount of fuel to pass through the burner and collect as a liquid in the priming pan. The burner is then turned off, and the fuel ignited to preheat the burner. When the fuel in the pan is almost all gone, the burner is turned on again, and fuel passes into the burner where it is vaporised and passes through the jets. These stoves look and even sound a bit like pressurised-burner stoves, but the fuel tank is under no pressure. They remain popular for small boats owing to the minimal fire risk they pose in a confined space. Stoves differ widely in their size and portability. The smallest models are generally termed backpacking stoves . They are designed for use in backpacking and long-distance cycling , where light weight and small size are paramount considerations. Backpacking stoves consist only of the burner and any related systems, and some (usually crude) devices to support the stove and cooking vessel. The legs are collapsible to minimize the space required. The weight may range from about 80 gram s to nearly one kilogram . Camping stoves are designed for use by people travelling by car , boat , canoe , or on horseback . They are similar in function and ease of use to kitchen stovetops, usually with two burners set into a table-like surface, and often with a folding lid for stowage and wind protection. This increases the weight to at least one kilogram, and sometimes as much as eight kilograms. A common problem in the use of stoves outdoors is the wind , which often tends to extinguish the flame. Even if it does not do so completely, it may extinguish it on the upwind side, reducing the stove's effectiveness, and cause the hot gas to flow away from the vessel being heated. In camping stoves, the fold-out lid makes an effective wind shield, and some stoves also have protection on the sides. Most backpacking stoves do not include such features, as they would interfere with the stove's collapsibility, and many backpackers erect makeshift shields out of materials on hand. However, there are exceptions. Many camping and backpacking stoves have piezoelectric self-ignition mechanisms so that they can be lit without a match. They use the mechanical work done by the operator in depressing a button to create an electric spark . These devices provide an advantage in windy conditions, because matches blow out easily. Matches are also less convenient to use, and pose a fire hazard if used improperly. Disadvantages are low reliability and additional weight. Gas fuel is sold in canisters, typically under sufficient pressure that almost all of it is actually in liquid form. For backpacking stoves butane or a mixture of propane and isobutane are used. Camping stoves use either these or pure propane, which requires a particularly heavy-walled container. A variety of liquid fuels are used as well. While gaseous fuels have relatively simple chemical names that transcend language barriers, any discussion of liquid fuels is complicated by regional differences in terminology. (See the External Links for more information about alternative nomenclature.) Broadly, four types of liquid fuel are used: Most stoves can use either liquid or gas fuel, but not both (One exception is Primus Omni/Multi-Fuel). Gas-fuel stoves are simpler to operate than liquid fueled stoves. The gas, being already pressurized, flows from the fuel canister into the burner, where it ignites, in the same manner as a domestic kitchen stove. Liquid-fuel stoves are more complex because the liquid fuel must be vaporized prior to burning. To accomplish this, the stove design brings the fuel line containing the liquid fuel near the flame of the burner. The heat from the flames converts the liquid fuel to a gas before it reaches the burner, where it mixes with air and is ignited. Stoves operating with liquid fuels must be heated or primed before the burner is turned on. Many stoves require the operator to open the fuel valve briefly without igniting the fuel, so that it flows into a small pan. This small quantity of fuel is then lit and allowed to burn down. When the fuel valve is opened again, the fuel vaporizes from the heat of the pan. Some stoves do not have this apparatus, and must be preheated by the application of an external heat source such as a solid fuel block. In many stoves, the priming pressure is generated by a small hand pump that forces air into the fuel container. As the fuel is consumed, the pressure decreases according to Boyle's Law , so the pump must be operated occasionally during use to maintain steady stove operation. Liquid fuel stoves are the most popular for backpacking in United States. They generally operate well in cold weather. Liquid fuel costs less than gas fuel generally. Some forms of fuel, such as kerosene or fuel oil, are readily available worldwide. Disadvantages to liquid fueled stoves include they require priming, hence some skill is needed to operate them properly. Using liquid fuel stove in a tent is difficult or even dangerous. The fuel does not burn as cleanly as gas fueld stoves. Soot builds up on cooking vessels eventually. Spilt liquid fuel poses a fire hazard, and can soil equipment. The odor of the fuel may also attract dangerous wild animal s. Gaseous fuels have many advantages; the fuel burns cleanly. They are quite simple to use, just adjust the fuel flow with a valve and light the burner. Since the gasious fuel quickly dissipates, the fire hazard associated with leaking fuel is reduced. Safety is also increased because there is no priming. (Undetected leaks in larger gas bottles can cause explosions). Gas fuel bottles of a particular make may be widely available in some countries but not in others, so international travellers have to be particularly careful. Some disadvantages of gas fuel are the difficulty of transferring fuel from one container to another and the difficulty of accurately gauging how much fuel remains in a container. Gas fuel is somewhat less efficient than liquid fuel, meaning more fuel volume is required for the same heat output. Gas fueled stoves usually do not operate well in colder temperatures. Butane in particular, does not vaporize well at low temperatures which makes stoves fueled with butane unsuitable for cold weather camping. Boiling point of butane under normal pressure is -1°C and under this temperature butane cannot be used as a fuel for gas stove. The temperature where use of butane becomes impractical is even higher (around 5°C). Propane-butane-isobutane mixtures used in most containers are suitable to temperatures of -10°C. Pure propane boils at -42°C which is the actual limit of usability of propane stoves. Gas fuel canisters tend to be heavier than liquid-fuel bottles, because it must be stored under greater pressure. When a canister runs out, it may have to be treated as hazardous waste . Canisters tend to deteriorate and leak if stored for several years. A quantity of liquid fuel sufficient to cook a meal, if simply placed in a container and ignited, would burn violently and consume itself in a matter of seconds, and a similar quantity of gas fuel would simply explode. The primary design principle of stoves that use these fuels is to provide a steady flame and prevent the fuel's escape. Solid fuel, however, is more manageable. A solid-fuel stove may consist of no more than a metal plate to hold the fuel, a set of legs to keep it out of contact with the ground, and some supports for the cooking vessel. This design is highly scalable, and may be used for anything from tiny backpacking stoves to large portable woodstoves. While admirably simple, solid fuel has many disadvantages. First of all, its burn rate may be controlled only by varying the amount of fuel placed on the fire, while fluid fuels may be controlled precisely with valve s. Second, no solid fuel burns completely. It produces considerable amounts of ash and soot , which soil both the stove and the cooking vessels. Some of the chemical energy of the fuel remains locked up in the ash and soot, so solid fuel releases less heat, gram for gram. Firewood may often be used in solid-fuel stoves, but manufactured fuels are also available. One type is sold in the form of small blocks, on the order of a centimeter in size. Sterno â„¢ is a viscous fluid that is also used in solid-fuel stoves. Simple stoves are sometimes used in ice houses and large tents, both to provide warmth and for cooking. They burn wood, and have a small flue used to exhaust the smoke. When used in tents, they are used in a larger tent made of fabric that does not burn readily, and are most often used in base camps that move infrequently. The widespread use of backpacking stoves began with increased awareness of the environmental impact that backpackers had on the areas where they travelled, beginning in the 1950s in parts of Europe and the 1960s in the United States. Prior to their use, the usual practice when backpacking was to build an open fire for cooking from available materials such as fallen branches. The fire scar left on the ground would remain for two or three years before the vegetation recovered. The accumulation of fire scars in heavily travelled areas detracted from the pristine appearance that backpackers expected, leading to more widespread use of stoves. These websites list the names and availability of different liquid fuels in different countries: Suppliers' sites with information on portable stoves: ******************* file_id: 237243 single use liquid_fuel. file_id: 237243 restriction s wilderness_areas. file_id: 237243 food expose_PASS flame_or_fumes. file_id: 237243 work proceed oil_burners. file_id: 237243 burner_stoves provide control. file_id: 237243 stove have . file_id: 237243 use_cartridges consider_PASS category. file_id: 237243 gas_bottles be . file_id: 237243 fuel_passes be . file_id: 237243 stove differ size_and_portability. file_id: 237243 size be consideration. file_id: 237243 Backpacking_stoves consist burner. file_id: 237243 crude support stove_and_cooking_vessel. file_id: 237243 Camping_stoves design_PASS use. file_id: 237243 canoe be function_and_ease. file_id: 237243 backpacker erect shield. file_id: 237243 camping_and_backpacking_stoves have self_-_ignition_mechanisms. file_id: 237243 match be . file_id: 237243 disadvantage be reliability. file_id: 237243 Gas_fuel sell_PASS canister. file_id: 237243 discussion complicate_PASS difference. file_id: 237243 stove use . file_id: 237243 gas be . file_id: 237243 liquid be fuel. file_id: 237243 Liquid_fuel_stoves be law. file_id: 237243 fuel not_burn gas_fueld_stoves. file_id: 237243 soot build cooking_vessels. file_id: 237243 fuel have . file_id: 237243 leak cause explosion. file_id: 237243 traveller be . file_id: 237243 gas fuel stove. file_id: 237243 propane use_PASS container. file_id: 237243 c be temperature. file_id: 237243 Pure_propane_boils be limit. file_id: 237243 Gas_fuel_canisters tend . file_id: 237243 canister tend . file_id: 237243 fuel be . file_id: 237243 type sell_PASS form. file_id: 237243 backpacker have area. file_id: 237243 practice backpack 1950s. ******************* Assets under management (AUM) is a term used by financial services companies in the mutual fund and money management or investment management business to gage how much money they are managing. Many financial services companies use this as a measure of success and comparison against their competitors; in lieu of revenue or total revenue they use total ‘assets under management’. ******************* file_id: 2373549 asset be term. file_id: 2373549 term use_PASS services_companies. ******************* General Abdul Rashid Dostum (also Abdurrashid Dostum , born 1954 ) is the Deputy Defense Minister of Afghanistan and an ethnic Uzbek warlord . He is leader of Junbish Milli / Junbesh-i Melli -i Islami, Jombesh-e Melli Islami ( National Islamic Movement Afghanistan ). He later joined the communist government, serving as defense minister for President Muhammad Najibullah, until the mujahideen defeated it in 1992. One of the best-organized and powerful of the militia groups operated under the command of Abdul Rashid Dostum in the area around Shiberghan in Jauzjan province, northern Afghanistan. Dostum had been in the Army at the time of the 1978 coup, and was a member of the Parcham faction of the PDPA. Dostum completed his national service, and had trained as a paratrooper in the 1970s, as was required by law. Following his demobilization he found employment in the oil fields around Shiberghan where he was working at the time of the Saur Revolution . As the government started to arm the staff of the oil and gas refineries—creating “groups for the defense of the revolution” - he was, on the basis of his military training, encouraged to enlist. His group, in response to increasing conflict, was deployed in the rural areas around Shiberghan , under the auspices of the Ministry of National Security . By the mid 1980s his platoon had grown in stature, reaching a company level by at least 1987 and a regimental level, Regiment 734, by 1988. While the unit recruited throughout Jauzjan and had a relatively broad base, many of its early troops and commanders came from Dostum’s home village, Khoja Dukoh, and these represented the core of the unit at that juncture and again when it was reconstituted after 2001. He left the army after the purge of Parcham is, and returned after the Soviet occupation began, commanding a militia battalion that became a regiment and ultimately was incorporated into the defense foces as the 53rd Infantry Division , but reporting directly to President Mohammad Najibullah . He then joined the Ministry of State Security and became commander of unit 374 in Jozjan. He defended the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan against the United States -backed mujahedin in the 1980s . Although he was only a regional commander, he had largely raised the militia he fought with on his own. The Jauzjani militia, as it became known, was one of the few militia forces to be used outside of its region. They were deployed in Qandahar in 1988 when Soviet forces withdrew. He also supported the Gorbachev -era Communist reforms in Afghanistan . On April 18 , 1992 , he revolted against the government of President Najibullah , allying with Ahmed Shah Massoud . Together, they captured Kabul , the Afghan capital . He commanded the principal militia force in Kabul that ousted Najibullah, creating episodes of kidnapping , looting and fighting . In 1994 , Dostum again switched sides, allying with forces of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , in once more laying siege on Kabul, this time against the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani and Massoud. In 1996, following the rise of the Taliban and their capture of Herat and Kabul , Dostum realigned himself with Rabbani against the Taliban. Along with General Mohammed Fahim and Ismail Khan , Dostum was one of three factional leaders that comprised the Afghan Northern Alliance . Facing capture and death by Taliban forces, Dostum fled to Iran as an exile. In 2001 , he returned from exile on the heels of a U.S. -led bombing campaign that drove the Taliban from power. Since then, he has run parts of the country's north as his own fiefdom , nominally serving as a deputy defense minister in the national government in Kabul but operating almost totally independent of the government. In November of 2002 , the United Nations began an investigation of alleged human rights abuses by Dostum. Witnesses claimed that Dostum jailed and tortured witnesses to prevent them from testifying in a war crimes case. Dostum is also under suspicion for the events of the Dasht-i-Leili massacre . In March 2003 , he established a North Zone of Afghanistan , against the wishes of interim president Hamid Karzai . On May 20 , 2003 , Dostum signed an agreement to no longer serve as Karzai's special envoy for the northern regions. Forces loyal to Dostum continue to clash with forces loyal to Tajik General Mohammed Atta . Some say that within his areas of control, he encourages women to live and work freely, as well as music, sports, alcohol, and allows for people of other religions. However it is claimed that during the civil war he financed his army through opium trading. He has also been accused by people fleeing Afghanistan of being involved in human rights violations: arresting and killing people all over the country through government infrastructure. He was appointed on 1 March chief of staff to the head of the Afghan armed forces, by President Hamid Karzai . ******************* file_id: 2376 force withdraw Qandahar. file_id: 2376 Gorbachev revolt government. file_id: 2376 witness claim leader. file_id: 2376 witness prevent . file_id: 2376 force continue . file_id: 2376 woman live . file_id: 2376 army involve_PASS rights_violations. ******************* Point Loma Nazarene University is a liberal arts university located in San Diego, California on the Point Loma oceanfront. The school is affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene . Point Loma Nazarene University offers more than 62 majors and concentrations, and 80 percent of the faculty have the highest degree in their field. In athletics, the university has seven intercollegiate sports for men and six sports for women. In 1895 , Dr. Phineas F. Bresee , a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church , and Dr. J. P. Widney , a Methodist layman and former President of the University of Southern California , founded the Church of the Nazarene in Los Angeles, California . Their primary purpose was to bring the good news of the gospel to the poor and underprivileged. In 1902 , Dr. Bresee founded Pacific Bible College in Los Angeles at the urging of several laypersons. The institution was to train ministerial and lay leadership for the new denomination. Pacific Bible College is the predecessor of Point Loma Nazarene University. On June 8 1905 , the college was renamed Deets Pacific Bible College, which quickly outgrew its small Victorian home in Los Angeles. In 1910 , the college purchased the Hugus Ranch property in Pasadena, California , and moved the campus to the Pasadena site naming it Nazarene University. The scope of the curriculum was enlarged to include a typical program in the liberal arts . A theological dispute in 1917 forced half the student body to depart nearly bankrupted the university, but the board of trustees managed to save it and they renamed the school Pasadena University. The school grew, receiving accreditation from Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher Schools in 1943, and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 1949 . To revert to old trends begun by Bresee, the school was once again renamed, this time to Pasadena College . In 1973 , the College was relocated on the historic Point Loma peninsula in San Diego after a rejected plan to move the school to Santa Ana . It thrived for ten years as Point Loma College: An Institution of the Church of the Nazarene. In 1983 , the name was changed to Point Loma Nazarene College, and in 1998 it was changed to Point Loma Nazarene University. The Theosophical Society began its settlement on the barren and windswept slopes of Point Loma in 1896 . Led by Katherine Tingley , the group came to Point Loma to establish a community that would model the philosophical and humanitarian goals of Theosophy. The "White City" envisioned by Tingley was to be located on the extreme western edge of the North American continent but oriented toward India, the spiritual center of Theosophical beliefs. The blend of new world confidence, Victorian morality, a love of antiquity, and Indian spirituality created a unique community that found its expression in architecture that is still visible on the campus of Point Loma Nazarene University. By 1900 , the campus was dominated by the imposing Academy Building and the adjoining Temple of Peace. Both buildings were constructed in the Theosophical vernacular that included the flattened arch motif and whimsical references to antiquity. The buildings were topped by amethyst domes, which were lighted at night and could be seen offshore. The entrance to the Academy Building was dominated by two massive carved doors that symbolized the Theosophical Principles of spiritual enlightenment and human potential. These doors are currently located in the archives of the San Diego Historical Society. The sculptor, Reginald Machell , was educated in England , but moved to Lomaland with the community in 1896. The interior furnishings he carved for the Academy Building were influenced by the Symbolist style popular in Europe at that time. Machell also supervised the woodworking school at Point Loma. Agricultural experimentation was essential to the Lomaland community's desire to be self-sufficient in all respects. Katherine Tingley's goal was to serve fresh fruits and vegetables at Lomaland every day of the year. Early agricultural products brought to California by the Theosophists included the avocado . Lomaland had public buildings for the entire community and several private homes. The home of Albert Spalding , the sporting goods tycoon, was built in 1901 . The building combines late-Victorian wooden architecture with historical motifs such as the modified Corinth ian column (now shaped like a papyrus leaf) and flattened arches. The amethyst dome was restored by a team of scholars led by Dr. Dwayne Little of the department of History and Political Science in 1983 . The first Greek amphitheater in North America was built on this site in 1901 . It was used for sporting events and theatrical performances. The tessellated pavement and stoa were added in 1909 . The theatre was the site of a number of productions of Greek and Shakespearean dramas. The educational arm of Lomaland was the Raja Yoga Academy , also established in 1901. "Raja Yoga" meant divine union, and the educational goals of the school involved not only intellectual formation but also moral and spiritual development. The Raja Yoga Academy was a boarding school; students lived together in group homes that were know as "Lotus Houses." Cabrillo Hall, which served as the International Center Headquarters, the Brotherhood Headquarters, and "Wachere Crest" building, was completed in 1909 . It served as office for the Theosophical Society and as a residence for Katherine Tingley after 1909. It was originally located on the west side of Pepper Tree lane. Cabrillo Hall is currently the home of the Communication Studies department. This multi-purpose structure was originally located just southwest of the Academy Building. It served a variety of functions that included telephone and mail services; in 1908 it was used as a display center for the Woman's Exchange and Mart. The unusual truss design in the interior of the building emphasized the square and the circle, which were symbolic of heaven and earth. Lomaland dissolved in the aftermath of World War I and was taken over by Fort Rosecrans at somepoint thereafter. It served as an observation point and several barracks were installed on the site, which constitute some of the campus dormitories today. In 1952 Balboa University became affiliated with the Southern California Methodist Conference , changed its name to California Western University and relocated to Point Loma. In 1960 , the failing Cal Western law school in downtown re-located to Rohr Hall at Point Loma to join the rest of the school. It received accreditation from the American Bar Association in 1962 . In 1968 , California Western University changed its name to United States International University (USIU). The law school retained the name Cal Western. USIU moved to Scripps Ranch . In 1973 , the law school relocated from its Point Loma location to the current downtown campus and Pasadena College moved to Point Loma to replace it in 1973 . Many of the presidents served very short terms. The following were the most readily accessed through public channels: ( ) ******************* file_id: 2380105 building top_PASS amethyst_domes. file_id: 2380105 product bring_PASS California. file_id: 2380105 Lomaland have building. file_id: 2380105 amethyst_dome restore_PASS team. file_id: 2380105 student live group_homes. ******************* Abashevo culture , ca. 17th–16th centuries BC, a later bronze age archaeological culture found in the valleys of the Volga and Kama River north of the Samara bend and into the southern Ural Mountains . It receives its name from a village of Abashevo in Chuvashia . Artifacts are kurgan s and remnants of settlements. The economy was mixed agriculture. Cattle as well as other domestic animals were kept. Horses were evident and there is evidence for the chariot ; the equipment (cheek pieces) is said to compare well to those of (earliest) Mycenae . It follows the Yamna culture in its inhumation practices in tumuli . Grave offerings are scant, little more than a pot or two. There is evidence of copper-smelting, and the culture would seem related to copper mining activities in the southern Urals. Linguistically, it is presumptively Iranian . There were likely contacts with Uralic -speakers, and this is a convenient place for the origin of some loan-words into Uralic. It occupied part of the area of the earlier Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture , the eastern variant of the earlier Corded Ware culture , but whatever relationship there is between the two cultures is uncertain. J. P. Mallory , "Abashevo Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture , Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. ******************* file_id: 2389563 artifact be . file_id: 2389563 horse be . file_id: 2389563 equipment say_PASS . file_id: 2389563 Grave_offerings be . ******************* : This page is about the Roman dictator Sulla. For the Brythonic goddess sometimes called Sulla, see Sul . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin : L·CORNELIVS·L·F·P·N·SVLLA·FELIX ) ¹ (ca. 138 BC – 78 BC ) was usually known simply as Sulla . His agnomen Felix — the fortunate — was attained later in his life, due to his legendary luck as a general. Sulla's name is also seen as "Silla", presumably due to corruption of ancient writing "SVILLA" (Suilla), that went in the two directions of Sulla and Silla. It is also occasionally seen as "Sylla". Sulla was born into an impoverished branch of the Cornelii gens , or family, of aristocratic patrician stock but without influence in the city. Without any money, Sulla's first years were spent in the backstage of Rome's political elite. The means by which Sulla attained the fortune that enabled him to ascend to senatorial rank are not clear, although some sources refer to family inheritances. In 107 BC , Sulla was nominated quaestor to Gaius Marius , who was taking control of the Roman army in the war against King Jugurtha of Numidia . The Jugurthine war had started in 112 BC with humiliating results for Rome. Marius' army ultimately defeated the enemy in 106 BC , thanks to Sulla's initiative to capture the Numidian king by persuading his family to betray him. The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career, but earned him bitter resentment from Marius. Nevertheless, Sulla continued to serve on Marius' staff until the campaign against the Germanic Teutones and Cimbri tribes in Gaul 104 – 103 BC . At this time, Sulla transferred to the army of Quintus Lutatius Catulus , Marius' rival consul . With Sulla's assistance, Marius and Catulus defeated the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae in 101 BC . Returning to Rome, Sulla was elected ' Praetor urbanus', through massive bribery, according to rumour. Afterwards, he was appointed to the province of Cilicia (in modern Turkey ). In 92 BC Sulla left the East and returned to Rome, where he aligned himself with the opposition to Gaius Marius. On the verge of the Social War ( 91 – 88 BC ), the Roman aristocracy and Senate were starting to fear Marius' ambition, which had already given him five consulships in a row from 104 BC to 100 BC . In this last rebellion of the Italian allies, Sulla served with brilliance as a general, and outshone both Marius and the consul Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo (the father of Pompey ). For example, in 89 BC Sulla captured Aeclanum , the chief town of Hirpini , by setting the wooden breastwork which defended it on fire. As a result, he was elected consul for the first time in 88 BC , having Quintus Pompeius Rufus as a colleague. As the consul of Rome, Sulla prepared to depart once more for the East, in order to fight the first Mithridatic War , by the appointment of the Senate. But he would leave trouble behind him. Marius was now an old man, but he still had the ambition to lead the Roman armies against King Mithridates VI of Pontus . Marius convinced the tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus to call an assembly and revert the Senate's decision on Sulla's command. When the news reached Sulla, still camped in the South of Italy and ready to cross over to Greece, he took an unusual decision. Sulla took six of his most loyal legion s and prepared to march into Rome. This was an unprecedented event. No general before him had ever crossed the city limits, the ' pomerium ', with his army. It was so unethical that most of his commanders refused to accompany him and Sulla hardly took measures against them. Frightened by this unusual action, Marius and his followers fled the city, whilst Sulla consolidated his position and addressed the Senate in harsh tones, portraying himself as a victim, presumably to justify his violent entrance into the city. The civil war was terrible, and some Italian cities were destroyed: for instance, Forlì was destroyed in 88 BC and rebuilt by the praetor Livius Clodius afterwards. After some major restructuring of the city's political trends and with the Senate's power strengthened, Sulla returned to his camp and proceeded with the original plan of fighting Mithridates in Pontus . With Sulla out of the way, Marius began to recover control of the situation by the end of 87 BC . With the support of Lucius Cornelius Cinna ( Julius Caesar 's father in law), Marius declared Sulla's reforms and laws invalid and Sulla himself officially exiled. Together, Marius and Cinna accomplished a major bloodbath of Sulla's supporters and were elected consuls for the year of 86 BC . Marius died a few days after the election and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was nominated suffect consul . Cinna was the effective ruler of Rome, being elected consul without opposition, for the following years. Meanwhile, Sulla defeated Mithridates in the East and in 86 BC captured Athens and then defeated Archelaus at the Chaeronea and again in 85 BC at the Orchomenus . While in the East, Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador, but unknowingly offended him by taking the seat between Mithridates and the ambassador. He left the East in 84 BC upon hearing the news of Cinna's death. Determined to regain control of Rome, he marched on the city. After a period of idleness, Sulla's army defeated the Samnite forces of Pontius Telesinus in November, 82 BC at the battle of Colline Gate . Crucial to this victory was the defection of Marcus Licinius Crassus , and the help of young Pompey . By 81 BC Sulla was appointed dictator (with no limit on time in office) by the senate and had total control of the city of Rome. This unusual honour (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, like in the Second Punic War , and only by six months periods), represents an exception to Rome's policy of avoiding personal power of a single individual and was the precedent to Julius Caesar 's dictatorship less than fifty years later that ended the Republic. In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a reign of terror, proscribing or outlawing every one of his political opponents. The young Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, was one of his targets and fled the city. He was spared through the efforts of his supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life because of the young man's notorious ambition. Without any political obstacle, Sulla enacted a series of reforms to put control of the state firmly in the hands of a larger Senate, but also arranged that the number of senators was doubled from 300 to 600 and that membership was automatic on election to the office of quaestor instead of at the decision of the censor s. He also reduced the tribune 's political power, and limited the Assembly's ability to pass laws or veto them without the Senate's approval. His goal was to return the control of the city to aristocratic hands. With a lifetime dictatorship in his hands, Sulla was elected consul for the second time in 80 BC , but in the next year he took the decision of stepping out of every political activity and withdraw to a country villa. In this apparent quiet retreat, Sulla's purpose was to write his memoirs, but he ended up surrounded by a troupe of actor s, dancer s and prostitute s. Amongst them was Metrobius , a famous actor that he knew since his youth. In his last address to the senate, Sulla was keen to acknowledge him as his lifetime lover, to the dismay of the audience. Within this merry company, Sulla died after a brief illness in 78 BC . The symptoms described in contemporary accounts indicate that the cause of death was liver failure, brought on by a lifetime of hard drinking. His epitaph, written by Sulla himself, was "No greater friend, no worse enemy." 1- Official name of Sulla. The meaning in english is "Lucius Cornelius Sulla, son of Lucius, grandson of Publius, the lucky." ******************* file_id: 239672 Jugurthine_war start_PASS BC. file_id: 239672 thanks capture king. file_id: 239672 symptom describe account. ******************* A Menu extra in Mac OS X is a small icon or sometimes a word that appears at the right of the menu bar . They often provide quick ways to use applications (e.g. iChat ) or display information (for example the system clock), or control system-level variables (for example the volume control). There are a number of third party menu items available. Menu extras are similar to items in the Microsoft Windows system tray but are less common. There are many menu extras supplied with Mac OS X, most of which are activated from their parent application or via an external device being connected (for example, Inkwell will activate when a graphics tablet is connected to your computer). All supplied menu extras can be found in this folder /System/Library/Core Services/Menu Extras/ Menu extras were introduced with Mac OS X v10.1 and replaced Dock extras. There was some controversy when they were originally introduced. Although Apple provided an API for third-party developers to use to create menu extras using the NSStatusItem class, they used another private class called NSMenuExtra to develop their own menu extras. Menu extras based on NSMenuExtra automatically included a number of extra features not available to NSStatusItem-based extras, such as drag and drop install/uninstall and the ability to rearrange the extras using the mouse. The given reason for this is that NSMenuExtra-based menu extras operate within the address space of the SystemUIServer so faulty code in a menu extra could cause instability in a core part of the operating system. ******************* file_id: 2399363 Menu_extras be . file_id: 2399363 menu_extras find_PASS folder. file_id: 2399363 menu_extras use class. ******************* In Roman Catholic theology, papal infallibility is the dogma that the Pope , when he solemnly defines a matter of faith or morals ex cathedra (that is, officially and as pastor of the universal Church ), is correct, and thus does not have the possibility of error. This doctrine has a long history, but was not defined dogmatically until the First Vatican Council of 1870 . In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is one of the four channels of the Infallibility of the Church . The only statements of the Pope that are infallible are statements that either reiterate what has always been taught by the Church or are ex cathedra solemn definitions (which can never contradict what has formerly been taught; see e.g. Gal 1:8-9 ). Infallible statements in the former category are said to exercise the "Universal" or "Constant" Magisterium (and the doctrine which strictly and merely repeats what the church has always taught is considered infallible); infallible statements in the latter category are said to exercise the "Extraordinary" or "Solemn" Magisterium . Statements that exercise neither the Universal Magisterium or the Extraordinary Magisterium (i.e., statements that do not simply reiterate what has always been taught or which are not solemn definitions expressed ex cathedra) are not infallible, and are said to be an exercise of the merely authentic Magisterium. Such teaching is to be obeyed and given religious assent as long as it does not contradict infallible Magisterium and does not harm the faith or lead to sin. The conditions required for ex cathedra teaching are mentioned in the Vatican decree: There is not any specific phrasing required for an infallible definition by a pope or ecumenical council. Historically, almost all of these definitions have been attached to anathema s that state that anyone who deliberately dissents is outside the Catholic Church. For example, in Pope Pius XII's infallible definition regarding the Assumption of the Virgin Mary , there are attached these words: "Hence if anyone, which God forbid, should dare willfully to deny or to call into doubt that which we have defined, let him know that he has fallen away completely from the divine and Catholic Faith." Catholics trace the history of this doctrine back to Scripture, while non-Catholics believe its origins came later. Within Catholic theology, a number of Scriptural passages can be brought together to indicate the primacy of the Roman Pontiff and the theological dogma of his infallibility, including: Theology didn't spring instantly and fully formed within the bosom of the earliest Church. "The doctrine of the Primacy of the Roman Bishops, like other Church teachings and institutions, has gone through a development. Thus the establishment of the Primacy recorded in the Gospels has gradually been more clearly recognised and its implications developed. Clear indications of the consciousness of the Primacy of the Roman bishops, and of the recognition of the Primacy by the other churches appear at the end of the 1st century" (Ott, Fund. , Bk. IV, Pt. 2, Ch. 2, §6). St. Clement, c. 99 , stated in a letter to the Corinthians: "Indeed you will give joy and gladness to us, if having become obedient to what we have written through the Holy Spirit, you will cut out the unlawful application of your zeal according to the exhortation which we have made in this epistle concerning peace and union" (Denziger §41, emphasis added). St. Clement of Alexandria wrote on the primacy of Peter c. 200 : "...the blessed Peter, the chosen, the pre-eminent, the first among the disciples, for whom alone with Himself the Savior paid the tribute..." (Jurgens §436). The existence of an ecclesiastical hierarchy is emphazised by St. Stephan I, 251 , in a letter to the bishop of Antioch: "Therefore did not that famous defender of the Gospel Novatian know that there ought to be one bishop in the Catholic Church of the city of Rome ? It did not lie hidden from him..." (Denziger §45). St. Julius I, in 341 wrote to the Antiochenes: "Or do you not know that it is the custom to write to us first, and that here what is just is decided ?" (Denziger §57a, emphasis added). It is apparent, then, that an understanding among the Apostles was written down in what became the Scriptures, and rapidly became the living custom of the Church. From there, a clearer theology could unfold. St. Siricius wrote to Himerius in 385 : "To your inquiry we do not deny a legal reply, because we, upon whom greater zeal for the Christian religion is incumbent than upon the whole body, out of consideration for our office do not have the liberty to dissimulate, nor to remain silent. We carry the weight of all who are burdened; nay rather the blessed apostle PETER bears these in us, who, as we trust, protects us in all matters of his administration, and guards his heirs" (Denziger §87, emphasis in original). Many of the Church Fathers spoke of ecumenical councils and the Bishop of Rome as possessing a reliable authority to teach the content of Scripture and tradition. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, four different channels of infallibility were recognized: the entire people of the Church, the bishops dispersed throughout the world, the bishops gathered in an ecumenical council , and the pope. (For details on these four different channels, see the article Infallibility of the Church .) The first theologian to systematically discuss the infallibility of ecumenical councils was Theodore Abu Qurra in the 9th century. Several medieval theologians discussed the infallibility of the pope when defining matters of faith and morals, including Thomas Aquinas and John Peter Olivi . In 1330, the Carmelite bishop Guido Terreni described the pope’s use of the charism of infallibility in terms very similar to those that would be used at Vatican I. The First Vatican Council in 1870 declared the following: : According to Catholic theology, this is an infallible dogmatic definition by an ecumenical council . The infallibility of the pope was thus formally defined in 1870, although the tradition behind this view goes back much further, as described above. Many non-Catholics, and even some Catholics, wrongly believe that the doctrine teaches that the Pope is infallible in everything he says. In reality, the use of papal infallibility is quite rare. Nearly all Catholic theologians agree that both Pope Pius IX 's 1854 definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, and Pope Pius XII 's 1950 definition of the dogma of the Assumption of Mary are instances of papal infallibility. However, theologians disagree about what other documents qualify. Theologians Klaus Schatz in 1985 and Francis A. Sullivan in 1995 agreed on a list of seven documents (including these two) as instances of papal infallibility. The Vatican itself has given no list of papal statements considered to be infallible. A 1998 commentary by Cardinal Ratzinger and Cardinal Bertone , the leaders of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , listed a number of instances of infallible pronouncements by popes and by ecumenical councils, but explicitly stated that this was not meant to be a complete list. The number of infallible definitions by ecumenical councils is significantly greater than the number of infallible definitions by popes. Following the first Vatican Council, 1870 , dissent, mostly among German , Austrian , and Swiss Catholics, arose over the definition of Papal Infallibility. The dissenters, holding the General Councils of the Church infallible, were unwilling to accept the dogma of Papal Infallibility. Many of these Catholics formed independent communities which became known as the Old Catholic Church . A few Catholics refuse to accept papal infallibility as a doctrine of faith, such as the theologian Hans Küng , author of Infallible? An Inquiry, and historian Garry Wills , author of Papal Sin . Other Catholics appear to be unfamiliar with the significance or meaning of the doctrine. A recent ( 1989 - 1992 ) survey of Catholics from multiple countries (the USA , Austria , Canada , Ecuador , France , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Korea , Peru , Spain and Switzerland ), aged 15 to 25 who may not yet fully understand the theology of infallibility, showed that 36.9% accepted the dogma of papal infallibility, 36.9% denied it, and 26.2% said they didn't know. (Source: Report on surveys of the International Marian Research Institute , by Johann G. Roten, S.M.) Historical objections to the modern dogma of infallibility often appeal to the important work of Brian Tierney, Origins of Papal Infallibility 1150-1350 (Leiden, 1972). See also Ockham and Infallibility . In a stimulating work, the Rome-based Jesuit Wittgenstein scholar Garth Hallett argued that the dogma of infallibility was neither true nor false but meaningless; see his Darkness and Light: The Analysis of Doctrinal Statements (Paulist Press, 1975). In practice, he claims, the dogma seems to have no practical use and to have succumbed to the sense that it is irrelevant. According to Roman Catholic theology, to the extent that a person's rejection of a dogma is deliberate, that person has separated himself from the Church and is no longer a member of the Body of Christ. The Church does allow for the possibility of invincible ignorance, in which case a person would not be culpable. Catholic theology does teach, however, that it is a duty to be familiar with the details of one's faith (e.g., 1 Pet 3:15 ). The Orthodox Church has different views on infallibility than does the Catholic Church. All Orthodox churches agree that the Holy Spirit will not allow the whole Church to fall into Error, but leaves open the question of how this will be brought about in any specific case. Most Greek Orthodox theologians agree that the first seven ecumenical council s were infallible, whereas Russian Orthodox theologians believe that these councils' infallibility was derived from their reception by the Christian faithful. For details, see Infallibility of the Church . The Church of England and its sister churches in the Anglican Communion reject papal infallibility, as do other Protestant churches, a rejection given expression in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion ( 1571 ): John Wesley amended the Anglican Articles of Religion for use by Methodists , particularly those in America . Among the Methodist Articles , the following pertains to the Roman Catholic idea of papal authority as capable of definining articles of faith: Presbyterian and Reformed churches also reject papal infallibility. The Westminster Confession of Faith which was intended in 1646 to replace the Thirty-Nine Articles , contains the following: ******************* ******************* Nicholas Chinlund , born November 18 , 1961 in New York City , is an actor. With dreams of pursuing a career in basketball , Nick was sidelined when he had a shoulder injury and had to have it operated on. The result is a two inch scar on his left shoulder. Having largely been cast in small roles on episodic television, Nick came to prominence when he guest starred on The X-Files second season episode Irresistible playing the serial murder/fetishist Donnie Addie Pfaster. Nick went on to star in several movies including two episodes of the series Law & Order and the spin-off Law & Order: Special Victims Unit playing another serial killer Matthew Linwood Brodus. In recent years, Nick has been seen in several independent projects noteably A Brother's Kiss (1997), where Nick starred in the stage play. Nick also served as the executive producer of the film directed by childhood friend, Seth Zvi Rosenfeld. A Brother's Kiss was filmed in and around the neighbourhood where Nick and Seth grew up. The film tells the story of two brothers, Lex (Chinlund) and Mick (Michael Raynor), who grow up in the hard streets of New York. Nick continued in his long vein of independent features with roles in Chutney Popcorn (1999), Amy's Orgasm (2001) and Goodnight Joseph Parker (2004). Recently, Chinlund starred in a few big screen movies, usually as the villain . They include: Tears of the Sun ( 2003 ) with Bruce Willis , Con Air ( 1997 ) with Nicholas Cage , and The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) with Vin Diesel and directed by David Twohy who also directed Chinlund in the underwater thriller Below (2002). He also reprised his X-Files role as Donnie Pfaster for a seventh season episode called Orison . Chinlund was also in Training Day with Denzel Washington , Eraser with Arnold Schwarzenegger and will soon be seen in The Legend of Zorro with Antonio Banderas and Catherine Zeta-Jones . He has also made guest appearances in the long-running TV drama series, Law & Order , as well as in its spinoff, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit . As with his film roles, he played villainous roles in those two shows, most notably as an unethical journalist in the original Law & Order , and a serial killer in Special Victims . The Legend of Zorro (2005) (post-production) .... McGivens The Untitled Onion Movie (2005) (post-production) .... Bryant Brand Ultraviolet (2005) (completed) .... Daxus The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury (2004) (V) (voice) .... Toombs The Chronicles of Riddick (2004) .... Toombs ... aka The Chronicles of Riddick: The Director's Cut (USA: director's cut) Goodnight, Joseph Parker (2004) .... Joseph Parker Bun-Bun (2003) .... Father 2 Tears of the Sun (2003) .... Michael 'Slo' Slowenski 100 Mile Rule (2002) .... Paul Below (2002) .... Chief Training Day (2001) .... Tim Amy's Orgasm (2001) .... Matthew Starr ... aka Amy's O (USA: DVD title) ... aka Why Love Doesn't Work (USA) Once in the Life (2000) .... Mike Murphy Something Sweet (2000) .... Lee Auggie Rose (2000) .... Salesman ... aka Beyond Suspicion (USA) Chutney Popcorn (1999) .... Mitch Resurrection (1999/II) (TV) .... Dr. Jake Sandler Frogs for Snakes (1998) .... Iggy Mr. Magoo (1997) .... Bob Morgan Rough Riders (1997) (TV) .... Frederick Remington Con Air (1997) .... William 'Billy Bedlam' Bedford A Brother's Kiss (1997) .... Lex Eraser (1996) .... WITSEC Agent Calderon Letter to My Killer (1995) (TV) .... Nick Parma Unveiled (1994) .... Jeremy Avery Bad Girls (1994) .... Pinkerton Detective O'Brady Red Shoe Diaries 4: Auto Erotica (1994) (V) .... (segment "Auto Erotica") ... aka Zalman King's Red Shoe Diaries: Auto Erotica (USA: video box title) Reform School Girl (1994) (TV) .... Dr. Ted Meeks Daybreak (1993) (TV) .... Commander Joshua Tree (1993) .... Deputy Tomay ... aka Army of One (USA: video title) Lethal Weapon 3 (1992) .... Hatchett The Ambulance (1990) (as Nicholas Chinlund) .... Hugo ******************* file_id: 2402688 victim unit . file_id: 2402688 Nick continue vein. ******************* Weighted least squares is a method of linear regression , similar to least squares in that it uses the same minimization of the sum of the residuals: S = \sum_{i=1}^n (y_i - f(x_i))^2. However, instead of weighting all points equally, they are weighted such that points with a greater weight contribute more to the fit: S = \sum_{i=1}^n w_i(y_i - f(x_i))^2. Often, w i is given as the inverse of the variance , giving points with a lower variance a greater statistical weight: w_i = 1/\sigma_i^2. ******************* file_id: 2407860 weighted be method. file_id: 2407860 point contribute . ******************* Michael Rosen was born in 1946 in Harrow , North London . He is a children's novelist and poet and the author of 140 book s. Rosen's father was a secondary school English teacher and his mother a primary school teacher. They were from the Jewish East End tradition, their parents and/or grandparents coming from Poland / Russia / Romania . Rosen went to various state schools in Pinner , Harrow and Watford , then in his own words: "went to Medical School , started on the first part of a medical training, jacked it in and went on to do a degree in English at Oxford University . I then worked for the BBC until they chucked me out and I have been a freelance writer , broadcaster , lecturer , performer ever since – that’s to say since 1972. Most of my books have been for children, but that’s not how I started out." "Sometime around the age of twelve and thirteen I began to get a sense that I liked writing, liked trying out different kinds of writing, I tried writing satirical poems about people I knew" He quickly established himself with his collections of humorous verse for children, including: Wouldn't You Like to Know , You Tell Me and Quick and Let's Get Out of Here . Poetry critic Morag Styles has described Rosen as "one of the most significant figures in contemporary children's poetry." He was, says Styles, one of the first poets "to draw closely on his own childhood experiences... and to 'tell it as it was' in the ordinary language children actually use." Rosen played a key role in opening up children's access to poetry: both through his own writing and with important anthologies such as Culture Shock . He was one of the first poets to make visits to schools throughout the UK (and further afield in Australia, Canada and Singapore). In 1993 , Michael gained an MA in Children's Literature from Reading University , and also holds a PhD . He is also well established as a broadcaster presenting a range of documentary features on national radio . He is also the presenter of BBC Radio 4 's regular magazine programme Word of Mouth (radio programme) which looks at the English language and the way we use it. ******************* file_id: 2411687 Rosen go state_schools. file_id: 2411687 poem know . ******************* Walter Mossberg (born 1947) is the principal technology columnist for the Wall Street Journal . His Personal Technology column has appeared every Thursday since 1991. He also writes the Mossberg Solution column each Wednesday, and the Mossberg's Mailbox column on Thursdays. He appears weekly on CNBC television, and also authors a monthly column called The Mossberg Report in SmartMoney Magazine . Mossberg is widely regarded as one of the most influential writers on information technology. In 2004, in a lengthy profile , Wired Magazine called him "The Kingmaker," saying "Few reviewers have held so much power to shape an industry's successes and failures." In partnership with his fellow Journal columnist Kara Swisher , Mossberg created, produces and hosts the Journal's annual D: All Things Digital conference, in which top technology leaders, such as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs appear on stage without prepared remarks, or slides, and are interviewed by the two columnists. Mossberg has been a reporter and editor at the Wall Street Journal since 1970. He is based in the Journal's Washington, D.C., office, where he spent 18 years covering national and international affairs before turning his attention to technology. He is a native of Warwick, Rhode Island , and graduated from Brandeis University and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism . ******************* file_id: 2417303 author call_PASS Mossberg_Report. ******************* Bishop Burton is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire , lying on the A1079 approximately 3 miles to the West of Beverley . Bishop Burton is home to Bishop Burton college , a further education and higher education college specialising in land based studies. ******************* file_id: 2425614 education_college_specialising base_PASS study. ******************* WDIA is an AM radio station in Memphis, TN. Similar to the Orange Mound neighborhood in Memphis, it was the first ever American radio station programmed by African Americans. Many music legends got their start there, including B.B. King and Rufus Thomas. Elvis Presley was greatly influenced by the station. WDIA is the first radio station in America that was programmed entirely by African-Americans for African-Americans. It empowered a huge segment of the population that was, until the late 1940s, largely unrecognized. WDIA’s monumental achievement was all the more extraordinary as it occurred during a time of institutionalized racism. When WDIA became Memphis, Tennessee’s sixth station in June 1947, radio was still America’s primary medium for entertainment and news. There were barely 30 television stations yet established in the country. Most all programming was geared toward the nation’s white audience. Women were rarely on air, except as characters in dramas, and with very few exceptions—such as Jack Cooper in Chicago and Sonny Boy Williamson in Helena, Arkansas—blacks were not on the air. Even *Amos and Andy.* a “Negro” comedy show, was performed by whites. Initially, WDIA broadcast country and western music, classical, light pop—like the other stations in town. But the listening audience didn’t need another station like the rest, and WDIA was a failing enterprise. In a final act of desperation before closing, station owners John Pepper and Bert Ferguson hired local high school teacher and nationally syndicated columnist Nat D. Williams, an African-American, to host a show. Though Memphis’ population was 40% African-American, no major media addressed them in the late 1940s. When Nat D.’s “Tan Town Jamboree” first aired on October 25, 1948, the response was overwhelmingly positive—except for the requisite bomb threats by the threatened white segregationists. WDIA bought some blues records, and a loyal listenership quickly grew. Nat D. Williams was a prominent figure on Beale Street, and he brought the street to the station. Rufus Thomas, who co-hosted the Palace Theater Amateur Night with Nat, began hosting the 15-minute Sepia Swing Club and soon had a 2-hour nighttime show called “Hoot and Holler.” B. B. King, who’d begun making his name at the Amateur Night, knocked on the station’s door one day in 1949 and impressed station personnel with his audition. B. B. went on the air promoting Pepticon, the station’s cure-all, and his career as a recording artist, and as a product spokesperson, took off. He recorded his first single in the station’s studio during off hours. Station owner John Pepper learned in early 1949 that WDIA, with partial black programming, had become the #2 station in the city. By the Fall of 1949, WDIA was programmed entirely for an African-American audience. A. C. “Moohah” Williams, a biology teacher at Manassas High School, became the station’s first full-time African-American employee when he was hired as promotions consultant. A. C., in addition to hosting shows and generally running things, instituted the Teen Town Singers, a choral group that was as much about camaraderie, discipline, and leadership as it was about singing. Among the early Teen-Towners were STAX 'Queen of Soul' Carla Thomas and long time station personality Mark Stansbury. Oscar winner Isaac Hayes was a regular on the station's Big Star Talent Show, and the former president of MLGW Herman Morris played on one of several station sponsored little league baseball teams. The station’s public face was African-American, but the offices were a model for integration. In addition to the white owners, other whites were integral behind the scenes. David James Mattis was the program director. A former member of the Army Air Forces during WWII, he ran a tight ship, insisting on a professionalism that allowed the on-air personnel’s looseness to seem easy. He also established the Duke record label, which recorded much of the early talent that came through station; he later sold Duke to Don Robey in Houston. Chris Spindel facilitated programming, helping to organize shows like “Brown America Speaks,” which gave a political voice to the station. The station’s first female African-American disc jockey was Willa Monroe, a society belle who hosted a program for homemakers. The advice program, for the lovelorn and mentally torn, was hosted by the matronly-voiced Aunt Carrie. The first gospel disc jockey was Reverend Dwight “Gatemouth” Moore, a former blues singer. “My program was called ‘Prayer Time,’” Moore recollected, “and my phone would ring and I’ve had white people to say, ‘What is happening on that radio station? My maid is tearing up the house!’” Such calls proved to the station that they were penetrating the black market. Advertisers, unaccustomed to reaching African-American shoppers, had to be coaxed, but the response was strong enough that those who bought ads quickly renewed. Society was still so segregated that WDIA had to alert their advertisers that they’d be getting visits from black shoppers—lots and lots of black shoppers. With novice DJs breaking all the broadcast rules—there were no dulcet toned jocks on WDIA, and very little restraint on the effusive personalities—the station assumed the mantle of top ranked in the city. It stayed there so solidly that other stations soon fought to be #2—because everyone knew the #1 spot was taken. Martha Jean “The Queen” Steinberg became Princess Premium Stuff. Ernest Brazzell gave crop advice and Robert Thomas became a DJ named “Honeyboy” after he won a city-wide amateur competition. Among other notable personalities were Maurice "Hot Rod" Hulbert, Theo "Bless My Bones" Wade, and Ford Nelson, who remains an active gospel DJ on WDIA in 2003. The station had been broadcasting with 250 watts at 730 on the AM dial, and in June 1954 they got permission to increase to 50,000 watts, which entailed a move to 1070 on the dial. With that strong signal beaming from Memphis down into the Mississippi Delta’s dense African-American population (the signal reached from the bootheel of Missouri to the Gulf coast), WDIA was able to reach 10% of the total African-American population in the United States. A boast like that brought a lot of advertising power, including many national clients. WDIA hadn’t set out to be the Goodwill Station, but community involvement was a natural outgrowth of its position in the city. Walking down the street in black neighborhoods, people could hear a song uninterrupted as WDIA emanated from each household. Early in the station’s history, a woman came running into the offices saying she’d lost her child. She asked that the station announce a description; the child was found, and soon WDIA was making all sorts of community announcements: missing persons, church events, even lost false teeth. The program “Workers Wanted” announced job openings; “Call For Action” put people in touch with agencies to solve problems. WDIA was like a community bulletin board. They sponsored a talent show, put on a spelling bee at Tri State Fair (where they bought the championship hog), and on summer nights they set up a movie projector in different low-income housing projects, bringing free entertainment to the kids. With all this talent and energy, and the connections with the record labels, it was also natural for WDIA to put on a show. Around Christmastime, the Goodwill Revue brought in the best gospel, blues, R&B, and soul performers in the nation; the disc jockeys put on entertaining skits and many also performed. The Goodwill Revues were enormously successful (and spawned the Starlite Revue in the summer). None of the monies raised by these WDIA events went to the station’s operating budget—it all went toward charitable causes. WDIA gave money and food to needy families, bought busses which transported disabled black children to school, set up the Goodwill Home for Black Children, and established a Little League for black children that grew to over 100 teams for 2000 kids. WDIA’s impact was enormous, not just in Memphis but in the whole USA. Radio stations from other cities sent representatives to study how WDIA worked, returning to establish African-American stations in their own cities. WDIA began to call itself “the Mother Station of Negroes.” In Memphis, the second black station, WLOK, opened in 1954. WDIA was sold by its original owners in 1957, but for decades after that, its spirit has thrived. WDIA celebrated a people who’d known only insult, earning a prominent place in the history of American race relations—and entertainment. For more information on WDIA, try reading Louis Cantor’s Wheelin’ On Beale or Robert Gordon’s It Came From Memphis. Special thanks to Mark Stansbury, Assistant to the President, University of Memphis, for historical input. ******************* file_id: 2433541 radio_station program_PASS american. file_id: 2433541 woman be air. file_id: 2433541 c host show. file_id: 2433541 towner be STAX. file_id: 2433541 ve have people. file_id: 2433541 people hear song. file_id: 2433541 WDIA make all_sorts. file_id: 2433541 “_Call put people. file_id: 2433541 bus transport child. file_id: 2433541 Radio_stations send . file_id: 2433541 representative study WDIA. ******************* Molodyozhnaya(Молодежная) is a Moscow Metro station, located on the Filyovskaya Line. It was built in 1965 to the standard pillar-trispan design; the architect was R.I. Pogrebnoy. The pillars are white marble with bands of pink marble at the top and bottom. The walls are tiled. Current plans call for Molodyozhnaya and Krylatskoye to become part of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line when it is extended northward from Park Pobedy. ******************* file_id: 2448034 plan call and_Krylatskoye. ******************* Lady Elliot Island is the southernmost coral cay in the Great Barrier Reef. The island is 80km northeast of Bundaberg and is 42 ha in size. Lady Elliot island is accessible by plane: there are daily flights from Bundaberg and Hervey Bay. Visitors can stay on the island, either in tents or chalet rooms. The island has importance for conserving biodiversity. It is an important breeding grounds for turtles and seabirds and two species of turtle breed here - Green Turtle and Loggerhead Turtle. The island's seabird colony has a total of 50,000 birds during the breeding season. Species include Bridled Tern, Crested Tern and Red-tailed Tropicbird. ******************* file_id: 2452148 visitor stay island. file_id: 2452148 species include . ******************* An ulcer (from Latin ulcus ) is an open sore of the skin , eyes or mucous membrane , often caused by an initial abrasion and generally maintained by an inflammation and/or an infection . Ulcers are non-healing wounds that develop on the skin, mucous membranes or eye. Although they have many causes, they are marked by: The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Classification systems are used to communicate the severity and depth of an ulcer. It is an easy way to communicate changes for the better, or worse. The most common causes are: Some specific types of ulcers are: simple:ulcer ******************* file_id: 245969 ulcer be healing_wounds. file_id: 245969 healing_wounds develop skin. file_id: 245969 Classification_systems use_PASS . ******************* : For information on the series see Splinter Cell Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell is a critically-acclaimed stealth-based video game , developed by Ubisoft Montreal . It is a 3D third-person shooter, built on the Unreal Engine 2 . It is the first Splinter Cell game in the series created by author Tom Clancy , and follows the activities of American NSA Black Ops agent Sam Fisher . The character of Sam Fisher is voiced by actor Michael Ironside . Splinter Cell was first released on November 18 , 2002 in North America for the Xbox game console . It was later ported to the PC , PlayStation 2 , and GameCube in the spring of 2003 and for the Game Boy Advance in the fall. The GBA version differed drastically from the console versions due to technical limitations. The plot remained the same, but the game became a 2D Side-scroller , and Fisher's gun became a tranquilizer , knocking guards out instead of killing them, although the difference was purely cosmetic: 'unconscious guards' remain so for the entirety of a level. In December 2003 a port for the N-Gage handheld game console was released, retitled Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Team Action Stealth . The N-Gage game is in 2D instead of 3D. The success of the game series spawned a 2004 novel of the same name by author David Michaels . (see: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (novel) ). The plot of the novel and the game have nothing in common. Splinter Cell's stealth-based gameplay, although frequently compared to the Metal Gear series, has more in common with that of the cult PC series Thief which pre-dates it by several years. Most of the game is spend sneaking around, using darkness and shadows to hide from patrolling guards. The player is equipped with a "light meter" that indicates how visible they are to enemies, as well as night vision and thermal vision goggles to help the player navigate in darkness and spot enemies. For combat, Fisher is equipped with a silenced pistol as well as a silenced assault rifle that can be used for combat, sniping, and even for launching various non-lethal devices such as "sticky shockers" and "gas grenades". Fisher can also sneak up on enemies from behind to knock them unconscious or grab and interrogate them. Fisher is also extremely acrobatic, and has a variety of manuevers including the ability to mantle onto and climb along ledges, hang from pipes, and perform a "split jump" in narrow spaces to mantle up a steep wall. The game heavily encourages stealth over brute force. Although Fisher is equipped with a firearm, he only carries at most 60 rounds of ammunition and rarely is able to obtain more during a mission. He also can only survive about a dozen bullet hits before dying, and since most enemies are equipped with fast-firing automatic weapons they have the ability to cut Fisher down in a second or two. Additionally, Fisher must go in "aim mode" before firing his weapon, during which his movement speed is significantly slowed down. Moving while firing also makes Fisher's weapon highly inaccurate, as does the weapon inaccuracy which occurs when firing more than one bullet at a time. Additionally, every time an enemy is alerted to Fisher's presence, an alarm will sound. Each alarm increases the state of alertness of the enemies in the level, and the game will automatically end if too many alarms are sounded. Alarms will also automatically sound if Fisher leaves a body in the light, even if there are actual guards around to find it. The game is quite linear, instead of exploring an open area, the player frequently goes on a straight route from one point to another throughout an entire level. Set in 2004 , the player takes the role of Sam Fisher, a long-dormant secret agent reactivated by the NSA as part of a secret division dubbed " Third Echelon ". The Third Echelon uses "Splinter Cells", single operatives supported by a small team, to conduct covert intelligence missions in hostile territory. For his first assignment as a Splinter Cell, Fisher is dispatched to Georgia to investigate the disappearance of two CIA agents. During his investigation Fisher uncovers a campaign of systematic ethnic cleansing and mass murder being waged by Georgian President Kombayn Nikoladze against the neighboring Muslim population of Azerbaijan in an attempt to seize that country's vast oil resources. When NATO intervenes in the situation against Georgia and Nikoladze, Nikoladze goes underground and retaliates against the U.S. by initiating an information crisis in America, using advanced computer algorithms developed by Canadian hacker Phillip Masse to wreck havok upon America's electronic infrastructure. Fisher is dispatched to hunt down Nikoladze and stop the crisis. Fisher eventually discovers that Nikoladze is working with rogue Chinese general Kong Feirong to develop nuclear weapons, and has even gone so far as to place a nuclear suitcase bomb codenamed the ARK on American soil. Infiltrating the Georgian Presidential Palace, Fisher assassinates Nikoladze, ending the information crisis and stopping Georgia from detonating the ARK. ******************* file_id: 246953 version differ console_versions. file_id: 246953 guard remain entirety. file_id: 246953 vision_goggles help player_navigate. file_id: 246953 weapon have ability. file_id: 246953 operative support_PASS team. file_id: 246953 computer_algorithms develop_PASS hacker. ******************* The Tai Rom Yen National Park(Thai: ใต้ร่มเย็น) is located in the east of the Surat Thani Province in Southern Thailand. The park consists of the northern end of the Nakhon Si Thammarat mountain range and is mostly covered with forests. It was established on December 31 1991 and covers an area of 425 km² in the districts Kanchanadit, Ban Na San and Wiang Sa. The area, especially around the hill Khao Chong Chang was the stronghold of communist rebels in the 1980s. From here they succeeded to kill Princess Vibhavadi Rangsit in 1977 as well as the vice governour of Surat Thani. When the rebellion ceased in the early 1990s due to an amnesty program called Thai Rom Yen(lit. cool shade in the South) and it was again save to visit the area, the national park was established. The park was then named after the this amnesty program. Attractions in the park are the two waterfalls Muang Thuat and Than Thip, as well as the Khamin Cave. Also two former camps of the communist party can be visited, named Camp 180 and Camp 357. ******************* file_id: 2493580 attraction be waterfalls_Muang_Thuat_and_Than_Thip. ******************* Northwest Spitsbergen National Park( Nordvest-Spitsbergen nasjonalpark) is located on Svalbard and includes Moffen, Albert I Land and Haakon VII Land. The park was established by royal resolution on June 1, 1973, and contains, among other things, warm springs and remains of volcanoes in Bockfjorden. The national park also contains innumerable colonies of seabirds, in addition to Svalbard reindeer and arctic fox. It is also a hibernating area for polar bears, and walrus can be found there. There are remains of whaling stations and graves from the 17th century. In addition there are remains of several arctic expeditions, in Virgohamna for instance, wherefrom the Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée tried to reach the North Pole in a hydrogen balloon in 1897. ******************* file_id: 2496877 colony reach North_Pole. ******************* Parkwood is a suburb about 15 minutes drive east from the centre of Perth, Western Australia. It used to be inhabited by mostly working class English immigrants in the 80s, and now is more inhabited by migrant families, including those from Christmas Island. Now it is inhabited by lots of different cultures, and has a special program in the Primary School, Parkwood Primary, for immigrant and refugee children, especially those who have been involved in civil wars and such the like. ******************* file_id: 2501482 class inhabit_PASS family. ******************* Duel is a 1971 television movie directed by Steven Spielberg , written by Richard Matheson , starring Dennis Weaver and a Peterbilt 351 tanker truck. Duel was Spielberg's feature-length directing debut, following a well-received turn directing a segment of the anthology horror film Night Gallery . Initially shown on television, it was eventually released to cinemas in Europe. is a thriller about a traveling salesman called David Mann, who is played by Dennis Weaver . Mann is driving home on the back roads of the California desert. For no apparent reason, he is terrorized by a large truck , which repeatedly chases and attempts to run him off the road. The film consists of a cat and mouse struggle between the truck and Weaver's character. Throughout the film, the driver of the truck remains anonymous and unseen, with the exception of two separate shots where his arm beckons Weaver to pass him, and another shot where Weaver observes the driver's snakeskin boots. His motives for targeting Weaver's character are never revealed. In reality, the truck driver was played by the late stuntman and character actor Carey Loftin (though others, including Spielberg himself, drove the truck at times). Despite its simple plot, a low budget (only $375,000) and very short filming deadlines (originally 10 days), the movie maintains a high level of suspense due to Spielberg's taut direction and the script's refusal to resolve the central mystery of the driver. The film's success put the young Spielberg on the map in Hollywood , and enabled him to move beyond directing for television. The truck, a Peterbilt 351, was chosen for its "face". For each shot, several people had the task to make it uglier, adding some "truck make-up". And you can see several car license plates hung on the front of the truck, signifying that it's not his first chase. The car was also carefully chosen, a red Plymouth Valiant with an unreliable and underpowered engine to signify the weakness of the David Mann character. The script is adapted by Richard Matheson from his own short story . It may have been inspired by a 1947 episode of the old-time radio series Lights Out entitled "What the Devil", which had a similar plot but different resolution. falls under the suspense genre, a format popularized by the late-director Alfred Hitchcock. In fact, much of the film’s score, particularly the use of the rapidly driving violins, seems to resemble that of Psycho, one of Hitchcock’s most popular films. It is often speculated that filmmakers use these genres as a means to express some underlying view or views about the world in which we live. We can certainly see this in episodes of where the protagonist is often a mere representation of ourselves caught up in some unexplained and often-inescapable circumstance. Is it no wonder that the author of the film's screenplay, Richard Matheson, was actually a recurring writer for such TV shows as , , and, of course, The Twilight Zone. In fact, on some level, Duel seems to play around with the ideologies and concepts of the socially acceptable male versus that of the female. We can see this in our protagonist, who is appropriately named David Mann. While it may appear that he is representing the everyday man, he is just the opposite of what sociologist Janet Saltzman Chavetz believed (in 1974) to be the traditional male. He isn’t tough, he isn’t aggressive, he isn’t proud, and more often than not, he allows his emotions to get in the way of the problem at hand. While very few women appear throughout the film – including his wife, a tomboy snake enthusiast, the waitress at a nearby restaurant – they all seem to be more controlling and more dominant than him. It’s no wonder that his apologetic phone call to his wife had to do with him not speaking up for her when another man was supposedly hitting on her the night before. Spielberg illustrates how our protagonist lacks this sense of manliness, despite his valiant efforts. The enormous truck that haunts is simply a manifestation of all the things he has failed to overcome as a result of not “being a man.” (Bear in mind, this is someone who children looked down upon and laughed at during a rather humorous scene in the film.) After several attempts to avoid and bypass the problem (the truck), it appears that it has just become far too powerful and overwhelming. With no other option, he must face the problem head on, as a man should. This, of course, is taken literally in the final scene as the big rig plummets to its demise. The smoke that had once blinded the protagonist from all life’s possibilities has finally cleared and he is left feeling more in control than ever. Spielberg knew how to communicate to his audience on both the observable and intellectual levels. Duel represents some of Spielberg’s finest work expressing how our inner psyche can often manifest itself into much larger things (i.e. the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park .) Using the suspense genre, we are able to see how brilliantly Spielberg is able to weave together story with the art of motion pictures. Duel appeals to audiences for all of these reasons and will continue to remain a landmark film. Spielberg has said in the past that he watches this film every time he is about to start a new project so that he never unlearns the lessons he taught himself in making it. Spielberg lobbied to have Dennis Weaver in the starring role because he admired Weaver's work in Orson Welles ' Touch of Evil . (source: DVD bonus material). Shooting was completed in 13 days (3 longer than the scheduled 10 days), leaving 10 days for editing prior to broadcast as the ABC "Movie of the Week" (source: DVD bonus material). The old couple that Mann flags down on the highway are the same actors who appear in a helecopter in Close Encounters of the 3rd Kind. (source: DVD commentary.) The groaning roar sound of the truck falling down the canyon is re-used in Jaws. (Source: DVD commontary) There were several trucks used to "play the part of the truck", one of which has survived. Information on it can be found here The "bumper" of the truck is clearly constructed of pieces of railroad rail. In conjuntion with the multiple license plates and empty tanker, this suggests that the trucker is, in fact, a serial killer. The story Duel was inspired by a real-life experience, in which Richard Matheson was tailgated by a trucker on his way home from a golfing match with a friend. (Source: Death on Wheels a book containing short stories involving vehicles, including the story Duel , in the notes that preceed the story on page 75 ). ******************* ******************* Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), also known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, is a rare and usually fatal disorder that is characterized by progressive damage ( -pathy ) or inflammation ( -itis ) of the white matter ( leuko- ) of the brain ( -encephalo- ) at multiple locations ( multifocal ). It occurs almost exclusively in people with severe immune deficiency , e.g. transplant patients on immunosuppressive medications, or AIDS patients. Between 2 and 7 percent of AIDS patients develop PML. PML is a demyelinating disease , in which the myelin sheath covering the axon s of nerve cells is gradually destroyed, impairing the transmission of nerve impulses. It affects the white matter, which is mostly composed of axons in the outermost parts of the brain ( cortex ). Symptoms include weakness or paralysis, vision loss, impaired speech, and cognitive deterioration. PML is similar to another demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis , but since it destroys the cells that produce myelin (unlike MS, in which myelin itself is attacked but can be replaced), it progresses much more quickly. Most patients die within four months of onset. The cause of PML is a type of polyomavirus called the JC virus , after the initials of the patient in whom it was first discovered. The virus is widespread, found in at least 70 percent of the general population by some estimates, but usually remains latent, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened. PML is diagnosed by testing for JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid or in a brain biopsy specimen. There is no known cure. In some cases, the disease slows or stops if the patient's immune system improves; with the advent of more effective AIDS treatments, some AIDS patients with PML have been able to survive for several years. ******************* file_id: 25160 symptom include weakness_or_paralysis. file_id: 25160 patient die month. ******************* Male nipples, that is nipples found on male mammals, were for a long time considered a biological mystery, since they appeared not to serve any direct biological function, and so their development appeared to present a problem for the theory of evolution. Modern biology now regards the existence of male nipples as being consistent with the theory of evolution. Indeed, the development of male nipples may be regarded as a good example of both the mechanisms by which evolution of the genome expresses itself in the phenotype, and the undirected and contingent nature of evolution. According to this viewpoint, male nipples exist because female nipples, which they are homologous to, and which originate from the same overall genetic and developmental blueprint as male nipples, have evolved to support lactation, and there is no biological advantage to changing the male body plan to eliminate them. Human male nipples do have one secondary biological function; like female nipples, they are sensitive to touch (but less so), and can trigger sexual arousal. ******************* file_id: 2519227 nipple exist nipple. file_id: 2519227 male_nipples have . ******************* Ifat was a Muslim sultanate of eastern Shewa, located in modern day Ethiopia. The historian al-Umar, records that it was near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel; its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot. Al-Umar also credits it with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme, and Laboo. 1 Modern historians believe its borders included Fatagar, Dawaro and Bale; this gave Ifat control of the trade route inland from Zeila, making it a major commercial power. 2 Ifat first emerged in the 13th century, when its sultan Umar Walashma is recorded as conquering the sultanate of Shewa in 1285. Taddesse Tamrat explains sultan Umar's military acts as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in this part of modern Ethiopia in much the same way Emperor Yekuno Amlak was consolidating the Christian territories in the north at the same time. 3 These two states inevitably came into conflict over Shewa and the territories further south. A lengthy war ensued, but the Muslim sultanates of the time were not strongly unified and the language barrier between Cushitic-speaking Ifat and Semitic-speaking Harar made coordinated campaigns difficult to maintain. Ifat was finally defeated by Emperor Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia in 1332, who exerted his supremecy over the defeated kingdom by appointing first Jamal ad-Din, then his brother Nasr ad-Din as its king. 4 Despite this victory, revolts from the Muslim people of Ifat continued. In the early 15th century, the Ethiopian Emperor branded the Muslims of the surrounding area "enemies of the Lord" and invaded Ifat. The Ifat armies were crushed once and for all and their king, Sa'ad ad-Din, fled to Zeila; the Emperor pursued and the king was killed. Soon, Ifat was annex ed to Ethiopia, and ceased to exist as an independant state. The sources disagree which Emperor conducted this campaign: according to the medieval historian al-Makrizi, in 1403 Emperor Dawit pursued the Sultan of Adal, Sa'ad ad-Din II to Zeila where he killed Sa'ad ad-Din, and sacked Zeila; however, another contemporary source dates the death of Sa'ad ad-Din to 1415, and gives the credit to Emperor Yeshaq. 5 Ifat eventually disappeared as a distinct polity following the invasion of Ahmad Gragn, and the subsequent Oromo migrations into the area. Its name is preserved in the modern Ethiopian district of Yifat in the Oromia region. ******************* file_id: 2530763 record be coast. file_id: 2530763 Semitic make campaign. ******************* The Santa Compaña ("Holy Company") is probably one of the most deep-rooted myth ical beliefs in rural Galicia . It is also known under the names of "Estadea", "Estantiga" ( estantigua in Spanish), "Rolda", "As da noite" The Night Ones , "Pantalla", "Avisóns", "Pantaruxada"... all of these are terms that show us the presence of the dead in the world of the living. Many different versions of the "Santa Compaña" can be found in any bibliography, that is probably why it is so difficult to define with precision. In spite of the many exceptions, there are many features which the authors coincide in when mentioned; a procession of the dead or soul s in torment wander the path of a parish at midnight. A living person carrying a cross and a cauldron of holy water leads the procession followed by all the souls with lit candle s, although not always seen, the smell of wax and the breeze which appears when they pass warn of their presence. The person carrying the cross must never turn around or renounce his duty in leading the Santa Compaña; he can only be freed from his duty if he manages to find another person to carry the cross and the cauldron. To avoid this obligation the person who sees the Santa Compaña pass by must draw a circle on the ground and enter it, or he can also lie face-down. The Santa Compaña mostly appears at night but it has also been heard of appearing during the day. The person leading the procession can be a man or a woman -- this all depends on whether the patron saint of the parish is male or female. To conclude, the Santa Compaña is an announcer of death, its one mission is to visit the homes where death is due. It may be related to Odin 's Wild Hunt or the Celtic westward processions of the dead to the End of the World . ******************* file_id: 254470 term show presence. file_id: 254470 version find_PASS bibliography. ******************* The Tillamook County Creamery Association is a dairy co-operative headquartered in Tillamook County, Oregon . The association's main facility is the Tillamook Cheese Factory located two miles north of the small town of Tillamook, Oregon on U.S. Highway 101 ; a second cheese-making facility was built at Boardman, Oregon in 2001 . The Tillamook factory hosts over a million tourists each year. Visitors watch the production of cheese from a viewing gallery over the main production floor. The co-operative includes 150 dairy farms mostly within Tillamook County. Products produced by the co-operative include milk , cheese , ice cream , sour cream and yogurt . Their most famous product is Tillamook Cheese. In 1854 , several farmers from the county built a schooner to transport butter to Portland, Oregon . Peter McIntosh and T. S. Townsend established the county's first cheese factory in 1894 . The association was founded by dairy farmers in 1909 . In 2000, the association bought the cheese co-operative in Bandon, Oregon , then closed its cheese-making facilities in that town a few years later. The association has since gained more animosity from that community in its enforcement of the Tillamook Cheese and Bandon Cheese trademarks against local businesses. The creamery made news in February of 2005 after the board asked all members to stop using genetically engineered hormones on their dairy cows, in spite of pressures from the chemical company Monsanto . ******************* file_id: 257236 visitor watch production. file_id: 257236 product produce_PASS Tillamook_County. file_id: 257236 association found_PASS dairy_farmers. ******************* The 1st Fighter Wing is the host unit at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. Established as 1st Fighter Wing on 28 July 1947. Organized on 15 August1947. Redesignated 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 16 April 1950. Inactivated on 6 February 1952. Redesignated 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) on 14 September 1956. Activated on 18 October 1956. Redesignated 1st Tactical Fighter Wing on 1 October 1970;1st Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991. Twelfth Air Force, 15 Aug 1947; Fourth Air Force, 20 Dec 1948; Fifteenth Air Force, 1 May 1949 (attached to 22d Bombardment Wing, 1 Jul 1949-1 Apr 1950); Fourth Air Force, 1 Jul 1950 (attached to Western Air Defense Force, 1-31 Jul 1950); Western Air Defense Force, 1 Aug 1950-6 Feb 1952 (attached to: Southern California Air Defense Sector Provisional, 7 Aug-19 Sep 1950; 27th Air Division, 20 Sep 1950-c. 6 Feb 1952). 30th Air Division, 18 Oct 1956; Detroit Air Defense Sector, 1 Apr 1959; 34th Air Division, 1 Apr 1966; 23d Air Division, 1 Dec 1969; 26th Air Division, 31 Dec 1969; 836th Air Division, 1 Oct 1970; Ninth Air Force, 30 Sep 1971-. March Field(later, AFB), CA, 15 Aug 1947; George AFB, CA, 18 Jul 1950; Norton AFB, CA, 1 Dec 1951-6 Feb 1952. Selfridge AFB, MI, 18 Oct 1956; Hamilton AFB, CA, 31 Dec 1969; MacDill AFB, FL, 1 Oct 1970; Langley AFB, VA, 30 Jun 1975-. P-80(later F-80), 1947-1949; RF-80, 1947-1949; FA (later, RB)-26, 1947-1949; L-13, 1947-1949; B-26, 1948-1949; L-4, 1948-1949; L-5, 1948-1949; F-86, 1949-1952; B-29, 1949; F-51, 1951-1952. F-86, 1956-1960; F/TF-102, 1958-1960; F-106, 1960-1969, 1969-1970; F-4, 1970-1975; B-57, 1970-1972; F-15, 1975-; EC-135, 1976-1992; HH-3, 1993-1994; HC-130, 1993-1997; C-21, 1993-1997; HH-60, 1994-1997; F/A-22, 2004-. Trained in fighter and reconnaissance operations and supported strategic bombardment training, 1947-1950. Was integrated experimentally with a reconnaissance wing, 1947-1949, and with a bombardment wing, 1949-1950, sharing commanders during much of this time. Supported Operation Haylift, a humanitarian effort to deliver food to snowbound cattle in the western United States, 1949. Provided air defense in southern California from mid-1950 until inactivated in 1952. Provided air defense in the upper Midwest area, 1956 through 1969, then moved to central California, still in an air defense role. Had no tactical units under its control, May-Nov 1969. Moved to Florida in Oct 1970, where its mission changed to tactical fighter, assuming operational commitments of the 15 TFW. Assumed an F-4 transitional and replacement pilot training role in 1971. Moved to Virginia in 1975 and converted to F-15s. Participated in the F-15 weapons system evaluation program in 1976. Operated UH-1 helicopters to meet command requirements and range support, 1975-1995. Added the 6th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, equipped with EC-135 aircraft in Apr 1976 and supported US Commander-in-Chief Atlantic (USCINCLANT) with deployments throughout the Atlantic region until early 1992. Deployed 27th and 71st Fighter Squadrons and support personnel to participate in UN operations to free Kuwait, Aug 1990-Mar 1991. Since Mar 1991, continued deployments of full- and partial-squadron elements on a rotational basis primarily to Southwest Asia as part of peacekeeping forces. Controlled an air rescue mission at Patrick AFB, FL, from Feb 1993, including deploying combat search and rescue forces to Southwest Asia, Iceland, and elsewhere, until those forces were reassigned on 1 Apr 1997. Fulfilled an operational support airlift role, 1 Apr 1993-1 Apr 1997. Tested the Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) rapid deployment concept, Apr-Jun 1996. For several months following Sep 11, 2001, performed homeland defense operations, maintained aircraft on alert, and flew combat air patrol missions. Deployed units and elements to support the war against terrorism. First wing to implement the Combat Wing Organization reorganization in 2003. Prepared to convert to the F/A-22 Raptor in 2004. Service Streamers. None. Campaign Streamers. Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait.. Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamers. None. Decorations. Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards: 1 Jul 1975-31 Oct 1976; 15 Jun 1982-15 Jun 1984; 16 Jun 1984-15 Jun 1986; 1 Jun 1995-31 May 1997; 1 Jun 1998-31 May 2000; 1 Jun 2000-31 May 2001. Authorized to display honors earned by the 1st Operations Group prior to 15 Aug 1947. Service Streamers. None. Campaign Streamers. Approved for 1st Operations Group on 10 Feb 1924 and for 1st Fighter Wing on 22 May 1957. The 1st Operations Group currently flies the F-15C/D Eagle in the 71st and 94th Fighter Squadrons. The 27th Fighter Squadron is now equipped with the F/A-22 Raptor. ******************* file_id: 2580877 helicopter meet command_requirements_and_range_support. file_id: 2580877 Aug_1990_-_Mar_1991 continue deployment. file_id: 2580877 Deployed_units_and_elements support war. file_id: 2580877 honor earn_PASS 1st_Operations_Group. ******************* In telecommunication, a drift is a comparatively long-term change in an attribute or value of a system or equipment operational parameter. The drift should be characterized, such as "diurnal frequency drift" and " output level drift." Drift is usually undesirable and unidirectional, but may be bidirectional, cyclic, or of such long-term duration and low excursion rate as to be negligible. Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188 Drift is also common in psuedo-synchronised streaming applications, such as low-latency audio streaming over TCP/IP. Normally both ends of a streaming connection would stay in-sync with a master clock, TCP/IP does not provide this 'master clock' mechanism. Therefore applications running fixed clocks will drift apart over time and glitches will occur. This is usually fixed by performing jitter or drift control by slightly altering the clock speed at one end of the connection. ******************* file_id: 2583906 application run . file_id: 2583906 clock drift time_and_glitches. ******************* Druceiella is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. There are currently 4 described species although a revision of the genus is currently being carried out which will add at least 4 new species. The current species are all found in South America. Males of this genus are unusual in having an asymmetric extension at the end of the abdomen. The genus was named in honour of the entomologist Herbert Druce( 1846- 1913). Hepialidae genera ******************* file_id: 2591059 Druceiella describe species. file_id: 2591059 male be South_America. ******************* Fryeburg is a census-designated place located in Oxford County, Maine . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 1,549. Fryeburg is located at 44°0'59" North, 70°58'17" West (44.016498, -70.971559) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 7.7 km² (3.0 mi² ). 7.7 km² (3.0 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.67% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,549 people, 666 households, and 404 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 200.7/km² (520.7/mi²). There are 770 housing units at an average density of 99.8/km² (258.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 98.39% White , 0.32% Black or African American , 0.06% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.26% Pacific Islander , 0.06% from other races , and 0.90% from two or more races. 0.32% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 666 households out of which 26.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% are non-families. 33.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.22 and the average family size is 2.83. In the CDP the population is spread out with 21.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 80.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 79.8 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $33,125, and the median income for a family is $41,579. Males have a median income of $30,664 versus $19,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $18,950. 10.9% of the population and 10.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 11.9% of those under the age of 18 and 12.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 259267 47.1% be couple. file_id: 259267 couple live . file_id: 259267 male have income. ******************* Fathi Shaqaqi, alternatively spelled Fathi Shqaqi or Fathi Shiqaqi, ( 1951- 1995) was a Palestinian doctor who founded and led the Palestinian Islamic Jihad organisation and the initiator of suicide bombings. He formed Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s, initally as a branch of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. He was shot in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in Slema, Malta, most probably by two Mossad agents. Shaqaqi, travelling under the false name of Dr Ibrahim Shaweshi, had come to Malta four times since 1993. He was on his way to Tripoli to visit Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi who was promising to help finance Shaqaqi’s factions. A man walked up to Shaqaqi as he was returning to his hotel and shot him in quick succession with a gun equipped with a silencer and a container to hold the used cartridges. Shaqaqi’s assassins had smuggled a motorcycle into Malta which they used to escape with after shooting the Palestinian leader. Abandoning the motorcycle, a third individual drove them to the Msida Marina from where they most probably boarded a fast boat which took them out at sea and eventually to a large ship from where the whole operation was probably directed. The Maltese police were only able to identify the corpse three days later. ******************* file_id: 2597058 Shaqaqi_’ s faction. file_id: 2597058 Shaqaqi_’ s assassin. file_id: 2597058 assassin smuggle_PASS motorcycle. ******************* Sodus is a village located in Wayne County, New York , USA . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,735. The Village of Sodus is in the Town of Sodus . The village is on Route 104, which passes around the north part of the village. The village contains the government center for the Town of Sodus. The first settler arrived in 1809 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 2.4 km² (0.9 mi² ). None of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,735 people, 694 households, and 439 families residing in the village. The population density is 720.3/km² (1,873.6/mi²). There are 780 housing units at an average density of 323.8/km² (842.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 79.94% White , 14.47% Black or African American , 0.46% Native American , 0.75% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.69% from other races , and 3.69% from two or more races. 3.86% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 694 households out of which 35.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.7% are married couples living together, 17.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% are non-families. 29.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 3.10. In the village the population is spread out with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 80.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 81.1 males. The median income for a household in the village is $33,603, and the median income for a family is $39,911. Males have a median income of $31,875 versus $23,315 for females. The per capita income for the village is $15,199. 15.9% of the population and 12.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 260168 35.3% have child. file_id: 260168 42.7% be couple. file_id: 260168 couple live . file_id: 260168 male have income. ******************* AVP (Association of Volleyball Professionals) was founded in 1983 to cater to the sport of beach Volleyball, its players and fans. In 2001 after a revamp, the organization took over the beach volleyball tour in Manhattan Beach, California. With this move, AVP became the focal point around which professional volleyball revolves. The AVP group represents professional beach volleyball in the face of the media via tours that are broadcasted over television networks like NBC. and OLN. The Nissan Championship tour begins on September 3, 2005 in the former channel and re-broadcast later on the latter. The top players on the 2005 AVP tour were Jake Gibb/ Stein Metzger on the men's side and Kerri Walsh/ Misty May on the women's side. External Links AVP official site ******************* file_id: 2603563 beach_volleyball broadcast_PASS television_networks. ******************* Cottage Grove is a village located in Dane County, Wisconsin . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 4,059. It is a fast growing suburb of Madison, Wisconsin and shares a school district with Monona . The village is located within the Town of Cottage Grove . Cottage Grove is located at 43°5'16" North, 89°12'0" West (43.088017, -89.200143) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 5.9 km² (2.3 mi² ). None of the area is covered with water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 4,059 people, 1,427 households, and 1,084 families residing in the village. The population density is 684.4/km² (1,775.3/mi²). There are 1,453 housing units at an average density of 245.0/km² (635.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 95.71% White , 1.82% Black or African American , 0.25% Native American , 0.49% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.54% from other races , and 1.18% from two or more races. 1.80% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,427 households out of which 47.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% are married couples living together, 7.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% are non-families. 16.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.83 and the average family size is 3.20. In the village the population is spread out with 32.1% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 42.1% from 25 to 44, 14.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.3 males. The median income for a household in the village is $66,628, and the median income for a family is $68,667. Males have a median income of $46,190 versus $30,391 for females. The per capita income for the village is $25,777. 3.8% of the population and 2.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 4.6% of those under the age of 18 and 12.