Hohmann is a lunar crater that lies within the central basin of the Mare Orientale formation, on the farside of the Moon. It is located to the south of Maunder crater, and to the west of Kopff crater. Due to its proximity to the western lunar limb, this area of the surface is occasionally visible during favorable librations. However the basin is viewed from the side, restricting the amount of detail that can be observed from Earth. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Hohmann crater. The following craters have been renamed by the IAU. ******************* file_id: 1003603 area be libration. file_id: 1003603 feature identify_PASS lunar_maps. ******************* Vicenza(population 107,223) is the capital of the province of Vicenza in the Veneto region, northern Italy at the northern base of the Monti Berici , straddling the Bacchiglione. At , Vicenza is approximately 60 km west of Venice and 200 km east of Milan. The city has an active and lively industrial sector, which is especially famous for jewelry and clothing factories. The Gold Exposition is world-famous and it takes place in Vicenza three times per year (January, June, September). Vicenza (Roman "Vicetia") an ancient Roman municipium (from 49 BCE), but was overshadowed by its neighbor Patavium ( Padua) in Roman times. Little survives of the Roman city, but three of the bridges across the Bacchiglione and Retrone rivers are of Roman origin, and isolated arches of a Roman aqueduct exist outside Porta Sta. Croce. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Vandals under Alaric then the Huns under Attila laid the area to waste. Later, it became the seat of one of the dozens of Lombard duchies, and joined the Lombard League against Federick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire. An independent commune with an oligarchic republican political structure, Vicenza was conquered in 1311 by the Scaliger i lords of Verona, who fortified it against the Visconti of Milan. Vicenza came under rule by Venice in 1405, and its subsequent history is that of Venice. Vicenza is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Site s. The late Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio(1518-1580) was a citizen of Vicenza, as was also his contemporary, Vincenzo Scamozzi(1552-1616). Vicenza is home to several buildings of Palladio . Of notable interest is the summer house called Villa Capra "La Rotonda", located just outside the downtown area; the public building Basilica Palladiana, centrally located in Vicenza's Piazza dei Signori, of which Palladio himself said that it might stand comparison with any similar work of antiquity; and the Teatro Olimpico. Palladio also designed several palazzi for families in the city, most notably the Palazzo Chiericati, home of Vicenza's museum, and the Palazzo Barbarano. All these buildings date from ca 1560- 1590. The inhabitants of Vicenza are pejoratively known to other Italians as magnagatti(cat eaters). Purportedly, Vicentinos turned to cats for sustenance during times of famine. ******************* file_id: 101583 arch exist Porta_Sta. file_id: 101583 Vicentinos turn cat. ******************* ''' ' , or Enångers tingslag , was a district of Helsingia in Sweden. The provinces in Norrland were never divided into hundreds and instead the court district ( tingslag'') served as the basic division of rural areas. ******************* file_id: 1017282 court_district serve division. ******************* Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins ) are respiratory protein s, metalloprotein s containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O 2 ). Oxygenation causes a color change between the colorless Cu(I) deoxygenated form and the blue Cu(II) oxygenated form. Hemocyanins carry oxygen in the blood of most mollusc s, and some arthropod s such as the horseshoe crab . They are second only to hemoglobin in biological popularity of use in oxygen transport . Although the respiratory function of hemocyanin is similar to that of hemoglobin, there are a number of differences in its molecular structure and mechanism. Whereas hemoglobin carries its iron atoms in porphyrin rings ( heme groups), the copper atoms of hemocyanin are bound as prosthetic group s comprised of histidine peptide s. Most hemocyanins bind with oxygen non-cooperatively and are roughly one-fourth as efficient as hemoglobin at transporting oxygen per amount of blood. Hemoglobin binds oxygen cooperatively due to steric conformation a changes in the protein complex , which increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when partially oxygenated. In some hemocyanins of horseshoe crab s and some other species of arthropods cooperative binding is observed, with Hill coefficient s between 1.6-3. Hill constants vary depending on species and laboratory measurement settings. Hemoglobin for comparison has a Hill coefficent of usually 2.8-3. In these cases of cooperative binding hemocyanin was arranged in protein sub-complexes of 6 subunits (hexamer) each with one oxygen binding site, binding of oxygen on one unit in the complex would increase the affinity of the neighboring units. Each hexamer complex was arranged together to form a larger complex of dozen of hexamers. In one study cooperative binding was found to be dependent on hexamers being arranged together in the larger complex, suggesting cooperative binding between hexamers. Hemocyanin oxygen binding profile is also affected by dissolve salt ion levels and pH . Hemocyanin is made of many individual subunit proteins, each of which contains two copper atoms and can bind one oxygen molecule (O 2 ). Each subunit weighs about 75 kilodaltons (kDa). Subunits may be arranged in dimer s or hexamer s depending on species, the dimer or hexamer complex are likewise arranged in chains or clusters in weights exceeding 1500 kDa. The subunits are usually homogeneous , or heterogeneous with two variant subunit types. Because of the large size of hemocyanin, it is usually found free-floating in the blood, unlike hemoglobin, which must be contained in cells because its small size would lead it to clog and damage blood filtering organs such as the kidney s. This free-floating nature allows for higher densities of hemocyanin in the blood (as compared to hemoglobin), and helps offset its low efficiency. ******************* file_id: 103324 hemocyanin carry oxygen. file_id: 103324 Whereas_hemoglobin carry iron_atoms. file_id: 103324 subunit arrange_PASS dimer. file_id: 103324 blood_filtering_organs s . ******************* In number theory, a positive integer m is called B- smooth if all prime factors p_i of m are such that p_i \leq B. For example, 2 233 565 4 is 5-smooth since none of its prime factors are greater than 5. Integer Sequences from OEIS(the numbers in parenthesis show the form of the numbers in the sequence): An important practical application of smooth numbers is for fast Fourier transform(FFT) algorithms such as the Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm that operate by recursively breaking down a problem of a given size n into problems the size of its factors. By using B-smooth numbers, one ensures that the base cases of this recursion are small primes, for which efficient algorithms exist. (Large prime sizes require less-efficient algorithms such as Bluestein's FFT algorithm.) 7-smooth numbers are sometimes called highly composite(although this conflicts with another meaning of that term); see Highly composite number. Further, is called - if all prime dividing satisfy: For example, 2 43 25 1 is 16-powersmooth since its greatest prime factor power is 2 4= 16. The number is also 17-powersmooth, 18-powersmooth, 19-powersmooth, etc. B-smooth and B-powersmooth numbers have applications in number theory, such as Pollard's p-1 algorithm. Such applications are often said to work with "smooth numbers," with no B specified; this means the numbers involved must be B-smooth for some unspecified small number B; as B increases, the performance of the algorithm or method in question degrades rapidly. For example, the Pohlig-Hellman algorithm for computing discrete logarithms has a running time of O( B 1/2) for groups of B-smooth order. ******************* file_id: 1035039 factor p i. file_id: 1035039 algorithm exist . file_id: 1035039 size require . file_id: 1035039 B have application. ******************* The Royal Wessex Yeomanry is an armoured regiment of the Territorial Army consisting of four squadrons, each of which bears the cap badge of an old yeomanry regiment: The Royal Wessex Yeomanry currently serves two roles; the Dorset Yeomanry serves as an infrastructure and training squadron for the armour replacement role, while the other three squadrons are operational as armour replacements on the Challenger 2 tank. ******************* file_id: 1041314 Royal_Wessex_Yeomanry be replacement. ******************* Anderson is a city located in Denali Borough, Alaska . As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 367. Anderson is located at 64°20'43" North, 149°11'43" West (64.345372, -149.195352) . Anderson lies 9 km (6 miles) west of the George Parks Highway , south of Nenana . 9 km (6 miles) south of Anderson is Clear Air Force Station, home of the 13th Space Warning Squadron (13SWS). Clear Air Force Station is located within the City boundaries. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 122.4 km² (47.3 mi² ). 121.0 km² (46.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.4 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.14% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 367 people, 101 households, and 74 families residing in the city. The population density is 3.0/km² (7.9/mi²). There are 148 housing units at an average density of 1.2/km² (3.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 86.38% White , 4.36% Black or African American , 1.36% Native American , 0.27% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.82% from other races , and 6.81% from two or more races. 5.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 101 households out of which 40.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 10.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% are non-families. 20.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 0.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.60 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 21.0% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 42.0% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 2.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 175.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 187.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $58,750, and the median income for a family is $62,188. Males have a median income of $31,641 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the city is $23,837. 17.6% of the population and 15.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.8% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Anderson is named after Arthur Anderson, one of several homesteaders who settled in the area in the late 1950s. In 1959, Mr. Anderson subdivided his homestead into house lots and sold most of the lots to civilian workers from Clear Air Force Station, a ballistic missile early warning site completed in 1961. An elementary school was built in the community in 1961 and Anderson incorporated as a city in 1962. In the 1960s, a road was completed between Anderson and Nenana, which gave access to Fairbanks . Vehicles were ferried across the Tanana River at Nenana until 1968, when a steel bridge was built there. In 1971 the George Parks Highway was constructed, which facilitated road access to Anchorage . ******************* file_id: 105290 40.6% have child. file_id: 105290 56.4% be couple. file_id: 105290 couple live . file_id: 105290 male have income. file_id: 105290 school build_PASS