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 260364 47.3% have child. file_id: 260364 65.0% be couple. file_id: 260364 couple live . file_id: 260364 male have income. ******************* Fossil Range: Paleocene - Recent See Classification Section The order Rodentia is the most numerous of all the branches on the mammal family tree. Currently there are, depending on the authority consulted, between 2000 and 3000 species of rodent—roughly half of all mammal species. Rodents are found in vast numbers on all continents except Antarctica (they are the only placental order other than bat s (Chiroptera) to reach Australia without human introduction), most islands, and in all habitats bar the oceans. Groups commonly confused with rodents, or erroneously thought to be rodents, include the aforementioned Chiroptera (bats), Scandentia ( tree shrews ), Insectivora ( mole s, shrew s and hedgehog s), and Lagomorpha ( hare s, rabbit s and pika s) and carnivore mink . Most rodents are small. The tiny African Pygmy Mouse is only 6 cm in length and 7 grams in weight. On the other hand, the Capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 pounds) and the extinct Phoberomys pattersoni is believed to have weighed 700 kg. Rodents have two incisor s in the upper as well as in the lower jaw which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing; this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere , to gnaw. These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defence. These teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. Rodents lack canines , and have a space between their incisors and premolars. Nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or even fish. Rodents are important in many ecosystems because they reproduce rapidly, and can function as food sources for predators, mechanisms for seed dispersal , and as disease vector s. Humans use rodents as a source of fur , as a model organism in animal testing, for food, and even in detecting landmines . The fossil record of rodents began after the extinction of the dinosaur s some 65 million years ago. The earliest rodents resembled squirrels and from these stem rodents, they diversified. By the end of the Eocene epoch , beavers and squirrels appeared in the fossil record. Their origins were from Laurasia , the joined continents of North America , Europe , and Asia . Some species colonized Africa , giving rise to the earliest hystricognath s. From there they rafted to South America , an isolated continent during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. By the Miocene , Africa collided with Asia , allowing rodents such as porcupines to spread into Eurasia . During the Pliocene , rodent fossils appeared in Australia . Even though marsupial s are prominent residents in Australia, it is the rodents that dominate the mammalian fauna: making up almost 25% of the mammals on the continent. Meanwhile, the Americas collided. Rodents expanded into unknown territory: mice headed south and porcupines headed north. The rodents are part of the clade s: Glires (along with lagomorphs ), Euarchontoglires (along with lagomorphs , primates , tree shrew s, and colugo s), and Boreoeutheria (along with most other placental mammal s). The order Rodentia may be divided into suborder s, infraorder s, superfamilies and families . This is a common classification scheme: The above taxonomy uses the shape of the lower jaw ( sciurognath or hystricognath ) as the primary character. This is the most commonly used approach for dividing the order into suborders . Many older references emphasize the zygomasseteric system (suborders Protrogomorpha , Sciuromorpha , Hystricomorpha , and Myomorpha ). Several molecular phylogenetic studies have used gene sequences to determine the relationships among rodents, but these studies are yet to produce a single consistent and well-supported taxonomy . Some clade s have been consistently produced such as: The positions of the Castoridae , Geomyoidea , Anomaluridae , and Pedetidae are still being debated. ******************* file_id: 26086 rodent find_PASS number. file_id: 26086 rodent be . file_id: 26086 rodent have incisor. file_id: 26086 rodent lack canine. file_id: 26086 exception eat insect. file_id: 26086 rodent be . file_id: 26086 human use . file_id: 26086 rodent resemble squirrel. file_id: 26086 rodent appear fossil_record. file_id: 26086 rodent_fossils appear Australia. file_id: 26086 rodent expand territory. file_id: 26086 mouse head_PASS . file_id: 26086 study use_PASS gene_sequences. file_id: 26086 superfamilies_and_families produce . ******************* Big Haul is a popular arcade game using quarters to dump toy trucks filled with quarters. ******************* file_id: 2609270 Big_Haul dump truck. file_id: 2609270 truck fill_PASS quarter. ******************* Miss Susan was a daytime drama which aired on NBC from March 12, 1951- December 28, 1951. The show was later retitled Martinsville, U.S.A., was taped in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and aired for fifteen minutes, five days a week at 3:00 PM EST. The main writer was William Kendall Clarke. The show starred Susan Peters, who had garnered attention in films such as Random Harvest before a 1945 hunting accident left her permanently paralyzed. Peters returned to films in 1948, with little success. In 1951 NBC approached her to star in her own series. Peters played Susan Martin, a paralyzed attorney who moved back to her hometown of Martinsville, Ohio to practice law. Soon after Susan returned to town, she had to decide whether or not the family housekeeper, Laura, was an art thief. When not dealing with these matters, Susan agonized over marrying Bill Carter ( Mark Roberts) who wanted lots of kids but did not know she could never have children. Colgate, the main sponsor, pulled the plug on the low-rated show in late 1951, replacing it with The Big Payoff . They claimed game shows were a better fit for daytime, but others believed the real reason for cancelation was Susan Peters' declining health. She died less than a year after the final episode. ******************* file_id: 2616415 Peters return film. file_id: 2616415 Bill_Carter want lot. ******************* A Resident Honors Program(or RHP) follows the early admissions group model and thus provides a feeder program for universities and colleges. Students participating in this program at a university leave high school one year early and generally continue at a university until they complete their undergraduate degree. There is little distinguishing RHP students from typical honors students except that an attempt is made to ensure that students in this program will take courses necessary to complete outstanding high school graduation requirements. Many universities have a Resident Honors Program, including: ******************* file_id: 2625278 student participate program. file_id: 2625278 Resident_Honors_Program take . file_id: 2625278 course complete school_graduation_requirements. ******************* The Moccas Hoverfly( Myolepta potens) is a European hoverfly The species ranges from France and Germany through central Europe to the Black Sea. It is rare throughout its range and is listed in the Red Data Book s of a number of its range states. It is listed by the Council of Europe as a Saproxylic Indicator Species. The species was discovered in Britain in 1945 by John Cowley at Loxley Wood and another woodland site near Shapwick in Somerset and identified by J. E. Collin. Cowley found more specimens in the same area in 1946, 1947 and 1949. Subsequently, fellow dipterist E.C.M d'Assis-Fonseca found a single male in Blaise Wood near Bristol in 1949, and in 1950 E. E. Lowe found the species at Coombe Dingle, which is close to the Blaise Castle Estate within which Blaise Wood lies. J. C. Hartley found six larvae in a rot-hole at Ashton Court, Bristol in 1961, thus providing proof of the species' breeding in Britain. Despite attempts to relocate the species in its Bristol and Somerset sites in the 1980s and 1990s, it has not been refound (Loxley Wood is largely coniferised and therefore no longer suitable for supporting the species). In the Institute for Terrestrial Ecology's Provisional hoverfly atlas published in 2000, the species was listed as extinct. During an English Nature-commissioned survey of Moccas Park National Nature Reserve in Herefordshire, Andy Godfrey found Myolepta potens larvae in a rot-hole. Subsequent survey work revealed that there is a strong population at this site using rot holes in several different species of tree. ******************* file_id: 2628746 Moccas_Hoverfly be hoverfly. ******************* Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is a science museum located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, specializing in interactive exhibits. The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum was founded in 1978, with approval from the city of Ann Arbor, as a touring collection of exhibits built by local specialists and volunteers. The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum opened in 1982 in the city's historic brick firehouse with 25 exhibits on two floors, one staff person and ten volunteers. During the Museum’s first year of operation, it welcomed 25,000 guests. The visitors’ interest and enthusiasm propelled the Museum to accelerate expansion plans. Four years later the museum opened the third and fourth floors of the firehouse with the help of a Kresge Foundation Challenge Grant. In 1993, the Museum purchased several adjoining buildings, which lead to the introduction of expanded facilities and educational programs, in October 1999. Five separate grants received over several years from the National Science Foundation funded the creation of new exhibits, including How Things Work and Solve-It Central, which toured through many science museum s throughout the United States and Canada. The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum now features over 250 interactive exhibits on subjects including physics, geology, math, music and technology. Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum ******************* file_id: 2633871 program receive_PASS year. ******************* Dallas Love Field Airport is a public airport located 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Dallas , Texas . Love Field was the primary airport for Dallas until 1974 , when Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport opened. Love Field is now Dallas' secondary airport and is primarily served by one airline, Southwest Airlines . Love Field was opened on October 19 , 1917 , constructed just southeast of Bachman Lake . It was named after First Lieutenant Moss Lee Love , who died in an airplane crash in San Diego , California . Love Field was opened to civilian use in 1927 . In 1936 , Braniff Airways moved its headquarters to Love Field. Love Field's terminal building was dedicated on October 20, 1957 and was opened to airline service on January 20, 1958. The complex initially had three one-story concourses that were equipped with 26 ramp-level gates. Airlines serving the airport at the time included American, Braniff International, Continental, Delta and Trans Texas (later Texas International). Jet-powered operations began on April 1, 1959 when Continental Airlines introduced the Vickers Viscount turboprop. Turbojet operations began on July 12, 1959 when American Airlines initiated Boeing 707 flights to New York. On November 22 , 1963 , President John F. Kennedy arrived in Dallas via Love Field. After he was assassinated , Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president aboard Air Force One at Love Field. When the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth agreed to build Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW International) in the late 1960s , it was agreed that each city would decommission its own passenger-service airports. However, Dallas' Love Field was a busier airport than Fort Worth's and in a more desirable location, and so several entreprenuers saw opportunities for keeping it open, most notably Southwest Airlines. In 1961 , Mr. and Mrs. Earle Wyatt made a gift of a large bronze statue bearing the inscription "One Riot, One Ranger" for display in the airport's new terminal. Famed, Texas born sculptress Waldine Tauch created the piece. The inscription refers to an incident in which a single Texas Ranger was dispatched to quell a riot. See: , which site displays a photo of the gleaming statue. Southwest Airlines was founded in 1971 and is headquartered at Love Field. Southwest built its business on selling quick, no-frills trips between Dallas, Houston , and San Antonio . The company felt that the notion of a quick trip would be destroyed by a long drive to the new large airport beyond the suburbs. Therefore, prior to the opening of DFW International Airport, Southwest Airlines sued to keep Love Field open so it could remain there. In 1973 , the courts granted Southwest the right to continue to operate intrastate service out of Love Field, thus saving the airport from decommissioning. Fearing that other airlines would operate out of Love Field, DFW International Airport stipulated that no airline could operate at the new airport if it continued to operate any flights out of Love Field. All other airlines complied, but Southwest was happy to remain at the older airport with its location within the city limits of Dallas. Therefore, when the new airport opened in 1974 , Southwest Airlines was the only airline remaining at Love Field. With the drastic reduction in flights, Love Field had to decommission several of its terminals . However, over the following years Southwest's business flourished and general aviation and cargo business increased. After deregulation of the U.S. airline industry in 1978 , Southwest Airlines was able to enter the larger passenger markets and announced plans to start providing interstate service in 1979 . This angered the City of Fort Worth and DFW International Airport, which resented expanded air service at the airport within Dallas. Therefore, a Fort Worth congressman , Jim Wright , helped pass a compromise law in Congress that restricted air service at Love Field. Using the pretext of protecting DFW International Airport, the Wright Amendment restricted passenger air traffic out of Love Field in the following ways: Passenger service on regular mid-sized and large aircraft could only be provided from Love Field to locations within Texas and the four neighboring states ( Louisiana , Arkansas , Oklahoma , and New Mexico ). Long-haul service to other states was possible, but only on commuter aircraft with no more capacity than 56 passenger s. While this law did prevent any other major airlines from starting service out of Love Field, it did not deter Southwest. Based on short trips to begin with, Southwest continued to flourish as it used multiple shorthaul flights to build its Love Field operation. Some people have managed to "work the system" and get around the Wright Amendment's restrictions. For example, a person could fly from Dallas to Houston or New Orleans , change planes, and then fly to any city Southwest served — although he or she had to do so on two tickets in each direction, since the Wright Amendment specifically bars airlines from issuing tickets that violate the law's provisions. This had the effect of creating mini-hubs at Houston/Hobby Airport and the New Orleans Airport . Southwest continued to grow and became one of the most successful and profitable airlines in the United States . Due to the success of Southwest Airlines, other airlines began considering the use of Love Field for short haul trips. Continental Airlines expressed its intent to fly out of Love Field in 1985 , which led to years of court battles over the interpretation of the Wright Amendment as Fort Worth and DFW International Airport continued to try to prevent expansion at Love Field. Seeing the benefit of increased air traffic at Love Field, the City of Dallas began to actively lobby for the repeal of the Wright Amendment restrictions in 1992 . In 1997 , the Shelby Amendment successfully passed through Congress , which amended the Wright Amendment. A compromise of sorts, the Shelby Amendment allowed Love Field flights to three more states, Kansas , Mississippi and Alabama . In addition, it amended the definition of 56-passenger jets that could fly to other states to include any aircraft weighing less than 300,000 pounds which has been reconfigured to accommodate 56 or fewer passengers. The passage of the Shelby Amendment caused several airlines to consider flying 56-passenger jets out of Love Field, including Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines , and a new airline, Legend Airlines . The City of Fort Worth immediately sued the City of Dallas to try to prevent the Shelby Amendment from going into effect. American Airlines , headquartered at DFW International Airport, joined the lawsuits against Dallas, but also said that if other airlines were allowed to fly out of Love Field, it would have no choice but to offer competing service. In 1998 , after a year of legal decisions and appeals, Continental Express became the first major airline other than Southwest to fly out of Love Field since 1974. American Airlines began service out of Love Field shortly thereafter, but continued to sue to stop the service. Fort Worth and American Airlines eventually sued the U.S. Department of Transportation to stop allowing more flights out of Love Field. In 2000 , several Federal appeals court decisions finally struck down all lawsuits against the Shelby Amendment. Fort Worth and American Airlines appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which refused to review the case. These legal decisions opened the door to increased long haul flights out of Love Field using 56-passenger jets, including new service by Delta Air Lines and Legend Airlines . The majority of this 56-passenger jet market was comprised of business travelers making day trips to other cities. In 2001 , the September 11 terrorist attacks and the subsequent recession greatly reduced the demand for air travel in the United States, especially within the business traveler market. As a result, most of the airlines providing long haul 56-passenger flights stopped service and pulled out of Love Field. By 2003 , Southwest and Continental Express were the only two major commercial airlines operating out of Love Field. However, due to Southwest's success and the possibility of other airlines returning in the future, the airport has completed an expansion of its parking facilities and is redeveloping one of its terminals. Love Field celebrated 85 years in the aviation industry in 2002 and was designated as a Texas State Historical Site in 2003 . ******************* file_id: 264307 Jet begin April_1_,_1959. file_id: 264307 Turbojet_operations begin July_12_,_1959. file_id: 264307 entreprenuer see opportunity. file_id: 264307 ticket violate provision. file_id: 264307 majority comprise_PASS business_travelers_making_day_trips. ******************* The Leathernecks (Ledrhals) was formed in 2002 by a group of re-enactors and friends who are interested in the Viking period of history and persue this interest through living history and combat reenactments. ******************* file_id: 2653899 leatherneck form_PASS 2002. ******************* Liu Qingtang(1932- )( Chinese: 刘庆棠; pinyin: Líu Qìngtáng) is a Chinese ballet dancer born in Gai County, Liaoning Province, who made a fame through his role as Hong Changqing in the ballet Red Detachment of Women of the National Ballet of China, one of the eight model plays during the Cultural Revolution. Xue Jinghua was cast as Wu Qinghua in the same ballet. Liu joined the art troupe of the People's Liberation Army in late 1940s, and after the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he studied ethnic dances and ballet in Beijing as well as the Soviet Union. In 1958, Liu Qingtang became well-known in the ballet circuit in China for his successful rendition of the prince Ziegfried in Swan Lake. In 1964, Liu was cast as Hong Changqing in Red Detachment of Women. This was a task of more politics than of art, as this work was under the auspices and supervision of Jiang Qing, wife of Mao Zedong. The film version of the ballet was released in 1971, and Liu Qingtang became a household name overnight. His prominent quality as a ballet dancer and his political savvy enabled him to make leaps and bounds in his political career as well. In February, 1976, Liu was nominated by Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao for the vice minister of the Ministry of Culture. After the downfall of the Gang of Four in October, 1976, Lin Qingtang fell into disfavor. In 1983, he was sentenced to 17 years of prison time, and stripped of all political rights for 4 years. In 1985, he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver, and was released on bail for medical treatment. At this time, Liu had been divorced, and had no place to go. His brother in his hometown took him back. In the early part of the 21st century, Liu Qingtang returned to Beijing and opened a ballet school there. ******************* file_id: 2659098 rights diagnose_PASS cirrhosis. ******************* IDEO is a design consultancy based in Palo Alto, CA , with other offices in San Francisco , Chicago , Boston , London and Munich . According to its web site, it is focused on helping its clients innovate. This is manifested through the design of products, services, environments, and digital experience s. IDEO was formed in 1990 by a merger of three established design firms: David Kelley Design (founded by David Kelley_(IDEO) , who is also a professor at Stanford University ), ID Two (founded by Britain's Bill Moggridge ), and Matrix Product Design (founded by Mike Nuttall , also from Britain). The firm is now majority-owned by Steelcase , the world's largest office furniture maker. The founders of the three predecessor companies are still involved in the firm. The current CEO is Tim Brown_(IDEO) . The firm employs approximately 350 people in the disciplines of Human factors , Mechanical , Electrical and Software Engineering , Industrial Design , and Interaction Design . IDEO is active in many fields of design. It has worked on thousands of projects for a myriad of clients in the consumer, computer, medical, furniture, toy, office and automotive industries. Notable examples are Apple's first mouse and Microsoft's second mouse , the Palm V , and Steelcase's Leap chair . Major clients (as of 2004) include Procter & Gamble , PepsiCo , Microsoft , Eli Lilly , and Steelcase. In 1999, the firm was the subject of the "Deep Dive" episode of ABC's Nightline, as they redesigned a shopping cart in five days. In 2001, IDEO's general manager Tom Kelley wrote ' The Art of Innovation ,' and more recently, 'The Ten Faces of Innovation.' IDEO has won more of the BusinessWeek / IDSA Industrial Design Excellence Awards than any other firm. Ideo can refer to an ideo locator, commonly expressed as the "you are here" dot or arrow on maps. ******************* file_id: 266243 example be mouse_and_Microsoft. file_id: 266243 ideo win_PASS thousand. ******************* The Sex Machineguns are a Japanese Speed Metal band who released their first commercial single and album in 1998. They play a very bass-heavy form of metal, similar to what is often called Heavy Metal(and that is how they refer to themselves) but in a twist most Heavy Metal does not have, Sex Machineguns songs tend to be filled with extremely fast guitar and bass solos, the realm of Speed Metal. The band rides an image of being "Shock Rockers" by wearing crazy, exotic outfits like Visual Kei bands, singing about blowing up restaraunts (see song "FamiResuBombaa") and naming one of their live DVDs "SM Show" in a very intentional allusion to BDSM(which in Japan is quite a bit more shocking than most other places, due to the nature of the Japanese society). Casting themselves as shock rockers is not the prime selling point of their music though, since they show a very high level of technical skill on their instruments, surpassing that of many other metal bands in and out of Japan. Some may argue that other bands are better, but whether you like the music of Sex Machineguns or not, it is undeniable that they have a large amount of technical prowess. 1996- 1998: The Sex Machineguns started, like any other band, as a low-popularity Indie group, touring live houses and clubs. They chose their name similar to that of the Sex Pistols intentionally, and according to the band "implying that (we) machineguns are more radical than (the) pistols". They gained a very large fanbase very fast, and sold out their shows. They went on tour, and spread their popularity all over Japan. Once they got back home to release their first video and live CD in Spring of 1997, they had developed such a fanbase that the first press of the video sold out instantly, to all parts of japan from Okinawa to Hokkaido. 1998: In 1998, the Sex Machineguns made their commercial debut with the release of their first single on Toshiba-EMI Records. the single sold out all over Japan instantly, and it was decided they would go on a debut tour (which sold out completely in every location). Magazines began to run articles, and the single sold steadily, skyrocketing the band's popularity. In september they released their first album, which was another huge hit. They went on many tours, all selling out, and topped the singles charts all over Japan. As 1998 came to a close, the SEX MACHINEGUNS had topped the charts, played 62 concerts (all sold out) and achieved the dream of small bands everywhere: a chance to walk to road to stardom. The Sex Machineguns have undergone many member changes. The current lineup, called "4th Stage" is listed below. - Birthplace: Ehime Prefecture Birthday: April 28th Zodiac: Taurus Blood Type: A - Birthplace: Mae Prefecture Birthday: July 5th Zodiac: Cancer Blood Type: O - Birthplace: Kanagawa Prefecture Birthday: June 15th Zodiac: Gemini Blood Type: B - Birthplace: Nagasaki Prefecture Birthday: March 16th Zodiac: Pisces Blood Type: O - SEX MACHINEGUN - MADE IN JAPAN - Barbe-Q★Michael - BURNING HAMMER ( ) - IGNITION - Machineguns' Party ( ) - To the future tracks - LIVE! Final Attack at BUDOKAN ( ) 2005/03/02- HEAVY METAL THUNDER ( the first album after two years of silence from the band, which was thought to have split up until this release) - HANABI-la The Giant Slalom - BURN ~Love's Burning Fire~ - TEKKEN II - Mikan Song - ONIGUNSOW - Love is all of My Life - S.H.R ~Sexy Hero Revolution~ - HANABI-la The Giant Slalom ( ) - BURN ~Love's Burning Fire~ ( ) - TEKKEN II ( ) - Good fishing!! - There You Are... - Reckless Rider - World Reformation, GOOD VIBRATION - Straight Line Meal Delivery 2005/02/09- Suspense Theatre - HELLthy Set M ( ) - ROUTE320 ( ) - CIRCUIT.V.PANTHER - Sexy Finger ( ) - OPEN YOUR HEAD! TEAR! (''This was a single containing the opening and ending themes to a J-Drama) 2005/09/07- MUSIC FROM AND INSPIRED BY THE GAME HEAVY METAL THUNDER ~THE RECORDINGS~ The naming scheme for the SEX MACHINEGUNS videos is as follows: VIDEO SEX = A compilation of the latest music videos from the band SM SHOW = A compilation of concert video bits (SM SHOW 2 has a 90min full concert followed by a 20min clip of another, followed by some other clips, and then a second full 90min concert, for example) - EMERGENCY! Nozarashi! - ( ) - SM SHOW - - Video SEX - - Video SEX - - SM SHOW 2 - - Video SEX 2 - - SM SHOW 3 - - SM SHOW FINALE - 2003/12/10- Metal BOX - DVD Official Site (Japanese Language) Toshiba-EMI Site (Japanese Language) Virgin Music Company Site (Japanese Language) Fan Site (Japanese Language) ******************* ******************* Within the DC Universe, the planet Daxam is home to a race called the Daxamites, who posess a genome similar to Kryptonians. The Daxamites have superpowers including great strength, damage resistance, great speed, flight, enhanced senses and heat and X-ray vision, but only when exposed to yellow sunlight. Their own sun is red, so while on their homeworld, they do not have their superpowers. However, they are also extremely sensitive to lead poisoning with fatal reactions. They are an intensely xenophobic race, and are fearful of alien invaders. Daxam's inhabitants tend to stay on their homeworld, but some have ventured into the galaxy. Daxamites took part in an invasion of Earth masterminded by the Dominators. During the invasion however, the Daxamite forces discovered their physiomies gained tremendous powers, of a set and scale comparable to Krypton ians in a yellow sun environment However, while engaging Superman, the superhero convinced his opponents, who were succumbing to lead poisioning, that their allies were wrong to invade Earth and Lar Gand's father sent a message before his death that their government to intervene on Earth's behalf. They were successful in this intervention when the Dominators, unaware of the Daxamite physical reaction to Earth's environment, dismissed the small force of primarily troop transports as a legitimate threat. Thus, they were caught completely off guard when the Daxamites deployed in space an extremely formidable force of hundreds of soldiers who had gained powers and quickly defeated the enemy. They also fought against the galactic destroyer known as Imperiex. The galaxy's most famous Daxamite is Lar Gand, known in the 20th century as Valor and in the 31st as M'onel. After the invasion, it was found that the Dominators had been experimenting on humans and still held a significant number of them captive. Lar Gand and helped save the humans the Dominators were experimenting on and took these victims to uninhabited planets, in effect seeding the worlds, which would eventually become Legion member worlds. He was later was trapped in the Phantom Zone for 1000 years as a protection against dying from lead poisioning. His sudden disapperance troubled many he had helped, and they started a religion around him. He would later be rescued from the Zone by Brainiac 5 and the Legion of Super-Heroes. ******************* file_id: 2673360 daxamite have superpower. file_id: 2673360 daxamite take part. file_id: 2673360 dominator experiment human. ******************* The Sabine River is a river , 555 miles (893 km) long, in the U.S. states of Texas and Louisiana . In its lower course, it forms part of the boundary between the two states and empties into the Gulf of Mexico . The river formed part of the United States - Mexican international boundary during the early 19th century . The upper reaches of the river flow through the prairie country of northeast Texas. Along much of its lower reaches, it flows through pine forests along the Texas-Louisiana border, and the bayou country near the Gulf Coast. The river drains an area of 9,756 square miles (25,270 km²), of which 7,426 square miles (19,230 km²) is in Texas and the remainder in Louisiana. It flows through an area of abundant rainfall and discharges the largest volume of any river in Texas. The name Sabine ( Sp : Río de Sabinas ) comes from the Spanish word for cypress , in reference to the extensive growth of such trees (here Bald cypress es) along the lower river. The river flows through an important petroleum -producing region, and the lower river near the Gulf is among the most industrialized areas of the southeastern United States. It rises in northeast Texas by the union of three branches: the Cowleech Fork , Caddo Fork , and South Fork . The Cowleetch Fork rises in northwestern Hunt County and flows southeast for 35 miles (56 km). The Caddo Fork rises in two tributary forks, the East Caddo Fork and the West Caddo Fork, in northwestern Hunt County. The South Fork rises in the southwestern corner of Hunt County and flows east for 18 miles (29 km), joining the Caddo Fork and Cowleech Fork in southeastern Hunt County. The confluence of the forks is now submerged in the Lake Tawakoni reservoir. The combined river flows southeast across northeast Texas and is joined by a fourth branch, the Lake Fork 40 mi (64 km) downstream from the reservoir. In northeast Texas, the river flows past Mineola , Gladewater , and Longview , the largest city on the river to southwest of Shreveport at the 32nd parallel, where it establishes the Texas-Louisiana boundary. It flows south, forming the state line for the remainder of its course. It is impounded 10 mi (16 km) west of Leesville, Louisiana to form the 70 mi (112 km) long Toledo Bend Reservoir , with the Sabine National Forest along its western bank. South of the reservoir it passes through the bayou country, surrounded by wetland s, as well as widespread industrial areas near the Gulf Coast. Approximately 10 mi (15 km) south of Orange, Texas , it meets the Neches River from the west to form the 17 mi (27 km) long and 7 mi (11 km) wide Sabine Lake , which drains through Sabine Pass to the Gulf of Mexico. The city of Port Arthur, Texas sits along the western shore of Sabine Lake. Archeological evidence indicates the valley of the river was inhabited as far back as 12,000 years ago. Starting the 8th century the Caddo inhabited the area, building extensive mound s. The Caddo culture flourished until the late 13th century , but remnants of the Caddo were living along the river when the first European explorers arrived in the 16th century . The river was given its name in 1716 by Domingo Ramón and appeared as on a 1721 map. The river was used by French traders, and at various times, the river was claimed by both Spain and France. After the acquisition by Spain of the French territory of Louisiana in 1763 , the capital of the Spanish province of Texas was established on the east side of the river, near present-day Robeline, Louisiana . The geography area remained one of the least understood in the region, with various Spaish maps containing errors in the naming of the Sabine and Neches, and sometimes showed them flowing independently in the Gulf of Mexico. After the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1805 , indefinite nature of the boundary between the U.S. and Spain led to an agreement on November 6 , 1806 , negotiated by Gen. James Wilkinson and Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera , to establish a neutral territory on both sides of the river. The indefinite boundary was resolved by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 , which established the river as the boundary from the Gulf to the 32nd parallel. The Spanish delay in the ratification of the treaty, as well as the 1821 independence of Mexico , re-established the boundary dispute. The United States claimed for a while that the names of the Sabine and Neches had been reversed, and thus claimed the treaty established the boundary at the Neches. The first American settlers began arriving in the region in the 1820s , soon outnumbering the Mexicans by 10-to-1. After the independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in 1836 , the boundary between the U.S. and Texas was firmly established at the Sabine in accordance with the Adams-Onís Treaty. The river served as the western boundary of the United States until the Texas Annexation in 1845 . In the 1840s , river boats began navigating the river. During the American Civil War on September 8 , 1863 , a small Confederate force thwarted a Union invasion of Texas at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass , fought at the mouth of the river. In the late 19th and early 20th century , the middle course of the river became the scene of widespread logging . The discovery of petroleum at nearby Spindletop led to the river basin becoming the scene of widespread oil drilling. The lower river saw the development of many oil refineries and chemical plants, leading to a degradation of the water quality, as well as on-going efforts to restore the quality of the river. The lower river south of Orange, Texas to Sabine Lake forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway , carrying barge traffic. ******************* file_id: 26849 state form part. file_id: 26849 remnant live river. file_id: 26849 river use_PASS trader. ******************* Carson City Mint was a branch of the United States Mint in Carson City, Nevada. Built at the peak of the silver boom, 57 issues of silver coins minted here between 1870 and 1893 bore the "CC" mint mark. From 1895 to 1933, the building served as the U.S. Assay Office for gold and silver. The Federal Government sold the building to the state of Nevada in 1939. The building that housed the mint was the first designed by Alfred B. Mullett after he became Supervising Architect of the Department of the Treasury. The simple Renaissance Revival style stone facade has pairs of round-headed windows and a center portico. Today, it is the home of the Nevada State Museum. ******************* file_id: 2695464 Revival_style_stone_facade have pair. ******************* The UK general election of February 1974 was held on February 28, 1974. It was the first of two United Kingdom general elections held that year, and the only election since the Second World War not to produce an overall majority in the House of Commons for the winning party, instead producing a hung parliament. The incumbent Conservative government of Edward Heath polled the most votes by a tiny margin, but the Tories were overtaken in terms of Commons seats by Harold Wilson's Labour Party due to the decision by Ulster Unionist MPs not to take the Conservative whip. After failed negotiations between Heath and Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe, Heath resigned and Wilson returned for his second spell as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He would call another election in October of the same year. This election saw Northern Ireland diverging heavily from the rest of the UK, with all twelve MPs elected being from local parties, following the decision of the Ulster Unionists to withdraw support from the Conservative Party in protest over the Sunningdale Agreement. It also saw the first Plaid Cymru MPs to be elected in a general election, in Wales(they had previously won a by-election). |} See also MPs elected in the UK general election, 1974 (February). ******************* file_id: 269663 election hold . file_id: 269663 government poll vote. file_id: 269663 tory overtake_PASS term. ******************* Suzanne Lieurance is a former teacher, now a full time freelance writer , living in Kansas City, Missouri . Her stories and articles have been published in numerous magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, including FamilyFun and New Moon for Girls . Currently, Suzanne has 8 published books for children, including two Rookie Readers from Children's Press (PENNIES and SHOELACES) and several books from Enslow Publishers, Inc. Suzanne also reviews children's literature for SmartWriters.com , teaches children's writing for the Institute of Children's Literature in Connecticut , and offers online writing workshops at CoffeeHouseForWriters.com . ******************* file_id: 270797 stories_and_articles publish_PASS magazines_,_newsletters_,_and_newspapers. file_id: 270797 child write literature. ******************* 15,988 km (most railways in Spain are operated by RENFE , narrow-gauge lines (like in India) are operated by FEVE and other carriers in individual autonomous communitites) (1668 mm): 12,781 km (6,358 km electrified; 2,295 km double track) (1435 mm): 525 km ( high-speed rail , electrified at 25kVAC ) (1000 mm): 1,250 km (438 km electrified) (1998) It is proposed to build more standard gauge lines, including the dual gauging of broad gauge lines, especially where these lines link to adjacent countries. Cities with metro / light rail systems: total: 346,858 km (1997 est.) paved: 343,389 km (including 9,063 km of expressways) unpaved: 3,469 km 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas 1,666 km Avilés , Barcelona , Bilbao , Cádiz , Cartagena , Ceuta , Huelva , A Coruña , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ( Canary Island ), Málaga , Melilla , Gijón , Palma de Mallorca , Santa Cruz de Tenerife ( Canary Island ), Santander , Tarragona , Valencia , Vigo , Motril ( Granada ), Almeria ,... 130 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,131,648 GRT/1,688,996 DWT bulk 11, cargo 24, chemical tanker 9, container 9, liquified gas 2, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 24, refrigerated cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off 36, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 1 (1999 est.) n 70 15 11 17 17 10 (1999 est.) 35 1 9 25 (1999 est.) 2 (1999 est.) ******************* file_id: 27395 km operate_PASS RENFE. file_id: 27395 line link country. ******************* Friedrich August Moritz Retzsch( December 9 1779, Dresden- June 11 1857, Oberlössnitz/ Radebeul) was a German painter, draughtsman, etcher, and winer. Retzsch joined the Dresden Academy of Arts in 1798 under Toskani and Grassi, later working autodidactically, copying the famous pictures of the Gemäldegalerie, among them a copy of the Sixtinian Madonna . He was made a member of the Academy in 1817 and professor in 1824. The Cotta publishing house commissioned illustrations for Goethe's Faust , which made him financially independent. Goethe liked his work, and he illustrated works by other famous authors, among them Schiller and Shakespeare. Many of his works were created in house in the Lößnitz, with a view of the Elbe valley. As a winer, he was a member of the Saxonian winer association from 1799 onwards. ******************* file_id: 2745098 publishing_house commission illustration. ******************* Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges ( March 18 , 1830 - September 12 , 1889 ) was a French historian . Born in Paris , of Breton descent, after studying at the École Normale Supérieure he was sent to the French school at Athens in 1853 , directed some excavations in Chios , and wrote an historical account of the island. After his return he filled various educational offices, and took his doctor's degree with two theses, Quid Vestae cult us in institutis veterum privatis publicisque valuerit and Polybe, ou la Grèce conquise par les Romains (1858). In these works his distinctive qualities were already revealed. His minute knowledge of the language of the Greek and Roman institutions, coupled with his low estimate of the conclusions of contemporary scholars, led him to go direct to the original texts, which he read without political or religious bias. When, however, he had succeeded in extracting from the sources a general idea that seemed to him clear and simple, he attached himself to it as if to the truth itself, employing dialectic of the most penetrating, subtle and even paradoxical character in his deduction of the logical consequences. From 1860 to 1870 he was professor of history at the faculty of letters at Strasbourg , where he had a brilliant career as a teacher, but never yielded to the influence exercised by the German universities in the field of classical and Germanic antiquities. It was at Strasbourg that he published his remarkable volume La Cité antique ( 1864 ), in which he showed forcibly the part played by religion in the political and social evolution of Greece and Rome . Although his making religion the sole factor of this evolution was a perversion of the historical facts, the book was so consistent throughout, so full of ingenious ideas, and written in so striking a style, that it ranks as one of the masterpieces of the French language in the 19th century. By this literary merit Fustel set little store, but he clung tenaciously to his theories. When he revised the book in 1875, his modifications were very slight, and it is conceivable that, had he recast it, as he often expressed the desire to do in the last years of his life, he would not have abandoned any part of his fundamental thesis. The work is now largely superseded. Fustel de Coulanges was the most conscientious of men, the most systematic and uncompromising of historians. Appointed to a lectureship at the École Normale Supérieure in February 1870 , to a professorship at the Paris faculty of letters in 1875 , and to the chair of medieval history created for him at the Sorbonne in 1878 , he applied himself to the study of the political institutions of ancient France. The invasion of France by the German armies during the Franco-Prussian War attracted his attention to the Germanic invasions under the Roman Empire. Pursuing the theory of JB Dubos , but singularly transforming it, he maintained that those invasions were not marked by the violent and destructive character usually attributed to them; that the penetration of the German barbarians into Gaul was a slow process; that the Germans submitted to the imperial administration; that the political institutions of the Merovingian s had their origins in the Roman laws at least as much as, if not more than, in German usages; and, consequently, that there was no conquest of Gaul by the Germans. This thesis he sustained brilliantly in his Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France , the first volume of which appeared in 1874. It was the author's original intention to complete this work in four volumes, but as the first volume was keenly attacked in Germany as well as in France, Fustel was forced in self-defence to recast the book entirely. With admirable conscientiousness he re-examined all the texts and wrote a number of dissertations, of which, though several (e.g. those on the Germanic mark and on the allodium and beneficium) were models of learning and sagacity, all were dominated by his general idea and characterized by a total disregard for the results of such historical disciplines as diplomatic. From this crucible issued an entirely new work, less well arranged than the original, but rich in facts and critical comments. The first volume was expanded into three volumes, La Gaule romaine (1891), L'Invasion germanique et Latin de l'empire (1891) and La Monarchie franque (1888), followed by three other volumes, L'Alleu et le domaine rural pendant l'époque mérovingienne (1889), Les Origines du système féodal: le bénéfice et le patronat ... (1890) and Les Transformations de la royauté pendant l'époque carolingienne (1892). Thus, in six volumes, he had carried the work no farther than the Carolingian period. The result of this enormous labour, albeit worthy of a great historian, clearly showed that the author lacked all sense of historical proportion. He was a diligent seeker after the truth, and was perfectly sincere when he informed a critic of the exact number of "truths" he had discovered, and when he remarked to one of his pupils a few days before his death, "Rest assured that what I have written in my book is the truth." Such superb self-confidence can accomplish much, and it undoubtedly helped to form Fustel's talent and to give to his style that admirable concision which subjugates even when it fails to convince; but a student instinctively distrusts an historian who settles the most controverted problems with such impassioned assurance. The dissertations not embodied in his great work were collected by himself and (after his death) by his pupil, Camille Jullian , and published as volumes of miscellanies: Recherches sur quelques problèmes d'Histoire (1885), dealing with the Roman colonate, the land system in Normandy; the Germanic mark, and the judiciary organization in the kingdom of the Franks; Nouvelles recherches sur quelques problèmes d'histoire (1891); and Questions historiques (1893), which contains his paper on Chios and his thesis on Polybius . His life was devoted almost entirely to his teaching and his books. In 1875 he was elected member of the Académie des Sciences Morales , and in 1880 reluctantly accepted the post of director of the École Normale. Without intervening personally in French politics, he took a keen interest in the questions of administration and social reorganization arising from the fall of the imperialist régime and the disasters of the war. He wished the institutions of the present to approximate more closely to those of the past, and devised for the new French constitution a body of reforms which reflected the opinions he had formed upon the democracy at Rome and in ancient France. But these were dreams which did not hold him long, and he would have been scandalized had he known that his name was subsequently used as the emblem of a political and religious party. He died at Massy ( Seine-et-Oise ) in 1889. Throughout his historical career--at the École Normale and the Sorbonne and in his lectures delivered to the empress Eugénie--his sole aim was to ascertain the truth, and in the defence of truth his polemics against what he imagined to be the blindness and insincerity of his critics sometimes assumed a character of harshness and injustice. But, in France at least, these critics were the first to render justice to his learning, his talents and his disinterestedness. ******************* file_id: 274659 ou_la_Gr_è_ce_conquise_par le romain. file_id: 274659 recherch sur quelque. file_id: 274659 Nouvelles recherch quelque. file_id: 274659 dream not_hold . ******************* Trust AM is the operating name of the hospital radio station serving the Doncaster Royal Infirmary on Armthorpe Road in Doncaster, and the Bassetlaw District General Hospital on Blyth Road in Worksop. Staffed by Volunteers and operating 24 hours a day, the station aims to provide "More Variety" to it's listeners with a blend of music based mainly on the 50's to the 80's, but with even older songs, and newer ones, added to the mix. Dedicated request shows take to the air every weekend, Trust AM also provides specialist shows for Brass Band, Big Band, Jazz, Classical and much more. Shows to watch out for are The Weekday Carousel with The Broadcasting Legend, Steve Roberts, and The Oldest DJ In Town, Len Bratley. Trust AM, The station's own website. ******************* file_id: 2760813 request_shows take air. file_id: 2760813 show watch . ******************* At 9:45 pm on 1 October 1999 the Jersey-registered fishing vessel Rachel Harvey struck rocks 200 yards off Peninnis Head in the Isles of Scilly in stormy seas. St Mary's Lifeboat and a search-and-rescue Sea King helicopter from RNAS Culdrose attended the scene. The lifeboat picked up all six crew, but one man was pronounced dead on arrival at St Mary's Hospital. ******************* file_id: 2793102 Jersey strike rocks_200. ******************* Regina Spektor(b. Moscow, Soviet Union(now Russia), 1980) is a singer-songwriter and pianist. She moved with her family to the Bronx, New York at age nine and is associated with the anti-folk scene centering around New York City's East Village. Spektor comes from a musical family; her father, a photographer, was also an amateur violin ist and her mother was a music professor in a Russian conservatory (she now teaches at a public elementary school in Mount Vernon, New York). The family left the Soviet Union in 1989, during the period of Perestroika when Jew ish citizens were first permitted to emigrate. Traveling first to Austria and then Italy, they finally settled in the Bronx, New York. In Russia, Spektor had studied classical piano from the age of six, and was also exposed to the music of rock and roll bands such as the The Beatles, Queen, and The Moody Blues by her father, who obtained such recordings in eastern Europe and traded cassettes with friends in Russia. In New York, Spektor gained a firm grounding in classical music from her piano teacher, Sonia Vargas, a professor at the Manhattan School of Music. Although she had always made up songs around the house, Spektor first became interested in songwriting during a visit to Israel during her teenage years. Attracting attention from the other children on the trip for the songs she made up while hiking, she realized she had an aptitude for songwriting. Following this trip, she was first exposed to the work of Joni Mitchell, Ani DiFranco, and other singer-songwriters, which gave her the idea that she could create her own songs. She attended Purchase College in Purchase, New York, graduating in 2001. She gradually achieved notice through performances in the anti-folk scene in downtown New York City, most importantly at the East Village's Sidewalk Cafe. Spektor's idiosyncratic songs generally take the form of character studies, and are thus much like short stories in song. She states that she has written hundreds of songs, but that she rarely writes any of them down. Unlike the work of many singer-songwriters, they are not usually autobiographical, but based on scenarios drawn from her imagination. They range from playful to introspective in character, showing influences from classical, folk, Russian music, and hip hop. Her earliest work also shows the influence of jazz and blues. She has stated that she works hard to ensure that each of her songs has its own musical style, rather than trying to develop a distinctive style for her music as a whole. Spektor also explores the various timbres of her voice, including a breathy, angelic high register and a Billie Holiday-like lower register that she often allows to break into a trumpet-like tone quality. She often uses a jazzy vibrato and sliding tones in her voice's middle register. She also uses a variety of rather unorthodox techniques, such as verses composed entirely of vibrating noises made with the lips, beatbox-style flourishes in the middle of ballads, or the use of a drum stick to tap rhythms on the body of the piano, or a chair. Her lyrics (which she usually sings in English, though sometimes including a few words of French or Russian, and the occasional verse of Latin) are equally eclectic, frequently drawing on unusual intellectual and literary references, further setting her music apart from mainstream folk music. Many of her songs are narrative, use a mixture of styles and techniques, and often start with a seemingly simple piano riff. She uses a strong New York accent on some words, which she states is due to her love of New York and its culture. Since c. 2005, Spektor has performed on a bright red Baldwin baby grand piano. She opened for The Strokes in 2003, on her first North American tour. Subsequently, she appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and toured the United States and Europe. Although she generally only performs original material, she performed her first covers in 2005, of songs by Leonard Cohen and Madonna for a Jewish music festival in New York City. ******************* file_id: 2798963 influence work . file_id: 2798963 noise make_PASS lip. ******************* The Commander's Award for Public Service is the fourth highest honor the United States Department of the Army can bestow upon a civilian, ranking directly below the Outstanding Civilian Service Award. Eligible recipients include any individual (except Army civilian employees who are eligible for Army honorary awards, military personnel, or Army contractors), Federal Government officials at the policy development level, and technical personnel who serve the Army in an advisory capacity or as consultants. This award may be approved by any commander ( colonel and above), commanders exercising courts-martial authority, principal officials of Headquarters, Department of the Army staff agencies, and officials of general officer or Senior Executive Service rank. Commander's Award for Public Service honors consist of a bronze medal, lapel button, and citation certificate. ******************* file_id: 2811900 recipient include Army. file_id: 2811900 employee be Army. file_id: 2811900 personnel serve Army. file_id: 2811900 award approve_PASS commander. file_id: 2811900 award exercise authority. ******************* Pills, porn and poker are the most common forms of business which use E-mail spam and other forms of spamvertising. In many cases, these sites are of dubious legality, and are often fronts for fraud. The "pills" sold are typically treatments of impotence, such as real or purported Viagra or Cialis tablets, to be delivered without prescription, although other prescription medicines are also advertised. Some pill advertisements suggest that they can offer penis enlargement. Pornography websites are also heavily advertised in this way, as are (as of 2005) online poker websites. All of these businesses transact their business through the use of credit card s; in many cases, the spamvertised sites are simply vehicles for credit card fraud. Recently, fake goods such as fake Rolex watches have appeared as another common category of spamvertised goods. AOL documented an "unscientific" list of the subjects of the spam most widely sent to its members during 2003. In alphabetical order: ******************* file_id: 2823352 goods appear_PASS category. ******************* Walter Marvin Koenig (born September 14 , 1936 in Chicago, Illinois , USA ) is an actor . He played the navigator Pavel Chekov on the USS Enterprise in the original Star Trek television series and in the several movies that featured the original cast. He is of Russia n Jewish descent, but his family immigrated from Lithuania . He attended Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa . After Chekov, his best-known role is the Psi Cop Alfred Bester on the television series Babylon 5 . Koenig has been the "Special Guest Star" in twelve episodes and, at the end of the third season, the production company applied for an Emmy nomination on his behalf. He once again plays Bester on the spin-off series Crusade . In addition to acting, he has written a handful of episodes for TV shows: Star Trek: The Animated Series , Land of the Lost , Family and The Powers of Matthew Star . Walter Koenig has taught classes in acting and directing at UCLA , The Sherwood Oaks Experiment Film College and the California School of Professional Psychology. Most recently he has been in instructor at the Actor's Alley Repetory Company in Los Angeles . He has been married since 1965 to Judy Levitt and has one son , Josh Andrew Koenig . Danielle Koenig , one of the writers for Invader Zim , is his daughter. He was cast as Chekov due to his resemblance to Davy Jones , to attract the younger audience, especially females. He had heart bypass surgery in 1993 . His role as Bester came out of that incident since his hospitalization forced to bow out of a guest spot on Babylon 5 . The series producer promised to make it up to him for the lost opportunity and got the Bester role later on. In 2005 it was announced that Koeing would reprise his role as Chekov in an upcoming episode of Star Trek: New Voyages , an internet based Fan Series taking place in the 3rd year of the original 5 year mission after TOS had been canceled. ******************* file_id: 283457 Walter_Koenig teach_PASS class. ******************* Puddling was a pre-industrial means of making steel. In the original puddling technique, molten iron in an open crucible was stirred with wooden rods, which were consumed in the process. The burning of these rods removed impurities such as sulphur. Producing a good-quality steel with the correct amount of carbon was a highly skilled art, but both high and low carbon steels were successfully produced on a small scale, particularly for swords and other weapons. The process was industrialised in the early part of the industrial revolution, creating the puddling furnace. ******************* file_id: 2852265 molten_iron stir_PASS rod. file_id: 2852265 burning remove impurity. ******************* Phonolite , sometimes known as Clinkstone is an igneous , volcanic ( extrusive ) rock , of felsic composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. Mineral assemblage is usually abundant feldspathoid s and alkali feldspar , and lesser plagioclase . Biotite , amphibole and pyroxene are common accessory minerals. Quartz is absent. Some phonolite outcrops make a musical sound when struck -- hence the name. ******************* file_id: 285241 Biotite_,_amphibole_and_pyroxene be mineral. ******************* Strongly correlated materials are a wide class of materials that show unusual (often technologically useful) electronic and magnetic properties, such as metal insulator transitions or half- metallicity. Many, if not most, transition metal oxides belong into this class which may be subdivided according to their behavior, e.g. high Tc superconductors, spintronic materials, Mott insulators, Spin Peierls materials, Heavy Fermion materials, Quasi Low-Dimensional materials etc. The single most intensively studied effect is probably high temperature superconductivity in doped cuprates, e.g. La1-xSrxCuO4. Other ordering or magnetic phenomena and temperature induced phase transitions in many transition metal oxides are also gathered under the term strongly correlated materials. The term strong correlation refers to behavior of electrons in solids that is not well-described by simple one electron theories such as the local density approximation (LDA) of density functional theory. For instance, the seemingly simple material NiO has a partially filled 3d-band (the Ni atom has 8 of 10 possible 3d-electrons) and therefore would be expected to be a good conductor. However, strong Coulomb repulsion(a correlation effect) between d-electrons makes NiO instead a wide band gap insulator. Thus, strongly correlated materials have electronic structures that are neither simply free-electron like nor completely ionic, but a mixture of both. Extensions to LDA (LDA+U, GGA, SIC, GW, etc.) as well as simplified model Hamiltonians (e.g. Hubbard-like models) have been proposed and developed in order to describe phenomena that are due to strong electron correlation. The Hartree-Fock method includes correlations between electrons of same spin explicitly (by chosing a totally antisymmetric wave function as the solution to the Schrödinger equation), yet neglects correlation between those of opposite spin. Experimentally, high-energy electron spectroscopies, and more recently resonant inelastic (hard and soft) x-ray scattering, have been used to study the electronic structure of strongly correlated materials. Spectral signatures seen by these techniques that are not explained by one-electron density of states are often related to strong correlation effects. The experimentally obtained spectra can be compared to predictions of certain models or may be used to establish constraints to the parameter sets. One has for instance established a classification scheme of transition metal oxides within the so-called Zaanen-Sawatzky-Allen diagram. ******************* file_id: 2856466 material be class. file_id: 2856466 transition_metal_oxides belong class. file_id: 2856466 term refer behavior. file_id: 2856466 material have structure. file_id: 2856466 structure be . file_id: 2856466 model propose_PASS . file_id: 2856466 phenomenon be order. file_id: 2856466 spectrum compare_PASS prediction. ******************* Clyde Robert Cameron(born 11 February 1914), Australia n politician, was a Cabinet minister in the Whitlam government and a leading figure in the Australian labour movement for forty years. Cameron was born in Murray Bridge, South Australia, the son of a shearer of Scottish descent. He was educated at Gawler, but left school at 14 to work as a shearer. He was unemployed during the depths of the Great Depression, an experience he never forgot or forgave. During the rest of the 1930s he worked in every Australian state and in New Zealand. He was active in the Australian Workers Union and the Australian Labor Party from an early age, becoming an AWU organiser and then South Australian State President and a Federal Vice-President of the union in 1941. From 1943 to 1948 he was the union's industrial advocate and taught himself industrial law. In 1946 he became State President of the Labor Party. In 1939 Cameron married Ruby Krahe (always called "Cherie"), with whom he had three children. In 1949 he suffered a personal crisis when all three children were afflicted with poliomyelitis(infantile paralysis). He also learned that his youngest son suffered from an intellectual disability. Although they all eventually recovered from polio, the ordeal permanently affected Cameron, and contributed to the breakup of his marriage. In 1966 the Camerons were divorced and in 1967 he remarried to Dorothy Bradbury. Cameron was the most powerful figure in the South Australian labour movement in the 1940s, and at the 1949 election he was elected to the House of Representatives for the safe Labor seat of Hindmarsh, leaving his brother Donald(later a Senator) in charge of the South Australian AWU. He rapidly made his mark as one of the most aggressive and uncompromising Labor members ever to enter the Australian Parliament. Cameron hated the conservatives with a deep and personal hatred, and made no secret of it. He rapidly emerged as one of the leaders of the left-wing of the Caucus, led at that time by Eddie Ward, who became Cameron's mentor. It was the tragedy of Labor politicians of Cameron's generation that Labor spent 23 years in Opposition from 1949 to 1972, and he like many others spent his best years out of office. During the Labor Split of the 1950s Cameron became a leading supporter of federal Labor Leader Dr H.V. Evatt and an opponent of the right-wing Catholic faction. He was among those who insisted that all the "Groupers" be expelled from the party. He also conducted a long feud with the right-wing federal leadership of the AWU led by Tom Dougherty, one of the long list of people Cameron hated. Nevertheless Cameron was an intelligent and able parliamentarian, and by the 1960s he could see that Labor would never win a federal election again unless it could find both a leader and a set of policies acceptable to an increasingly middle-class electorate. Ward's death in 1963 marked the end of the old Depression-era leftism in the federal Caucus. The younger left leaders such as Cameron, Jim Cairns and Tom Uren were more willing to adapt to changed circumstances. Cameron became increasingly critical of Arthur Calwell's leadetrship, although he supported Calwell in his passionate opposition to the Vietnam War. Calwell retired in 1967 and was succeeded by Gough Whitlam. Although he disagreed with Whitlam on many issues, after 1968 Cameron became a supporter of Whitlam's leadership. In 1969 Whitlam made Cameron Shadow Minister for Labor, giving him a real stake in a Labor victory. It was Cameron's decisive influence that gained Whitlam the numbers on the Federal Executive, and in 1970 he supported Whitlam's move to reform the Victorian branch of the Labor Party, which was controlled by the extreme left. In December 1972 Labor came to office under Whitlam, and Cameron became Minister for Labour at the age of 58. He created a sensation by sacking the permanent head of his department, Sir Halford Cook, and bringing in an outsider: he was always deeply suspicious of senior public servants. But he greatly improved the pay and conditions of other public servants, using the public sector to set new benchmarks which he hoped would be extended to the private sector. Revealing hinmself to be an unsuspected feminist, he hired Mary Gaudron(later the first woman on the High Court bench) to argue before the Arbitration Commission for equal pay for women workers. His senior advisor was John Bannon, later Premier of South Australia. The unions had high hopes that Cameron would bring greatly improved benefits for industrial workers. But unfortunately for Cameron, the Australian economy began to deteriorate rapidly in 1974 as a result of the inflation caused by the oil shock, and the government came under increasing pressure to hold back wage increases, which were seen by orthodox economists to be fuelling inflation. Cameron resisted this pressure and his relations with Whitlam deteriorated. At the same time, he became increasingly critical of union leaders who, as he saw it, blindly pursued wage rises without regard to the state of the economy, or to the incomes policy of their own Labor government. By 1975 the Whitlam government was in crisis and Whitlam made a sharp turn to the right, bringing in Bill Hayden as Treasurer and James McClelland as Minister for Labour. Cameron refused to resign as Labour Minister and Whitlam was forced to ask the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, to withdraw his commission. He was eventually persuaded to accept the position of Minister for Science. Cameron thus became once again Whitlam's implacable enemy, but with the fall of Whitlam's government in November there was little he could do. He withdrew to the backbench and in 1980 he retired from Parliament. In retirement he published several volumes of vindictive but amusing memoirs. He kept a diary throughout his career, but shortly after his retirement these were (he claims) stolen from his home by ASIO agents. Cameron remained a frequent contributor to public debate well into his 80s. ******************* file_id: 2861963 benchmark hope . file_id: 2861963 union have hope. file_id: 2861963 pressure hold wage_increases. file_id: 2861963 wage_rises be crisis_and_Whitlam. ******************* Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife , later Princess Arthur of Connaught , nee Lady Alexandra Duff (Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise) ( 17 May 1891 - 26 February 1959 ), was a member of the British Royal Family . She has the distinction being one of two female-line granddaughters of a British sovereign to hold the title of Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and for holding a peerage in her own right. was born at East Sheen Lodge, Richmond, the elder daughter of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife ( 10 November 1849 - 12 January 1912 ), and Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife ( 20 February 1867 - 4 January 1931 ), the eldest daughter of the future King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra . Lady Alexandra's father had been created Duke of Fife and Marquess of MacDuff in the peerage of the United Kingdom two days after his marriage to Princess Louise of Wales in 1889 . When it became apparent that the couple were unlikely to have a son, Queen Victoria created him Duke of Fife and Earl of MacDuff in the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1900. The second dukedom of Fife had a special remainder in default of male issue to the Duke's daughters and their male descendants. On 9 November 1905 , King Edward VII created his eldest daughter Princess Royal . He also created granddaughters, Lady Alexandra Duff and Lady Maud Duff, Princesses of Great Britain and Ireland with the style of Highness and precedence immediately following all members of the royal family styled Royal Highness . From that point, the newly titled Princess Alexandra and Princess Maud no longer held their ranks from their father, but rather from the will of the Sovereign (their grandfather). Princess Alexandra succeeded her father as 2nd Duchess of Fife and Countess of MacDuff on 22 January 1912 . She began a relationship with Prince Christopher of Greece around 1910 . He was a son of Olga Konstantinovna of Russia and George I of Greece , and thus, as the son of a younger brother of her maternal grandmother, Alexandra's first cousin once removed . Although Alexandra and Christopher hoped to be married, the engagement was terminated when disapproving parents learned of the liaison. On 15 October 1913 , the Duchess of Fife married her mother's first cousin, Prince Arthur of Connaught , at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace in London. From that point until her death in 1959, she was generally referred to as HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught , or in some documents HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught (Duchess of Fife) . Prince and Princess Arthur of Connaught had one son, HH Prince Alastair Arthur of Connaught , styled Earl of MacDuff (by courtesy) after November 1917. During World War I , Princess Arthur of Connaught served as nurse at St. Mary's Hospital in Paddington. When Prince Arthur was appointed governor general of the Union of South Africa in 1920, she accompanied him to Pretoria and worked on behalf of local hospitals. Upon the couple's return to Britain, she continued to carry out royal duties. She died in her London home in 1959. Her only son and the heir apparent to the dukedom of Fife, Alastair Arthur, died in Ottawa in 1943, a year after succeeding his paternal grandfather as 2nd Duke of Connaught. When Princess Arthur of Connaught died, the dukedom of Fife passed to her nephew, James George Alexander Bannerman Carnegie, Lord Carnegie , the only son of her late sister Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk . ******************* file_id: 286485 line_granddaughters hold . file_id: 286485 parent learn_PASS liaison. ******************* : See smelting for the chemical process. Allosmerus Hypomesus Mallotus Osmerus Spirinchus Thaleichthys Smelts are a family Osmeridae of small anadromous fish . They are common in the North American Great Lakes , and run in large schools along the coastline during their spring migration to their spawning streams. The family consists of some 16 species in six genera. The fish usually reach only 6 inches (15 cm) and are a food source for salmon and lake trout . It is one of the few fish that sportsmen are allowed to net, using gill net s, either along the coastline or in the streams. Some sportsmen also ice fish for smelt. Smelt are often fried and eaten whole. Smelt roe is bright orange in color, and is often used to garnish sushi . The Boy's Own Book of Outdoor Sports (early 1900s) adds: In the United States this fish seldom exceeds ten inches in length, and the usual size is from five to eight inches. In South America they grow to the length of two feet, are semi-transparent, and are most delicious eating. Some of them caught by American sailors at the Straits of Magellan were thirty inches long by eight inches round the body. The smelt is exceedingly plentiful in the waters around Boston, and they are also taken in the rivers of New Jersey and the ponds of Long Island. They are of a pale green color on the back, with silvery sides, and a satin band running along the sides. They may be called a sea fish, though they run up fresh water streams in the spring to spawn. They are caught in October and November, and in the winter months by breaking holes in the ice. The tackle used for the smelt is a silk, or silk and hair line, with Limerick trout hooks Nos. 2 to 5, on single gut leaders. The sinker should be pretty heavy to overcome the tide. Shrimp bait is generally used, or small pieces of minnow or frog will answer. If you wish to fish them through a hole in the ice, take a piece of small brass wire a foot and a half long, put it through a piece of lead for a sinker, and fasten your hooks at both ends. Tie on a cotton or flax line and then drop your hooks. You can use three or four of these lines at different holes, setting them, while you are either skating or running round to keep warm. In this way you will get a fine string of smelts in a short time. Smelts will live, breed and thrive when transferred to fresh water ponds; and by some people these fresh water smelt are considered the best eating. They live a long time out of water and hence are good eating after being carried long distances. Smelts were traditionally an important winter catch in the salt water mouths of rivers in New England and the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Fishermen would go to customary locations over the ice using horses and sleighs. Smelt taken out of the cold salt water were much much preferred to those taken in warm water. The smelt did not command a high price on the market, but provided a useful supplemental income in times when wants were much less.The smelts were "flash frozen" simply by leaving them on the ice and then sold to fish buyers who came down the rivers on horse and sleigh. They were also an excellent winter meal. They were gutted, heads and tails removed and rinsed in cold water then dipped in flour mixed with salt and pepper and fried in butter. Served with boiled potatoes and pickled beets, they were a welcome addition to winter fare. Smelts are also found in the waters of Puget Sound in Washington State and in certain tributaries of the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon. They are caught by means of dip nets in the rivers, smelt rakes on the salt water shorelines or by jigging from docks and boats. ******************* file_id: 28710 sportsman allow_PASS . file_id: 28710 piece answer . file_id: 28710 smelt live . file_id: 28710 breed_and_thrive transfer_PASS water_ponds. file_id: 28710 smelt be winter_catch. file_id: 28710 fisherman go location. file_id: 28710 heads_and_tails remove_PASS . ******************* A variety of Potions are discussed in the fictional Harry Potter series of novels by J.K. Rowling. Potions are brewed in a cauldron from magical ingredients. This results in liquids that can be made to have any kind of effect on the drinker from strength enhancement to immunity to flames. According to Snape, with potions one can "bewitch the mind, ensnare the senses and even put a stopper on death". Potion-making skills are not dependent on the maker's overall magic skills, as the potions result from the properties and right proportions of the ingredients. The Draught of Living Death is made by mixing a root of Asphodel and an infusion of Wormwood. It brings upon its drinker a very powerful sleep that can last indefinitely, hence its name. The potion is mentioned by Snape in Harry's very first Potions class in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone . It again plays an important role as the first potion to be brewed in Professor Slughorn's NEWT Potions class during the sixth year. While attempting to make the potion, Harry finds the instructions that lead to his discovery of the Half-Blood Prince. has properties similar to a truth drug. Three drops can force the drinker to spill his innermost secrets. It can be resisted through various methods, including occlumency, rendering it inadmissible as legal evidence. The name comes from the Latin veritas("truth") plus serum. Characters in the series to use it include Dolores Umbridge (who tries to get Harry to tell her where Sirius Black is, although he refuses to drink the tea into which she pours it) and Albus Dumbledore (who uses it to interrogate Barty Crouch Jr, who was at the time disguised as Alastor Moody). Polyjuice Potion is used to transform a person into the physical form of another person for one hour. The final ingredient in this potion is a piece ( hairs are the most convenient) of the person that the potion-taker will transform into. The potion cannot controllably be used to transform into a non-human animal - that ability can only be learned through hard study of transfigurations and contamination of the Polyjuice Potion may cause partial, uncontrollable animal transformations. The name is a portmanteau of polymorph(indicating shape-change) and juice(indicating that it is indeed a liquid). The potion has played a part on three occasions: Wolfsbane Potion is a recently (around 1990) invented potion that, if taken during the week leading up to the full moon, allows werewolves to retain his or her mindset and sanity, when he/she transforms into a werewolf during the full moon. It is described as a foul-tasting potion - sugar makes it useless - and is so difficult to make that Severus Snape was the only member of the Hogwarts staff capable of preparing the potion for Remus Lupin, who required regular doses to control himself when he transformed into a werewolf. The potion was invented by Marcus Belby's Uncle Damocles. Damocles was taught Potions in Hogwarts by Horace Slughorn. Felix Felicis is a potion that makes the user incredibly lucky, possibly by increasing their intuition as well as affecting the outside world. In Harry Potter and the Half-blood Prince Harry decieves Ron, by making him think that he, Harry, dropped the felix felicis potion in his juice in order to win the quidditch game. Love Potions create extreme romantic obsession rather than true love, the latter being impossible to recreate artificially. Love Potions can be added to food or drink and can strengthen the longer they're kept. There is a wide range of them. Fred and George Weasley send them disguised as perfumes and cough potions as part of their Owl order service. The strongest Love Potion in the world is Amortentia, which is first seen in the Half-Blood Prince and has a mother-of-pearl sheen and smells of that which is the most attractive to whoever inhales it. Mandrake Restorative Draft removes the effects of curses or petrification from the user. It requires the leaves from the Mandrake plant and form the base of many antidotes. Its concoction is one of Professor Lockhart's many claimed skills. This potion is used to unpetrify victims of the Basilisk in Chamber of Secrets . ******************* ******************* Syd Shores(born 1916, died March 6, 1973) is an American comic book artist known for his work on Captain America in both during the 1940s Golden Age of comic books and the 1960s Silver Age. Shores was educated at Brooklyn's Pratt Institute, where he met his wife-to-be, Selma. After working seven years at his uncle's whiskey bottling plant until it closed down in 1940, he became an assistant at the quirkily named Harry "A" Chessler's studio, under comics artists Mac Raboy and Phil Sturm. "For months I was just a joe-boy, watching and learning and helping wherever I could. I studied Mac Raboy for hours on end — he was slow and meticulous about everything, doing maybe only a single panel of artwork a day, but it was truly beautiful work. After four months I tried my own hand at work, doing a seven-page piece called 'The Terror'. I was proud of it then, of course, but in looking back it really was a terror!" "The Terror" still held enough promise that it saw print in #5 (March 1941) from Timely Comics, the 1940s pecursor of Marvel Comics, and went on to make other appearances. Timely editor Joe Simon hired Shores as the fledgling company's third employee. Shores initially working as an inker, embellishing some of the earliest pencil work of industry legend Jack Kirby, including the covers of the Simon & Kirby-created Captain America Comics#2, 5, 6 and 7 in 1941. ( Note: Shores has said he inked the cover of #1; however, Simon, in the autobiography cited under "References", and the Jack Kirby Museum website both give Simon as inker, with Simon and Al Liederman variously inking the interior stories.) Decades later, Shores would return to ink penciler Kirby when the character once more received a full-length title, Captain America— starting with the premiere issue (#100, April 1968, continuing the numbering from Tales of Suspense , a split book shared with Iron Man) and continuing through seven of the first 10. Shores also inked two of Kirby's Golden Age Vision stories, in Marvel Mystery Comics #21-22 (July-Aug. 1941); the cover and all three Cap stories in Captain America Comics#7 (Oct. 1941); and the cover and splash page of Young Allies #1 (July 1941). After the Simon & Kirby team moved on following Captain America Comics#10 (Jan. 1942), Shores and Al Avison became regular pencilers of the hit title, with one generally inking over the other. Shores took over as regular penciller, inked by Vince Alascia, while Avison did his World War II military service. Shores also penciled stories of the Vision and the Patriot in Marvel Mystery Comics, Major Liberty in USA Comics, and the Captain America portions of the All-Winners Squad stories in the (unhyphenated) All Winners Comics#19 and 21 (Fall and Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). Shores was inducted into the U.S. Army in late 1942, seeing action as part of General Patton's Third Army in France and Germany, and receiving a Purple Heart for being wounded in France on 16 December, 1944. After four months at a convalescent hospital in Warwick, England, he was reassigned to an engineering outfit and became part of the occupation forces in Germany. After Shores' military discharge in Jan. 1946, he returned to Timely. There and at Timely's 1950s successor, Atlas Comics, Shores was among the artists on the superhero features " The Human Torch" and " The Sub-Mariner", the Western titles The Black Rider and Kid Colt, Outlaw , the jungle series Jann of the Jungle and Jungle Action, the war comics Battle Action and Battle Brady, and many others including Blonde Phantom. Going freelance in 1948, when virtually all of Timely's staff positions were eliminated, Shores drew for Atlas, Avon Publishing, and Orbit Publications. With Mort Lawrence, who succeeded Bill Everett on The Sub-Mariner, and Norman Steinberg, another Atlas artist, Shores co-founded a comic-art studio in 1952, first in Hempstead, Long Island, and later in nearby Freeport. But with Steinberg's death in the mid-1950s and Lawrence's decision to leave the field, Shores returned to individual freelancing, adding magazine illustration to his repertoire. In the 1960s, Shores found a new audience at Marvel Comics, where he inked many issues of Kirby's Captain America; Gene Colan's Daredevil ; Dick Ayers' and Don Heck's Capt. Savage and His Leatherneck Raiders/ Capt. Savage and His Battlefield Raiders(1969- 1969), and a variety of other titles. Shores' also penciled a handful of black-and-white horror-comics magazine stories, such as "Blood Thirst!" in Major Publications' Web Of Horror#1 (Dec. 1969) and "Strangers!" in #3 (April 1970); and "King Keller" in Warren Publishing's Creepy#37 (Jan. 1971). For Marvel's Chamber of Chills#1 (Nov. 1972), he penciled Gerry Conway's adaptation of Harlan Ellison's "Delusions for a Dragon Slayer". This era was nonetheless hard on the talented Shores. As fellow Golden Age and Silver Age artist Joe Giella recalled, "Syd later became a taxi cab driver; that was so sad. I happened to see him while I was on jury duty back in the early '70s, and he told me he was driving a cab because he coundn't find work." . Some of Shores' last work included penciling Skywald Publications' The Bravados#1 (Aug. 1971, and the Marvel Western Red Wolf(1972- 1973). He also inked Tom Sutton and Jim Mooney on, respectively Marvel's Ghost Rider #1-2 (Sept.-Oct. 1973). A trouper to the end, Shores finished penciling two-thirds of a story for the black-and-white Marvel horror magazine Tales of the Zombie#5 (May 1974) before dying of a heart seizure. Ayers penciled the remainder. Gene Colan : "My first real professional start in the comic-book business began in the summer of 1946, and that is when I met Syd Shores. He was the head man in the Art Department of Marvel Comics. ... I was flying by the seat of my pants...hoping that everything would turn out. I didn't want the seams to show but that was all part of the learning process and Syd helped me wade through. ... His realistic style, for some time, became an obsession with me. His characters looked like the real thing. Whatever he had them doing was as real to life as you could get." Syd Shores "Jack Kirby influenced my sense of dramatics. Jack Kirby influences everybody in comics, though: Before I got really started in the field it was Alex Raymond and Hal Foster, they were my gods back then, but Kirby was the most immediate influence." Atlas Comics retailer Presents the 20 Greatest Inkers of American Comic Books : #11 Syd Shores "evidenced a unique and singular inking style, one perhaps only vaguely approximated by the great Bill Everett. Both had bold but rough-hewn lines and illustrative, photorealistic brushwork which gave the pages a beautiful, organic look...."      and #1 (Dec. 1999) — #19 (Fall 1946) Interview with Joe Giella, Vol. 3, #52 (Sept. 2005), p. 8 ******************* file_id: 2880468 editor hire shore. file_id: 2880468 Shores_and_Al_Avison become penciler. file_id: 2880468 shore take penciller. file_id: 2880468 shore draw Atlas_,_Avon_Publishing_,_and_Orbit_Publications. file_id: 2880468 shore find audience. ******************* Danny McGuire was unleashed onto the the rugby league scene in 2001, when he replaced Iestyn Harris against Salford at Headingly, playing for the Leeds Rhinos. The summer of the same year saw Danny tour to South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, being part of the England under-21 squad. The 5'10, 82kg stand-off was rewarded with a full time contract with the Leeds Rhinos for the 2002 season. 2003 saw McGuire make his debut for England 'A', earning a place in the European Nations Cup aswell as an exhibition match against the Kangaroos. 2004 was the year when he took the Superleague by storm, being the Rhinos' top try scorer, a member of the Superleague Dream Team, being named the Rugby League Writers Association Player of the year and winning the Superleague premiership with the Leeds Rhinos. His stellar 2004 season brought further spoils as he was named in the Great Britain Tri-Nations squad, coming off the bench in the opening game and earning a further four caps. Danny is seen as the future of British rugby league and is viewed as an individual to guide England to glory in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. ******************* file_id: 2882284 2004_season bring spoil. ******************* ' " Krasny Kavkaz "' (from Russian: "Красный Кавказ" - "Red Caucasus") was a Soviet light guards cruiser. Laid down on October 18, 1913 at the Rossud Dockyard as "Admiral Lazarev" and launched on June 8, 1916. She was only completed On December 14, 1926 due to the Russian Revolution. She was renamed " Krasny Kavkaz" and completed to a modernised design, being commisioned on January 25, 1932. In 1933 the cruiser visited the ports of Turkey, Greece and Italy. During World War II under the command of officers A. M. Guschin and V. N. Yeroshenko it fought against Germans in Sevastopol, Odessa, Theodosia and Novorossiysk. She was heavily damaged by Stukas on 4th January 1942. After the war she was used as a training ship was sunk as a target by SSN-1 missiles in June 1955 ******************* file_id: 2906223 yeroshenko fight german. ******************* Amoghavajra ( 705 - 774 ) (in Chinese 不空 Pukong/P'u-k'ung ) was a prolific translator who became one of the most politically powerful Buddhist monks in Chinese history, acknowledged as one of the eight patriarchs of the doctrine in Shingon lineages. Born in Samarkand of a Indian father and Sogdian mother, he went to China at age 10 after his father's death. In 719, he was ordained into the saṅgha by Vajrabodhi and became his disciple. After all foreign monks were expelled from China in 741, he and some associates went on a pilgrimage to gather texts, visiting Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and India. During this voyage, he apparently met Nagabodhi , master of Vajrabodhi, and studied the Tattvasaṃgraha system at length. He returned to China in 746 with some five hundred volumes. In 750, he left the court to join the military governorship of Geshu Han, for whom he conducted large-scale tantric initiations at field headquarters. In 754, he translated the first portion of the Tattvasaṃgraha T 865 , the central text of Buddhist esotericism, which became one of his most significant accomplishments. He regarded its teachings as the most effective method for attaining enlightenment yet devised, and incorporated its basic schema in a number of writings. Amoghavajra was captured in general An Lushan 's rebellion but in 757 was freed by loyalist forces, whereupon he performed rites to purify the capital and consolidate the security of the Tang state. Two years later, he initiated the emperor Suzong as a cakravartin . In 765, Amoghavajra used his new rendition of the Scripture for Humane Kings in an elaborate ritual to counter the advance of a 200,000-strong army of Tibetans and Uyghur s which was poised to invade Changan. Its leader, Pugu Huaien , dropped dead in camp and his forces dispersed. The opulent Jingao temple on Mt. Wutai was completed in 767, a pet project of Amoghavajra's, and one of his many efforts to promote the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī as the protector of China. Amoghavajra continued to perform rites to avert disaster at the request of the emperor Tang Daizong . On his death in 774, three days of morning were officially declared, and he posthumously received various exalted titles. The Chinese monks Huiguo and Huilin were among his most prominent successors. Seventy-seven texts were translated by Amoghavajra according to his own account, though many more, including original compositions, are ascribed to him in the Chinese canons. ******************* file_id: 293954 monk expel_PASS China. file_id: 293954 whereupon perform rite. ******************* Mount Darwin is a flat-topped mountain, named for evolution-theorist Charles Darwin, in the Sierra Nevada range in Fresno County, California that is a popular climb. It is located in the Kings Canyon National Park and the Inyo National Forest. It was first climbed on August 12, 1908 by E. C. Andrews and Willard D. Johnson. The modern name of the mountain was given to it in 1895 by Theodore S. Solomons and E. C. Bonner(of the United States Geological Survey) as part of a series of mountains named after naturalists. Other nearby mountains include Mount Fiske, Mount Haeckel, Mount Huxley, Mount Spencer, and Mount Wallace. (This assortment of mountains is also known as the Evolution Region.) A similar exercise in naming mountains after naturalists and others involved in the controversy surrounding evolution in the late nineteenth century, also occurred at the West Coast Range in Tasmania, Australia. Nearby landmarks include Darwin Glacier and Darwin Canyon. ******************* file_id: 2949538 bonner name_PASS naturalist. file_id: 2949538 landmark include and_Darwin_Canyon. ******************* Sound change or phonetic change is a historical process of language change consisting in the replacement of one speech sound or, more generally, one phonetic feature by another in a given phonological environment. Sound change is supposed to be regular, which means that it should be expected to apply mechanically whenever its structural condition is met, irrespective of any non-phonological factors (such as the meaning of the words affected). Hence the somewhat hyperbolic term sound law, introduced in the 19th c. and still applied traditionally to some of the historically important sound changes, e.g. Grimm's law. While real-world sound changes often admit of exceptions (for a variety of known reasons, and sometimes without a known reason), the expectation of their regularity or "exceptionlessness" is of great heuristic value, since it allows historical linguists to define the notion of regular correspondence(see: comparative method). Each sound change is limited in space and time. It means it functions within a specified area (only in some dialects / ethnolects) and within a specified period of time. These limitations are one of the reasons for which some scholars refuse using the term "sound law" (asserting that laws should not have such spatial and temporal limitations) and replace it with phonetic rule. Sound change is part of the larger process of language change. For example, like the initial consonant of English , which has yielded present-day f). Unless a change operates unconditionally (in all positions), we have to specify the context in which it applies: If the symbol "#" stands for a word boundary (initial or final), the notation "/__#" = "word-finally", and "/#__" = "word-initially". For example: Sound change has no memory: Sound change does not discriminate between the sources of a sound. If a previous sound change causes X,Y > Y (features X and Y merge as Y), a new one cannot affect only original X's. If it helps, think of a stampede of animals, each erasing its predecessor's footprints. Sound change ignores grammar: A sound change can only have phonological restraints, like X>Z in unstressed syllables. It cannot drop final W, except on adjectives, or the like. The only exception to this is that a sound change may or may not recognise word boundaries, even when they are not indicated by prosodic clues. Sound change is exceptionless: If a sound can happen at a place, it will. It affects all sounds that meet the criteria for change. Exceptions are possible, due to either analogy and other regularization processes, or another sound change. This is the traditional view, expressed by the Neogrammarians. In past decades it has been shown that sound change doesn't necessarily affect all the words it in principle could. However, when a sound change is initiated, it usually expands to the whole lexicon given enough time. Sound change is unstoppable: Nobody knows why, but all languages vary from place to place and time to time. Writing does not keep languages from changing. This would be true if we learnt languages from reading books. We do not. We learn our native tongue by imitating the speakers in our environment. Only dead languages, artificially resurrected and kept alive languages like Latin, and international languages like Esperanto are immune to sound change. (The only thing that has stopped Esperanto from having dialects is the fact that it is spoken almost entirely as a second-language. If Esperanto speakers speak the language to their children, and they do the same and so on, sound change will happen.) Sound change is informally divided into influenced and spontaneous. Influenced sound changes are sound changes affected by adjacent sounds. Spontaneous sound changes are the opposite. There is some overlap between the two types. The "Sound Laws" of Grimm and Verner and others are spontaneous sound changes. Another spontaneous sound change transformed Old English sk into Middle English . The collapse of many of Middle English's consonant clusters is also a spontaneous sound change. For example, Middle English kn> n in Modern English. There are several types of influenced sound change: in some English dialects is pronounced only if the following word starts with a vowel. . Apocope example: the Old French word for "state" is "estat," but the "s" has dropped since then, yielding, "état." Syncope example: the final "e" in Middle English was pronounced, but was dropped when the next word started with a vowel sound. , so "fire" = . , with the n not being pronounced. ******************* ******************* Richard Whelan was a 28 year old white man from London who was murdered by a knifeman on the top deck of the number 43a London bus in Islington, on 29 July 2005. There has been no suggestion that the murder of Mr Whelan was racially motivated. Various claims of bias have been made regarding the coverage of the murder. It emerged that Mr Whelan, who lived in Kentish Town, was a friend of one of the victims of the 7 July London bombings. He helped in the search for fellow Arsenal supporter Ciaran Cassidy, 22, who was killed in the explosion on a Piccadilly Line train near King's Cross station. Mr Cassidy's mother Veronica said: "They were good friends and Richard was a fairly quiet lad, not the sort to get into any trouble.”Richard was a real support and what has happened to him is tragic, especially after everything else". Arsenal fan Mr Whelan, a hospitality agent who sold tickets for sporting events, was on his way back to Kentish Town, north London, with his girlfriend when he was stabbed shortly after 10:00. Mr Whelan and his girlfriend boarded the number 43 bus in Islington at about 2145 BST and made their way on to the top-deck. His attacker, described as black, in his 20s, just under 6ft tall with afro hair and wearing a dark jacket and a hooded top with the hood up, got on at the same stop. The man then began throwing food forcing all the passengers, but Mr Whelan and his girlfriend, to move to the lower deck. After enduring this behaviour for 15 minutes, and when the abuse turned to his girlfriend, Mr Whelan stood up to the man. Police said he was then stabbed up to six times as his girlfriend tried to pull the attacker off. Despite his injuries, Mr Whelan then attempted to stop the man getting away, before collapsing on the bottom deck of the bus. Mr Whelan was taken to the nearby Whittington hospital, where he died from his injuries. The attacker got off the bus at Holloway Road near the junction with Wedmore Street and walked away. Det Ch Insp John Macdonald said "Mr Whelan did absolutely nothing wrong whatsoever. "This was a totally unprovoked attack by someone who obviously carries a knife as a matter of course." Anthony Leon Joseph, aged 20, has been accused of murder and remanded in custody until 27 January2005. ******************* file_id: 2970841 claim make_PASS . file_id: 2970841 friends_and_Richard be lad. file_id: 2970841 sort get trouble. file_id: 2970841 hospitality_agent sell ticket. file_id: 2970841 police say . ******************* Gravitation (グラビテーション) is a shōnen-ai manga and anime series. Although shōnen-ai content is relatively commonplace in anime, this is one series to directly discuss the characters' homosexuality as such, rather than simply presenting it. The two episode OVA series was released in 1999 . The thirteen-episode TV series aired in Japan from October 4, 2000 to January 10, 2001 , on WOWOW satellite channel. The original manga series is written by Maki Murakami . It continues the story further than either of the animated series. Although it originally ended in 2002 after 12 volumes, new chapters are now being serialised in an online manga anthology, Spica . The Gravitation TV series has been licensed for North American release and is available from Right Stuf International on four DVDs. The OVA series is licensed by the same company and is now available. The manga is published in English by TokyoPop . Eight audio_dorama (drama albums) were produced for Gravitation , featuring most of the seiyū of the TV and OVA series. Five retell events from the manga series, while the remaining three cover new story material. The drama albums also contain musical tracks performed by the Japanese voice actors. Murakami penned a thirteen volume dōjinshi series called Gravitation Remix . The Remix doujinshi are much more sexually explicit than the manga and deviate heavily from the manga storyline. (The Remix doujinshi contain an element of parody. For example, one volume features a female version of a male character.) The precursor to Gravitation was a dōjinshi series titled Help! , which followed a similar story line but cast the characters in slightly different roles. The Gravitation novel will be released in English by TokyoPop on March 7, 2006. The story surrounds the aspiring and energetic singer Shuichi Shindo who, with his band, Bad Luck (formed with his best friend Hiro), wants to become Japan's next big thing, like his famous idol Ryuichi Sakuma, lead singer of the disbanded legendary group Nittle Grasper. One evening, Shuichi is writing lyrics for a song when his paper is blown away by the wind and picked up by a tall blond man. The man dismisses Shuichi's hard work, which hurts Shuichi deeply, although he is intrigued by the stranger. This will be only their first encounter, as Shuichi will become fascinated by the stranger, who turns out to be a famous romance novelist, Eiri Yuki, and they will begin a relationship. The story expands to include the beginnings of Bad Luck and their rise to fame, as well as their rivalry with the band ASK; the reformation of Shuichi's idol's band, Nittle Grasper; a long suffering fiancee of Eiri's who wants to finally marry him and serves as an enemy then an ally for Shuichi; the public scandal surrounding Eiri's and Shuichi's relationship; attempts by Eiri's inner circle to keep Shuichi away from Eiri in "Eiri's best interests"; and the secret of Eiri's painful past that he has trouble remembering and which is keeping him from giving in to his feelings for Shuichi. Along the way there is some great music, a diverse set of interesting characters, plenty of comedy and touches of drama and violence. As is typical in Japanese shonen-ai and yaoi, one character does all the chasing while the other keeps refusing or pushing them aside. However, in this case the tables are turned as it is the innocent Shuichi who is in pursuit of the reticent Eiri, as opposed to the usual setting of the more masculine character pursuing the more naive character. TV opening theme: TV ending theme: OVA opening theme: OVA ending theme: Nearly all of the music for Gravitation (except songs that appeared on later drama albums) was written, performed or produced by Daisuke Asakura . Guitarist Kenichi Ito also appears on many of the tracks. Innocent and ambitious, Shuichi wants to be a great success in the Japanese pop music scene (and in the U.S. rap scene after signing with Roc-A-Fella Records ). However, after meeting mysterious novelist Eiri Yuki, Shuichi Shindou falls so hard that Eiri is his number one priority, which is a difficult situation because Eiri is reluctant about their relationship and keeps pushing Shuichi away. Meanwhile, Shuichi's band is climbing the charts and Shuichi's relationship with Eiri is getting in the way. A big brother character to Shuichi, he is his best friend and the other original member of Bad Luck. Quiet and far more wise than the impetuous Shuichi, Hiroshi tries to serve as the voice of reason for Shuichi as he falls head over heels for Eiri. Hiroshi himself is not immune to love, as he finds himself smitten with Eiri's fiancee. Eiri "Yuki" Uesugi is a popular romance novelist that met Shuichi Shindou in the park and mercilessly dismissed his song lyrics. Through coincidence, they keep bumping into each other, and eventually come together romantically. Despite having the media on them 24/7, Eiri (called by his pen name "Yuki") struggles to deal with the guilt and confusion of murdering his tutor for attempted rape. This experience left him cold, but throughout the series, you see him soften under Shuichi's influence, and finally confront his memories of his late tutor. Member of the disbanded chart-topping group Nittle Grasper and head of N-G Records, Tohma (sometimes spelt Touma) signs Bad Luck and finds Shuichi Shindou interesting as a person. Unfortunately, he is tied to Eiri Yuki, who is his brother-in-law, and proves to be an impediment in the relationship between Shuichi and Eiri. For mysterious reasons having to do with Eiri's past, Tohma is fiercely protective of Eiri, and will defend him at all costs. Mysterious and calculating, Tohma is a man of power who tends to get what he wants. Lead singer of the defunct band Nittle Grasper and friend of Suichi. He left the band three years ago to make it big in America but has returned to Japan, and inspired by Shuichi's live performance, wants to reform Nittle Grasper. Shuichi is excited at the news of Nittle Grasper's reunion, but now that makes Ryuichi his rival. However, Ryuichi is a good-natured rival and even more naive than Shuichi. Ryuichi's former manager and now the manager for Bad Luck, K is aggressive in promoting the band--he even carries around a big gun and hand grenades. His concern is first and foremost Bad Luck, but in his shaping of the band's career, he ends up involving himself in Eiri and Shuichi's relationship. She was betrothed to Eiri and likes him very much, but wants what's best for him, so she lets Shuichi stay with Eiri and tries to give up on him. Hiro has a crush on her and later they go on a date together. She's sweet and polite, like the perfect wife, but more caring for Eiri than most would assume. Noriko used to be the keyboard player for Nittle Grasper, but joins Bad Luck for a bit on Touma's request. Once Nittle Grapser gets back together, though, she leaves for good. Noriko is rude, loud, and talented. She won't take junk from any of her band members, and demands the best out of them. Often times she acts like an older sister to Ryuichi. A very stressed worker, Sakano worships Touma and tries to be the perfect business man for him no matter what. Sakano takes every opportunity, though he's not as conniving as K. Tatsuha is Eiri's brother, who has the same voice (though not the same seiyū) and characteristics as his older brother, but with black hair and eyes. Tatsuha is obsessed with Ryūichi and watches his Nittle Grasper video repetitively. He's quite the perverted and obsessive fan, not to mention a 17-year-old monk. Eiri's older sister and Touma's wife. She's beautiful, yet cold. She looks quite a bit like Eiri exept with longer hair and makeup. In book one, she wanted to make Eiri see his dying father bribing Suichi with her own brother. Once Noriko leaves the band, Suguru is hired to replace her as Bad Luck's keyboard player. Though he fakes very sweet politeness, young Suguru is quite manipulative and quite similar to his cousin, Touma. He's only sixteen, but he has incredible talent - and knows it. Suguru knows Eiri Yuki's past as well... ******************* file_id: 297868 __dorama produce_PASS gravitation. file_id: 297868 track perform_PASS voice_actors. file_id: 297868 Shuichi write lyric. file_id: 297868 attempt keep Shuichi. file_id: 297868 Sakano take opportunity. file_id: 297868 characteristic obsess_PASS ichus. ******************* Perfect Blue is an feature-length anime film, directed by Satoshi Kon (loosely based on the novel of the same name by Yoshikazu Takeuchi ). The film is a psychological thriller about Mima Kirigoe who is a member of a Japanese pop idol group called "Cham!" who decides to become an actress. Some fans aren't happy about her career change with one fan in particular who is rather obsessed and very disturbed. As she starts her new career reality and fantasy blur and Mima becomes increasingly out of control of the world around her. A pop star Mima Kirigoe from a j-pop group called "CHAM!", decides to change her career to that of an Actress. She decides to participate in a direct to video drama series called "Double Bind". Some of her fans are disturbed over her change, in particular a guy who is referred to as "Me-Mania". Shortly after making the change, she receives a fax from a mysterious source calling her a traitor. Mima finds a website called "Mima's room" that has public diary entries which seem to be written by her discussing her life in explicit detail. She confides in her friend/manager Rumi about the site who advises her to ignore the creepy similarities the entries have to her life. Meanwhile on the series Mima wants to get a bigger role. The producers decide to offer her a part, as long as she participates in a simulated rape scene. The scene traumatizes her and she increasingly becomes unable to separate reality from fantasy. She increasingly becomes part of a seedy world of show business while the band she left is becoming increasingly successful. Later people involved with the drama series who forced her to do work she didn't like, are suddenly murdered. She finds evidence makes it seems like she's the suspect, but like the rest of the film it is unsure whether she did it or not. It turns out that the diarist herself is delusional as she believes herself to be Mima and has made a disillusioned psycho-fan believe that she is the real Mima and the girl in the show is an imposter. The fan then proceeds to commit the murders and come after Mimarin. Mima kills him and runs to her only support left alive Rumi, only to find out that the person she trusted the most is the delusional diarist. She is chased and wounded but manages to seriously wound Rumi to the point of incapacitation. They both live, Rumi is sent to a mental institution where she lives in constant delusion, and Mima becomes a famous actress. Originally it was supposed to be a live action direct to video series, but after the Kobe earthquake it was changed into an OVA . The reason for this change was that the earthquake damaged the production studio which made the budget too low to be produced in live action. During production it was changed from an OVA to a theatrically released film. Katsuhiro Otomo was credited as "Special Supervisor" as a means to better sell the film abroad and as a result film was screened in many film festivals around the world. While touring the world it received a fair amount of acclaim, jumpstarting Kon's career as a filmmaker. A live action film was later made that is much closer to the novel called Perfect Blue: Yume Nara Samete ( 2002 ) and was directed by Toshiki Sato . Kon and Murai didn't think that the original novel would make a good film and asked if they could change the contents. This change was approved so long as they kept a few of the original concepts from the novel. The US remake rights are owned by Darren Aronofsky who referenced a scene from Perfect Blue shot by shot, within a similar thematic context in Requiem for a Dream ( 2000 ). The scene is where Mima/Marion is curled up naked in a bathtub and both characters yell underwater. Thematically the two scenes are similar because both characters in the scenes are mentally distressed over being the subject of sexual exploitation in both films. Like much of Kon's later work, the film deals with the blurring between fantasy and reality in contemporary Japan. Also like his later work Paranoia Agent (2004) (TV) , it portrays a negative viewpoint of popular culture. Furthermore, it falls into an unusual genre for an animated film, dealing with serious psychological issues as opposed to fantasy. The film was critically well received in the festival circuit, winning awards at the 1997 FantAsia Film Festival in Montréal, and Fantasporto Film Festival in Portugal. Critical response in the United States upon its theatrical release was mixed, with many critics being baffled at why it was done as an animated film and many others associating the film with common anime stereotypes of gratuitous sex and violence. Despite its unorthodox nature the film is well known in western anime circles, possibly better known in western fandom than in Japanese fandom. ******************* file_id: 298566 people involve_PASS drama_series. ******************* Pokerzone is a channel dedicated to poker, broadcasting on satellite channel 226 since 2005. Programmes include Poker Night Live , Heads Up with Richard Herring , the Poker Bowl, the World of Poker, Inside Poker , Monte Carlo Millions , Full-Tilt Poker Championship and High-Stakes Backgammon. ******************* file_id: 2990811 programme include Poker_Night_Live. ******************* Choked flow is a hydrodynamic condition caused by the Venturi effect. Fluid or gas that flows through a restriction in a pipe or other passage has reduced pressure in the restriction due to the Venturi effect. If the flow is fast enough, then the pressure in the restriction drops to zero. Negative pressures are not normally possible to achieve, so the flow is limited to this rate regardless of the pressure on the downstream side of the restriction. Choked flow is useful because it limits the flow rate through a spigot or butterfly valve regardless of the viscosity or density of the fluid. The choked flow rate through a restriction is proportional to the square root of the ambient pressure, times the cross-sectional area of the restriction. Most spigots and engine throttle valves operate in a choked flow condition. ******************* file_id: 2996488 pressure be . file_id: 2996488 spigots_and_engine_throttle_valves operate flow_condition. ******************* The California Australian Football League(CAFL) was the first organized league of Australian Rules Football in the United States of America, and is in itself a member of the United States Australian Football League. Wayne Pollock served as the CAFL's first head. The current president is Chris Olson. The league was founded on 1 April 1998 with four foundation clubs: Inland Empire Eagles, Los Angeles Crows, Orange County Bombers, San Diego Lions. They were joined in 1999 by Santa Cruz 'Roos and in 2000 by the Phoenix Scorpions. In 2002, the Inland Empire Eagles club folded and the Santa Cruz 'Roos left to to focus on GGAFL. The Phoenix Scorpions changed name in 2003 to become the Arizona Hawks, then left in 2004 to join the Arizona Australian Football League. Further changes in 2004 introduced the Mojave Greens and Valley Vandals, and restructuring allowed several clubs to enter multiple teams in the regular season (Orange County: Huntington Beach Hammerheads, Inland Empire Fire, Orange County Crush; San Diego: Cougars, Jaguars). The CAFL is a member of the USAFL South-Western Ausfootball Region. ******************* file_id: 3000347 change introduce and_Valley_Vandals_,_and_restructuring. ******************* Paramount Comics is the name of a former comic book imprint of Marvel Comics that was active for about two years beginning in 1996. The imprint was the result of a deal between Marvel and Paramount Pictures to produce licensed comic book series based upon the entertainment company's franchises Mission: Impossible (in particular the soon-to-be-launched film series) and Star Trek . The agreement resulted in DC Comics and Malibu Comics abruptly losing the rights to publish their own Star Trek comics series. The first comic published under the Paramount Comics banner was a prequel to the first Mission: Impossible film(and the first M:I comic since Dell Comics ended their series in the early 1970s). This was followed soon after by a one-shot crossover between Star Trek: The Next Generation and Marvel's superhero team The X-Men . After that, Marvel launched a series of comics based upon all four Trek series produced to that time, including Star Trek: Voyager , a title Malibu had been scheduled to produce but was unable to due to the change of license. Marvel also launched an original series, Starfleet Academy, as well as Early Voyages which featured the adventures of Captain Christopher Pike and his crew. The agreement between Paramount and Marvel hit some major snags after about a year, resulting in Paramount withdrawing support for non-series based characters and storylines. As a result, both Early Voyages and Starfleet Academy were abruptly cancelled in the midst of their respective story arcs. Marvel phased out the Paramount Comics banner and their remaining Star Trek titles lasted for about another year before ending in 1998. The Star Trek license was subsequently picked up by DC's Wildstorm imprint. Besides Trek and Mission: Impossible, Paramount Comics published no other titles. Although an ongoing Mission: Impossible series had been announced, only the one-shot was ever published. ******************* file_id: 3002919 agreement result DC_Comics_and_Malibu_Comics. ******************* Aminatou Haidar is a Sahrawi human rights-defender (b. 1967), political activist and former disappeared( 1987- 91). She is incarcerated in the "Black Prison" of El-Aaiun since June 17 2005, after having been arrested a hospital where she was receiving treatment for damages inflicted by police during a demonstration during the Independence Intifada. Reportedly, she was tortured during interrogations. Amnesty International has expressed great concern about the situation for Sahrawi prisoners in Morocco-controlled Western Sahara. There is an international campaign for Aminatou Haidars release which has been signed by 178 members of the European Parliament. The parliament also called for her immediate release in a resolution in October 2005. She has been nominated as a candidate for the Sakharov Prize. She has two children, a son and a daughter. ******************* file_id: 3009033 Aminatou_Haidar be sahrawus. ******************* In the culture of the Indian subcontinent a hijra is a physically male or intersex person who is considered a member of "the third sex ." They usually refer to themselves as female at the language level. Hijras trace their historical roots to Hinduism where they mirrored androgynous deities, as well as to the royal courts of Islamic rulers. The group consists of people born with a male body, but with a non-male or female gender identity ; transgender , transsexual or androgynous people; and individuals born with ambiguous genitalia ( intersex or hermaphrodites ). By some reports, individuals not belonging to any of these categories have had the crude castration / genital reassignment surgery ritual performed on them without their consent. In Hindu contexts, hijras belong to a special caste and are special devotees of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata . Within Muslim contexts, the hijra third gender is believed to be the result of Allah 's will. All hijras, whether Hindu or Muslim, have been affected by Islamic practices. For example, they bury their dead instead of the normal cremating and are said to have guarded the gravesite of Muhammad , the founder of Islam . Becoming a hijra is a process of socialization into a "hijra family" through a relationship characterised as chela "student" to guru "teacher", leading to a gradual assumption of femininity. Each guru lives with at least five chela s; her chela s assume her surname and are considered part of her lineage. Chela s are expected to give their income to their guru , who manages the household. The culmination of this process is a religious ritual that includes castration , an operation currently illegal in India and referred to by hijras as a nirvan , or rebirth. Although not all hijras do so, it is expected that a hijra's penis and testes will be removed . It is unknown what percentage of hijras are true eunuchs . In modern times, hijras may recourse to sex reassignment surgery , but such cases are rare. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras, who must often resort to begging or prostitution (as Hindu temple prostitutes in premodern times). They also perform traditional religious ceremonies at marriages and the birth of male babies. In Islamic societies, they were associated with the ruling class and hired as court eunuch s. Hijra attendance at birth and wedding ceremonies are usually uninvited, involving music, singing, and sexually suggestive dancing. These are intended to bring good luck and fertility. As per societal norms, the host pays the hijras a fee. It is believed in India that the new born baby will be blessed if exposed to the Hijra's manhood. In recent times, foreign negative attitudes have affected the Hijra's cultural status. Some now view them with contempt and bribe hijras to shorten their ceremonies. No matter what attitude individuals have toward hijras, most people believe they have supernatural powers attributed to their castration that, if offended, bring bad luck. The ancient Kama Sutra mentions the performance of oral sex on male parishioners at Hindu temples by hijras. The men who have engage in sexual relations with hijras are not condidered gay in the Western sense, just as hijras are not gay but instead members of the third gender. In fact, some Hijras find husbands. Commonly the Hijra-rights groups support gay rights issues in the Indian subcontinent, but this is a newly-emerging situation. During British colonialism , negative attitudes towards hijras were imported from Europe . The British passed laws outlawing their practices. Many Hindu temple s with homosexual depictions were effaced of them. After independence , anti-hijra laws were repealed, but a law outlawing castration, a central part of the hijra community, was left intact, though rarely enforced. Many modern Hijras, faced with health concerns and discrimination, have become politically active. For example, they have formed HIV / AIDS awareness groups to combat health problems within their communities. Other Hijras have been elected to high political positions. In November of 2000, Asha Devi - a hijra - was elected mayor of Gorakhpur, a post reserved for a woman. The city had a population of approximately 500,000 as of 1991. She was unseated when a court decreed that she was a man , but was later reinstated. Every April, an annual festival is celebrated in Tamil Nadu, where the temple for the hijras is located. The hijras marry the Lord Vishnu/Krishna and then the next day, mourn his death through ritualistic dances and by breaking their bangles. An annual beauty peageant is also held. Hijras from different places travel to this festival, and a personal subjective experience of the hijras in this festival is shown in the fascinating documentary India's Ladyboys, by BBC Three . The term "hijra" in this context is to be distinguished from an Arabic word of the same transliteration. The last consonant in the South Asian term is not pronounced like the English "r" or the Arabic ra or Ray . The Arabic word means "migration". See Hijra (Islam) . ******************* file_id: 301626 group consist people. file_id: 301626 individual bear_PASS genitalium. file_id: 301626 individual not_belong . file_id: 301626 hijra belong caste. file_id: 301626 All_hijras affect_PASS practice. file_id: 301626 all_hijras do . file_id: 301626 percentage be eunuch. file_id: 301626 hijra recourse sex_reassignment_surgery. file_id: 301626 employment_opportunities be hijra. file_id: 301626 attitude affect_PASS status. file_id: 301626 attitude_individuals have hijra. file_id: 301626 people believe manhood. file_id: 301626 power attribute castration. file_id: 301626 member find . file_id: 301626 Hijra support rights_issues. file_id: 301626 attitude import_PASS Europe. file_id: 301626 british pass law. file_id: 301626 temple s depiction. file_id: 301626 hijra_laws repeal_PASS independence. file_id: 301626 hijra elect_PASS position. ******************* A chipset is a group of integrated circuit s ("chips") that are designed to work together, and are usually marketed as a single product. In computing , the term chipset is commonly used to refer to the specialized motherboard chips on a computer or expansion card . When discussing personal computers (PCs) based on recent Intel Pentium -class systems, the term "chipset" often refers to the two main motherboard chips: the northbridge and southbridge . The manufacturer of a chipset can be, and often is, independent from the manufacturer of the motherboard. Examples of PC motherboard chipsets include NVIDIA 's nForce chipset and VIA Technologies ' KT800, both for AMD processors, or one of Intel 's many chipsets (see, for example, ). The term "chipset" was also widely used in the 1980s and 1990s for the custom audio and graphics chips in home computer s, games consoles and arcade game hardware of the time. Examples include the Commodore Amiga 's Original Chip Set or SEGA 's System 16 chipset. Computer systems produced since the late 1980s often share commonly used chipsets, even across widely disparate computing specialties—for example, the NCR 53C9x , a low-cost chipset implementing a SCSI interface to storage devices and the like, could be found not only in Unix machines (such as the MIPS Magnum ), but also in embedded devices and personal computers. ******************* file_id: 302224 pc base_PASS Intel_Pentium. file_id: 302224 example include NVIDIA. file_id: 302224 example include . file_id: 302224 Computer_systems produce late_1980s. ******************* Nasuti Yagyu is a fictional character who appears in the anime/ manga series Yoroiden-Samurai Troopers( Ronin Warriors). Her English dub name is Mia Koji. Nasuti aids the Samurai Troopers during their quest against the forces of evil. Not much is known about her past, except that she is half French and half Japanese, and was visiting her grandfather when Arago's invasion began. Unlike her friends, Nasuti has no super powers or weapons. However, she is extremely knowledgeable about the mystical armors and various ancient artifacts. She provides information to the Troopers and acts as a caretaker for Jun Yamano( Ully). Over time, Nasuti becomes like an older sister to the warriors. In the beginning of the TV series, Nasuti is 17 years old. In Gaiden, she is 19 years old. During the Kikoutei Densetsu( The Legend of Kikoutei) series, she is 20 years old. Finally in Message she is around 21 years old. In North America, however, fans often portrayed Nasuti and Ryo Sanada as a couple. In the beginning, Nasuti (or rather her English counterpart Mia) was not liked by many female fans, possibly due to being "a know-it-all" or being "too close to the boys" and was in the way of many Mary Sue authors' fantasties. During Kikoutei Densetsu Nasuti was crucial in aiding the Troopers in decoding the mysterious language used by Mukara; and she was able to take herself and her friends to where Ryo and Seiji were located. In the 3rd and last OVA, Message, Nasuti attended a government meeting in Japan where she planned on telling the world officials about the existance of the Troopers. Whether she succeeded in doing so remains a mystery. Unlike the previous episodes, Nasuti only appears in the very last episode; but as always she provides support for Ryo who, at the time, was about to confront the new enemy, Suzunagi. Nasuti's birthday technically falls on two dates, due to an error made by her creators at Sunrise Animation Studio. According to the YST book, Memorials, her birthday is listed on May 15, 1970, making her a Taurus. However, according to The Encyclopedia of YST her birthday is listed on May 28, 1970, thus making her a Gemini like Seiji. Both books were compiled by the staff at Sunrise. However, the latter date is often used in other official documents. Nasuti's family name, Yagyu, is based on the real Japanese clan with the same name. Like most of the characters in the series, many of their surnames are based on historical Japanese clans. Nasuti plays the same role in the manga as she does in the anime version of YST. She provides assitance to the heroes but unlike the anime, her importance is downplayed in order to make room for more action. Even Jun, the little boy who counted on the Troopers and Byakuen( White Blaze) to protect him, becomes more of a key figure. In doujinshi, Nasuti maintains her role as the older sister to the five warriors. In Japan, the most popular non- yaoi pairing among the characters is Nasuti and Seiji. While YST doujinshi have multiplied since the show's start back in 1988, many of them are shōnen-ai or yaoi based. The few doujinshi that feature heterosexual pairings are often Seiji and Nasuti related. The secondary couplings are either Touma and Kayura or Ryo and Luna. ******************* file_id: 3023932 doujinshus feature pairing. ******************* Randers FC is a Danish football team playing in Randers. The team plays in the second best league, The Viasat Sport Division ( 1st Division). The team played last season in the Superliga, but they relegated after only 1 season, in the best Danish league. ******************* file_id: 3028769 football_team play rander. ******************* A fixed point of an isometry group is a point that is a fixed point for every isometry in the group. For any isometry group in Euclidean space the set of fixed points is either empty or an affine space. For an object any unique center, and, more generally, any point with unique properties with respect to the object, is a fixed point of its symmetry group. In particular this applies for the centroid of a figure, if it exists. In the case of a physical body, if for the symmetry not only the shape but also the density is taken into account, it applies to the center of mass. If the set of fixed points of the symmetry group of an object is a singleton then the object has a specific center of symmetry. The centroid and center of mass, if defined, are this point. Another meaning of "center of symmetry" is a point with respect to which inversion symmetry applies. Such a point needs not be unique; if it is not, there is translational symmetry, hence there are infinitely many of such points. On the other hand, in the cases of e.g. C 3h and D 2 symmetry there is a center of symmetry in the first sense, but no inversion. If the symmetry group of an object has no fixed points then the object is infinite and its centroid and center of mass are undefined. If the set of fixed points of the symmetry group of an object is a line or plane then the centroid and center of mass of the object, if defined, and any other point that has unique properties with respect to the object, are on this line or plane. ******************* file_id: 3043958 inversion not_fix_PASS point. file_id: 3043958 point have property. ******************* This page contains the discography and filmopgraphy of Snoop Dogg. The list doesn't include videos embeddded only in Snoop's DVD releases, so in that sense unaired. As well as starring and producing films Snoop Dogg has also appeared in a few video games, such as True Crime: Streets of LA(As a hidden character) and Def Jam: Fight for NY(as Crow). He now plays the main character in Fear & Respect. ******************* file_id: 3049502 list not_include video. file_id: 3049502 video embeddd_PASS DVD_releases. ******************* X Japan (エックス ジャパン), or X (エックス) which was their initial name, was a Japan ese Visual kei band, the brainchild of Yoshiki (Yoshiki Hayashi). Their sound started as Japanese rock speed metal , and later gravitated towards alternative rock , but always retained a huge emphasis on beautiful ballads. Plans for the band started in 1976 , when its original members, Toshi (Toshimitsu Deyama) and Yoshiki were only 12. Initially they were simply named X. Between 1976 and the end of the 1980s , some people entered and left X. Their first single is "I'll kill you" (June, 1985). The members at that time were: Yoshiki (Drums, Piano), Toshi (Vocal), Yuji (Guitar), Tomo (Guitar), Tokuo (Bass). No record labels would sign the band because of their transgressive way of dressing and performing. Not to be stopped, Yoshiki created his own record label, Extasy Records , with money he and his mother helped provide by selling the family business. In 1987 they released their Indies album "Vanishing Vision" (April 14, 1988) At that time the members were Yoshiki (Drums,Piano), Toshi (Vocal), hide (Guitar), Pata (Guitar), Taiji (Bass). In 1988 the band took part in the movie Tokyo Pop in the role of the band mates of Diamond Yukai . By 1992 , X was widely known in Japan, and they intended to start focusing on America. In the US there was already a band called X , so they decided to change their name to X Japan. It was around this time that one of the many arguments that took place between Yoshiki and Taiji led to Taiji's departure from the band; he was replaced by Heath (Hiroshi Morie). After leaving, Taiji worked with Loudness ('92 - '95) and Cloud 9 for a while. X's music, under the caring but determined supervision of Yoshiki, never stopped evolving. Amongst their music one can find songs for everybody: harsh but very emotive speed metal tracks like "Sadistic Desire", "Phantom of Guilt" and "Vanishing Love", a little softer but even more acclaimed ones like "Kurenai" and "Week End", moving piano ballads like "Tears" and "Say Anything", alternative and somewhat more popish tracks from their last period like "Dahlia" and "Rusty Nail". One particularly notable song was "Art of Life", a carefully crafted progressive rock/metal piece almost half an hour long that they only played live once, on December 31st, 1993 . Almost all X Japan tracks were composed by Yoshiki with a handful of pieces composed by hide and even some early ones by Taiji. Yoshiki loved classical music , and this influence can be specially noted in tracks like "Rose of Pain", "Art of Life" or the memorable symphonic composition "Amethyst". He led a project called which consisted of X's songs rearranged by George Martin and other arrangers for classical performance. The double album, performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, was released in 1993. Yoshiki also selected some classical pieces for two compilations called Yoshiki Selection and Yoshiki Selection II . He also remade the song "Black Diamond" by KISS into a classical piece listed in 1994's Kiss My Ass album, a tribute to the aforementioned band. In May 1997 Toshi announced he was leaving the band, which led to its dissolution in September 1997. Toshi then joined a kind of cult, related to nature and music therapy, lead by a man called Masaya. Many say that this cult influenced Toshi's departure from the band. After that, he continued his solo career, saying that his friend Masaya was a inspiration for his new compositions. There are many rumours surrounding the cult and Toshi's involvement in it. Some even say Toshi was brainwashed. It is said that Toshi sued his brother for libel, because he tried to convince Toshi not to spend money on Masaya's cult. After the dissolution of the band, hide continued his very successful solo career with his band hide with Spread Beaver , Pata performing with him sometimes. It is said that Yoshiki and hide were secretly planning to resurrect X in 2000 , sans Toshi, and were looking for a substitute singer. These plans were tragically scrapped when hide died in the hospital on May 2 , 1998 after a typical night out hard drinking. He was found hung to a doorknob by a towel. This news stunned Japan's youth: four fans around the country attempted suicide, two of whom died, even though Yoshiki and other members of X Japan advised fans not to do anything drastic. A lot of speculation about his death has taken place, but no definitive explanation has been found. An apparent suicide, it is thought by some to be an accidental death, but there is not a clear motive for either suicide or murder. Some speculate that the lyrics to the song "Pink Spider" by hide, which was set to be released the day after his death, is a suicide note of sorts. Following hide's demise, Yoshiki entered a state of depression for almost three years, being unable to compose or play. In late 2000, Yoshiki got better, and announced the creation of his new project Violet UK , a project involving music, visuals and art. He also did some songs in collaboration with Roger Taylor . In 2002 he produced and starred in three commercials for the chain of 24-hour stores 7-Eleven , using some Violet UK music and concepts for those. Unfortunately, as of present, not much else from Violet UK has been shown or released. In 2002 also, Yoshiki announced he was joining the J-Pop band Globe , to help his long time friend Tetsuya Komuro (in 1991 Yoshiki, on drums, and Komuro, on keyboards and singing, did a musical collaboration under the name of V2 , releasing some singles and performing live). As a side note, Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi has said that he is a big fan of X Japan, which has helped create his image as a different type of politician more in touch with average Japanese citizens. ******************* file_id: 305752 plan start 1976. file_id: 305752 music_one find song. file_id: 305752 all_X_Japan_tracks compose_PASS Yoshiki. ******************* Peter Parker, M.D.,( 1804– 1888) was an American physician and a missionary who traveled extensively in Qing Dynasty China. Parker was born in Framingham, Massachusetts in 1804 to an orthodox Congregational family. His parents were farmers. Parker received his Bachelor of Arts from Yale University in 1831, and his Doctor of Medicine from the Yale Medical School, then called Medical Institution of Yale College, in 1834. In January of 1834, he completed his theological studies at Yale and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. In February of 1834, Dr. Parker traveled to Canton, where he had the distinction of being the first Protestant medical missionary to China. In 1835, he opened in that city the Ophthalmic Hospital. Dr. Parker specialized in diseases of the eye, including cataracts, and also resected tumors. Dr. Parker also introduced Western anesthesia in the form of sulphur ic ether. He unsuccessfully tried to develop a type of adhesive that sticks to skin (for wound treatment), but it dissolved and lost consistency after an hour. While in China, Dr. Parker also met with Lam Qua, a Western-trained Chinese painter. Dr. Parker commissioned Lam Qua to paint patients at the Canton Hospital with large tumors or other major deformities. Some of the paintings are part of a collection of Lam Qua's work held by the Peter Parker Collection at the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University. Dr. Parker left these portraits to the Pathology Department of the Yale Medical School, which later gave them to the Library. ******************* file_id: 3059149 parent be farmer. file_id: 3059149 Parker specialize_PASS disease. ******************* Old Dominion University (ODU) is a university located in Norfolk, Virginia . It was established in 1930 as the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia . ODU awarded its first bachelor's degrees in 1956 and became an independent institution in 1962 . Old Dominion is ranked as a tier 4 public university by US News and World Report . In 1999 ODU agreed to work with American Maglev on a project to build a Maglev system on its campus. The project was conceived as a test of the technology and spans less than a mile in length. Originally offered to several other institutes of higher learning, including Virginia Tech , all of these institutes rejected it due to concerns regarding the projected cost and safety of such a system. At least one of these concerns has proven true, as the $14 million originally slated towards this project has proven inadaquate, and the project has therefore frequently missed deadlines. The project began groundbreaking in 2001 and still awaits completion. The original lofty goal of connecting Hampton Roads with Washington, D.C. by the Jamestown 2007 celebrations looks unlikely to be reached at this point. University Village, a $55 million private, mixed-use development of the nonprofit ODU Real Estate Foundation provides modern apartment living for 1000 students on the eastern border of the campus. Various restaurants and businesses have opened up in University Village, which began in early 2005, and more retail, office, and apartment development is planned. In addition, negotiations were underway in the spring of 2005 for private development of a hotel and grocery store. Old Dominion University is one of the largest providers of distance learning degree programs in the country via its TELETECHNET initiative. The University serves 4,000 students at 50 sites in Virginia, D.C., Arizona, Illinois, Washington and Georgia. Thanks to a partnership with the Virginia Community College System, no Virginian is more than 50 miles from an Old Dominion University site. More than 3,500 students have graduated from Old Dominion via distance learning, including Navy personnel who took classes while deployed around the world. Old Dominion's fourteen athletic teams are known as the Monarchs and compete in the Colonial Athletic Association . Old Dominion University athletic teams have captured 28 team national championships and four individual titles. The school's best-known sports team is its women's basketball team, which is often nationally ranked and has won three national championships in 1979, 1980 and 1985. ODU athletic teams have won a further 29 national championships including 15 in men's and women's sailing and 9 in women's field hockey. Old Dominion’s nine national titles in field hockey are unprecedented in NCAA record books for most titles in that sport by the same school. In 2001 ODU opened the Ted Constant Convocation Center for the 2001-2002 basketball season. "The Ted" has 7,319 fully cushioned seats, 16 luxury suites, and a state-of-the-art scoreboard. In addition to being used for home basketball games, the Constant Center hosts family-oriented events as well as concerts and lectures. ODU has not had a football program since it was still a division of William and Mary, but on June 14 , 2005 , its Board of Visitors approved by a 14-0 vote the creation of a NCAA Division I-AA team. The team is expected to begin play in 2009. In 2004 ODU opened the brand new Engineering & Computational Sciences building, which is the first LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified higher education building in Virginia. This building has met rigorous environmental standards with regards to energy and resource efficiency in its design, as set by the U.S. Green Building Council . Environmentally friendly aspects of the E&CS building design include water-efficient landscaping, construction from recycled or locally manfactured materials, louvers outside windows that allow the most sunlight into the building but block heat in the summer, and sensors that turn lights off when everyone has left a room. Large plastic recycling bins for cans and plastic bottles are in central locations around campus. These were placed by a program is called Recycle NOW (Next to Our Waste) which featured WWII Recruiting poster style flyers posted around campus regarding recycling. Beginning in Spring 2005 ODU offered for the first time the NewPAGE course, which stands for "New Portals to Appreciating our Global Environment." This innovative new course, which is required for all incoming freshman students, examines such topics as global climate change , sustainable development , and environmental justice , among many others. This course is very controversial among the university community, especially the student body, for several reasons. Critics of the class talk about scheduling conflicts due to the required 2,000 student lecture and a perceived liberal bias. The course relies heavily upon computer technology because students are required to take an online quiz each week. These quizzes are often inaccessible, or other technical problems prohibit many students from completing these quizzes each week. This course was also noted for having excessively low marks on its student evaluations. Various small-scale student protests have taken place in regards to NewPAGE and its' percieved bias and insignificance, but have resulted in no significant change in school policy. Also, various students have been selling t-shirts featuring the NewPAGE logo with the words "NewPAGE Sucks." Old Dominion University recognizes over 200 student organizations. There are student groups for students with similar majors, professional organizations, honor societies, religious organizations, minority students, and groups for students with common interests. The Office of Student Activities and Leadership is in charge of matters relating to student activities on campus. Notable Student Organizations ODU is nationally known for the strength of its campus ministries, which is co-ordinated by the University Chaplain's Association (UCA). The United Methodist , Baptist , Roman Catholic , Episcopalian , Presbyterian and Lutheran . InterVarsity Christian Fellowship and Chi Alpha Campus Ministries also have a presence at ODU and are members of the UCA. Each of these churches have a campus ministry presence at ODU, as does Hillel, the Society for Jewish Students, and the Tidewater Islamic Center, which serves the Muslim community at ODU. The UCA and its constituent members are nationally recognized as one of the most effective campus ministry programs in the United States. Campus Ministry Websites and Ministers ******************* file_id: 308123 D.C_. look 2001. file_id: 308123 restaurants_and_businesses open_PASS University_Village. file_id: 308123 negotiation be . file_id: 308123 personnel take class. file_id: 308123 Old_Dominion_University capture_PASS team. file_id: 308123 ODU win_PASS championships_including_15. file_id: 308123 state use_PASS home_basketball_games. file_id: 308123 Constant_Center host event. file_id: 308123 building meet_PASS standard. file_id: 308123 aspect include landscaping. file_id: 308123 louver allow building. file_id: 308123 turn_lights leave_PASS room. file_id: 308123 plastic_recycling_bins be location. file_id: 308123 course rely computer_technology. file_id: 308123 scale_student_protests take_PASS place. file_id: 308123 student sell t_-_shirts. file_id: 308123 and_Leadership be charge. ******************* Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr. (born May 8 , 1937 ) is an American novelist noted for his complex, labyrinthine, and critically acclaimed works, including V. , Gravity's Rainbow , and The Crying of Lot 49 . He is also known for his reclusive nature; few photographs of him have ever been published. Thomas Pynchon was born in Glen Cove , Long Island , New York to Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Sr. and Katherine Frances Bennett Pynchon . Pynchon graduated from Oyster Bay High School in 1953 . He attended the Engineering Physics division at Cornell University , but left at the end of his second year to join the US Navy . He returned to Cornell in 1957 to pursue a degree in English. His first short story, "A Small Rain", was published in the Cornell Writer in May, 1959 . At Cornell, Pynchon was a good friend of Richard Fariña 's, where both briefly led what Pynchon has called a "micro cult" around Oakley Hall 's novel Warlock ( 1958 ). It is frequently stated that Pynchon was a student of Vladimir Nabokov , who then taught literature at Cornell. Nabokov himself later had no memory of Pynchon, and claimed no familiarity with his works; however, his wife Vera recalled grading Pynchon's examination papers, but only because of Pynchon's peculiar half-printing, half-cursive handwriting. (See Nabokov's Strong Opinions .) Further investigations, documented in J. Kerry Grant's A Companion to The Crying of Lot 49 , have suggested that Pynchon may only have audited Nabokov's course. (See the article on The Crying of Lot 49 and in particular its discussion of Nabokov allusions for more information.) He received his BA in June, 1959. Jules Siegel claims in his Playboy article "Who is Thomas Pynchon, and why did he take off with my wife?" that Pynchon said he did attend some of Nabokov's lectures but could not make out what he was saying because of his thick Russian accent. After graduation he began work on his first novel. During this time, from February 1960 to September 1962 , he worked as an engineering aide at Boeing , writing technical documents for the Bomarc Service Information Unit and the Field Support Unit for the Minuteman missile project, both nuclear missile projects. In 1963 Pynchon published V. and won a William Faulkner Foundation Award for best first novel of the year. Pynchon's second novel, The Crying of Lot 49 , is short, witty and relatively accessible—but, even so, the plot is too elaborate and absurd to fit into a brief summary. It features an ancient, underground mail service known as the "Trystero". Like V., this novel contains a wealth of references to science and technology, and both books dwell upon the "preterite" or passed-over elements of American society. Also, The Crying of Lot 49 continues Pynchon's habit of including irreverent song lyrics in his prose narrative. Pynchon's most famous novel is his third, Gravity's Rainbow , published in 1973 to widespread critical acclaim. Set in Europe at the end of the Second World War , Gravity's Rainbow combined and elaborated on many of the themes of his earlier work, including paranoia , conspiracy , synchronicity , and entropy . It is an incredibly dense and allusive novel that requires considerable erudition simply to follow the plot, something that many of the characters seem to have difficulty with. Knowledge of psychology , mathematics and German literature all help. Perhaps appropriately for a book so suffused with engineering knowledge, Pynchon wrote the first draft of Gravity's Rainbow in longhand on engineer's graph paper, in Mexico City and California. Gravity's Rainbow won the 1974 National Book Award , and was voted unanimously for the 1974 Pulitzer Prize for fiction by the prize jurors; their decision was overruled by the full Pulitzer panel, however, on the grounds that the book was "turgid and overwritten" as well as "unreadable and obscene". (The jurors refused to change their decision, and as a result no fiction prize was awarded that year.) Around this time, Pynchon became notorious for his avoidance of public view. He has carefully avoided contact with journalists for over forty years. Only a few photos of him are known to exist, nearly all from his high school and college days, and his location has usually been a closely guarded secret. In 1975 , Pynchon declined the William Dean Howells Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters . His fourth novel Vineland is set in California in the 1980s and 1960s and concerns the relationship between an FBI COINTELPRO agent and a female radical filmmaker. Its strong socio-political undercurrents detail the constant battle between authoritarianism and communalism, but with a typically Pynchonian sense of humor. In the mid-1990's, after many years in which he was believed to be dividing his time between Mexico and northern California , Pynchon moved to New York City ; also around this time, he married his agent, Melanie Jackson , and fathered a son, Jackson Pynchon . The disclosure of his location, not surprisingly, led some to try to track him down. Shortly before the publication of Mason & Dixon in 1997 , he was found and filmed on the street by CNN . Angered by this invasion of his privacy, he rang CNN asking that he not be identified in the footage of the street scenes near his home. When asked about his reclusive nature he apparently remarked, "My belief is that 'recluse' is a code word generated by journalists... meaning, 'doesn't like to talk to reporters.'" He was also quoted as saying, "Let me be unambiguous. I prefer not to be photographed." The next year, a reporter for the London Sunday Times , James Bone, managed to snap a photo of him as he was walking with his son. Relatively little is known about Thomas Pynchon as a private person; however, in the March 1977 issue of Playboy Magazine a Cornell University friend, writer Jules Siegel published a lengthy article entitled Who is Thomas Pynchon, and why did he take off with my wife? about his relation to Pynchon. Siegel claims Pynchon had a complex about his teeth (so far as to have undergone oral surgery), was nicknamed Tom at Cornell, acted as best man at Siegel's wedding, and that he later also had an affair with Siegel's wife. His aversion to media attention, often compared with that of J. D. Salinger , is a considerable part of Pynchon's contemporary mystique. For example, the satirical newspaper published an article mocking the American media coverage of Elian Gonzales ; in the article, Pynchon and Salinger both come out of seclusion to tell the American public something vitally important, but are ignored by all news organizations in favor of the Elian story. Book critic Arthur Salm, in a column entitled "A screaming comes across the sky (but not a photo)", writes that It is remotely possible that Paris Hilton may be aware of Salm's criticism. In episode #1.22 of The O.C. , Hilton makes a cameo appearance as a graduate student writing her thesis on "Magical Realism in American Literature," and asks Seth (the protagonist) if he's ever read Gravity's Rainbow , describing it as Pynchon's "masterpiece." Adding another layer of complication to his media image, Pynchon has recently chosen to make two cameo appearances on the animated television series The Simpsons . The first occurs in the episode "Diatribe of a Mad Housewife", in which Marge Simpson becomes a novelist. He plays himself, with a paper bag over his head, and provides a blurb for the back cover of Marge's book, speaking in a broad Long Island accent: "Here's your quote: Thomas Pynchon loved this book, almost as much as he loves cameras!" He then starts yelling at passing cars: "Hey, over here, have your picture taken with a reclusive author! Today only, we'll throw in a free autograph! But, wait! There's more!" The second appearance occurs in "All's Fair in Oven War" (episode #1520), which was the sixteenth-season premiere. In this cameo, his dialogue consists entirely of pun s on his novel titles, e.g., "the frying of latke 49". In addition to the 1974 National Book Award, Pynchon received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1988 . Literary critic Harold Bloom has named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Don DeLillo , Philip Roth , and Cormac McCarthy . Apparently, Pynchon has an enthusiasm for music. Song lyrics and mock "musical numbers" have appeared in his novels since V., and his autobiographical introduction to Slow Learner discusses both Beat music and the rock and roll which followed. This introduction admits that Spike Jones was a great influence who helped shape Pynchon's take on Surrealism ; later, Pynchon penned the liner notes for Spiked , a collection of Jones's music. In addition, he also wrote the liner notes for Nobody's Cool, the second album of indie rock band Lotion . He stated, "...rock and roll remains one of the last honourable callings, and a working band is a miracle of everyday life. Which is basically what these guys do." He is also known to be a fan of Roky Erickson . Human sexuality , mathematics , science and technology recur in complex combinations throughout Pynchon's works. One of his first short stories, "Under the Rose", features a cyborg set anachronistically in Victorian era Egypt (a type of writing now called steampunk ). Another short story, "Entropy", introduced the concept which became a continuing motif in his later works (though Pynchon later wrote that choosing the scientific concept first and building a story around it was the wrong way to do it). "The Secret Integration" constructs an elaborate pun between the racial and mathematical senses of the word integration. His next story, which was long enough to be sold as the novel The Crying of Lot 49 , develops Pynchon's thoughts on entropy to a much greater extent, bringing in the thought experiment known as Maxwell's demon . Lot 49 also studies calculus , connecting it with Zeno's paradoxes ; at the same time, the novel works its way into homosexuality and psychedelic drug use. Gravity's Rainbow, whose narrative swirls around the V-2 rocket, also encompasses many varieties of sexual fetish ism (including a borderline case of tentacle rape ). Pynchon's most lauded novel also describes drug use, notably the mushroom Amanita muscaria , and it too delves into mathematics: at one point, Pynchon compares the geometry of garter belt s with cathedral spires, calling both mathematical singularities . His most recent novel, Mason & Dixon , contains a scene where two characters speculate why heterosexual men find lesbian pornography arousing, casting their explanation in algebraic terms. As well as fictional works, Pynchon has written essay s on subjects as diverse as the Watts Riots and missile security. He has written articles for the New York Times Book Review and The New York Review of Books and blurb s for books and records. ******************* file_id: 30903 code_word generate_PASS journalist. file_id: 30903 scene speculate man. ******************* A micropenis is an unusually small penis in a boy or man . A common criterion is a dorsal penile length at least 2.5 standard deviation s smaller than the mean penis size ; if penis length follows a Gaussian distribution , about 0.6% of penises will be in the micropenis category. The condition is usually recognized shortly after birth , when the stretched flaccid penis measures less than 1.9 cm from base to tip. The term is most often used medically when the rest of the penis, scrotum , and perineum is well-formed, without ambiguity such as hypospadias . Micropenis can have a variety of causes. Since it is defined statistically, a large proportion of males with micropenis are simply normal but in the lowest percentile of normal size. As for many other conditions, the term "idiopathic" is often used when a cause cannot be determined. Of the abnormal conditions associated with micropenis, most are conditions of reduced prenatal androgen production or effect. Examples include abnormal testicular development ( testicular dysgenesis , Klinefelter syndrome , Leydig cell hypoplasia ), specific defects of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone synthesis ( 17,20-lyase deficiency , 5α-reductase deficiency ), androgen insensitivity syndrome s, inadequate pituitary stimulation ( gonadotropin deficiency) or other forms of congenital hypogonadism . Micropenis can also occur as part of many genetic malformation syndromes not involving the sex chromosomes. It sometimes is a sign of congenital growth hormone deficiency or congenital hypopituitarism . Finally, a gene ( HOX9 ) has been identified which affects penis and digit size without detectable hormone abnormalities. Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the physicians to whom these boys are referred. After evaluation to detect any of the conditions described above, micropenis can often be treated in infancy with injections of various hormone s, such as human chorionic gonadotropin or testosterone . Most eight to fourteen year old boys referred for micropenis have A number of surgical techniques for penis enlargement have been devised and performed but are not generally considered successful enough to be widely adopted and are rarely performed in childhood. In extreme cases of micropenis, there is barely any shaft, and the glans appears to sit almost on the pubic skin. From the 1960s until the late 1970s, it was not unusual for sex reassignment and surgery to be recommended. This was especially likely if evidence suggested that response to additional testosterone and pubertal testosterone would be poor. If parents accepted, the boy would be reassigned and renamed as a girl, and surgery performed to remove the testes and construct an artificial vagina . This was based on three now questioned assumptions: The center most known for this approach ( Johns Hopkins Hospital ) performed twelve such reassignments between 1960 and 1980. By the mid-1990s reassignment was less often offered, and all three premises had been challenged. Former subjects of such surgery, vocally dissatified with adult outcome, played a large part in discouraging this practice. As a result, sexual reassignment is rarely performed today for severe micropenis. Much inaccurate or exaggerated folklore on this topic is available on the internet. See History of intersex surgery for a more complete discussion of this issue. ******************* file_id: 310019 example include development. file_id: 310019 Pediatric_endocrinologists be physician. file_id: 310019 boy refer micropeni. file_id: 310019 assumption be . ******************* Tirana ( Albanian : Tiranë or Tirana ) is the capital and largest city of Albania . Its population is estimated officially at 353,400 in 2003 , though other estimates put the figure as high as 1,000,000. Founded in 1614 , it became Albania's capital city in 1920 . It is located at 41.33°N, 19.82°E in the district and county with the same name. Average altitude is 90 meters above sea level. The temperature varies between 6.7°C (44.0 °F) in January and 23.8°C (74.5 °F) in July. Annual rainfall is 1200 mm (47 inches); the driest months are July and August. Located on the Ishm River , Tirana is Albania's chief industrial and cultural centre. The principal industries include agricultural products and machinery, textile s, pharmaceutical s and metal products. Tirana has experienced rapid growth and established many new industries since the 1920s . Tirana is presently trying to develop a tourist industry, although this effort is hampered by the political instability in the region, owing to military conflicts during the 1990s in Albania and neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina , Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia . The Et'hem Bey Mosque , which was begun in 1789 by Molla Bey and finished in 1821 by his son, Haxhi Et'hem Bey , great-grandson of Sulejman Pasha is a significant landmark. Another landmark located near the Ethem Bey mosque in Skanderbeg Square is the clock tower ( Kulla e Sahatit ) which was built in 1830 . In 2001 , the construction was finished on the biggest church of Tirana, Catholic Church of Saint Paul . The world headquarters of the Bektashi Sufi Order can also be found in Tirana. Tirana also features the University of Tirana , founded in 1957 , and many governmental and social buildings such as the Albanian Institute of Sciences, the Academy of Arts, the Agricultural University, the Military Academy, the Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the People's Assembly, and the High Court. Tirana, the capital of Albania , is an ancient city with an early history enriched by the interplay of cultural forces originating in the Islamic and European Christian worlds. There are a number of hypotheses concerning the origin of the name. Records of the first land registrations under the Ottomans in 1431-32 reveal that Tirana then consisted of 60 inhabited areas, with nearly 1000 houses and 7300 inhabitants. Marin Barleti , the first to write a history of Albania (and himself of Albanian descent), tells us that in the 15th century there were ‘Tirana e Madhe’ and ‘Tirana e Vogël’ (Great and Small Tirana). Barleti, a Catholic priest and scholar, was largely responsible, through his biography of him, for creating what became the cult of Iskander Bey, the title (in Turkish) (rendered in Albanian as Skenderbeu , and frequently anglicized as Skanderbeg ) given to Gjergj Kastrioti , an Albanian nobleman who, after being forcibly brought to Adrianople as a youth and given military training, distinguished himself in a number of campaigns for the Ottomans, and was promoted to the rank of general, but then returned to Albania to liberate it, and spent the next 25 years, until his death, leading a successful guerilla resistance against the forces of the Turkish empire. Skenderbeu continues to be the national hero of Albania . The 1583 registration records inform us that at that time Tirana had 110 inhabited areas, 2900 houses and 20,000 inhabitants. When Sulejman Pasha established the city in 1614, his first constructions were a mosque, a bakery and a hamam (Turkish sauna). Two centuries later, control of the city was won by the Toptani family of Kruja . It was noted that the two oldest neighbourhoods were Mujos and Pazari, between the geographical centre and Elbasani Street, on either side of the Lana River . The construction, by the best artisans in the country, of the mosque in the centre of Tirana, called the Mosque of Ethem Beu , was begun in in 1789 by Molla Beu of Petrela (a locale in Albania). It was finished in 1821 by his son, who was also Sulejman Pasha’s grand-nephew. The Clock Tower was started by Haxhi Et’hem Beu around 1821-22, and was finished with the help of the richest families of Tirana. Its installation was the work of the Tufina family. In 1928 the Albanian state bought a modern clock in Germany, and the tower was raised to a height of 35 metres. The clock was damaged during World War II, but was restored to full function in July 1946. The Orthodox Church of Saint Prokop was built in 1780. The Catholic Church of Saint Maria was constructed in 1865 at the expense of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria . The Tabakëve and Terzive bridges (respectively in front of the Parliament building and on Elbasani Street) date from the beginning of the 20th century. The mosque that is also the tomb of Kapllan Hysa (near the monument to Ushtari I Panjohur (‘the unknown soldier’)) was built in 1816. The Library was established in 1922, with 5000 volumes. The Fortress of Petrela, 12 kilometres from Tirana, dates from the fourth century BC . It took its current form in the 13th century, under the rule of Topiaj, and later became the property of the Kastriotis. On 8 February, 1920 Tirana was made the temporary capital by the Congress of Lushnja, and acquired that status permanently on 31 December, 1925. Since 1925, when they were banned in Turkey, Tirana has been the primary centre in the world of the Bektashis, an order of dervishes who take their name from Haji Bektash , a Sufi saint of the 13th and 14th centuries. (It was the same Haji Bektash who blessed the Janissaries , the famed Ottoman fighting corps that originally comprised non-Muslim conscripts, many of them Albanians.) The first regulatory plan of the city was compiled in 1923 by Estef Frashëri . Durrësi Street was opened in 1922, and was called Nana Mbretneshë ( Mother Queen ). Many houses and surrounding properties were demolished to make way for it. The existing parliamentary building was raised in 1924, and first served as a club for officers. It was there, in September 1928, that Ahmet Zogu proclaimed the monarchy. The centre of Tirana was the project of Florestano de Fausto and Armando Brasini , well known architects of the Mussolini period in Italy . The Palace of Brigades (of the former monarch), the ministries buildings, the National Bank and the Municipality are their work. The Dëshmoret e Kombit ( National Martyrs ) Boulevard was built in 1930 and given the name Zogu I Boulevard. In the communist period, the part from Skënderbej Square up to the train station was named Stalin Boulevard. The Palace of Culture ( Pallati I Kulturës ), where the Theatre of Operas and Ballet and the National Library stand, was completed in 1963 on the site of the former Trade of Tirana building, with the first brick being placed by Soviet president Nikita Khruschev in 1959. The monument to Skënderbeu, raised in 1968, is the work of Odhise Paskali in collaboration with Andrea Mana and Janaq Paço . It commemorated the 500th anniversary of the death of the national hero. The monument to Mother Albania , 12 metres high, was inaugurated in the Dëshmoret e Kombit cemetery in 1971. The Academy of Sciences building was completed in April 1972. The Gallery of Figurative Arts was created in 1976, and includes around 3200 works by Albanian and foreign artists. The National Historical Museum was built in 1981. The ornamental mosaic on its front is called Albania . The International Cultural Centre , formerly the Enver Hoxha Museum , was inaugurated in 1988. Popularly referred to as ‘the Pyramid ’, it was designed by a group of architects under the direction of the dictator’s daughter, Pranvera Hoxha , and her husband Klement Kolaneci . The city's population, estimated at only 12,000 in 1910 , rose to 30,000 at the 1930 census and 60,000 in 1945 despite the intervening years of foreign occupation and war. During the 1950s Tirana experienced a period of rapid industrial growth, raising the population to 137,000 in 1960 . In the late 1990s Tirana experienced its fastest population upsurge as Albanians from the north moved to the capital in hopes of a better life. In 1990 Tirana had 250,000 inhabitants, and since then the large scale influx from other parts of the country has increased the population to over 700,000. In 2000 the centre of Tirana, from the central campus of Tirana university up to Skënderbej Square, was declared the place of Cultural Assembly, with special claims to state protection. In the same year the area began a process of restoration under the name ‘Return to Identity’. Currently, the city suffers from the problems of overpopulation such as waste management, lack of running water and electricity as well as extremely high levels of pollution from the 300 000 cars moving in the city ( The Guardian March 27 2004). The problem is exacerbated by an aging infrastructure. Despite the problems, Tirana has also experienced a very rapid growth in the construction of new buildings, especially in the suburbs of Tirana, where many of the new neighbourhoods do not have yet street names. (BBC) It is alleged that many of these buildings are the result of money laundering operations. During the recent years pollution has also become a very big problem for Tirana as the number of cars has increased to several orders of magnitude. These are mostly older, diesel cars that pollute much more than the newer models in circulation elsewhere in Europe. Additionally, the fuel used in Albania contains larger amounts of sulphur and lead than is allowed in the EU countries. It is worth mentioning that there is a unique trait to the city, that effectively moderates the impact of air pollution: The Saint Prokopi park- a very vast forested park in the outskirts of the city, that absorbs and purifies much of the polluted air. The current mayor of Tirana, Edi Rama , has tried to beautify the city scape by cleaning up the banks of the Lana and painting old buildings. During the late 1980s and early 1990s Tirana was the focal point of violent demonstrations which ultimately led to the collapse of the communist government. als:Tirana ******************* file_id: 31075 industry include products_and_machinery. ******************* From Beyond is a short story written by science fiction/ fantasy writer, Howard Phillips Lovecraft. Written in 1920, it was later published in The Fantasy Fan(Volume 1) #10 in June of 1934. Like most of Lovecraft’s work, From Beyond takes place within a shared continuity popularly known as the Cthulhu mythos. Although there is nothing inherent within the story directly linking it to Lovecraft’s Cthulhu work, it has been established by Lovecraft and future editors as belonging to the parent mythology. The story is told from the 1st person perspective of an unnamed narrator and details his experiences with a scientist named Crawford Tillinghast. Tillinghast creates an electronic device that emits a resonance wave, which stimulates an affected person’s pineal gland, thereby allowing them to perceive planes of existence outside the scope of accepted reality. Sharing the experience with Tillinghast, the narrator becomes cognizant of a translucent, alien environment that overlaps our own recognized reality. From this perspective, he witnesses hordes of strange and horrific creatures that defy description. Tillinghast reveals that he has used his machine to transport two of his house servants into the overlapping plane of reality. Terrified beyond measure from this effect, the narrator picks up a gun and shoots it at the machine, destroying it. Tillinghast dies immediately thereafter as a result of apoplexy. The police investigate the scene and it is placed on record that Tillinghast murdered the two house servants. From Beyond has been published in the following collections.''Note: This bibliography comes from The H.P. Lovecraft Archive and cannot be verified as complete. From Beyond has been adapted into a 1986 motion picture named by horror director Stuart Gordon. Gordon, who is no stranger to Lovecraft’s work has also written or directed Re-Animator( 1985), Castle Freak( 1995), Dagon( 2001), and an episode of Masters Of Horror( 2005) entitled Dreams In The Witch House. All of which are adapted works of H.P. Lovecraft. The H.P. Lovecraft Archive From Beyond (1986) at Internet Movie Database ******************* file_id: 3112690 creature defy description. ******************* Kenneth Appel is a mathematician who, in 1976 with colleague Wolfgang Haken at the University of Illinois in Urbana , solved one of the most famous problems in mathematics , the four-color theorem . They proved that any two-dimensional map, with certain limitations, can be filled in with four colors without any adjacent "countries" sharing the same color. The proof is one of the most controversial of modern mathematics because of its heavy dependence on computer "number-crunching" to sort through possibilities. Even Appel has agreed, in numerous interviews, that it lacks elegance and provided no new insight that has guided future mathematical research. Others, however, have pointed to this work as the start of a sea-change in mathematicians' attitudes toward computers - which they had largely disdained as a tool for engineers rather than for theoreticians - leading to the creation of what is sometimes called "experimental mathematics." From 1993 through 2003, Appel was head of the mathematics department at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, New Hampshire . ******************* file_id: 311544 appel agree_PASS possibility. ******************* Carl E. Milliken was born on July 13, 1877 in Pittsfield, Maine. Milliken attended public schools in Pittsfield before graduating from Cony High School and Bates College in Lewiston, Maine with the class of 1897. He went on to receive his masters degree from Harvard University in 1899 before moving to Island Falls, Maine to enter the lumber business. Milliken held positions as Clerk and General Manager of the Mattawamkeag Lumber Company, Treasurer and General Manager of the Stockholm Lumber Company, General Manager of the Howard Axe Company and President of the Katahdin Farmer’s Telephone Company until he was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1905. Serving in the House until 1909, Milliken was elected to the State Senate in that year and reelected in 1911, 1913, and 1915. From 1913 until 1915 he served as President of that body. Running for Governor as a Progressive candidate in 1916, Milliken easily defeated his Democratic opponent, Oakley Curtis, and was reelected in 1918, this time by a smaller margin over Bertrand McIntire. The Governor who was to lead Maine through the war years was also the first Governor to be nominated by direct primary and the first to live in the Blaine House. Milliken left office on January 5, 1921 to return to his job as Secretary of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association, the movie industry’s first self-censorship body. He died on May 1, 1961 in a nursing home in Massachusetts. http://www.state.me.us/legis/senate/history/past/prespast/1913cm.htm ******************* file_id: 3119625 Milliken attend school. file_id: 3119625 Milliken hold position. ******************* A transverter is a radio frequency device that consists of an upconverter and a downconverter in one unit. Transverters are used in conjunction with transceivers to change the range of frequencies over which the transceiver can communicate. Transverters are mostly found in use in the Amateur Radio Service to convert radio transceivers designed for use on the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) bands to radios that can operate on higher frequency bands. A transceiver used in this fashion is refered to as an IF radio, indicating its role as the intermediate frequency in the chain of radio electronics. Common transceiver/transverter combinations include transverters for 50 MHz, 144 MHz, 222 MHz, and 432 MHz designed for use with HF radios, and transverters for 902 MHz, 1296 MHz, 2304 MHz, 3456 MHz, 5706 MHz, and 10368 MHz designed for use with 144 MHz radios. Some transverter units include transmit/receive switching built into the design, whereas other units require external switching. The use of external switching is popular in applications where preamps and amplifiers are included. Many transverters are built into water-proof enclosures for installation on a radio tower or other antenna support structure to get the device as close as possible to the antenna so as to reduce signal loss in the transmission line. Transverters can also be used in applications where the transverter frequency is lower than the transceiver frequency. Several low frequency bands are available around the world to Amateur radio operators, licensed experimental stations, and some unlicensed opertions. Transverters for these LF bands generally use HF transceivers as the IF radio. Some are used for communications where one or more stations are underground. Listed in alphabetical order. ******************* file_id: 3121088 transverter use_PASS conjunction. file_id: 3121088 radio_transceivers design_PASS use. file_id: 3121088 transceiver include transverter. file_id: 3121088 mhz design_PASS use. file_id: 3121088 transverter_units include transmit_/. file_id: 3121088 use be application. file_id: 3121088 preamps_and_amplifiers include_PASS . file_id: 3121088 transverter build_PASS water_-_proof_enclosures. ******************* Herbert William (Bert) Herridge ( February 28 , 1895 - October 19 1973 ) was a Canadian politician and Member of Parliament . Born in England, Herridge immigrated to Canada with his family in 1906 and settled in Nakusp, British Columbia . He attended the Ontario Agricultural College from 1909 to 1914 when he enlisted in 54th (Kootenay) Battalion of the Canadian Army during World War I . He was wounded at the Battle of the Somme in 1918 and returned to Canada where he took over the family's tree farm and helped found the Great War Veterans' Association. Herridge became active in the British Columbia Liberal Party becoming vice-president in 1932 and then presdent the next year. He then quit the Liberals to join the newly formed Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1934 . Herridge ran for the CCF in Kootenay West in the 1935 federal election and again in the 1940 federal election placing second each time and losing by less than 400 votes in his later attempt In the 1941 provincial election he won a seat in the British Columbia Legislative Assembly becoming the CCF MLA for Rossland-Trail. Herridge resigned his seat in order to run federally once again as CCF candidate in Kootenay West in the 1945 federal election but did so in violation of an order of the British Columbia Council of the CCF. As a result, he was expelled from the party and ran instead as an independent "People's CCF". He was elected while the official CCF candidate placed fourth. In 1948, Herridge was readmitted into the CCF and he was re-elected in the 1949 federal election as the official CCF standard-bearer. Herridge served for almost 23 years in the Canadian House of Commons winning eight successive elections, the last three as a New Democrat . Herridge served on the Standing Committee on Veterans Affairs for 23 years and also served at various times on the Standing Committee on External Affairs and the Standing Committee on Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development. He was a long-time opponent of the Columbia River Treaty with the United States. ******************* file_id: 3136757 herridge serve almost_23_years. ******************* Dumplings ( Gaudzi ) is a 2004 Hong Kong film , directed by Fruit Chan . It was premiered in the United Kingdom during the Cardiff Screen Festival , on November 11 2005 . A rich woman, Mrs. Li, is losing her attractiveness and longs for passion with her husband. In order to boost her image, she seeks out the help of Aunt Mei, a local chef. Mei cooks her some special dumplings which she claims encourage rejuvantion. Later during the film it is found out that the special ingredients are unborn foetus es that have been taken from the abortions (Mei previously worked for an abortion clinic). After Mrs. Li finds this out, she is initially outraged and runs away, but later comes back to eat the foetus. She keeps seeking more potent stuff, until one day she is in luck: Mei has just performed a black market abortion operation on a schoolkid five months pregnant who has been impregnated by her father . Mei makes this into a dumpling, which Mrs. Li devours, and this has a wonderous effect on her libido, and she goes into the hospital and makes love with her husband. Mr. Li overhears a conversation between his wife and Mei about what happened, and pays the latter a visit, inquiring into whether it really works. Mr. Li eats one of her dumplings, makes love to Mei, whom he finds out is 64, but with the body of a slender 35 year old. She puts her looks down to her cannibalism . Soon after, it is revealed that Mr. Li has impregnated his masseuse ; and when Mrs. Li catches word of this she pays her to have it aborted, insisting to the doctor that the baby comes out alive. From then on it's assumed that Mrs. Li continues the work of Aunt Mei, and takes to making foetus dumplings. IMDB's page on Dumplings ******************* file_id: 3142046 dumpling be film. file_id: 3142046 Mrs make dumpling. ******************* A hockey stick is used to move a ball or puck in field hockey , roller hockey or ice hockey . In ice hockey, the stick is about 1.5 meters long with a flat blade 10 to 15 cm long at the end which contacts the ice. The blade describes about a 45 degree angle, giving the stick a partly L-shaped appearance. This blade is sometimes curved (in the direction toward which the skater moves forward), to aid in retaining the puck. The shaft of the stick is fairly rigid, but it has some flexibility because some shots in hockey depend on bending the stick slightly to store up energy. The whip, the bend, the stiffness, the flex; all terms used to describe how your stick bows when taking a shot. The flex is printed on the side of the stick, typically ranging from 70 and 110. This number corresponds to the force that it takes to deflect or bend the shaft one inch. For example, a 100 flex requires 100 pounds force (444 N) to bend the shaft 1 inch. A 90 flex requires 90 pounds force (400 N) to bend the shaft 1 inch, and so on. Aggressive and defensive players lean towards using stiff shafts for stick-checking and controlled slap shots. For a decent slap shot the blade of the stick makes contact with the ice a few inches before the puck. The shaft bends (gets preloaded), loading it full of potential energy, then as you pull the stick through that bend it snaps back into position as it makes contact with the puck. All this force is transferred into the puck. Finesse style players generally prefer flexible and light weight shafts for wrist shots or snap shots stick handling and shot accuracy. A flexible shaft provides more whip which translates into more velocity on shots. Smaller players tend to use more flexible shafts to increase power on slap and wrist shots. Hockey sticks have traditionally been made from wood, but in recent years, sticks made of more expensive carbon fiber and other composite material s have become common. In addition to weighing less, composite sticks can be manufactured with more consistent flexibility properties than their wooden counterparts. Composite sticks, despite their greater expense, are now commonplace at nearly all competitive levels of the sport, including youth hockey. In 1981, Easton Hockey introduced the first aluminum hockey shaft. It revolutionized the stick industry, and gained popularity in the NHL . In 2000, the first one piece composite stick was created known as the "synergy". In field hockey, the stick is somewhat shorter and has a U-shaped end or blade. In business a "hockey stick graph" is an absurdly optimistic projection of business growth which is flat for a long time like the handle of a hockey stick and then suddently turns upward like the blade of a hockey stick. In climatology the " Hockey Stick graph " is a nickname for the Mann et al temperature reconstruction of the last millennium. BeerLeagueHockey.com Is Your Shaft Stiff Enough Reviewed Nov 9 2004 EastonHockey.com ******************* file_id: 316794 all_terms use_PASS . file_id: 316794 weight_shafts stick . file_id: 316794 whip translate velocity. file_id: 316794 stick manufacture_PASS flexibility_properties. file_id: 316794 Composite_sticks be . ******************* Hilda Braid ( Born 3 March 1932 ) in Northfleet , Kent ; is a British actress known for her roles in the BBC comedy series Citizen Smith and more recently as Nana Moon in EastEnders , also on the BBC. After training at RADA , Braid appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company before breaking into television . Her first role was in 1963 in the anthology drama series Suspense . She also appeared as Winnie Plumtree in the ITV soap Crossroads and in another network soap, Emmerdale , as P. Morphett. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s she appeared in a number of guest roles on TV. Her big break came in middle-age, however, when she was cast as Florence Johnson in Citizen Smith, a comedy starring Robert Lindsay about the leader of the 'Tooting Popular Front' Wolfie Smith. Braid played the mother of Wolfie's girlfriend, essentially as a middle-class mother whose conservative influences and attitudes were used to offset the revolutionary Wolfie's socialist ideals. After four series, Citizen Smith came to an end in 1980 . Braid and Lindsay were reunited, however, twenty years later, in an episode of Lindsay's other popular comedy My Family . After Citizen Smith Braid found work in more bit parts in TV plays, dramas and sitcoms plus another soap with a brief role as Molly Partridge in Brookside in 1984 . Her next most important role came when in 2002 she joined the London -based soap EastEnders as Victoria, 'Nana' Moon, the slightly dotty but sweet grandmother of the popular Alfie Moon ( Shane Richie ). She had played the role for three years when Richie announced he was leaving to pursue other projects. Unfortunately, this means the demise of the character of Nana, who has recently been diagnosed with a terminal illness onscreen. Despite the critical reaction amongst some fans who contended that Nana did not have to leave because Alfie was going, EastEnders responded that it would be unrealistic to keep Nana on Albert Square because none of her family would be around. Braid recently filmed her last scenes and her death will be seen onscreen shortly before Christmas 2005 . ******************* file_id: 3169817 Emmerdale appear number. file_id: 3169817 influences_and_attitudes use_PASS . ******************* Ascoli Piceno is a town in the Marche region, Italy , capital of the province of the same name. Its population, according to the 2001 census, is 50.135 inhabitants. Geographical location , located 25 km from the Adriatic Sea . The town lays at the confluence of Tronto River with Castellano Creek and is surrounded on three sides by mountains. Two natural parks are located on the north-western flank ( Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini ) and on the south ( Parco Nazionale dei Monti della Laga ). Ascoli is well connected by railway to the Adriatic coast and the city of San Benedetto del Tronto and by highway to Rome | and Porto d'Ascoli . Recent industrialization brought to Ascoli several Italian and multinational companies ( YKK , Manuli , Pharmacia , Barilla ) but the bulk of the economy is made up of small and medium sized enterprises and by those providing professional services to the area. Agriculture is still important (wheat, olives, fruits). Ascoli was founded by an Italic population ( Sabini ) several centuries before Rome on the important Via Salaria (Salaria Road) which connected Latium with the salt production area on the Adriatic coast. In 268 BC it became a civitas foederata , with nominal Independence from Rome. In 91 BC it revolted against Rome together with other cities in central Italy but in 89 BC was conquered and destroyed by Strabone . It acquired anyway the Roman citizenship, following the developments and the eventual fall of the Roman Empire . During the Middle Ages it was conquered by the Lombards in 578 , then by the Franks in 789 , but ultimately it was the Catholic Church Bishops to gain influence and power inside the city. In 1189 a free republic an municipality was established but internal strifes led dramatically to the demise of civic values and freedom, until ambitious lord took over the reins of the city. After two centuries of disorder, the authority of the Pope was reestablished in late 16th century. Ascoli followed then almost two centuries of cultural, economic stagnation, turning into a small agricultural centre until the Napoleonic wars. In 1860 it was annexed together with Marche and Umbria in the Kingdom of Italy . The central historical part of the city is built in marble called travertino , a grey hued stoned extracted from the surrounding mountains. Its central Renaissance square, Piazza del Popolo or Square of the People is considered one of the most beautiful in Italy. The cathedral of Sant'Emidio , the Roman Bridge and the Longbards Tower are some of several historic relics of particular interest. The main festivity is on the first Sunday in August. The historical parade with more than 900 people dressed in Renaissance costume is held in celebration of Saint Emidio, protector of the city. The parade is followed by a tournament, called Quintana, in which six knights, each one competing for one of the six neighborhoods in the city, ride the course one after the other trying to hit an effigy of an Arab warrior. Strength and ability are necessary for the knight to win the palio or the grand prize. ******************* file_id: 317541 republic establish_PASS strife. ******************* David Gregory Ludwig (born April 28 , 1987 ), is the prime suspect to the Sunday, 13 November , 2005 murder s of Michael and Cathryn Borden, the 50-year-old parents of his girlfriend Kara Beth Borden , whom he was also accused of kidnapping . He has reportedly confessed to the killings, however, until he is found guilty or pleads guilty in court, he is technically still a suspect. An Amber Alert was issued for Kara, and the story became instantaneous national news. The Borden and Ludwig families are both from Lititz , Lancaster County, Pennsylvania . While apparently not members of the same church, the two families are stated to be devout evangelical Christians, and each family similarly home schooled their children. David and Kara are reported by the Carlisle, PA Sentinal to have met in a support group for home schooled children. According to the online Lancaster New Era ( Lancaster, PA ), November 16 , 2005 , friends of Ludwig and Kara Beth say the two were sexually involved. The parents of both reportedly became concerned. When Ludwig and Kara stayed out all night together, Ludwig was summoned to the Borden home for a confrontation, one which culminated in the two adult Bordens being shot in the head. The press indicates that Kara's younger sister witnessed at least one of the murders. At the time of the murders, Ludwig was 18 years of age. Kara Beth was 14. The age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16 and intercourse between a person under 16 and four or more years age difference constitutes statutory rape . Ludwig and Kara Beth were apprehended in central Indiana town of Belleville on Tuesday, November 15 , 2005, after he front-ended his parents' 1998 Volkswagen Jetta into a tree, subsequent to a chase by police. The latter phase of this apprehension was carried live on all the cable television news networks. Both were (separately) flown back to Pennsylvania. Ludwig waived extradition . Gregory P. Ludwig and Jane Ludwig are the suspect's parents. A search warrant of the Ludwig home was executed the same day as the Borden murders, and was reported on Thursday, November 17 , 2005 to have recovered 54 firearms and associated ammunition. The Indiana authorities recovered a .40 caliber Glock semiautomatic pistol from the Ludwig family car which is said to be the murder weapon. The Litiz Record indicates they also recovered a Colt 45 pistol, a Ruger 45 semiautomatic pistol, and a Ruger mini 14 rifle. Another handgun from the Ludwig collection was reported to have been found at the Borden home wrapped in a towel. Additional items reported to have been seized were at least two computers and a number of video tapes. Among this evidence an 18 minute video was recovered where Ludwig and a friend, both armed with assault weapons, are seen discussing and perhaps executing a home invasion; at one point, they discussed having forcible sex with Kara and her sister. The funeral for the Bordens was held Saturday, November 19 , 2005, at Lancaster Bible College . Kara attended. Press reports indicate that she sat with her siblings, and that no tensions between them were apparent. The adult Bordens were buried in a dedicated Mennonite cemetery. The case is being pursued by Donald R. Totaro, District Attorney of Lancaster County . Ludwig has been charged with two counts of homicide and one count each of kidnapping and reckless endangerment of a minor, but Totaro has said that the kidnapping charge will be dropped . Ludwig has since confessed to the premeditated murder while in custody . He reportedly also confessed to Indiana officials at the time of his apprehension. He potentially faces Federal charges in addition to those from the state of Pennsylvania. He is currently housed in the Lancaster County Prison. Kara is regarded a victim, but local gossip is not treating her kindly. An orphan now, she has been appointed a guardian and is represented by legal counsel. Ludwig's lawyer has reportedly stated she willingly accompanied Ludwig in their three-state flight, and that surveillance tapes from places where the two stopped indicate she had ample opportunity to escape if she so chose. In documents released Monday November 21 , Kara has admitted she ran after him as he left the Borden home, and wanted to go with him, and get married. Kara's situation brings to mind the parallel of Caril Ann Fugate , the 13 year old girlfriend of Charles Starkweather . Obviating the kidnapping complaint is in Ludwig's interest, in that the kidnapping charge is a special circumstance that could subject him to the death penalty . ******************* file_id: 3180411 sentinal meet support_group. file_id: 3180411 friend say . file_id: 3180411 item report_PASS . file_id: 3180411 Press_reports indicate . file_id: 3180411 Kara admit_PASS document. ******************* Historically, the United States government has tended to spend more than it takes in, with national debt that was close to $1,000,000,000 at the beginning of the 20th century. The budget for most of the 20th century followed a pattern of deficit s during wartime and economic crises, and surpluses during periods of peacetime economic expansion. This pattern broke from fiscal year s 1970 to 1997 ; although the country was nominally at peace during most of this time, the federal budget deficit accelerated, topping out (in absolute terms) at $290 billion for 1992 . In 1998 - 2001 , however, gross revenues exceeded expenditures. Subsequently the budget has returned to a deficit basis; the estimated U.S. deficit for fiscal year 2005 was $319 billion . As a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP), within the context of the national economy as a whole, the highest deficit was run during fiscal year 1943 at over 30% of GDP, whereas deficits during the 1980s reached 5-6% of GDP and the deficit for 2005 was 2.6% of GDP, close to the post-World War II average. An issue about counting so-called "off-budget" items such as Social Security , which are presently running a large surplus, complicates discussion of budget deficits, as do the inevitable attempts by the party in power to downplay the deficit, while the other party exaggerates it. Nonetheless, the Social Security Administration does not see a large surplus -- while it is an example of an "off-budget" item, its own financial woes are generally recognized by experts on both sides of the aisle. The budget surplus for Social Security that is essentially offsetting the deficit was approximately $150 billion last year, increasing the deficit ratio to almost 4% from 2.6% of GDP. ******************* file_id: 3189365 revenue exceed expenditure. file_id: 3189365 deficit be term. ******************* The United States has the largest and one of the most technologically advanced national economies in the world, with a GDP of 11.75 trillion dollars . In this capitalist , free market economy, capital holders; individuals, corporation s and other private firms make most of the decisions, and governments take a minimal role in the economy. Because of this, the U.S has a small social safety net , and business firms in the U.S. have considerably less regulation than firms in many other nations. The fiscal policy of the nation follows the general ideals of Keynesian economics although neoclassical ideals have seen a rise in popularity since the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Since the 1970s, the United States has transformed from being the world's largest creditor to having substantial fiscal and trade deficits ; the significance of these deficits is disputed by economists. With President Harding's post– WW I "Return to Normalcy", the United States enjoyed a period of great prosperity. The stock market grew by leaps and bounds, and the economy was considered invincible. However, the infamous Great Depression shattered that belief, and after years of unsucessful attempts to rein in the economy with cuts in spending, President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced an array of social program s and public work s, known collectively as the New Deal . The New Deal followed the policies of Keynesian economics , and was an attempt to implement a social safety net , and to bring the United States out of the Depression though investing into the economy by deficit spending . The New Deal helped alleviate the suffering of many American families, and gave many unemployed Americans work. In 1941 , the U.S. entered World War II , driving federal spending and debt up to record levels to drive industrial production, pulling the U.S. out of the Depression. The post–WW II years, like the 1920s , were a time of great prosperity in the United States. The economy remained stable until the 1970s , when the U.S. suffered stagflation . Richard Nixon took the United States off the Bretton Woods system , and further government attempts to revive the economy failed. As the decade progressed, the situation worsened. In November 1980, Robert G. Anderson wrote, "the death knell is finally sounding for the Keynesian Revolution." Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, and was of the opinion that "government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem." Reagan began a program of ' supply-side economics ' where the administration cut taxes and spending, and reduced regulations. However, in 1982, the economy declined into the worst recession in 40 years. By the end of Reagan's term, the economic situation began to rebound, and the United States had economic growth without inflation, and the unemployment rate began to fall. Under Bill Clinton 's eight years of presidency, the economy expanded by 50% in real terms, unemployment was down to a 40 year low. By the end of his tenure the US had a gross national product of $10 trillion. A recession began during in 2000 in connection to the end of the dot-com bubble . Throughout, housing starts and purchases remained high, and the economy as of 2005 is considered by many to be strong in general. Some fear high government spending (in the Iraq War , and hurricane recovery,) as well as high oil prices may accelerate inflation. There are also warnings that the Federal Government needs to rebalance the budget to avoid potential default. While default does not appear a probable outcome, it is highly likely that persistent high budget deficits will drag down the economy in the future. This applies even more so to the current account deficit and external debt. U.S. liabilities to foreigners are estimated at $13 trillion in 2005, and continue to grow at a healthy rate. The first ingredient of a nation's economic system is its natural resources. The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, and it is fortunate to have a moderate climate. It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean s, as well as on the Gulf of Mexico . Rivers flow from far within the continent, and the Great Lakes —five large, inland lakes along the U.S. border with Canada —provide additional shipping access. These extensive waterways have helped shape the country's economic growth over the years and helped bind America's 50 individual states together in a single economic unit. The second ingredient is labor . The number of available workers and, more importantly, their productivity help determine the health of an economy. Throughout its history, the United States has experienced steady growth in the labor force, and that, in turn, has helped fuel almost constant economic expansion. Until shortly after World War I , most workers were immigrants from Europe, their immediate descendants, or African American s who were mostly slaves taken from Africa , or slave decendants . Beginning in the early 20th century, many Latin American s immigrated; followed by large numbers of Asians following removal of nation-origin based immigration quotas. The promise of high wages brings many highly skilled workers from around the world to the United States. Labor mobility has also been important to the capacity of the American economy to adapt to changing conditions. When immigrants flooded labor markets on the East Coast, many workers moved inland, often to farmland waiting to be tilled. Similarly, economic opportunities in industrial, northern cities attracted black Americans from southern farms in the first half of the 20th century. Third, there is manufacturing and investment. In the United States, the corporation has emerged as a association of owners, known as stockholders, who form a business enterprise governed by a complex set of rules and customs. Brought on by the process of mass production , corporations such as General Electric have been instrumental in shaping the United States. Through the stock market , American banks and investors have grown their economy by investing and withdrawing capital from profitable corporations. Today in the era of globalization American investors and corporations have influence all over the world. American governments have also been instrumental in investing in the economy, in areas such as providing cheap electricity (such as the Hoover Dam , and military contracts in times of war.) The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. Indeed, some of the most enduring debates of American economic history focus on the relative roles of the public and private sectors. The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nation's total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a "consumer economy." However, like in all modern economies, there are limits to free enterprise and private ownership. Americans generally agree that some services are better performed by public rather than private enterprise. For instance, in the United States, government is primarily responsible for the administration of justice, education (although there are many private schools and training centers), the road system, social statistical reporting, and national defense. In addition, government often is asked to intervene in the economy to correct situations in which the price system does not work. It regulates " natural monopolies ," for example, and it uses antitrust laws to control or break up other business combinations that become so powerful that they can surmount market forces. Government also addresses issues beyond the reach of market forces. It provides welfare and unemployment benefits to people who cannot or will not support themselves, either because they encounter problems in their personal lives or lose their jobs as a result of economic upheaval; it pays much of the cost of medical care for the aged and those who live in poverty; it regulates private industry to limit air and water pollution; it provides low-cost loans to people who suffer losses as a result of natural disasters; and it has played the leading role in the exploration of space, which is too expensive for any private enterprise to handle. All of this is paid for by a system of progressive taxation. In this mixed economy, individuals can help guide the economy not only through the choices they make as consumers but through the votes they cast for officials who shape economic policy. In recent years, consumers have voiced concerns about product safety, environmental threats posed by certain industrial practices, and potential health risks citizens may face; government has responded by creating agencies which aim to protect consumer interests and promote the general public welfare. The U.S. economy has changed in other ways as well. The population and the labor force have shifted dramatically away from farms to cities, from fields to factories, and, above all, to service industries. In today's economy, the providers of personal and public services far outnumber producers of agricultural and manufactured goods. As the economy has grown more complex, statistics also reveal over the last century a sharp long-term trend away from self-employment toward working for others. While consumers and producers make most decisions that mold the economy, government activities have a powerful effect on the U.S. economy in at least four areas. Strong government regulation in the U.S. economy started in the early 1900s; before that date, it was a nearly pure free market economy. Perhaps most importantly, the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates ( fiscal policy ) or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit ( monetary policy ), it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth—in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment. For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s, recessions—periods of slow economic growth and high unemployment—were viewed as the greatest of economic threats. When the danger of recession appeared most serious, government sought to strengthen the economy by spending heavily itself or cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more, and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply, which also encouraged more spending. In the 1970s, major price increases, particularly for energy, created a strong fear of inflation—increases in the overall level of prices. As a result, government leaders came to concentrate more on controlling inflation than on combating recession by limiting spending, resisting tax cuts, and reining in growth in the money supply. Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1960s and the 1990s. In the 1960s, government had great faith in fiscal policy—manipulation of government revenues to influence the economy. Since spending and taxes are controlled by the president and the U.S. Congress , these elected officials played a leading role in directing the economy. A period of high inflation, high unemployment, and huge government deficits weakened confidence in fiscal policy as a tool for regulating the overall pace of economic activity. Instead, monetary policy—controlling the nation's money supply through such devices as interest rates—assumed growing prominence. Monetary policy is directed by the nation's central bank, known as the Federal Reserve Board , with considerable independence from the president and the Congress. The U.S. federal government regulates private enterprise in numerous ways. Regulation falls into two general categories. Economic regulation seeks, either directly or indirectly, to control prices. Traditionally, the government has sought to prevent monopolies such as electric utilities from raising prices beyond the level that would ensure them reasonable profits. At times, the government has extended economic control to other kinds of industries as well. In the years following the Great Depression, it devised a complex system to stabilize prices for agricultural goods, which tend to fluctuate wildly in response to rapidly changing supply and demand. A number of other industries—trucking and, later, airlines—successfully sought regulation themselves to limit what they considered harmful price cutting. Another form of economic regulation, antitrust law, seeks to strengthen market forces so that direct regulation is unnecessary. The government—and, sometimes, private parties—have used antitrust law to prohibit practices or mergers that would unduly limit competition. Since the 1970s, government has also exercised control over private companies to achieve social goals, such as protecting the public's health and safety or maintaining a clean and healthy environment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration tightly regulates what drugs may reach the market, for example; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration protects workers from hazards they may encounter in their jobs; and the Environmental Protection Agency seeks to control water and air pollution. Such agencies draw heavy criticism from conservatives, who question the agencies' efficiency and necessity. American attitudes about regulation changed substantially during the final three decades of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1970s, policy makers grew increasingly concerned that economic regulation protected inefficient companies at the expense of consumers in industries such as airlines and trucking. At the same time, technological changes spawned new competitors in some industries, such as telecommunications, that once were considered natural monopolies. Both developments led to a succession of laws easing regulation. While leaders of America's two most influential political parties generally favored economic deregulation during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, there was less agreement concerning regulations designed to achieve social goals. Social regulation had assumed growing importance in the years following the Depression and World War II, and again in the 1960s and 1970s. But during the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, the government relaxed rules intended to protect workers, consumers, and the environment, arguing that regulation interfered with free enterprise, increased the costs of doing business, and thus contributed to inflation. Still, many Americans continued to voice concerns about specific events or trends, prompting the government to issue new regulations in some areas, including environmental protection. As of March 2004, it is estimated that compliance with government regulation costs the U.S. economy $1.3 trillion a year. Some citizens, meanwhile, have turned to the courts when they feel their elected officials are not addressing certain issues quickly or strongly enough. For instance, in the 1990s, individuals, and eventually government itself, sued tobacco companies over the health risks of cigarette smoking. A large financial settlement provided states with long-term payments to cover medical costs to treat smoking-related illnesses. The money is mostly spent (or will be spent, as checks are often written in anticipation of payments) for other purposes. Each level of government provides many direct services. The federal government, for example, is responsible for national defense, backs research that often leads to the development of new products, conducts space exploration, and runs numerous programs designed to help workers develop workplace skills and find jobs. Government spending has a significant effect on local and regional economies—and even on the overall pace of economic activity. State governments , meanwhile, are responsible for the construction and maintenance of most highways. State, county, or city governments play the leading role in financing and operating public schools. Local governments are primarily responsible for police and fire protection. Government spending in each of these areas can also affect local and regional economies, although federal decisions generally have the greatest economic impact Overall, federal, state, and local spending accounted for almost 18 percent of gross domestic product in 1997. Government also provides many kinds of help to businesses and individuals. It offers low-interest loans and technical assistance to small businesses, and it provides loans to help students attend college. Government-sponsored enterprises buy home mortgages from lenders and turn them into securities that can be bought and sold by investors, thereby encouraging home lending. Government also actively promotes exports and seeks to prevent foreign countries from maintaining trade barriers that restrict imports. Government supports individuals who cannot or will not adequately care for themselves. Social Security , which is financed by a tax on employers and employees, accounts for the largest portion of Americans' retirement income. The Medicare program pays for many of the medical costs of the elderly. The Medicaid program finances medical care for low-income families. In many states, government maintains institutions for the mentally ill or people with severe disabilities. The federal government provides food stamps to help poor families obtain food, and the federal and state governments jointly provide welfare grants to support low-income parents with children. Many of these programs, including Social Security, trace their roots to the "New Deal" programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt , who served as the U.S. president from 1933 to 1945. Key to Roosevelt's reforms was a belief that poverty usually resulted from social and economic causes rather than from failed personal morals. This view repudiated a common notion whose roots lay in New England Puritanism that success was a sign of God's favor and failure a sign of God's displeasure. This was an important transformation in American social and economic thought. Even today, however, echoes of the older notions are still heard in debates around certain issues, especially welfare. Many other assistance programs for individuals and families, including Medicare and Medicaid, were begun in the 1960s during President Lyndon Johnson 's (1963–1969) "War on Poverty." Although some of these programs encountered financial difficulties in the 1990s and various reforms were proposed, they continued to have strong support from both of the United States' major political parties. Critics argued, however, that providing welfare to unemployed but healthy individuals actually created dependency rather than solving problems. Welfare reform legislation enacted in 1996 under President Bill Clinton (1993–2001) requires people to work as a condition of receiving benefits and imposes limits on how long individuals may receive payments. The national debt, more properly known as the federal debt, is one of the most controversial issues in the United States. It is usually expressed as an absolute number, but a more accurate measurement is the ratio of the debt to gross domestic product. Most citizens favor paying off the national debt, though a minority feel this could have negative economic consequences. The borrowing cap debt ceiling as of 2004 stood at 8.2 trillion. At the current rate of growing indebtedness, this level will be reached sometime in 2005. It is expected that Senate will approve further increase of the cap, sometime before the ceiling is reached. The size of the debt is in the trillions and consequently it has been part of popular culture to parody the growing debt with some type of doomsday clock, graphically showing the growing indebtedness every second. Whilst it is true that the national debt is the largest in the world, and growing larger every second, it is also true that the economy as a whole is also the largest in the world and growing every second. As a result, the ratio of debt to GDP compares quite favorably to say, Japan . Statistics here are given in both raw numbers and in relation to the debt ratio, an expression of the federal debt as a percentage of GDP. Due to World War II, the national debt spiked to a historical peak of 121.2% of GDP in 1946. Source for percentage debt growth: Congressional Budget Office Formula used for percentage debt growth: (outgoing election year debt - incoming election year debt) / incoming election year debt Total Wages - $1 Domestic industries - $43,328 :* $67,782 :* $41,945 :* $28,216 :* $42,505 :* $65,708 :* $73,010 :* $41,116 :* $66,439 :* $29,664 :* $33,740 :* $34,921 :* $19,934 :* $43,533 0.3% (2003 est.) wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; forest products; fish capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages :Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.6003 (January 2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997); :Italian lire per US dollar - 1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997); :German deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998), 1.7341 (1997); note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and eight other European countries started using the euro on 1 January 1999 , with the euro replacing the local currency for all transactions in 2002 ******************* file_id: 32022 significance dispute_PASS economist. file_id: 32022 stock_market grow leaps_and_bounds. file_id: 32022 government_attempts revive economy. file_id: 32022 Throughout_,_housing_starts_and_purchases remain . file_id: 32022 budget_deficits drag economy. file_id: 32022 u.s estimate_PASS $_13_trillion. file_id: 32022 worker be immigrant. file_id: 32022 immigrant flood labor_markets. file_id: 32022 city attract . file_id: 32022 corporation emerge_PASS association. file_id: 32022 corporation be_PASS . file_id: 32022 United_States grow_PASS economy. file_id: 32022 Today have influence. file_id: 32022 business produce goods_and_services. file_id: 32022 two_-_thirds go individual. file_id: 32022 problem lose job. file_id: 32022 individual help system. file_id: 32022 consumer voice_PASS concern. file_id: 32022 threat pose_PASS practice. file_id: 32022 health_risks_citizens face . file_id: 32022 agency aim . file_id: 32022 labor_force shift_PASS farm. file_id: 32022 goods grow_PASS . file_id: 32022 government_activities have effect. file_id: 32022 level manage money_supply. file_id: 32022 consumer spend . file_id: 32022 increase come . file_id: 32022 government_deficits weaken confidence. file_id: 32022 law prohibit practices_or_mergers. file_id: 32022 drug reach market. file_id: 32022 Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration protect worker. file_id: 32022 attitude change decade. file_id: 32022 policy_makers grow . file_id: 32022 regulation protect_PASS company. file_id: 32022 change spawn competitor. file_id: 32022 drug achieve goal. file_id: 32022 government relax rule. file_id: 32022 rule intend_PASS . file_id: 32022 settlement provide_PASS state. file_id: 32022 U.S_. treat illness. file_id: 32022 government be check. file_id: 32022 program design_PASS . file_id: 32022 State_,_county_,_or_city_governments play . file_id: 32022 government be police_and_fire_protection. file_id: 32022 enterprise buy home_mortgages. file_id: 32022 trade_barriers restrict import. file_id: 32022 government support individual. file_id: 32022 government provide food_stamps. file_id: 32022 view repudiate notion. file_id: 32022 reform propose_PASS . file_id: 32022 critic argue . file_id: 32022 citizen favor . file_id: 32022 debt have consequence. ******************* In Theory is an episode of the fourth season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation . In his continuing attempt to emulate humanity, when an Enterprise-D crew-member develops romantic feelings for Data , he attempts to reciprocate. This is the first of five episodes of The Next Generation that Patrick Stewart (who plays the lead character Jean-Luc Picard ) directed. ******************* file_id: 3203794 Enterprise develop feeling. ******************* The Copenhagen Institute is Denmark's first free-market think tank. It was founded in 2003 hosting a conference on tax competition. It has a clear libertarian leaning. The Copenhagen Institute was originally called MarkedsCentret , but changed its name in 2005. The think tank works on policy areas such as: Tax & Welfare, Health Care & Food, Competition & Regulation and Environment & Technology. The think tank was founded by Chresten Anderson, who previously worked for the Cato Institute in Washington DC. ******************* file_id: 3206716 think_tank work policy_areas. ******************* The Chevrolet Avalanche is a four-door, five or six-seat Chevrolet pickup truck with a somewhat SUV -like flavor, known as a " sport utility truck ". Avalanche is based on the Chevrolet Suburban SUV, and itself forms the basis of the upscale Cadillac Escalade EXT . The latest spin-off is a new Hummer four-door truck. Avalanche was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award and was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 2002 . Avalanche features four full-size hinged doors with seating for 5 or 6 (with bench seat s). The open pickup bed in back can be extended into the back seat area by folding down the rear wall of the cabin and removing the rear window. GM marketers call this the Mid-Gate system. A series of three removeable panels provides a watertight top for the cargo bed. Additional storage is provided behind each wheelwell, accessed by locking flip-top panels. Chevy says these are useful as self-draining ice chests. First year Avalanches, as many GM models of the time, feature lots of light gray plastic body cladding. This provides needed visual distinction from the Suburban. Avalanche also gave the public an advance look at the next generation of headlight/grille/fender design for the entire GM line of trucks. A full-length chrome strip splits each lamp assembly and the grille, with a gold Chevrolet "bow tie" in the center. The hood and fenders feature agressive folds, in contrast to the soft box of 1988-2002 models. 2003 models featured a darker cladding, but GM's new president, (and many in the car buying public) demanded deletion of this unpopular trim. From midyear, Avalanche could be ordered without the cladding. Current Avalanches, called "slicksides" by GM marketers, resemble the current crop of Suburbans. There are two engine choices: A Vortec 5.3 L V8 producing 290 hp (216 kW) and an 8.1 L V8 with 325 hp (242 kW). The drivetrain is rear wheel drive or available with selectable high/low four wheel drive . Popular with the hip-hop crowd, this vehicle is frequently seen with modifications such as larger aftermarket wheels upwards of 26" in diameter and with loud sound systems. ******************* file_id: 321396 size hinge_PASS door. file_id: 321396 panel be self_-_draining_ice_chests. file_id: 321396 year cladd self_-_draining_ice_chests. file_id: 321396 grille feature fold. ******************* Matej Bel z Očovej ( Hungarian Bél Mátyás , German Matthias Bél ) (* March 22 1684 , Očová – † August 29 1749 , Bratislava ) ( 1684 - 1749 ) was a polymath , encyclopedist , philosopher , historian , Lutheran pastor and one of the greatest Slovak scholars of the eighteenth century . He was dubbed Magnum decus Hungariae - the Great Ornament of Hungary. Born on March , 23rd, 1684 in Očová into the family of an agricultural labourer and butcher, he attended schools in Lučenec , Kalinovo and Dolná Strehová , followed by grammar schools in Banská Bystrica , Bratislava and briefly Veszprém and Pápa. In the years 1704 - 1706 he studied theology and philosophy at the University in Halle . An appointment as rector of the school at Klosterbergen near magdeburg was followed by periods as pro-rector and subsequently rector of the Lutheran grammar school in Banská Bystrica , where he was simultaneously pastor. Between 1714 and 1719 he was rector of the Lutheran grammar school and - from the latter year - also pastor of the German Lutheran church in Bratislava, the city in which he is buried. A leading figure in pietism , Bel wrote sacred works in Lutheran liturgical language and Latin and German prayer book. His work as translator and editor in the field of religious work is also copious. A pioneer of collaborative research in the history of Hungarian lands, he undertook a comprehensive historical and geographic examination of the territory in his well-known Noticia Hungariae novae historica-geographica (dealing with each country individually), some of which were published, while the rest remained in manuscript. He was also one of the authors of a unique account of agriculture in the Hungarian Kingdom . In 1735 Bel drew up a proposal for the creation of an all-Hungary learned society, to be based in Bratislava. Bel's works met with recognition and respect beyond the Kingdom, and he was a member of a number of learned societies abroad. ******************* file_id: 3217165 appointment follow_PASS period. ******************* The National Trust for Jersey is an association which aims at preserving and safeguarding sites of historic, aesthetic and natural interest in Jersey . Established in 1936 the Trust is now the island's largest private land owner, caring for over 130 sites. Among properties owned by the National Trust for Jersey are the following: ******************* file_id: 3228216 association aim preserving_and_safeguarding_sites. ******************* Balloonist theory was a theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by inflating with air or fluid. Greek physician Galen believed that muscles contracted due to a fluid flowing into them, and for 1500 years afterward, it was believed that nerves were hollow and that they carried fluid (Pearn, 2002). René Descartes , who was interested in hydraulics and used fluid pressure to explain various aspects of physiology such as the reflex arc , proposed that " animal spirits " flowed into muscle and were responsible for their contraction. 1n 1667, Thomas Willis proposed that muscles may expand by the reaction of animal spirits with vital spirits . He hypothesized that this reaction would produce air in a manner similar to an explosion, causing muscles to swell and produce movement. Also in 1667, Jan Swammerdam , a Dutch anatomist famous for working with insects, made the first important blow to the balloonist theory. Swammerdam, who was the first to experiment on nerve-muscle preparation s, showed that muscles do not increase in size when they contract. He separated a frog's leg from the frog, but left the sciatic nerve connecting them, and put the leg under water. Irritating the nerve caused the muscle to contract and the leg to twitch. Swammerdam noticed that the level of the water did not rise: no fluid or gas could be entering the leg. Further, he showed that irritation of the nerve alone was enough to provoke movement, an important step toward the current understanding of how nerves actually cause muscle contraction (Cobb, 2002). Balloonist theory took a second hit from Francis Glisson who performed an experiment in which a man flexed a muscle under water. The water level did not go up (in fact it went down slightly), further supporting the conclusion that no air or fluid could be entering the muscle. The idea that muscle is inflated by air was further debunked when Giovanni Borrelli slit the muscle of an animal under water and watched to see if bubbles of air would rise to the surface; of course, none did. The invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves to be viewed at high magnification, showing that they are not hollow. In 1791 Luigi Galvani learned that frogs' muscles could be made to move by the application of electricity . This finding provided a basis for the current understanding that electrical energy, and not air or fluid, is the impetus behind muscle movement. ******************* file_id: 3230929 Balloonist_theory contract fluid. file_id: 3230929 nerve be . file_id: 3230929 muscle expand reaction. file_id: 3230929 muscle not_increase size. file_id: 3230929 preparation view_PASS magnification. ******************* Oscar Zeta Acosta ( April 8 , 1935 – 1974 ?) was an American attorney , author , politician , and Chicano activist . He is most famous for being portrayed as Hunter S. Thompson 's partner Dr. Gonzo in Thompson's book, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . Acosta was born in El Paso, Texas , and raised in a small rural town near Modesto, California . Acosta's father was drafted during World War II , so young Oscar had to take care of the family. At times, Acosta felt like an outsider and he presents his feelings of alienation, mistrust, and dislocation in his works. He was both an intelligent and sensitive student. After finishing high school, Acosta joined the U.S. Air Force . He then worked his way through college, attended law school, and passed the California Bar exam in 1966 . In 1967 , Oscar began working as an antipoverty attorney in Oakland, California . In 1970 , Acosta ran for sheriff of Los Angeles County against Peter Pitchess , and received more than 100,000 votes. During the campaign, he defended the anti-establishment Chicano group Catolicos por La Raza , spent a couple of days in jail for contempt of court , and vowed to do away with the Sheriff's Department as it was then constituted. Acosta, known for loud ties and a flowered attaché case with a Chicano Power sticker, didn't come close to Sheriff Pitchess' 1,300,000 votes but did beat Everett Holladay , Monterey Park Chief of Police. His first novel, Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo , was published in 1972 , followed in 1973 by The Revolt of the Cockroach People . In 1974 , Acosta disappeared after traveling to Mexico . His son, Marco Acosta , believes that he was the last person to talk to his father. In May 1974, Acosta telephoned his son, mentioning "Son, I'm about to board a boat full of white snow." Marco is later quoted in reference to his father's disappearance: "The body was never found, but we surmise that probably, knowing the people he was involved with, he ended up mouthing off, getting into a fight, and getting killed." According to Thompson's obituary of Acosta "Fear and Loathing in the Graveyard of the Weird: The Banshee Screams for Buffalo Meat", Acosta was a powerful attorney and preacher but suffered from addictions to lysergic acid and methamphetamines . The obituary alternates from vitriolic to touching, but on the whole conveys the sense that Acosta was a man who felt he was doomed to martyrdom and destined to be a messiah, but was brought down by his inability to be either. In an interview Thompson is quoted as saying Acosta was stabbed and thrown overboard somewhere off the coast of Mexico. There are rumours in reference to what precipitated the murder. What Thompson really said about Oscar: "...and someone onboard shot him two or three times in the stomach, with a .45. Then threw him over the side." Acosta's photograph and biography appear on the back cover of early editions of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. It is said that Thompson's publisher became nervous at Acosta's being mentioned by name in the book, together with Thompson's accounts of copious drug use by the two. Contacted by the publisher, Acosta refused an offer to have his name excised from the book. Acosta demanded that the book only be published on condition that his name be left in, and that his name and picture be prominently displayed on the cover. "Oscar was not into serious street-fighting, but he was hell on wheels in a bar brawl. Any combination of a 250 lb 113 kg Mexican and LSD-25 is a potentially terminal menace for anything it can reach - but when the alleged Mexican is in fact a profoundly angry Chicano lawyer with no fear at all of anything that walks on less than three legs and a de facto suicidal condition that he will die at the age of 33 - just like Jesus Christ - you have a serious piece of work on your hands. Specially if the bastard is already 33 1/2 years old with a head full of Sandoz acid, a loaded .357 Magnum in his belt, a hatchet-wielding Chicano bodyguard on his elbow at all times, and a disconcerting habit of projectile vomiting geysers of pure blood off the front porch every 30 or 40 minutes, or whenever his malignant ulcer can't handle any more raw tequila." - Hunter S. Thompson, Rolling Stone #254, Dec. 15, 1977 http://cemaweb.library.ucsb.edu/acosta_toc.html ******************* file_id: 323468 photograph_and_biography appear cover. file_id: 323468 combination be menace. ******************* Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain ( 8 September 1828 – 24 February 1914 ) was a college professor and a highly-respected officer in the United States Army during the American Civil War , reaching the rank of major general . He was also a Medal of Honor winner, and served as a Republican Governor of Maine for four terms. He also served on the faculty and as president of Bowdoin College . Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain was born in Brewer, Maine . He lived near Harriet Beecher Stowe and was a visitor in her home and heard her recite passages from Uncle Tom's Cabin . In time, he developed strong abolitionist views. Chamberlain entered Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine , in 1848 and graduated in 1852 . He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa . He married Frances (Fanny) Caroline Adams, daughter of a clergyman, in 1855 , and they had five children, two of whom died in infancy. Chamberlain studied for three additional years at Bangor Theological Seminary in Bangor, Maine , returned to Bowdoin and began a career in education as a professor of rhetoric . He eventually went on to teach every subject in the curriculum but mathematics . He was fluent in nine languages other than English: Greek, Latin, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Arabic, Hebrew and Syriac. Chamberlain's great-grandfathers were soldiers in the American Revolutionary War and his grandfather had served during the War of 1812 . His father also had served during the abortive Aroostook War of 1839 . Chamberlain himself was not trained in military science, but felt a strong desire to serve his country. At the outbreak of the American Civil War , Chamberlain wished to enlist, but the Bowdoin College administration felt that he was too valuable to the college faculty. Chamberlain asked for a leave of absence (supposedly to study languages for two years in Europe ), but then promptly enlisted and received a commission as lieutenant colonel of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment , part of the Union Army of the Potomac . He fought with the regiment at the Battle of Fredericksburg , Antietam , and at the Battle of Chancellorsville , where he was promoted to colonel of the regiment upon the promotion of its first colonel, Adelbert Ames . Chamberlain's younger brother, Thomas Chamberlain , was also an officer of the 20th Maine. Chamberlain achieved fame at the Battle of Gettysburg , where his valiant defense of Little Round Top became the focus of many publications and stories, including Michael Shaara 's Pulitzer Prize -winning novel, , and the movie based on that novel, (in which Chamberlain was played by actor Jeff Daniels , who repeated that role in ). Sent to defend the hill by Col. Strong Vincent , Chamberlain found himself and the 20th Maine at the far left end of the Union line, with the 83rd Pennsylvania, 44th New York, and 16th Michigan infantry regiments to their right. The men from Maine waited until troops from the 15th Alabama regiment (under Colonel William C. Oates ) charged up the hill, attempting to flank the Union right. Time and again they struck, until the 20th Maine was almost doubled-back upon itself. With many casualties and ammunition running low, Col. Chamberlain recognized the dire circumstances and ordered his right wing (which was now looking southeast, compared to the rest of the regiment, which was facing west) to swing down like a door. From his report of the day: The 20th Maine charged down the hill, using an unusual tactical maneuver of having the extreme left wing wheel continually to make the charging line swing like a hinge thus creating a simultaneous frontal assault and flanking maneuver , capturing many of the Confederate soldiers and successfully saving the flank. Col. Chamberlain was slightly wounded in the foot at that battle by a spent bullet. Developing malaria in 1863 , Chamberlain was taken off of active duty until he recovered. He returned to the Army of the Potomac in May 1864 , and was promoted to brigade commander shortly before the Battle of Petersburg . There, in an action at Rives' Salient, Chamberlain was shot through the right hip and groin. The wound was considered mortal by the division's surgeon, who predicted he would perish; however, Chamberlain would live for another 50 years before dying due to complications from the wound. Chamberlain's ostensible death in battle was reported in the Maine newspapers, and General Ulysses S. Grant gave Chamberlain a battlefield promotion to brigadier general ; some sources believe this was the only such promotion ever given by Grant. Not expected to live, Chamberlain displayed surprising will and courage, and was back in command by November. Although many, including his wife Fanny, urged Chamberlain to resign, he was determined to serve through the end of the war. Given command of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of V Corps , Chamberlain continued to act with courage and resolve. On March 29 , 1865 , Chamberlain's brigade participated in a major skirmish on the Quaker Road during Grant's final advance that would finish the war. Despite losses, another wound (in the left arm and chest), and nearly being captured, Chamberlain was successful and brevet ted to the rank of major general by President Abraham Lincoln . In all, Chamberlain served in twenty battles and numerous skirmishes, and was wounded six times. Chamberlain was responsible for one of the most poignant scenes of the Civil War at the April 1865 surrender of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House . Gen. Grant placed Chamberlain in charge of receiving the surrender of Confederate weapons and battle flags. As the conquered Confederate soldiers marched down the road to surrender their arms and colors, Chamberlain, without orders or permission, ordered his men to come to attention and "carry arms" as a show of respect. Chamberlain described what happened next: Chamberlain's salute was unpopular with many in the north, but he defended his action in his memoirs, The Passing of the Armies . Many years later, Gordon, in his own memoirs, called Chamberlain "one of the knightliest soldiers of the Federal Army." Chamberlain left the army soon after the war ended, going back to his home state of Maine, and was elected and served as Governor of Maine for four one-year terms. After leaving political office, he returned to Bowdoin College . In 1871 , he was appointed president of Bowdoin and remained in that position until 1883 , when he was forced to resign due to ill health from his war wounds. To the end of his life, Chamberlain was active in the Grand Army of the Republic and made many return visits to Gettysburg, giving speeches at soldiers' reunions. He served as Surveyor of the Port of Portland, Maine , a Federal appointment, and engaged in business activities, including real estate dealings in Florida . Chamberlain also wrote several books about Maine, education, and his Civil War memoir, The Passing of the Armies . In 1893 Chamberlain was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Gettysburg. The citation commends him for his: Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain died of his lingering wartime wounds in 1914 at Portland, Maine, aged 85, and is buried in Pine Grove Cemetery, Brunswick, Maine . His home, located across Maine Street from the Bowdoin College campus, is now a museum owned by the Pejepscot Historical Society, which also maintains an extensive research collection on Chamberlain. ******************* file_id: 326492 chamberlain be . file_id: 326492 man wait troops. file_id: 326492 oate charge hill. file_id: 326492 source believe complication. ******************* Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alba( 1508- January 12, 1583) was a Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands( 1567- 1573), nicknamed "the Iron Duke" by Protestants of the Low Countries because of harsh rule. Although the Duke led oppressive and brutal military operations in Flanders, his cruelty was exaggerated in Dutch and English folklore, forming a new and central component of the Black Legend. Alba's grandfather, Ferdinand of Toledo, educated him in military science and politics; and he was engaged with distinction at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, while still a youth. Selected for a military command by Charles V, he took part in the siege of Tunis( 1535), and successfully defended Perpignan against the dauphin of France. He was present at the battle of Mühlberg( 1547), and the victory gained there over the Prince-Elector Johann Friederich of Saxony was due mainly to his exertions. He took part in the subsequent successful siege of Wittenberg defended by the Electress, Sibylla, following which Alba presided at the court-martial which tried the Prince-Elector and condemned him to death as a rebel against the Emperor, wringing from him the Capitulation of Wittenberg(1547), in which he was compelled to resign the electoral dignity and a great part of his territory to his cousin Maurice. In 1552 Alba was entrusted with the command of the army intended to invade France, and was engaged for several months in an unsuccessful siege of Metz. In consequence of the success of the French arms in Piedmont, he was made commander-in-chief of all the emperor's forces in Italy, and at the same time invested with unlimited power. Success did not, however, attend his first attempts, and after several unfortunate attacks he was obliged to retire into winter quarters. After the abdication of Charles V he was continued in the command by Philip II, who, however, restrained him from extreme measures. Alba had subdued the whole Campagna and was at the gates of Rome, when he was compelled by Philip's orders to negotiate a peace. Not long after this ( 1559) he was sent at the head of a splendid embassy to Paris to espouse, in the name of his master, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry, king of France (see Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis). In 1567, Philip, who was a zealous prosecutor of Protestants, sent Alba into the Netherlands at the head of an army of 10,000 men, with unlimited powers for the extirpation of heretics. When he arrived he soon showed how much he merited the confidence which his master reposed in him, and instantly erected a tribunal which soon became known to its victims as the " Blood Council," to try all persons who had been engaged in the late commotions which the civil and religious tyranny of Philip had excited. During the six years of his governorship, no less than 18,000 people were executed. He imprisoned the counts Egmont and Hoorn, the two popular leaders of the dissatisfied Dutch nobles, and had them condemned to death even though they were opposed to the Protestants His attempt to raise money by imposing the Spanish alcabala, a tax of 10% on all sales ("tenth penny" tax), aroused the opposition of the Catholic Netherlands themselves. The exiles from the Low Countries, who called themselves Geuzen(French gueux, "beggars"), encouraged by the general resistance to his government, fitted out a fleet of privateers, and after strengthening themselves by successful depredations, seized the town of Den Briel ( Brielle). Thus Alba by his cruelty became the unwitting instrument of the future independence of the seven Dutch provinces. The fleet of the exiles, having met the Spanish fleet, defeated it, and reduced Holland and Mons. The States-General, assembling at Dordrecht, openly declared against Alba's government, and marshalled under the banners of the prince of Orange. Alba's preparations to oppose the gathering storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Mons, Mechelen and Zutphen, under the conduct of his son Don Fadrique. With the exception of Zeeland and Holland, he regained all the provinces; and at last his son stormed Naarden, and massacring its inhabitants, proceeded to invest the city of Haarlem, which, after standing an obstinate siege, was taken and pillaged. Their next attack was upon Alkmaar; but there they were met with such desperate resistance that they were constrained to retire. Alba's feeble state of health and continued disasters induced him to solicit his recall from the government of the Low Countries. In December 1573 Philip accepted his resignation and replaced him with Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens. On his return he was treated for some time with great distinction by Philip, until a love affair of Don Fadrique dragged father and son into disgrace. Alba was banished from court and confined in the castle of Uzeda. Here he had remained two years, when the success of Don Antonio in assuming the crown of Portugal determined Philip to turn his eyes towards Alba as the person in whose fidelity and abilities he could most confide. Appointed to the supreme command in Portugal in 1581, Alba soon defeated Antonio, drove him from the kingdom, and reduced the whole under the subjection of Philip. Entering Lisbon he seized an immense treasure, and allowed his soldiers to sack the suburbs and vicinity. Alba, however, did not enjoy the honours and rewards of his last expedition, for he died at Thomar in January 1583. ******************* ******************* Penticton ( ) is a city in south central British Columbia between Okanagan Lake and Skaha Lake (at one time known officially as "Dog Lake"). According to the 2001 census its population is 30,985 (in the greater area the population reaches 41,574). The name Penticton is derived from the local Salish Native language, meaning roughly translated "a place to stay forever". Penticton's primary economic strengths are tourism, wine production and fruit orchards. Penticton hosts many world famous events annually, among them the Canadian Ironman Triathlon , the Okanagan Wine Festival and the Pentastic Hot Jazz Festival -- not to mention the mildly-embarrassing "Elvis Festival". Penticton also is the home of some of British Columbia's best recreational opportunities including skiing at the Apex Alpine ski area, boating and fishing on Skaha Lake and Okanagan Lake as well as one of the best sport climbing areas in Canada, Skaha Bluffs . It is the seat of the Okanagan-Similkameen Regional District . Pentiction is the home of the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory , Canada's only radio telescope array. Penticton is the former home of Donald Bakker . It's also the birthplace of actress Alexis Smith and of hockey player Andy Moog . Penticton is served by the Penticton Regional Airport . Penticton's official homepage ******************* file_id: 329451 strength be tourism_,_wine_production_and_fruit_orchards. file_id: 329451 penticton host world. ******************* Piano acoustics is an exploration of how physical science, particularly acoustics , can help to explain a number of important properties of the piano . The strings of a piano vary in thickness, with bass strings thicker than treble. A typical range is from 1/30 inch for the highest treble strings to 1/3 inch for the lowest bass. These differences in string thickness follow from well-understood acoustic properties of strings. The relationship of string length to pitch was worked out by Pythagoras about 500 BCE. Assuming that all strings are equally taut and thick, a string that is twice as long as another vibrates one octave lower. However, if one were to use this principle to design a piano, it would be impossible to fit the bass strings into a case of any reasonable size; moreover, in such a hypothetical, huge "Pythagorean piano", the lowest strings would travel so far in vibrating that they would strike one another. Instead, piano makers take advantage of the fact that a thick string vibrates more slowly than a thin string of identical length and tension; thus, the strings of the lower notes are progressively thicker. In pianos, long strings are considered desirable. Piano design strives to fit the longest possible strings within a given case size; moreover, all else being equal, the sensible piano buyer tries to obtain the largest instrument compatible with budget and space. The desirability of long strings is the result of a phenomenon called inharmonicity . Every piano string, when struck, vibrates both at its own natural pitch (called the fundamental frequency ), and many overtone s, each--as a rough approximation--at a pitch which is a multiple of the fundamental. The lowest overtone is one octave above the fundamental (twice the pitch of the fundamental), the next overtone an octave and a fifth (3 times the fundamental), the next two octaves (4), the next two octaves and a third (5), and so on (see Harmonic series (music) ). Since the overtones match other notes on the piano--closely related notes in the theory of musical harmony --the strings vibrate sympathetically with one another whenever they are not covered by their dampers. This creates the characteristic rich tone of a piano. Unfortunately, in practice, the overtones do not quite coincide with harmonically related musical notes. To the extent that a string is thick and stiff relative to its length, its harmonics will deviate from being multiples of the fundamental; thus they will be in a sense "unmusical". This phenomenon is referred to as inharmonicity. Because inharmonicity depends on string length, the longer the strings are, the more they approximate ideal theoretical strings, and the more they will vibrate sympathetically with other, musically related notes. Thus, the most prized pianos are (all else being equal) those with the longest strings. The flagship model of Steinway , the Model D, is 8 feet, 11 3/4 inches long (274 cm.); and the longest Fazioli piano is 10 feet, 2 inches (308 cm.). The shortest strings used in pianos are found in cheap spinet models. In these, the highest keys often produce no note at all, only an unpleasant percussive sound. Inharmonicity also explains why the lowest strings of the piano are not made of plain steel, but rather of steel wrapped in copper. The wrapped construction adds the necessary mass to the string, while minimizing the addition of stiffness (and thus of inharmonicity). ******************* file_id: 333081 Piano_acoustics be exploration. file_id: 333081 difference follow property. file_id: 333081 relationship work_PASS pythagora. file_id: 333081 Piano_acoustics be . file_id: 333081 piano_makers take advantage. file_id: 333081 string consider_PASS . file_id: 333081 note be . file_id: 333081 string use_PASS piano. ******************* Parliament House is the name given to two purpose-built buildings in Canberra, the capital of Australia, where the Parliament of Australia has met since 1927. __TOC__ In 1901, when the six British colonies in Australia federated to form the Commmonwealth of Australia, Melbourne and Sydney were the two largest cities in the country. But the long history of rivalry between them meant that neither could become the national capital. Section 125 of the Constitution of Australia therefore provided that: In 1909, after much argument, the Parliament decided that the new capital would be on the site which is now Canberra, in southern New South Wales. The Commonwealth acquired control over the land in 1911, but World War I intervened, and nothing was done for some years to build the city. Federal Parliament did not leave Melbourne until 1927. In the meantime Parliament met in the 19th century edifice of Parliament House, Melbourne, at the request of the Victorian State Parliament, who met in the nearby Royal Exhibition Building for 26 years. Begun in 1853 and ready for occupancy (though not actually finished) in 1856, it was built at the height of the gold rush when Victoria was awash with money, and was one of the finest public buildings in the British Empire. After World War I the Federal Capital Advisory Committee was established to get Canberra ready to be the seat of government, including the construction of a Parliament House. The committee decided that it would be best to erect a "provisional" building, to serve for a predicted 50 years until a new, "permanent" House could be built. The government architect, John Smith Murdoch, therefore produced a fairly plain "stripped classical" design, making use of simple geometric forms. Although this received some criticism from architects at the time as lacking in the grandiosity of legislative buildings in other places, the general view has been that this gave the nation a building which was both functional and handsome. Construction began in August 1923 and the building was ready for occupancy in May 1927. The interior of the House followed the same pattern of simple geometric designs and plain surfaces. The building cost about 600,000 pounds. The official opening was on 9 May, and the Duke of York, later King George VI officiated, accompanied by the Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce. Parliamentarians and public servants alike were not pleased at giving up the comforts of Melbourne for this remote, cold, dusty hamlet, particularly since alcohol was banned. (This ban was lifted soon after Parliament met in the new building). This "provisional" House accommodated the Parliament for 61 years, and the city of Canberra grew up around it. Despite being deliberately planned for future growth, by the 1960s the building was already too crowded, and the press in particular complained about their cramped quarters. A building designed to house 300 people was expected to cope with over 4,000. But successive governments blanched at the likely cost of building a new, much bigger Parliament House. There was also a prolonged battle over where to put a new House: either on the same site as the old one, behind it on Capital Hill, or by the lake shore, which was where the original designer of Canberra, Walter Burley Griffin, had intended it to be. Finally in 1978 the Fraser government decided to proceed with a new building on Capital Hill, and the Parliament House Construction Authority was created. The design competition was won by the US-based Italian architect (and now Australian citizen) Romaldo Giurgola, with an imaginative design which involved burying most of the building under Capital Hill, and capping the edifice with an enormous spire topped by a large Australian flag. The facades, however, deliberately echoed the designs of the Old Parliament House, so that there is a family resemblance despite the massive difference in scale. Construction began in 1981, and the House was intended to be ready by January 1988, the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia. It was expected to cost A$220 million. Neither deadline nor budget were met. The building was finally opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 May 1988, the anniversary of the opening of both the first Federal Parliament in Melbourne ( 9 May 1901), and of the Provisional Parliament House in Canberra ( 9 May 1927). The final cost was over $1,000 million, making Parliament House the most expensive building in Australian history. From above, the design of the site is in the shape of two boomerangs enclosed within a circle. Much of the building is buried beneath Capital Hill, but the meeting chambers and accommodation for parliamentarians are free-standing within the boomerang-shaped arms. There are 24,000 granite slabs on the curved walls which, placed end to end, would stretch 46 kilometres. The building required 300,000 cubic metres of concrete, enough to build 25 Sydney Opera Houses and has a design life of 200 years. The building has 4,500 rooms. The flag flown from the 81m flagpole is 12.8m by 6.4m, about the size of half a tennis court. Although security has been greatly tightened in recent years, much of the building is open to the public. The building was designed to "sit above" Old Parliament House when seen from a distance, but when the idea was floated to demolish Old Parliament House so that there would be an uninterrupted vista from the New Parliament House to Lake Burley Griffin and the Australian War Memorial, there was an outcry at this idea. The historic building was preserved, and it now houses a parliamentary museum and part of the National Portrait Gallery. The original concept was for Parliament House to be freely open to the public, and the sweeping lawns leading up to the entrances were intended to symbolise this. Since the terrorist attacks of recent years, however, security at Parliament House has been greatly tightened. One measure has been the erection of crash barriers blocking access to the lawns (a 4WD was driven through the front doors in 1992). The ugliness of these barriers is widely regretted, and construction of less obstrusive barriers is nearly complete. Parliament House is structured into a main foyer leading into a Great Hall, which features a tapestry based on a painting by Arthur Boyd(also situated in the building on display). Functions that have parliamentary and federal relevance often take place here, but the Great Hall is also open to functions for the general public, such as weddings, and the nearby Australian National University hosts graduation ceremonies here also. Below the tapestry of The Great Hall is a removable division, which opens on to the Member's Hall, with a water feature at its center. Directly ahead of the Member's Hall is the Ministerial Wing, housing the office suites of the Prime Minister and government ministers. Member's Hall has access to the House of Representatives and the Senate buildings to the left and right of the main entrance to the Halls respectively. Public access to the visitors' galleries and the Main Committee Room is via an upper level reached by impressive staircases ascending from the entrance foyer. In a reflection of the colour scheme of the United Kingdom House of Commons, the House of Representatives is decorated in green. However, the colour is muted to suggest the color of eucalyptus leaves. From the perspective of the image to the right, the press gallery is ahead, with public galleries to the left and right. Soundproofed galleries for school groups lie directly above these, as no talking is permitted when the House is sitting. Frontbench members approach the ornate box pictured, known as the despatch box, to speak. Backbenchers have a microphone on their desk, and merely stand to speak (unless they cannot stand), in accordance with standing order60. As is the custom with Westminster parliaments, members of the governing party sit to the Speaker's right, and the Opposition sits to the Speaker's left. Independents and minor parties sit on the cross-benches. The long benches (the front benches) closest to the dispatch boxes are reserved for the Cabinet on the government's side and the Shadow Cabinet on the Opposition's side. The Senate building follows the colour scheme of the House of Lords, decorated in red, this time muted to tints of ochre, suggesting the earth and the colours of the outback. The gallery arrangement is identical to that of the House of Representatives. Unlike the House of Representatives, only the Leader of the Government or Opposition in the Senate approach the lectern pictured, other frontbench Senators and all backbench senators have their desk microphone. As can be seen from the illustrations, unlike the House of Representatives, there is no distinction between the front and back benches in the Senate chamber; Senate Ministers and their opposition counterparts have the same two-seat benches as all other Senators. The Parliament House has 2,416 clocks , which, beyond serving the usual purpose, remind members of events such as Question Time at 2pm, when all members are expected to attend. When the House of Representatives or the Senate divides(where a vote must be tallied), all members are called to the chamber to vote. Bells audible throughout the house are rung, and one of two separate panels (one green, one red) lights up to indicate whether the division is for the House of Representatives or the Senate. ******************* file_id: 333768 government blanch_PASS cost. file_id: 333768 function have . file_id: 333768 Great_Hall be function. file_id: 333768 Australian_National_University host graduation_ceremonies. file_id: 333768 Soundproofed_galleries lie . file_id: 333768 Frontbench_members approach box. file_id: 333768 backbencher have . file_id: 333768 member sit right. file_id: 333768 party sit cross_-_benches. file_id: 333768 time mute tint. file_id: 333768 senator have . file_id: 333768 all_members expect_PASS . file_id: 333768 all_members call_PASS chamber. file_id: 333768 all_members vote . ******************* New Zealand national politics feature a pervasive party system. Usually, all members of Parliament's unicameral House of Representatives belong to a political party. Independent MPs occur relatively rarely. Unlike some other democracies, New Zealand no longer has an entrenched two-party arrangement - while two primary parties do indeed dominate the political landscape, smaller groups can reasonably expect to play a role in government. As of 2005, eight parties have representatives in parliament. Political parties in New Zealand evolved towards the end of the 19th century out of interest groups and personal cliques. Most historians regard the Liberal Party, which began its rule in 1891, as the first real party in New Zealand politics. During the long period of Liberal Party control the party's more conservative opponents founded the Reform Party, forming the original duopoly in the New Zealand parliament. Gradually, Liberal and Reform found themselves working together more often, mostly in opposition to the growing Labour Party. After Labour eventually won office in 1935, the Liberals and Reform came together to form the National Party. Labour and National currently exist as the two main parties of New Zealand politics. Over the years, a number of "third parties" or so-called "minor parties" developed - notably the Social Credit Party, the New Zealand Party, the Values Party, and the Alliance. However, the "first past the post" electoral system meant that no matter how many votes a party gained nation-wide, it could not win a seat without a majority in a particular electorate (voting district). Under such conditions, these parties mostly performed poorly in terms of making an impact in Parliament. With the introduction of the MMP electoral system for the 1996 elections, however, it became much easier for smaller parties to enter parliament - and more difficult to gain election as a non-party independent. Since the change to MMP, about one third of the seats in Parliament have been held by MPs representing parties other than Labour and National. In the years before MMP, by contrast, there were sometimes no such MPs at all. Political parties in New Zealand can be either registered or unregistered. Registered parties must have five-hundred paying members, each eligible to vote in general elections. If a party registers, it may submit a party list, enabling it to receive party votes in New Zealand's MMP electoral system. Unregistered parties may still nominate candidates for individual electorates, however. The order in which parties appear in this list corresponds to the number of MPs they currently have. Parties listed in alphabetical order: Parties listed in alphabetical order: ******************* file_id: 340039 New_Zealand feature party_system. file_id: 340039 all_members belong party. file_id: 340039 party have representative. file_id: 340039 party evolve end. file_id: 340039 historian regard Liberal_Party. file_id: 340039 party be . file_id: 340039 party have member. file_id: 340039 party appear list. file_id: 340039 party have . file_id: 340039 party list_PASS order. file_id: 340039 party list_PASS order. ******************* Arlington Hall was the headquarters of the US Army 's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) cryptography effort during World War II . It was named for its location in Arlington Hall Station, Arlington, Virginia—a private girls' school which was commandeered during the War. Arlington Hall was in many respects similar to Bletchley Park in England, though military and only one of two primary cryptography operations in Washington during the War (the other was the Naval Communications Annex , also housed in a commandeered private girls' school). Arlington concentrated its efforts on the Japanese systems (including PURPLE ) while Bletchley Park concentrated on European combatants. Arlington Hall eventually became one of the organizations and facilities of the National Security Agency after it was created. The Arlington Hall effort was comparable in influence to other Anglo-American WW II-era technological efforts, such as the cryptographic work at Bletchley Park, the Naval Communications Annex, development of sophisticated microwave radar at MIT 's Radiation Lab , and the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapon s. After World War II , the "Russian Section" at Arlington Hall expanded. Work on diplomatic messages benefited from additional technical personnel and new analysts—among them Samuel Chew, who had focused on Japan, and linguist Meredith Gardner , who had worked on both German and Japanese messages. Chew had considerable success at defining the underlying structure of the coded Russian texts. Gardner and his colleagues began analytically reconstructing the KGB codebooks. Late in 1946, Gardner broke the codebook's "spell table" for encoding English letters. With the solution of this spell table, SIS could read significant portions of messages that included English names and phrases. Gardner soon found himself reading a 1944 message listing prominent atomic scientists, including several with the Manhattan Project . Efforts to decypher Soviet codes continued under the super secret Venona project . Another problem soon arose—that of determining how and to whom to disseminate the extraordinary information Gardner was developing. SIS's reporting procedures did not seem appropriate because the decrypted messages could not even be paraphrased for Arlington Hall's regular intelligence customers without divulging their source. By 1946, SIS knew nothing about the federal grand jury impaneled in Manhattan to probe the espionage and disloyalty charges stemming from Elizabeth Bentley 's defection and other defectors from Soviet intelligence, so no one in the US Government was aware that evidence against the Soviets was suddenly developing on two adjacent tracks. In late August or early September 1947, the FBI was informed that the Army Security Agency had begun to break into Soviet espionage messages. By 1945 the Soviet's had penetrated Arlington Hall with the placement of Bill Weisband who worked there for several years. The Government’s knowledge of his treason apparently was not revealed until its publication in a 1990 book co-authored by a high-level KGB defector. In October 1949, the British spy Kim Philby arrived in Washington as British intelligence liaison to the U.S. intelligence community. Part of his responsibilities involved receiving VENONA material which the U.S. was providing to the U.K. In April 1951, a decoded VENONA message showed that Donald MacLean , who had served as Second Secretary at the British Embassy in Washington in 1944 and 1945 (and returned in 1947 to work on atomic energy issues), was “HOMER,” a Soviet spy. Surveillance of MacLean commenced in order to obtain evidence independent of VENONA, as the U.S. and U.K. did not want to reveal publicly the existence of the project, but MacLean defected to Moscow with Guy Burgess in May 1951. ******************* ******************* Unlike other people of the Arabian Peninsula who have historically been nomads or semi-nomads, Yemen is are almost entirely sedentary and live in small villages and towns scattered throughout the highlands and coastal regions. Yemenis are divided into two principal Islam ic religious groups: the Zaidi sect of the Shi'a , found in the north and northwest, and the Shafa'i school of Sunni Islam , found in the south and southeast. Yemenis are predominantly of Semitic Arab origin, although Black African admixture is present among inhabitants of the coastal region. Arabic is the official language, although English is increasingly understood in major cities. In the Mahra area in the extreme east, several non-Arabic languages are spoken. When the former states of north and south Yemen were established, most resident minority groups departed. Population: 20,727,063 (July 2005 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 46.5% (male 4,905,831; female 4,727,177) 15-64 years: 50.8% (male 5,364,711; female 5,172,811) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 274,166; female 282,367) (2005 est.) Population growth rate: 3.45% (2005 est.) Birth rate: 43.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) Death rate: 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.) Infant mortality rate: 70.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.75 years male: 59.89 years female: 63.71 years (2005 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.67 children born/woman (2005 est.) Nationality: noun: Yemeni(s) adjective: Yemeni Ethnic groups: predominantly Arab ; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans Religions: Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of Jewish , Christian , and Hindu Languages: Arabic Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 50.2% male: 70.5% female: 30% (2003 est.) See also : Yemen ******************* file_id: 34247 yemeni divide_PASS Islam. file_id: 34247 yemeni be Arab_origin. file_id: 34247 language speak_PASS . file_id: 34247 yeman establish_PASS . file_id: 34247 minority_groups depart . ******************* The XYZ Affair is a diplomatic scandal that lasted from March of 1797 to 1800 . Three French agents, originally only publicly referred to as X, Y, and Z, but later revealed as Jean Conrad Hottinguer , Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval , demanded enormous concessions from the United States as a condition for continuing bilateral peace negotiation s. The concessions demanded by the French included 50,000 pounds sterling , a $12 million loan from the United States , and a formal apology for comments made by U.S. President John Adams . The demand came during a meeting in Paris between the French agents and a three member American commission consisting of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , John Marshall , and Elbridge Gerry . Several weeks prior to the meeting with X, Y, and Z, the American commission had met with French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand to discuss French retaliation to the Jay Treaty , which they perceived as evidence of an Anglo-American alliance. The French seized nearly 300 American ships bound for British ports in the Atlantic , Mediterranean , and Caribbean Sea s. Sending Pinckney as part of the commission was a bold step by Adams as Franco-U.S. relations had recently worsened by Talleyrand 's rejection of Pinckney as America's minister to France. The French continued to seize American ships, and the United States Federalist Party advocated going to war. The American delegates found these demands unacceptable and the American delegates answered "Not a sixpence," but in the inflated rhetoric of the day the response became the infinitely more memorable: "Millions for defense, sir, but not one cent for tribute!" Recent evidence suggests that this slogan was not widely adopted. The U.S. offered France many of the same provisions found in Jay's Treaty with Britain , but France reacted by deporting Marshall and Pinckney back to the United States, refusing any proposal that would involve these two delegates. Gerry remained in France, thinking he could prevent a declaration of war, but did not officially negotiate any further. President Adams released the report of the affair a month later resulting in passionate anti-French sentiment. In 1798 , a declaration of war was narrowly, and only temporarily, avoided by Adams' diplomacy; specifically by appointing new diplomats including William Murray to handle the growing conflict. However, despite the lack of a formal declaration of war, continued French raids against American merchantmen led to the abrogation of the Franco-American Alliance in the Quasi-War ( July 7 , 1798 - 1800 ). Adams again sent negotiators on January 18 , 1799 , which eventually negotiated an end to hostilities through the Treaty of Mortefontaine . During negotiations with France, the U.S. began to build up its navy , a move long supported by Adams and Marshall, to defend against both the French and the British. In addition, in a speech delivered on July 16 1797 , Adams championed the formulation of a navy and army while emphasizing the importance of renewing treaties with Prussia and Sweden . ******************* file_id: 345845 ship bind_PASS port. file_id: 345845 proposal involve delegate. ******************* Conflicts between Muslims and non-Muslims made the persecution of both Muslims and non-Muslims a recurring phenomenon during the history of Islam . Persecution may refer to unwarranted arrest, imprisonment, beating, torture, or execution. It also may refer to the confiscation or destruction of property, or incitement to hate Muslims. Persecution can extend beyond those who perceive themselves as Muslims to include those who are perceived by others as Muslims, or to Muslims which are considered by fellow Muslims as non-Muslims. In the early days of Islam at Mecca , the new Muslims were often subjected to abuse and persecution. Some were killed, such as Sumayyah bint Khabbab , the seventh convert to Islam, who was tortured first by Abu Jahl . Muhammad was protected somewhat by the influence of his family, but even he was subjected to such abuse; while he was praying near the Kaaba , Abu Lahab threw the entrails of a sacrificed camel over him, and Abu Lahab's wife Umm Jamil would regularly dump filth outside his door . And if free Muslims were attacked, slaves who converted were subject to far worse. The master of the Ethiopian Bilal ibn Rabah (who would become the first muezzin ) would take him out into the desert in the boiling heat of midday and place a heavy rock on his chest, demanding that he forswear his religion and pray to the polytheists' gods and goddesses, until Abu Bakr bought him and freed him. This persecution ultimately provoked the hijra . See takfir , Ahmadiyya , Shia , Kharijite , Mu'tazili , Alawites , Druze . In medieval Iraq, the Mu'tazili theological movement instituted a mihna (inquisition) on gaining power, punishing those who would not assent to their claim that the Qur'an was created rather than eternal. The most famous victims of the Mihna were Ahmad Ibn Hanbal who was imprisoned and tortured, and the judge Ahmad Ibn Nasr al-Khuza'i who was crucified. However, it lost official support soon afterwards. This coincided with the loss of the scientific edge of the islamic world and the rise to prominence of a more dogmatic approach to islam, of which Al-Ghazali was a staunch defender. Sunni and shi'a Islam became the mainstream schools of islam. As a consequence, the tables turned and most scholars and scientists like Ibn Rushd and Avicenna with Mutazilite views were the victims of persecution themselves in the centuries to follow. There are questions about the orthodoxy of the more extreme Shi'a groups among many Sunni thinkers. At various times many Shi'a groups have faced persecution. While the dominant strand in modern Sunni dogma regards Shiism as a valid madhhab , following Al Azhar , some Sunnis both now and in the past have regarded it as beyond the pale, and attacked its adherents. Some Shia have likewise resorted to violence against Sunnis. In modern times, notable examples include the bombing campaigns by the Sunni Sipah-e-Sahaba and Shia Tehrik-e-Jafria , two small extremist groups, against Shia or Sunni mosques in Pakistan , the persecution of Hazara under the Taleban , and the bloody attacks linked with Zarqawi and his followers against Shia in Iraq. The Ahmadiyya see themselves as Muslim, and are seen by other Muslims as non-Muslim. Armed groups, led by the umbrella organization Khatme Nabuwat ("Finality of Prophethood"), have launched violent attacks against their mosques in Bangladesh . The Alawites are a secretive group that seems to believe in the divine nature of Ali. They have been persecuted in the past and survive in the remoter and more mountainous parts of Syria . The ruling Ba'ath party is dominated by Alawi and have sought fatwas from Shiite clergy in Lebanon that they are, in fact, Muslims. The Druze , likewise, are highly secretive and there is little reliable information on what they believe. It is often claimed they believe in reincarnation. They too have been deemed to be non-Muslims by various other, usually Sunni, Muslims and they too survive in the more remote and mountainous parts of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. Certain small groups - the Kharijite s of early medieval times, and Takfir wal Hijra and the GIA today - follow takfir ist doctrines, regarding almost all other Muslims as infidels whose blood may legitimately be shed. As a result, they have killed large numbers of Muslims; the GIA, for example, proudly boasted of having committed the Bentalha massacre . The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II to regain control of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Christian Holy Land from Muslims. On May 7 , 1099 the crusaders reached Jerusalem , which had been recaptured from the Seljuks by the Fatimids of Egypt only the year before. Many Crusaders wept on seeing the city they had journeyed so long to reach. On July 15 , the crusaders were able to end the siege by breaking down sections of the walls and entering the city. Over the course of that afternoon, evening and next morning, the crusaders murdered almost every inhabitant of Jerusalem. Muslims, Jews, and even eastern Christians were all massacred. Although many Muslims sought shelter atop the Temple Mount inside the Al-Aqsa Mosque , the crusaders spared few lives. According to the anonymous Gesta Francorum , in what some believe to be one of the most valuable contemporary sources of the First Crusade, " ...the slaughter was so great that our men waded in blood up to their ankles... " . Other accounts of blood flowing up to the bridles of horses are reminiscent of a passage from the Book of Revelation (14:20). Tancred claimed the Temple quarter for himself and offered protection to some of the Muslims there, but he was unable to prevent their deaths at the hands of his fellow crusaders. According to Fulcher of Chartres: " Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet coloured to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared. " The Muslim religion was introduced into Spain after the conquest of the Iberian peninsula by invading Muslim armies. Only a few Christian kingdoms survived the initial onslaught, i.e. the Kingdom of Asturia and the Kingdom of Navarre . The Kingdom of Asturia expanded in the course of centuries into modern Spain during the Reconquista . This process ended with the conquest of the last Muslim territory on the Iberian peninsula, the Emirate of Granada by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castilia in 1492. As a consequence, a large Muslim minority lived under non-Muslim administration and the Muslim population was seen as a major threat to the survival of Christian Spain. The treaty that confirmed Spain 's conquest of Granada in 1492 officially guaranteed Granada's Muslims freedom of religion. This promise, however, was rapidly broken; in 1499 , Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros ordered the burning of all Arabic manuscripts in Granada except those dealing with medicine, and began a program of forced mass baptisms, resulting in the First Rebellion of the Alpujarras . By 1500 he reported that "There is now no one in the city who is not a Christian, and all the mosques are churches". The new "Christian" converso s continued to practice Islam in secret, as far as they were able, supported by the fatwa s of mufti s such as Ahmad ibn Abi Juma`a, the Chief Mufti of Oran , who declared it permissible to act as a non-Muslim outwardly (even to the extent of eating pork and denying the Prophet) if the alternative was death (see taqiyya .) A major task of the Spanish Inquisition was to track down and punish such people for the crime of remaining Muslim. In 1567 , Philip II renewed an edict banning the practice of Islam, Moorish costumes and customs, and the use of Arabic. This sparked the Second Rebellion of the Alpujarras , which was brutally suppressed by Don John ; in its aftermath, some 80,000 Morisco s were forcibly relocated to be dispersed among other parts of Spain. But despite all, many still remained secret Muslims. On September 11 , 1609 , the town crier s of Valencia announced that the King had ordered the expulsion of all Morisco s in an order signed secretly on April 4 of that year. The first boat left Denia for Oran on October 3 . Over the next year, similar orders were issued in the other kingdoms - Aragon , Castile , Andalusia , and Extremadura . Most ended up as exiles in the port cities of the Maghreb , where their families and many aspects of their culture continue to this day. Somewhere between 300,000 and 600,000 Moriscos were deported. Valencia lost a third of its population. Children were to remain in Spain as their parents were exiled; the edict stipulated that all children under five were to be kept behind and given to priests or Christian families. This policy proved impossible to implement fully, but was still imposed on an estimated 14,000 children. In July 1610 , the Church recommended that all remaining Morisco children under seven in Valencia should be given as slaves to Old Christians. The Lebanese Civil War saw a number of massacres of Muslims - and indeed of Christians. Among the earliest were the Karantina Massacre and the Tel el-Zaatar Massacre in 1976, against Palestinian refugees; the later Sabra and Shatila Massacre in 1982, with at least 800 killed, is perhaps the best known. These murders combined sectarian, political, and ideological reasons. See: Baruch Goldstein , Nakba , Kach , Kahanism See History of Bosnia and Herzegovina#19th and 20th century , ethnic cleansing On September 11 , 2001 , the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks occurred against The Pentagon and the World Trade Center towers in the United States . Some people explained these attacks as a battle between the Islamic World and the West (see also Samuel Huntington .) For example, the alleged mastermind of the attacks, Osama bin Laden , claimed that these attacks were a defence of Muslims against the US military presence on territories where many Muslims live. In contrast, others either claimed directly or suggested indirectly that the attacks were the responsibility of Muslims wishing to attack democracy and freedom . Independent of the truth or falsity of these claims, the belief in them might be a factor contributing to a perceived increase in discrimination of Muslims in the USA , the European Union and elsewhere in the world during the following few years. See Pomak , Bulgaria . Enver Hoxha conducted a campaign to extinguish all forms of religion in Albania , a majority Muslim country, in 1967 , closing all religious buildings and declaring the state atheist. See Communist and post-Communist Albania . Before the 15th century, Muslims in China were well integrated and respected by the rest of the Chinese population. However, with the rise of the Ch'ing Dynasty (1644 - 1911 CE), the Manchus "employed tactics of divide-and- conquer to keep the Muslims, Han, Tibetans, and Mongolians in struggles against one another" ( ), and were responsible for the anti-Muslim sentiment throughout China. After the fall of the Manchu Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China by Sun Yat Sen, policies were developed to improve relationships between the Han, Hui (Muslim), Man (Manchu), Meng (Mongol), and the Tsang (Tibetan people. During the Cultural Revolution , many Muslims, along with other Chinese, were persecuted. Muslim imams were paraded around with paint splashed on their persons, and 1,600 Muslims were massacred by the People's Liberation Army (the Shadian Incident) in 1975. Even though religious freedom was declared in 1978, there are still many claims of persecution of Muslims by the communist government. . The Sangh Parivar family of organisations, have allegedly been involved in encouraging negative stereotyping of Muslims, and in the 2002 Gujarat violence they were allegedly responsible for encouraging attacks against Muslims in the state of Gujarat . The 2002 riots arose after 59 Hindu pilgrims, including 14 children returning from Ayodhya were killed from what the rioters believed was a firebombing of the train carrying them by a Muslim mob in Godhra. Subsequent riots led to the death of 1044 people, including 790 Muslims according to the India n Government. The videotaped beheading of 13 Nepalese guest workers by islamist insurgent s in Iraq led to riots in Kathmandu in which several mosques and Muslim shops were burned. ******************* file_id: 348444 muslim make persecution. file_id: 348444 slave convert . file_id: 348444 scholars_and_scientists be . file_id: 348444 example include bombing_campaigns. file_id: 348444 certain s times_,_and_Takfir_wal_Hijra. file_id: 348444 GIA_today follow takfir_ist_doctrines. file_id: 348444 crusader murder_PASS inhabitant. file_id: 348444 christian be . file_id: 348444 account flow bridle. file_id: 348444 child spare_PASS . file_id: 348444 child be . file_id: 348444 policy prove priest. file_id: 348444 factor contribute increase. file_id: 348444 policy develop_PASS . file_id: 348444 Muslim_imams parade_PASS . file_id: 348444 riot lead death. file_id: 348444 firebombing lead riot. ******************* Nowogard (Kashubian/Pomeranian: Nowògard , German: Naugard ), is a town in Pomerania (Pomorze), north-western Poland , with some 11,000 inhabitants ( 1980 ) Situated in the Goleniow County of West Pomeranian Voivodship (since 1999), previously in Szczecin Voivodship ( 1975 - 1998 ). Nowogard is located 60 km to north-east from Szczecin and 55 km south of Baltic coast, near important communication route Szczecin - Koszalin - Gdańsk . 20 km apart from the city is located Goleniów airport, connecting to bigger cities of Poland and some cities of Western Europe. In Świnoujście (75 km away from Nowogard), a ferry port is located connecting it with Scandinavia n countries. City and county Nowogard uses area of 338,7 km² and has over 25 thousand inhabitants. In Nowogard alone lives around 17,5 thousand people. Its origins go back to the fortified settlement – the site of castellan. In 1309 Nowogard was granted civic rights. Its main tourist attraction is a large lake which extends to the center of Nowogard. Its surface covers about 1.12 square kilometres (length 2680 m; width 620 m). People fond of water sports and sun bathing have a great opportunity to relax at the lakeside or on the camping site nearby. Surrounding forests abound in mushrooms, berries and game. Its location near the beautiful lake and sandy beaches, as well as good hotel and restaurants make Nowogard the real attraction for tourists. Worth seeing: As of 31 December , 2003 county - 24.925, including city - 17.099 inhabitants and village - 7.826 inhabitants). ******************* file_id: 353228 site grant_PASS rights. file_id: 353228 people have opportunity. file_id: 353228 Surrounding_forests abound mushrooms_,_berries_and_game. ******************* In chemistry , a suspension is a colloidal dispersion (mixture) in which a finely-divided species is combined with another species, with the former being so finely divided and mixed that it doesn't rapidly settle out. In everyday life, the most common suspensions are those of solid s in liquid water . A suspension of liquid droplets or fine solid particles in a gas is called an aerosol . In the atmosphere these consist of fine dust and soot particles, sea salt , biogenic and volcanogenic sulfate s, nitrate s, and cloud droplets. The term is widely used in Earth science s to describe the transport of sediments in rivers and oceans. Particles that are suspended remain suspended so long as energy (provided in the form of a current) is applied to the system. The amount of energy determines the maximum size of particle that can be suspended. In the absence of additional energy (agitation), all particles down to colloidal size will eventually settle out into a distinct phase. It is important to distinguish suspensions from solutions which do not separate over any period of time because the intermolecular force s between the different types of molecules are of similar strength to the attraction between molecules of the same type. Entropy is then sufficient to keep a solution mixed without the need for the external input of energy which a suspension requires. ******************* file_id: 354618 species combine_PASS species. file_id: 354618 suspension call_PASS aerosol. file_id: 354618 cloud_droplets describe transport. file_id: 354618 particle suspend_PASS . file_id: 354618 suspension not_separate period. file_id: 354618 suspension require . ******************* Flintshire( Welsh: Sir y Fflint) is a traditional county and principal area in northern Wales. The current administrative area of Flintshire - now known as a unitary authority- came into existence in 1996, when the former administrative county of Clwyd was split into three smaller areas. It borders, in England, Merseyside(across the River Dee) and Cheshire, and in Wales, Wrexham and Denbighshire. Places in the principal area include: The historic county did not have the same boundaries as administrative Flintshire; in particular it had a large exclave called Maelor Saesneg, it also included Prestatyn and Rhyl, which are now administered by Denbighshire. Flintshire is a maritime county bounded to the north by the Irish Sea, to the northeast by the Dee estuary, to the east by Cheshire and to the south and southwest by Denbighshire. The enclave, Maelor Saesneg, was bounded on the northwest by Denbighshire, on the northeast by Cheshire, and on the south by Shropshire. There is a further small detached part around Marford. Flintshire is the smallest county in Wales. The coast along the Dee estuary is heavily developed by industry and the north coast much developed for tourism. The Clwydian Mountains occupy much of the west of the county. The highest point is Moel Fammau (1,820 feet). The chief towns are Buckley, Connah's Quay, Flint, Holywell, Mold, Queensferry, and Shotton. The main rivers are the Dee(the estuary of which forms much of the coast) and the Clwyd. The main industries are steelworking, agriculture and tourism. When it was a traditional county, Flintshire included the towns of Bangor-is-y-Coed(now part of Wrexham county borough), and Prestatyn, Rhyl and St Asaph(all now in Denbighshire). Places of special interest include castles in Flint, Hawarden, Rhuddlan and Ewloe, and Wepre Country Park, Connah's Quay. On November 19, 2004, Flintshire was granted Fairtrade County status. Flintshire Local Education Authority manages 75 primary schools, 3 special schools and 12 secondary schools. ******************* file_id: 359139 place include existence. file_id: 359139 place include castle. ******************* An intermission or interval is a break between two performances or sessions, in events such as a theatrical play , opera or musical concert . It is also sometimes used as a break for motion picture s with long running times. A play or opera may have several intermissions, depending on its length. Movies have usually one intermission, sometimes two if they are very long. Originally intended with breaks for the actors or speakers in mind, intermissions have become an opportunity for the audience to socialize, consume refreshments, or use the restrooms. Intermissions usually last between 15 to 30 minutes, and there are different methods to signal to the audience to return to their seats. The traditional method at an opera or symphonic concert is to flash the house lights several times, or to have a person with a handheld glockenspiel walk about the crowd, playing a four note chime. An intermission is also often billed as an entr'acte , derived from the French meaning "between the acts". Intermission is also a 2003 motion picture set in Dublin , Ireland . ******************* file_id: 359773 movie have intermission. file_id: 359773 intermission become_PASS opportunity. ******************* Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, Inc. (CBF) is "a fellowship of Baptist Christian s and churches who share a passion for the Great Commission of Jesus Christ and a commitment to Baptist principles of faith and practice." According to the current Coordinator, Daniel Vestal, the "CBF was given birth after 15 years of SBC strife." The CBF was officially organized in May 1991 , the culmination of a struggle between conservatives and moderates for control of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC). Beginning in 1979 (when Adrian Rogers was elected president of the SBC) to the present, every conservative candidate for President of the SBC has been successfully elected. Frustrated moderates, who had previously controlled the presidency, begin to think of alternatives. The 1990 Consultation of Concerned Southern Baptists , held in Atlanta, Georgia , preceded the organization of the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship and helped pave the way for its formation. According to Vestal, the CBF "...differ s organizationally, philosophically and intentionally from the old models." Membership in the Fellowship is made up of individual Baptists, Baptist churches (and members of these churches) who contribute annually to the ministries and operations of the Fellowship. All members are entitled to vote at the General Assembly, which meets annually. Governance of the CBF is guided by its Constitution and By-laws. The General Assembly elects a Coordinating Council, which meets three times a year to plan missions and ministries. This council is led by a moderator, who is elected annually by the General Assembly. There are 19 state and regional organizations affiliated with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship. The primary offices of the CBF and a Resource Center are located in Atlanta. The operating budget of the CBF for 2002-2003 was 19.3 million dollars. Around 1,700 churches contribute to the Fellowship's budget. The " fellowship! " newsletter is published 10 times per year and is distributed at no charge to those who request it. The CBF operates with a very ecumenical outlook and seeks partnerships with other Baptists and other Christians. It currently cooperates with the Alliance of Baptists (another SBC breakaway group, though the two groups have chosen not to merge). Despite its resistance to becoming a distinct denomination, the Fellowship applied to and has recently been received as a member of the Baptist World Alliance . ******************* file_id: 363917 church share passion. file_id: 363917 church accord coordinator. file_id: 363917 moderate pave . file_id: 363917 member contribute ministries_and_operations. file_id: 363917 All_members entitle_PASS . file_id: 363917 governance guide_PASS Constitution_and_By. file_id: 363917 organization affiliate_PASS Baptist_Fellowship. ******************* Kepa Te Rangihiwinui (early 1820s - April 15 , 1898 ) was Maori military commander and noted ally of the government forces during the New Zealand Wars . He was also known as Te Kepa , or Major Kepa or sometimes as Major Kemp . Te Kepa was a member of the Ngati Hau tribe or iwi . His early years were spent under the threat of tribal warfare resulting from the invasion of their tribal land by the Ngati Toa led by Te Rauparaha . Kepa's father was an early supporter of New Zealand Company settlement established at Wanganui and served as a constable in the Armed Police Force. During the First Taranaki War , Te Kepa made clear his continuing loyalty to the government. In 1864 , the Maori tribes on the Upper Wanganui River converted to Hau Hau -ism and threated to invade Wanganui town. Te Kepa led the tribes of the lower river to defend the town. The result was the Battle of Moutoa Island and a substantial defeat for the Hau Hau, on 14 May, 1864 . This was the start of six years of warfare for Te Kepa, always fighting on the side of the Pakeha government, usually working closely with Captain Thomas McDonnell . In February 1865 , Te Kepa and his force of Wanganui Maori warriors took part in the attack on Ohoutahi Pa , a major Hau Hau stronghold. Following the murder of the missionary Volkner , they were shipped to the other side of the country, to Opotiki . However they soon returned to Taranaki and were involved in the capture of Wereroa Pa and then the relief of Pipiriki . Te Kepa gradually built up a personal contingent of between one and two hundred warriors, men who were paid by the government but whose loyalty was to him and his mana as a fighting cheiftain. In 1868 , he and his men were involved with the insurgency of Titokowaru . Te Kepa commanded the rearguard during the retreat from Te Ngutu o Te Manu after the government forces had been defeated and again in similar circumstances after the Battle of Moturoa . Te Kepa commanded the force pursuing Titokowaru after he abandoned his Pa at Tauranga Ika . It was the first time that British soldiers, officers and men had served under a Maori commander, by this time Te Kepa had been promoted to the rank of major. As soon as Titokowaru ceased to be threat, Te Kepa and his men were transported to the East Coast to join in the pursuit of Te Kooti Such was his reputation that the attack on Te Porere near Tongariro was delayed until Te Kepa and his men arrived; they were marching up the Wanganui River in the face of snowstorms and volcanic eruptions. The final pursuit of Te Kooti through the Ureweras was largely handed over to Te Kepa and another Maori war leader, Ropata Wahawaha . He and his men returned to Wanganui in 1871 . Over the following years he was honoured with the Queen's Sword of Honour, 1870 , the New Zealand Cross 1874 and the New Zealand War Medal, 1876 . In 1871 Te Kepa was appointed as a land purchase officer in Wanganui. He saw this as an opportunity to correct some of the wrongs done to his people during his childhood, a chance to regain some of the land they had lost to the Ngati Raukawa by conquest. This almost brought the tribes to war, Te Kepa threatened to call upon his personal following of warriors if the government did not back up his decisions. There were some violent clashes before the issue went in his favour. In 1880 , Te Kepa set up a Maori Trust to protect Maori land from European buyers, a large area of inland Wanganui was declared off limits to all Europeans. This provoked the government, but Te Kepa's large personal following of warriors meant they were very cautious in dealing with him. In addition, he had the support of some members of the government, including the Native Minister, John Ballance . During his remaining years Te Kepa sought to unify the two races as one people based on equality and respect. Te Kepa Te Rangihiwnui died at Putiki on 15 April, 1898. ******************* file_id: 367092 man pay_PASS government. file_id: 367092 soldiers_,_officers_and_men serve_PASS Maori_commander. file_id: 367092 area declare_PASS limit. ******************* Bewdley is a small town in Worcestershire , England . It lies on the River Severn , just west of Kidderminster , and has a population of 10,689 ( 2001 census ). The town is an old one, with the settlement of Wribbenhall on the eastern side of the Severn having been recorded in the Domesday Book as being part of the manor of Kidderminster . By the 14th century , the town had come to be known as Beau lieu , French for "Beautiful place" - a compliment that fits well with John Leland 's statement in his Itinerary two centuries later that "a man cannot wish to see a towne better". The town became a borough in 1472 , a status it retained until local government reorganisation in 1974 . Bewdley is now part of the Wyre Forest district. The current bridge over the Severn at Bewdley was built in 1798 by Thomas Telford . It is the only unmodernised Telford bridge still to carry motor traffic; there is, however, some speculation locally that this may be thanks to secret strengthening work carried out during the Second World War to allow the bridge to bear the weight of tank s if necessary. The Severn often bursts its banks in winter, flooding many houses and commercial premises; however work is now underway on flood defences on the western bank. There are currently no plans for such extensive protection on the eastern bank, as this is not considered cost-effective, although a temporary inflatable barrier is likely to be made available by early 2006 . Bewdley's long experience of dealing with flooding led to the setting up of the National Flood Forum in the town in 2002 . Bewdley is the site of a well-known privately owned safari park , the West Midland Safari Park , and is also the headquarters of the Severn Valley Railway . The Bewdley Festival, featuring a variety of artistic performances, is held in the town each October, and Bewdley also hosts one of the largest inland regatta s in the country. The successful Bewdley Beer Festival is held each August Bank Holiday weekend. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin was born in Bewdley, served as MP for the town for nearly thirty years and later became Earl Baldwin of Bewdley . Other well-known people to have lived in Bewdley include TV chef Rustie Lee . ******************* file_id: 367817 thanks carry World_War. file_id: 367817 work be flood_defences. ******************* J. D. Tippit ( September 18 , 1924 – November 22 , 1963 ) was a police officer with the Dallas , Texas Police Department who, according to witnesses, was slain by Lee Harvey Oswald after Tippit stopped Oswald following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . Tippit was born in Clarksville , Red River , Texas to Edgar Lee Tippit and Lizzie Mae Rush. It is often reported that J.D. stood for " Jefferson Davis ", but in fact, the initials do not stand for anything. Tippit attended public schools through the tenth grade. Tippit was a Baptist . He entered the United States Army on July 21 , 1944 and was assigned to the 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the US 17th Airborne Division , where he saw combat in Operation Varsity , earning a Bronze Star , and served until June 20 1946 . Tippit was married to Marie Frances Gasaway on December 26 1946 , and they had three children. That same year, he went to work for the Dearborn Stove Company. He then worked for Sears, Roebuck and Company in the installation department from March 1948 to September of 1949 , when he moved to Lone Star, Texas and attempted cattle farming. He attended a Veterans Administration vocational training school at Bogata, Texas from January 1950 until June 1952 . He was then hired by the Dallas Police Department as a patrolman on July 28 1952 . He served capably and was cited for bravery in 1956 for his role in disarming a fugitive. On November 22 , 1963 Tippit volunteered to assume the watch of his friend and fellow officer Tom Tilson. He was ordered to patrol the Oak Cliff area of Dallas after the shooting of President Kennedy . At approximately 1:15, 45 minutes after the shooting, Tippit stopped Oswald, who fit the general description of the assassin. Tippit called to Oswald from the car. They spoke briefly, then Tippit got out of the car. Tippit was shot with a .38 and was killed instantly. Four witnesses identified Lee Harvey Oswald as the shooter. Seven others saw Oswald fleeing the scene. In January 1964 Tippit was posthumously awarded the Medal of Valor from the National Police Hall of Fame and also received the Police Medal of Honor, the Police Cross, and the Citizens Traffic Commission Award of Heroism. Tippit is buried at Laurel Land Memorial Park in Dallas, Texas ******************* ******************* A crossflow cylinder head is a cylinder head that features the intake and exhaust ports on opposite sides. The gases can be thought to flow across the head. This is in contrast to cylinder head designs that have the ports on the same side. A crossflow head gives better performance , but the popular explanation put forward for this — that the gases don't have to change direction and hence are moved into and out of the cylinder more efficiently — is largely erroneous since there is no continuous flow because of opening and closing of the valves . The main reason for a crossflow's performance is that the ports and valves can be larger and its physical separation of the hot exhaust manifold keeps the air in the intake manifold cooler. Most modern engines are of a crossflow design. ******************* file_id: 386775 head_designs have port. file_id: 386775 engine be design. ******************* The Amanda Show was a live-action comedy - variety show on the Nickelodeon TV channel . Episodes were produced from 1999 until 2002 , and starred Amanda Bynes , late of All That , from which this project was spun-off . The show has its own spin-off: Drake and Josh , starring Drake Bell and Josh Peck . Re-runs of The Amanda Show can still be seen every day on Nickelodeon. simple:The Amanda Show ******************* file_id: 388018 episode produce_PASS from_1999_until_2002. ******************* In software engineering , performance testing is testing that is performed to determine how fast some aspect of a system performs under a particular workload. Performance testing can serve different purposes. It can demonstrate that the system meets performance criteria. It can compare two systems to find which performs better. Or it can measure what parts of the system or workload cause the system to perform badly. In the diagnostic case, software engineers use tools such as profiler s to measure what parts of a device or software contribute most to the poor performance or to establish throughput levels (and thresholds) for maintained acceptable response time. In performance testing, it is often crucial (and often difficult to arrange) for the test conditions to be similar to the expected actual use. Performance testing technology employs one or more PCs to act as injectors – each emulating the presence or numbers of users and each running an automated sequence of interactions (recorded as a script, or as a series of scripts to emulate different types of user interaction) with the host whose performance is being tested. Usually, a separate PC acts as a test conductor, coordinating and gathering metrics from each of the injectors and collating performance data for reporting purposes. The usual sequence is to ramp up the load – starting with a small number of virtual users and increasing the number over a period to some maximum. The test result shows how the performance varies with the load, given as number of users vs response time. Various tools, including Compuware Corporation's QACenter Performance Edition, are available to perform such tests. Tools in this category usually execute a suite of tests which will emulate real users against the system. Sometimes the results can reveal oddities, e.g., that while the average response time might be acceptable, there are outliers of a few key transactions that take considerably longer to complete – something that might be caused by inefficient database queries, etc. Performance testing can be combined with stress testing , in order to see what happens when an acceptable load is exceeded –does the system crash? How long does it take to recover if a large load is reduced? Does it fail in a way that causes collateral damage? Performance testing is frequently not performed against a specification, i.e. no one will have expressed what is the maximum acceptable response time for a given population of users. However, performance testing is frequently used as part of the process of performance profile tuning. The idea is to identify the “weakest link” – there is inevitably a part of the system which, if it is made to respond faster, will result in the overall system running faster. It is sometimes a difficult task to identify which part of the system represents this critical path, and some test tools come provided with (or can have add-ons that provide) instrumentation that runs on the server and reports transaction times, database access times, network overhead, etc. which can be analysed together with the raw performance statistics. Without such instrumentation one might have to have someone crouched over Windows Task Manager at the server to see how much CPU load the performance tests are generating. There is an apocryphal story of a company that spent a large amount optimising their software without having performed a proper analysis of the problem. They ended up rewriting the system’s ‘idle loop’, where they had found the system spent most of its time, but even having the most efficient idle loop in the world obviously didn’t improve overall performance one iota! Performance testing almost invariably identifies that it is parts of the software (rather than hardware) that contribute most to delays in processing users’ requests. Performance testing can be performed across the web, and even done in different parts of the country, since it is known that the response times of the internet itself vary regionally. It can also be done in-house, although routers would then need to be configured to introduce the lag what would typically occur on public networks. It is always helpful to have a statement of the likely peak numbers of users that might be expected to use the system at peak times. If there can also be a statement of what constitutes the maximum allowable 95 percentile response time, then an injector configuration could be used to test whether the proposed system met that specification. Tasks to perform such a test would include: Also see stress testing . See also benchmarking . ******************* file_id: 39294 performance_criteria find . file_id: 39294 part perform . file_id: 39294 software_engineers use tool. file_id: 39294 part contribute performance. file_id: 39294 pc act injector. file_id: 39294 result reveal oddity. file_id: 39294 outlier take . file_id: 39294 something cause_PASS database_queries. file_id: 39294 on provide instrumentation. file_id: 39294 task perform . ******************* Iztacalco is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs) into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided. It contains the Benito Juárez International Airport airport and numerous low-income neighbourhoods including the Agrícola Oriental, Pantitlán, Santa Anita, Unidad Santiago and Viaducto Piedad. Delegación Iztacalco Official site ******************* file_id: 402326 income_neighbourhoods include cola_Oriental_,_Pantitl_á_n_,_Santa_Anita_,_Unidad_Santiago_and_Viaducto_Piedad. ******************* Jay Robert Inslee (born February 9 , 1951 ) is an American politician, currently serving as U.S. Representative from Washington 's First Congressional District (north of Seattle , including parts of King , Snohomish , and Kitsap counties). He is a Democrat . Born in Seattle, Washington , he graduated from Seattle's Ingraham High School and the University of Washington ( B.A. , Economics ) and Willamette University School of Law. After a decade working as an attorney in Selah, Washington , Inslee was elected to the Washington State House of Representatives in 1988, where he served until 1992 , when he was elected to Congress representing Washington's Fourth Congressional District (central Washington). He lost his bid for re-election in the Republican Revolution of 1994 (to Doc Hastings ), a defeat often attributed in large part to his vote in favor of the assault weapons ban . Inslee moved to western Washington and briefly resumed the practice of law before running for governor in 1996 and losing in the Democratic primary to Gary Locke . President Bill Clinton subsequently appointed him Regional Director for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , a position he shortly left to again run for Congress in 1998, this time in the First Congressional District against two-term incumbent Rick White . His campaign attracted national attention when he became the first Democratic candidate to air television ads attacking his opponent, and the Republican congressional leadership, for the impeachment of President Clinton . He narrowly won, with 49.8% to White's 44.1%, aided by the presence of a religious right third party candidate, Bruce Craswell (the husband of 1996 GOP gubernatorial nominee Ellen Craswell ). Though the First is historically a swing district (changing hands twice in the 1990s ), Republicans have had a difficult time fielding a serious challenger to Inslee, who was re-elected in 2000 (54.6%), 2002 (55.6%), and 2004 (62.3%). In July 2003, after then-Governor Gary Locke announced his retirement, Inslee briefly flirted with a gubernatorial bid before deciding to remain in Congress. Regarded by many as a Clintonian " New Democrat " when first elected, Inslee has accumulated a suprisingly liberal voting record for a suburban congressman, and has been an outspoken critic of the Bush administration's decision to invade Iraq . He sits on the Resources Committee and the Energy and Commerce Committee. ******************* file_id: 412985 inslee elect_PASS Washington_State_House_of. file_id: 412985 swing_district change hand. file_id: 412985 republican have_PASS time. ******************* Paul Johannes Tillich ( August 20 , 1886 – October 22 , 1965 ) was a German - American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher . Tillich is, along with contemporary Karl Barth , the most influential Protestant theologian of recent times. Born in Starzeddel (in Guben county in what is now Poland), Tillich studied at a number of German universities—those of Berlin , Tübingen , Halle , and Breslau —before finally obtaining a degree. Shortly thereafter, in 1912 , he was ordained minister in the Lutheran Church , and soon took up a career as professor . Except for an interlude as chaplain in the German army during World War I , he taught at number of universities throughout Germany over the next two decades. Tillich taught theology at the universities of Berlin , Marburg , Dresden , and Leipzig , and philosophy at Frankfurt . However, his opposition to the Nazi s cost him his job: he was fired in 1933 and replaced by philosopher Arnold Gehlen , who had joined the NSDAP that year. Finding himself thus barred from German universities, Tillich accepted an invitation from Reinhold Niebuhr to teach at the Union Theological Seminary in the United States , where he emigrated later that year. Tillich became a US citizen in 1940 . It is at the Union Theological Seminary that Tillich earned his reputation, publishing a series of books that outlined his particular synthesis of Protestant Christian theology with existentialist philosophy (drawing on research in psychology in the process). Between 1952 and 1954 Tillich gave the Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen , which resulted in the comprehensive three volume Systematic Theology . A 1952 book outlining many of his views on existentialism, The Courage to Be , proved popular even outside philosophical and religious circles, earning him considerable acclaim and influence. These works led to a prestigious appointment at Harvard University in 1954 , where he wrote another popularly acclaimed book, Dynamics of Faith ( 1957 ). He was also a very important contributor to modern Just War thought. In 1962 , he moved to the University of Chicago , where he continued until his death in Chicago in 1965 . Tillich's ashes were interred in 1965 in the Paul Tillich Park in New Harmony, Indiana . Tillich's approach to Protestant theology was highly systematic. He sought to correlate culture and faith such that "faith need not be unacceptable to contemporary culture and contemporary culture need not be unacceptable to faith". As a consequence, Tillich's orientation is highly apologetic , seeking to make concrete theological answers such that they become applicable to an ordinary day's course of events. This contributed to his popularity by the virtue of the fact that it made him highly accessible to lay readers. In a broader perspective, revelation is understood as the fountainhead of religion. Tillich sought to reconcile revelation and reason by arguing that revelation never runs counter to reason (affirming Thomas Aquinas when he said that faith is eminently rational), but both poles of the subjective human experience are complementary. In his metaphysical approach, Tillich was a staunch existentialist , focusing on the nature of being. Nothingness is a major motif of existentialist philosophy and so Tillich included this concept as a means of reifying being itself. Tillich argued that anxiety of non-being (existential anguish ) is inherent in the experience of being itself. Put simply, people are afraid of their own non-existence, ie, their death. Following a line similar to Kierkegaard and almost identical to that of Freud , Tillich says that in our most introspective moments we face the terror of our own nothingness. That is, we "realize our mortality", that we are finite beings. The question which naturally arises in the mind of one in this introspective mood is what causes us to "be" in the first place. Tillich concludes that radically finite beings (which are, at least potentially, infinite in variation) cannot be sustained or caused by another finite being. What can sustain finite beings is being itself, or the "ground of being". This Tillich identifies as God. Another name for the ground of being is essence . Essence is thought of as the power of being, and is forever unassailable by the conscious mind. As such it remains beyond the realm of thought, preserving the need for revelation in the Christian tradition. Opposed to essence but dependent upon it is existence. Existence is that which is finite. Essence is the infinite. Since existence is being and essence is the ground of being, then essence is the ground or source of existence. But because the one is infinite and the other not, then existence (the finite) is fundamentally alienated from the essence. Man is alienated from God. This Tillich takes to be sin . To exist is to be alienated. Tillich's radical departure from traditional Christian theology is his view of Christ . According to Tillich, Christ is the "New Being", who rectifies in himself the alienation between essence and existence. Essence fully shows itself within Christ, but Christ is also a finite man. This indicates, for Tillich, a revolution in the very nature of being. The gap is healed and essence can now be found within existence. Thus for Tillich, Christ is not God per se in himself, but Christ is the revelation of God. Whereas traditional Christianity regards Christ as wholly man and wholly God, Tillich believed that Christ was the emblem of the highest goal of man, what God wants men to become. Thus to be a Christian is to make oneself progressively "Christ-like", a very possible goal in Tillich's eyes. In other words, Christ is not God in the traditional sense, but reveals the essence inherent in all existence, including mine and your own. Thus Christ is not different than you or I except insofar as he fully reveals God within his own finitude, something you and I can also do in principle. This statement of Tillich's summarizes his conception of God. We cannot think of God as a being which exists in time and space, because that constrains Him, and makes Him finite. But all beings are finite, and if God is the Creator of all beings, God cannot logically be finite since a finite thing cannot be the sustainer of an infinite variety of finite things. Thus we must think of God as beyond being, above finitude and limitation, the power or essence of being itself. A final major point of Tillich's theology is this: since things in existence are corrupt and therefore ambiguous, no finite thing can be (by itself) that which is infinite. All that is possible is for the finite to be a vehicle for revealing the infinite, but the two can never be confused. This leaves religion itself in a place where it cannot be taken as too dogmatic, because of its conceptual and therefore finite and corrupt nature. True religion is that which correctly reveals the infinite, but no religion can ever do so in any way other than through metaphor and symbol. Thus the whole of the Bible must be understood symbolically, and all spiritual and theological knowledge cannot be other than symbol. This is often seized upon by theologians to utilize as an effective counterpoint to religious fundamentalism . Tillich was described as the "last great 19th century theologian" by paleo-orthodox Methodist s Stanley Hauerwas and William Willimon in their 1989 book Resident Aliens . They contended that Tillich, though brilliant, failed to take seriously the words, work, and person of Jesus Christ, and that Tillich's innovations were little more than a retelling of 19th century Protestant liberal thought . Nevertheless Tillich's influence on modern theology cannot be denied. ******************* file_id: 414218 tillich study number. file_id: 414218 people be . file_id: 414218 being be . file_id: 414218 being be . file_id: 414218 god want man. file_id: 414218 all_beings be . ******************* New Century Forum (新世紀論壇) is a political party in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China . The group comprises professionals, businessmen and academics, and aims to represent the voice of the middle-class. It is currently led by convenor Ma Fung Kwok . The basic platform of the group is to consolidate the power of the middle-class and to protect the long-term interest of Hong Kong. It aims to focus on studying various public policy issues and suggest proposals in a rational and professional manner, on the basis of the " One country-two systems " principle. On political development, it advocates development of a democratic political system in a step by step process. The party is relatively small and