community. file_id: 105290 vehicle ferry_PASS Tanana_River. ******************* HotSauce(code named Project X) was a piece of experimental software developed by Apple Computer as a sample application of its Meta Content Framework technologies. HotSauce generated a 3D visualization of the contents of a MCF file, for example a Website. Apple offered beta versions of HotSauce as a web browser plugin for Mac OS and Microsoft Windows and a stand-alone application. The HotSauce application could also be used to navigate the contents of the hard drive or a folder on the disk. HotSauce was never released in a final version and while MCF was adapted by some web sites, most users saw no point in navigating them in a 3D space. The project was discontinued along with MCF shortly after Steve Jobs's return to the company in 1997. ******************* file_id: 1053486 apple offer version. file_id: 1053486 user see . ******************* Emmonak is a city located in Wade Hampton Census Area, Alaska . As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 767. Emmonak is located at 62°46'38" North, 164°32'42" West (62.777328, -164.544920) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 22.4 km² (8.6 mi² ). 19.5 km² (7.5 mi²) of it is land and 2.9 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 13.08% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 767 people, 189 households, and 150 families residing in the city. The population density is 39.4/km² (102.2/mi²). There are 218 housing units at an average density of 11.2/km² (29.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 5.61% White , 0.26% Black or African American , 91.26% Native American , 0.13% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 2.74% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 189 households out of which 55.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% are married couples living together, 18.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% are non-families. 16.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 4.06 and the average family size is 4.58. In the city the population is spread out with 44.1% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 23 years. For every 100 females there are 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 113.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,917, and the median income for a family is $38,750. Males have a median income of $23,750 versus $18,542 for females. The per capita income for the city is $9,069. 16.2% of the population and 16.4% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 15.9% of those under the age of 18 and 9.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 105702 55.6% have child. file_id: 105702 47.1% be couple. file_id: 105702 couple live . file_id: 105702 male have income. ******************* Reformed epistemology is the title given to a broad body of epistemological viewpoints relating to God's existence that have been offered by a group of Protestant Christian philosophers that includes Alvin Plantinga, William Alston, and Nicholas Wolterstorff among others. Rather than a body of arguments, ''reformed epistemology refers more to the epistemological stance that belief in God is properly basic, and therefore no argument for His existence is needed. It has been said the title comes from the fact that this view represent a continuation of the thinking about the relationship between faith and reason found in the 16th century Reformers, particularly John Calvin. Reformed epistemology aims to demonstrate the failure of objections that theistic Christian belief is unjustified, unreasonable, intellectually sub-par or otherwise epistemically-challenged in some way. Rationalists, foundationalists and evidentialists claim that theistic belief is rational only if there is propositional and or physical evidence for it, of which they assert there is none. Reformed epistemology seeks to defend faith as rational by demonstrating that epistemic propositions of theistic belief are properly basic and hence justified; as opposed to the truth of theistic belief. Reformed epistemology grew out of the parity argument presented by Alvin Plantinga in his book 'God and Other Minds' of 1967. There Plantinga concluded that belief in other minds is rational, hence, belief in God is also rational. Later, Plantinga in his 1999 book 'Warranted Christian Belief' argues that theistic belief has 'warrant' because there is an epistemically possible model according to which theistic belief is justified in a basic way. In epistemology, warrant refers to that part of the theory of justification that deals with understanding how beliefs can be justified or warranted. Plantinga contends that this model is likely true if theistic belief is true; and on the other hand, the model is unlikely to be true if theism is false. This connection between the truth of theism and its positive epistemic status implies that the goal of showing theistic belief to be externally rational or warranted requires reasons for supposing that theism is true . Those of faith have frequently criticized Reformed epistemology for favoring or or being exclusively committed to negative apologetics, counter-arguments to arguments that faith is not rational, and that it offers no reasons for supposing that theism or Christianity is true, so-called positive apologetics. Criticisms from those critical of or neutral to faith as rational have included that Reformed epistemology rests on the presupposition that there is religious truth, but does not present any argument to show that there is any. Another common criticism is that as a tool for discriminating justified from unjustified constituent beliefs, Reformed epistemology falls short; that it springs forth from a presupposition that within each of us resides a doxastic mechanism that generates religious convictions, belief in God, etc., supporting the conclusion that such beliefs are innate, hence properly basic. ******************* file_id: 1060840 title give_PASS body. file_id: 1060840 Rationalists_,_foundationalists_and_evidentialists claim . file_id: 1060840 deal justify_PASS . file_id: 1060840 reason be . file_id: 1060840 argument be . file_id: 1060840 mechanism generate conviction. ******************* Oakhaven is a city located in Hempstead County, Arkansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 54. Oakhaven is located at 33°43'46" North, 93°37'10" West (33.729477, -93.619571) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.1 km² (0.1 mi² ). 