its platforms undeveloped. The convenor of the group, Ma Fung-kwok, previously had one seat in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) (2001-2004). He was elected into LegCo by the election committee in 2001, replacing the former convenor of the group, Ng Ching-fai, who resigned from LegCo to take up the office of the President of the Hong Kong Baptist University. With the cancellation of the election committee seats in the 2004 elections, the group has currently no seats in the LegCo. ******************* file_id: 417472 group comprise professionals_,_businessmen_and_academics. file_id: 417472 policy_issues have . ******************* Robert "Robin" Hayes (born 14 August 1945 ) is a Republican Congressman from North Carolina . He has represented the state's 8th Congressional district ( map ) in the House of Representatives since 1999 . The district stretches from Charlotte to Fayetteville Hayes owns a hosiery mill in his hometown of Concord . He was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1992 and served two terms. He was the Republican nominee for governor in 1996 , losing by a large margin to Democratic incumbent Jim Hunt . Two years later, 8th District Congressman Bill Hefner retired after 24 years in Congress. Hayes won the Republican nomination to succeed him and won a narrow victory. He has been reelected every two years since then, despite the district's Democratic lean. The Democratic-controlled state legislature tried to draw Hayes out of office by adding part of Charlotte to the district, but Hayes has been reelected. In the 2004 election, he narrowly defeated Beth Troutman. Rep. Hayes has drawn criticism in recent months in his district for voting in favor of the Central-American Free Trade Agreement after stating only days before that he would never vote for the measure because he felt it would cause further loss of textile industry jobs in his district. Hayes first voted no but was quickly chided to change his vote by prominent fellow Republicans in the House. He changed his vote to yes and CAFTA passed. In 2006 he is being challenged by Larry Kissell, a former textile worker who is now a high school social studies teacher from Montgomery County, and Tim Dunn, a veteran of the Iraq war. ******************* file_id: 418733 textile_worker be school. ******************* A permutable prime is a prime number , which, in a given base, can have its digits switched to any possible permutation and still spell a prime number. In base 10, the first few permutable primes are (with the permutations listed in parentheses): 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 ( 31 ), 17 ( 71 ), 37 ( 73 ), 79 ( 97 ), 113 ( 131 , 311), 199 (919, 991), 337(373, 733) Any repunit prime can automatically be assumed to be a permutable prime as well. In base 2, only repunits can be permutable primes, because any 0 permuted to the one's place results in an even number; unless we consider 1 a prime number and 10 permutable with 01. The generalization can safely be made that for any number system based on an even number (such as decimal and sexagesimal), permutable primes can only have digits that are individually odd, for any even digit permuted to the one's place results in a number divisible by two. Sloane's A003459 ******************* file_id: 421593 repunit be prime. file_id: 421593 digit be number_system. ******************* Sylvester "Pat" Weaver ( December 21 , 1908 - March 17 , 2002 ) was the father of actress Sigourney Weaver . He was president of NBC between 1953 and 1955 . He created The Today Show in 1952 and also gave NBC The Tonight Show in 1954 , the latter a national version of Steve Allen 's local program on what is now WNBC-TV . Weaver also introduced the practice by networks of producing television content, then selling advertising time during the broadcasts. Prior to that, advertisers produced the content. ******************* file_id: 424130 advertiser produce content. ******************* ' USS Chester (CL-1) ' of the United States Navy was a light cruiser , the first to be so designated. She was launched 26 June 1907 by Bath Iron Works , Bath, Maine , sponsored by Miss D. W. Sproul , and commissioned 25 April 1908 , Commander H. B. Wilson in command. In the period prior to World War I , Chester operations included training activities off the east coast and in the Caribbean, participation in the Fleet Reviews of February 1909 , October 1912 , and May 1915 , and many duties of a diplomatic nature. She carried a Congressional committee on a tour of North Africa in 1909, and the next year, joined in a special South America n cruise commemorating the 300th anniversary of the founding of Buenos Aires , Argentina . As American interests in the Caribbean were threatened by internal political troubles in several nations, Chester patrolled off Mexico , Santo Domingo , and Haiti , and transported Marine occupation force in 1911 . Later that year, she carried men and stores to steam yacht Scorpion , station ship at the then-Austrian port of Trieste , returning to Boston with the American consul at Tripoli . After a period in reserve from 15 December 1911 to 5 November 1913 , Chester returned to duty in the Gulf of Mexico guarding American citizens and property during the revolution in Mexico. She joined in the occupation of the customs house at Veracruz, Veracruz , on 21 April , and transported refugees to Cuba , performed various diplomatic missions, and carried mail and stores to the squadron off Veracruz until 19 June 1914 . She returned to Boston for overhaul and another period in reserve, from 12 December 1914 to 4 April 1915 . Late 1915 and early 1916 found Chester in the Mediterranean to aid in relief work in the Middle East , and off the Liberia n coast to protect American interests and show American support for the government there threatened by insurrection. Chester returned for duty as receiving ship at Boston, where she was out of commission in reserve from 10 May 1916 to 24 March 1917 . When recommissioned, Chester operated on protective patrol off the east coast until 23 August 1917, when she sailed for Gibraltar , and duty escorting convoy s on their passage between Gibraltar and Plymouth , England . On 5 September 1918 , the cruiser sighted an enemy submarine on her starboard bow. In attempting to ram the enemy, Chester passed directly over the U-boat as it dove, damaging her own port paravane . Depth charge s were hurled at the submarine's presumed position, but no further contact was made. At war's end, Chester carried several Allied armistice commissions on inspection tours of German ports, then carried troops to the Army units operating in northern Russia . On her homeward bound voyage, on which she cleared Brest, France 26 April 1919 , she carried Army veterans to New York, which she reached 7 May . Eleven days later she arrived at Boston Navy Yard for overhaul, and was decommissioned there 10 June 1921 . In 1927 she was towed to Philadelphia Navy Yard , and on 10 July 1928 , her name was changed to York . She was sold for scrap 13 May 1930 . See USS Chester for other Navy ships of the same name. ******************* file_id: 431358 Chester_operations include training_activities. file_id: 431358 Argentina threaten_PASS trouble. file_id: 431358 Chester return duty. ******************* The National Fish Hatchery System was established by the U.S. Congress in 1871 through the creation of a U.S. Commissioner for Fish and Fisheries. The System is now administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . The original purpose of the sytem was to provide domestic food fish to replace declining native fish populations. The role of the System has changed greatly over the past 30 years. Major responsibilities now include helping to recover species listed under the Endangered Species Act , restoring native aquatic populations, mitigating for fisheries lost as a result of federal water projects, and providing fish to benefit Indian Tribes and national wildlife refuges. The System is currently comprised of 70 National Fish Hatcheries, 9 Fish Health Centers, and 7 Fish Technology Centers. Also see the List of National Fish Hatcheries in the United States . ******************* file_id: 432785 species list_PASS Endangered_Species_Act. ******************* Rolls Royce Trent is a family of high-bypass turbofan engines manufactured by Rolls-Royce . All are developments of the famous RB211 with thrust ratings spanning between 53,000 to 95,000 lb f (236 to 423 kN). The name has also been used for a number of previous designs. "Trent" was the name originally given by Rolls-Royce to the world's first turboprop engine (right). It was based on a concept provided by Sir Frank Whittle and derived by mating a five-bladed propeller driven through a reduction gearbox onto the company's Derwent II turbojet . It first flew on an experimental Gloster Meteor aircraft in the middle 1940s . The designation was reused again in the 1960s for the RB203 bypass turbofan which was designed to replace the Spey . It was the first three-spool engine, forerunner of the RB211 series. It was rated at 9980 lb f (44.4 kN). The current Trent is the development of the three-shaft RB211 family of engines. By 1987, a variant of the RB211, the RB211-524L, had been developed to such an extent that it bore little resemblance to the original RB211, other than the three-shaft layout. Rolls-Royce decided that the 524L would be the basis of a new engine family, and so the newest Trent was born. Rolls-Royce had started naming their engines after British rivers in 1942 —a practice which was revived for the Trent after a 30-year gap. The Trent's advanced layout provides lighter weight and better performance compared to the original RB211 and other comparable competing engines. It features the wide-chord fan and single crystal high-pressure turbine blades inherited from later generations of the RB211, but with improved performance and durability. The core turbomachinery is brand new, giving better performance, noise and pollution levels. In fact, it was seen fit to be retrofitted to the RB211-524G/HT for improved performance compared to the original 524G and 524H. The Trent's advanced layout allows it to be fully scalable to the widest range of thrust of any current generation large turbofans. By the early 1990's, Rolls-Royce RB211 had 15 to 20 percent market share of the big commercial turbofans; however, GE and Pratt and Whitney were still way out in front. In the late 1980's the huge growth of ETOPS capable airliner twinjets led to demands for higher thrust rated turbofans. The option to Rolls-Royce was either to update the RB211 or risk exiting the big turbofan business; the result was, of course, that the RB211 was redeveloped into the Trent. The new Trent family spawned derivatives capable of powering a wide range of airliners. The initial variant, Trent 600, was to power the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 with British Caledonian as its launch customer. The subsequent takeover of British Caledonian by British Airways led to its cancellation, and later as the trijet itself suffered poor sales the Trent 600 was put on ice. Then with the launch of Airbus A330 , the Trent 700 was launched with initial customer, Cathay Pacific in March 1995. The Trent 700 was selected by many A330 customers and later went on to become the primary engine for the A330. The Trent 800 for the Boeing 777 was also launched by Cathay Pacific. However, initially, Rolls-Royce had difficulty selling the engine. A further blow came in form of a big General Electric GE90 order from British Airways , traditionally a Rolls-Royce customer. The breakthrough came when the company won orders from Singapore Airlines , previously a staunch Pratt & Whitney customer, for its 34 Boeing 777s; this was when sales really took off and large North American orders from American Airlines and Delta Air Lines for their 777 fleets soon followed. Since then the Trent has risen to become the market leader for the 777 and has established a reputation for being a very reliable engine with good after-sales support; British Airways returned to Rolls-Royce for its second batch of 777s. Soon after in 1997, the Trent 500 was chosen to power the long-range quad-engined Airbus A340 -500/-600 family. It entered service with Virgin Atlantic Airways ' A340-600 in mid-2002 and with Air Canada 's ultra-long range A340-500 in 2003. This was followed by the 70,000 to 80,000 pound (310 to 360 kN) thrust Trent 900, which was the launch engine for the Airbus A380 . The latest in the family is Trent 1000, which was launched on the back of All Nippon Airways ' order for 50 Boeing 787 s. Currently it is the leading engine for the 787. Trent's market share has wildly exceeded early Rolls-Royce market projections and has currently garnered more sales than its competitors (GE and Pratt & Whitney) combined, capturing more than 50% of the market. Trent's excellent design has also been adapted for marine and industrial applications. The huge revenue generated from sales has also propelled Rolls-Royce's market position to the second biggest engine manufacturer in the world. The Rolls-Royce RB211 and Trent use a triple-spool design rather than the more common twin-spool design. Although inherently more complex than a typical twin-spool design, the superiority of this design shows at higher thrust ratings by the total improvement achieved. Excellent development progress from the original RB211-22 to the current Trents has turned Rolls-Royce's higher thrust turbofans into performance leaders in their respective thrust rating classes, which translates into a market leadership figure of excess of 50% of all total widebody orders in 2004. As thrust rating increases, the high-pressure compressor increases in length resulting in a more complex airflow which increases the probability of airflow instability and compressor stall . Twin-spool engines require complex airflow control devices to prevent this but the triple-spool design gets around this problem by splitting the high pressure compressor into two, thereby increasing the total number of engine compressors to three. Each compressor is now allowed to rotate at its own optimum speed, making the engine's airflow very stable over a wide range of speeds. A triple-spool design features a higher compression ratio as compared to a twin-spool design making it generally shorter and lighter. The Trent, for example, is lighter than its General Electric GE90 equivalent. A lower individual spool rotation speed leads to a reduced parts count resulting in longer life and reduced maintenance costs. Most importantly, the triple-spool design allows design flexibility by simply resizing the compressors and turbines to accommodate different thrust ratings. The Trent's broad spread of thrust ratings spans 56,000 to 107,000 lbf (249 to 476 kN) and may be increased to 110,000 lbf (489 kN). By comparison, Pratt & Whitney's PW4000 series engines have a range of 56,000 to 90,000 lb f (249 to 400 kN), GE's CF6-80 a range of 56,000 to 68,000 lb f (249 to 302 kN) and GE90 a range of 84,000 to 115,000 lb f (374 to 512 kN). This flexibility allowed Rolls-Royce to offer engines earlier than others for newer aircraft such as the Boeing's Next Generation 747, 777-200LR, 777-300ER and the 787 and Airbus' A340-500/600, A350 and A380. The Trent 500 family was designed to power the Airbus A340-500 and A340-600. It comes in 2 thrust ratings: 53,000 and 56,000 lb f (236 to 249 kN). The Trent 500 features a Trent 700 wide-chord fan together with a core scaled from the Trent 800. The Trent 500 series is the most reliable member of the Trent family. It features the lowest maintenance costs for its ultra-long range class application; two Trent 556s fitted on an Airbus A340-500/600 are cheaper to maintain than one General Electric GE90-115 fitted on a Boeing 777. The Trent 600 family is designed to power future Boeing 747 aircraft developments. It is actually a refinement of the original RB211-524L. According to Rolls Royce, it performs better than any current 747 engine. The Trent 700 family was designed to power the Airbus A330 . It features a fan with a diameter of 2.47 m and comes in 2 thrust ratings, 67,500 and 71,000 lb f (300 to 316 kN). It first entered service on Cathay Pacific A330s in March, 1995 . The Trent 800 family is designed to power the Boeing 777 . It powers the 777-200, 777-200ER, and 777-300 variants. It is available with thrust ratings spanning 75,000 to 95,000 lb f (334 to 423 kN). The hollow titanium wide-chord fan is 2.89 m in diameter. The engine is one of the lightest in its class; a Trent-powered Boeing 777 weighs up to 3.6 metric tons less than General Electric and Pratt & Whitney -powered versions. The Trent 800 was the first engine to be certified for ETOPS (Extended range over-water operations by twin engine aircraft) at entry into service. Since that time it has become a class leader for reliability, regularly returning a basic engine dispatch reliability of 99.9% which was a factor in securing 80% of installations on 777s since the start of 1997 and over 2 million flying hours since 1996. Originally designed for the 777-200LR and 777-300ER (both part of the 777X project), this engine comes in two thrust ratings, 104,000 and 114,000 lb f (463 to 507 kN), and has been tested up to 117,000 lb f (520 kN). Rolls-Royce offered the 8104 to Boeing earlier than other manufacturers. Boeing had a requirement that the participating engine developer assume a risk-sharing role on the overall 777X project. Rolls-Royce was unwilling to do so, and thus Boeing chose advanced developments of the GE90, the GE90-110B and GE90-115B. This relegated the 8104 to the role of demonstrator engine. It featured swept-back fan blades and a host of new technologies such as contra-rotating spools. The Trent 900 family is designed to power the Airbus A380 , for which it is the launch engine. It comes in two thrust ratings, 70,000 and 76,000 lb f (311 and 338 kN) but is capable of achieving 84,000 lb f (374 kN). It features a significant amount of technology inherited from the 8104 demonstrator including its 2.95 m diameter swept-back fan. It is also the first member of the Trent family to feature a contra-rotating HP spool and uses the core of the very reliable Trent 500. It is the only A380 engine that can be transported on a Boeing 747 freighter. Engine controls is provided by Hamilton Sundstrand , a United Technologies (UTC) company. UTC is also the parent company of Pratt & Whitney , who, with GE Aircraft Engines , is partnering to produce the Engine Alliance GP7200 , the other engine available for the A380. This kind of cooperation among competitors is prevalent in the aircraft market as it provides for risk sharing among them and diversity in source countries, a significant factor in an airlines' choice of airframe and powerplant. The Trent 900 made its maiden flight on May 17 2004 on Airbus' A340-300 testbed, replacing the port inner CFM56-5 and dwarfing the remaining engines. A380 customers which have selected the Trent include Virgin Atlantic , Qantas , Singapore Airlines (already the largest Trent operator), Lufthansa and Malaysia Airlines . On April 6 , 2004 Boeing announced that it had selected two engine partners for the 787 , Rolls-Royce and General Electric. Initially, Boeing toyed with the idea of sole sourcing the powerplant for the 787, with GE being the most likely candidate. However potential customers demanded choices and Boeing relented. For the first time in commercial aviation, both engine types will have a standard interface with the aircraft, allowing any 787 to be fitted with either a GE or Rolls-Royce engine at any time. Engine interchangeability makes the 787 a far more flexible asset to airlines, allowing them to change from one manufacturer's engine to the other's in light of any future engine developments which conform more closely to their operating profile. The engine market for the 787 is estimated to be $40 billion USD over the next 25 years. The Trent 1000 (as well as GE's GEnx) are both evolutionary derivatives of existing designs, whereas the Pratt & Whitney engine was to be an all-new design. The technology found in the Trent 8104 demonstrator is used extensively. The Trent 1000 is a bleedless design, with power take-off from the intermediate-pressure spool instead of the high-pressure spool found in other members of the Trent family, to fulfill the Boeing requirements of a "more-electric" engine. A 112-inch diameter swept-back fan, with a smaller diameter hub to help maximize airflow, was specified. Bypass ratio has been increased over previous variants by suitable adjustments to the core flow. Contra-rotating the IP and HP spools improves IP turbine efficiency, while use of more monolithic parts reduces the parts count for lower maintenance costs. A tiled combustor is featured. The first run of the Trent 1000 is expected in early 2006 . In June 2004 , the first public engine selection was made by Air New Zealand , who chose Trent for its two firm orders. The airline has options for 16 more 787s. In the most significant 787 order, that of Japan's All Nippon Airways , Rolls-Royce was selected as the engine supplier on October 13 , 2004. ANA's 50 firm aircraft order is the largest to date and has established Rolls-Royce as the leading engine supplier (so far) for the 787 program. The deal is valued at $1Bn (£560m). Rolls-Royce offered a variant of the Trent 1000, dubbed Trent 1700, optimised for Airbus 's A350 beginning on October 6 , 2005 , The Trent 1700 will be largely the same as the Trent 1000, though with more power (75,000 lb f ). Unlike the Trent 1000, the Trent 1700 will be a conventional bleed-air engine. fi_trent1700 The Marine Trent 30 is a derivative of the Trent 800, (with a Trent 500 gearbox fitted), producing 30 megawatts (MW) for maritime applications. The current version is a turboshaft engine, producing 36 MW, using the Trent 800 core to drive a power turbine which takes power to an electrical generator or to mechanical drives such as waterjets or propellers. The Marine Trent 50 is similar to the MT30 and is also based around the Trent 800. It achieves 50 MW. "Rolls-Royce to develop Trent 1700 for A350" , David Kaminski-Morrow, , October 6 , 2005 . ******************* file_id: 435199 crystal inherit_PASS generation. file_id: 435199 family spawn derivative. file_id: 435199 customer be sale. file_id: 435199 revenue generate sale. file_id: 435199 superiority show thrust_ratings. file_id: 435199 pressure_compressor_increases result airflow. file_id: 435199 Twin require airflow_control_devices. file_id: 435199 Boeing choose development. file_id: 435199 Engine_controls provide_PASS Hamilton_Sundstrand. file_id: 435199 customer demand choices_and_Boeing. file_id: 435199 design be . file_id: 435199 design maximize airflow. file_id: 435199 Bypass_ratio increase_PASS variant. file_id: 435199 airline have option. ******************* The Somali language is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. It is spoken mostly in Somalia and adjacent parts of Djibouti (majority), Ethiopia , and Kenya . Because of the civil war and migration, speakers are found all over the world. The exact number of speakers is unknown but is estimated to be between 15 and 25 million. Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language , of the East Cushitic branch. It is most closely related to Oromo and Afar . Somali has borrowed a certain number of words from Arabic since the arrival of Islam , mainly in the religious domain. It has also borrowed words from English and Italian from colonial times. Academic studies of Somali began to be published around 1900. Important later scholars are Abraham and Andrzejewski. Compared to other Cushitic languages , Somali is relatively well-documented. Somali is spoken mostly in Somalia and Somaliland (which broke off from Somalia in 1991, but is not yet recognized as a country), eastern Ethiopia , Djibouti and Kenya , but speakers are found all over the world because of the Somali civil war . Somali communities around the world, include, but are not limited to, the Middle East , Europe , North America and Australia . There are between 15 and 25 million Somali speakers. Somali is an official language in Somalia . While not official, Somali is also important in Djibouti , Ethiopia , and Kenya . Saeed (1999) divides the dialects into 3 main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) is also known as Common or Standard Somali. Benaadir is also known as Coastal Somalia - it is spoken on the Banaadir Coast (from Cadale to south of Baraawe, including Mogadishu), and in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Common Somali. The Digil and Mirifle (sometimes called the Rahanwayn) live in the southern areas of Somalia. Recent research (Diriye Abdullahi, 2000) has shown that, although previously classified with Somali, their languages and dialects are incomprehensible to Somali speakers. The most important language of the Digil and Mirifle is Maay. Other languages in this category are the Jiido, the Dabare, the Garre, and Tunni Central. Of all these, the Jiido is the most incomprehensible to Somali speakers. One important aspect in which the languages of the Digil and Mirifle differ from Somali is the lack of pharyngeal sounds. The retroflex /ɖ/ is also replaced by /r/ in some positions. Of the Somali dialect groups, the most widely used is Common Somali. Common Somali is spoken in most of Somalia, and in adjacent territories (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti), and is used by broadcasting stations in Somalia and in Somali-language broadcasts originating outside the country. Somali has 22 consonant phonemes including at least one at every place of articulation on the IPA chart. It has 20 pure vowel phonemes and 20 diphthongs . They occur in front and back, and long and short pairs. It uses a system of tones which is usually classified as a pitch accent system. It also has front-back vowel harmony in word roots. Somali is an agglutinative language. The basic grammatical categories are: Somali has several strategies to indicate where the intention or the interest or the focus is located in the phrase: a topic-comment or focus construction. The words baa , ayaa , and waxaa put the focus on nouns and noun phrases. Example: Thus, the words baa, ayaa, and waxaa unconsciously raise the question of who went out? Therefore the noun. Somali also has the word waa which puts the focus on verbs and verb phrases. Example: John waa baxay - John Focus (waa) went out Waa is different from other previous one we have just seen, because it raises the question of what did John do? Therefore the verb. History of Somalia#The Language and Literacy Issue Three different writing systems have been devised for Somali: an Arabic-based one, a Latin-based one and a native one, Osmanya . Before the colonial period, educated Somalis and religious fraternities used the Arabic script (for example, Sayid Mohamed Addule Hassan 's letter to a scholar, betraying him to the colonial powers, was in Arabic). The Qur'an was taught throughout Somalia, so children were exposed to the Arabic alphabet from a young age. Material discovered in 1940 , mainly ancient letters and tomb inscriptions, demonstrates that the Somali language was written with the Arabic alphabet, like the Urdu and Persian languages. But this was not certainly "codified", and questions remain about the extent of its use. Further investigation is required. The Osmanya alphabet was created in the 1920s by Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid. Following long debate, in 1972 the Latin-based script was finally adopted as the official one as part of a larger literacy program. This sets Somali apart from the languages near it, which use either the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) abugida or the Arabic alphabet . The Somali latin alphabet is: ', B, T, J, X, KH, D, R, S, SH, DH, C, G, F, Q, K, L, M, N, W, H, Y, A, E, I, O, U. The following letters represent sounds which do not correspond with the same letter as the IPA symbol (eg B represents /b/): The alphabet does not use the following letters of the Latin alphabet : P, V and Z. There are 3 consonant digraphs : DH, KH and SH. Tone is not marked and a word-initial glottal stop is also not shown. For consonants there is a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme s and phoneme s. Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel but the distinction between front and back vowels is not represented. Diphthongs are represented using Y or W as the second element (AY, AW, EY, OY and OW) and long diphthongs are shown with the first vowel doubled. There is no standardized orthography so variations occur. Particularly -ay and -ey are freely interchangeable at the end of a word. Capital letters are used for names and at the beginning of a sentence. ******************* file_id: 441357 speaker find_PASS world. file_id: 441357 Academic_studies begin . file_id: 441357 scholar be . file_id: 441357 speaker find_PASS world. file_id: 441357 dialect have phoneme. file_id: 441357 phoneme not_exist Common_Somali. file_id: 441357 languages_and_dialects be somali. file_id: 441357 Osmanya educate_PASS somali. file_id: 441357 fraternity use script. file_id: 441357 letter represent sound. file_id: 441357 sound not_correspond letter. file_id: 441357 Long_vowels write_PASS . file_id: 441357 vowel not_represent_PASS . file_id: 441357 diphthong represent_PASS using_Y_or_W. file_id: 441357 diphthong show_PASS vowel. file_id: 441357 Capital_letters use_PASS name. ******************* The title Viscount Falkland was created in 1620 for Sir Henry Cary, in the Peerage of Scotland , along with the subsidiary title of Lord Cary . Theoretically, since all Viscount s in the Peerage of Scotland use "of" in their titles, the Viscount should be the Viscount of Falkland. However, most Scottish Viscounts have dropped the practice of using "of." The only ones who persist in the usage of the word are the Viscount of Arbuthnott , and, to a lesser extent, the Viscount of Oxfuird . The Viscounts Falkland take their title from the Scottish royal residence Falkland Palace , Falkland , Fife , Scotland . The Falkland Islands are named after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland . Heir-Apparent: Lucius Alexander Plantagenet Cary, Master of Falkland ******************* file_id: 448259 viscount drop_PASS practice. ******************* Cagliari is the capital of the island of Sardinia , an autonomous region of Italy . Cagliari is called Casteddu (literally, the castle ) in the Sardinian language . It has about 170,000 inhabitants, or about 300,000 including the suburbs (metropolitan area) (Elmas, Pirri, Selargius, Monserrato, Quartucciu, Quartu Sant'Elena). Under the name of Karalis it was one of a string of Phoenicia n trading colonies in Sardinia, including Sulcis, Nora, and Tharros, that were founded from Tyre in the 7th century. It passed with the rest of the island first to the control of Carthage and then to Rome in 238 BC when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians. Subsequently ruled in turn by the Vandals and the Byzantine Empire , became the eponymous capital of an independent kingdom or "giudicato", ruled by a "giudice" or "judike" (literally judge). However, there is some evidence that during this period of independence from external rule, Cagliari was deserted because it was too exposed to attacks by Moorish pirates from the sea. Apparently many people left Cagliari and founded a new town in an area close to the Santa Gilla swamp on the west of Cagliari, but distant from the sea. The "giudicato" of Karalis comprised a large area of the Campidano plain, the mineral resources of the Sulcis region and the mountain region of Ogliastra. Apart from Karalis, there were other three independent and autonomous kingdoms, or "giudicati", in Sardinia: Torres in the north west, Gallura in the north east, and the most famous and long-lived Arborea, with Oristano (Aristanis in Sardinian language) as capital. In the 11th century, the Pisa n republic that had previously seized the Sulcis region in the south east, conquered the kingdom of Karalis and re-built the town of Cagliari. Pisa was one of the four Italian "maritime republics" that in the middle age fought for control of the Mediterranean sea and its commercial routes. The other maritime republics were the short-lived Amalfi, Genoa and Venice . Pisa and Genoa had a keen interest in Sardinia because it was a perfect strategic base for controlling the commercial routes between Italy and North Africa. Some of the fortifications that still surround the current district of Castello (Casteddu 'e susu in Sardinian language) were built by the Pisans, most notably the two remaining white lime-stone towers designed by architect Giovanni Capula (originally there were three towers that guarded the three gates that gave access to the district). Together with the district of Castello, Cagliari comprised the districts of Marina (which included the port), Stampace and Villanova. Marina and Stampace were guarded by walls, while Villanova, which mainly hosted peasants, was not. In the 14th century the kingdom of Aragon conquered Cagliari after a battle against the Pisans and advanced its plan to conquer all of Sardinia. When Sardinia was finally conquered by Aragon, Cagliari (during the Catalan domination the city was named Càller ), became the administrative capital of the vice-kingdom of Sardinia, which later came under the rule of the Spanish empire . Many agree that the Spanish domination was a period of decadence for Cagliari and Sardinia. In the 18th century, after a brief rule of the Austria n Habsburgs, Cagliari and Sardinia came under the House of Savoy in 1720. As ruler of Sardinia, the Savoys took the title of kings of the Sardinian kingdom. The Sardinian kingdom comprised Savoy and Nice (currently in France), Piedmont and Liguria, as well as Sardinia. Although Sardinian by name, the kingdom had its capital in Turin, in mainland Italy, where the Savoys resided. The parliament was also in Turin and its memebers were mainly aristocrats from Piedmont or the mainland. By the end of the 18th century, after the French Revolution , France tried to conquer Cagliari because of its strategic role in the Mediterranean sea. A French army landed in the Poetto beach and moved towards Cagliari, but the French were defeated by Sardinians who decided to defend themselves against the revolutionary army. People from Cagliari hoped to receive some concession from the Savoys in return for their defending the town: for example, aristocrats from Cagliari asked for a Sardinian representative in the parliament of the kingdom. When the Savoys refused any concession to the Sardinians, inhabitants of Cagliari rose up against the Savoys and expelled all representatives of the kingdom and people from Piedmont. This insurgence is celebrated in Cagliari during the "Die de sa Sardigna" (Sardinian Day) on the last weekend of April. However the Savoys regained control of the town after a brief period of autonomous rule. From the 1870s, with the unification of Italy, the city experienced a century of rapid growth. Many outstanding buildings were erected by the end of the 18th century during the office of Mayor Ottone Bacaredda. Many of these buildings combined influences from Art Nouveau together with the traditional Sardinian taste for flower decoration: an example is the white marble City Hall near the port. Ottone Bacaredda is also famous for the violent repression of one of the earlier worker strikes in the beginning of the 20th century. During the Second World War , Cagliari was heavily bombed by the Allies in February 1943. In order to escape from the bombardments and the misery of the destroyed town, many people left Cagliari and moved to the country or rural villages, often living with friends and relatives in overcrowded houses. This flee from the town is knwon as "sfollamento" (deserting). After the Italian truce with the Allies in September 1943, the German Army took control of Cagliari and the island, but soon retreated peacefully in order to reinforce their positions in mainland Italy. The American Army then took control of Cagliari. Cagliari was strategically important during the war because of its location in the Mediterranean Sea. Many airports were near Cagliari (Elmas, Monserrato, Decimomannu, currently a NATO airbase) from which airplanes could fly to Northern Africa or mainland Italy and Sicily. After the war, the population of Cagliari boosted and many apartment blocks were erected in new residential districts, often created with poor planning as for recreational areas. Cagliari is home to the football team Cagliari Calcio , winner of the Italian league championship in 1970, with the team led by one of the greatest Italian strikers of all times, Gigi Riva . The old part of the city (called 'Castello', the castle) lies on top of a hill, with a wonderful view of the Gulf of Cagliari (aka Angels Gulf). Most of its city walls are intact, and feature the two 13th century white lime-stone towers, St. Pancras tower and the Elephant tower. The local white lime-stone was also used to build the walls of the city and many builidings. D.H. Lawrence , in his memories of a trip in Sardinia, "Sea and Sardinia", described the impressive effect of the warm Mediterranean sun-light on the white lime-stone city and compared Cagliari to a "white Jerusalem". In Castello you can visit the Cathedral, which was repaired in the 1930s turning the former Baroque facade into a Medieval Pisan style facade, more akin to the original appearance of the church. Near the Cathedral is the palace of the Provincial Government (which used to be the island's governor's palace before 1900). In Castello is also the Sardinian Archaeological Museum, the biggest and most important regarding the prehistoric Nuragic civilisation of Sardinia. Finally, Castello hosts many craftsmen workshops in its tightened and scenic lanes. The other early districts of the town(Marina, Stampace, Villanova) retain much of their original appeal and still seem to function as distinct villages within the town. Cagliari was inhabited since pre-historic periods for its favourable position between the sea and a fertile plain, its being sourrounded by two swamps (which afforded defences from enemies from inner lands) and its vicinity to high and green mountains (to which people could evacuate if everything else was lost). Some testimonies of pre-historic inhabitants were found in Monte Claro and in Cape Sant'Elia. An outstanding testimony of the Roman domination is the Roman Amphitheatre . This is a unique monument in the world because it is the only Roman amphitheatre carved into a block of rock (the typical lime-stone on which Cagliari is built). The Amphitheatre still stages open-air operas and concerts during the summer. The districts built in the 1930s spot some nice examples of Art Deco artichecture and some controversial examples of Fascist neoclassicism , such as the Justice Court (Palazzo di Giustizia) in the Republic Square. The Justice Court is close to the biggest town park, Monte Urpinu, with its pine trees and artificial lakes. The park includes a vast area of a hill. Visitors can reach the top of the hill by car and enjoy a nice view of Castello district, the gulf, the swamps and the beach. Cagliari has one of the longest beaches in an Italian town. The Poetto beach stretches for 13 km. and was famous for its white fine-grained sand. A recent controversial intervention to save the beach from erosion has slightly altered the original texture of the sand. Cagliari is an ideal location for sailing,hiking and outdoor sports. It has a mild climate, often refreshed by northern-west winds. It is close to other beautiful sea-side locations, such as Chia or Villasimius, still relatively unspoilt by tourism and is also close to mountain parks, such as Monte Arcosu or Maidopis, with large forests and wildlife (Sardinian deers, wild boars, etc.). Cagliari has some peculiar gastronomic traditions. Many dishes are based on the wide variety of fish and sea food available. Although it is possible to trace influences from Spanish gastronomy, Cagliaritanian food has a distintctive and unique character. Very good wines are also part of Cagliaritanians' dinners: excellent wines are in fact produced in the nearby vineyards of the Campidano plain. Life in Cagliari has been vividly depicted by Sergio Atzeni , who settled many of his novels and short stories in ancient and modern Cagliari. Among these, available in English is "Bakunin's son". A church in Cagliari gives its name to Buenos Aires . The Spaniard that founded Buenos Aires visited the church of Bonaria (fair winds)and asked for help from the Mary of Bonaria, to whom the church is dedicated. The church faces the sea and was allegedly built where a sailor landed after the Mary of Bonaria appeared in the midst of a tempest and saved the sailor and his ship from sinking. ******************* ******************* Operation Noble Eagle is the US military operational designator refers to the military's efforts in the War on Terrorism that were carried out on US soil. The operation began September 15 , 2001 , in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks, and continues to the time of this writing. Operation Noble Eagle comprises, among other things, air interceptor patrols over and around cities and the mobilization of thousands of National Guard and Reserve troops to perform security missions on military installations, airports and other potential targets such as bridges. Conducted under the Garden Plot contingency plan. ******************* file_id: 449964 mobilization perform security_missions. ******************* In economics, utility is a measure of the happiness or satisfaction gained from a good or service. The concept is applied by economists in such topics as the indifference curve, which measures the combination of a basket of commodities that an individual or a community requests at a given level(s) of satisfaction. The concept is also used in utility functions, social welfare functions, Pareto maximization, Edgeworth box es and contract curves. It is a central concept of welfare economics. The doctrine of utilitarianism saw the maximisation of utility as a moral criterion for the organisation of society. According to utilitarians, such as Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill(1806-1876), society should aim to maximise the total utility of individuals, aiming for "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Utility theory assumes that humankind is rational. That is, people maximize their utility wherever possible. For instance, one would request more of a good if it is available and if one has the ability to acquire that amount, if this is the rational thing to do in the circumstances. There are mainly two kinds of measurement of utility implemented by economists: cardinal utility and ordinal utility. Utility was originally viewed as a measurable quantity, so that it would be possible to measure the utility of each individual in the society with respect to each good available in the society, and to add these together to yield the total utility of all people with respect to all goods in the society. Society could then aim to maximise the total utility of all people in society, or equivalently the average utility per person. This conception of utility as a measurable quantity that could be aggregated across individuals is called cardinal utility. Cardinal utility quantitatively measures the preference of an individual towards a certain commodity. Numbers assigned to different goods or services can be compared. A utility of 100 units towards a cup of vodka is twice as desirable as a cup of coffee with a utility level of 50 units. The concept of cardinal utility suffers from the absence of an objective measure of utility when comparing the utility gained from consumption of a particular good by one individual as opposed to another individual. For this reason, neoclassical economics abandoned utility as a foundation for the analysis of economic behaviour, in favour of an analysis based upon preferences. This led to the development of tools such as indifference curves to explain economic behaviour. In this analysis, an individual is observed to prefer one choice to another. Preferences can be ordered from most satisfying to least satisfying. Only the ordering is important: the magnitude of the numerical values are not important except in as much as they establish the order. A utility of 100 towards an ice-cream cone is not twice as desirable as a utility of 50 towards a candy. All that can be said is that ice-cream cone is preferred over the candy. There is no attempt to explain why one choice is preferred to another; hence no need for a quantitative concept of utility. It is nonetheless possible, given a set of preferences which satisfy certain criteria of reasonableness, to find a utility function that will explain these preferences. Such a utility function takes on higher values for choices that the individual prefers. Utility functions are a useful and widely used tool in modern economics. A utility function to describe an individual's set of preferences clearly is not unique. If the value of the utility function were to be, e.g., doubled, squared, or subjected to any other strictly monotonic ally increasing function, it would still describe the same preferences. With this approach to utility, known as ordinal utility it is not possible to compare utility between individuals, or find the total utility for society as the Utilitarians hoped to do. While preferences are the conventional foundation of microeconomics, it is convenient to represent preferences with a utility function and reason indirectly about preferences with utility functions. Let X be the , the set of all packages the consumer could conceivably consume. The consumer's utility function u : X \rightarrow \textbf R assigns a happiness score to each package in the consumption set. If u(x) > u(y), then the consumer strictly prefers x to y. For example, suppose a consumer's consumption set is X = {nothing, 1 apple, 1 orange, 1 apple and 1 orange, 2 apples, 2 oranges}, and its utility function is u(nothing) = 0, u(1 apple) = 1, u(1 orange) = 2, u(1 apple and 1 orange) = 4, u(2 apples) = 2 and u(2 oranges) = 3. Then this consumer prefers 1 orange to 1 apple, but prefers one of each to 2 oranges. In microeconomics models, there are usually a finite set of L commodities, and a consumer may consume an arbitrary amount of each commodity. This gives a consumption set of \textbf R^L_+, and each package x \in \textbf R^L_+ is a vector containing the amounts of each commodity. In the previous example, we might say there are two commodities: apples and oranges. If we say apples is the first commodity, and oranges the second, then the consumption set X = \textbf R^2_+ and u(0, 0) = 0, u(1, 0) = 1, u(0, 1) = 2, u(1, 1) = 4, u(2, 0) = 2, u(0, 2) = 3 as before. Note that for u to be a utility function on X, it must be defined for every package in X. A utility function a preference relation<= on X if for every x, y \in X, u(x) <= u(y) if and only if x <= y. If u rationalizes <=, then this implies <= is complete and transitive, and hence rational. In order to simplify calculations, various assumptions have been made of utility functions. A von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function u : X \rightarrow \textbf{R} assigns a real number to every element of the outcome space in a way that captures the agent's preferences over both simple and compound lotteries (put in category-theoretic language, u induces a morphism between the category of preferences under uncertainty and the category of reals). The agent will prefer a lottery L_1 to a lottery L_2 if and only if the expected utility (iterated over compound lotteries if necessary) of L_1 is greater than the expected utility of L_2. Restricting to the discrete choice context, let L : X \rightarrow 0,1 be a simple lottery such that L(x_i) = p_i, where p_i is the probability that x_i is won. We may also consider compound lotteries, where the prizes are themselves simple lotteries. The expected utility theorem says that a von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function exists if and only if the agent's preference relation on the space of simple lotteries satisfies four axioms: completeness, transitivity, convexity/continuity (also called the Archimedean property), and independence. Completeness and transitivity are discussed supra. The Archimedean property says that for simple lotteries L_1 \geq L_2 \geq L_3, then there exists a 0 \leq p \leq 1 such that the agent is indifferent between L_2 and the compound lottery mixing between L_1 and L_3 with probability p and 1-p, respectively. Independence means that if the agent is indifferent between simple lotteries L_1 and L_2, the agent is also indifferent between L_1 mixed with an arbitrary simple lottery L_3 with probability p and L_2 mixed with L_3 with the same probability p. Independence is probably the most controversial of the axioms. Daniel Bernoulli has shown how the personal utility varies with the personal degree of risk aversion, itself linked to the initial wealth situation of the person. ). ******************* file_id: 45479 concept apply_PASS economist. file_id: 45479 people maximize utility. file_id: 45479 conception aggregate_PASS individual. file_id: 45479 number assign_PASS goods_or_services. file_id: 45479 economics abandon utility. file_id: 45479 preference order_PASS . file_id: 45479 utility_function take value. file_id: 45479 Utility_functions be . file_id: 45479 assumption make_PASS utility_functions. file_id: 45479 calculation _ . file_id: 45479 prize be lottery. file_id: 45479 Archimedean_property say preference_relation. ******************* The Coat of Arms of Aruba was originally designed in Amsterdam in 1955 . Since then it has been in use as the national symbol of Aruba. There are seven main elements to the symbol: The lion at the top of the crest symbolizes power. A white cross on the crest that also serves to divide the crest into four quadrants is representative of devotion to faith. Below the crest is a pair of laurel leaves, traditional symbols of peace. The upper right quadrant of the crest depicts Hooiberg , the most recognizable hill of Aruba, and the second highest hill as well. Below it, in the lower right quadrant a wheel represents industry. In the upper left quadrant is an aloe plant, aloe being a source of income for the island, and its first important export. Finally, the lower left quadrant depicts hands shaking, symbolic of Aruba's good relations with the world. ******************* file_id: 456778 left_quadrant depict hand. file_id: 456778 hand shake . ******************* The Des Moines River is a tributary river of the Mississippi River , approximately 525 mi (845 km) long to its farther headwaters, in the upper Midwest of the United States . The largest river flowing across the state of Iowa , it rises in southern Minnesota , and flows across the state of Iowa from northwest to southeast, passing from the glaciated plains into the unglaciated hills near the city of Des Moines , which takes its name from the river. It rises in two forks. The West Fork (the main branch) rises out of Lake Shetek in Murray County in southwestern Minnesota . It flows SSE into Emmet County, Iowa , past Estherville . The East Fork rises out of Okamanpeedan Lake in northern Emmet County on the Iowa-Minnesota border and flows south, through Algona . The two forks join in southern Humboldt County , approximately 5 mi (8 km) south of Humboldt at Frank Gotch State Park . The combined stream flows roughly southward through Fort Dodge . South of Boone it passes through the Ledges State Park . It flows through downtown Des Moines, then turns generally southeastward, flowing through Ottumwa , its head of navigation . It forms approximately 20 mi (32 km) of the border between Iowa and Missouri before joining the Mississippi from the northwest at Keokuk . It receives the Boone River from the northeast approximately 20 mi (32 km) southwest of Fort Dodge. It receives the Raccoon River from the west in Des Moines. Above the city of Des Moines, it is impounded to create the Saylorville Lake reservoir. Above Ottumwa, it is impounded to create the Lake Red Rock reserovir. The origin of the name of the river is obscure. It was given the name , literally meaning "River of the Monks", by early French explorers. The name may have referred to early Trappist monks who built huts near the mouth of the river. It may also refer to , a Native American word meaning "river of the mounds" in reference to the burial mound s that were located near the banks of the river. During the mid- 19th century , the river provided the main commercial transportation across Iowa until the building of the railroad s in the 1860s . Historic floods on the river and its tributary the Raccoon in the summer of 1993 forced the evacuation of much of the city of Des Moines and nearby communities. ******************* file_id: 458242 name refer_PASS Trappist_monks. ******************* The Silvereye , White-eye or Wax-eye ( Zosterops lateralis ) is a very small passerine bird native to Australia but also found in New Zealand . It is common to abundant throughout the relatively fertile south-west and south-east parts of the continent (including Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands), and through the well-watered coastal zone of tropical Queensland , including Cape York Peninsula . Silvereyes breed in spring and early summer, making a tiny cup of grass, spiderweb, and thistledown, suspended from a small tree or shrub, and laying 2 to 4 pale blue eggs. Once the young have fledged, Silvereyes gather into flocks and many migrate north during late summer, making their way north along the coast and ranges, foraging busily through the day with much calling and quick movement through the shrubbery, gradually working north, then flying long distances at night. Most of the Tasmanian population crosses Bass Strait (an astonishing feat for 12 cm birds weighing only a few grams) and disperses into Victoria , New South Wales , and south-eastern Queensland . The populations of these areas tend to head further north, and the northern-most birds remain resident all year round. The Silvereye was first recorded in New Zealand in 1832 (its Maori name Tauhou , means "stranger"). It arrived in greater numbers in 1856 , and it is assumed that a migrating flock was swept eastwards by a storm. Since there is no evidence that it was artificially introduced into New Zealand, it is classified as a native species there and consequently protected. Silvereyes are omnivouous but have a particular fondness for fruit. Some orchardists, grape growers, and home gardeners regard them as a pest particularly as, being so small, Silvereyes simply ignore bird nets, popping in and out through the netting at will. Silvereye is also the name of a guild in World of Warcraft , on the Europe RP server Argent Dawn . ******************* file_id: 462356 part include Tasmania. file_id: 462356 Silvereyes gather flock. file_id: 462356 bird remain all_year_round. ******************* Anthropic bias is the bias arising when "your evidence is biased by observation selection effect s," according to philosopher Nick Bostrom . This is an extreme generalization of the confirmation bias and the cognitive bias , involving not only mind-set , memory and methodology , but the whole way in which one sees oneself as an entity investigating an environment. The original statement of the problems related to anthropic bias is due to Eugene Wigner 's 1960 paper, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Physical Sciences . He noted that being a human on one planet was not a bias that could be easily overcome, and noted the necessity of considering the point of view of other, less "anthropic", species. A more rigorous statement of these problems is that of George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez in their book Where Mathematics Comes From , 2000 . According to them, Euler's Identity itself expresses an anthropic bias, that embedded in human cognition , and investigatable only via cognitive science — which relies on empirical methods . This necessarily leaves some uncertainty which, according to Lakoff, can't be overcome even in theory. Thus, anthropic bias is due to cognitive bias, and investigating it leads to yet another cognitive bias. Bostrom thinks otherwise and suggests a way out using what amounts to quasi-empirical methods . In his book Anthropic Bias: observation selection effects in science and philosophy , 2002 , Bostrom explores the implications of these for " polling , cosmology (how many universes are there?), evolution theory (how improbable was the evolution of intelligent life on our planet?), the problem of time's arrow (can it be given a thermodynamic explanation?), game theoretic problems with imperfect recall (how to model them?), traffic analysis (why is the "next lane" faster?)." One conclusion is that the so-called anthropic principle or rather the many competing concepts that claim that name, are confused. He further claims that "existing methodology does not permit any observational consequences to be derived from contemporary cosmological theories, in spite of the fact that these theories quite plainly can be and are being tested empirically by astronomers. What is needed to bridge this methodological gap is a more adequate formulation of how observation selection effects are to be taken into account." The Self-Sampling Assumption he proposes is "that you should think of yourself as if you were a random observer from a suitable reference class." Refining this idea by applying to more down-to-earth problems suggests that the Assumption applies "to “observer-moments” rather than just observers. This increases our analytical firepower. A second step is to relativize the reference class. The result is a general framework for modeling anthropic reasoning , which is given a formal expression in an equation, the Observation Equation , that specifies how to take into account evidence that as an indexical component or that has been subjected to an observation selection effect." This he then applies rigorously to the arguments to show that they achieve the same results, and illustrates with the Sleeping Beauty problem and the related Absent-Minded Driver and Absent-Minded Passenger problems." He acknowledges a limit to the approach, as an "element of subjectivity that may reside in the choice of a prior credence function for indexical propositions. We compare it with the more widely recognized aspect of subjectivity infesting the non-indexical component of one’s credence function, and we suggest that the issue throws light on how to rank various applications of anthropic reasoning according to how scientifically rigorous they are." This he proposes as a way to overhaul the whole philosophy of science from first principles, rather as Lakoff and Nunez seek to overthrow the whole prior philosophy of mathematics . It is not at all clear that he can do so. See also : algebra of doing ******************* file_id: 462888 N_ú_ñ_ez come . file_id: 462888 game model method. file_id: 462888 consequence derive_PASS theory. file_id: 462888 limit reside choice. ******************* Edward III( 13 November 1312– 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English kings of medieval times. His fifty-year reign began when his father Edward II of England was deposed on 25 January 1327, and lasted until 1377. Among his immediate predecessors, only Henry III ruled as long, and it would be over 400 years before another monarch would occupy the throne for that duration. Edward's reign was marked by an expansion of English territory through wars in Scotland and France. Edward's parentage and his prodigious offspring provided the basis for two lengthy and significant events in British and European history, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses, respectively. Edward, the son of Edward II of England and Isabella of France, daughter of King Philip the Fair, was born in 1312 at Windsor Castle. In 1320, he was created Earl of Chester. In 1325, his father ceded the Duchy of Aquitaine to him, and the young Edward was sent to France along with his mother to meet his uncle, the French King Charles IV. Upon their return from France, the powerful Queen and her lover, Roger Mortimer, forced the weak and unpopular Edward II to abdicate, installing Edward III as king in 1327. Edward II was subsequently imprisoned (allegedly murdered, he was in fact well-treated in captivity), and Isabella and Roger Mortimer effectively ruled England during the young king's first few years on the throne. Edward III was crowned on 25 January 1327, at the age of 14, and married Philippa of Hainault in 1328. The couple eventually produced thirteen children, including five sons who reached maturity. Their eldest son and Edward's heir, Edward the Black Prince, born in 1330, would become a famed military leader. In the same year as Edward's marriage, his uncle Charles IV of France died without male heirs, leaving a pregnant wife, thus making Edward (through Isabella) the senior surviving male descendant of King Philip IV, Charles' and Isabella's father, and potentially giving Edward the senior Capetian dynasty claim to the French throne. (Edward's younger brother John, Earl of Cornwall, was then the only other living male descending from Philip IV. Later, daughters of Louis X and Philip V produced further male issue, such as King Charles II of Navarre, Hereditary Duke Philip of Burgundy and Count Louis of Flanders.) In 1330, the eighteen-year old Edward seized control over the English court, overthrowing Mortimer, who was executed, and removing Isabella from power but sparing her life. The reign of Edward III was marked by continued war with Scotland, but much more by the war with France. His first major military success was the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, which he won in support of his puppet, the new Scottish king, Edward Balliol, in detriment to his own brother-in-law David II of Scotland, the Bruce claimant and husband of Edward's sister Joan of the Tower, princess of England. Edward's claim to unite the English and French thrones was contested by French nobles who invoked Salic law , which held that the royal succession could not pass through a female line (such as Edward's mother Isabella, or Queen Joan II of Navarre), and who therefore asserted that the legitimate King of France was Philip VI, Edward's cousin and heir to Charles of Valois, a younger son of Philip III. Edward declared war on Philip VI in 1337, and declared himself king of France on January 26 1340. The conflict thus commenced eventually became known as the Hundred Years' War, continuing sporadically to the 1450s. In 1346, Edward defeated the French at the Battle of Crecy, accompanied in this campaign by his sixteen year old son the Black Prince. The Black Prince commanded England's victorious army at the Battle of Poitiers, in 1356. The first phase of the Hundred Years' War was concluded in 1360 with the Treaty of Brétigny, marking the height of English influence in France and providing three million crowns' ransom for the capture of the French King John II. While these victories were eventually reversed, and then won and lost again in the resulting generations of war, English and, later, British monarchs would continue to claim the title "King of France" until the Act of Union which led to the creation of the United Kingdom in 1801. Edward III quartered his coat of arms with "France Ancient", the Azure semé-de-lis (a blue shield with a tight pattern of small golden fleur de lis of the French royal house), and it remained a part of the English Coat of Arms until removed by George III. For more information see English Kings of France . While the king and the prince campaigned abroad, the government was left largely in the hands of the prince's younger brother, John of Gaunt. Economic prosperity from the developing wool trade created new wealth in the kingdom, but the ravages of the bubonic plague, or Black Death, had a significant impact on the lives of his subjects. Commercial taxes became a major source of royal revenue, which had previously been largely from taxes on land. Parliament became divided into two houses. During Edward's reign, French was still the language of the English noblesse following the Norman invasion, but this was changed. The king also founded an order of knighthood, the Order of the Garter, allegedly as a result of an incident when a lady, with whom he was dancing at a court ball, dropped an item of intimate apparel (possibly a sanitary belt, though sources describe it as being made of velvet). Gallantly picking it up to assuage her embarrassment, Edward tied it around his own leg, and remarked Honi soit qui mal y pense('Shame on him who thinks evil of it'), which became the motto of the Order of the Garter. The woman in the case is known only as the "Countess of Salisbury". Some say it was Edward's daughter-in-law, Joan of Kent, but a more likely candidate is Joan's mother-in-law from her first marriage. Despite having an unusually happy marriage, and producing thirteen children with Philippa, Edward was a notorious womaniser. After Philippa's death in 1369, Edward's mistress, Alice Perrers, became a byword for corruption. Facing a resurgent French monarchy and losses in France, Edward asked parliament to grant him more funds by taxing the wine and wool trades, but this was badly received in 1374- 1375 as a new outbreak of bubonic plague struck. The "Good Parliament" of 1376 criticised Edward's councillors, including Alice Perrers' family, and advised him to limit his ambitions to suit his revenues. Edward died of a stroke in 1377 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Prince Edward pre-deceased him in 1376, and Edward III was succeeded by his young grandson, King Richard II of England, son of Edward the Black Prince. The Wars of the Roses were a civil war over the throne of England fought among the descendants of King Edward III through his five surviving adult sons. Each branch of the family had competing claims through seniority, legitimacy, and/or the gender of their ancestors.(1) ( 1330- 1376), Duke of Cornwall, Prince of Wales The eldest son of Edward III predeceased his father and never became king. Edward's only surviving child was Richard II who ascended to the throne but produced no heirs. Richard II designated as his heir presumptive his cousin Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, senior heir in female line, the grandson of Lionel of Antwerp, but this succession never took place as Richard II was eventually deposed and succeeded by another of Richard's cousins: Henry IV, "Bolingbroke", who was senior heir in male line.(2) William ( 16 February 1335- 8 July 1335), he was buried at the cathedral by York. (3) ( 1338- 1368), Duke of Clarence Lionel also predeceased his father. Lionel's only child, Philippa, married into the powerful Mortimer family, which as noted above had exerted enormous influence during the reigns of Edward II and Edward III. Philippa's son Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March was the designated heir of Richard II (but predeceased him, leaving his young son Edmund as heir presumptive. Anne Mortimer, Edmund's eldest sister, Lionel of Antwerp's great-granddaughter, married Richard, Earl of Cambridge of the House of York, merging the Lionel/Mortimer line into the York line.(4) ( 1340- 1399), Duke of Lancaster. From John of Gaunt descended legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters( Henry IV, who deposed Richard II, and then Henry V and Henry VI). This line ended when Henry VI was successfully deposed by Edward IV, of the York faction, and Henry's son Edward was killed. The Lancaster Kings derived their ancestry also, through Blanche, wife of John Gaunt, from Edmund of Lancaster the Crouchback, who was son of Henry III of England- a legend without foundation was developed to claim that Edmund was elder than his brother Edward I but overpassed in succession of Henry III because of physical infirmity. John of Gaunt's illegitimate heirs were the Beauforts, his descendants through his mistress (later, his wife) Katherine Swynford; Gaunt's great-granddaughter Margaret Beaufort married into the House of Tudor, producing a single child who would become Henry VII. While the Beaufort offspring had been legitimized after Gaunt's eventual marriage to Swynford, this was on the condition that they be barred from ascending the throne. Undeterred by this, upon the failure of the primary Lancastrian line, the Tudors claimed precedence to the Yorks and eventually succeeded them. Duarte of Portugal, Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter, the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, and Queen Catalina of Castile, a grand-daughter of King Pedro I and the mother of King Juan II, but these Castilians engaged in their own wars over the Spanish succession and did not assert any claims to the English throne in the Wars of the Roses- and they all were of female line, something the Lancaster Claim avoided because they were originally secondary to certain senior female descents such as Mortimers.">Note: John of Gaunt also had legitimate descendants through his daughters Philippa, Queen of Portugal, the mother of King Duarte of Portugal, Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter, the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, and Queen Catalina of Castile, a grand-daughter of King Pedro I and the mother of King Juan II, but these Castilians engaged in their own wars over the Spanish succession and did not assert any claims to the English throne in the Wars of the Roses- and they all were of female line, something the Lancaster Claim avoided because they were originally secondary to certain senior female descents such as Mortimers.(5) ( 1341- 1402), Duke of York. His descendants were the Yorks. He had two sons: Edward, Duke of York, killed fighting alongside Henry V at the battle of Agincourt, and Richard, Earl of Cambridge, executed by Henry V for treason (involving a plot to place heir presumptive Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, Cambridge's brother-in-law and cousin, on the throne). As noted above, Richard had married Anne Mortimer, this giving their son and the House of York, through Lionel of Antwerp, a more senior claim than that of both the Lancasters, who were descended from a younger son than Lionel, and the Tudors, whose legitimized Beaufort ancestors had been debarred from the throne.(6) Thomas ( 1347). (7) William ( 24 June 1348- 5 September 1348). (8) ( 1355- 1397), Duke of Gloucester. Thomas, who was one of the Lords Appellant influential under Richard II, was murdered or executed for treason, likely by the order of Richard II; his eventual heir was his daughter Anne, who married into the Stafford family, whose heirs became the Dukes of Buckingham. Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, descended on his father's side from Thomas of Woodstock, and on his mother's side from John Beaufort, rebelled against Richard III in 1483 but failed to depose him. This failed rebellion left Henry Tudor as the Lancasters' primary candidate for the throne. Thus, the senior Plantagenet line was ended with the death of , but not before the execution of for treason. The heirs presumptive through were passed over in favour of the powerful , descendant of Edward III through . These Lancaster Kings initially survived the treason of their (York) cousins but eventually were deposed by the merged Lionel/Edmund line in the person of Edward IV. Internecine killing among the Yorks left Richard III as King, supported and then betrayed by his cousin Buckingham the descendant of . Finally, the Yorks were dislodged by the remaining Lancastrian candidate, Henry VII of the House of Tudor, another descendant of , who married the eldest daughter of Yorkist King Edward IV. See also : English monarchs family tree ******************* file_id: 46377 reign mark_PASS expansion. file_id: 46377 uncle die heir. file_id: 46377 daughter produce male_issue. file_id: 46377 English_and_French_thrones contest_PASS noble. file_id: 46377 monarch continue . file_id: 46377 tax become source. file_id: 46377 claim produce . file_id: 46377 Duke descend male_heirs. file_id: 46377 Beaufort_ancestors debar_PASS throne. file_id: 46377 heir become duke. ******************* The Pacific White-sided Dolphin ( Lagenorynchus obliquidens ) is a very active dolphin found in the cool to temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean . The Pacific White-sided Dolphin was named by Theodore Gill in 1865 who examined three skulls found washed up in California. It is the only species of the genus Lagenorhynchus to be found in the North Pacific. To this end the dolphins are sometimes simply called "lags" by researchers and fisherman working in these seas. (A similar naming convention applies in the north Atlantic with the Atlantic White-sided Dolphin - although in that case there is a slightly greater chance of confusion.) The Pacific White-sided Dolphin is extremely similar morphologically to the Dusky Dolphin , which is found in the southern part of the Pacific. Some researchers have suggested that they might form a single species. Recent genetic work by Cipriano rejects this hypothesis and suggests the two species diverged about two million years ago. The Pacific White-sided Dolphin has three tones of colour. The chin, throat and belly are creamy white. The beak, flippers back and dorsal fin are a dark grey. There is light grey patch on the sides and a further light grey stripe running from above the eye to below the dorsal fin where it thickens along the tail stock. A dark grey ring surrounds the eyes. The species is of average size for a oceanic dolphin - weighing up to 150kg in females and 200kg in males and growing up to 2.5 metres (male) and 2.3 metres (female) in length. Pacific White-sided Dolphins tend to be rather larger than Duskies. Females reach maturity at 7 years. The gestation period is one year. Individuals can live for upto forty years or more. The Pacific White-sided Dolphin is extremely active and mixes with many of the other cetacea n species to be found in the north Pacific. It also readily approaches boats and bow-rides. Large groups are common - on average 90 individuals per group but supergroups of more than 3,000 have been recorded. Prey is mainly lantern fish , hake , anchovies , squid , herring , salmon and cod . The range of the Pacific White-sided Dolphin runs right in a great arc across the cool to temperate waters of the north Pacific. Sighthings go no further south than the South China Sea on the western side and the Baja California peninsula on the eastern. Populations may also be found in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk . In the northern part of the range, some individuals may be found in the Bering Sea . The dolphins appear to follow some sort of migratory pattern – on the eastern side they are most abudant off the California shore in winter, but further north ( Oregon , Washington ) in Summer. Their preference for off-shore deep waters appears to be year-round. The total population may be as many as 1 million. However such is the tendency of Pacific White-sided Dolphins to approach boats from some distance away, it is harder than usual to obtain precise estimates via sampling. Until the United Nations imposed a ban on certain nets in 1993, many Pacific White-sided Dolphins were killed in drift nets. One researcher estimated somewhere between 50 and 89 thousand individuals were killed in the twelve years to 1990. Some animals are still killed each year by Japanese hunting drives, though these are not expected not to cause a threat to the species at the present time. ******************* file_id: 465442 Pacific_White be dolphin. file_id: 465442 Pacific_White find . file_id: 465442 Pacific_White tend . file_id: 465442 female reach maturity. file_id: 465442 individual live year. file_id: 465442 group be stock. file_id: 465442 prey be fish_,_hake_,_anchovies_,_squid_,_herring_,_salmon_and_cod. file_id: 465442 sighthing go . file_id: 465442 preference appear . file_id: 465442 estimate impose ban. file_id: 465442 Pacific_White kill_PASS drift_nets. ******************* The ancient city of Rhegion ( Latin Rhegium ) (nowadays: Reggio di Calabria ) was one of the Magna Graecia colonies founded by Chalcidians from Zancle in 730 BC . Thucydides wrote that before to found Rhegion, there was a consulting to the Delphi oracle, and then the Messenians, coming from Messene in the Peloponnesos participate to the foundation by order of Apollo and Artemis . The city's contemporary name is Reggio Calabria . ******************* file_id: 471923 thucydide write chalcidian. ******************* In physics , a translation is the operation changing the positions of all objects according to the formula (x,y,z) \to (x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y, z+\Delta z) where (\Delta x,\Delta y,\Delta z) is a constant vector. Such an operation can be generalized to other coordinates, for example the time coordinate. For an object without structure, just a subset of space, we can consider the range of the subset under the transformation. Alternatively, we can define a translation as an operation on objects, such that all properties such as color, composition, etc. correspond. The two should not be confused: a translation of space has no fixed points , the fixed points of translation in the other sense are the objects with the corresponding translational symmetry . Because of Noether's theorem , the translational symmetry is equivalent to momentum conservation. ******************* file_id: 474962 translation not_fix_PASS point. ******************* All Saints is an Australian television show aired on Channel Seven . It is set in a Sydney suburban hospital called "All Saints General Western Hospital". In 2004 the show was radically changed with a new setting (Emergency) and new faces. Up until then, All Saints focused on the lives of the nurses of Ward 17 - AKA the "garbage ward" because it took all the overflow of patients. The show debuted on Australian screens on the 24th February , 1998. The external shots (the sweeping shots of the skyline and hospital) are filmed at the Concord Repatriation Hospital . Ku-Ring Gai Hospital in Sydney has also been used for external filming and other filming eg. the operating theatres. All Saints has been rating well. It continues to be the most popular Australian television drama. All Saints generally airs at 8.30pm on Tuesday Nights, although when Dancing with the Stars is on air All Saints airs at around 9.30pm (depending on when D ancing with the Stars finishes). ******************* file_id: 479221 All_Saints focus life. file_id: 479221 show debut screen. ******************* : See also Maple computer algebra system . Maples are tree s or shrubs of the genus Acer . They are variously classified in a family of their own, the Aceraceae , or (together with the Hippocastanaceae ) included in the Sapindaceae . This is a debate of very long standing, and APG favours a wide circumscription, as a matter of style. Maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement. The leaves are usually palmate ly lobed, although palmate compound, pinnate compound, pinnate veined or unlobed shapes occur. The flowers are regular, pentamerous, and borne in racemes, corymbs, or umbels. Their distinctive fruit s occur in pairs, called keys , shaped to spin as they fall and carry the seed s a considerable distance on the wind (see samara ). The derivation of the name "acer" is uncertain, as it is a very old name. One of the options is that derives from the Latin acris (sharp), from the hardness of the wood, supposedly used for spears in the past. The leaves in most species are palmately veined and lobed, with 3-9 veins each leading to a lobe, one of which is in the middle. Several species, including the Paperbark Maple Acer griseum , Manchurian Maple Acer mandshuricum , Nikko Maple Acer maximowicziana , and Three-flower Maple Acer triflorum , have trifoliate leaves. The Manitoba Maple ( Acer negundo ) has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have 5, 7, or rarely 9 leaflets. One maple, the Hornbeam Maple Acer carpinifolium , has pinnately-veined simple leaves that resemble those of hornbeam s. Maples flower in late winter or early spring, in some species before the leaves appear, but with or just after the leaves in most. Their flowers are small and inconspicuous, though the effect of an entire avenue of maples in flower can be striking. They have five sepals, five petals about 1-6 mm long, twelve stamens about 6-10 mm long in two rings of six, and two pistils or a pistil with two styles. The ovary is superior and has two carpels, whose wings elongate the flowers, making it easy to tell which flowers are female. Within a few weeks to six months of flowering, the trees drop large numbers of seeds. Maples are important as cultivated ornamental plants, for syrup sources and timber production. Some species have bright autumnal leaf coloring. The Sugar Maple ( Acer saccharum ) is tapped for sap, which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple candy . Quebec is the world's largest producer of maple sugar products. The hard maple that is the wood of choice for bowling pins and bowling alley lanes is yielded by Sugar Maple. Maples are an important early spring source of pollen and nectar for bee s, especially honeybee s, which use its resources for spring buildup. Maples are used as a food plant for the larva e of a number of Lepidoptera species (see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Maples ). The flag of Canada depicts a stylized maple leaf and is a prominent national symbol. ******************* file_id: 48250 maple be tree. file_id: 48250 maple distinguish_PASS arrangement. file_id: 48250 shape occur . file_id: 48250 fruit occur pair. file_id: 48250 Manitoba_Maple have leaf. file_id: 48250 leaf be . file_id: 48250 leaf resemble . file_id: 48250 wing elongate flower. file_id: 48250 flower be . file_id: 48250 maple be . file_id: 48250 plant have coloring. file_id: 48250 maple be source. file_id: 48250 maple use_PASS food_plant. ******************* Customer lifetime value (also variously referred to as lifetime customer value or just lifetime value, and abbreviated CLV, LCV, or LTV) is a marketing metric that projects the value of a customer over the entire history of that customer's relationship with a company. Use of customer lifetime value as a marketing metric tends to place greater emphasis on customer service and long-term customer satisfaction, rather than on maximizing short-term sales. Customer lifetime value has intuitive appeal as a marketing metric, because in theory it allows companies to know exactly how much each customer is worth in dollar terms, and therefore exactly how much a marketing department should be willing to spend to acquire each customer. In reality, it is often difficult to make such calculations, either due to the complexity of the calculations, or to the lack of reliable input data, or both. The specific calculation depends on the nature of the customer relationship. For example, companies with a monthly billing cycle, such as mobile phone operators, can count on a reasonably reliable stream of recurring revenue from each customer. Car manufacturers, on the other hand, have less insight into when or whether a customer will make a repeat purchase. Nevertheless, certain data inputs are commonly used when making customer lifetime value calculations. ******************* file_id: 483114 Car_manufacturers have insight. ******************* The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is an independent Australia n commonwealth government authority established in 1995 to protect consumer rights , business rights and obligations, perform industry regulation and price monitoring and prevent unauthorised anti-competitive behaviour. The ACCC administers the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), more commonly known as the TPA. The ACCC wields a substantial amount of power in the Australian commercial realm. It has legislative and judicial power to enforce a broad range of anti-competitive commercial issues, including powers to counter price fixing cartels, non-factual claims in advertising , monopolies , refusal of supply, and undue harassment in debt collection. In most cases the spirit of the act, and thus the actions of the ACCC, favours neither consumer nor supplier, but strives to achieve a competitive market without artificial restrictions. For example, refusal of supply, a producer refusing to supply a potential retailer or customer with a product is not itself illegal unless the action would have an anti-competitive effect on the market as a whole. Conversely, practices that are invariably anti-competitive are always illegal, such as price fixing and non-factual advertising. Penalties for non-compliance of the TPA can be quite severe. These penalties are usually imposed without the involvement of the court system, except in the case of non-compliance or dispute. Companies that do not comply with the Trade Practices Act may be fined up to AU$10,000,000, and individuals may be fined up to AU$500,000. The ACCC also has powers to enforce restitutive actions on the affected parties. For example, companies are frequently forced to publish retractions of false advertising claims in national newspapers and at their places of business. Companies found in breach of the TPA are usually bound to implement a compliance program to ensure future compliance with the act. Although the penalties permitted by the Trade Practices Act are quite severe, there has been a reluctance by the courts to impose the maximum penalty. There has been a move recently to make certain offences under competition law (such as price fixing or participation in a cartel) into criminal offences rather than purely civil breaches. It is generally thought that the possibility of being found guilty of a criminal offence -- and the possibility of a custodial sentence for executives involved -- will provide a much stronger deterrent to anti-competitive behaviour. ******************* file_id: 485929 practice be . file_id: 485929 penalty be . file_id: 485929 company not_comply Trade_Practices_Act. file_id: 485929 individual fine_PASS . file_id: 485929 company find_PASS breach. ******************* Sympatry is one of three theoretical models for the phenomenon of speciation . In complete contrast to allopatry , species undergoing sympatric speciation are not geographically isolated by, for example, a mountain or a river. The speciating populations share the same territory. A number of models have been proposed to account for this mode of speciation. The most popular, disruptive speciation , was first put forward by John Maynard Smith in 1962. Smith suggested that heterozygous individuals may, under particular environmental conditions, have a greater fitness than those with allele s homozygous for a certain trait. Under the mechanism of natural selection , therefore, heterozygosity would be favoured over homozygosity, eventually leading to speciation. Several natural systems exhibit evidence of this form of speciation, including Rhagoletis pomonella , the apple maggot fly, which has made a sympatric shift from its ancestral host hawthorn fruit to introduced European apples roughly 150 years ago. Sympatric speciation events are most common in plants when they double or triple the number of chromosomes. Resulting in a condition called polyploidy . An example of this is found in strawberries . Wild strawberries are much smaller than store-bought ones. Wild strawberries are diploid , while the larger variant is triploid . When this chromosomal multiplication event occurs the new plants cannot breed with their parents, as they have a different number of chromosomes , and a new species is formed in the same location. They can be right next to each other, but they cannot produce any offspring . See also: adaptive radiation ******************* file_id: 487641 territory have fitness. file_id: 487641 Sympatric_speciation_events be trait. file_id: 487641 Wild_strawberries be . file_id: 487641 Wild_strawberries be . ******************* The Rural City of Mildura is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia . It is located in the north-western part of the state. It has an area of 22,214 square kilometres. Towns within the LGA includes Mildura itself and the effectively merged towns of Merbein and Red Cliffs, and also Ouyen a long way south and Hattah to the east. The Rural City Of Mildura covers most of the Mallee region of Victoria. Before the less infertile soils were fertilised and developed for the production of wheat and barley the whole region was covered in a dense mallee scrub of deep-rooting eucalypt s that regenerated after the frequent bushfire s in the region. Many of the soils are so sandy that clearing is impractical, and Murray-Sunset National Park covers almost a third of the area of the LGA. Other protected areas include Hattah-Kulkyne National Park and Murray-Kulkyne Park on the Murray River. The climate of the region is the driest in Victoria, and Ned's Corner in the remote northwest has the lowest average annual rainfall in the State at 240 millimetres (9.5 inches). In the south at Ouyen the average is 335 millimetres (13.5 inc h es). In all areas there can be considerable variation in annual rainfall: the range historically has been from 110 millimetres (4.5 inches) in 1967 to 605 millimetres (23.8 inches) in 1973. Temperatures are the hottest in Victoria and in summer maxima a ve rage 32°C (90°F) but often exceed 40°C (104°F). The winter is very pleasant with maxima of 16°C (60°F), but frost s are common in the morning and sometimes severe. The southeast of the LGA is used primarily for grain growing; however yield are erratic and often poor due to drought . In the north irrigated fruit (primarily oranges and grape s) growing is a huge earner of money and supports Mildura and nearby towns; however, salinity in the Murray River is a major threat to the long-term sustainability of these activities, as is competition from overseas citrus growers. In 2001 the Rural City of Mildura had a population of 48,000, most of which was located in Mildura and adjacent areas. Many of the small towns in the region have practically disappeared as service providers cut out services to save costs. ******************* file_id: 493023 town include Mildura. file_id: 493023 temperature be Victoria. file_id: 493023 earner save cost. ******************* The Seven Network is Australia 's largest television network , avaliable in major markets across Australia. Its parent company and namesake has, in recent years, grown into a diversified media company. Seven's main shareholder is Kerry Stokes , who also owns Australian Capital Equity and subsidiaries such as heavy equipment supplier Westrac . The network originated as an alliance of stations owned and operated by Fairfax (in Sydney) and The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd (in Melbourne). The Melbourne station was sold to Fairfax following Murdoch's takeover of HENTITY_WT; Fairfax in turn relinquished ownership of the Sydney and Melbourne flagships through the disastrous privatisation by Warwick Fairfax Jr. The buyer was the Qintex group, controlled by colourful entrepreneur Christopher Skase , a former Australian Financial Review journalist who had leveraged ownership of a small mining company to acquire specialist retail assets (eg the upmarket jeweller Hardy Bros) and then move into property development, notably the three Mirage resorts in Queensland and Hawaii. Qintex already held a station in Brisbane; following acquisition of the Sydney and Melbourne flagships it purchased stations in other capital cities. Qintex collapsed ingloriously after an unsuccessful takeover of MGM/UA, the Hollywood studio that has been recurrently bought and sold by Kirk Kerkorian. While originally focusing on running a television network, Seven has recently diversified into a range of other media areas over the past decade. Below are some of the businesses it has run, or is involved with: Seven has traditionally been the #2 television network in Australia, trailing Channel Nine . In 2005 Seven has had a major ratings resurgance with assistance from the following overseas programs: Seven is also renowned for producing top rating Australian productions, some of which include For full list of Seven programs see: The Seven Network was once Australia's unopposed home to sport. In 2001 the network ended a 40-year run as AFL football broadcaster when Nine and Ten jointly won the television rights. In the media, it is speculated that Seven will likely regain the rights in the next round of bidding. Channel Seven holds the broadcast rights to the following events: The Seven Network's news service is called . produces the following bulletins/programs: Seven News also assist in production of: Callsigns for Seven Network stations in the capital cities: The Seven Network also owns Seven Queensland , which covers the Regional Queensland market. This market covers the east coast of the state, except for South East Queensland . Seven Network programming is also carried by the following affiliate networks: ******************* file_id: 494657 network originate alliance. ******************* The Kennebec River is a river , 150 mi (240 km) long, in the state of Maine in the northeastern United States . It rises in Moosehead Lake in northern Maine and flows southward past the cities of Madison , Skowhegan , Waterville , the state capital Augusta , and the shipbuilding center of Bath . Near its mouth, it is joined by the Androscoggin River , at Merrymeeting Bay , a 16 mi (26 km) long freshwater, tidal bay. The river has been of great significance in the history of the region. It was explored by Samuel de Champlain in 1604 - 1605 . In 1607 , the Popham Colony , the first English colony in New England , was founded on a site near its mouth. The river also marked the northern border of the original 1622 land patent of the Province of Maine granted to Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason . In colonial times, it was known as the Sagadahoc River . The Virginia of Sagadahoc , the first oceangoing vessel built in the New World by English-speaking shipwrights, was launched into the river. Hundreds of wooden and steel vessels have since been launched on the Kennebec, particularly in Bath , the so-called City of Ships. The sole remaining shipyard is the Bath Iron Works , one of the few yards still building warships for the United States Navy . Prior to the industrial era, the river was prolific with runs of anadromous fish , in particular the Atlantic Salmon . The exploiting of hydroelectric power in the region reduced the runs of such fish. The removal of dams on the river has been a controversial local issue in recent years. The removal of the Edwards Dam in 1999 has led to increased anadromous activity on the river. The river drains a total area of 5,870 square miles (15,200 km²), and on average discharges nearly six billion (5,893 million) US gallons per day into Merrymeeting Bay at a rate of 9,111 cubic feet per second (258 m³/s). ******************* file_id: 499350 oceangoing_vessel build_PASS world. file_id: 499350 river be Androscoggin_River. file_id: 499350 six_billion s . ******************* Alfred Rosenberg ( January 12 , 1893 – October 16 , 1946 ) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi party, who later held several important posts in the Nazi government. At Nuremberg he was tried and sentenced to death as a war criminal. He is considered the main author of key Nazi ideological creeds, including its racial theory , persecution of the Jews , Lebensraum , abolition of the Versailles Treaty , and opposition to "degenerate" modern art . Born to Baltic German parents in Tallinn , Estonia , he studied architecture at the Riga Technical Institute and engineering at Moscow University, completing his Ph.D. studies in 1917 . During the Russian Revolution of 1917 , he supported the counter-revolutionaries and, following their failure, Rosenberg emigrated to Germany in 1918 along with Max Scheubner-Richter who was something of a mentor to Rosenberg & his ideology. Rosenberg was one of the earliest members of the German Workers Party (later the National Socialist German Workers Party , better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party), joining in January 1919 ; Hitler did not join until October 1919. Rosenberg became editor of the Völkischer Beobachter (National Observer), the Nazi party newspaper, in 1921 . In 1923 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch , Hitler appointed Rosenberg as a leader of the Nazi movement, a position he held until Hitler was released from prison. Hitler remarked privately in later years his choice of Rosenberg was strategic, based on Rosenberg's weak personality and lack of self-motivation. Hitler did not want the temporary leader of the Nazis to be a very popular or power-hungry man, as a person with either of the two qualities might not want to cede the party leadership after Hitler's release. In 1929 , Rosenberg founded the Militant League for German Culture . He became a deputy in 1930 and published his book on racial theory The Myth of the Twentieth Century ( Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts ) which deals with key issues in the national socialistic ideology such as the Jewish question. It was intended as a sequel to Houston Stewart Chamberlain 's book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century , one of the key proto-Nazi books of racial theory. He was named leader of the foreign political office of the NSDAP in 1933 but played little actual part in office. In January 1934 he was deputized by Hitler with responsibility for the spiritual and philosophical education of the NSDAP and all related organizations. Rosenberg was also the Nazi Party's chief racial theorist, in charge of building a human racial ladder that justified Hitler's policies. Rosenberg built on the works of Arthur de Gobineau , Houston Stewart Chamberlain , and Madison Grant , as well as the beliefs of Hitler. Rosenberg considered blacks as well as Jews and other Semitic peoples to be at the very bottom of the ladder. At the very top was the white or Aryan race. Rosenberg considered Nordic peoples to be the master race, superior to all others, including other Aryans. This master race included the Scandinavians, Germans, Balts, and the tribes of the British Isles (English, Irish, Scots, and Welsh). Germans, of course, were proclaimed to be the superior Nordic peoples, the master race of the master race. Rosenberg would reshape Nazi racial policy throughout the years, but it would always consist of White Supremacism, extreme German nationalism, and harsh anti-Semitism. Rosenberg argued for a new "religion of the blood", based on the supposed innate promptings of the Nordic soul to defend its noble character against racial corruption. He believed that this had been embodied in early Indo-European religions, notably ancient European Paganism, Zoroastrianism and Vedic Hinduism . Following the ideas of Chamberlain, he condemned what he called "negative Christianity", the orthodox beliefs of Protestant and Catholic churches, arguing instead for a new "positive" form of the religion based on Chamberlain's fantasy that Jesus was a member of a Nordic enclave resident in ancient Galilee who struggled against Judaism. For Rosenberg religious doctrine was not important, what mattered was that a belief should serve the interests of the Nordic race, connecting the individual to his racial nature. In 1940 he was made head of the Hohe Schule (literally "high school"), the Centre of National Socialistic Ideological and Educational Research . Rosenberg created a "Special Task Force for Music" ( Sonderstab Musik ) to collect the best musical instrument s and scores for use in a university to be built in Hitler's hometown of Linz, Austria . The orders given the Sonderstab Musik were to loot all forms of Jew ish property in Germany and of those found in any country taken over by the German army and any musical instruments or scores were to be immediately shipped to Berlin . Following the invasion of the USSR Rosenberg was appointed head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories . Alfred Meyer was his deputy and represented him at the Wannsee Conference . Another official of the Ministry, Georg Leibbrandt , also attended the conference, at Rosenberg's request. Rosenberg had presented Hitler with his plan for the organization of the conquered Eastern territories, suggesting the establishment of new administrative districts in future, to replace the Soviet territories in new Reichskommissar iats. These would be: Such suggestions were intended to encourage non- Russia n nationalism and to promote German interests for the benefit of future " Aryan " generations, in accord with geopolitical " Lebensraum im Osten" plans. They would provide a buffer against Soviet expansion in preparation for the total eradication of Communism and Bolshevism by decisive pre-emptive military action. Following these plans, when Wehrmacht forces invaded Soviet territory, they immediately implemented the first of the proposed Reichskomissariats in the Baltic states and Ukraine, under the leadership of Heinrich Lohse and Erich Koch respectively. The organization of these territories led to conflict between Rosenberg and the SS over the treatment of Slavs under German occupation. Having been born in a non-German country and having once been married to an ethnic Estonian woman, Rosenberg was appalled at the displacement, enslavement, and sometimes genocide of non-Jews in occupied Eastern countries. As Nazi Germany's chief racial theorist, Rosenberg considered Slavs, though lesser than Germans, to be fully Aryan. Rosenberg often complained to Hitler and Himmler about the treatment of non-Jewish occupied peoples. He made no complaints about the murders of Jews in the Holocaust . Rosenberg was captured by Allied troops at the end of the war. He was tried at Nuremberg and found guilty of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace ; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression ; war crimes ; and crimes against humanity . He was sentenced to death and executed with other guilty co-defendants at Nuremberg on the morning of October 16 , 1946 . For Hitler religion and philosophy were only tools for acquiring the absolute power of dictatorship, while for Rosenberg they were an end in themselves. Because he lacked the charisma and political skills of the other Nazi leaders, Rosenberg was isolated. In some of his speeches Hitler appeared to be close to Rosenberg's views: totally rejecting Christianity as weak, in favor of a folk religion of blood based upon the destiny assigned to the German people by God. On the other hand, Hitler felt compelled to appeal to Christians as well who made up a vast majority of the German population. He sought to exploit and ultimately to control Christianity, not suppress it. After his assumption of power he moved to reassure the Protestant and Catholic churches that the party was not intending to reinstitute Germanic paganism . He placed himself in the position of being the man to save Christianity from utter destruction at the hands of the atheistic Communist s of the Soviet Union . This was especially true immediately before and after the elections of 1932, Hitler wanted to appear non-threatening to major Christian faiths and consolidate his power. Some Nazi leaders were anti-Christian such as Erich Ludendorff and Martin Bormann and sympathetic to Rosenberg. Once in power however, Hitler and most Nazi leaders sought to suppress all Christian denominations in favor of something they called positive Christianity. They privately mocked Rosenberg's views and did not support small neo-pagan groups seeking parity with Christianity. While Rosenberg knew that he had powerful enemies in Goering, Himmler, and Goebbels, he believed that he still maintained favor with Hitler to the end according to his autobiography which he wrote shortly before his execution. Lt. Col. W.H. Dunn made a medical and psychiatric report on him in prison to evaluate him as a suicide risk: He gave the impression of clinging to his own theories in a fanatical and unyielding fashion and to have been little influenced by the unfolding during the trial of the cruelty and crimes of the party. (Cecil, p.219) Summarizing the unresolved conflict between the personal views of Rosenberg and the pragmatism of the Nazi elite: Rosenberg was married twice. He married his first wife, Hilda Leesmann , an ethnic Estonian , in 1915 ; after eight years of marriage, they divorced in 1923 . He married his second wife, Hedwig Kramer , in 1925 ; the marriage lasted until his death. He and Kramer had two children; a son, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Irene; who was born in 1930 . His daughter has, in the past, refused contact with anyone seeking information about her father. ******************* file_id: 50050 study support counter_-_revolutionaries. file_id: 50050 Rosenberg be parent. file_id: 50050 Rosenberg consider black. file_id: 50050 Rosenberg consider people. file_id: 50050 german be . file_id: 50050 score build_PASS hometown. file_id: 50050 instruments_or_scores be . file_id: 50050 Wehrmacht_forces invade territory. file_id: 50050 Rosenberg capture_PASS Allied_troops. file_id: 50050 leader be faith. file_id: 50050 leader seek . file_id: 50050 denomination call . ******************* :'' This article discusses sealed containers. '' For the American naval slang term, see Destroyer . A tin can , also called a tin (especially in British English ) or a can , is an air-tight container for the distribution or storage of goods, composed of thin metal, and requiring cutting or tearing of the metal as the means of opening. Cans hold diverse contents, but the overwhelming proportion preserve food by canning . The modern tin can is an elaboration of the invention in the decade of the 1800s by Nicolas Francois Appert ; it became a consumer standard late in the same century , primarily in industrialized countries but nearly universally known elsewhere. Cans with the most common, three-piece, construction usually have identical and parallel round tops and bottoms with vertical sides . However, where the small volume to be contained and/or the shape of the contents suggests it, the top and bottom may be rounded-cornered rectangle s or ovals. Other contents may justify a can that is overall somewhat conical shape . The fabrication of most cans results in at least one "rim", a narrow ring whose outside diameter is slightly larger than that of the rest of the can. The flat surfaces of rimmed cans are recessed from the edge of any rim (toward the middle of the can) by about the width of the rim; the inside diameter of a rim, adjacent to this recessed surface, is slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the rest of the can. Three-piece can construction results in top and bottom "rims"; in two-piece construction, one piece is a flat top and the other a cup-shaped piece that combines the (at least roughly) cylindrical wall and the round base; the transition between the wall and base is usually somewhat gradual. Such cans have a single rim at the top. In the mid- 20 th century , a few milk products were packaged in nearly rimless cans, reflecting different construction; in this case, one flat surface had a hole (for filling the nearly complete can) that was sealed after filling with a quickly solidifying drop of molten solder . Concern arose that the milk contained unsafe levels of lead leached from this solder plug. No cans presently in wide use are composed primarily or wholly of tin ; that term rather reflects the near-exclusive use in cans, until the last half of the 20 th century , of tin- plate d steel . Use of aluminum in cans began in the 1960s ; often the top is tin-plated steel and the rest of the can aluminum. A can usually has a printed paper or plastic label glued to the outside of the curved surface, indicating its contents. Less commonly, a label is painted directly onto the metal. Food that does not require complete sealing, and some non-food products like engine oil may be sold in can-like containers whose cardboard tube fills the role of the wall, with a metal top and bottom. Rimmed-can construction necessarily has three phases: The rim or rims already discussed (which later serve a function in the opening of the can) are crucial to the joining of the wall to a top or bottom surface. An extremely tight fit between the pieces must be accomplished to prevent leakage; the process of accomplishing this radically deforms small areas of the parts. Part of the tube that forms the wall is bent, almost at its end, turning outward through 90 degrees, and then bent further, toward the middle of the tube, until it is parallel to the rest of the tube, a total bend of 180 degrees. The outer edge of the flat piece is bent against this toward the middle of the tubular wall, until parallel with the wall, turning inward through 90 degrees. The edge of bent portion is bent further through another 90 degrees, inward now toward the axis of the tube and parallel to the main portion of the flat piece, making a total bend of 180 degrees. It is bent far enough inward that its circular edge is now slightly smaller in diameter than the edge of the tube. Bending it yet further, until it is parallel with the tube's axis, gives it a total bend of 270 degrees. Outward from the axis of the tube, the first surface is the unbent portion of the tub. Slightly further out is a narrow portion of the top, including its edge. The outward-bent portion of the tube, including its edge, is slightly further out. Furthest out is the 90-degree-bent portion of the flat surface. The combined interacting forces, as the portion of the flat surface adjacent to the interior of the tube is indented toward the middle of the tube and then outward away from the axis of the tube, and the other bent portions of the flat piece and the tube are all forced toward the axis of the tube, drives these five thicknesses of metal against each other from inside and out, forming a "dry" joint so tight that welding or solder is not needed to strengthen it. The outside of the rim (or either of the two rims) provides a strong surface useful in cutting into the nearby flat surface. The edge of the rim where it meets the outside surface of the wall at about a right angle is an anchorage used to pull a sharp edge on the can opener toward the middle of the can; using a can opener with moving parts, pressing teeth against that same edge provides for traction for turning the can relative to that anchorage point. A new style of can opener has recently emerged (US Patent 5,946,811) -- it cuts the rim neatly in half in the plane of the flat end, leaving half of the rim attached to the can and the other half attached to the flat end. No sharp edges are produced. The driving teeth are very much finer than those of the classical can opener and reside at the bottom of a V-shsped groove which surrounds the rim on three sides at the point of action. Discarded tin cans are commonly used in crafts, and a number of simple toy s can be made from them. Tin cans of the right size may also be used to make very effective Wi-Fi antennas . Discarded tin can lids tend to be sharp and care should be exercised when handling or disposing of them. ******************* file_id: 507190 container see destroyer. file_id: 507190 can hold contents. file_id: 507190 surface recess_PASS edge. file_id: 507190 milk_products package_PASS can. file_id: 507190 level leach_PASS solder_plug. file_id: 507190 non_-_food_products sell_PASS can. file_id: 507190 tin tend . ******************* This article is about witnesses in law courts. See witness (disambiguation) for other meanings and for various art and similar works by that and similar names. A witness is someone who has first-hand knowledge about a crime or dramatic event through their sense s (e.g. seeing, hearing, smelling, touching) and can help certify important considerations to the crime or event. A witness who has seen the event first-hand is known as an eye-witness . Witnesses are often called before a court of law to testify in trials. A subpoena commands a person to appear. In many jurisdiction s it is compulsory to comply, to take an oath , and tell the truth, under penalty of perjury . It is used to compel the testimony of witness es in a trial . Usually it can be issued by a judge or by the lawyer representing the plaintiff or the defendant in a civil trial or by the prosecutor or the defense attorney in a criminal proceeding. The oath taken by a person when taking the stand is, while there right hand is in the air and the left is on the Bible : Prosecutor: Do you swear that the testimony you are about to give is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help you God. :Witness: I Do Witness testimony is often presumed to be better than circumstantial evidence. Studies have shown that individual, separate witness testimony is often flawed and parts of it can be meaningless. This can occur because of a person's faulty observation and recollection, because of a person's bias, or because the witness is lying. If several witnesses witness a crime it is probative to look for similarities in their collective descriptions to substantiate the facts of an event, keeping in mind the contrasts of individual descriptions. One study involved an experiment in which subjects acted as jurors in a criminal case. Jurors heard a description of a robbery-murder, then a prosecution argument, then an argument for the defense. Some jurors heard only circumstantial evidence, others heard from a clerk who claimed to identify the defendant. In the first case, 18% percent found the defendant guilty, but in the second, 72% found the defendant guilty. (Loftus 1988) Lineups, where the eyewitness picks out a suspect from a group of people in the police station, are often grossly suggestive, and give the false impression that the witness remembered the suspect. In another study, students watched a staged crime. An hour later they looked through photos. A week later they were asked to pick the suspect out of lineups. 8% of the people in the lineups were mistakenly identified as criminals. 20% of the innocent people whose photographs were included were mistakenly identified. (University of Nebraska 1977) Another study looked at sixty-five cases of "erroneous criminal convictions of innocent people." In 45% of the cases, eyewitness mistakes were responsible. (Borchard p. 367). A witness who specializes in an area of study relevant to the crime is called an expert witness . Scientists and doctors are often called to give expert witness testimony. A certain number of witnesses are legally required to be present at wedding s and certain other official events, and may have to sign a register as evidence of the event having taken place. Many other legal documents require witnesses to signature s; the witness does not need to read the document, but does need to see it being signed. The witness should not be party to the transaction, so in the case of will s, the witness should not be one of the beneficiaries. In another sense witnesses also help out the scientific community, such as persons who observe natural disaster s and other phenomenom. Witnesses and their testimony in these events are extremely valuable, as scientists and meteorologists rarely have the needed equipment to record these events from an up-close-and-personal perspective. In extreme cases, like the study of extraterrestrial s and unidentified flying object s, witness testimony may be the only source of information; consequently, said events tend to be met with spececulation and doubt. There have been a number of films and television dramas revolving around the idea of the witness, generally with the word in their title - Witness for the Prosecution , Witness (television series) , Silent Witness , Mute Witness , and Witness (1985 movie) . ******************* file_id: 50956 article be witness. file_id: 50956 consideration s . file_id: 50956 study show_PASS . file_id: 50956 subject act juror. file_id: 50956 eyewitness pick suspect. file_id: 50956 student watch crime. file_id: 50956 photograph include_PASS . file_id: 50956 University look case. file_id: 50956 eyewitness_mistakes be . file_id: 50956 document require witness. ******************* See also: Lindsey, Suffolk Until 1974 , Lindsey was a unit of local government in Lincolnshire , England . Administratively , the Isle of Axholme has normally formed part of it but geographically , it is separate, on the other side of the River Trent . Its name means the 'island of Lincoln'. This derives from the fact that it was surrounded by water and very wet land and had Lincoln towards its south-west corner. In the period of Anglian settlement in Britain beginning in about 450 , it was one of the petty Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which formed the English Heptarchy . Although it has its own list of kings, at an early date it came under external influence. It was from time to time effectively part of Deira , the Northumbria n kingdom and particularly later, of Mercia . Lindsey's independence was gone well before the arival of the Danish Settlers . A collection of genealogies , created in the last years of king Offa 's reign, gives the names of the ruling lineage of Lindsey. The early names will relate either to life in Angeln or to a boastful genealogy arising from gods such as Woden . From Winta on, the names will refer to the early leaders in Lindsey. Only the last individual (Aldfrið or Ealdfrith) can be securely dated: Frank Stenton refers to an Anglo-Saxon charter (BCS 262) which mentions Ealdfrith, and dates its writing to some time between the years 787 and 796 . If Winta arived in Lindsey in 487 , these leaders will have been in charge for an average of thirty years each. While this is not impossible, it seems rather a long time unless life was relatively peaceful. When, about a thousand years ago, the English shires were established, it became part of Lincolnshire. It and each of Kesteven and Holland , acquired the formal designation of Parts. Thus it became the 'Parts of Lindsey'. In 1888 , modern local government was invented in the form of elected county council s. Each of the Parts was given the status and responsibilities of a county with their own county council. Lindsey was a fairly extensive county so, like Yorkshire , was divided into three riding s, North, West and South. The Parts of Lindsey lasted until April 1 1974 when, as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , the northern zone (not the North Riding) of Lindsey was placed in the newly-formed non-metropolitan county of Humberside while a new Lincolnshire authority took over the remainder. The original Lindsey was divided into administrative district s. Those in the modern non-metropolitan Lincolnshire were: Those in Humberside were: The map to the right, shows the districts of the now-defunct Humberside. The highlighted one is Glanford. To its east is Cleethorpes which surrounds Great Grimsby. To Glanford's west is Boothferry and the enclave within Glanford is Scunthorpe. In 1996 these Humberside districts were re-grouped into unitary authorities . In other words, the new units perform the duties of both county and administrative district. The two unitary authorities represent the most urbanized part of traditional Lincolnshire. ******************* file_id: 510158 cleethorpe surround Great_Grimsby. file_id: 510158 unit perform duty. ******************* The George W. Bush military service controversy is an ongoing American political controversy regarding U.S. President George W. Bush and the differing contentions about his service with the Texas Air National Guard during the Vietnam War. The controversy gained national mass media attention during the 2000 presidential campaign and again in the 2004 presidential campaign. Prior to his presidential campaigns, opponents of Bush invoked various contentions about his service during his successful Texas Gubernatorial campaigns in 1994 and 1998. The controversy resurfaced once again in 2005, after Bush nominated Harriet Miers to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1998, Miers, then the president of a prominent Dallas law firm and Bush's personal attorney, was paid $19,000 by the Bush gubernatorial re-election campaign to examine rumors questioning Bush's service in the National Guard. Bush enlisted in the Texas Air National Guard on May 27, 1968 during the Vietnam War, with a commitment to serve until May 26, 1974. In his 1968 Statement of Intent (undated), he wrote, "I have applied for pilot training with the goal of making flying a lifetime pursuit and I believe I can best accomplish this to my own satisfaction by serving as a member of the Air National Guard as long as possible." He performed Guard duty as an F-102 pilot through April 1972, logging a total of 336 flight hours and was promoted once during his service, to first lieutenant . In November 1970, Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, the commander of the Texas Air National Guard, recommended that Bush be promoted to First Lieutenant, calling him "a dynamic outstanding young officer" who stood out as "a top notch fighter interceptor pilot." He said that "Lt. Bush's skills far exceed his contemporaries," and that "he is a natural leader whom his contemporaries look to for leadership. Lt. Bush is also a good follower with outstanding disciplinary traits and an impeccable military bearing." Bush's six-year obligation to serve required him to maintain his immediate readiness as an individual and a member of a unit to be called to active duty in the event of a national emergency. Bush's military records indicate that until May 1972 he fulfilled that obligation. But from that point on, Bush failed to meet the general requirements established by Federal law, Department of Defense regulations, and Air Force policies and procedures for "obliged" members of the Air National Guard, as well as the specific requirements for pilots established by the Air Force. Prominent American liberal political figures--most notably Democratic Party Chairman Terry McAuliffe and documentary filmmaker Michael Moore--have questioned whether Bush's father used his political influence to keep him out of the Vietnam War. During the 1968-1974 period, Presidents Johnson and Nixon decided against calling up National Guard units for service in Vietnam. As a result, National Guard service was widely seen as a way to avoid combat. The waiting list for the Guard at that time was extremely long, and there have been charges that young men from influential families were improperly moved to the top of the list (a similar accusation was leveled at J. Danforth Quayle III, who served in the Indiana National Guard, and was vice-president in 1989-93, when Bush's father was president). According to some news reports, Bush jumped to the top of a list of over 500 applicants for his position as a pilot despite receiving the minimum passing score (25) on the pilot entrance aptitude test and listing no other qualifications. Other reports indicated that although there were many candidates interested in weekend enlisted duty, there were fewer, if any, people who were both sufficiently educated to qualify for an officer pilot position and willing to commit to the more than one year of full-time service required of Air National Guard pilots. Ben Barnes, the former Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives and Lieutenant Governor of Texas, stated under oath that he had called the head of the Texas Air National Guard, Brig. Gen. James Rose, to recommend Bush for a pilot spot at the request of Bush family friend Sidney Adger . Later, Barnes repeated these claims in a speech to his fellow Kerry supporters in Texas and in an interview with CBS News on 8 September 2004. Shortly after, Barnes' daughter Amy publicly challenged the credibility of her father's story. Former Texas legislator Jake Johnson has stated that before General Rose died, Rose told him that he had been responsible for Bush's acceptance into the Guard. Yoshi Tsurumi, one of Bush's Harvard professors, claims that Bush told him that his "Dad's friends" got him into the Guard. Both George W. Bush and his father have stated that they did not ask Adger to intercede and were unaware of any action he may have taken. Walter Staudt, the colonel in command of Bush's squadron, has stated that he accepted Bush's application without receiving any outside pressure to do so. In a 1994 interview, Bush stated that his reason for joining the Guard was a standard one: "I was not prepared to shoot my eardrum out with a shotgun in order to get a deferment. Nor was I willing to go to Canada. So I chose to better myself by learning how to fly airplanes" The unit in which Bush served was known as a " Champagne unit," where the scions of the Texas aristocracy could avoid combat duty with relatively few demands on their time. Serving in that unit with Bush were the sons of three prominent men: Democratic Governor John Connally, Democratic Senator and future Vice-Presidential nominee Lloyd Bentsen, and Republican Senator John Tower, as well as seven members of the Dallas Cowboys professional football club, and a man named James R. Bath, who would become a longtime friend of Bush's. Air National Guard members could volunteer for active duty service with the Air Force in a program called Palace Alert, which deployed F-102 pilots to Europe and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam and Thailand. According to three pilots from Bush's squadron, Bush inquired about this program well after all F-102s had been withdrawn from Southeast Asia, and was advised by the base commander that he did not have the necessary experience (500 hours) at the time and that the program was winding down and not accepting more volunteers. Flight logs released by the White House in September, 2004 in response to a lawsuit (see below) showed that Bush had been flying the F-102A Delta Dagger, an interceptor until February and March of 1972, when he was assigned to a T-33, a two-seat trainer. He also resumed conducting practice sessions on a flight simulator. Both changes are unusual; they are signs of flight performance problems. Janet Linke, the widow of the pilot who replaced Bush in the Texas unit, said in a recent interview that she (and her husband) had been privy to adverse comments about Bush's performance from his commanding officer: "He was mucking up bad, Killian told us," Linke said. "He just became afraid to fly." Linke's version of events have not been corroborated. The final two entries of Bush's official flight logs show him being assigned to work as an instructional pilot in late May 1972 at a Texas Air National Guard base. But Bush left for Alabama in mid-May (see next section) and his pay records show he wasn't paid for any work on the two dates of the instructional pilot assignment. The logs have a code indicating the assignments were eventually deleted from his official records. By regulation, National Guard pilots were required to take and pass an annual physical in order to remain in flight status, in the three months prior to a pilot's birthday (in Bush's case, July 6). For reasons that are unclear, Bush apparently chose not to take this mandatory physical examination in mid-1972. As a result, his flight status was suspended by a National Guard Bureau order on September 29 1972 , which meant he no longer was authorized to fly as a pilot. The same order suspended the flight status of Major James R. Bath, a long-time friend of Bush. The order directs Bush to acknowledge the suspension in writing ("Off will comply with para 2-10, AFM 35-13"). Air Force regulations required the commander of Bush's Texas National Guard unit to "direct an investigation as to why the individual failed to accomplish the medical examination." Following the investigation, the local commander was required to either convene a Flying Evaluation Board to review Bush’s suspension or to forward a detailed report on his case up the chain of command. Either way, there should have been a record of the investigation. (Arizona Daily Star, February 12 2004, ) Bush has claimed that he wanted to wait to take the physical until it could be done by his own private doctor, but regulations required that the physical be performed by an Air Force doctor. Flight physicals were typically given during a drill weekend. Air Force Flight Surgeons were assigned to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, where Bush was drilled in October and November 1972 and in January 1973. There is no record of a physical being taken in either 1972 or in 1973, the last two years in which Bush attended drills. According to his released military records, Bush never flew again as a National Guard pilot after April 1972. Bush has claimed that he did not take the National Guard flight physical because he was no longer flying and it was therefore unnecessary. This is incorrect - during all of 1972 he was assigned to a pilot's position in his unit, and an annual flight physical is required of all assigned pilots. Rumors of Bush's use of cocaine in his youth have prompted speculation by Bush critics that Bush was afraid of testing positive for illegal drug use (random drug testing during physicals had begun in 1972). (For more information, see the article on the George W. Bush substance abuse controversy.) During 2004, various people, including Democratic National Committee chairman Terry McAuliffe, accused Bush of being absent without leave ( AWOL) from the National Guard in 1972-73. Initially, these charges were based on gaps in the documentation of Bush's service. As records were released (see separate section, below) during 2004, the accusations were based on actual gaps in service (one exceeding six months) and the number of drills performed. White House communications director Dan Bartlett and others, who called the charge election-year propaganda, attempted to rebut the charges by noting that Bush was honorably discharged and that there is no known record of an AWOL charge against him. Critics also contend that Bush could have been given an honorable discharge by the National Guard due to his influential father, who at the time was the US Ambassador to the United Nations and had held a number of influential positions, including Chairman of the Republican National Committee. Released military records show that Bush's documented service record through mid-April 1972 (Bush drilled on the 15th and 16th) is without gaps. Then, on May 24, 1972, Bush filled out a form requesting a transfer to the 9921st Air Reserve Squadron in Montgomery, Alabama. According to his application, he was already in Alabama at work on the Senate campaign of Winton M. Blount, who was a friend of his father. Bush was employed by the firm of Allison & Travalan in Montgomery; Jimmy Allison was a longtime family friend. On May 26, Reese H. Bricken, commander of the 9921st, wrote to Bush to tell him that his application had been accepted. On July 21, 1972, the Air Reserve Personnel Center in Denver, the final approval authority, rejected Bush's reassignment request to the 9921st, stating that as "an obliged Reservist" he could only be "assigned to a specific Ready Reserve Position." The ARPC wrote that Bush "is ineligible for assignment to an Air Reserve Squadron." According to Bricken, in an interview with the Boston Globe , We met just one weeknight a month. We were only a postal unit. We had no airplanes. We had no pilots. We had no nothing.. This rejection left Bush obligated to continue his duty with his Texas Air National Guard unit, the 111th at Ellington Air Force Base near Houston, Texas. From the records, and from statements from Colonel Bricken, it seems clear that Bush did not report for any duty at the 9921st, and no claims to the contrary have been made. Pay sheet summaries and attendance records show no recorded service, and no payments for service, from mid-April until late-October 1972. Bush's failure to drill in Alabama during July, August, and September 1972 potentially means that Bush was "Absent Without Leave" for the months in question, and that even if he later "made up" the absences (most were not), he was AWOL at the time. Lawrence Korb, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for President Ronald Reagan, has reviewed the payroll records and concluded that they indicate that Bush did not fulfill his obligations and could have been ordered to active duty as a result. On September 5, 1972, Bush requested permission to "perform equivalent duty" at the 187th Tactical Recon Group in Alabama "for the months of September, October, and November." He quickly received approval to do so, and was told to report to Lt. Col. William Turnipseed, the base commander, for drills on October 7 and 8, and November 4 and 5 (the September drill dates of the unit had already passed). Bush's grandfather, former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, died of cancer on October 8th, and Bush served as a pallbearer at the funeral in Greenwich, Connecticut. Turnipseed has said that he could not recall whether Bush reported on those occasions. Bush's records do not list any service on those dates, but they do show that he was paid for service on October 28 and 29, a weekend; on November 11 and 12, also a weekend; and November 13 and 14, a Tuesday and Wednesday. The location of the service and the duties performed are not described in any released records. In 2004, a man named John "Bill" Calhoun, a former Alabama Air National Guard officer who had served at the Dannelly Air National Guard Base in Montgomery, home of the 187th, claimed he had seen Bush report for duty eight to 10 times between May and October 1972, and that Bush had in fact spent time in his office. His recollection has been questioned due to the fact that Bush did not apply for temporary duty with the 187th until September of that year. A column in the Birmingham News (Alabama) elicited memories from people who remembered Bush when he was in Alabama: "None have specific recollections about Bush and the National Guard. Some heard he was serving but never saw for themselves." Opinions of him during this time ranged from good (amiable, well liked, and fond of sports) to bad (bragging about drinking and allegations he trashed a cottage where he was living). One coworker on the Blount campaign staff, Archibald Blount, a relative of Blount, claimed that Bush was known during this time as the "Texas Souffle", for his supposed character of looking good on the outside but not having much on the inside. Samuel Blount, the candidate's son, who also worked with Bush, said he did not remember such behavior. Released records show that Bush was paid for service for the days of January 4-6 and 8-10, 1973, and that he received a dental examination at Dannelly in Alabama on January 6. It is unclear why he stayed - or returned - to Alabama in January, since his campaign job had ended in November (with the defeat of candidate Blount). Between 1972 and 1973, Bush dated Mavanee Bear, another member of Blount's campaign staff. Bear stated "I know he served" because he had to regularly reschedule meetings, but also stated "I didn't see him in uniform." When later back in Texas, she frequently saw him in uniform, stating "I think he was mostly just flying in circles over Houston." . Back in Houston, in late 1972 or early 1973, Bush did unpaid volunteer work for a number of months with an inner-city poverty program, Project P.U.L.L. (Professional United Leadership League) the brainchild of the late John White, a former professional football player and civic leader. As for National Guard work, pay records and attendance records show no service in February or March, and two days of paid drilling on April 7-8. The April service presumably occurred at his home base, Ellington Air Force Base, in Houston. However there is nothing in the released documents showing that he actually reported on those days, or where, or what duties he performed. In a document dated May 2, 1973, Bush's immediate superiors gave him his annual performance review for the period from May 1 1972 to April 30 1973. The review stated that "Lt. Bush has not been observed at this unit during the period of the report." Lt. Col. William D. Harris Jr. and Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian also wrote, "A civilian occupation made it necessary for him to move to Montgomery, Ala. He cleared this base on 15 May 1972 and has been performing equivalent training in a non-flying status with the 187 Tac Recon Gp. Dannelly ANG Base, Alabama." For May 1973, Bush was paid for service on 1-3, 8-11, 19-20, 22-24, and 29- 31 May. For June, he was paid for 5 days; for July (his last month of drilling) for 19 days. As of the end of July, 1973, he had been in the National Guard for a little over five years. On May 27 1968, Bush signed a six year obligation to complete "48 scheduled inactive-duty training periods" each fiscal year (typically consisting of four four-hour periods during one weekend each month), plus a minimum of 15 days of Annual Active Duty Training (for Bush, as a pilot, typically split into periods of duty of a few days each during the year). Some critics have claimed (1) that disciplinary action should have been taken against Bush for his failure to meet his service obligation during 1972 and 1973, because he missed so many drills, and that (2) Bush should not have been released from the Texas National Guard in October 1973 because he had not fulfilled his six-year obligation. Defenders of President Bush have countered that he was honorably discharged, which normally would not happen if he had not satisfactorily completed his service. In early 2004, at the request of the White House, retired Texas Air National Guard Lieutenant Colonel Albert Lloyd reviewed Bush's payroll records and stated that Bush earned 253 points for service done during his 1968-69 retirement year ( May 27 through May 26 of the following year), 340 points for 1969-70, 137 points for 1970-71, 112 points for 1971-72, 56 points for 1972-73, and 56 points for 1973-74. National Guard members needed at least 50 points for a given year for a satisfactory retirement year. The memorandum from Lloyd concluded 'This clearly shows that 1LT George Bush has satisfactory years for both 72-73 and 73-74 which proves that he completed his military obligation in a satisfactory manner." In February 2004, Factcheck.org, a non-partisan group that analyzes many claims by politicians and groups for accuracy, concluded that "despite a six-month gap in service while working on a Senate campaign in Alabama, Air Force Reserve records show Bush was credited with enough points to meet his requirements for that year -- barely." With regard to drill attendance, there are two major problems with Lloyd's conclusions, other than that the records actually show that the points for 1973-74 should, by his methodology, total 50, not 56. (Lloyd has acknowledged this error.) The first, and lesser, is that Lloyd's gave 15 points to Bush for his membership in the National Guard during his 1973-74 retirement year (in National Guard terminology, these are called gratuitous points). 15 points is what a National Guard member would get for a full year of service. But because Bush went to inactive status as of October 1 1973, he was entitled to only 5 gratuitous points (for the period of May 27 to September 30), not 15 points (for an entire 12 months). Bush's "ARF Retirement Credit Summary" of January 30, 1974, does in fact show 40 points, ten points less than calculated by Lloyd (after correcting his math error). The second problem is more serious. The '50 point' standard is used to determine whether or not a particular service year (as noted above, May 27 through the following May 26) is counted as a "good year" for military retirement benefits. The more appropriate measure of whether Bush met his obligations is the attendance requirements, which, for the National Guard, are on a fiscal year (which, in 1972 and 1973, was July 1 through the following June 30). Regulations allowed commanders to excuse a National Guard member for a maximum of 10% of these training drills in any given fiscal year, thus requiring that Bush complete at least 43 drills to satisfy his obligation. Failure to complete the required drills would, according to the (standard) signed obligation, allow the National Guard to transfer Bush to active duty, quite possibly in Vietnam. Bush's payroll records show that he was paid for only 40 drill periods in the 1972-73 fiscal year (he missed, and did not make up, May and June) and for only 36 for the 1973-74 fiscal year (he missed, and did not make up, July, August, and September). In addition, his payroll records show only 9 days of Annual Active Duty Training in fiscal year 1972-73, all in May (1-3, 8-10, and 22-24). When asked about attendance requirements, Lloyd stated that if these standards were strictly enforced then "90 percent of the people in the Guard would not have made satisfactory participation." Bush's defenders have also argued that, at a time with a glut of pilots with the end of the Vietnam War, Bush was doing the Air National Guard a favor by leaving early, because excess pilots were then being assigned to desk jobs. A final issue concerning Bush's inactive duty training is worth noting. National Guard regulations only allowed weekend drills to be made up during the period of 15 days prior to the scheduled drill to 30 days after the scheduled drill. In fiscal year 1972-73, three months of drills for which Bush was paid were in violation of this requirement. (He was paid for November 13-14, 1972, in place of December 2-3; for January 6 and 8, 1973, in place of February 10-11; and for January 9-10 in place of March 10-11.) In fiscal year 1973-74, two more months of drills for which Bush was paid were in violation of this requirement. (He was paid for July 16-17 in place of August 18-19, and for July 18-19 in place of September 22-23.) It is unclear why the centralized Air Force payroll system was not programmed to reject the pay input for these weekends; possibly these exceptions were not uncommon. On July 30 1973, his last day of paid service in the Texas National Guard, Bush signed a statement that "I have been counseled this date regarding my plans to leave my present Reserve of sic assignment due to moving from this area. I undestand that: a. If I disassociate from my current Ready Reserve Assignment, it is my responsibility to locate and be assigned to another Reserve Forces unit or mobilization augmentation position. If I fail to do so, I am subject to involuntary order to active duty for up to 24 months under the provisions of AFM 35-3, chapter 14." There is no record that Bush attempted to find a position in any National Guard unit, or in drilling Air Force Reserve unit, or any position that would have met the criteria mentioned in his July 30 1973 statement. On September 5, 1973, Bush requested discharge from service, to be effective on October 1. He wrote, "I am moving to Boston, Massachusetts to attend Harvard Business School as a full time student." Jerry Killian recommended approval of the discharge the following day. Bush had completed five years, four months, and five days toward his six-year service obligation. On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to the inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado. He was discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974. Arguments have been made that since Bush's service should have ended in May 1974 (he enlisted in May 1968 and had a six-year obligation), there was some sort of disciplinary action involved with his discharge from the Texas Air National Guard that resulted in an additional six months of obliged service. No documents to prove such arguments have been produced. During the 2000 presidential campaign, various military records of Bush were made public by the Bush campaign. On February 13, 2004, more than 700 additional pages of documents on Bush's service were released, including those from the National Personnel Records Center, under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. This release is claimed by some to contradict the February 8 2004, statement by Bush to Meet the Press interviewer Tim Russert that "We did authorize the release of everything in 2000, by the way." In response, Bush contended that he was referring only to documents already in his possession, as opposed to the newly released documents from military sources. James Moore, an Emmy Award winning TV news correspondent from Texas, has said that the documents that were given out in February 2004 were incomplete because they "were shipped to General Danny James in Washington. They were all printed out and vetted by General James' office. Then they were sent to the White House, and they were vetted by the White House. And then they did the Friday evening document dump on the reporters." . He also said that he has a statement from the National Personnel Records Center that the records of George W. Bush have not been altered in any way since they were committed to microfiche there. He believes that full disclosure of the entire microfiche could be quite damning . On June 22 2004, The Associated Press sued the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Air Force, seeking access to all of Bush's records during his military service. On July 8 2004, the Pentagon reported that the microfilm ed payroll records of Bush and numerous other service members had been inadvertently ruined in 1996 and 1997 by the Defense Finance and Accounting Service during a project to salvage deteriorating microfilm. The records lost included those covering July through September of 1972, when Bush's claims of service in Alabama are in question, and the Pentagon reported that no paper backups could be found. On July 23 2004, the Pentagon reported that the records it had previously reported destroyed had been found. A Pentagon official said the earlier statement that the records were destroyed was an "inadvertent oversight." The Pentagon released computerized payroll records covering Bush's 1972 service. Like the records released earlier by the White House, the newly released documents did not indicate that Bush performed any drills, in Alabama or elsewhere, during July through September of 1972. On September 9 2004, the White House released the flight logs recording the flights done by George Bush as a pilot. A Pentagon spokeswoman said the logs were found at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, which is the central repository for veterans' records. She said the logs were found among a batch of records sent to St. Louis from Norton Air Force Base in 1993, which were originally thought to contain records of active-duty officers rather than of National Guardsmen such as Bush. On September 29 2004, the White House released a November 1974 document, saying it had been in Bush's personnel file and that it had been found by the Pentagon. On October 5 2004, more than a week after a court-imposed deadline to turn over all records of Bush's military service, the Texas Air National Guard produced two previously unreleased documents (four pages of records) that include Bush's orders for his last day of active duty in 1973. On October 14 2004, the Texas National Guard released 31 pages of documents found by two retired Army lawyers who went through Guard files under an agreement between the Texas National Guard and The Associated Press, which sued to gain access to the files. A Guard spokesman defended the continuing discoveries, saying Guard officials didn’t find all of Bush’s records because they are disorganized and in poor shape. "These boxes are full of dirt and rat (excrement) and dead bugs. They have never been sitting in an uncontrolled climate," said Lt. Col. John Stanford. "It’s a tough task to go through archives that were not set up in a way that you could easily go through them." Coincident with CBS News's September 8 2004, interview with Ben Barnes was the release of another set of documents relating to preferential treatment during Bush's National Guard service. The documents, allegedly from the personal files of the late Jerry Killian, added new allegations against Bush, but their authenticity was immediately attacked by bloggers. CBS and Dan Rather initially defended the documents and the report but, on September 20, CBS News stated that it had been "misled" and that it should not have used the documents. The documents are widely considered to be recent forgeries, however the independent commission established to investigate the incident concluded it was impossible to determine the authenticy, or lack thereof, of the Killian memos. Futhermore, the commission also concluded, though the documents were potentially false, evidence indicates they still accurately reflected Lt. Col. Killian's opinion of Bush's quality of service (per the testimony of Killian's secretary - Marion Carr Knox). The validity of Rather's original story (and its accuracy irrespective of the Killian memos) have largely been under-reported by the media, having been eclipsed by the controversy surrounding the memos themselves. On October 14 2000, the Birmingham (Alabama) News reported that a group of Alabama veterans offered $1,000 to "anyone with proof that Texas Gov. George W. Bush actually served in the Alabama National Guard." It went unclaimed. (The original Birmingham News article is now archived. An abstract can be located by searching the Birmingham News October 2000 archives for "bush veterans vietnam $1000" .) On February 23, 2004, cartoonist Garry Trudeau, creator of Doonesbury, personally offered a highly-publicized $10,000 reward (in the form of a donation in the winner's name to the USO, which entertains U.S. troops) to anyone who had "personally witnessed" Bush reporting for drills at Dannelly Air National Guard Base between May and November 1972 . As of yet, the reward has not been paid. On February 27, 2004, Trudeau announced that despite over 1,300 responses, his offer had unearthed no new evidence to show that Bush actually turned up for duty in the time period in question. A spokeswoman for the Republican National Committee dismissed the reward as a "silly stunt." Trudeau agreed, saying, "She's right, but as a simple investigative cartoonist, I don't have a very big tool kit." In September 2004, the 527 group" Texans for Truth", offered a $50,000 reward to anyone who could prove that Bush fulfilled his service requirements by either "first-hand, eye-witness testimony," or authentic "documentary evidence." ******************* ******************* The NAAFI ( Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes ) ( pronounced ) is a non-profit retaining organisation created by the British government in 1921 to run recreational establishments needed by the Armed Forces, and to sell goods to servicemen and their families. It runs clubs, bars, shops, supermarkets, launderette s, restaurants, cafés and other facilities on most British military bases and also canteens on board Royal Navy ships. Commissioned officer s are not usually supposed to use the NAAFI clubs and bars, since their mess es provide these facilities and their entry, except on official business, is considered to be an intrusion into junior ranks' private lives. NAAFI personnel serving aboard ship are part of the Naval Canteen Service (NCS), wear naval uniform and have battle stations, but remain civilians. NAAFI personnel can also join the Expeditionary Forces Institute (EFI), which provides NAAFI facilities in war zones. EFI personnel are members of the Territorial Army serving on special engagements, bear ranks and wear uniform. ******************* file_id: 514705 establishment need_PASS Armed_Forces. file_id: 514705 personnel be member. ******************* Neil Sedaka (born March 13 , 1939 in Brooklyn, New York ) is an American Brill Building pop singer , songwriter and pianist . He teamed up with Howard Greenfield to write many major hit songs for himself and others. His best-known Billboard Hot 100 hits are,"Oh, Carol" (in reference to Carole King ) (#9), "Calendar Girl" (#4) and "Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen" (#6) in 1961, "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (#1) (1962), "Laughter in the Rain" (#1, 1975), and "Bad Blood" (#1, also 1975). He and Greenfield also wrote "Love Will Keep Us Together", a No. 1 hit for The Captain and Tennille and the best selling record of 1975 . The popular recording of the song includes the lyrics "Sedaka is back" in the coda . Sedaka was born to the son of the Turkish Jewish immigrant to Brooklyn and an Ashkenazi Jewish mother. Sedaka began performing with the piano as a youth, and played on a classical music radio station, as well as studying at Juilliard . He also began experimenting with doo wop and rock and roll , playing in an early version of The Tokens . His composition, "Stupid Cupid" was a 1958 success for Connie Francis , and Sedaka signed as a solo performer. A string of hits followed, ending in about 1963 . Sedaka returned to the forefront in 1973 , helping ABBA write the song " Ring Ring " for the Eurovision contest. Later in the 1970s , after he experienced a comeback both in recording and songwriting, he began working in England with Elton John and continued touring for many years after that. In 1976, Sedaka recorded a new version of "Breaking Up is Hard to Do," a ballad which sounded very different from the original version released in 1962. It made #8 on the pop charts; the original made it to #1. This is an exceedingly uncommon event; the only other instance in the rock era of a performer charting twice with two different versions of the same song is Eric Clapton 's Layla . The ballad version charted at #1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. He was also the writer of the popular song 'Amarillo' a song he wrote for Britain 's Tony Christie , it reached the top 40 in the UK (twice 1971 and 2005 - hitting #1 the second time thanks to an amusing video starring Christie, Peter Kay and many other celebrities ) and also reached #1 in Spain and Germany in 1971. Sedaka later recorded the song himself, taking it into the US Hot 100 singles chart. In 1962, Neil Sedaka married his wife, Leba, and they are still together. They have two children: daughter Dara, a recording artist and vocalist for television and radio commercials, and son Marc, a screenwriter who lives in Los Angeles. In 1980, Sedaka had a Top Ten hit with "Should've Never Let You Go," which he recorded with Dara. Marc and his wife, Samantha, are the parents of twin girls, Amanda and Charlotte, who were born in 2003 and are Neil Sedaka's first grandchildren. Marc and Samantha also gave birth to a son, Ethan, in 2005. Neil Sedaka hopes that all of his grandchildren will learn to play the piano. In 1985, Sedaka composed songs for the anime series Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam . These included the two opening themes "Zeta - Toki wo Koete" and "Mizu no Hoshi e Ai wo Komete". As well as the ending theme "Hoshizora e no Beleive". Due to rights issues, the production company Sunrise, Inc. could not come to an agreement for the use of the songs in North America. Controversially, the songs were then replaced with other music for the North American DVD release. In 2005, Sedaka continues to perform regularly. He now has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a petition is under way for Sedaka to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. ******************* file_id: 518843 Billboard_Hot_100 be . file_id: 518843 Sedaka compose_PASS song. ******************* Abe Vigoda (born February 24 , 1921 , in New York City ) is an American movie and television actor best known for his supporting character roles, notably as mobster Sal Tessio in the 1972 movie The Godfather and as Detective Sgt. Fish on the television series Barney Miller and the spinoff Fish . Before " Barney Miller ", he made a few appearances on the ABC-TV soap " Dark Shadows ". He has been mentioned in popular works by artists such as the Beastie Boys . He makes regular appearances as himself on the television show Late Night with Conan O'Brien . In 1982 , Vigoda enjoyed a little extra publicity when People magazine erroneously declared him dead . Vigoda took the error with good humor, posing for a photograph showing him sitting up in a coffin, holding the magazine in question. Since then his erroneous death has remained a running joke for Vigoda. In 1999 Vigoda experienced a potentially life-threatening situation. While a passenger aboard AA Flight 160 from San Diego to New York, the plane experienced a burst compressed air line in the passenger cabin. Oxygen masks were deployed, and the plane made an emergency descent and landing in Palm Springs. Vigoda and 5 other passengers were listed as "slightly injured". In May 2001, Greg Galcik created abevigoda.com, a single-page site displaying "Abe Vigoda's status" which reports whether Abe Vigoda is currently alive or dead. In 2002 , Galcik recorded a gothic rock song Abe Vigoda's Dead , a parody of Bela Lugosi's Dead by Bauhaus . The Abe Vigoda Status extension for the Mozilla Firefox web browser, released in late 2004 , shows "Abe Vigoda's current status" in the status bar of the Firefox browser (at the time of this writing, it claims that Mr. Vigoda is "alive"). Originally, it retrieved Mr. Vigoda's status from abevigoda.com. On 14 February , 2005 , the extension was listed on Fark.com . Due to massive publicity generated by this listing, abevigoda.com was temporarily knocked out of commission, in a process that is often called " farking ". For about 18 hours afterward, the current status said "farked" instead of "alive". The extension was later changed to retrieve Mr. Vigoda's status from the extension author's website, instead of from abevigoda.com. ******************* file_id: 520846 Oxygen_masks deploy_PASS . ******************* Broome County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York . As of 2000 , the population is 200,536. It was named in honor of John Broome , who was lieutenant governor in 1806 when Broome County was established. Its county seat is Binghamton , which is also its major city. When counties were established in New York State in 1683 , the present Broome County was part of Albany County . This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean . This county was reduced in size on July 3 , 1766 by the creation of Cumberland County , and further on March 16 , 1770 by the creation of Gloucester County , both containing territory now in Vermont. On March 12 , 1772 , what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County , contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady , and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River . The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon , colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776 , most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada . In 1784 , following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War , the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County in honor of the general, Richard Montgomery , who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec , replacing the name of the hated British governor. In 1789 , Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County . The actual area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, also including the present Allegany , Cattaraugus , Chautauqua , Erie , Genesee , Livingston , Monroe , Niagara , Orleans , Steuben , Wyoming , Yates , and part of Schuyler and Wayne Counties . Tioga County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery County (the others being Herkimer and Otsego Counties ) in 1791 . Tioga County was at this time much larger than the present county, also including the present Broome and Chemung Counties and parts of Chenango and Schuyler Counties . Tioga County was reduced in size in 1798 by the splitting off of Chemung County (which also included part of the present Schuyler County and by the combination of a portion with a portion of Herkimer County to create Chenango County . Broome County was split off from Tioga County in 1806 . Broome County is located in south-central New York State, directly north of the border with Pennsylvania in a section of the state called the Southern Tier . The Chenango River joins the Susquehanna River , which flows through the county. The western half of the county is hilly but has wide valleys that accommodate Binghamton and its suburbs. In the northern portion Interstate 81 takes advantage of another glacial valley. To the east, however, the terrain becomes much more rugged as the land tilts up to the Catskills . The highest elevation is a U.S. National Geodetic Survey benchmark known as Slawson atop an unnamed hill in the Town of Sanford. It is approximately 2,080 feet (634 m) above sea level. An area due east on the Delaware County line in Oquaga Creek State Park also lies within the same elevation contour . The lowest point is 864 feet (263 m) above sea level, along the Susquehanna at the Pennsylvania state line. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,853 km² (715 mi² ). 1,831 km² (707 mi²) of it is land and 22 km² (9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.21% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 200,536 people, 80,749 households, and 50,225 families residing in the county. The population density is 110/km² (284/mi²). There are 88,817 housing units at an average density of 49/km² (126/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 91.33% White , 3.28% Black or African American , 0.19% Native American , 2.79% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.79% from other races , and 1.59% from two or more races. 1.99% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 80,749 households out of which 28.20% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.60% are married couples living together, 10.80% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.80% are non-families. 31.00% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.40% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 2.97. In the county the population is spread out with 23.00% under the age of 18, 11.00% from 18 to 24, 26.80% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 16.40% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 93.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.90 males. The median income for a household in the county is $35,347, and the median income for a family is $45,422. Males have a median income of $34,426 versus $24,542 for females. The per capita income for the county is $19,168. 12.80% of the population and 8.80% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 15.90% of those under the age of 18 and 7.20% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Binghamton University and Broome Community College are educational institutes in the county. ******************* file_id: 52331 county establish_PASS New_York_State. file_id: 52331 valley accommodate Binghamton. file_id: 52331 47.60% be couple. file_id: 52331 couple live . file_id: 52331 male have income. file_id: 52331 Binghamton_University_and_Broome_Community_College be institute. ******************* Human echolocation is a technique used by some blind people to navigate within their environment. It is similar in principle to active sonar and the animal echolocation employed by some animals, including bats and dolphins. By interpreting the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, a person trained to navigate by echolocation can identify the location and sometimes size of nearby objects, and use this information to steer around obstacles and travel from place to place. The technique was developed and popularized by Daniel Kish . He is completely blind and taught himself to derive information about his surroundings by clicking his tongue and listening to the echo; using this technique, he is able to ride a bike and hike in unknown wilderness. He has developed a little click-emitting device and trains other blind people in the use of echolocation. Some blind people have described the phenomenon not as a learned method of navigation, but as an inherent and intuitive extra sense. For example, a blind person could walk past a line of trees and feel a "pressure" at their side as they passed each tree. The cause of this would be the echo of the sound of their footsteps, however they may not be consciously aware of this mechanism, only that the phenomenon exists and can often be relied upon to detect obstacles. Vision and hearing are close cousins in that they both can process reflected waves of energy. Vision processes photons (waves of light) as they travel from their source, bounce off surfaces throughout the environment and enter the eyes. Similarly, the auditory system can process phonons (waves of sound) as they travel from their source, bounce off surfaces and enter the ears. Both systems can extract a great deal of information about the environment by interpreting the complex patterns of reflected energy that they receive. In the case of sound, these waves of reflected energy are called " echoes ." Echoes and other sounds can convey spatial information that is comparable in many respects to that conveyed by light. With echoes a blind traveler can perceive very complex, detailed, and specific information from distances far beyond the reach of the longest cane or arm. Echoes make information available about the nature and arrangement of objects and environmental features such as overhangs, walls, doorways and recesses, poles, ascending curbs and steps, planter boxes, pedestrians, fire hydrants, parked or moving vehicles, trees and other foliage, and much more. Echoes can give detailed information about location (where objects are), dimension (how big they are and their general shape), and density (how solid it is). Location is generally broken down into distance from the observer, and direction (left/right, front/back, high/low). Dimension refers to the object's height (tall or short) and breadth (wide or narrow). Just by understanding the interrelationships of these qualities, much can be perceived about the nature of an object or multiple objects. For example, an object that is tall and narrow may be recognized quickly as a pole. An object that is tall and narrow near the bottom while broad near the top would be a tree. Something that is tall and very broad registers as a wall or building. While something that is broad and tall in the middle, while being shorter at either end may be identified as a parked car. Whereas an object that is low and broad may be a planter, retaining wall, or curb. And finally, something that starts out close and very low, but recedes into the distance as it gets higher is a set of steps. Density refers to the solidity of the object (solid/sparse, hard/soft). Awareness of density adds richness and complexity to one's available information. For instance, an object that is low and solid may be recognized as a table, while something low and sparse sounds like a bush; but an object that is tall and broad, and very sparse is probably a fence. ******************* file_id: 525667 sound_waves reflect_PASS object. file_id: 525667 sense walk line. file_id: 525667 Vision_and_hearing be cousin. file_id: 525667 vision process photon. file_id: 525667 system process phonon. file_id: 525667 energy call_PASS echo. file_id: 525667 echo make information. file_id: 525667 echo give information. file_id: 525667 register be . ******************* Joan Henrietta Collins OBE (born May 23 , 1933 ) is a British actress and best selling author. Her younger sister is Jackie Collins , a famous novelist; and her much-younger brother is William Collins, a real estate agent. Collins was born in London, England to Joseph William "Will" Collins (a South African -born Jewish talent agent) and Elsa Bessant (an English mother). She was educated at the Francis Holland School and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) with others actors such as Sir Roger Moore and Sir Michael Caine . At the age of 17 she was signed to the J. Arther Rank Film Company, a highly profitable English studio and charm school. While starring in a handful of Rank productions in 1952 Collins married British screen icon Maxwell Reed , whom she divorced in 1956 on her twenty-third birthday after he attempted to sell her to an Arab sheik. In 1957 she left England and was signed by 20th Century Fox . During this time she appeared in scores of forgettable films while carrying on much talked about romances with Nicky Hilton, Terence Stamp, Sidney Chaplin and Warren Beatty . The gossip mills set ablaze when Collins walked away from Hollywood and a successful career in the early 1960's when she married Anthony Newley , an award winning singer, actor and film composer. With Newley she had two children, a daughter, Tara (now a British television broadcaster) and a son, Sacha (who, in present day is a highly regarded artist). However, all was not well in the Newley marriage with infidelity on both sides leading to the couples divorce in 1970. In 1972 Collins married her third husband, Ron Kass , who had been the president of Apple Records during the reign of The Beatles . During their marriage Collins had her third and final child, a daughter, Katyana (a photographer). In 1980 Collins's world was turned upside down when Katy was struck by a speeding car, leaving the young child in a coma. During this horrific time Collins and her husband bought a trailer and parked it in the hospital parking lot in order to be as close to their daughter as possible. Their persistence paid off when Katyana emerged from her coma a few months later although it would take years for her to fully recover. Unfortunately, like her other two marriages, Collins's third attempt at matrimony failed as she and Kass divorced in 1983 as he battled substance abuse, although they remained very close until his death, from cancer, in 1986 as Collins was riding the crest of her super stardom on Dynasty . In 1985, Collins became a bride for the fourth time when she married Swedish pop singer Peter Holm in a quickie ceremony in Las Vegas. The marriage lasted a year and the divorce proceedings lasted just as long with an embarrassing media circus hitting its peak when Holm's mistress burst out of her blouse on the stand, to thunderous laughter from Collins. Blistered from her last foray into wedded bliss and with Dynasty winding down after a decade Collins left Los Angeles and returned to London where she lived with much younger art dealer Robin Hurlstone for over a decade. On February 29 , 1996 , Collins won a U.S. $2 million suit with Random House for breach of contract. Humiliated by the claims that she was over the hill and not a talented writer, Collins felt she was on the losing end of the case until, on the advice of her loved ones, she became highly confrontational and emotional on the witness stand, newspapers around the globe hailed the court case as "her finest performance." In 2001 Collins and Hurlstone ended their relationship and Collins struck up a romance with theatrical company manager Percy Gibson , a man thirty-two years her junior. They married on February 17th, 2002 at Claridge's Hotel in London. After decades of flirting with British politics on May 24 , 2004 , Collins joined the UK Independence Party . In October 2004 , Collins stated she was not a supporter, but rather a patron of the party. In early 2005 , Collins comented that she had rejoined the Conservative Party , stating, "The Labour Party doesn't care about the British people." In addition, after writing several articles for the UK newspaper The Daily Mail in 2005, it has been rumoured that Collins was approached by several members of the Conservative Party in hopes of luring her to run for Parliament . As of 2005 Collins is a "Glam-ma" three times over. A woman in perpetual motion, evergreen star Joan Collins lives happily between her luxury homes in New York , London and the south of France . In 1951, She made her feature debut as a beauty contest entrant in Lady Godiva Rides . In the early 1950s , she did double duty by posing for pin-up photos and acting in B-movies in Britain. After mild success, she was signed by 20th Century Fox as their answer to Elizabeth Taylor . However, after her youthful and highly splashy career as a sultry starlet, Collins became known more for her personal affairs with leading men such as Warren Beatty than her on-screen achievements. After losing such high-profile roles as Cleopatra (Collins was cast when Elizabeth Taylor fell ill, then dumped upon Taylor's recovery), Collins turned to other ventures. Notable guest appearances on American TV during the 1960s included Star Trek , Batman , Mission: Impossible and Police Woman . In the mid-to-late 1970s , while in a career slump that included guest-starring on several forgettable television series. Collins starred in the film versions of several of her sister Jackie Collins ' romantic novels The Bitch and The Stud . The films, like the books which inspired them, were trashy, full of nudity and raunchy sex scenes. Both films were smash hits in England, becoming the most profitable films since the James Bond series. Aside from this brief camp notoriety, Collins was again a back number until she was successfully relaunched as a powerful sex symbol and icon of independence in her late 40s with her role as Alexis Morell Carrington Colby Dexter Rowan on the prime time TV soap opera Dynasty ( 1981 - 1989 ). Her performance helped the show beat main rival Dallas to become the No. 1 U.S. TV show in the early 1980s , and she became the highest-paid actress on television at the time. She also appeared on the cover of Playboy magazine at the age of 50 to further establish herself as a sex symbol despite the popular cultural opinion that older women can't be considered sexy. Apart from many guest-starring roles in television programs, she appeared regularly on the short-lived primetime drama Pacific Palisades in 1997 and the famous soap opera Guiding Light in 2002 . Collins made her successful Broadway debut in 1992 in an adaptation of Noel Coward 's Private Lives , and in 2004 she toured the United Kingdom with a revival of the play Full Circle . Come 2006 Collins is slated to join the cast of the hit British television series Footballer's Wives as a magazine mogul. In addition, she is set to tour North America in the play Legends! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans . Her two best-selling memoirs are Past Imperfect ( 1978 ) and Second Act ( 1996 ). She has also written several best-selling novels: Prime Time , Love & Desire & Hate , Infamous , Star Quality and Misfortune's Daughters . In addition, she has written several best-selling lifestyle books, The Joan Collins Beauty Book , My Secrets , My Friends Secrets and Joan's Way . In 1997, Collins was granted the title of by HM Queen Elizabeth II . Collins often styles herself in the following ways for official patronage to several charities: ******************* file_id: 53047 Sacha be artist. file_id: 53047 newspaper hail court_case. file_id: 53047 Collins approach_PASS member. file_id: 53047 guest_appearances include Star_Trek. file_id: 53047 Both_films be hit. file_id: 53047 selling_memoirs be . ******************* Staurolite is a red brown to black mostly opaque nesosilicate mineral with a white streak. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, has a Mohs hardness of 7 to 7.5 and a rather complex chemical formula: (Fe,Mg,Zn) 2 Al 9 (Si,Al) 4 O 22 OH 2 . Iron , magnesium and zinc occur in variable ratios. A special property of staurolite is that it often occurs twinned in a characteristic cross-shape. The macroscopically visible crystal s are of prismatic shape. They are often larger than the surrounding minerals and are then called porphyroblast s. The name is derived from the Greek , stauros for cross and lithos for stone in reference to the common twinning. Staurolite is a regional metamorphic mineral of intermediate to high grade. It occurs with almandine garnet , mica s, kyanite and other metamorphic minerals. It is the official state mineral of Georgia . ******************* file_id: 533072 Iron_,_magnesium_and_zinc occur ratio. ******************* An SRV record or Service record is a category of data in the Internet Domain Name System specifying information on available services. It is defined in RFC 2782. Newer internet protocols such as SIP and XMPP often require SRV support from clients. Client implementations of older protocols (e.g. LDAP , SMTP ) may have SRV support added to it. An SRV record holds the following information: An example SRV record might look like this: _sip._tcp.example.com 86400 IN SRV 0 5 5060 sipserver.example.com. This points to a server named sipserver.example.com listening on TCP port 5060 for SIP protocol connections. The priority given here is 0, and the weight is 5. The priority field is similar to an MX record 's priority value. Clients always use the SRV record with the lowest priority value first, and only fall back to other records if the connection with this record's host fails. Thus a service may have a designated "fallback" server, which will only be used if the primary server fails. Only another SRV record, with a priority field value higher than the primary server's record, is needed. If a service has multiple SRV records with the same priority value, clients use the weight field to determine which host to use. The weight value is relevant only in relation to other weight values for the service, and only among records with the same priority value. In the following example, both the and fields are used to provide a combination of load balancing and backup service. _sip._tcp.example.com 86400 IN SRV 20 0 5060 backupbox.example.com. The first three records share a priority 10, so the weight field's value will be used by clients to determine which host to contact. The sum of all three values is 100, so bigbox.example.com will be used 60% of the time. The other two hosts, smallbox1 and smallbox2 , will be used for 20% of requests each. If bigbox is unavailable, these two remaining machines will share the load equally, since they will each be selected 50% of the time. If all three hosts with priority 10 are unavailable, the record with the next highest priority value will be chosen, which is backupbox.example.com . This might be a machine in another physical location, presumably not vulnerable to anything that would cause the first three hosts to become unavailable. It should be noted that the load balancing provided by SRV records is inherently limited, since the information is essentially static. Current load of servers is not taken into account. ******************* file_id: 537440 client use weight_field. file_id: 537440 field use_PASS . ******************* In economics , an Edgeworth box , named after Francis Ysidro Edgeworth , is a way of representing various distributions of resource s. Imagine two people (Octavio and Abby) with a fixed amount of resources between the two of them — say, 10 liters of water and 20 hamburgers. If Octavio takes 5 hamburgers and 4 liters of water, then Abby is left with 15 hamburgers and 6 liters of water. The Edgeworth box is a rectangular diagram with Octavio's origin on one corner (represented by the O) and Abby's origin on the opposite corner(represented by the A). The width of the box is the total amount of one good, and the height is the total amount of the other good. Thus, all possible distributions of the goods between the two people can be represented as a point in the box. The curve connecting points O and A is often called the contract curve . Edgeworth's original two axis depiction was developed into the now familiar box diagram by Pareto in 1906 and was popularised in a later exposition by Bowley . The modern version of the diagram is commonly referred to as the Edgeworth-Bowley box. ******************* file_id: 537821 distribution represent_PASS point. ******************* A computer algebra system ( CAS ) is a software program that facilitates symbolic mathematics . The core functionality of a CAS is manipulation of mathematical expressions in symbolic form. The expressions manipulated by the CAS typically include polynomial s in multiple variables; standard functions of expressions (sine, exponential, etc.); various special functions (gamma, zeta, erf, Bessel, etc.); arbitrary functions of expressions; derivatives, integrals, sums, and products of expressions; truncated series with expressions as coefficients, matrices of expressions, and so on. (This is a recursive definition.) The symbolic manipulations supported typically include (In the above, the word indicates that the operation cannot always be performed.) In addition, most CASs include numeric operations: Many also include a high level programming language , allowing users to implement their own algorithms. The study of algorithm s useful for computer algebra systems is known as computer algebra . The run-time of numerical programs implemented in computer algebra systems is normally longer than that of equivalent programs implemented in systems such as MATLAB , GNU Octave , or directly in C , since they are programmed for full symbolic generality and thus cannot use machine numerical operations directly for most of their functions. Computer algebra systems began to appear in the early 1970s , and evolved out of research into artificial intelligence , though the fields are now regarded as largely separate. The first popular systems were Reduce , Derive , and Macsyma which are still commercially available; a copyleft version of Macsyma called Maxima is actively being maintained. The current market leaders are Maple and Mathematica ; both are commonly used by research mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. MuPAD is a commercial system too. Some computer algebra systems focus on a specific area of application; these are typically developed in academia and free. ******************* file_id: 54427 software_program facilitate mathematics. file_id: 54427 study s computer_algebra_systems. file_id: 54427 run_-_time implement_PASS computer_algebra_systems. file_id: 54427 Computer_algebra_systems begin . ******************* The Independent Women's Football League was founded in 2000 , and began play in 2001 . IWFL founders began with the goal to establish a quality women's football league that would be respected as the top level of women's tackle football in the world. After five years of continuous growth and success, the IWFL has emerged as the clear leader in the sport of Women's Tackle Football. Currently over 1300 women play on IWFL teams across the United states and Canada. ******************* file_id: 548944 football_league respect_PASS level. ******************* David Malin (born 28 March 1941 ) is a British-Australian astronomer and photographer. Malin trained as a chemist and originally worked in England as microscopist. In 1975 he moved to Sydney to take up a job with the Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO). Whilst working at the AAO, Malin developed several photographic processing techniques to maximise the ability to extract faint and low contrast detail from the non-linear response and high densities of photographic plate s. These techniques were initially devised to enhance the scientific return from photography, but Malin is now best known for the series of three-colour wide field images of deep space objects which have been widely published as posters and in books around the world. Most professional astronomical photographs are monochromatic , if colour pictures are required, three images are needed. During his career at the AAO, Malin made about 150 three-colour images of deep space object s mostly using the 4m Anglo-Australian Telescope and plates from the 1.2m UK Schmidt Telescope. The true-colour images are assembled from three separate monochromatic photographs taken in red , green and blue light. Each photographic plate is a special black and white emulsion designed for low light conditions and is further enhanced for low light sensitivity by baking in a nitrogen and hydrogen atmosphere. The exposure time s are relatively long, varying between 5-60 minutes for each colour depending on the luminosity of the object. The colour image is re-assembled in the darkroom , where further techniques such as unsharp masking to enhance fine detail might also be applied. Since the early 1990s , silver-based astrophotography has been largely superseded by CCD imaging techniques. Although CCDs are much more sensitive than photographic plates, they are rarely able to cover the large field of view required to capture most nebula e and nearer galaxies . As such it is unlikely that David Malin's images will be surpassed in the near future. In 2001 he retired from the AAO to concentrate on his own business David Malin Images which manages his image collection along with those of related photographers. Malin was awarded the Jackson-Gwilt Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1986 . ******************* file_id: 556583 density s . file_id: 556583 photograph be . file_id: 556583 about_150 s . file_id: 556583 colour_images assemble_PASS photograph. file_id: 556583 emulsion design_PASS light_conditions. file_id: 556583 technique enhance detail. ******************* In neuroscience , quantum brain dynamics (QBD) is a proposed theory to explain the function of the brain with quantum mechanics . Although there are many blank areas in understanding the brain dynamics and especially how it gives rise to conscious experience it should be noted that quantum mechanics is only believed to be capable of explaining the enigma of consciousness and currently there is no experimental verification. Following the Popperian criterion for demarcation between science and pseudoscience, QBD seems dangerously close to pseudoscience if there were not the testable prediction for consciousness linked to picosecond protein dynamics. Jibu & Yasue (1995) were the first researchers that tried to popularize the quantum field theory of Nambu-Goldstone boson s as the one and only reliable quantum theory of fundamental macroscopic dynamics realized in the brain with which a deeper understanding of consciousness can be obtained. This theory was originated by Ricciardi & Umezawa (1967) in a general framework of the spontaneous symmetry breaking formalism, and since then developed into a quantum field theoretical framework of brain functioning called quantum brain dynamics (Jibu & Yasue 1995) and that of general biological cell functioning called quantum biodynamics (Del Giudice et. al., 1986; 1988). There, Umezawa proposed a general theory of quanta of long-range coherent waves within and between brain cells, and showed an outstanding mechanism of memory storage and retrieval in terms of Nambu-Goldstone bosons characteristic to the spontaneous symmetry breaking formalism. In their last publication in 1997, Jibu & Yasue proposed that the Bose-Einstein condensation of tunneling photons could be pumped with energy process ensuring dynamical timescale of the brain coherent states above the timescale of thermal fluctuations (so-called dissipative QBD ). Del Giudice, E., Doglia, S., Milani, M. & Vitiello, G. (1986). Electromagnetic field and spontaneous symmetry breaking in biological matter. Nucl. Phys. B275: 185-199. Del Giudice, E., Preparata, G. & Vitiello, G. (1988). Water as a free electric dipole laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61: 1085-1088. Jibu, M. & Yasue, K. (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics: An Introduction. John Benjamins, Amsterdam. Jibu, M. & Yasue, K. (1997). What is mind? Quantum field theory of evanescent photons in brain as quantum theory of consciousness. Informatica 21: 471-490. Ricciardi, L.M. & Umezawa, H. (1967). Brain and physics of many-body problems. Kybernetik 4: 44-48. Wikibook on consciousness ******************* file_id: 557130 quantum_brain_dynamics be theory. file_id: 557130 photon pump_PASS energy_process. ******************* __FORCETOC__ In an economy traditionally based on agriculture and livestock, peasants comprised more than half of the Croatia n population until after World War II . Pre-1945 industrialization was slow and centered on textile mills, sawmills, brickyards, and food-processing plants. Rapid industrialization and diversification occurred after World War II. Decentralization came in 1965, allowing growth of certain sectors, like the tourist industry . Profits from Croatian industry were used to develop poorer regions in the former Yugoslavia. This, coupled with austerity program s and hyperinflation in the 1980s, led to discontent in both Croatia and Slovenia that fueled the independence movement. Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia , the Republic of Croatia, after Slovenia , was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita output perhaps one-third above the Yugoslav average. Privatization under the new Croatian Government had barely begun when war broke out. As a result of the Croatian war of independence, the economic infrastructure sustained massive damage in the period 1991-92. By the end of the 1990s , Croatia faced considerable economic problems stemming from: Inflation and unemployment rose and the kuna fell, prompting the national bank to tighten fiscal policy . A new banking law passed in December 1998 gave the central bank more control over Croatia's 53 remaining commercial banks. Croatia is dependent on international debt to finance the deficit. A recently issued Euro -denominated bond was well received, selling $300 million, which helped offset economic losses from the Kosovo crisis. Despite the successful value-added tax program, planned privatization of state controlled businesses, and a revised budget with a 7% across that board cut in spending, the government still projected a $200 million deficit for 1999. Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil industries, is helping restore the economy. The government has been successful in some reform efforts — partially macroeconomic stabilization policies — and it has normalized relations with its creditors. The recession that began at the end of 1998 continued through most of 1999 , and GDP in 1999 was flat. Inflation remained in check and the kuna was stable. However, consumer demand was weak and industrial production decreased. Structural reform lagged and problems of payment arrears and a lack of banking supervision continued. Due to the upcoming elections, the HDZ government promised two salary increases to public-sector employees before the end of the year which increased the fiscal deficit. The death of President Tuđman in December 1999, and the defeat of his ruling Coatian Democratic Union or HDZ party in parliamentary and presidential elections in January 2000 ushered in a new government committed to economic reform and halting the economic decline. The Račan government carried out a large number of structural reforms and with tourism as the main factor, the country emerged from recession in 2000. Due to overall increase in stability, the economic rating of the country improved and interest rate s dropped. As a result of coalition politics and resistance from the unions and the public, many reforms are still overdue, esp. in the legal system. Unemployment reached a peak of circa 22% in late 2002 due to many overdue bankruptcies. It has since been steadily decreasing, powered by growing industrial production and rising GDP rather than only seasonal changes (tourism). The GDP rose to the level it had in 1990 only 2003 . Most economic indicators remained positive in this period, except for the external debt . The Croatian National Bank had to take steps to curb further growth of indebtedness of local banks with foreign banks (commonly the same foreign banks that own the local ones). The dollar debt figure is quite adversely affected by the EUR / USD ratio — over a third of the increase in debt since 2002 is due to currency value changes. Any negative trends in the large EU economies such as Germany or Italy also have a negative impact on Croatia as they are its biggest trade partners. The country has applied for membership in the European Union . During the accession, it is expected that agricultural policy will be the biggest stumbling block, as with other recent applicant countries. By early 2005 , the foreign debt of the Government declined in growth, and was surpassed in size by the foreign debt of the banking sector, prompting further interventions by the national bank . From the CIA World Factbook 2005. purchasing power parity - $50.33 billion (2004 est.) 3.7% (2004 est.) purchasing power parity - $11,200 (2004 est.) 8.2% 30.1% 61.7% (2004 est.) 1.71 million (2004 est.) agriculture 2.7%, industry 32.8%, services 64.5% (2004) 13.8% (2004 est.) 11% 4.8% (2003 est.) 3.4% 24.5% (2003 est.) 29 (1998) 2.5% (2004 est.) 28.6% of GDP (2004 est.) $14.14 billion $15.65 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2004 est.) 41.7% of GDP (2004 est.) wheat , corn , sugar beet s, sunflower seed, barley , alfalfa , clover , olive s, citrus , grape s, soybean s, potato es; livestock , dairy products chemical s and plastic s, machine tools, fabricated metal , electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminium , paper , wood products, construction materials, textiles , shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages; tourism 2.7% (2004 est.) 12.51 GWh (2002) 33.6% 66% 0% 0.4% (2001) 15.2 GWh (2002) 406 GWh (2002) 3,966 GWh (2002) 21,000 barrel/day (3,338 m³/d) (2004 est.) 89,000 barrel/day (14,000 m³/d) (2001 est.) 93.6 million barrel (14,900,000 m³) (1 January 2002) 1.76 km³ (2001 est.) 2.84 km³ (2001 est.) 0 m³ (2001 est.) 1.08 km³ (2001 est.) 34.36 km³ (January 2002 est.) $-1.925 billion (2004 est.) $7.845 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) transport equipment, textiles , chemicals , foodstuffs, fuels Italy 23.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 14.7%, Germany 11.5%, Austria 9.6%, Slovenia 7.7%, (2004) $16.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) machinery, transport and electrical equipment, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, foodstuffs Italy 17.3%, Germany 15.7%, Slovenia 7.1%, Austria 7.1%, Russia 7% France 4.3%, (2004) $8.563 billion (2004 est.) $26.4 billion (2004 est.) ODA $166.5 million (2002) kuna (HRK) kuna per US$1 - 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687 (2002), 8.34 (2001), 8.2766 (2000), 7.112 (1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.157 (1997), 5.434 (1996), 5.230 (1995) calendar year ******************* file_id: 5578 peasant comprise . file_id: 5578 profit use_PASS . file_id: 5578 Croatia face problem. file_id: 5578 problem stem . file_id: 5578 loss plan_PASS privatization. file_id: 5578 loss restore . file_id: 5578 election usher government. file_id: 5578 indicator remain . file_id: 5578 step curb growth. file_id: 5578 dairy_products_chemical s . ******************* Chief Master Sergeant is the ninth, and highest, enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force , just above Senior Master Sergeant , and is a non-commissioned officer . Chief Master Sergeants are addressed as "Chief." Attaining the rank of Chief Master Sergeant is the pinnacle of an enlisted Air Force member's career. Some Chiefs manage the efforts of all enlisted within their unit or major subsection thereof, while others run major staff functions at higher headquarters level. All Chiefs are expected to serve as mentors for junior and mid-grade commissioned officers as well as noncommissioned officers and to serve as advisors to commanders and senior officers. By Federal law, only one percent of the Air Force enlisted population may hold this rank. The position of Command Chief Master Sergeant was created in November 1998. Formerly titled Senior Enlisted Advisor, Command Chief Master Sergeants, or Command Chiefs, serve as senior advisors to commanders at Wing, Numbered Air Force, Field Operating Agency and Major Command levels. When the senior enlisted position of a joint command is held by an Air Force member, that individual is also designated as a Command Chief. There exists one post, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force , which is unique. The holder of this post represents the most senior enlisted member in the U.S. Air Force. The current incumbent is CMSAF Gerald R. Murray . Until his retirement in 2003, CMS Norman Marous was the Air Force's longest serving Chief Master Sergeant, having served in the Air Force since 1962. ******************* ******************* Stochastic tunneling (STUN) is one approach to global optimization among several others and is based on the Monte Carlo method -sampling of the function to be minimized. Monte Carlo method -based optimization techniques sample the objective function by randomly "hopping" from the current solution vector to another with a difference in the function value of . The acceptance probability of such a trial jump is in most cases chosen to be (Metropolis criterion) with an appropriate parameter . The general idea of STUN is to circumvent the slow dynamics of ill-shaped energy functions that one encounters for example in spin glass es by tunneling through such barriers. This goal is achieved by Monte-Carlo-sampling of a transformed function that lacks this slow dynamics. In the "standard-form" the transformation reads where is the lowest function value found so far. This transformation preserves the loci of the minima. The effect of such a transformation is shown in the graph. ******************* file_id: 563897 acceptance_probability be case. ******************* Three Bears and A New Baby is a direct-to-video Sesame Street special combining the street scenes from episodes #4055-4057. The plot revolves around the birth of Baby Bear's sister Curly Bear. He goes through what most kids go through when a new baby is born. But in the end he realizes that he still has the attention that he had before Curly was born. Retail sales of the DVD began on August 4, 2003 along with many other new Sesame Street DVDs, including "Sesame Sings Karaoke". Another Sesame Street video dealing with the issue of new babies is called A New Baby In My House . ******************* file_id: 568101 kid go baby. file_id: 568101 sale begin August_4_,_2003. file_id: 568101 Sesame_Street_video deal issue. ******************* The economy of Niue is heavily dependent on aid and remittances from New Zealand . Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and the shortfall is made up by grants from New Zealand which are used to pay wages to public employees. Niue has cut government expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit , lime oil, honey , and coconut cream . The sale of postage stamp s to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. Efforts to increase GDP include the promotion of tourism and a financial services industry. Another source of income lately has been the sale of Internet domain names under the NU top level domain , which are particularly popular in Scandinavia , Belgium and the Netherlands , since nu means "now" in the Scandinavian languages and Dutch . GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.5 million (1994 est.) GDP - real growth rate: NA% GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,250 (1994 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA% Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1995) Labor force: 450 (1992 est.) Labor force - by occupation: most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Industries: tourism, handicrafts, food processing Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity - production: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1998) Electricity - consumption: 3 GWh (1998) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (1998) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (1998) Agriculture - products: coconut s, passion fruit , honey , lime s, taro , yam s, cassava ( tapioca ), sweet potato es; pig s, poultry , beef cattle Exports: $117,500 (f.o.b., 1989) Exports - commodities: canned coconut cream, copra , honey , passion fruit products, pawpaw s, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts Exports - partners: New Zealand 89%, Fiji , Cook Islands , Australia Imports: $4.1 million (c.i.f., 1989) Imports - commodities: food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs Imports - partners: New Zealand 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Samoa , Australia , United States Debt - external: $NA Economic aid - recipient: $8.3 million (1995) Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9451 (January 2000), 1.8889 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5082 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995) Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March See also : Niue ******************* file_id: 57026 economy be aid_and_remittances. file_id: 57026 shortfall make_PASS grant. file_id: 57026 Niue cut_PASS government_expenditures. file_id: 57026 industry consist factory. file_id: 57026 sale s collector. file_id: 57026 effort increase gdp. ******************* The Patterson Metro-North Railroad station serves the residents of Patterson, New York via the Harlem Line . Trains leave for New York City every two hours, and about every other 30 minutes during rush hour . It is 60.2 miles from Grand Central Terminal and travel time to Grand Central is approximately one hour, 42 minutes. ******************* file_id: 572022 train leave New_York_City. ******************* The Central American Parliament , also known by the abbreviation Parlacen (from the Spanish Parlamento Centroamericano ) is a political institution devoted to the integration of the Central American countries . The Parlacen has its origins on the Contadora Group , a project launched in the 1980s to help deal with civil wars in El Salvador , Guatemala and Nicaragua . Although the Contadora was dissolved in 1986 , the idea for Central American Integration remained, and its works were taken by the Esquipulas Peace Agreement , which, among other acts, decided on the creation of the Central American Parliament. The following countries each return 20 directly-elected deputies to the Parliament: In spite of its efforts to promote the Esquipulas Agreement, Costa Rica has not yet ratified and is consequently not represented in the Parlacen. Parlamento Centroamericano (in Spanish) ******************* file_id: 583268 Central_American_Parliament deal war. file_id: 583268 country promote Esquipulas_Agreement. ******************* The Rayburn is a type of stove similar in nature to the AGA . Indeed they are manufactured in Telford at the same factory as the AGA. The Rayburn was launched in 1946 with two hotplates, and one or two ovens and the ability to heat water. They improved upon existing designs by having easily adjustable oven temperatures (competitors were dependent upon the heat produced by the fire at their heart). The original Rayburn came in a cream vitrious enamel finish. They were originally made in a factory in Falkirk which at the peak of production produced 1500 units per week, many of which are still in use today! In 1968 the first oil-fired Rayburn was produced. It was basically the same as the solid fuel model with the firebox replaced by an oil burner which was designed to burn continuously. 1971 saw the introduction of the first Rayburns capable of providing central heating. The early models could only supply a few radiators . The move to the AGA factory in Ketley, Telford occurred in 1972. The first natural-gas fired range was introduced in 1974 just after the British gas conversion . Initially it did not provide central heating, but a central heating version was soon introduced. A multi-fuel solid fuel range was added to the collection in 1979. It was able to burn any type of solid fuel including coal, wood and peat. It could run 5 radiators in addition to heating water and cooking. During the 1980s came a great increase in the technology allowing a greater range of colours and higher heat outputs to be obtained. In 1994 further technological improvements saw the introduction of a whole new range of ranges. At around this time Rayburn introduced various Rayburn brand cooking implements such as pan s. Modern Rayburns are classified into two categories - Cookmasters, which cannot run radiators and Heatmasters which can. ******************* file_id: 584515 design be heat. file_id: 584515 type see . file_id: 584515 rayburn introduce Rayburn_brand_cooking_implements. file_id: 584515 Modern_Rayburns classify_PASS categories_-_Cookmasters. ******************* Ankleshwar or Anklesvar is a town in Gujarat state of India . The city is located approximately ten kilometers from Bharuch (Broach) in Bharuch District. Anksleshwar has an industrial township called G.I.D.C. (Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation), which is the biggest industrial township in Asia. Today, Ankleshwar has over 100 big and small chemical plants. These chemical plants produce insecticides, speciality chemicals, and paint. Ankleshwar is well connected by Indian National Highway 8 ( Mumbai to New Delhi ) and by the Western Railway Division of Indian Railways . The 125 year-old Golden Bridge connects Ankleshwar to Bharuch across the Narmada River . ******************* file_id: 588265 insecticides_,_speciality_chemicals_,_and_paint bharuch Narmada_River. ******************* " Click here " is a phrase that often appears as the link text of a hyperlink , or in an image used as a hyperlink, on a web page . Many web publishers simply use the instinctive Click here link text to direct visitors to either another part of their site, or somewhere else on the Web. It is the equivalent to tick here or check here on a paper form. As such, this has led to the phrase being probably the most popular link text on the World Wide Web , besides the generic term homepage . This practice, regarded by some as the practice of untrained web designers, received many criticisms from many web design authorities. They are mostly built on the reasons of browser emphasis, non-printability, and redundancy. Because the phrase "click here" is redundant, it is usually easy to avoid. For example, " Click here to visit my guestbook" (the underlined phrase representing the link) might be rewritten, "You may visit my guestbook ", or if the phrase does not appear within other text, perhaps standing on its own at the bottom of the page, it might be simply "Visit my guestbook " or even just " My guestbook ". (A side benefit of this is the potential gain in ranking on web search engines such as Google : such engines generally associate the text in links to web pages with the pages they link to, so that the guestbook page will be more strongly associated with the phrase "my guestbook". Linking with "click here" does not provide this information to the search engine.) The "click here" phrase is common in online advertising , both in text and in images. Some advertisers have reported that ads with the phrase have a higher click-through rate . Supporters of the phrase say that it induces more people to click on a link and therefore has a valid use on the Web. Despite advice to avoid its usage, the term is popular on the Internet. Many languages other than English have similar phrases. For example, the Spanish version is haz clic aqui . ******************* file_id: 589110 ad have . file_id: 589110 supporter say . ******************* In cryptography , linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine approximations to the action of a cipher . Attacks have been developed for block cipher s and stream cipher s. Linear cryptanalysis is one of two widely applicable attacks on block ciphers; the other being differential cryptanalysis . The discovery of linear cryptanalysis is attributed to Mitsuru Matsui , who first applied the technique to the FEAL cipher (Matsui and Yamagishi, 1992). Subsequently, Matsui published an attack on the Data Encryption Standard (DES), eventually leading to the first experimental cryptanalysis of the cipher reported in the open community (Matsui, 1993; 1994). The attack on DES is not generally practical, requiring 2 43 known plaintexts . A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including using multiple linear approximations or incorporating non-linear expressions. Evidence of security against linear cryptanalysis is usually expected of new cipher designs. ******************* file_id: 59469 attack develop_PASS block_cipher. ******************* The Vieillot's Barbet , Lybius vieilloti , is a small barbet . Barbets are near passerine bird s with a world-wide tropical distribution. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. The Vieillot's Barbet is a resident breeder in the Africa n scrubland on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert from Senegal to Ethiopia . It is an arboreal species of savannah and farmland which eats insect s and fruit , especially fig s. It nests in a tree hole, laying three eggs . This is a sparrow-sized barbet at 15 cm. It is a plump bird, with a short neck, large head and short tail. The adult has a red head, and the neck and breast are a mixture of red and white. The upperparts are dark brown apart from a yellow stripe down the back. The rest of the underparts are yellowish with dark flank spotting. The bill is thick and dark grey. Sexes are similar, but immature birds are duller. The call is a repetitive duet whoo-oop whoo-oop whoo-oop . This bird is named after the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot . ******************* file_id: 600540 barbet be passerine_bird. file_id: 600540 sex be . file_id: 600540 bird be duller. ******************* Humanoids Publishing (in French Humanoïdes Associés ) is a comics publisher specialising in science fiction titles. It published the magazine Métal Hurlant and has a stable of authors that includes Enki Bilal , Richard Corben , Jean-Pierre Dionnet , Alejandro Jodorowsky and Moebius . Both the publishing house and the magazine started off at the same time in 1974. It was founded by Moebius , Claire Bretecher and Gotlib who left Dargaud as a protest against René Goscinny 's leadership, which Moebius deemed to conventional. Their first published title was the science fiction story Le Bandard Fou which later was printed in Métal Hurlant . In 1977, They gained world wide attention by simply translating the magazine in English and distributing it in North America and the countries of the Commonwealth under the name Heavy Metal . Eventually, this English language magazine got its own editorial board and original content. The publishing house has spawned several other related genre houses and a video game company. ******************* file_id: 603741 publisher specialise science_fiction_titles. ******************* The motif of harmful sensation involves harm befalling a person directly from the mere fact of their experiencing a sensation that would not normally be harmful; it appears in both traditional and authored stories. This is an idea with close affinities to the sight that harms is the gaze that harms , and the evil eye : the harm is thought to be caused by, respectively, seeing something or being seen by it. (A parallel topic is the contrast between metaphysical or vitalist conceptions that treat vision as an active function of the eye, and the scientific conception of the eye as passively receiving light that is present even when vision does not occur.) While this motif is largely imaginary, a real-world parallel is epileptic seizure s triggered by strobe light s. Light flashing at a specific frequency can "pump" EEG rhythms at the same frequency and induce a seizure . Examples include flashing screens in video games and an episode of the cartoon Pokémon . Recently, some nonlethal weapons have used sounds to induce paralysis or extreme discomfort. A Judeo-Christian tradition claims that viewing God 's face will result in death (see Exodus 33:20 ). For example, when the wife of Lot defies the orders of an angel and watches God destroy a city, she is turned into a "pillar of salt" ( Genesis 16–26 ). Death caused by seeing the true form of a deity is a common belief in mythologies. In Greek mythology , for example, when Heracles meets his father Zeus , the god appears behind the mask of a ram. Showing his true form would cause the death of his son, even though Heracles is a demigod . In many religious systems, a deity's nature cannot be understood by the inferior human senses nor by the human mind. To experience what God is, one must commune with God by leaving the ego and the body behind—this is one of the aims of yoga , tantra , and other Gnostic practices. Peeping on a deity or a deity-like creature or a secret rite can have dire consequences in myths. On the other side of the motif, the eye is many times an instrument of death, an instrument that some gods possess in a number of mythologies. In Hindu mythology, for example, Shiva can use his third eye to release a beam of some sort of energy which instantly burns the target. In Celtic mythology, the gods known as the Tuatha Dé Danann bring with them five magical items from the North to Ireland for use against the Fomorians . The fifth item is the harp of Daghda , which is used later by Lugh against the Fomorians in battle. The harp can play three songs, one of sorrow, one of joy, and one of peace. The song of sorrow causes pain when heard, the song of joy causes laughter and the song of peace causes calmness. The amount each song is played changes the effect -- if the song of peace is played too much, it leads to sleep and, ultimately, eternal sleep, equaling death. It is also said that the three songs of sorrow, joy and peace must not be played at once or else the ultimate song will be played, added up from the three individual songs, and because of that the world will cease to exist. Belief in the harmful sensation is still developing in urban legend s. In a modern twist on the old motif in mid-2004, stories became widespread in Lagos, Nigeria that answering phone calls made from a certain number would result in instant death. A painting, , sold on eBay was rumored to be haunted and carrying negative powers. The painter, Bill Stoneham , believes that the reasons for the belief that it was cursed were simply ghastly coincidences. ******************* file_id: 606779 harm be gaze. file_id: 606779 example include . file_id: 606779 weapon use_PASS sound. file_id: 606779 screen view . file_id: 606779 deity have consequence. file_id: 606779 instrument possess number. file_id: 606779 amount play_PASS change. file_id: 606779 story become Lagos. file_id: 606779 Nigeria answer phone_calls. ******************* Thyroid epithelial cells are cells in the thyroid gland which produce and secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine . Simple cuboidal epithelium tissues are found in the thyroid. ******************* file_id: 608852 thyroid be cell. file_id: 608852 Simple_cuboidal_epithelium_tissues find_PASS thyroid. ******************* In high energy physics experiments, an absorber is a block of material used to absorb some of the energy of an incident particle . Absorbers can be made of a variety of materials, depending on the purpose; lead and liquid hydrogen are common choices. Most absorbers are used as part of a detector . A more recent use for absorbers is for ionization cooling,as in the International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment . ******************* file_id: 618241 absorber make_PASS variety. file_id: 618241 hydrogen be choice. file_id: 618241 absorber use_PASS part. ******************* A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall built from material that can act as a thermal mass (such as stone , concrete , adobe or water tanks), combined with an air space, insulated glazing and vents to form a large solar thermal collector . Edward Morse patented the design in 1881 (US Patent 246626), but it was ignored until 1964, when it was popularized by the engineer Felix Trombe and architect Jacques Michel. The idea popularized in the 1960's was just the glazed, heavy wall. During the day, sunlight would shine through the glazing and warm the surface of the thermal mass. At night, heat would escape from the thermal mass, primarily to the outside. Because of the insulating glazing, the average temperature of the thermal mass can be significantly above the average outdoor temperature. If the glazing insulates well enough, and outdoor temperatures are not too low, the average temperature of the thermal mass will be significantly higher than room temperature, and heat will flow into the house interior. In the original design, very little of the received heat ends up in the interior and most is lost to the environment at night, because resistance to heat flow between the collector surface and the interior is the same in both directions. Modern Trombe walls add vents to the top and bottom of the air gap between the glazing and the thermal mass. Heated air flows via convection into the building interior. The vents have one-way flaps which prevent convection at night, thereby making heat flow strongly directional. This kind of design is an isolated passive thermal collector. By moving the heat away from the collection surface, it greatly reduces thermal losses at night and improves overall heat gain. Generally, the vents to the interior are closed in summer months when heat gain is not wanted. Nighttime thermal losses through the thermal mass can still be significant. The modern design can be still furthur improved by insulating the thermal mass from the collection surface. The insulation greatly reduces nighttime heat losses at the cost of smaller reductions in daytime heat gain. Common modifications to the Trombe wall include: ******************* file_id: 61867 glazing_and_vents form collector. file_id: 61867 temperature be . file_id: 61867 Modern_Trombe_walls add . file_id: 61867 modification include . ******************* Marvin Harold Zindler (born August 10 , 1921 ) is a news reporter for KTRK ABC -13 in Houston , Texas , USA . His hard-hitting investigative journalism , where he has mostly represented the city's elderly and working class, has made him one of the city's most influential and well-known media personalities. Marvin is also famed in Houston for his self-described " Rat and Roach Report," where he reads details from his controversial City of Houston Food Inspection Program restaurant reports on the air. These reports conclude with what Marvin calls The big-big-big-big-S ("Sliiiime in the Ice Machine !"). Zindler joined KTRK on January 1, 1973, and in September 1988 signed a lifetime contract with ABC/Capital Cities to work at KTRK. Zindler is also known for wearing makeup continually, plastic surgery, and his love of cigars. Wayne Dolcefino has described his egregious behavior in the office, including loud phone conversations (attributed by Dolcefino to his poor hearing) and trademark zealous pursuit of reports. Zindler is a Freemason . Zindler attended middle school at John Pershing Middle School in Houston. He showed up at the parade that celebrated the school 's 75th anniversary. Zindler was the catalyst for the closing of the Chicken Ranch in Fayette County, Texas , near La Grange , after he made a news report on it in 1973 . This was the basis for the Broadway and film musical The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , as well as the song La Grange by ZZ Top . KTRK - Marvin Zindler ******************* ******************* Marine Lines is the name of an area in South Mumbai . It is also the name of a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway . The name is so due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea . Marine Drive is the famous promenade near the station. It is just 300m from the sea shore on its western flank. Almost all the northern bound fast trains halt at Marine Lines. Churchgate bound fast locals do stop at Marine Lines, but skip the station during the evening peak hours. Marine Lines does not have a large residential population but has an enormous floating population consisting of office-goers, traders and shopkeepers. Near the station there is a Muslim cemetery and a municipal crematorium . Also adjoining the station is the famous Marine Drive flyover which is the only link to Marine Drive over the tracks from beginning to end. New Marine Lines is the area just south of the station near Churchgate . It is home to a great number of offices including the UTI, Income Tax office and various governmental agencies. ******************* file_id: 626632 local stop Marine_Lines. file_id: 626632 population consist office_-_goers_,_traders_and_shopkeepers. ******************* : This article discusses the metropolitan borough and district named the City of Bradford Metropolitan District. For information on the city itself, see Bradford, the district's principal settlement, from which it takes it's name. The City of Bradford Metropolitan District is a metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. It is named after its largest settlement, the city of Bradford. The Bradford Metropolitan District (population:477,770 Source ONS2003 Mid Year Estinate) is England's 4th largest district with city status. In terms of the population of its urban area area, which is the primary meaning of city in British English, Bradford is around the tenth largest city in England. It has a large number of recent immigrants, and approximately 22% of the population are from ethnic minority groups, particularly from Pakistan.There have been riots in 2001, where muslim youth clashed with the British National party and West Yorkshire Police.Destroying many businesses and further polarising the tense situation that exists in Bradford with relations between different communities. The local authority was criticised for having a 'weak, and 'muddled' response to the situation and its aftermath.Indeed, national figures have commented on the response by the local authority in their collusion with corrupt practices and of their toleration of discrimination on a number of levels.Asian immigrants' restaurants have led to the city being dubbed "the curry capital of Europe". Bradford is the district with the fourth highest percentage of Muslims in Britain(16.1% compared to an average of 3.0%). Places within the borough boundaries (in addition to the Bradford city area itself) include Addingham, Baildon, Bingley, Burley-in-Wharfedale, Cottingley, Cullingworth, Denholme, Haworth, Ilkley, Keighley, Manningham, Menston, Oakworth, Oxenhope, Queensbury, Saltaire, Shipley, Silsden, Steeton with Eastburn, Thornton and Wilsden. The northern and western parts of the district are largely rural, with areas of high moorland including the famous Ilkley Moor and Brontë Country. The current borough boundaries date from April 1, 1974, when the county borough of Bradford was merged with the borough of Keighley, the urban districts of Baildon, Bingley, Denholme, Ilkley, Shipley and Silsden, along with part of Queensbury and Shelf urban district and part of Skipton Rural District. Most of the Bradford city area is still unparished, but there are parish and town councils for most of the outlying towns and villages in the District. At present (November 2004) the following areas are parished: 467,665 33,240 (7.1 %) 76.087 (16.3 %) 58,305 (12.5 %) 130,742 (28.0 %) 101,630 (21.7 %) 36,101 (7.7 %) 75+ years31,560 (6.7 %) 207,122 (63.4 %) 184,558 (89.1 %) 14,281 (6.9 %) 8,283 (4.0 %) 119,656 (36.6 %) 41,922 (35.0 %) Student not working or looking for work, of economically inactive''' 18,116 (15.1 %) 24,972 (20.9 %) 20,042 (16.7 %) 14,604 (12.2 %) 4,968 (1.1 %) 4,333 (0.9 %) 12,504 (2.7 %) 6,937 (1.5 %) 67,994 (14.5 %) 366,041 (78.3 %) Other ethnic group4,890 (1.0 %) More information about the Bradford District is contained under the Bradford entry. There is also a site called bradfordinfo.com which has a range of statistical and other information about the District, and includes a Geographic information system accesible from mapsandstats.com ******************* file_id: 632787 approximately_22% be minority_groups. file_id: 632787 situation exist Bradford. file_id: 632787 figure comment_PASS response. file_id: 632787 immigrant lead_PASS city. file_id: 632787 place include Addingham. ******************* Giancarlo Parretti is an Italian financier. He formerly owned the movie studio Pathé and in 1990 bought MGM , using money borrowed from a Dutch subsidiary of Crédit Lyonnais and contingent on future profits financing the purchase from mogul Kirk Kerkorian . During that period the movie studio released almost no movies (one victim being the James Bond franchise), while Parretti enjoyed a Hollywood mogul lifestyle. In 1991 his ownership dissolved in a flurry of lawsuits and a default by Crédit Lyonnais, and Parretti faced securities fraud charges in the United States and Europe . Pathé was purchased by Chargeurs in 1992. ******************* file_id: 638412 money borrow_PASS subsidiary. file_id: 638412 ownership dissolve flurry. file_id: 638412 default face securities_fraud_charges. file_id: 638412 Path_é purchase_PASS chargeur. ******************* Tikkun Olam (תיקון עולם) is a Hebrew phrase which translates literally as "repairing the world". It is a belief that was made central by the Kabbalah , esoteric Jewish mysticism , which is developed in the Zohar , a classic book of Jewish mysticism. In the teaching of the Zohar, one way to repair the world after the breaking of the sacred vessels (kaylim) is by performance of mitzvot ("good deeds"). The more mitzvot performed the closer the world will return to its original state of perfection. The concept of tikkun olam was made central by the Kabbalah; however, it existed long before the Kaballah came about. It is present in the Aleinu prayer in the phrase le-takken olam be'malkhut Shaddai which means "the world repaired in the Kingdom of God." It is also found in the Mishnah , the laws of the religion as written down at the start of rabbinic Judaism. The phrase mipnei tikkun olam , meaning "because of tikkun olam" is used in the Mishnah to indicate rules that are followed, not because they are the letter of the law, but because they help avoid bad social consequences. Kabbalists (people who adhere to the teachings of Kabbalah) hold that the very creation of the universe by God was unstable, and that the early universe could not hold the holy light of God. In this view, the original form of the universe shattered in shards; the universe that we see today is literally broken, and in need of repair. According to Kabbalah, the practice of following Jewish law and tradition has a real and physical effect on the spiritual structure of the universe. Following Jewish law can repair the tattered shards of creation and repair the universe as God originally intended it to be, making mankind a partner in God's creation. This means that by scrupulously observing all of Jewish law, including the laws of Shabbat, Kashrut, Family purity, etc, a person helps repair tears in the fabric of our universe. All Hasidic Jews and many non-Hasidic Orthodox Jews follow Kabbalah. For many Orthodox and Conservative Jews, Tikkun Olam means the performance of good deeds at the individual level, but not society-wide social justice as such. The Kaballah is traditionally believed as only being valid in the context of following Halakha . However, Tikkun Olam as a concept is not limited to the realm of the Kaballah. For Reconstructionist Judaism as well as other progressive Jews, Tikkun Olam can refer to social justice at a communal and societal level in the hopes of bringing about a better world for all. For Reconstructionist Judaism there is usually no belief in halakha as a direct effect on the fabric of the universe; however, there is a belief in the effects of individals and movementson the general state of the world. There is an American magazine of the same title that reflects this worldview. For many Jewish scholars, the term's primary resonance is as part of the worldview of sixteenth-century Kabbalist Isaac Luria . Luria taught that the creation of the world happened via emanations of divinity streaming from God into finitude; God's light was too strong to be contained in finite vessels, so the vessels shattered. This answers the question of why Evil exists, in a Universe created by an omnipotent God; just as a mirror, when shattered, ceases to function correctly and give an accurate reflection even though each individual piece reflects just as it did beforehand, thus the Shattered World does not perfectly emit God's light, even though each individual shard does. According to Luria's cosmogony, sparks or shards of divinity were scattered throughout the created universe. Brokenness was, for Luria, an essential quality of embodied creation, and balancing that brokenness is the Jewish (some would say human) obligation to repair what is broken. In this sense, tikkun olam means lifting up holy sparks to redeem them in God. ******************* file_id: 641076 rule follow_PASS . file_id: 641076 kabbalist adhere teaching. file_id: 641076 consequence be . file_id: 641076 form shatter_PASS shard. file_id: 641076 creation happen emanation. ******************* The American Bulldog is a breed of working dog developed for catching livestock and for protecting property. The American Bulldog is a stocky, strong-looking dog. Its coat is short and either white or white with patches. There are generally considered to be two types of American Bulldog, the Johnson type and the Scott type. These are named after the breeders who were influential in developing them, John D. Johnson and Allen Scott. The Johnson type is a larger dog with a shorter muzzle than the Scott type. However, many modern American Bulldogs are a combination of the two types. Generally speaking, American Bulldogs weigh between 27 to 54 kg (60 to 100 lb) and are 52 to 70 cm (20 to 28 inches) at the withers. There are two distinct strains of American Bulldogs, Classic (Johnson, Bully) and Standard (Scott, Performance) which is often mistaken for its second cousin the American Pit Bull Terrier because of its appearance, and for its much smaller European relatives because of its name, the American Bulldog is different from any of these. The American Bulldog is massive in comparison to the French Bulldog or English Bulldog and were never bred to be lap dogs (and they can't even fit onto one.) The Standard American Bulldog does resemble the pit bull type breeds on many points, such as being muscular dogs that can be all white or white with patches. However, the pit bull's head is in the shape of a wedge coming to a more rounded point at the muzzle, whereas an American Bulldog's is box-shaped. The American Bulldog's ears are also typically uncropped, and it is heavier. An American Bulldog is typically a happy, friendly and assertive dog that is at ease with its family and fine with strangers as they get to know the stranger in question. They are quite fond of children but sometimes do not know their own strength, thus they should be supervised with small children. They bond strongly with their master and family but, because of strong guarding instincts and a somewhat dominant attitude, they need a firm but fair hand; they should be socialized and obedience trained early to expose them to other dogs and people and to ensure they can be controlled around company as they get older (and much larger.) They need room to expend their energy and so do best in a home with a backyard; they can be stubborn with training though once they are trained they tend to obey their masters faithfully. They are not always well behaved towards cats and smaller pets, but correct socialisation at an early age can greatly increase the chances of them accepting these animals. In England during the 17th and 18th centuries, the now extinct Old English Bulldog's were used on farms to catch and hold escaped livestock and also as butcher's dogs; it was believed then that sending a dog out after a bull would tenderize the meat. This eventually led to the bloodsport of bull-baiting, popular with the poor and rural areas for both entertainment as a bloodsport and the potential for gambling. These practices extended not only to the British Isles but also to the colonies she accquired during this time, including what is now the United States and in particular the South; many of the settlers brought their dogs with them to help around the farm, hunt in the woods, and to gamble. In 1835, the sport of bull-baiting was outlawed in the United Kingdom and over time the English Bulldog became the more compact and complacent version known today, but the much more athletic American strain continued on much the same in the rural South even as its popularity declined in favor of other breeds. By World War Two the breed was near extinction until John Johnson and Allen Scott scoured the backroads of the South looking for the best specimens to revive the breed. Today the American Bulldog is safe from extinction and is enjoying a healthy increase in popularity both as a working dog and as a loving family pet. In the South and West they are used as "hog dogs" (dogs used in the catching of escaped pigs and/or hunting razorbacks) and are also used in tracking, driving cattle, and weight pulling. During the 1990s Walt Disney Productions released the Homeward Bound series which featured an American Bulldog named Chance. ******************* file_id: 644051 bulldog weigh 27. file_id: 644051 dog be . file_id: 644051 dog be ease. file_id: 644051 Old_English_Bulldog use_PASS farm. file_id: 644051 dog use_PASS . file_id: 644051 pigs_and/or_hunting_razorbacks release Homeward_Bound_series. ******************* 1988 's The Big Blue ( French : Le Grand Bleu ) was the first film made in English by French director Luc Besson (there was also a French dub recorded by the same actors in the film). Starring Jean-Marc Barr , Rosanna Arquette , and Besson favourite Jean Reno , the film is a fictionalised account of the sporting rivalry between two famed free divers . It charts the competition and friendship of real-life champions Jacques Mayol (played by former model Barr) and Enzo Maiorca (renamed in the film as "Enzo Molinari", and played by Reno). The action is divided into two timelines - the nascent rivalry between the two divers as children, and (as adults) their final competition at the world free-diving championships at the Sicilian town of Taormina . Mayol's search for love, family, "wholeness" and the meaning of life and death is a strong undercurrent of the latter timeline. With its extensive underwater scenes and languid score (as with all of Luc Besson's films to date, the soundtrack was written by Eric Serra ), the film has been both praised as beautiful and serene, and in equal measure criticised as being dull and uneventful. While popular in Europe , the film was a commercial failure in North America in part due to the studio's recutting of the movie to include a simplified "happy" ending and the replacement of Serra's score with one composed by Bill Conti . The director later released a longer Director's Cut on DVD , featuring the original ending and an extended version of the Eric Serra score. ******************* file_id: 64657 chart play_PASS model. file_id: 64657 competition dive championship. ******************* Lake Merritt Oakland California panorama.jpg Looking west across Lake Merritt. In the distance is the Oakland Courthouse and Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center. At the right is the Bellevue-Staten Building. Lake Merritt is a large tidal lagoon that lies just east of downtown Oakland, California . It is surrounded by parkland and city neighborhoods. A popular walking and jogging path runs along its perimeter. In 1867, Dr. Samuel Merritt donated 155 acres (627,000 m²) of dammed tidal water from the headwaters of Indian Slough; it became known as "Merritt's Lake" and later Lake Merritt. Originally, the "lake" was a tidal estuary of San Francisco Bay . It has always attracted migratory birds, and in order to protect the birds from duck hunters, in 1869 the body of water was declared a National Wildlife Refuge, making it the first such refuge in North America. The Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge became a National Historic Landmark on May 23, 1963. Children's Fairyland is on the lake's shore in Lakeside Park. Lake Merritt Oakland California.jpg A view looking East towards man made islands of the Lake Merritt Bird Sanctuary. The Bellevue-Staten apartment building is in view and the Oakland/Piedmont Hills are in the background. A popular 3.5 mile jogging path surrounds Lake Merritt. A "necklace of lights" encircles Lake Merritt. Featuring 126 lampposts and 3,400 "pearly bulbs", the necklace was first lit in 1925. In 1941 the lights were dimmed due to World War II blackout conditions. After a decade long campaign, the lights were again illuminated in 1990. The lake features a healthy year-round population of birds. It does see seasonal fluctuations in the types of birds who call the lake home. All year round, the lake is home to moderate Canada Goose , Black-crowned Night Heron , Great Egret , Cormorant , American coot , and Gull populations. There are also small Mallard Duck and Pelican populations. From November through March the lake plays host to a very large population of Greater Scaup and Lesser Scaup , who spend most of their time floating on the water, mostly just sleeping. Smaller numbers of Canvasback , Bufflehead , and other migratory diving ducks are also present during the cold season. From June until the end of September, the lake's Canada Goose population increases significantly; they become nearly ubiquitous around the perimeter of the lake. In late summer and early fall a moderate pelican population also arrives. ******************* file_id: 652479 jpg make island. file_id: 652479 light dim_PASS World_War_II_blackout_conditions. ******************* The Emmy winning television series Picket Fences ran from 1992 to 1996 on the CBS television network in the United States . Created by David E. Kelley , the show starred Tom Skerritt , Kathy Baker , Don Cheadle , Holly Marie Combs , Justin Shenkarow , Adam Wylie , Lauren Holly , Costas Mandylor , Fyvush Finkel , and Ray Walston . Picket Fences followed the lives of the residents of the small town of Rome, Wisconsin , where weird things happened, including cows giving birth to human babies, transgender teachers, and a spate of people turning up dead in freezers. Struggling to maintain order in this Twin Peaks -esque environment is Sheriff Jimmy Brock. Married to the town doctor, Jill, they are attempting to bring up their three kids Kimberly, Matthew and Zachary against the odds. Picket Fences , like many shows of its era, frequently dealt directly with difficult subject matter, including abortion , homosexuality (and homosexual adoption ), belief in God , medical ethics , polygamy , spontaneous human combustion and constitutional right s. One of the oddest aspects of the series was the revolving door of town mayors who never seemed to last very long. Holding one of the riskiest positions in TV history, these are Rome’s mayors (and their portrayers), with their fates on the series: The show sometimes struggled to maintain a stable prime-time audience, and had wildly fluctuating ratings. It won fifteen Emmy Award s and one Golden Globe in its four-year run. There is a substantial following for the show, even nearly ten years later, and is popular as reruns in western Europe, especially in France , Germany , and Denmark . There are two actual towns called Rome in Wisconsin, one 75 miles north of Madison and the other 45 miles west of Milwaukee . A long-running story arc about busing black children in from the "inner city" suggests that the latter location is more likely for the fictional Rome, though no location was ever given in the show. ******************* file_id: 661455 thing happen . file_id: 661455 spate turn freezer. ******************* The Last Seduction is a film released to theaters in 1994 that stars Linda Fiorentino as the femme fatale , Peter Berg as a small-town man who's one night affair turns into more than he wanted and Bill Pullman as Fiorentino's husband who's chasing her and running from loan shark s at the same time. The movie was directed by John Dahl . Fiorentino was considered a possible Oscar nominee for the film, but because the film was shown on cable television (HBO) before it was released to theaters in 1994, it was disqualified. The movie was distributed by October Films . The Last Seduction is a complicated story about a woman, Bridget Gregory, who steals a bag of money ($700,000) from her drug-dealing husband Clay. Bridget drives off headed to Chicago when she happens to stop at a small town and meets Mike, a man who recently split with his wife under mysterious circumstances. The two immediately hook up. Bridget is just looking for sex while Mike is trying to find a way out of the small town. Meanwhile, drug dealer Clay gets his thumb broken by the loan shark who is looking for repayment for his loan. Clay, with the help of a private detective, franticly searchs for his plotting wife and the money. Back in the small town Bridget changes her name and gets a job at the same insurance company Mike works for. When Mike tells her how she can read credit reports to find out if a man is cheating on his wife, Bridget hatches a plan to start selling murders to upset wives. First, she talks Mike into trying to kill her drug dealing husband under the lie that he’s a cheating wife beater. She later frames Mike for attempted rape before jetting off to Europe. IMDb entry on The Last Seduction ******************* file_id: 664496 film release_PASS theater. file_id: 664496 murder s . ******************* About 120-150 species; see text Sea-lavender (also Sea Lavender , Sealavender ) or Statice is a genus Limonium of flowering plants with about 120 species. The genus was formerly often known by the synonym Statice . They are also sometimes known as Marsh-rosemary . They are members of the plumbago or leadwort family, Plumbaginaceae , and despite their common names, are not related to the lavender s or to rosemary . The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution in Europe , Asia , Africa , Australia and North America . By far the greatest diversity (over 100 species) is in the area stretching from Canary Islands east through the Mediterranean region to central Asia; for comparison, North America only has 3 native species ( Flora of North America ). Sea-lavenders normally grow as herbaceous perennial plant s, growing 10-70 cm tall from a rhizome ; a few (mainly from the Canary Islands) are wood y shrub s up to 2 m tall. Many species flourish in saline soils, and are therefore common near coast s and in saltmarsh es, and also on saline, gypsum and alkaline soils in continental interiors. The leaves are simple, entire to lobed, and from 1-30 cm long and 0.5-10 cm broad; most of the leaves are produced in a dense basal rosette, with the flowering stems bearing only small brown scale-leaves ( bract s). The flower s are produced on a branched panicle or corymb , the individual flowers small (4-10 mm long) with a five-lobed calyx and corolla , and five stamen s; the flower colour is pink, violet to purple in most species, white or yellow in a few. Many of the species are apomictic . The fruit is a small capsule containing a single seed , partly enclosed by the persistent calyx. Several species are popular garden flowers; they are generally known to gardeners as statices. They are grown both for their flowers, and for the appearance of the calyx, which remains on the plant after the true flowers have fallen, and are known as "everlasting flowers". There are between 120-150 species in the genus, many of them local endemic species with a very restricted range. Species not given a common name here are generally referred to simply as "Sea-lavender", "Statice" or "Marsh-rosemary". Some species formerly included in Limonium , e.g. L. tataricum , have now been transferred to the separate genus Goniolimon . ******************* file_id: 667139 species flourish saline_soils. file_id: 667139 violet purple species. file_id: 667139 species be garden_flowers. file_id: 667139 species not_give_PASS name. ******************* Rillettes ( French for "planks") is a preparation of meat similar to paté . Originally made with pork , the meat is cubed or chopped, salt ed heavily and cooked slowly in fat until it is tender enough to be easily shredded, and then cooled with enough of the fat to form a paste. They are normally used as spread on bread or toast and served cold. Rillettes are also made with other meats game bird s, rabbit and sometimes with fish such as anchovies , tuna or salmon . Sarthe ( Le Mans ), Tours , and Anjou are notable sources of rilletes. ******************* file_id: 679936 rillette be preparation. file_id: 679936 rillette _PASS . file_id: 679936 ,_and_Anjou be source. ******************* Railways: 0 km International Railway Journal of March 2005 reports that Bhutan and India have signed a MOU to connect Bhutan with the Indian Railways network. Highways: total: 3,285 km paved: 1,994 km unpaved: 1,291 km (1996 est.) There is one main East-West highway from Phuentsholing on the SW Indian border to Trashigang in the far east, with spurs to other main centres. The (badly) paved surface is usually one lane wide, with gravel shoulders for passing. Safety barriers, road markings and signage are sparse. Road accidents are frequent and, because of the mountainous topography, occasionally horrific. A two lane expressway is being constructed between Thimphu, the capital, and Paro airport. Roads in Western Bhutan are maintained under contract by DANTAK, an Indian Army engineering division, and in the rest of the country by the Department of Roads. Because much of the geology is unstable, there are frequent slips and landslides, particularly during the summer monsoon and as a result of frost action in winter. An international aid project is under way to stabilise the worst of these areas. There are a number of high passes on the East-West highway, the highest, in central Bhutan, being Trumshing La at over 3000m. A Japanese aid project is replacing most of the narrow one-way bridges with two-way girder spans capable of carrying heavy traffic. Most produce is moved on eight-ton 300hp Tata trucks, which are often overloaded. There is a network of passenger buses, and the most common vehicle in Government and private use is the 4WD pickup. A national driver licensing system includes a driving test, but this is not rigorous. Government drivers are trained at the Samthang Vocational Training Institute driving school (formerly the National Driving Training Institute) or they learn on the job as 'handy boys'. Ports and harbors: none Airports: 2 (1999 est.) Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,986 m: The single runway at Paro Airport is located in a steep-sided valley with restricted VFR approaches. During the monsoon season, flights are often delayed by cloud cover. Royal Druk Air is the national carrier, connecting Paro to Bangkok (Thailand), Yangon (Myanmar), Dacca (Bangladesh), Kolkatta and Delhi (India), Karachi (Pakistan) and Katmandhu (Nepal). The airline replaced its two aging BAe-146 four-engined jets in 2004 with faster and more capacious Airbus A319 -100 aircraft. Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1999 est.) Stoplights: total: 0 (Original stoplight installed in Thimphu has been dismantled - there are recent reports of plans to reinstate it.) ******************* file_id: 69006 km sign_PASS MOU. file_id: 69006 Safety_barriers_,_road_markings_and_signage be . file_id: 69006 Road_accidents be . file_id: 69006 road maintain_PASS contract. file_id: 69006 produce move_PASS eight_-_ton_300hp. file_id: 69006 Government_drivers train_PASS driving_school. ******************* Chrominance ( chroma for short) comprises the two components of a television signal that encode color information. It defines the difference between a color and a chosen reference color of the same luminous intensity. The idea of transmitting a color television signal as luminance and chrominance comes from Georges Valensi , who patented it in 1938 . Previous color television systems tried to transmit RGB signals in different ways and were incompatible with monochrome receivers. In analog television , chrominance is encoded into a video signal using a special "subcarrier" frequency, which, depending on the standard, can be either quadrature-amplitude ( NTSC and PAL ) or frequency ( SECAM ) modulated. In the PAL system, the color subcarrier is 4.43 MHz above the video carrier, while in the NTSC system it is 3.58 MHz above the video carrier. SECAM uses two different frequencies, 4.250 MHz and 4.40625 MHz above the video carrier. The presence of chrominance in a video signal is signalled by a " color burst " signal transmitted on the " front porch ," just after horizontal synchronization and before each line of video starts. If the color burst signal were to be made visible on a television screen, it would look like a vertical strip of a very dark olive color. In NTSC and PAL hue is represented by a phase shift in the chrominance signal within each video line relative to the color burst, while saturation is determined by the amplitude of the subcarrier. In SECAM (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals are transmitted alternatively and phase does not matter. Chrominance is represented by the U-V color plane in a PAL and SECAM video signals, and by the I-Q color plane in NTSC. ******************* file_id: 6945 color_television_systems try . file_id: 6945 SECAM modulate_PASS receiver. file_id: 6945 B transmit_PASS strip. ******************* Wilhelm Marr ( 1819 - 1904 ) was a German agitator and theorist, who coined the term " anti-Semitism " as a euphemism for the German Judenhass , or "Jew-hate". Marr was an unemployed journalist, who claimed that he had lost his job due to Jewish interference. A political conservative, he was influenced by the conservative pan-German movement, as expounded by Johann Gottfried von Herder , who developed the idea of the Volk , and the Burschenschaft movement of the early nineteenth century, which developed out of frustration among German students at the failure of the Congress of Vienna to create a unified state out of all the territories inhabited by the Volk . The latter rejected the participation of Jewish and other non-German minorities as members, "unless they prove that they are anxious to develop within themselves a Christian-German spirit" (a decision of the " Burschenschaft Congress of 1818"). While they were opposed to the participation of Jews in their movement, like Heinrich von Treitschke later, they did allow for the possibility of the Jewish (and other) minorities participating in the German state if they were to abandon all signs of ethnic and religious distinctiveness and assimilate completely into German Volk . Marr took these philosophies one step further by rejecting the premise of assimilation as a means for Jews to become Germans. In his pamphlet Der Weg zum Siege des Germanentums über das Judentum (The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism, 1879 ) he introduced the idea that Germans and Jews were locked in a longstanding conflict, the origins of which he attributed to race — and that the Jews were winning. He argued that Jewish emancipation resulting from German liberalism had allowed the Jews to control German finance and industry. Furthermore, since this conflict was based on the different qualities of the Jewish and German races, it could not be resolved even by the total assimilation of the Jewish population. According to him, the struggle between Jews and Germans would only be resolved by the victory of one and the ultimate death of the other. A Jewish victory, he concluded, would result in finis Germaniae (the end of the German people). To prevent this from happening, in 1879 Marr founded the League of Anti-Semites (Antisemiten-Liga), the first German organization committed specifically to combatting the alleged threat to Germany posed by the Jews and advocating their forced removal from the country. Although he had introduced the pseudo-scientific racial component into the debate over Jews in Germany, it is unlikely that he was influenced by the earlier theories of Arthur de Gobineau (author of An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races , 1853 ), who was only translated into German in 1898 , a quarter of a century after Marr's pamphlet appeared. Furthermore, Marr himself was very vague about what constituted race and, in turn, the racial differences between Jews and Germans, though this became a feature of Nazi racial science. It remained for later racial thinkers to postulate specific differences: these included Eugen Dühring , who suggested that it was blood, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain , an influential race theorist and husband of Eva Wagner, Richard Wagner 's daughter, who suggested phrenology as a means of distinguishing races. On the other hand, it does seem likely that Marr was influenced by Charles Darwin through Ernst Haeckel , a professor who popularized the notion of Social Darwinism among Germany's educated classes. Despite his influence, Marr's ideas were not immediately adopted by German nationalists. The Pan-German League, founded in 1891 , originally allowed for the membership of Jews, provided they were fully assimilated into German culture. It was only in 1912 , eight years after Marr's death, that the League declared racism as an underlying principle. Nevertheless, Marr was a major link in the evolving chain of German racism that erupted into genocide during the Nazi era. ******************* file_id: 70175 minority participate state. file_id: 70175 Germans_and_Jews lock_PASS conflict. ******************* The National Law School of India University (NLSIU) is India 's premier institution for under-graduate and graduate legal education. Based in Nagarbhavi, a quiet suburb in the western extremities of the city of Bangalore , the NLSIU was established in 1987 after a statute was enacted for that purpose by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Karnataka , and has officially been in existence since August 29 1987 . Historically legal education in India was open only to graduates and seen merely as professional training. Dismayed at the quality of legal education in conventional universities, several members of the legal fraternity debated a new system of legal education. Set up as a "pace-setter and a testing ground for bold experiments in legal education", the NLSIU admits 80 students for its immensely popular 5-year B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) programme every year. Students are chosen on the basis of a highly competitive all-India entrance exam (less than 2% of the total number of applicants make it through), held on the first Sunday in May each year. Foreign nationals are encouraged, with five seats being reserved for foreign nationals (preferably from SAARC countries). The NLSIU started its journey in 1987 under the stewardship of its Founder-Director, Dr. N.R. Madhava Menon and has since had three other directors, including the present director, Dr. A. Jayagovind. The first batch of students joined on July 1 1988 in the integrated five-year B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) course. The first courses commenced even before the college buildings had been built, and thus the NLSIU started functioning from the premises of the Central College, Bangalore University and remained there until 1992, when it eventually moved to its present location in Nagarbhavi. In addition to the under-graduate course, it also offers graduate courses in Business Laws and Human Rights, along with Distance Learning programmes. Plans are said to be underway to increase the number of courses on offer. NLSIU has also made a name for itself in Moot Courts and Parliamentary debates at an international level. In 1999, the NLSIU team won what is arguably the most prestigious moot competition in the world, the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition conducted by the ILSA which is held in Washington, D.C., every year. Furthermore, it has also won the Stetson International Environment Moot Court Competition conducted by the Stetson University College of Law in Florida. It has also regularly participated and made the break many times in the Willem C. Vis Commercial Arbitration moot (hosted by Pace Law School) and has been a finalist in the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot. NLSIU teams have also been regular at the World Universities Debating Championship as well as the All-Asian Intervarsity Debating Championships. NLSIU has conducted many round-table conferences on contemporary socio-economic and legal issues, particularly in the context of challenges faced by a developing country. Furthermore, its faculty and research centres are often called upon to provide draft versions of legislations as well as to contribute to formulation of government policies. University life includes, among other things, study circles, guest lectures, film screenings, dance and drama workshops, and play readings. Co-and extra-curricular activities promoted at NLSIU include debating, quizzing, music, dance, theatre and other literary and cultural activities. NLS also hosts an inter-collegiate literary and cultural festival called Legala along with Strawberry Fields which claims to be India's biggest rock-show, drawing more than 50 bands in the 2003 and 2004 editions. It also hosts the NLS International Debating Championship, a parliamentary-style debating championship which gets participation from countries around the SAARC region. Students from the National Law School have managed to secure a Rhodes Scholarship (two scholarships in the years 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2004) for study in Oxford every single year since 1996, out of the six scholarships allotted annually to India, which is a feat unmatched by any other college in India. Students have also secured a number of other prominent fellowships and can be found in the top law faculties in the world. It has been rated the number one law college in India by India Today from 1998 , when the magazine started publishing its annual list, through the year 2004 . Surprisingly in 2005 , NLSIU dropped to the number 2 position in said Ranking. Despite being a young law school, its alumni have been making a name for themselves all over the world. They can be found in a wide range of fields, from law firms, to international organisations, to journalism and even modelling. As stated by a former director, one of the principle objectives in establishing the NLSIU was to increase the quality of the bar . However, it has been pointed out that most of those who graduate from NLSIU prefer a career in either in corporate litigation or as legal advisers to companies, to joining the bar. ******************* file_id: 708954 student choose_PASS basis. file_id: 708954 national encourage_PASS . file_id: 708954 plan say_PASS . file_id: 708954 debate win . file_id: 708954 activity promote_PASS NLSIU. file_id: 708954 student manage_PASS . ******************* A subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, i.e., the area between the arachnoid and the pia mater . It may arise due to trauma or spontaneously, and is a medical emergency which can lead to death or severe disability even if recognized and treated in an early stage. SAH can result from head trauma , the most common cause, or may occur spontaneously. Spontaneous SAH most commonly follows the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm or cerebral arteriovenous malformation , but can also be due to angioma , thrombosis , hematoma , or brain tumor . SAH in a trauma patient is often detected when a patient who has been involved in an accident becomes less responsive or develops hemiplegia (one-sided weakness) or changed pupillary reflexes, and Glasgow Coma Score calculations deteriorate. Headache is not necessarily present. In spontaneous SAH, the cardinal symptom is sudden severe headache, described by patients as "like being hit over the head with a heavy object" and "the worst headache of my life". In contrast to other types of headaches which have slower onsets, the headache of SAH is sometimes called a "thunderclap headache". Neurological symptoms (like slurred speech , paralysis , and visual symptoms) and meningism are not necessarily present, but nausea, vomiting and loss of consciousness are often seen. Aneurysm related SAH has a 50% pre-hosptial mortality, highlighting the significant nature of the hemorrhage. The diagnosis is made by the clinical history, physical examination , and CT scanning . The scan may reveal blood in the sub-arachnoid space, cerebral ventricles or brain parenchyma, depending on the size and location of the bleed. In traumatic SAH (tSAH), the scan may also identify any additional intracranial injuries. Lumbar puncture may be needed for diagnosis in small subarachnoid bleeds that may not be detected on CT scans; the presence of xanthochromia -- a yellow tinge to the cerebrospinal fluid consequent to breakdown of blood -- is indicative of SAH, whereas gross blood may merely indicate a traumatic lumbar puncture. Cerebral angiography can isolate the source of bleeding prior to surgical treatment. The (1968) of subarachnoid hemorrhage severity is: Neurosurgical intervention is necessary in severe or traumatic SAH, especially in the case of high or increasing Hunt-Hess scoring. This may be by craniotomy and external clipping of the bleeding vessel or aneurysm, or by interventional radiology (neuroradiology), which employs transfemoral angiography and inserting of metal coils to stem the bleeding (which is especially useful in aneurysmatic hemorrhage). In case of spontaneous rupture of aneurysm, there are few evidence-based guidelines on the timing of neurosurgical interventions, and this often depends on the clinical experience and guidelines of local interventional centers. There is, however, a risk of re-rupture of the aneurysm and most experts favor intervention as soon as the appropriate operating room and personnel resources can be mobilized. Medical treatment also involves absolute bedrest with the head slightly elevated to encourage venous flow away from the area of the hemorrhage. Apart from neurosurgery and nimodipine , the somewhat obsolete "Triple H" approach is used by some centers. This involves hypertensive hypervolemic hemodilution (keeping blood pressure and circulating volume high with relative anemia). This treatment is most useful in patients exhibiting symptoms of vasospasm , which may be verified by transcranial doppler or cerebral angiography . A patient who recovers without immediate intervention may receive follow-up angiography to identify aneurysm s which may be amenable to coiling to prevent recurrent episodes of SAH. Complications of SAH can be acute, subacute, or chronic. ******************* file_id: 718521 hemiplegium change_PASS reflexes_,_and_Glasgow_Coma_Score_calculations. file_id: 718521 Lumbar_puncture need_PASS diagnosis. file_id: 718521 intervention be sah. file_id: 718521 expert favor . file_id: 718521 treatment be patients_exhibiting_symptoms. file_id: 718521 complication be . ******************* Byo-yomi (秒読み) is an extended time control in two-player game s, specifically Shogi and Go . The word is borrowed from Japanese and literally means "reading the seconds". A typical time control for amateur tournaments is "60 minutes + 30 seconds byo-yomi", which means that each player may make as many or as few moves as he chooses during his first 60 minutes of thinking time, but after the hour is exhausted, he must make each move in thirty seconds or less. To enforce byo-yomi, a third person or a game clock is necessary. In professional Go games, a player has several byo-yomi periods, for example five periods of one minute each. If a player makes his move within a one-minute period, he retains all five periods for his future moves. If a player oversteps one minute, he starts the following move in the second rather than the first byo-yomi period. In effect, the player has one minute per move plus four extra one-minute packets which may be arbitrarily distributed, e.g. four moves of two minutes each, or one move of five minutes, or any other combination. When analog game clocks are used to enforce byo-yomi, it is more convenient to assign additional time for a block of moves, rather than for each move. In Canadian byo-yomi , a player typically gets 5 minutes for 10 to 20 moves. The Internet Go Server (IGS) uses a similar system, but the byo-yomi time is variable and always covers 25 moves. Thus the time control "20 minutes + 15 minutes byoyomi" on IGS means that after the initial 20 minutes of thinking time are over, a player is granted 15 additional minutes, which may be spent however he chooses. If these minutes expire before he has made 25 more moves, he loses. If he makes 25 more moves in less than 15 minutes, he is granted another 15 minutes of byo-yomi, and so on indefinitely. Unused time during one byo-yomi period does not carry forward to future moves. This is in contrast to the time controls typical on the Internet Chess Club such as "5 minutes + 12 seconds per move". Under this time control each player has twelve seconds added to his clock after every move, starting from the first move, regardless of how much time he spends on each move. Thus if a player thinks for eight seconds before making his first move, he will have five minutes and four seconds on his clock after making it. ******************* file_id: 72149 game_clocks use_PASS . file_id: 72149 time not_carry move. file_id: 72149 seconds add clock. ******************* A transit of Venus across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Mars, obscuring a small part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Mars as a small black disc moving across the face of the Sun. No one has ever seen a transit of Venus from Mars, but the next one will take place on August 20 2030 , and could be observed by spaces probes or hypothetical Mars colonists. Transits of Venus from Mars occur much more often than transits of Earth from Mars , and also much more often than transits of Venus from Earth . The Venus-Mars synodic period is 333.92 days. It can be calculated using the formula 1/(1/P-1/Q), where P is the orbital period of Venus (224.701 days) and Q is the orbital period of Mars (686.98 days). The inclination of Venus' orbit with respect to Mars' ecliptic is 1.94°, which is less than its value of 3.39° with respect to Earth's ecliptic. From empirical observation of transit dates, it appears that transits occur within separate series; within each series, the transits are separated by 24042.45 days (just under 65 years and 10 months). This corresponds to 72 Venus-Mars synodic periods, or 35 Mars orbital periods, or 107 Venus orbital periods. A series begins and ends with a near-miss just north or south of the Sun. When the distance between Venus and Mars at inferior conjunction is large enough (with Venus having an angular diameter of around 19"), a new series starts before the old one has ended. In this case transits occur only two synodic periods (about 668 days) apart, with one such transit catching the northern part of the Sun and the other catching the southern part of the Sun. However, when Venus and Mars are closer together at conjunction (with Venus having an angular diameter of around 23"), then one series ends before the other begins. In the table below, series names beginning with "A" are near the ascending node with respect to the Martian ecliptic , and occur when Venus has an angular diameter of approximately 23–24". Series names beginning with "D" are near the descending node with respect to the Martian ecliptic, and occur when Venus has an angular diameter of approximately 18–19". It can be seen that Da2 starts before Da1 ends, and Db2 starts before Db1 ends, and Db3 starts before Db2 ends; however, Aa1 ends before Aa2 starts, and Ab1 ends before Ab2 starts. Near misses are indicated with strikeout . ******************* ******************* Alpha Oumar Konaré (born February 2 , 1946 ) was the president of Mali for two five-year terms ( 1992 to 2002 ), and has been Chairman of the Commission of the African Union since 2003 . Alpha Oumar Konaré was born in Kayes , Mali , where he went to primary school . He went on to attend Bamako 's Lycée Terrasson de Fougères , the Collège des Maristes of Dakar , Senegal , the Collège Moderne of Kayes and, between 1962 and 1964 , the École Normale Secondaire of Katibougou . He completed his advanced studies in history at the École Normale Supérieure in Bamako ( 1965 - 1969 ) and at the University of Warsaw between 1971 and 1975 . He began his professional career as an instructor in Kayes, then a lycée teacher at Markala and Bamako . In 1974 , he did research at the Institut des Sciences Humaines du Mali , then, from 1975 to 1978 , acted as head of historic patrimony and ethnography at the Ministry of Youth, Sports, Arts, and Culture. In 1980 , he was named researcher at the Institut Supérieur de Formation en Recherche Appliquée (I.S.F.R.A), and Professor at the History/Geography department at the Ecole Normale Supérieure of Bamako. In the course of his career, he headed several professional organizations, including the Association of Historians and Geographers of Mali, the West African Association of Archaeologists, and the Union of West African Researchers. Between 1981 and 1992 , Konaré served as a consultant for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Konaré was involved in politics as early as the age of twenty, when he was elected the 1967 Secretary General of the Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (US-RDA, the party of President Modibo Keïta ) of the Ecole Normale Supérieure of Bamako. Following the coup d’etat by General Moussa Traoré , he became an activist for the Marxist-Leninist , clandestine Malian Party for Work ( Parti malien du travail , or PMT). In 1978, however, he accepted a post in Moussa Traoré's government as minister of Youth, Sports, Arts, and Culture. Though he resigned in 1980, his term was marked by the formation of many Malian sports organizations. He went on to found and direct the cultural review "Jamana" in 1983, as well as the cultural cooperative of the same name. In 1989 he also founded the daily newspaper "Les échos," and in 1991 began "Radio Bamakan," Mali's first free radio station. In 1990, he participated in the creation of the umbrella movement Alliance for Democracy in Mali ( Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali , or ADEMA), which united the PMT with a number of other anti-Traoré groups. With the 1991 fall of Moussa Traoré, Konaré helped transform ADEMA into ADEMA/PASJ, an official political party, and served as its delegate to the 1991 National Conference of Mali. By the end of the democratic transition instituted by Amadou Toumani Touré , he was elected President of the Republic, with 69.01% of the vote in the second round against US-RDA candidate Tiéoulé Mamadou Konaté . He was re-elected for a second term in 1997 despite a boycott of the ballot in protest of his annulation of legislative elections. His terms are noted for the restoration of democracy in Mali in spite of the 1997 difficulties, his management of the Tuareg Rebellion in the north, and his decentralizion of the government. However, corruption remained a significant problem under Konaré's administration. Konaré publically rendered homage to the first president of Mali, Modibo Keïta, and created a memorial to him in Bamako. Opposed to the death penalty, he commuted the death sentences of Moussa Traoré and his wife to life in prison in 2002. He is also remembered as the man who brought the continent's most prestigious football tournament, the African Cup of Nations , to Mali in 2002. On the international stage, Konaré worked for peace and integration in the West Africa n region. He served as president of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1999 , and of the West African Monetary Union (UEMOA) in 2000 . Limited to two presidential terms by the Malian consitution, Konaré left office in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani Touré. On 10 July , 2003 , he was elected Chairman of the Commission of the African Union at the Maputo summit. ******************* file_id: 726928 Konar_é involve_PASS politics. ******************* Deutsche Physik (literally: "German Physics") or Aryan Physics was the name given to a reactionary movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s against the work of Albert Einstein , labeled Jewish Physics . The term was taken from the title of a 4-volume physics textbook by Philipp Lenard in the 1930s. The movement itself began as an extension of a German nationalist movement in the physics community which went back as far as World War I . A number of German physicists , including Wilhelm Wien and the especially passionate Philipp Lenard had then signed a number of "declarations" that there was a need to remove a perceived unfair amount of British influence from physics (such as the renaming of German-discovered phenomena with perceived English-derived names, such as " X-ray " instead of " Röntgen ray"), and a declaration of the national character of science as a method of emphasising local differences in theory and practice. After the war, the affronts of the Treaty of Versailles kept some of these nationalistic feelings running high, especially in Lenard (this was not a sentiment unique to physics or physicists—this blend of nationalism and perceived affront from foreign and internal forces formed a key part of the popularity of the newly forming National Socialist Party ( Nazis ) in the late 1920s ). During the early years of the twentieth century , Albert Einstein 's Theory of Relativity was met with much bitter controversy within the physics communities of the world. There were many physicists, especially the "old guard," who were suspicious of the intuitive meanings of Einstein's theories, and many were not capable of understanding the complicated mathematics that stood at their core. Many of these classical physicists resented Einstein's dismissal of Maxwell's luminiferous aether , which had been a mainstay of their work for the majority of their productive lives. They were not convinced by the empirical evidences for Relativity: the measurements of the perihelion of Mercury and the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment might be explained in other ways, they thought (they were not alone in this assertion), and the results of the Eddington eclipse experiment (the first observed instance of gravitational lensing , a key prediction of Einstein's) were experimentally problematic enough to be dismissed as meaningless by the hardcore doubters. Many of these doubters were very distinguished experimental physicists—Lenard was himself a Nobel Prize in Physics laureate. When the Nazis entered the political scene, Lenard quickly attempted to ally himself with them, joining the party long before it was fashionable to do so. With another Nobel Prize in Physics laureate, Johannes Stark , Lenard began a core campaign to label Einstein's Relativity as Jewish Physics , decrying it was overly abstract, out of touch with reality, associating it with moral relativism , and, the icing on the cake, practiced exclusively by Jew s and Jewish sympathisers. For a few years in the early 1930s, this found strong support from Nazi leadership, as it played upon a number of Nazi ideological themes, and gave yet another method to harass Jewish citizens and institutions. Lenard and Stark enjoyed the Nazi support because it allowed them to undertake a professional coup for their preferred scientific theory; an example of using heavy-handed politics to influence the results of a " paradigm shift ". Under the rallying cry that physics should be more "German" and "Aryan," Lenard and Stark, with backing from the Nazi leadership, entered on a plan to pressure and replace physicist positions at German universities with people teaching their preferred theories (by this time, the early 1930s, there were no longer any Jewish physicist professorships in Germany, since under the Nuremberg Laws Jews were not allowed to work in universities). Stark in particular was also trying to get himself installed as the Führer of physics—not an entireably fanciful goal, given the Gleichschaltung (literally, "coordination") principle applied to other professional disciplines, such as medicine , under the Nazi regime, whereby a strict linear hierarchy was created along ideological lines. They met with moderate success, but the support from the Nazi party was not as great as Lenard and Stark would have preferred. After a long period of harassment of the quantum physicist Werner Heisenberg , including getting him labeled a "White Jew" in the SS 's weekly, Das Schwarze Korps (The Black Corps), they began to fall from influence. Heisenberg was not only a pre-eminent physicist whom even the Nazis realised they were better off with than without, however "Jewish" his theory might be in the eyes of Stark and Lenard, but Heisenberg had, as a young boy, attended school with SS chief Heinrich Himmler . In a moment of historical strangeness, Heisenberg's mother actually contacted Himmler's mother and asked her if she would please tell the SS to give "Werner" a break. After beginning a full character evaluation (which Heisenberg both instigated and passed), Himmler forbade further attack on the physicist. Heisenberg would later employ his "Jewish physics," in the stillborn Nazi project to develop nuclear fission for the purposes of weapons or energy use. Soon, Stark (Lenard, by this point, played less and less of a role) ran into even more difficulty, as other scientists and industrialists known for being exceptionally "Aryan" came to the defense of Relativity and quantum mechanics . As historian Mark Walker puts it, "despite his best efforts, in the end his science was not accepted, supported, or used by the Third Reich. Stark spent a great deal of his time during the Third Reich fighting with bureaucrats within the National Socialist state. Most of the National Socialist leadership either never supported Lenard and Stark, or abandoned them in the course of the Third Reich." There was little scientific core to Deutsche Physik —it was primarily reactionary in its scope, lashing out at modern physics and its practitioners. Ideologically, its key claim was that there was "national character" in science, a denial of the claim of science's universality and internationalism (it, like Nazi ideology, also identified "internationalism" as being synonymous with "Jewishness"). This was not entirely false: there are national "styles" of science, differences in method, theory, and tacit knowledge from place to place, often generaliseable along national borders. There were key differences, on the whole, between German and British physics in the late 19th century—different concerns (the British physicists cared more for the establishment of intuitive models while the Germans were on the whole more content with using equations without cosmological interpretation), different methods (the Germans became known for "brass machine" physics due to their use of increasingly complicated apparatus), and different systemic models (the German university system and the British one differed among many lines, which introduced key differences in their institutions of science). Deutsche Physik though went much further than this, proposing that different countries could, and should, have entirely different theories of science based on their localised conditions. This extrapolation is generally not recognised as being sensible today. It is occasionally put forth that there is a great irony in the Nazis' labeling modern physics as "Jewish science," since it was exactly modern physics—and the work of many European exiles—which was used to create the war-ending atomic bomb . However, the exodus of German Jewish intellectuals and scientists happened far earlier than the popularisations of the notions of Deutsche Physik and "Jewish physics," and even if the German government had not embraced Lenard and Stark's ideas, the anti-Semitic content of the Nazi regime was enough by itself to destroy the Jewish scientific community in Germany. Furthermore, the German nuclear energy project was never pursued with anywhere near the vigor of the Manhattan Project in the United States , and for that reason would likely not have succeeded in any case. But there is one connection: much of the push for the formation of an Allied bomb project came from European scientists—such as Leo Szilard , Edward Teller , Enrico Fermi , and Albert Einstein —who had fled Europe because of Hitler's anti-Jewish policies. Deutsche Physik stands in history as being an explicit intersection of science and politics, comparable in ways to Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union and the treatment of many scientists (especially Big Bang cosmologists) in China during the Cultural Revolution . ******************* file_id: 730450 force form part. file_id: 730450 sympathiser find support. file_id: 730450 physicist_professorships install_PASS f. file_id: 730450 linear_hierarchy create_PASS line. file_id: 730450 concern care establishment. ******************* The residue theorem in complex analysis is a powerful tool to evaluate path integral s of meromorphic functions over closed curves and can often be used to compute real integrals as well. It generalizes the Cauchy integral theorem and Cauchy's integral formula. The statement is as follows. Suppose U is a simply connected open subset of the complex plane C, a 1,..., a n are finitely many points of U and f is a function which is defined and holomorphic on U\ { a 1,..., a n }. If γ is a rectifiable curve in U which doesn't meet any of the points a k and whose start point equals its endpoint, then \oint_\gamma f(z)\, dz = 2\pi i \sum_{k=1}^n \operatorname{I}(\gamma, a_k) \operatorname{Res}( f, a_k ). Here, Res( f, a k ) denotes the residue of f at a k , and I(γ, a k ) is the winding number of the curve γ about the point a k . This winding number is an integer which intuitively measures how often the curve γ winds around the point a k ; it is positive if γ moves in a counter clockwise ("mathematically positive") manner around a k and 0 if γ doesn't move around a k at all. In order to evaluate real integrals, the residue theorem is used in the following manner: the integrand is extended to the complex plane and its residues are computed (which is usually easy), and a part of the real axis is extended to a closed curve by attaching a half-circle in the upper or lower half-plane. The integral over this curve can then be computed using the residue theorem. Often, the half-circle part of the integral will tend towards zero if it is large enough, leaving only the real-axis part of the integral, the one we were originally interested in. The integral (which arises in probability theory as (a scalar multiple of) the characteristic function of the Cauchy distribution) resists the techniques of elementary calculus. We will evaluate it by expressing it as a limit of contour integrals along the contour that goes along the real line from − to and then counterclockwise along a semicircle centered at 0 from to − . Take to be greater than 1, so that the imaginary unit is enclosed within the curve. The contour integral is Since itz is an entire function(having no singularities at any point in the complex plane), this function has singularities only where the denominator 2+ 1 is zero. Since 2+ 1 = ( + )( − ), that happens only where = or = − . Only one of those points is in the region bounded by this contour. Because ( ) is : , the residue of ( ) at = is According to the residue theorem, then, we have The contour may be split into a "straight" part and a curved arc, so that and thus It can be shown that ' t ' \rightarrow 0\ \mbox{as}\ a\rightarrow\infty. Therefore ' t ' A similar argument with an arc that winds around − rather than shows that ' t ' and finally we have (If = 0 then the integral yields immediately to first-year calculus methods and its value is Ï€.) Q: What's the value of a contour integral around Western Europe? A: Zero, because all the Poles are in Eastern Europe. </> ******************* file_id: 73390 half_-_circle_part tend toward. file_id: 73390 function have singularity. ******************* For other mountains named Mount Jefferson, see Mount Jefferson. Mount Jefferson is a mountain in Montana. Alternate names for the mountain include Hollow Top Mountain and Hollowtop Mountain. ******************* file_id: 734079 Alternate_names include Hollow_Top_Mountain_and_Hollowtop_Mountain. ******************* Zils (also zills or finger cymbals ) are tiny cymbal s used in belly dancing and similar performances. Zil is Turkish for cymbal . A set of zils consists of four cymbals, two for each hand. Zils are commonly about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. Accomplished dancers will often have a second slightly larger set for use in noisy situations. They are commonly made from brass rather than the bronze used for larger cymbals, but many other alloys are also used. Some are plated to give a silvery colour or a brighter surface. Dancers speak of silver tone and gold tone , and may have several sets with different tones for different dances, or of different colours to match different costumes. Modern dancers use elastic to secure the zils, one to the thumb and one to the middle finger of each hand. A hole or two slots are provided to allow the elastic to be threaded through the zil. There are a variety of ways to cause the zils to ring, resulting in a wide range of sounds that the instruments can produce. Zils are occasionally used as part of orchestral or other musical performances. In these cases they are usually just called finger cymbals and are used to obtain a ringing sound with "Middle Eastern" associations. Percussionists playing finger cymbals sometimes use a less complicated technique than the traditional one used by dancers. The musician holds one cymbal in each hand by gripping the strap between the thumb and the index finger, and they are played by striking the rims together. This technique is used when the zils are used for occasional flourishes in the music rather than for complex rhythms and sounds. Many a belly dance r and musician has looked for sources for playing their finger cymbals better. Several instructional booklets and tape sets were produced in the 1970's. These include Jamilla Salimpour, Mimi Rogers and Mary Ellen Donald . Manufacturers include: ******************* file_id: 734865 zil be cm. file_id: 734865 dancer speak tone. file_id: 734865 Modern_dancers use . file_id: 734865 belly_dance_r_and_musician look_PASS source. file_id: 734865 manufacturer include . ******************* Hever Castle , in Kent , England , was the seat of the Boleyn family. Originally a farmhouse, it was built in the 13th century and converted into a manor in 1462 by Geoffrey Boleyn , who served as Lord Mayor of London . The remains of the timber dwelling can still be seen within the stone walls of the fortification. Some time after 1505 , the Boleyn family moved in, and Anne Boleyn , though not born here, grew up here and lived here until her marriage to King Henry VIII of England . After Anne and her brother George were executed ( 1536 ) and her father Thomas Boleyn died (1539), the property came into the possession of King Henry VIII of England . He bestowed it on Anne of Cleves when he divorced her ( 1540 ), but she probably spent little time there. The building subsequently passed through various owners, including the Waldergrave family in 1557, and the Meade Waldo family from 1749-1903. During this latter period of ownership, the castle fell into a poor state of repairs, during which time it was leased to various private tennants, until it was acquired and completely restored by the American millionaire William Waldorf Astor , who used it as a family residence. The estate is now run as a conference centre, but the castle is open to the public and is particularly well known for its maze. The garden is large and of the highest quality with a large range of features including an Italinate garden, rose gardens and a lake. Hever Castle Official website. ******************* file_id: 74178 castle fall state. file_id: 74178 time lease_PASS tennant. ******************* Islamic Fun is a controversial package of computer games targeted at Muslim children, developed by the UK -based firm Innovative Minds . All the games in the package involve answering a series of multiple choice questions on a range of Islamic themes. Three levels of questions are available, for children of 5-7 years, 8-10 years, and 11 years and older. The game became controversial not only for the obvious anti-Zionism of "The Resistance", but also for some of the questions themselves, which seemed designed to promote an Islamist world view. Examples included " Mustafa Kemal , the hater of Islam, forbade the use of Arabic in Turkey, banned the hijab and closed down the Aya Sofya Mosque in Istanbul . Which is it?" and "Ignoring the hand over agreement, the Christian s turned the beautiful Mosque of Córdoba , in Muslim Spain , into a Cathedral (1238). Which one is it??" ******************* file_id: 746939 example include Mustafa_Kemal. ******************* A drying oil is an oil which hardens to a tough, solid film after a period of exposure to air. The term "drying" is actually somewhat of a misnomer, since the oil does not harden through the evaporation of water, but through a chemical reaction in which oxygen is absorbed from the environment ( oxidation ). Heat and light speed up this reaction. Drying oils are a key component of oil paint and many varnish es. Some commonly used drying oils include linseed oil , tung oil , poppy seed oil and walnut oil . ******************* file_id: 752713 Drying_oils be component. ******************* Jeff Foxworthy (born September 6 , 1958 in Atlanta, Georgia ) is an American comedian and actor who is best known for his work as a stand-up comedian. He was a member of the Class of 1979 at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, but left his mainframe maintenance job at IBM (where his father also worked) after five years to become a full-time comedian. In 1993 , he released You Might Be a Redneck If... which started the "You Might Be A Redneck" fad . The album became the highest-selling comedy album of all time, eventually selling over 14 million copies. In 1995 , he starred in The Jeff Foxworthy Show , a sitcom created out of his stand-up comedy persona. It aired on ABC , but was canceled after one season. NBC subsequently picked up the show, but it was again canceled after one season. Foxworthy later remarked that the network did not understand how to properly market his humor; thinking his routine was "too Southern" for a national network, they based his sitcom in Indiana. It can now be seen on Nick at Nite . In the early 2000s , Foxworthy had a career resurgence as a result of the " Blue Collar Comedy Tour ", in which he and three other comedians ( Larry the Cable Guy , Ron White , and Bill Engvall ), specializing in common-man comedy, toured the country and performed for record crowds. The tour lasted three full years, constantly being extended after an initial run of 20 shows. In 2004 , he launched a new television show called Blue Collar TV on The WB Television Network and Comedy Central . He serves as executive producer, and stars alongside Blue Collar Comedy Tour-mates Larry The Cable Guy and Bill Engvall . Foxworthy also hosts The Foxworthy Countdown , a nationally syndicated weekly radio show featuring country music hits. Foxworthy has authored books including You Might Be a Redneck If... ( 1989 ) and related "redneck humor" books, as well as No Shirt, No Shoes, No Problem! ( 1996 ). He also has released a cookbook entitled The Redneck Grill , co-authored with David Boyd. In 2005 , Jeff Foxworthy was roasted in a TV special called Comedy Central Roast of Jeff Foxworthy . ******************* file_id: 752960 Foxworthy author_PASS book. ******************* Earl Russell Browder ( May 20 1891 – June 27 1973 ) was an American socialist and leader of the Communist Party USA . Browder was born in Wichita, Kansas . He joined the Socialist Party of America at the age of 15. During World War I he gave speeches urging the United States not to join the war, calling the conflict an imperialist conflict. When the US joined the war in 1917 , Browder and other Socialist Party leaders were arrested and charged under the Espionage Act for opposing conscription . Browder was imprisoned but continued to campaign against the war after his release resulting in his second imprisonment in 1919 . The left wing of the Socialist Party split to form the Communist Party of America and the Communist Labor Party . The two parties fused in 1921 and Browder joined the unified party in 1921 becoming managing editor of the party newspaper, Labor Herald . In 1928, Browder and his lover Kitty Harris went to China and lived together in Shanghai where they worked together on behalf of the Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat, a Comintern organization engaged in clandestine labor organizing. The two returned to the United States in 1929. Browder became general secretary of the Communist party in 1930 and took over the top position of party chairman in 1932 after William Z. Foster suffered a heart attack . Foster was the party's candidate for President of the United States in the 1936 presidential election but won only 80,195 votes. He tried to run for President in the 1940 presidential election but was forbidden by a court order from travelling around the country and won only 46, 251 votes. In 1939 Browder appointed Rudy Baker to head the CPUSA underground apparatus to replace J. Peters , after the defection of Whittaker Chambers . Browder was sentenced to prison in 1940 , ostensibly due to passport violations, but was released after 14 months when the US joined World War II and became an ally of the Soviet Union . Browder embraced the popular front tactic and led the CPUSA's tactic of expressing cautious support for the New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt while demanding that it should go much further than it did. During this period Browder successfully recruited dozens of operatives from amongst his associates for Soviet intelligence. In November 1943 Browder turned control of the Perlo group over to Jacob Golos and it subsequently was taken over by Elizabeth Bentley after Golos death. Venona decrypt #588 April 29 1944 from the KGB New York office states “for more than a year Zubilin (station chief) and I tried to get in touch with Victor Perlo and Charles Flato . For some reason Browder did not come to the meeting and just decided to put Bentley in touch with the whole group. All occupy responsible positions in Washington, D.C.” In 1944 , Browder declared that communism and capitalism could peacefully co-exist. The Communist Party reconstituted itself as the Communist Political Association . With the end of the Great Power alliance at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War , "Browderism" came under attack from the rest of the international Communist movement. In 1945, Jacques Duclos , a leader of the French Communist Party , published an article denouncing Browder's policy. With the Comintern having been dissolved during the war, the "Duclos letter" was used to informally communicate Moscow 's views. William Z. Foster , Browder's predecessor and a staunch Stalinist , led the opposition to Browder within the party and replaced him as party chairman in 1945, with Eugene Dennis taking over as general secretary . Browder was expelled from the party in 1946. Browder continued to campaign for his views outside the party and criticized the CPUSA's domination by Moscow, writing that "The American Communists had thrived as champions of domestic reform. But when the Communists abandoned reforms and championed a Soviet Union openly contemptuous of America while predicting its quick collapse, the same party lost all its hard-won influence. It became merely a bad word in the American language." In April 1950 , Browder was called to testify before a Senate Committee investigating Communist activity. Questioned by Joseph McCarthy , Browder was willing to criticize the American Communist Party but refused to answer questions that would incriminate former comrades. Charged with contempt of Congress, Judge F. Dickinson Letts ordered his acquittal because he felt the committee had not acted legally. Browder's final public appearance was in a debate with Max Shachtman , the dissident Trotskyist , in which the pair debated socialism. Browder defended the Soviet Union and Stalinism while Shachtman acted as a prosecutor. It is reported that at one point in the debate Shachtman listed a series of leaders of various Communist Parties and noted that each had perished at the hands of Stalin; at the end of this piece of theatre, he remarked that Browder too had been a leader of a Communist Party and, pointing at him, announced: "There but for an accident of history stands a dead man". An attempt to reinstate Browder in the CPUSA following the Twentieth Party Congress and the move to destalinization failed. He remained outside of the party until his death in Princeton, New Jersey in 1973 . :* Constitution of the Communist Political Association: Adopted by the Constitutional Convention, May 20-22, 1944 PDF document . Published in . New York: CPA, 1944. pp. 47-51. Retrieved June 6, 2005. ******************* file_id: 759029 speech urge United_States. file_id: 759029 Communists abandon reform. file_id: 759029 question incriminate comrade. ******************* Chinese imperial roof decoration or roof charms or roof-figures (檐獸 Pinyin : yan2 shou4) was only allowed on official buildings of the empire. Chinese roofs are typically of the hip roof type, with small gables. Variant versions are still widespread in Chinese temples and has spread to the rest of East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia . Along the unions between the roof panels, near the corner, a row of small figures is placed. These are often made of glazed ceramic and form an outward marching procession. Here we see the imperial yellow glaze reserved for the emperor. At the tail of the procession will be an imperial dragon , representing the authority of the state. At the head of the procession will be a man riding a chicken , one legend suggests that this represents a minon of the emperor who grew greedy for power and was hanged from the roof gable for treason. Another version of this figurine is an immortal riding a fenghuang -bird or qilin . In between will be mythical beasts, always an odd number of them. The mythical beasts are set to pounce upon the man and devour him should he stray from performing his duties with faithfulness and rectitude. In the illustration above there is only one beast, The number of beasts indicates the importance of the duties performed within the building or within the courtyard protected by a gate. The maximum number of beasts is nine, including evil-dispelling bull, courageous goat-bull (獬豸), wind- and storm-summoning fish (狎魚), mythical lion (狻猊), auspicious seahorse, heavenly horse, lion, and chiwen (鴟吻, a son of dragon). The maximum number is seen in the lower image, taken at the Hall of Supreme Harmony . Note the addition of a immortal guardian (行什, xingshe ) in front of the dragon holding to a sword like a cane. These examples are found within the Imperial Palace Museum of the Forbidden City , Beijing , China . With the fall of the empire (in 1911 C.E.) such decorations are now seen on commercial structures and tourist boats. ******************* file_id: 759807 roof be hip_roof_type. file_id: 759807 version be temple. ******************* Dukes County is a county located in the state of Massachusetts . Its official name is "the County of Dukes County." As of 2000 , the population is 14,987. Its county seat is Edgartown 6 . The county consists of the island of Martha's Vineyard , and the Elizabeth Islands (including Cuttyhunk ). According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,272 km² (491 mi² ). 269 km² (104 mi²) of it is land and 1,003 km² (387 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 78.86% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 14,987 people, 6,421 households, and 3,788 families residing in the county. The population density is 56/km² (144/mi²). There are 14,836 housing units at an average density of 55/km² (143/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 90.69% White , 2.40% Black or African American , 1.71% Native American , 0.46% Asian , 0.07% Pacific Islander , 1.48% from other races , and 3.19% from two or more races. 1.03% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,421 households out of which 28.40% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.40% are married couples living together, 9.80% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.00% are non-families. 32.00% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.10% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 2.91. In the county the population is spread out with 22.70% under the age of 18, 5.50% from 18 to 24, 29.60% from 25 to 44, 27.80% from 45 to 64, and 14.40% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 95.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.10 males. The median income for a household in the county is $45,559, and the median income for a family is $55,018. Males have a median income of $38,945 versus $30,346 for females. The per capita income for the county is $26,472. 7.30% of the population and 5.00% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 10.40% of those under the age of 18 and 5.30% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Villages are census division, but have no separate corporate existence from the towns they are in. ******************* file_id: 76189 45.40% be couple. file_id: 76189 couple live . file_id: 76189 male have income. file_id: 76189 village be division. ******************* As fellow Indo-European languages , English and Persian have many words which share a common Proto-Indo-European origin, and many of these cognate words often have similar forms. However, this article will be concerned with loanwords , that is, words in English that derive from Persian, either directly, or more often, via one or more intermediary languages. Many words of Persian origin have made their way into the English language through different, often circuitous, routes. Some of them, like " paradise " date to the cultural contacts between the Persians and Greeks in the Hellenistic culture of Antiquity, and through Greek and then Latin found their way to English. Or Mihrab from the time of Persian conflicts with Rome. Persian as the second important language of Islam has influenced many languages in the Muslim world, and its words have found their way beyond the Muslim world. Persia remained largely impenetrable to English-speaking travellers, well into the 19th century. This may explain why not quite as many Persian words as one may imagine have made their way in English. Persia was protected from Europe by overland trade routes that passed through territory inhospitable to foreigners, while trade at Persian ports in the Persian Gulf was in the hands of locals. In contrast, intrepid English traders operated in Mediterranean seaports of the Levant from the 1570s , and some vocabulary describing features of Ottoman culture found their way into the English language. Thus many in the following list of English borrowings, though they were originally from Persian , arrived in English through Turkish mediaries. Compare List of English words of Etruscan origin for a similar situation. Other words of Persian origin found their way into European languages— and eventually reached English at second-hand— through the Moorish-Christian cultural interface in the Iberian peninsula during the Middle Ages thus being transmitted through Arabic or, much later, through Hindi during the British Raj . Please do not add any words to this list. It is in the process of being transferred to Wiktionary . You can help. __NOTOC__ Online etymology dictionary ******************* file_id: 763782 Indo have word. file_id: 763782 article concern_PASS loanword. file_id: 763782 word derive Persian. file_id: 763782 Persia remain English. file_id: 763782 Persia protect_PASS Europe. file_id: 763782 trader operate seaport. file_id: 763782 please not_add word. ******************* Many, see text ''This is for the bird. If you're looking for the Oasis song or the jazz single by Kenny G, go to Songbird (Oasis song) or Songbird (Kenny G song) . A songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder Oscines of Passeriformes (ca. 4000 species), in which the vocal organ is developed in such a way as to produce various sound notes, commonly known as bird song . Songbirds evolved about 50 million years ago in the western part of Gondwana that later became Australia , New Zealand and Antarctica and later spread around the world. This 'bird song' is essentially territorial in that it communicates the identity and whereabouts of an individual to other birds and also signals sexual intentions. It is not to be confused with bird calls which are used for alarms and contact, and are especially important in birds that feed or migrate in flocks. Other birds have songs to attract mates or hold territory, but these are usually simple and repetitive, lacking the variety of many passerine songs. The monotonous repetition of the Common Cuckoo or Little Crake can be contrasted with the variety of a Nightingale or Marsh Warbler . Although many songbirds have songs which are pleasant to the human ear, this is not invariably the case. Many members of the crow family make croaks or screeches which sound harsh to humans. ******************* file_id: 77510 songbird evolve 50_million_years_ago. file_id: 77510 bird have song. file_id: 77510 song be flock. file_id: 77510 member make croaks_or_screeches. file_id: 77510 croaks_or_screeches sound human. ******************* The Dark Tower is a fantasy fiction , science fantasy , horror , and western themed series of novel s by the American writer Stephen King . The series has been described as King's magnum opus - besides the seven novels that comprise the series proper, many of his other books are related to the story, introducing concepts and characters that come into play as the series progresses. The series has been recently adapted for a Marvel miniseries spin-off , written by King and illustrated by Jae Lee . The series was inspired by the poem " Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came " by Robert Browning , The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot and in the preface to the 2003 edition of The Gunslinger , King also identifies The Lord of the Rings and The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly as inspirations, identifying Clint Eastwood's " Man with No Name " character as the genesis of Roland of Gilead . The central character, Roland, is the last living member of a knightly order known as gunslingers . The world he lives in is quite different from our own - politically organized along the lines of a feudal society, it shares technological and social characteristics with the American Old West , as well as magical powers and relics of a highly advanced, but long vanished, society. Roland's quest, his raison d'être , is to find the Dark Tower , a mythical building said to be the nexus of the universe. Roland's world is said to have "moved on", and indeed, it literally appears to be coming apart at the seams - mighty nations are being torn apart by war , entire cities and regions vanish from the face of the earth without a trace, and even the Sun sometimes rises in the north and sets in the east. As the series opens, Roland's motives, goals, and even his age are unclear, though events in later installments shed light on these mysteries. Roland, son of Steven, a Gunslinger, was born in Gilead. He is now the last Gunslinger, with the sole charge of finding the Dark Tower, in some hope of reversing the erosion of time and the universe. This quest means all to him. The success of the quest is more important then the life of his loved ones, family and friends. Roland's passion for his quest could be what endangers the Tower and all worlds connected to it As the series opens, he chases Walter, the Man in Black, across a desert. He finds Jake Chambers, an 11 year old boy from 1970's New York City and befriends him. Jake was walking down the street one day when someone pushed him under a Cadillac ; then he woke up at a way-station in Mid-World and was quickly found by the gunslinger. Roland's relationship with Jake in The Gunslinger defines his personality: He can be friendly but is usually distant; he is wise and skilled but ignorant of our ways; he has no real sense of humour but is noble. However, ultimately he fails Jake; when confronted with the choice of saving Jake from an abyss or pursuing the Man in Black, he lets Jake fall. He catches up with Walter, the Man in Black, who tells Roland's fortune during a very long discussion. Roland falls unconscious, to finally wake up next to what seems to be Walter's skeleton. He makes his way to a beach, where he is attacked by a flock of bizarre lobster creatures. The creatures catch Roland sleeping, and after the tide has destroyed his bullets, and they devour two fingers of his right hand. These wounds become infected from the lobstrosities' poison and Roland falls gravely ill. Roland continues on his journey along the beach in search of (long term) the Tower and (short term) some care for his hand. He finds neither, but happens upon a door on the beach. This door stands upright, is visible only from one side and opens into not just a very strange where , but a very strange when ... Eddie makes his debut in The Drawing of the Three , in which Roland encounters three doors that open into New York City of our world in different times. Through these doors, he draws companions who will join him on his quest, as the Man In Black foretold. The first to be drawn is Eddie Dean, "The Prisoner", a drug addict and cocaine mule. Eddie lived with his older brother and fellow junkie Henry, who Eddie revered despite the corrupting influence Henry had upon his life. Roland helps Eddie fight off a gang of mobsters for whom he was transporting cocaine, not before Eddie discovers that Henry has been beheaded by said mobsters. After passing through the door out of "our" reality, Eddie faces horrible withdrawal symptoms but also shows a strange affinity for the ways of the gunslinger. Unwillingly at first, Eddie becomes Roland's companion through Mid-World, and soon falls in love with Odetta Holmes, the next member of Roland's ka-tet . Eddie dies at the hands of Pimli Prentiss, the head of Algul Siento, after Roland and his ka'tet successfully stop the Breakers from destroying the beams. Also hailing from New York City, Susannah is an African-American woman with two major afflictions: her legs below the knees were severed in a subway accident, and a childhood head injury left her with dual personalities. She is "The Lady of Shadows", the second companion predicted by Walter to be drawn through the mysterious doors. Initially, her dominant personality is that of Odetta Holmes, a sweet, well-mannered woman active in the civil rights movement. In dark times, however, she is taken over by Detta Walker, a murderously psychotic but incredibly crafty woman neither Eddie nor Roland can control. The third door leads to New York in the mid- 1970s . Here Roland finds himself inside the mind of "The Pusher", a sadistic psychopath named Jack Mort whose callous acts of random violence have shaped the lives of Roland's companions. When Odetta was five, Mort dropped a brick on her head (which led to the emergence of her multiple personalities ); he also pushed Odetta in front of a subway car when she was a teenager (not knowing or caring that she was previously a victim of his cruelty); on this day in question he is planning to shove a young boy (who turns out to be Jake Chambers) into traffic. Unable to let Jake die once again through his inaction, Roland takes control of Mort's body and stops him, then later forces him to throw himself in front of a subway train. In the midst of this struggle, Roland manages to trick Detta into looking through the door, which forces her to acknowledge her dual personalities. The two successfully merge, yielding the true third party member, Susannah Dean. Susannah, the sole survivor of Roland's Ka-Tet, leaves his world to an alternate New York where another Eddie and another Jake are waiting for her. Roland continues to the Dark Tower, accompanied only by the billy bumbler Oy and The Artist, Patrick Danville. Jake is the symbolic 'son' of Roland. He is originally from New York, circa 1970, and is 'pushed' into Roland's world by the Man in Black , who Jake sees as Walter but we later found out is Jack Mort . The eleven-year-old boy Roland left to die reappears in The Wastelands due to a paradox . Since Roland prevented Mort from shoving Jake into traffic, he never appeared in Mid-World, and was never left to die under the mountains. Jake and Roland, however, can remember both timelines, and the knowledge is slowly driving them insane. In the first half of The Wastelands, Roland's ka-tet figure out a way to draw Jake into Mid-world where he belongs. Eddie obsessively whittles a key out of wood as they approach another door, this one set into the ground and guarded by an invisible demon. Susannah distracts the demon by allowing it to copulate with her, while Eddie perfects the key and opens the door. On the other side, Jake has been drawn into an abandoned house filled with evil spirits, but fights through it (with a bit of timely assistance from Roland) to reach the door. Once in Mid-World again, Roland's and Jake's memories are corrected and their journey into insanity abated. Unfortunately, Susannah will pay the price for her distraction of the spirit. While crossing the desolate city of Lud, Roland finds that he may have to sacrifice Jake again to ensure their safe passage. Despite the danger, however, he rescues Jake, reaffirming the father-son bond that has grown between them. Like Eddie and Susannah, Jake eventually becomes a full-fledged gunslinger. Jake meets his end saving Stephen King in Bangor, Maine. On the road to Lud, the group finds a wounded "billy-bumbler". These animals are described as looking like a cross between a racoon and a dog, with a corkscrew-spiral tail. When Jake first sees the bumbler, he calls "Come here, boy," and the animal mimicks the sound with "Oy". The bumbler is friendly and intelligent -- Roland explains that it used to be common for billy-bumblers to speak and even be able to perform simple math -- and Jake decides to call him Oy, after the first word they heard him say. Seemingly a mere pet at first, Oy proves to be strangely helpful and nearly human at times. Roland concedes that Oy may quite possibly be meant as another member of their ka-tet . Oy dies valiantly while fighting Mordred Deschain in the final book, The Dark Tower . Susan Delgado appears in "The Wizard and the Glass", the fourth book of the series. When Roland is sent away from Gilead by his father, he meets Susan Delgado. Her father was killed in a horseback riding "accident", and Susan is being forced by her aunt to be the gilly-girl ( concubine ) of the mayor of her town. Before she is to sleep with the mayor, she falls in love with Roland and plans to run away with him. Accused of killing the mayor, she is burned at the stake by the townspeople and her aunt. At the time, she is pregnant with Roland's first child. Susan Delgado is the love of Roland's life, but he sacrifices her and his unborn child to the quest for the Dark Tower. He appears in many books of Stephen King, including The Eyes of the Dragon and The Stand , always as a nearly-demonic sorcerer. He is the Crimson King's chief agent, but secretly plots to rule the tower himself. This evil figure knows dark magic and uses it to spread chaos. He has destroyed civilizations, lead numerous violent factions, and killed his way to ruling kingdoms, the whole time serving the Crimson King. His true name is Walter Padick, but he has taken many aliases, among them Randall Flagg . Flagg is a central character in another sprawling King novel, "The Stand." In this tale, he is also called "The Dark Man", and knows much about Roland, his history, and his quest for the Dark Tower. The ultimate in evil, this mysterious figure wishes to conquer the Dark Tower and raze it to the ground. Since this will destroy nearly the entire universe, he is naturally cast as the villain in The Dark Tower books. He is also present in another Stephen King book, Insomnia , and a King-Peter Straub collaboration known as Black House. He is also known as Ram Aballah, and once ruled from his castle in Thunderclap, but now is imprisoned on a balcony in the Dark Tower. He believes that when the Tower falls, he will rule the darkness that was once the multiverse. He is the one whom Walter/Flagg serves, whom the low men and taheen serve, and has opposed Roland of Gilead from the beginning. Like Roland, he is descended from Arthur Eld, but there is speculation among Tower fans whether or not he and Arthur Eld are the same individual. Somehow knows about Roland's "Tower cycle" An invading spirit who possess es Susannah Dean's body in Wolves of the Calla . Originally an immortal spirit similar to a succubus , she saw and fell in love with a baby. After plague ravaged the city of Fedic and the child was taken away, Mia struck a bargain with Walter. If she would give up her formless immortality, Walter would give her a baby. Mia's purpose in Walter and the Crimson King's plan is to bear Roland's child; prophecy has foretold that this child will be Roland's doom. Mia got Roland's seed from the demon Susannah copulated with in "The Wastelands", during Jake's Drawing. The demon got it from before, when it seduced Roland as a woman. These demons are hermaphroditic and are able to change their sex at will. This concept is similar to that of IVF . Roland's sperm is stored by the demon and "delivered" to Susannah, without either's consent. Mia is killed by her child shortly after giving birth. Son of two fathers and two mothers, Mordred was born of Susannah's egg fertilized by the seed of both Roland of Gilead and the Crimson King (via the demon encountered while drawing Jake into the world), and carried to term by Mia. Mordred is half-human, half-godly, and if his fate is fulfilled, he will kill both Roland (one of his fathers) and topple the Dark Tower itself. However, neither the seers nor fate itself could protect Mordred from the death of magic in Mid-World as the Tower falters. Mordred becomes deathly ill after eating poisoned horse meat, and is slain by Roland at the threshold of the Dark Tower. First introduced in "Low Men in Yellow Coats", these soldiers of the Crimson King are half-taheen and half human, and originate in the todash spaces between worlds. Richard P. Sayre is a prominent Low Man in the Dark Tower Series. They also appear in Black House by King and Peter Straub. Taheen resemble humans with the heads of animals. They are in charge of Devar-toi and the Can-toi and are the servants of the Crimson King. The Taheen, much in the same way as humans, have a choice in their destiny, thus they can be good or evil. Callahan is the "damned" priest who appeared in the novel Salem's Lot . He makes his first appearance in the Dark Tower series in "Wolves of the Calla". After escaping death by vampire, Father Callahan spends time in a homeless shelter that he later runs. His partner in running the shelter, who is also the object of Callahan's love, is given AIDS by a vampire. Callahan has made it his life's work since Jerusalem's Lot to eliminate such vampires. He enters Mid-World, then arrives at the Way Station in the beginning of . Readers don't find this out until they read the . He assists the ka-tet in the Battle against the Wolves, helps Susannah's rescue mission from 1999 New York, and makes his final stand in against the can-toi (low men) and vampires. Callahan kills himself before allowing himself to fall at the hands of the vampires in the Dixie Pig; this diversion allows Jake to escape. The leader of the can-toi and the head of the Sombra Corportation, Sayre is the individual who lured Callahan to his death in 1983. He is the one who witnesses Mordred's birth in the Extraction Room at the Arc 16 Experimental Station in Fedic, and he meets his end when he is shot twice in the back of the head (once for Mia, once for Pere Callahan) by Susannah. Jack Andolini is a New York gangster and affiliate of Enrico Balazar, whom readers first met in The Drawing of the Three . In that novel, in 1987, while trying to kill Eddie, he followed Eddie and Roland into Mid-World and met his death by the hands of the lobstrosities. However, he reappears in Wolves of the Calla as a representative of the Sombra Corporation, in 1977. When Roland and Eddie enter the Maine of 1977, Andolini and his gang ambush them at the East Stoneham General Store. This version of Andolini, however, meets a not so horrible fate: in The Dark Tower , he is imprisoned in a Maine county jail. We first met Ted in the Stephen King novella Low Men in Yellow Coats from Hearts in Atlantis . He is a powerful Breaker, a psychic whose extraordinary powers are sought by the Crimson King so he can hasten the destruction of the Dark Tower. Ted arrived in the Devar-Toi , the prison where the Breakers are held, in 1955 , and thanks to Roland's old friend from Mejis, Sheemie Ruiz , Ted escapes the Devar-Toi and enters the Connecticut of 1960, which is when the story of LMIYC takes place. After his adventure in Connecticut , the low men captured him and smuggled him via the Dixie Pig and Thunderclap Station and back to the Devar-Toi. He meets Roland and his ka-tet in the final novel of the series, and he, Everything's Eventual 's Dinky Earshaw and the teleport Sheemie, assist the ka-tet in the attack on the Devar-Toi and they ultimately succeed in obliterating the low men and the taheen. After Roland, Jake, and Oy travel to the Maine of 1999 to prevent their ka' ska Gan Stephen King from dying, Ted and his friends escort Susannah Dean to Fedic Station, and they depart for the Callas, where they hope to return to America via the Doorway Cave. We first met Sheemie in Wizard and Glass . He was the mildly retarded tavern boy at the saloon in Hambry, and he assisted Roland and his original ka-tet in preventing the followers of John Farson , and more specifically, the Crimson King, from reviving the Great Old Ones' war machines. Sheemie joined Roland's ka-tet briefly and helped the gunslingers ward off the Crimson King's followers until he and his mule Capi mysteriously disappeared. However, while Roland assumes Sheemie is dead, he is not; he had been captured by the low men and taken to the Devar-Toi , the Breaker prison, because of his telepathic abilities. He reappears in the series' final novel and assists the ka-tet in defeating the low men and the taheen. However, during the battle, he stepped on a piece of glass, causing an infection (accelerated by the "poison air" around Thunderclap). While escorting Susannah to Fedic on the train, he dies. Richard "Dinky" Earnshaw is the psychic assassin from Stephen King's short story Everything's Eventual . He was hired by a man named Mr. Sharpton who was the head of a North Central Positronics subsidiary. However, when Dink discovered what Sharpton was truly using him for, he killed Sharpton. Unfortunately, the low men captured him and transported him to the Devar-Toi , where he later met Ted Brautigan and Sheemie Ruiz. The three joined forces with Roland and his ka-tet in the final novel of the series and they defeated the Devar's warriors. is the world/universe (see: parallel universe ) also known as "Keystone Tower". It is the only world/universe in King's multi-verse that contains the Dark Tower in its physical form. All others contain a representative of the Tower, but not the Tower in an accessible form. From All-World, it is possible to actually enter the Dark Tower. All-World is divided into regions, such as In-World, Mid-World, End-World, Out-World, and Thunderclap. The geography is widely varied. It includes deserts, mountains, rolling plains and vast wastelands. It is said to have "moved on." This seems to mean that there was no order to anything anymore, and that nothing was dependable anymore. For example: the sun doesn’t always rise in the right place and sometimes it doesn’t even cross the entire sky. According to Blaine the Mono , his Slo-Trans engines were supposed to last for millions of years, but were already faltering after a few thousand. However, since time appears to run at different rates all throughout All-World, and given Blaine's dementia, this assessment may not be dependable. It seems that an extremely advanced civilization once existed in All-World, possibly a parallel United States . This can be inferred from the high degree of similarity between Old Ones (the name for these ancient people) architecture, automobiles, clothing and the fact that an Old Ones military outpost used an everyday phone modem and Microsoft products. There was also a cola product called Nozz-a-la whose artwork was identical to that of Coca-Cola . They might have spoken English . The civilization of the Old Ones collapsed because of the replacement of magic , which could last forever, with technology , which would disintegrate if left unattended, but which nevertheless was allowed be responsible for maintaining the Beams of the Dark Tower. The Beams are six invisible forces connecting the edge of the world/universe to the center. These Beams are the primary source of force in All-World and they maintain order. Failure of the Beams cause changes in physical and astronomical constants, which causes chaos in nature, as well as in civilization. There are six Beams with twelve Guardians, one for each "Portal" (the end of a Beam) arranged like the spokes of a wheel with The Tower at the center. (see also: The Waste Lands). The Old One civilization used technology to maintain the Beams of the Dark Tower instead of magic, and sought to literally control reality. The final blow for the Old One civilization seems to have been nuclear war s, germ warfare and chemical warfare . It is not known when such wars took place, why they took place, or even between which nations or organizations such wars were fought. It is widely hinted the Crimson King was ultimately working behind the scenes, manipulating people and events to bring about civilization's destruction, since such destruction serves his ultimate ends. The All-World of most of the Dark Tower series seems to be sparsely populated and dangerous, filled with mutants both human and animal, and vast swaths of land are irradiated . Demons and robot s are to be found, as well as Taheen , who are in the employ of the Crimson King . Government s do not extend beyond the town level. Resources are scarce, and relics of the Old Ones technology exist mainly in perverted, deranged, or damaged forms that threaten instead of helping the last remnants of civilization. The only "unique" world. The only world with Stephen King in it, and the only world where changes made are permanent and can't be unmade. This world is home to the rose, which they say is not merely the representative of the tower here, but might actually be the physical tower itself. At the end of the series it was being protected by the Tet Corporation, which Roland's ka-tet created in 1977 , using Odetta Holmes' fortune as heiress to the Holmes Dental Corporation. In Wolves of the Calla , Commala is part of Calla-Speak, a dialect used in the Crescent-Callas of the borderlands between Mid-World and the vast wasteland of Thunderclap. "One would have been 'sexual orgasm ,' as in 'Did'ee come commala'? (The hoped-for reply being 'Aye, say thankya, commala big-big.') To wet the commala is to irrigate the rice in a dry time; it is also to masturbate . Commala is the commencement of some big and joyful meal, like a family feast (not the meal itself, do ya, but the moment of beginning to eat). A man who is losing his hair is coming commala. Putting animals out to stud is damp commala. Gelded animals are dry commala, although no one could tell you why. A virgin is green commala, a menstruating woman is red commala, an old man who can no longer make iron before the forge is say sorry sof' commala. To stand commala is to stand belly-to-belly, a slang term meaning "to share secrets." For that matter, why is a fork sometimes a commala, but never a spoon or a knife ? The Commala is also a dance to the goddess Oriza, to bless the rice." (excerpt from: Wolves of the Calla ) A thinny is a "weak spot" in reality. They are described as looking like large blobs of mercury and emit a warbling sound ("sounds Hawaiian, doesn't it?") that can set a person's teeth on edge and hypnotize them and draw them into it if they get close enough to it. Even if not hypnotized, prolonged exposure to the sound of a thinny can cause madness. Transportation into other universes is possible by simply walking into a thinny, but this is very dangerous and death is much more likely. Roland encountered a thinny earlier in life, the story of which is recounted in Wizard and Glass . His ka-tet also encounters one just outside Topeka, Kansas , in the reality of The Stand . The Manni tradition stems from the idea of a multiverse . The Manni are a group in All-world who consider themselves to be sailors on the winds of ka. They wear dark blue robes and are known for having rather grim views on situations. The dialect of All-world is heavily influenced by the Manni to include words like ka, ka-tet and kehf. "It is ka, and ka is destiny." -Ted Brautigan, Hearts in Atlantis: Low Men in Yellow Coats. Ka can be described as destiny or fate, but is more complex than that. It is said to be a wheel that can only be broken by death or by betrayal. But, as Cort put it, those are also spokes on the wheel of ka. The image of ka as a wheel is reminiscent of the philosphy, "what goes around comes around." Synonyms: Fate , Destiny , Karma , Luck , Kismet , Purpose "We are ka-tet. We are one from many." Says Roland of Gilead on the day before the Battle of Algul Siento( The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower ). Ka-tet is the belief that a group of people can be tied together by fate, or ka. (This a concept frequently used by King, even in books that do not use the terms "ka" or "ka-tet"; It , The Stand , and Dreamcatcher are examples.) It is said that a group has shared "khef" or the water of life. Sometimes the symbol of water is used literally, as in a ritual Roland and his ka-tet performs the night before the battle of Algul Siento. Roland's ka-tet includes himself, Eddie Dean, Susannah Dean, Oy, and Jake Chambers. This tet was broken after the Battle of Blue Heaven. Donald "Pere" Callahan could possibly be considered ka-tet at the end of the series, as could Roland's nemesis, Randall Flagg. Roland's previous ka-tet included himself, Cuthbert Allgood, Jamie DeCurry, and Alain Johns. Literally the water of life. The idea of Khef, seems to be an adaptation of Robert A. Heinlein’s word Grok from Stranger in a Strange Land. Both Khef and Grok are used in roughly the same context. It is basically the life force of ka. It's where ka meets the soul. The Manni believe it to be possible to live off this life force. The series has become a linchpin that ties much of King's work together. The worlds of The Dark Tower are in part composed of locations, characters, events and other various elements from many of King's novels. The following is a list of specific connections between books. Note that all Dark Tower books are connected to each other chronologically. roadmap " Roadmap to The Dark Tower ". . Retrieved October 29, 2005. ******************* ******************* Epicharmus ( c 540 – c 450 BCE ), also called Epicharmus of Kos , was a Greek dramatist and philosopher often credited with being one of the first comic writers, having originated the Doric or Sicilian comedic form. He and Phormis were the reported as one of the first to have invented comic fables.¹ Most of the information we have about Epicharmus comes from the writings of Suidas and Diogenes Laertius . Epicharmus was born in Astypalea , the ancient capital of Kos on the Bay of Kamari , near modern-day Kefalos . His father, the prominent physician Helothales , moved the family to Megara , Sicily when Epicharmus was just a few months old. Although raised according to the Asclepiad tradition of his father, as an adult Epicharmus became a follower of Pythagoras . After 484 BCE , since the destruction of Megara by Gelo , he lived in Syracuse , and worked as a poet for the tyrant s Gelon and Hiero I . The subject matter of his poetry covered a broad range, from exhortations against intoxication and laziness to such unorthodox topics as mythological burlesque , but he also wrote on philosophy , medicine , natural science , linguistics , and ethics . Epicharmus taught that the continuous exercise of virtue could overcome hereditary, so that anyone had the potential to be a good person regardless of birth. He died in his 90s (according to a statement in Lucian , Macrobii , 25, he died at ninety-seven). There is a brazen statue dedicated to him in Syracuse, by the inhabitants, for which Theocritus composed the following inscription ( Epigr. 17): Whom hospitable Syracuse has crowned." Epicharmus wrote somewhere between 35 and 52 comedies, though many have been lost or exist only in fragments . Along with his contemporary Phormis , he was alternately praised or denounced for ridiculing the great mythic hero s. His two most famous works were Agrostinos which dealt humorously with the agricultural lifestyle, and Marriage of Hebe to Hercules , in which Hercules was portrayed as a glutton. Additional works include Odysseus automolos , Cyclops , Amykos , and Promytheus . "Judgement, not passion should prevail." "The mind sees and the mind hears. The rest is blind and deaf." ******************* file_id: 786191 work be agrostino. file_id: 786191 agrostino deal lifestyle_,_and_Marriage. file_id: 786191 work include Odysseus_automolos_,_Cyclops_,_Amykos_,_and_Promytheus. ******************* In the Cabinet of Canada , the Minister of Labour ( French : Ministre du Travail ) is responsible for setting national labour standards and federal labour dispute mechanisms. Much of the responsibility for labour belongs with the provinces, however the federal government is responsible for labour issues in certain economic sectors. Since 2004 the position has been styled the Minister of Labour and Housing ( French : Ministre du Travail et du Logement ), a name change corresponding with responsibility for the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation being transferred to the portfolio at that time. "Minister of Labour" remains the title for legal purposes. The Department of Labour was created in 1900. Previously, the responsibility for labour affairs was handled by the Postmaster General . From 1993 to 1996 the Department of Labour was amalgamated with the Department of Employment and Immigration to create Human Resources Development Canada . Although the intent was to replace two cabinet posts with a single Minister of Human Resources Development , the desire to appoint "star candidate" Lucienne Robillard 's to cabinet in 1995 gave the position received a reprieve from amalgamation—Robillard was given the title and positioned as a second minister inside HRDC, responsible for the "Labour Program." A 2003 reorganization saw HRDC dismantled and labour responsibilties passing to a successor department, Human Resources and Skills Development Canada , again with two ministers, a Minister of Labour and a Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development . The name change to "Labour and Housing" occurred seven months later. The Minister of Labour and Housing is responsible for HRSDC's "Labour Program" and thus is responsible for the Canada Labour Code, the Employment Equity Act, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service as well as the implementation of health and safety legislation. Other Acts the Minister retains responsibility for include the Fair Wages and Hours of Labour Act, Government Employees Compensation Act and Merchant Seamen Compensation Act. The Minister is also responsible for the Strategic Policy and International Labour Affairs (SPILA) Directorate which focuses on workplace trends and changes, including work-life balanceand the reformation of employment relationships and the Workplace Information Directorate (WID) which provides information on workplace conditions, trends and innovative practices through direct personal services, electronic means, and various publications, including the Workplace Gazette and the Wage Settlements Bulletin. See List of Canadian Ministers of Labour ******************* file_id: 788390 government be issue. file_id: 788390 responsibilty pass successor_department_,_Human_Resources_and_Skills_Development_Canada. file_id: 788390 minister be issue. ******************* Al Muhsin or Mohsin , in Shi'a belief, was the unborn child of Fatima Al Zahra , the daughter of the Islam ic prophet Muhammad and wife of Ali ibn Abu Talib . Shi'a say that she miscarried after being crushed behind a door by men who had come to threaten her husband. Muhammad died in the city of Medina in 632 CE. In the ten years between the Hijra (the flight of the small Muslim community from Mecca to Medina ) to the death of Muhammad, Islam had grown by leaps and bounds. It had become the greatest power in the Arabian peninsula. The question of who was to succeed Muhammad was thus both a religious and a political question. Shi'a Muslims believe that Muhammad had settled the question before his death, by indicating that he wanted Fatima's husband Ali as his successor. The majority Sunni Muslims believe that Muhammad had not made any formal arrangements, leaving it up to the Muslim community to choose their own leader -- as was the usual practice (called shura ) in Arabian tribes at that time. A small, informal gathering of Muslim notables, which Ali did not attend, ended up throwing its support behind Abu Bakr as the new leader. Ali protested this arrangement. He and his supporters refused to swear allegiance to Abu Bakr. His supporters at that time were known as the Rafidi, the Refusers. It is not clear how many Rafidi there were, or how long they held out against pressure from Abu Bakr's supporters. One source, quoted in Madelung ( The Succession to Muhammad , p. 43), says that Ali and another prominent Muslim, Al-Zubayr, resisted for six months. Nor is it clear exactly how the pressure was applied. Sunni versions of the events of this time tend to say that Ali resisted for only a short time, or even deny that he resisted at all, and insist that the only pressure applied was peaceful persuasion. Shi'a sources, on the other hand, depict a lengthy, violent persecution in which roving gangs of armed bullies threatened the Rafidi with instant death if they did not submit to Abu Bakr. Shi'a sources say that two days after Muhammad's death, Umar al-Khattab led a party of armed men to Ali's house. They called for the men of the house to come out and swear allegiance to Abu Bakr, and also threatened to burn the house down. No one came out, so the armed men pushed their way into the house. Fatima, who was pregnant at the time, was standing behind the door. She was crushed when the door was pushed open suddenly. She miscarried of a boy child, who was called Al Muhsin or Mushabbar . Fatima was gravely injured in the attack and died of her injuries some time later. Abu Bakr and Umar thus stand accused of killing both Muhammad's daughter and grandson. Ali is said to have born such resentment over this injury to his wife that he buried her in secret, so that Abu Bakr and Umar could not be present at the funeral. Sunni sources question this whole narrative, saying that it is a later invention of the Shi'a. The early historian Al-Tabari, a Sunni, records only that Talha and Al-Zubayr were inside Ali's house when Umar came to demand Ali's allegiance. Umar threatened to burn the house; Al-Zubayr came out with his sword drawn, but he stumbled and dropped his sword. He was seized and restrained. There is no mention of Fatima or a miscarriage. The whole question of the events surrounding the Succession to Muhammad is an extremely vexing one, discussed at length in the article of that name. When both sides to the argument are marshalling competing oral traditions, or hadith , it comes down to a question of which hadith are more trustworthy. For a longer treatment of the difficulty of evaluating the sources, see Historiography of early Islam . Madelung, Wilferd -- The Succession to Muhammad , Cambridge University Press, 1997. ******************* file_id: 794498 Islam grow_PASS leaps_and_bounds. file_id: 794498 majority believe . file_id: 794498 Muhammad not_make_PASS arrangement. file_id: 794498 Sunni_versions tend . file_id: 794498 Sunni_sources question . ******************* Anchor Brewing Company is an alcoholic beverage producer, operating a microbrewery and distillery on Potrero Hill in San Francisco, California . The brewery was founded in 1896 , and was purchased by its current owner, Fritz Maytag , in 1965 . It moved to its current location in 1979 . It is one of the last remaining breweries to produce California Common beer , also known as Steam Beer , a trademark owned by the company. Anchor Brewery is largely responsible for the growth of the microbrewery movement in the United States . After Prohibition ended in the U.S., many small, locally-operated breweries were able to re-open and recommence brewing (although many more, perhaps most, were not). The vast majority of these concerns served only the immediate vicinty of their sole plant, a radius of a few miles to perhaps 100 or so. Local breweries and beers were the source of local pride in many communities, especially those with large populations of German , Polish , or Czech extraction. Many of these thrived on through World War II and into the 1950s . Most did not survive the 1950s, however, due to the influence of television advertising and the mass marketing tactics of major national breweries such as Anheuser-Busch , Schlitz , Pabst , and Miller . The whole idea of such beers and breweries was largely forgotten in the U.S. Maytag desired to establish such a small-scale brewery, with small-town quality and taste being the hallmarks of his beer. He was already a fan of Anchor Steam Beer when he learned that the brewery was about to close. In 1965 , Maytag purchased 51 percent of the brewery for a few thousand dollars, and later purchased brewery outright. Things began to change in the 1980s when Maytag's signature brew, Anchor Steam Beer , began to achieve national notice. Demand skyrocketed from only a few thousand cases a year that he had been making in the old tradition. His success prompted many imitators, which he welcomed, since he could not have produced Anchor Steam in the mass quantities of Budweiser or similar mass-marketed brands and made a product with which he and his consumers would have been satisifed. The rise of modern microbreweries also encouraged the establishment of "brewpubs", where beer is brewed on the premises in small batches for consumption in what is often something of a fine-dining restaurant setting. Anchor and other microbreweries have been the beneficiaries of a trend to drink smaller quantities of higher quality alcoholic beverage s of all types which has been developing in the United States since the 1970s . In 1993 , the company opened Anchor Distillery in the same location as the brewery, and began making a single malt rye whiskey , named Old Potrero after the hill. In 1997 the distillery began producing gin , called Junípero - Spanish for juniper , and an oblique reference to Junípero Serra , an important figure in California's history . ******************* file_id: 797885 brewery be . file_id: 797885 breweries_and_beers be source. file_id: 797885 thing begin . file_id: 797885 beer brew_PASS premise. ******************* Twizzlers is a brand of candy that resembles American black licorice , except that they are not black, and do not have flavor extracted from the roots of the liquorice plant. Twizzlers are manufactured in North America by Y & S Candies - a division of The Hershey Company . They come in various flavors, such as strawberry , cherry , and chocolate . Also available are Twizzler Bites, Twizzler Nibs, Twizzler Pull 'n' Peel, Twizzler Straws, and the more recent Twizzlers Twirps and Twizzler Sourz. Red Vines candy is similar to Twizzlers. ******************* file_id: 801055 twizzler manufacture_PASS North_America. file_id: 801055 candy be twizzler. ******************* Chhattisgarhi is a language of India . It has approximately 11.5 million speakers, concentrated in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh and in adjacent areas of Madhya Pradesh , Orissa , and Bihar . Chhattisgarhi is most closely related to Bagheli and Awadhi (Avadhi), and these languages are classified in the East Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages , the Indian branch of the Indo-European language family . Chhattisgarhi, like Sanskrit and Hindi , is written using the Devanagari script. According to the Indian Government, Chhattisgarhi an eastern dialect of Hindi, although it is widely considered by linguists to be distinct enough from Hindi to constitute a separate language. Chhattisgarhi has several identified dialects of its own, in addition to Chhattisgarhi Proper: Baighani, Bhulia, Binjhwari, Kalanga, Kavardi, Khairagarhi, Sadri Korwa, and Surgujia. Chhattisgarhi cultural and political movements, with origins going back the 1920's, affirmed Chhattisgarhi cultural and linguistic identity and sought greater autonomy within India, which came about in 2000 when 16 districts of the state of Madhya Pradesh became the new state of Chhattisgarh . ******************* file_id: 806599 language classify_PASS East_Central_Zone. file_id: 806599 movement go 1920_'s. file_id: 806599 dialect become state. ******************* The Channel-billed Toucan ( Ramphastos vitellinus ) is a near-passerine bird which breeds in Trinidad and in tropical South America east of the Andes and as far south as southern Brazil . The western form of this bird, the Yellow-ridged Toucan , was previously considered to be a separate species, Ramphastos culminatus , but the two races readily interbreed. This species is a resident breeder in moist lowland forest. The white eggs are laid in a high unlined tree cavity. Like other toucan s, the Channel-billed is brightly marked and has a huge bill. It is typically 48cm long with a 9-14cm bill. Sexes are similar. Both sexes are alike in appearance, and they are both active in raising the young. There is have a gestation period of 18 days, and the parents both incubate for 15 to 16 days. However, they can be impatient sitters, often leaving their eggs uncovered for hours at a time. Newborn toucans remain in the nest after hatching. They are blind and naked at birth, and their eyes open after about 3 weeks. They have short bills and specialized pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. The featheres do not begin to expand until they are nearly 4 weeks old. They're helpless and unable to leave the nest for about 8 weeks, dependent upon both parents to feed them. After this, the young can care for themselves. They begin to leave the nest after 40 to 50 days, depending on size. The eastern nominate race has a black bill, upperparts and tail, and a red rump. The bare eyepatch and bill base are blue, the throat is white and the breast shows successive bands of yellow, whitish and red before reaching the black belly. The undertail is black apart from red undertail coverts. The subspecies culminatus has a yellow top ridge to its black bill, and the throat and breast are white, with just a red band separating the latter from the black belly. The Channel-billed Toucan is an arboreal fruit-eater, but will take insects and other small prey. The call is a croaking cree-op cree-op cree-op . Channel-billed Toucan ******************* file_id: 814960 sex be . file_id: 814960 Newborn_toucans remain nest. file_id: 814960 breast show band. ******************* : For the musical mode Dorian , see Dorian mode . The Dorians were one of the ancient Hellenic tribes acknowledged by Greek writers. Traditional accounts place their origins in the north, north-eastern regions of Greece, ancient Macedonia and Epirus , whence obscure circumstances drove them south into Attica and the Peloponnesos , to certain Aegean islands, and to the coast of Asia Minor . Late mythology gave them an eponymous founder, a certain " Dorus ", son of " Hellen ", the mythological patriarch of the Hellenes . Beginning about 1150 BC, the Dorians invaded the Greek mainland, the Peloponnessus , Crete and other places throughout the Mediterranean, disrupting the Bronze Age Mycenaean civilization. Peloponnesian cities that the Dorians invaded include Corinth , Olympia , Sparta and Mycenae . Many archaeologists attribute the destruction of Mycenae, a pivotal Mycenaean city, to these invading Dorians. Though most of the Doric invaders settled in the Peloponesse, they also settled on Rhodes and in Asia Minor, where in later times the Dorian Hexapolis (the six Dorian cities) would arise: Halicarnassus , Cos , Cnidos (Asia Minor); Lindos , Kameiros (Camiros), and Ialyssos (in Rhodes). These six cities would later become rivals with the Ionia n cities of Asia Minor. The Dorians also invaded Crete . These origin traditions remained strong into classical times: Thucydides saw the Peloponnesian War in part as "Ionians fighting against Dorians" and reported the tradition that the Syracusans in Sicily were of Dorian descent ( Thucydides, 7.57 ). Other such "Dorian" colonies, originally from Corinth, Megara, and the Dorian islands, dotted the southern coasts of Sicily from Syracuse to Selinus. Culturally, in addition to their Doric dialect of Greek, these colonies retained their characteristic Doric calendar revolving round a cycle of festivals of which the Hyacinthia and the Carneia were especially important ( EB 1911). The Dorian invasion was partly responsible for the subsequent Greek Dark Ages . The written record is nonexistent; the Dorian migration is documented in the mute archaeological record: widespread burning and destruction of Bronze Age sites both in Crete and the mainland of Greece, many of which were reduced to villages or abandoned, and the introduction of iron-working ended the Bronze Age in the Aegean. The Dorian invasion , more often called the Dorian migration in modern texts, is co-related with ash layers at Mycenaean sites and changes in burial practices, from Mycenaean group burials in tholos tomb s to individual burials and the burning of the corpse, previously unknown. Considered as an invasion, the advent of the Dorians is generally advanced to explain the swift collapse of Mycenaean civilization in ancient mainland Greece . Concomitant effects are the disruption of long-distance trade and possibilities of civil war and natural disaster. According to a myth based on an etymological fantasy , the Dorians were named for the minor district of Doris in northern Greece. Their leaders were mythologized as the Heracleidae , the sons of the legendary hero Heracles , and the Dorian incursion into Greece in the distant past was justified in the mythic theme of the " Return of the Heracleidae". The most famous of Dorian groups were the Spartans , whose austere and martial lifestyle was much admired and feared. The Doric dialect was spoken along the coast of the Peloponnese , in Crete and southwest Asia Minor . A close relationship between Doric, North-Western Greek and ancient Macedonian has been postulated. In later periods other dialects predominated, most notably the Attic , upon which the Koine or common Greek language of the Hellenistic period was based. The main characteristic of Doric was the preservation of indoeuropean /a/(α) where Attic had /e/(η). The Doric column in architecture and a Dorian mode in music (see also guitar chord roots). The column was noted for its simplicity and strength, the music for its martial qualities. The Doric column is still widely used today, particularly in government buildings and other large edifices. See the Doric order . ******************* ******************* : For the industrial metal band see War Machine (band) . War Machine is a superhero in the Marvel Universe . War Machine's abilities came from an advanced suit of armor, designed using technology from Stark Industries, and later from an alien -built suit. James Rupert Rhodes first met billionaire industrialist Tony Stark while flying combat missions in Vietnam . Rhodes' helicopter had been shot down by Viet Cong rocket fire, and while trying to get the aircraft airborne again, he encountered Stark, who had just escaped from the prison camp of the Vietnamese warlord Wong Chu in a bulky prototype suit of powered armor . At that moment the Viet Cong attacked, and Stark, in his suit, helped to drive them off. Together, Rhodes and Stark made their way to a nearby enemy base where they stole another helicopter, flying it back to the American lines. After the end of the Vietnam War , Stark, who had secretly become the superhero Iron Man , offered Rhodes a job as his personal pilot, and Rhodes soon became one of Stark's closest associates and confidants as well as Stark Industries' chief aviation officer. As a result, he had numerous adventures with his employer where his daring and skills were valuable assets. When Stark lost his company to Obadiah Stane and relapsed into alcoholism , Rhodes took over the armor and role of Iron Man in Stark's stead. However, he began to experience headaches while using the armor, and over time, his behavior began to grow more erratic and aggressive, prone to violent solutions to given problems. Rhodes's manic mental state was later revealed to be the result of his using armors whose cerebral interfaces were calibrated for Stark's brain, leaving any other long-term user disoriented and confused. When Stark was on the road to recovery, he helped Rhodes maintain the armor, but Rhodes became increasingly paranoid , believing that Stark meant to retake the armor. Rhodes went on a rampage, and Stark was forced to don a crude, prototype suit of armor he was designing as the next generation Iron Man armor to stop his friend. Rhodes gave up the Iron Man identity, and Stark went on to complete the next generation armor, defeat Stane and regain his company. Stark also subsequently designed a heavier-armed version of the Iron Man suit, the "Variable Threat Reponse Battle Suit" to battle the Masters of Silence, and it became known as the War Machine armor. Rhodes used the War Machine armor as Iron Man when Stark faked his own death while recovering from a life-threatening illness. When Stark revealed his ruse, it damaged the friendship between the two men, and they went their separate ways. Rhodes, however, continued to use the War Machine armor in a solo superhero career, and it eventually was replaced by a symbiotic alien suit, known as the Eidolon Warwear. When Stark died during a battle with Kang the Conqueror , Rhodes rejoined Stark Enterprises (which was bought by Fujikawa Industries) to protect his old friend's legacy. To prevent Stark's armor technology from being misused, he used the abilities of his alien armor to erase all trace of Stark's designs from the Fujikawa systems, but the armor was destroyed in the process. Rhodes gave up his superhero career and started his own salvage company. Later, perhaps unsurprisingly, Stark once more returned from the dead, forming a new company, Stark Solutions and taking up the Iron Man identity once more. The two men were reconciled and Rhodes and Stark teamed up again to stop a new villain (also calling himself War Machine) who was wearing what looked like a version of the old War Machine armor, including a heavily-gunned exo-suit, but was in fact not based on Stark technology. Most recently, Rhodes has appeared as one of the main characters in the comic series The Crew. In the series first issue, his sister, Jeanett, died. Among the armor's abilities, many of which were shared by that of the various Iron Man armors, were flight, the ability to project solar energy and "repulsor beams", vast superhuman strength and endurance. War machine has appeared in the Iron Man , as well as guest starred in the Spider-Man , Hulk , and X-Men animated series . In Marvel vs. Capcom , he was originally mostly a palette swap of Iron Man from Marvel Super Heroes and Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter with an additional Super, and also as a hidden character known as " Mega-Armor " War Machine, which couldn't block, but was never stunned by any hits, and switched the beam and Missile weapons of Iron Man and War Machine around (For example, when kneeling, Iron Man could fire a missile from a shoulder-mounted gun, while War Machine fired a short beam). In Marvel vs. Capcom 2 , He had the switched beams and missiles of his Mega-Armored form, and was one of the few characters, if not the only one, in the game capable of inflicting (horrendous) block damage on Iceman with his missiles. ******************* file_id: 840166 adventure be asset. file_id: 840166 interface calibrate_PASS brain. file_id: 840166 rhode become . file_id: 840166 rhode go rampage_,_and_Stark. file_id: 840166 rhode give Iron_Man_identity_,_and_Stark. file_id: 840166 rhode use War_Machine_armor. file_id: 840166 rhode give superhero_career. ******************* In Roman mythology , Acestes ("pleasing goat") was son the river Crinisus by a Dardania n woman. Acestes became king of the region where he was born and welcomed Aeneas when he arrived in Sicily . There were held the funeral games of Aeneas' father Anchises . Those of Aeneas' folk who wished to voyage no further were allowed to remain behind with Acestes and together with Acestes' people they founded the city of Acesta, that is Segesta . Alternative: Egestes. ******************* file_id: 84969 aenea arrive Sicily. file_id: 84969 aenea not_allow_PASS . ******************* Mohamed Mani Ahmad al-Kahtani (sometimes transliterated Muhammed Al Kahtani or other ways) is a member of the terrorist group al-Qaida . He intended to come to the United States to take part in the September 11, 2001 attacks as a "muscle hijacker ", but he was prevented due to suspicions that he was attempting to immigrate . One of the organizers of the September 11 attacks, Mustafa al-Hawsawi , referred to al-Kahtani in intercept ed telephone calls as "the last one" to "complete the group". On August 4 , 2001 , al-Kahtani flew into Orlando, Florida from Dubai . Mohammed Atta , the lead hijacker and pilot, drove to the Orlando International Airport to meet him, but al-Kahtani was being held by immigration official s. The officials were suspicious because al-Kahtani had little money , could speak no English , and used a one-way ticket. He frequently changed his story and could not adequately explain why he was visiting the United States. Thinking he was likely to become an illegal immigrant , al-Kahtani was sent back to Dubai. With the help of Hawsawi, he then travelled to Pakistan . After the attacks, al-Kahtani was rounded up with many foreign fighters in Afghanistan and was sent to the United States Navy base at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . After ten months, U.S. authorities discovered that he was an attempted hijacker, and he was interrogate d. After details of his status were leaked, the US Department of Defense issued a press release stating that Kahtani had admitted: ''*He had been sent to the U.S. by Khalid Sheik Mohamed, the lead architect of the 9/11 attack; According to the Department of Defense, ''To understand Kahtani’s interrogation, it is important to remember the post-9/11 environment during this period. There had just been anthrax attacks in the U.S. in December of 2001. Richard Reid tried to blow up a U.S. airliner with a shoe bomb. Over the spring and summer, there were deadly attacks in Tunisia and Pakistan. In October 2002 al-Qaida leader Ayman Zawahiri released a tape recording stating “God willing, we will continue targeting the keys of the American economy.” In September and October, the FBI broke up the Lackawana Six cell in New York. On October 6, 2002, al-Qaida attacked a French oil tanker off the coast of Yemen, an attack that harkened back to the killing of 17 service members on the USS Cole. On October 8, 2002, al-Qaida gunmen shot and killed a US Marine in Kuwait. On October 12, 2002, al-Qaida affiliate Jemaah Islamiya bombed a nightclub in Bali, Indonesia, killing more than 200 and injuring about 300. On November 28, 2002, al-Qaida fired two anti aircraft missiles at a Boeing 757 aircraft flying from Mombassa, Kenya to Israel; suicide bombers also attacked the Paradise Hotel in Mombassa, Kenya killing 15 and injuring 40. On December 30, 2002, three U.S. citizens were killed in Yemen during an attack on Baptist Missionary Hospital.'' 1 He is still held at Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo. ******************* file_id: 852078 U.S_. discover . file_id: 852078 U.S_. kill_PASS Yemen. ******************* Ugg boots , or simply uggs , is a generic term for a type of sheepskin boot which has been made in Australia and New Zealand for nearly 200 years. They were originally called ug boots or ugh boots , from the Aussie slang ug meaning "ugly" ; however, the American importer Koolaburra introduced the idea that the name comes from the way it "hugs" the foot and leg. In Australia and New Zealand, this comfortable, warm footwear has been adopted by social groups such as bogan s, westie s, and bevan s as acceptable in public. Most other Australians only wear ugg boots around the house, or at the most trips no further than the local corner shop. The boots have also been popular with surfer s and competitive swimmer s since at least the 1960s , for keeping warm while out of the water. Although many popular Australian actors have probably worn ugg boots in private at some point, it was a Canadian , Pamela Anderson , who started wearing ugg boots acquired in Australia to keep her legs warm between takes for the television show Baywatch , and it was this that may well have originally spurred interest in these boots in America . For a time in 2003 - 2004 these boots were very fashionable in the U.S. , partly due to marketing by an American company, Ugg Australia (i.e. Deckers Outdoor Corporation ) that, in the U.S. , has managed to appropriate the term ugg boot as a registered trademark , even though it is a generic term listed in the Australian dictionary. Brian Smith created the Ugg brand ugg, importing them to the US in the late seventies. He sold the company to Deckers Outdoors in 1985, the same year they applied for the trademark. They have been successful suing other ugg importers, most notably Koolaburra, the largest US importer of ugg boots still made in Australia. Deckers' Ugg Australia, Emu, Old Friend, and Aussie Dogs are all made in China (a few models may still be made in New Zealand). Unfortunately, that means plenty of authentic ugg boots cannot be so named by US retailers. Actress Kate Hudson wore a pair of ugg boots on the poster for the mid- 2004 movie Raising Helen . In Canada, Ugg boots have become immensely popular footwear amongst females at many Ontario universities. Wilfrid Laurier University and the University of Western Ontario , among many others, are known for their high percentage of females sporting said garment. Although ugg boots are generally available worldwide in sizes for both men and women, and styles are virtually identical, more women than men currently wear them, at least in the US. This has given rise to colors (lavender, pastels) targetted at the female market. ******************* file_id: 858795 footwear adopt_PASS group. file_id: 858795 boot acquire_PASS Australia. file_id: 858795 decker be . file_id: 858795 Ugg_boots become_PASS footwear_amongst_females. file_id: 858795 University_of_Western_Ontario know_PASS percentage. file_id: 858795 pastel targett_PASS market. ******************* See text Laelia is a small genus of eleven species from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae ). This is one of the most important and popular orchid genera, because of the beautiful flowers, their genetic properties and because they are fairly easy in culture. It is probably named after Laelia, one of the Vestal Virgin s. Another possibility is the name borne by female members of the Roman patrician family of Laelius. They are found in the subtropical or temperate climate of Central America , but mostly in Mexico . Laelia speciosa is a high-elevation plant, preferring sunny, dry and cool conditions. The others grow in the rainforest with a warm, humid summer and a dry cool winter. The species L. albida , L. anceps and L. autumnalis prefer higher and cooler altitudes. Most are epiphyte s, but a few are lithophyte s, such as Laelia anceps . They are closely related to Cattleya with only the number of pollinia differing. Stem s are usually short, however the stem of Laelia anceps can be more than 1 m long. The ovate pseudobulb s are clearly separate. These are about 6 - 30 cm long. One or two waxy, leathery leaves develop from each pseudobulb. This leaf can be up to 20 cm long. The inflorescence is a raceme, which can be 30 cm long, with up to eight flowers, growing from the top of the pseudobulb. These flower s can be pink to purple, with a beautifully colored purple lip becoming white close to the column . They bloom in spring or autumn. Albino varieties are rare and therefore prized. Don't worry if you think you'll never own an albino Laelia. Due to tissue culture or mericloning, the availibility of albinos are now availiable provided you find the right lab Members of this genus tend to be fairly easy in culture, and some plants are surprisingly drought-tolerant. Culture is highly dependent upon the natural habitat of the species in question, although many do well as mounted (plaqued) specimens so that the roots receive plenty of air circulation and a sharp wet-and-dry cycle. Many species from South America, which used to belong to Laelia , are now classified under Sophronitis (van den Berg and Chase Lindleyana 15 (2), page 115, June 2000). The taxonomic status of some of these species is somewhat in doubt as they were moved there on the basis of molecular phylogeny . It seems likely that some growers and taxonomists will reject these changes, and continue to accept these "Sophronitis" species as laelias. Laelia species readily form hybrid s within the genus, and with other genera, including Cattleya (x Laeliocattleya, more than 2,000 species), Brassavola , Rhyncholaelia , and Sophronitis . The majority of orchid hybrids belong to this category, i.e. x Sophrolaeliocattleya, x Brassolaeliocattleya and a number of other variations. The genus Amalia Rchb. is generally included here. ******************* file_id: 867582 autumnali prefer rainforest. file_id: 867582 Albino_varieties be lip. ******************* Siren s are devices making sound to alarm others, such as the air raid siren or the sirens on emergency service vehicles such as ambulance s, police car s and fire engine s. There are two general types, pneumatic and electronic. The pneumatic siren , which is a free aerophone , consists of a rotating disk with holes in it (called a rotor ), such that the material between the holes interrupt a flow air from fixed holes on the outside of the unit (called a stator ). As the holes in the rotating disk alternately prevent and allow air to flow it results in alternating compressed and rarefied air pressure, i.e. sound . Such sirens can consume large amounts of energy . Electronic sirens incorporate circuits such as oscillator s, modulator s, and amplifier s to synthesize a selected siren tone (wail, sawtooth, bellring, or beebaw) which is played through external speakers. Electronic sirens seem to be better for clearing traffic in front of vehicles, while pneumatic sirens seem better at protecting vehicles passing or turning through an intersection. It is not unusual, especially in the case of modern fire engines, to see an emergency vehicle equipped with both types of sirens. Sirens are also used as musical instrument s, such as in Edgard Varese 's Hyperprism (1924), Ionisation (1931), and, recorded, in his Poeme Electronique (1958). ******************* file_id: 874073 air flow result. file_id: 874073 Electronic siren circuit. file_id: 874073 wail_,_sawtooth_,_bellring_,_or_beebaw play_PASS speaker. file_id: 874073 siren seem . file_id: 874073 vehicle pass . file_id: 874073 vehicle wiki: . file_id: 874073 emergency_vehicle equip_PASS both_types. ******************* Ecma International - European association for standardising information and communication systems came into existence in 1994, when the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) changed its name in order to reflect the international activities of the organisation (the long form of "ECMA" was dropped then, and capitalization changed to reflect this). ECMA was founded in 1961 to standardise computer systems in Europe. Membership is open to companies which produce, market or develop computer or communication systems in Europe. They are currently responsible for the ECMAScript standard, the latest standard being ECMA-262 Edition 3 . ''' ******************* file_id: 883900 membership be company. file_id: 883900 market develop computer_or_communication_systems. ******************* Donna Brazile (born December 15 , 1959 ) is an American author , educator , and political activist and strategist affiliated with the Democratic Party . She was the first African-American woman to direct a major presidential campaign. Brazile was born in New Orleans to Lionele and Jean Brazile, the third of nine children. She became interested in politics when at age nine a local candidate for office promised to build a neighborhood playground. After graduating from Louisiana State University , Donna worked for several advocacy groups in Washington, D.C., and was instrumental in the successful campaign to make Martin Luther King, Jr. 's birthday a federal holiday. Brazile has worked on several presidential campaigns for Democratic candidates, including Jimmy Carter - Walter Mondale in 1976 and 1980, Rev. Jesse Jackson 's first historic bid for the presidency in 1984, Walter Mondale- Geraldine Ferraro in 1984, and for U.S. Representative Richard Gephardt in the 1988 Democratic primary. After Gephardt lost the primary in 1988, Brazile served as deputy field director of the Michael Dukakis general election campaign. On October 20, 1988, she made news by telling a group of reporters that George H.W. Bush needed to "'fess up" about unsubstantiated rumors of an extra-marital affair. The Dukakis campaign immediately disavowed her remarks and, at the suggestion of campaign manager Susan Estrich, Brazile resigned the same day. Estrich has recently written, "I fired her 16 years ago because she wouldn't follow Mike Dukakis' orders to go easy on George Bush", which some commentators have called historical revisionism, as it is clearly at odds with contemporary news reports and Brazile's own account of the matter. In the 1990s , Brazile served as Chief of Staff and Press Secretary to Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton of the District of Columbia where she helped guide the District's budget and local legislation on Capitol Hill. She advised Bill Clinton 's campaign for the presidency in 1992, and for re-election in 1996. In 2000, Brazile was appointed campaign manager of the 2000 presidential campaign of Vice-President Al Gore , becoming the first African-American woman ever to run a major presidential campaign. After the post-election fight over votes in Florida , Brazile was appointed Chair of the Democratic National Committee 's Voting Rights Institute. She also served as a lecturer at the University of Maryland, College Park , a fellow at Harvard University 's Institute of Politics, and as an Adjunct Professor of Government at Georgetown University . Brazile is a weekly contributor and political commentator on CNN 's Inside Politics and American Morning . In addition, she is a columnist for Roll Call and a contributing writer for Ms. Magazine . In 2004, Simon and Schuster published Cooking With Grease , Brazile's memoir of her life and work in politics. ******************* file_id: 899662 brazile work_PASS campaign. file_id: 899662 commentator s politics. ******************* Tzahi Hanegbi (in Hebrew צחי הנגבי ) (born February 26 , 1957 ) is an Israeli politician . He is the acting Chairman of the Likud party. Tzahi Hanegbi was born in Jerusalem. His mother was Geula Cohen , a prominent member of the 1940s underground group Lehi and later a politician. He is a married father of four children. Hanegbi studied international relations at Hebrew University and earned a law degree from Tel Aviv University . Hanegbi joined the Knesset in 1988 ; he has been a member of the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee, as well as the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, and is Head of the Economics Committee in rotation in the 13th assembly of the Knesset. Earlier, he was national chairman of the Student Union. He was head of the Prime Minister's Bureau under Yitzhak Shamir . In 1980 , Hanegbi received a six-month suspended sentence for leading a chain-wielding attack on Arab students at Jerusalem's Hebrew University , where he was student union chairman. Until August 30 , 2004 , Hanegbi was Minister of Internal Security ( השר לבטחון פנים ) which oversee the Israeli Police . He resigned from the position when a criminal investigation began into allegations of illegal political appointments. . Warnings from an old campaigner The Jerusalem Post , August 1, 2005 ******************* ******************* Kennewick is a city located in Benton County in south-eastearn Washington , USA. It is the most populous of the three cities collectively referred to as the Tri-Cities (the others being Pasco and Richland ). Kennewick is located along the southwest bank of the Columbia River , opposite Pasco, Washington , and just south of the confluence of the Columbia and Yakima rivers. As of the 2004 census, the city had a total population of 60,118, making it the largest city in Benton County . Kennewick is also the host city of the Tri-City Americans of the Western Hockey League , as well as the host city of the 2005 National Indoor Football League champions, the Tri-Cities Fever . Kennewick was officially incorporated on February 5 , 1904 . Previously, the town was known by many names, the strangest was "Tehe" which was alledgedly attributed to the reaction from a native girl's laughter when asked the name of the region. The name "Kennewick" is believed to be a native word meaning "grassy place." It has been also called "winter paradise," mostly because of the mild winters in the area. Kennewick Man is the name for the remains of a prehistoric man found on a bank of the Columbia River nearby, sometimes thought to have Caucasian features, despite being indigenous and living 9000 years ago. Ownership of the bones has been a matter of great controversy. Kennewick is located at 46°12'13" North, 119°9'33" West (46.203475, -119.159270) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 63.0 km² (24.3 mi² ). 59.4 km² (22.9 mi²) of it is land and 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.67% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 54,693 people, 20,786 households, and 14,176 families residing in the city. The population density is 920.9/km² (2,384.9/mi²). There are 22,043 housing units at an average density of 371.2/km² (961.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 82.93% White , 1.14% Black or African American , 0.93% Native American , 2.12% Asian , 0.11% Pacific Islander , 9.40% from other races , and 3.37% from two or more races. 15.55% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 20,786 households out of which 37.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% are married couples living together, 12.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% are non-families. 26.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.60 and the average family size is 3.15. In the city the population is spread out with 29.6% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $41,213, and the median income for a family is $50,011. Males have a median income of $41,589 versus $26,022 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,152. 12.9% of the population and 9.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 18.8% of those under the age of 18 and 8.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 91218 37.6% have child. file_id: 91218 51.5% be couple. file_id: 91218 couple live . file_id: 91218 male have income. ******************* Counterexamples in Topology ( 1978 ) is a mathematics book by topologist s Lynn A. Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr. . Together with their graduate students, Steen and Seebach canvassed the field of topology for a wide grouping of topological counterexample s. If you're wondering whether one property of topological space s follows from another, this book can usually provide a counterexample if it's false. For example, is there an example of a first-countable space which is not second-countable ? The answer is yes, as counterexample #3 (the discrete topology on an uncountable set ) is the first to show. Steen and Seebach were working on the metrization problem , which asks which topological spaces can be made into metric space s. This problem had inspired topologists to define a wealth of topological properties, some of which metric spaces had and some of which they did not. By comparing and contrasting these properties in a single reference, Steen and Seebach simplified the relevant literature. Several other "Counterexamples in ..." books and papers have followed. Note that several of the naming conventions in this book differ from more modern conventions (including those in Wikipedia), particularly with respect to the separation axiom s. Steen and Seebach exchange the meanings of T 3 , T 4 , and T 5 with those of regular , normal , and completely normal . They also exchange the meanings of completely Hausdorff with Urysohn . This was a result of the different historical development of metrization theory and general topology ; see History of the separation axioms for more. :2. Countable discrete topology :4. Indiscrete topology :19. Finite complement topology on an uncountable space :21. Double pointed countable complement topology :29. Cantor set :31. Irrational number s :37. Fréchet space :39. Order topology :46. Extended long line :117. Closed topologist's sine curve ******************* file_id: 915449 counterexample be mathematics_book. file_id: 915449 space make_PASS space. file_id: 915449 space s . file_id: 915449 problem inspire_PASS topologist. file_id: 915449 space have . ******************* Bonnie L. Bassler is a molecular biologist professor at Princeton University . She discovered a mechanism by which bacteria communicate by chemical signalling, known as quorum sensing . In 2002 she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship . ******************* file_id: 91850 bacterium communicate chemical_signalling. ******************* Okmulgee County is a county located in the state of Oklahoma . As of 2000 , the population is 39,685. Its county seat is Okmulgee 6 . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,819 km² (702 mi² ). 1,805 km² (697 mi²) of it is land and 14 km² (5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.76% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 39,685 people, 15,300 households, and 10,694 families residing in the county. The population density is 22/km² (57/mi²). There are 17,316 housing units at an average density of 10/km² (25/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 69.73% White , 10.20% Black or African American , 12.85% Native American , 0.19% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.61% from other races , and 6.40% from two or more races. 1.95% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 15,300 households out of which 32.00% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.80% are married couples living together, 13.10% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% are non-families. 27.10% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.53 and the average family size is 3.06. In the county, the population is spread out with 26.90% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 25.30% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 15.10% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.80 males. The median income for a household in the county is $27,652, and the median income for a family is $33,987. Males have a median income of $29,935 versus $20,861 for females. The per capita income for the county is $14,065. 18.90% of the population and 14.90% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 24.90% of those under the age of 18 and 15.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The following sites in Okmulgee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places : ******************* file_id: 92061 32.00% have child. file_id: 92061 52.80% be couple. file_id: 92061 couple live . file_id: 92061 male have income. ******************* The Date with Destiny Adventure series comprises two short novels of interactive fiction published by Quirk Books in 2003 that parodied the Choose Your Own Adventure series. Both books featured covers and interior designs similar to those of the old Choose Your Own Adventure books, but they are based around adult themes. The first book, Night of a Thousand Boyfriends, is similar to the television show Sex and the City , and the second book, Escape From Fire Island , is set on Fire Island , part of which is a famous gay resort. ******************* file_id: 926145 Both_books feature cover. ******************* Loyset Compère (c. 1445 – August 16 , 1518 ) was a French composer of the Renaissance . Of the same generation as Josquin des Prez , he was one of the most significant composers of motet s and chanson s of that era, and one of the first musicians to bring the light Italianate Renaissance style to France. His exact place of birth is not known, but documents of the time assign him to a family from the province of Artois (in modern France), and suggest he may have been born in Hainaut (in modern Belgium ). At least one source from Milan indicates he described himself as coming from Arras , also in Artois. Both the date and probable place of birth are extremely close to those of Josquin des Prez; indeed the area around the current French-Belgian border produced an astonishing number of excellent composers in the 15th and 16th centuries, composers whose fame spread throughout Europe. Often these composers are known as the Franco-Flemish, or as the Dutch School . In the 1470s Compère worked as a singer in Milan at the chapel of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza , during the time that composers such as Josquin Des Prez and Gaspar van Weerbeke were also singing there. The chapel choir in the early 1470s grew into one of the largest and most famous singing ensembles in Europe. After the murder of the duke in 1476 , Compère appears to have been "laid off" from the chapel, and he may have returned to France at this time. Sometime during the next ten years he began to work at the French court, and he accompanied Charles VIII on his invasion of Italy in 1494 (in what capacity is not known). He was in Rome in early 1495 during the occupation of the city by Charles and his army. Next he had a series of church positions. By 1498 Compère was at Cambrai , and from 1500 to around 1504 he was at Douai ; his final appointment was at a church in St Quentin . Throughout this time he seems to have been in part-time service to the French court, as evidenced by his many compositions for official and ceremonial occasions. He died at St Quentin. Unlike his contemporaries, Compère seems to have written few masses (at least very few survive). By temperament he seems to have been a miniaturist, and his most popular and numerous works were in the shorter forms of the day—primarily chanson s and motet s. Two stylistic trends are evident in his music: the style of the Burgundian School , which he obviously had learned in his early career before coming to Italy, and the current style of the lighter Italian composers, who were writing frottola s (the light and popular predecessor to the madrigal ). Compère had a gift for melody, and many of his chansons became popular; later composers used several as canti firmi for masses. Occasionally he seems to have given himself a formidable technical challenge and set out to solve it, such as writing quodlibet s (an example is Au travail suis , which combines no less than six different tunes written to the same text by different composers). Compère wrote several works in a unique form, sometimes called a free motet, which combines some of the light elegance of the Italian popular song of the time with the contrapuntal technique of the Netherlanders. Some mix texts from different sources, for instance a rather paradoxical Sile fragor which combines a supplication to the Virgin Mary with a drinking song dedicated to Bacchus . His choice of secular texts tended towards the irreverent and suggestive. His chansons are his most characteristic compositions, and many scholars of Renaissance music consider them to be his best work. They are for three or four voices, and are in three general categories: Italianate, light works for four a cappella voices, very much like frottolas, with text set syllabically and often homophonically , and having frequent cadences; three-voice works in the Burgundian style, rather like the music of Dufay ; and three-voice "motet-chansons," which resemble the medieval motet more than anything else. In these works the lowest voice usually sings a slow-moving cantus firmus with a Latin text, while the upper voices sing more animated parts, in French. Many of Compère's compositions were printed by Ottaviano Petrucci in Venice , and disseminated widely; obviously their availability contributed to their popularity. Compère was one of the first composers to benefit from the new technology of printing , which had a profound impact on the spread of the Franco-Flemish musical style throughout Europe. Compère also wrote several settings of the Magnificat (the hymn of praise to the Virgin Mary, from the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke ), as well as numerous short motets. These are cycles of motets, in which each motet is to be sung in place of a section of the mass ordinary. In the list, the motet is given along with the name of the mass ordinary section: 1. Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Missa de D.N.J.C). Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Introit); Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Gloria); Ave Domine Jesu Christe, (Credo); Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Offertory); Salve, salvator mundi (Sanctus); Adoramus te, Christe (Elevation); Parce, Domine (Agnus dei); Da pacem, Domine (Deo Gratias). 2. Hodie nobis de virgine (Missa in Nativitate Deus Noster Jesu Christe) Hodie nobis de Virgine (Introit); Beata Dei Genetrix Maria (Gloria); Hodie nobis Christus natus est (Credo); Genuit puerpera Regem (Offertory); Verbum caro factum est (Sanctus); Memento, salutis auctor (Elevation); Quem vidistis, pastores (Agnus dei); O admirabile commercium (Deo Gratias). 3. Missa Galeazescha (Missa de Beata Maria Virgine); Ave virgo gloriosa (Introit); Ave, salus infirmorum (Gloria); Ave, decus Virginale (Credo); Ave, sponsa verbi summi (Offertorii); O Maria (Sanctus); Adoramus te, Christe (Elevation); Salve, mater salvatoris (Agnus dei); Virginis Mariae laudes (Deo Gratias). ******************* file_id: 935582 document assign family. file_id: 935582 composer spread Europe. file_id: 935582 composer use firmus. ******************* Laura Ingraham (born January 1 , 1965 in Glastonbury , Connecticut ) is an American conservative talk radio host and author . Ingraham holds a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College and a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia . During her years at Dartmouth, she wrote for the conservative newspaper The Dartmouth Review . In 2002 , David Brock wrote in his book, Blinded by the Right , that while writing for The Dartmouth Review , Ingraham attended meetings of gay student organizations for the purpose of publicly outing them in the newspaper. Ingraham worked as a speechwriter in the Reagan Administration, and has served as a law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas as well as Ralph K. Winter on the Second Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals . After clerking, she worked as a white-collar criminal defense attorney for Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom . She appeared on a 1995 cover of The New York Times Magazine in a provocative leopard-skin miniskirt for an article about rising young conservatives. In the late 1990s, she became a CBS commentator and hosted the program " Watch It! " on MSNBC . She launched " The Laura Ingraham Show " in 2001 , which is heard on 300 stations and nationwide on SIRIUS Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio . She is the author of two books, The Hillary Trap: Looking for Power in All the Wrong Places and Shut Up & Sing . According to David Brock, Ingraham had originally struck a deal with Ruth Shalit , at the time a writer for the New Republic , to draft The Hillary Trap for her, but Shalit declined. Her radio program uses "Your healthy radio addiction" and "Power to the people" as taglines. It is syndicated by Talk Radio Network . According to a 2004 Talkers magazine article, Ingraham was ranked in the top 10 in total audience among nationally heard talk show hosts, trailing only Rush Limbaugh , Sean Hannity , Howard Stern , Michael Savage and Laura Schlessinger . This ascent was at least partially attributed to her producer Lee Habeeb's adoption of the talk radio techniques of Rush Limbaugh and Howard Stern , mixing hard core politics with pop culture . At her web site Habeeb is billed as "co-producer, sidekick, constant irritant" and Matt Fox is billed as technical producer. Ingraham once was engaged to conservative author Dinesh D'Souza and has dated former United States Senator Robert Torricelli of New Jersey . In April 2005 , Ingraham announced she was engaged to businessman James V. Reyes, with a planned wedding in May or June, 2005. On April 26, 2005, she announced on the air that she had undergone surgery for the treatment of breast cancer . Then Ingraham told listeners on May 11, 2005, that her engagement to Reyes had been canceled, citing issues regarding her diagnosis with breast cancer. Despite the break-up, she maintains that the two remain good friends. The alluring-to-herself Laura Ingraham wrote late last week: "There is an undeniable fury building among Republican voters coast to coast. It has now been almost six months since that euphoric day last year -- November 2nd -- when Republicans stunned Democrats across the board. Not only did President Bush handily beat John Kerry, but the GOP did what few predicted -- it managed to pick up four seats in the Senate. John Thune's victory over Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle in South Dakota was extra sweet." One can't help but laugh. I am not certain who Ms. Ingraham is talking with, aside from the usual right wing fundamentalists who are simply earning their keep by spouting vicious comments about anyone and everyone not signing up for the latest Bush Putsch, but the many Republicans I know aren't giving any thought to the issues that Ingraham brings to the fore -- not a single person. ingraham appeals only to the fringe within her own party, the sickest-of-the-sick Neofascist suck-ups that believe the pap she parrots or feeds them and embrace the pipedream that the masses (if they go to church and work a seventy-hour week for her parents) will one day take their places at the nearest exclusive primed-for-bigots country club. Ingraham started her tirade, titled "Anger on the Right," with the specious claim that Mr. Bush beat Mr. Kerry "handily" -- when in fact the Bush "win" was a shock to almost everyone interested, including Karl Rove. Whether or not Mr. Thune's victory over Mr. Daschle was "extra sweet" depends on where one sits -- in wisdom or in foolishness, with fools like Ingraham bowing before the Thune Senate throne. Ingraham pointed out truthfully that President Bush is already almost a lame duck and that the fate of the Republican Party will depend largely on what the GOP-controlled House and Senate accomplish over the next few years. What she failed to mention was that congressional leaders, specifically Rep. Tom DeLay and Sen. Bill Frist, are almost a bio-guarantee that the Republican Party will go down in flames -- not because they do nothing, but because of what they try to accomplish, namely the cloaking of GREED in the cloth of family values. I ask, as always: WHOSE family values, Ingraham? Ingraham called the Terri Schiavo "Don't kill her" Bill and the so-called Bankruptcy Bill (which is essentially a greed-fueled attack on the poor and ill) "good stuff." Could anyone be not only more obtuse but a more obvious liar? Does Ingraham actually believe that the Bankruptcy Bill was anything more than a payoff to the wealthiest and healthiest sector of the American economy: robber bankers and their cronies? In forthcoming "slop-eds," it's practically certain that she will call for debtors' prison as she sips margaritas as the Peninsula Hotel. If Laura Ingraham isn't a WASP clone of Ayn Rand, Tom Delay ain't the Orkin Man. As far as the tragic Ms. Schiavo goes, I supported the battle against her husband, unlike many of my liberal colleagues -- but to claim that a GOP-led Congress gone wild with posed outrage was "good stuff" is at best laughable. Ingraham crucified her own leadership as she lamented Mr. Bush's appellate court nominees twisting in the wind -- when they in fact should probably be twisting at the end of a rope. She claimed that Democrats have blocked 20% of the President's judicial appointments - which is, of course, another lie. She cries over the derailment of John Bolton's appointment as UN Ambassador when she instead should be chastising the President for being so moronic as to appoint a United Nations antagonist as our "Sham-bassador" to the rest of the world. What Ingraham should be doing is congratulating the Gestapo that now runs Capitol Hill on its ability to control the media -- including her, by affirmation -- and berating them at the same time for wasting their stranglehold on the news. Like a good Hitler Youth, Ingraham, a born-again Christian herself, does throw kudos to the Senate for passing what she calls tort "reform" -- but which is, of course, another defense of greed, this time the avarice of nefarious medical practitioners who judge their personal value on how many patients they can see within a ten minute period between calling their brokers. It is not the good doctors that tort law evolved from, Ms. Ingraham -- it is from the bad, the incompetent and the cruel. When you are old enough to understand this, then perhaps you will realized that tort "reform" was just another pay off, this time to the insurance industry, not the medical community whose lobby is the weakest possible in light of its potential economic strength. It's insurance companies cloaked in doctors -- greed cloaked in putative values. And does Ms. Ingraham actually think that GOP candidates give a rat's derrière about "thousands of volunteers (who) work(ed) tirelessly to give the GOP this majority only to allow the minority to roll them on judges, policy, and other nominations?" The real question is whether the GOP cares about FOX News, its biggest "volunteer." Everyone in Washington, especially Ingraham, should know that volunteers serve a function, but that they are largely inefficient and so overzealous as to be embarrassing. No, the GOP leadership does not care about what volunteers think of what Ingraham labels their "creeping wimpiness" -- those volunteers were "used" as they always are: to do the dirty work that couldn't be bought with corporate contributions. Predictably taking her marching orders from the White House, Ingraham impaled the only true and wise Republican leaders: John McCain, Chuck Hagel, Lincoln Chafee, and George Voinovich, claiming they "help the Democrats when we needed them most". Huh? First of all, she mixed tenses, displaying her lack of intelligence (which raises the question: how the heck did she get into Dartmouth?); second and more importantly, just what is the issue that makes these Republican men so desperately needed? Here's the answer: packing the courts with knee-jerk Conservatives, of course, ensuring that the damage done by Reagan and Bush the First is continued and, of course, making sure that whacked-out Bolton moves to the United Nations chair to disgrace his country. What Ms. Ingraham failed to see and continues to fail to see (most likely because she is so new to the mass recognition in which she how basks) is that the majority of Americans, by a very large margin, do not agree with her, Mr. DeLay, the disgraced physician Mr. Frist, or any of their proto-brownshirt compatriots. Frist amazingly but belatedly recognized this and is busy trying and failing to extricate himself from the gang of thieves that now control his chosen political party. DeLay, a shoo-in case for the psych ward, notices nothing but his personal bottom line, and I don't mean legislative victories. His indictment cannot come soon enough. Ingraham also whined that the Republican Party has no clear front-runner for the upcoming GOP nomination for President. Is she insane? Does the name Jeb Bush strike a familiar note? Perhaps even Nurse Laura realizes that Jeb isn't up to the family heirloom which has become the Oval Office, but her worry that her buddies and biddies are not riding hard enough on the broken backs of the most impoverished and underrepresented classes in our country is simply shameful. She urged "a senator or governor" to seize the moment and bond with conservative crazies the same way that George W. did during his nasty battle with John McCain. (She forgot to write "Republican" senator or governor, though.) Ms. Ingraham can't seem to name one, however, and that's because there isn't anyone quite as stupid, quite as ill-educated, and quite as mediocre as George W. Bush to seize those reins. Finally, Ms. Ingraham, I think it's time someone gave you fair warning: your greedy little tea dance is almost over. Soon you and your jackbooted friends on talk radio will be cast into the dumpster of history where you will find the dessicated remains of Joe Pyne, Roy Cohn, Joe McCarthy, Joseph Goebbels, Father Charles Coughlin and the rest of the slime that believed they could brainwash the people -- even the dumbest among us -- to embrace "values" that, stripped of their spin and buzz-phrases, stink of impossible cravenness. ******************* file_id: 938579 Ingraham attend meeting. file_id: 938579 Ingraham tell listener. file_id: 938579 issue remain . file_id: 938579 comment not_sign putsch. file_id: 938579 thought bring fore. file_id: 938579 up believe pap. file_id: 938579 thought wiki: . file_id: 938579 Republican_Party go flame. file_id: 938579 democrat block_PASS . file_id: 938579 insurance_companies cloak_PASS doctor. file_id: 938579 greed cloak_PASS value. file_id: 938579 insurance_companies give . file_id: 938579 volunteer think . file_id: 938579 dirty_work not_buy_PASS contribution. file_id: 938579 bask be . ******************* The indigenous peoples of Australia can be classified into hundreds of language groups and clans. For this reason it is incorrect to classify any attribute as universal to them as a whole. However, almost all the belief systems found seem to be what can be considered a polytheistic , animistic religion . The following are individual religious stories from a plethora of cultures across the continent. Where possible, the articles below will be specifically referenced to a specific group(s). ******************* file_id: 94155 people classify_PASS hundred. file_id: 94155 attribute seem . file_id: 94155 religion be story. ******************* "Colonel" Tom Parker ( June 26 , 1909 – January 21 , 1997 ), the pseudonym of Andreas Cornelius van Kuijk , was best known as the manager for Elvis Presley . Parker's involvement in the music industry began as a music promoter in the late 1940s, working with musicians such as Minnie Pearl and Eddy Arnold and the film star Tom Mix . During this time he received the honorary title of "Colonel" in 1948 from Jimmie Davis , the governor of Louisiana . Parker's affiliation with Presley began when Parker booked Presley as an opening act for another Parker client, the Canadian country singer Hank Snow . Parker took over Presley's career by contract on August 18 , 1955 . In 1956 he convinced RCA Records to buy Presley out from Sun Records for $35,000, which at the time was a huge amount of money. Parker's subsequent influence over Presley was criticized as Svengali -like, though without Parker, Presley might have never become the superstar that he became. He held the reins of Presley's singing and acting career for the rest of Presley's life. He was said to be instrumental in virtually every business decision that Presley made, including his decision to quit recording and touring after returning from his stint in the United States Army in 1960 and to concentrate on a lucrative movie career that many fans believed almost smothered Presley's musical creativity. After Presley died in 1977 , Parker became embroiled in legal disputes with Presley's estate and with his daughter, Lisa Marie Presley . Parker eventually agreed in 1983 to sell his masters of some of Presley's major recordings to RCA for $2 million and to drop any claims he had to Presley's estate. Parker moved to Las Vegas in 1980 and worked as an "entertainment adviser" for Hilton Hotels . In spite of his disputes with Presley's estate, he appeared at posthumous events honoring Presley, such as the ceremonies marking the tenth anniversary of the singer's death and the 1993 issuing of the United States Postal Service stamp honoring Presley. In 1993 , Parker was quoted as saying: "I don't think I exploited Elvis as much as he's being exploited today." As Presley's fame grew, people became interested in Parker as well. For a while he lied about his early years, claiming to have been born in Huntington, West Virginia and that he had run away at an early age to join a circus run by an uncle. The truth about his early years was revealed when his family in The Netherlands recognized him in photographs of him standing next to Elvis; it was confirmed when Parker tried to avert a lawsuit in 1982 by asserting that he was a Netherlands citizen. He was actually born in Breda , Netherlands . Parker fled his native land at about the age of 18, joined the United States Army , then changed his name to Tom Parker and become part of the circus world sometime after leaving the Army. He also worked as a dogcatcher and a pet cemetery proprietor in Tampa, Florida in the 1940s. Elvis fans have speculated that the reason he never performed abroad, which would likely have been a highly lucrative proposition, may have been that Parker was worried that as a non-citizen, he would not be readmitted to the United States . However, this argument forgets that Presley toured Canada in 1957 with concerts in Toronto , Ottawa , and Vancouver . It also forgets that as a U.S. Army veteran, Tom Parker would have been entitled to United States citizenship under most circumstances. Parker died on January 21 , 1997 , in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 87. Among his surviving family members was the Colonel's nephew, famed injury attorney, Larry H. Parker. ******************* file_id: 943713 Parker quote_PASS dispute. file_id: 943713 people become Parker. file_id: 943713 Tom_Parker entitle_PASS citizenship. ******************* For other places with this name, see Cheboygan . Cheboygan County is a county located in the state of Michigan . As of 2000 , the population is 26,448. Its county seat is Cheboygan 6 . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 2,293 km² (885 mi² ). 1,853 km² (716 mi²) of it is land and 439 km² (170 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 19.16% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 26,448 people, 10,835 households, and 7,573 families residing in the county. The population density is 14/km² (37/mi²). There are 16,583 housing units at an average density of 9/km² (23/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 94.80% White , 0.25% Black or African American , 2.55% Native American , 0.20% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.15% from other races , and 2.05% from two or more races. 0.76% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 10,835 households out of which 28.60% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.00% are married couples living together, 8.60% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% are non-families. 25.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.80% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 2.87. In the county the population is spread out with 23.70% under the age of 18, 6.20% from 18 to 24, 25.80% from 25 to 44, 26.30% from 45 to 64, and 17.90% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 98.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.50 males. The median income for a household in the county is $33,417, and the median income for a family is $38,390. Males have a median income of $30,054 versus $20,682 for females. The per capita income for the county is $18,088. 12.20% of the population and 8.70% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 17.90% of those under the age of 18 and 7.10% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Historical Note: Cheboygan County had another township called Maple Grove Township , and it became part of Forest Township in 1942. ******************* file_id: 95108 58.00% be couple. file_id: 95108 couple live . file_id: 95108 male have income. ******************* The SPH-i500 is a Palm OS -based smartphone manufactured by Samsung . It was released in the Summer of 2003 and discontinued in August 2005 . It was marketed in the United States by Sprint . The CDMA phone has a clamshell -style design, with the 160×240 pixel color display on the top half, and the Graffiti area and telephone keypad on the bottom half. It operates like a standard color Palm Pilot , but several hard and soft buttons launch the 'phone' application, which manages calls. Once a call is connected, it is possible to switch back to another application. Specifications: Applications include the handspring Blazer microbrowser and Voice Memo, but exclude Palm OS Note Pad. ******************* file_id: 953137 application include microbrowser_and_Voice_Memo. ******************* The Continental Mark VII , later called just the Mark VII , was a large and luxurious rear wheel drive coupe from Lincoln . Introduced in 1984 , the Continental Mark VII shared its platform with the Ford Thunderbird , Ford Mustang , and Lincoln Continental (the Ford Fox platform from the code name of the first program using the platform. The platform was originally based on the Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr in the early 80s. It was manufactured at the Wixom Assembly Plant in Wixom, Michigan through 1992 . It was replaced by the Lincoln Mark VIII in 1993. The Mark VII had most comfort/convenience options that were available in the 1980's. This included all power accessories, leather seating, keyless entry, an onboard computer/message center, digital instruments (on all except the LSC models after 1986). All Mark VII's came with full airbag suspension with an electronic ride control system The Mark VII was the first American vehicle with electronic 4-channel antilock brakes (November 1984, 6 months before the Corvette). It was also the first American vehicle with composite headlights. There were 4 trim levels to start with: Base, Versace Designer, Bill Blass Designer, and LSC. The Versace had unique stitched seats, the Bill Blass had pillow top seats with the initials "BB" etched in the backrest. The LSC was a performance oriented model, designed to compete against European luxury coupes, so it had stiffer suspension, dual exhaust, sport leather seats, a higher output engine (until 1988 when all came with the 225 hp 302 from the Mustang GT) (ex. w/diesel) and sport styled 15 inch rims. Base Mark VIIs and the designer series had wire rims and even an optional geometric rim. In 1988, 16 in(406 mm) turbine rims appeared on the LSC. For 1991 - 1992, 16 inch rims based on the BBS RS Series appeared on all models. The LSC also had analog gauges (1986 onward) with a speedometer, tachometer, fuel level gauge, coolant temperature gauge, and separate trip and regular odometers. All the others had digital instruments with just a speedometer, fuel level gauge, and trip odometer. . Trim Levels by year: The engine choices were a 5.0 L V8 and an ultra-rare (200-500 made) 2.4 L Straight-6 diesel . The diesel was a Steyr design with a turbocharger. Rumors have it that a 5-speed manual transmission was bolted to at least 1 of these diesels. Engine options: Several variations of the 5.0L V8 The Mark VII LSC was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1986. ******************* file_id: 954958 Bill_Blass pillow_PASS seat. file_id: 954958 designer_series have wire_rims. file_id: 954958 turbine_rims appear LSC. file_id: 954958 seat rim . file_id: 954958 other have instrument. file_id: 954958 rumor have . ******************* IVAX Pharmaceuticals is a United States public corporation focused on manufacturing and distributing generic pharmaceutical products. ******************* file_id: 960375 corporation focus_PASS manufacturing_and_distributing. ******************* Lake County is a county located in the state of Indiana . As of 2000 , the population is 484,564. The county seat is Crown Point 6 . This county is part of Chicagoland . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,622 km² (626 mi² ). 1,287 km² (497 mi²) of it is land and 335 km² (129 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 20.65% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 484,564 people, 181,633 households, and 126,961 families residing in the county. The population density is 376/km² (975/mi²). There are 194,992 housing units at an average density of 151/km² (392/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 66.72% White , 25.33% Black or African American , 0.28% Native American , 0.82% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 4.96% from other races , and 1.85% from two or more races. 12.20% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 181,633 households out of which 32.80% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.70% are married couples living together, 16.60% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% are non-families. 25.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.19. In the county the population is spread out with 26.80% under the age of 18, 9.30% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 13.00% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 92.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.00 males. The median income for a household in the county is $41,829, and the median income for a family is $50,131. Males have a median income of $41,986 versus $26,393 for females. The per capita income for the county is $19,639. 12.20% of the population and 9.70% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 17.80% of those under the age of 18 and 8.00% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 96102 32.80% have child. file_id: 96102 48.70% be couple. file_id: 96102 couple live . file_id: 96102 male have income. ******************* Mari Kanive (ಮಾರಿ ಕಣಿವೆ in Kannada ) is a dam near Hiriyur Taluk , Chitradurga District , in the India n state of Karnataka . It is the oldest dam in the state. The dam was built by the Mysore Maharajas pre-independence across the river Vedavathi . The dam is an exquisite piece of architecture, an engineering marvel for that time, and provides water to lots of surrounding cities, towns and villages, which are largely dry lands of the Deccan area of Central Karnataka . This dam is the source of domestic water for Hiriyur and Chitradurga . It irrigates more than 100 km² of land in Hiriyur and Challakere taluks through right and left bank canals. The dam was constructed by a team led by an Engineer called 'Tara Chand Dalal' at the order of his Highness the Maharaja of Mysore Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . The dam has been a tourist attraction for many years, but has been apparently neglected as a prime tourist destination. Recently, though, the development work undertaken by the forest department to restore the nearby forest cover, and the 'panchavati' gardens - a garden of medicinal plants with the old Indian cultural theme has improved the tourist figures, making it a popular weekend picnic spot. The 'panchavati' garden has medicinal plants lined up reprsenting cultural themes - the 'Rashis', 'Sapta swaras', 'Nava grahas' and many more. The tourists who visit Chitradurga and Hosdurga often visit Mari kanive on the way. The historic maarkiaamba temple here also attracts many tourists. The place is around 20 Km drive from Hiriyur on a deviation from NH4 ( Bangalore - Mumbai National Highway). ******************* file_id: 963876 panchavatus improve_PASS tourist_figures. file_id: 963876 the have plant. ******************* Seminole County is a county located in the state of Georgia . As of 2000 , the population is 9,369. The county's county seat is Donalsonville, Georgia 6 . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 664 km² (257 mi² ). 617 km² (238 mi²) of it is land and 48 km² (19 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 7.22% water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 9,369 people, 3,573 households, and 2,597 families residing in the county. The population density is 15/km² (39/mi²). There are 4,742 housing units at an average density of 8/km² (20/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 61.75% White , 34.66% Black or African American , 0.18% Native American , 0.18% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 2.79% from other races , and 0.45% from two or more races. 3.70% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,573 households out of which 29.90% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.10% are married couples living together, 17.90% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.30% are non-families. 24.30% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.50% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.54 and the average family size is 3.01. In the county the population is spread out with 26.20% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 15.80% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 91.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.60 males. The median income for a household in the county is $27,094, and the median income for a family is $33,221. Males have a median income of $25,909 versus $20,194 for females. The per capita income for the county is $14,635. 23.20% of the population and 15.80% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 35.10% of those under the age of 18 and 18.60% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 96707 51.10% be couple. file_id: 96707 couple live . file_id: 96707 male have income. ******************* : This article discusses the Egyptian goddess. Serket was also the name of a pre-dynastic Egyptian king, known as King Scorpion . In Egyptian mythology , Serket (also spelt Serket-hetyt , Selket , Selkis , Selchis , and Selkhit ) was originally the deification of the scorpion . Scorpion stings lead to paralysis, and Serket's name describes this, as it means (one who) tightens the throat . However, Serket's name can also be read as meaning (one who) causes the throat to breath , and so, as well as being seen as stinging the unrighteous, Serket was seen as one who could cure scorpion stings, and other poisons, such as snake bites. In art , Serket was shown as a scorpion, or as a woman with a scorpion on her head, and although Serket doesn't appear to have had temples, she had a sizable priesthood . The most dangerous species of scorpion resides in North Africa, and its sting can kill, so Serket was considered a highly important goddess , and was sometimes considered by pharaoh s to be their patron. As the protector against poisons, and snake bites, Serket was often said to protect the gods from Apep , the great snake-god of evil, sometimes acting as the guard when Apep was captured. As many of the venomous creatures of Egypt could prove fatal, Serket was also considered a protector of the dead, particularly being associated with poisons, and fluids causing stiffening. She was thus said to be the protector of the tents of embalmers , and of the canopic jar associated with poison —the jar of the small intestine — which was deified as Qebehsenuf , one of the Four sons of Horus . As the guard of one of the canopic jars, and a protector, Serket gained a strong association with Aset ( Isis ), and Nebet Het ( Nephthys ), who also performed a similar function. Eventually, long into Egyptian history, Serket began to be identified as Isis, sharing imagery, and parentage, until, finally, Serket became said to be merely an aspect of Isis. ******************* file_id: 97264 Scorpion_stings lead name. ******************* Nollywood is the Nigerian film industry. The name was derived from Hollywood , the same way as Bollywood , Tollywood and Kollywood were. The Nigerian film industry is the third largest in the world and is based in Surulere , Lagos . It produces an enormous amount of films, sometimes releasing over fifty in a week. As there are very few movie theaters in Nigeria, the films are released straight to video. Begun in the 1970 s, the local filmmaking industry became incredibly popular following the 1992 release of Living in Bondage, a film about a businessman whose dealings result in the death of his wife. Since then, thousands of movies have been released. Many foreign and local critics have criticized Nollywood for trite plots, poor dialogue, and poor production values. At the same time, these local folms have achieved the incredibly difficult feat of outselling Hollywood films in Nigeria and many other African countries. ******************* file_id: 974177 film result death. file_id: 974177 production_values achieve_PASS feat. ******************* Net Terminal Genes are a plot device in the manga Blame! by Tsutomu Nihei . They are a special gene that can be used by the lucky recipient to create a user identity for the Netsphere . However, the Net Terminal Genes are incredibly rare by the time Blame! begins. The Net Sphere protection agency, also called Safeguard, is under standing orders to kill any human found who does not possess the genes; also, any illegal access to the Netsphere is responded to by downloading a Safeguard to the location of the illegal access point and having it kill the person who tried to access. As very few humans have the net gene any more, the Safeguards are essentially under orders to kill humanity, a goal that is shared by the enigmatic Silicon Life . ******************* file_id: 981194 gene be plot_device. file_id: 981194 access respond_PASS . file_id: 981194 safeguard be order. ******************* ZMA ( Z inc monomethionine aspartate and M agnesium A spartate) is a supplement used by bodybuilders and athlete s. It was developed by Victor Conte (founder of BALCO Laboratories in Burlingame, California ) and is a blend of zinc , magnesium and vitamin B6 . The formula is patented and the name "ZMA" trademarked by SNAC Systems Inc . It is used because research has suggested that it raises testosterone and IGF-1 levels which aids gains in muscle size and strength. Studies have also suggested that ZMA increases the quality of sleep - helping the body repair itself after a hard exercise. Evidence also shows that ZMA tends to cause highly lurid and vivid dreams in some of the population. A deficiency in zinc and magnesium is common in the general population. However, in athletes and very active people it is even more common due to these minerals being lost during exercise. The proportion of ingredients generally used in products is 20-30 mg Zinc and 400-500 mg Magnesium. ZMA use is not banned by any athletic organisations. A study (Brilla & Conte 1999) was undertaken on NCAA Football players during a 8 week spring training program. Those who took the ZMA tablets showed greater increases in strength , testosterone , and IGF-1 levels. It is important to note that this study was funded by SNAC Systems Inc. (the patent holders) and that one of the study's authors (Victor Conte) has equity in this company. Another study (Wilbornl et al. 2004) found that ZMA has no effect on strength or hormone levels. ******************* file_id: 984472 supplement use_PASS bodybuilder. file_id: 984472 level aid gain. file_id: 984472 level increase . file_id: 984472 people be mineral. file_id: 984472 use not_ban_PASS organisation. ******************* A bearskin is a tall fur hat worn as part of the ceremonial uniform of several regiments in the British Army (most notably the five regiments of Foot Guards ), and by the Royal Life Guards (Den Kongelige Livgarde) of the Royal Danish Army . The standard bearskin is 18 inches tall, weighs one and a half pounds and is made from the fur of the Canadian black bear . The fur is purchased by the Army following the cull of black bears by the Inuit , which keeps their numbers under control. The hatmakers purchase roughly 100 pelts each year out of ten thousand or so culled bears. Proper maintenance of the hats allows them to last for decades. Some bearskin hats in use are more than 100 years old. In recent times, attempts have been made to produce a version with synthetic fur, with little success due to the effect of the weather. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals has protested the continued use of real fur. Traditionally, the bearskin was the headgear of grenadiers , and is still worn by regiments of grenadiers in various armies. However, following the Battle of Waterloo and the action in which they gained their name, the Grenadier Guards were permitted to wear the bearskin. This tradition was later extended to the other two regiments of Guards ( Coldstream and Scots ). Fusilier regiments also wear the bearskin as part of their ceremonial uniform. The bearskin should not be mistaken for the busby , which is a much smaller fur cap. ******************* file_id: 987790 attempt make_PASS . file_id: 987790 people protest_PASS use. ******************* Oyster crackers are small, salted, buttery cracker s, typically hexagons about 15mm in diameter. They are popular in the northeastern USA , where they are served as an accompaniment to soup , and in the Cincinnati area, where they are frequently served with the city's distinctive chili . Oyster crackers do not contain oysters . The origin of the name is unclear, but it may be that they were originally served with oyster stew or clam chowder . However, we do know who invented the oyster cracker. It was invented by a baker in Trenton, NJ, named Adam Exton , who emigrated to America from Lancashire, England in 1842. Adam Exton settled in Trenton, Mercer Co., NJ and opened a cake and cracker bakery with brother-in-law, Richard Aspden in 1846. Although Richard Aspden died the following year, Adam Exton continued with the bakery (named the Exton Cracker Bakery or Adam Exton & Co. ), invented the oyster cracker along with a machine that rolled and docked pastry and solved the sanitary problems of hand-rolling crackers. The oyster cracker was so popular that other bakeries "borrowed" his recipe and began producing them in competition with his own bakery. ******************* file_id: 990194 Oyster_crackers be . file_id: 990194 Oyster_crackers not_contain oyster. ******************* The Bookman was a magazine that was published in London from the 1890s until the 1930s by Hodder & Stoughton . It was a catalogue of their current publications that also contained reviews, advertising and illustrations. Notable contributors included W.B. Yeats and Samuel Beckett . William Robertson Nicholl , Arthur St. John Adcock and Hugh Ross Williamson were editors. ******************* file_id: 993263 contributor include W.B_.. file_id: 993263 and_Hugh_Ross_Williamson be editor. ******************* Zinka Milanov née Zinka Kunc ( May 17 , 1906 - May 30 , 1989 ) was a Croatia n-born operatic soprano . Born in Zagreb , she studied with the Wagnerian soprano Milka Trnina . On October 29, 1927, she made her operatic debut as Leonora in Giuseppe Verdi 's Il Trovatore in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Her debut in her native Croatia, at the National Theater in Zagreb, took place five weeks later as Marguerite in Charles Gounod's "Faust." After an early and sensational debut in Dresden (November 5, 1928, also as Leonora), she performed in Zagreb and Ljubljana almost exclusively for the next six years. Later she became a member of the New German Theater in Prague, where all performances were sung in German. She was discovered by Bruno Walter , who recommended her to the famous conductor Arturo Toscanini for a performance of Verdi's Requiem in Salzburg . In 1937 , she made her debut in the Metropolitan Opera , once again as Leonora. At that time she adopted the name Milanov, which was the stage name of her second husband, an actor, because according to Milanov herself, "Kunc" wasn't "glamourous" enough for the Metropolitan Opera. In 1947 , Milanov left the Met when she married a third time, to Yugoslav general and diplomat Ljubomir Ilic, and returned to live in her native country for several years. She was at the peak of her artistic and vocal powers when she made her debut at the Teatro alla Scala as Tosca in 1950 . When Rudolf Bing took over the Metropolitan Opera that very same year, Milanov returned and was hailed as a primadonna assoluta . Milanov had a beautiful, clear voice, especially in the upper register, and sang with splendid legato . Vocally, she didn't come into her own until she was in her forties. In her younger years, her voice tended to become shrill. She excelled in the Italian parts for dramatic soprano and is best remembered for her Verdi interpretations (Aida, Amelia, Leonora). She gave her final performance in 1966 . After her farewell, Milanov remained active as a teacher. She died in New York . ******************* file_id: 996187 all_performances sing_PASS german. ******************* Palazzo Barbarigo is situated on the Grand Canal in Venice . It was originally built in the 16th century . Today it is one of the more opulent palazzi on the canal, distinguished by its mosaic s of Murano glass applied in 1886 . At the time it was owned by the proprietors of one of the glass factories, who took their cue from the exterior mosaics on the facade of St Mark's Basilica . The palazzo follows the Renaissance pattern of design on three floors: an open loggia gives access to the canal surmounted by two piani nobili with open loggias and decorated columns. The comparatively modern mosaics probably cover original windows, and obliviate the original design. When the mosaics were executed, the then new owners were decried by their more aristocrat ic neighbours as nouveaux riches , and their taste garish and out of keeping with the genteel decay of the neighbouring buildings. However, it should be remembered that many of the Renaissance palazzi on the canal were once too covered in polychrome and gilt decorations, with elaborate plaster and stucco work adding to their splendour. Part of the Palazzo Barbarigo is today a showroom and shop of Murano glass . ******************* file_id: 999093 owner decry_PASS aristocrat. *******************