0.1 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 54 people, 20 households, and 17 families residing in the city. The population density is 417.0/km² (985.7/mi²). There are 24 housing units at an average density of 185.3/km² (438.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 90.74% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.85% from other races , and 7.41% from two or more races. 1.85% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 20 households out of which 45.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% are married couples living together, 20.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 15.0% are non-families. 15.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.70 and the average family size is 3.00. In the city the population is spread out with 35.2% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 18.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $63,750, and the median income for a family is $63,750. Males have a median income of $63,125 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the city is $22,535. 0.0% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . ******************* file_id: 107013 45.0% have child. file_id: 107013 60.0% be couple. file_id: 107013 couple live . file_id: 107013 male have income. ******************* Fortitude Valley, also known simply as the Valley is a suburb of central Brisbane, Australia. It is the hub of Brisbane's nightlife, renowned for its nightclubs and adult entertainment. It is also the hub for the gay scene, with many gay nightclubs and venues. In recent years, the reputation of the valley has improved, previously marred by crime and the high number of homeless people wandering the streets. The Brunswick Street Mall is the centrepiece of the Valley, boasting several clubs, restaurants, fast food outlets, hotels, and venues for live bands. Security improvements in recent years for the mall include a small police station, and security cameras. The Valley is also home to Brisbane's Chinatown. Fortitude Valley has undergone dramatic residential and commercial development, with its becoming the most rapidly growing suburb in Brisbane. ******************* file_id: 1070159 Security_improvements include police_station_,_and_security_cameras. ******************* Cove is a town located in Polk County, Arkansas . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 383. Cove is located at 34°26'11" North, 94°24'43" West (34.436384, -94.411845) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 4.5 km² (1.7 mi² ). 4.5 km² (1.7 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 383 people, 150 households, and 102 families residing in the town. The population density is 85.5/km² (221.6/mi²). There are 181 housing units at an average density of 40.4/km² (104.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.78% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 3.92% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 1.04% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 150 households out of which 38.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% are married couples living together, 9.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% are non-families. 28.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.55 and the average family size is 3.17. In the town the population is spread out with 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 112.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $17,368, and the median income for a family is $21,875. Males have a median income of $16,964 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town is $8,310. 28.8% of the population and 25.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 35.0% of those under the age of 18 and 16.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 107198 38.0% have child. file_id: 107198 53.3% be couple. file_id: 107198 couple live . file_id: 107198 male have income. ******************* In the fictional universe of Warhammer 40,000 , the Necrontyr are the precursors of the Necron race, before their entire species was formed into a series of science fiction"killer-robots". Little is known about them, save that they were converted into Necrons by the might of the C'tan. What is known is that they lived short lives due to their homeworld being in a system with a brutally strong star that gave them cancers and other horrible condition s; this was reflected in the architecture, with the living more like temporary residents then owners. To extend their lives, they pursued technological progress, rather than Warp spawned magic. Upon encountering the Old Ones, they asked for their help. However, the Old Ones refused, and the Necrontyr turned on the elder race. They could not hope to stand against their might, and were quickly reduced to a minor annoyance. But their technological progress continued, and upon discovering the C'tan, they offered them physical bodies. Before long, the C'tan were worshipped as gods. With the power of the C'tan the Necrontyr could finally fight on even terms with the Old Ones. However, the "star gods" had one nasty trick up their sleeves. They convinced the majority of the Necrontyr to imbed their own minds in living machines. In doing so, they left their bodies to be consumed by the C'tan. At the last moment the Necrontyr figured out the brutal cost of this boon. They would be the slaves of the C'tan forever. The Necrontyr were thus utterly purged, becoming instead the Necrons, immortal servants of the C'tan. ******************* file_id: 1077985 life be system. file_id: 1077985 C worship_PASS god. ******************* Beckwourth is a census-designated place located in Plumas County, California . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 342. Beckwourth is located at 39°49'39" North, 120°24'13" West (39.827528, -120.403710) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 30.3 km² (11.7 mi² ). 30.3 km² (11.7 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 342 people, 147 households, and 108 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 11.3/km² (29.3/mi²). There are 225 housing units at an average density of 7.4/km² (19.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 93.86% White , 0.00% Black or African American , 2.05% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.88% Pacific Islander , 1.46% from other races , and 1.75% from two or more races. 2.92% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 147 households out of which 23.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% are married couples living together, 5.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% are non-families. 19.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.33 and the average family size is 2.67. In the CDP the population is spread out with 19.0% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 33.6% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 48 years. For every 100 females there are 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $47,813, and the median income for a family is $52,031. Males have a median income of $49,219 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $16,928. 2.8% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 4.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 107858 66.0% be couple. file_id: 107858 couple live . file_id: 107858 male have income. ******************* Davy is a small lunar crater that is located on the eastern edge of the Mare Nubium. It is overlaying the lava-flooded remains of the satellite crater 'Davy Y' to the east, a formation which contains a crater chain designated Catena Davy. To the southeast of Davy is the prominent Alphonsus crater. The outer rim of Davy is low, and the interior has been partly resurfaced. The perimeter is somewhat polygon al in shape, especially in the western half, and the southeast rim has been overlain by the 'Davy A' crater. The later is bowl-shaped with a notch in the northern rim. The interior of Davy lacks a central peak, although there are some low central mounds and the rim of 'Davy Y' forms a low ridge leading from the northern outer rim. This linear string of 23 tiny craters runs from the mid-point of 'Davy Y' toward Ptolemaeus walled-basin, following a slightly curving course to the east-northeast. It is located at selenographic coordinates 11.0° S, 7.0° W, and has a diameter of 50 km. This formation is not believed to be due to secondary cratering because it is not radial to a suitable source crater. The most likely cause is believed to be due to a single body that broke apart prior to impact due to tidal effects. High resolution images have demonstrated that the craters formed at about the same time since the ejecta from each crater does not overlay neighboring craters. However there are still some scientists who believe that this chain of craters may be volcanic in origin. The members of this crater chain listed below have been assigned individual names by the IAU. However their position in the chain is not readily distinguished based on their official coordinate s. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Davy crater. ******************* file_id: 1079659 resolution_images demonstrate_PASS . file_id: 1079659 crater be origin. file_id: 1079659 feature identify_PASS lunar_maps. ******************* Shasta Lake is a city located in Shasta County, California . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 9,008. It is the closest town to Lake Shasta and the Shasta Dam , which are popular tourist destinations. Shasta Lake is located at 40°40'41" North, 122°22'12" West (40.678167, -122.370003) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 28.3 km² (10.9 mi² ). 28.3 km² (10.9 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 9,008 people, 3,391 households, and 2,377 families residing in the city. The population density is 318.8/km² (825.6/mi²). There are 3,732 housing units at an average density of 132.1/km² (342.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 87.82% White , 0.72% African American , 4.43% Native American , 0.36% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 2.00% from other races , and 4.58% from two or more races. 6.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,391 households out of which 34.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% are married couples living together, 15.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% are non-families. 23.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.09. In the city the population is spread out with 28.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.2 males. The median income for a household in the city is $26,275, and the median income for a family is $33,010. Males have a median income of $31,418 versus $20,951 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,678. 20.1% of the population and 16.5% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 25.1% of those under the age of 18 and 6.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 108198 34.3% have child. file_id: 108198 48.5% be couple. file_id: 108198 couple live . file_id: 108198 male have income. ******************* In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry( Latin baptisterium) is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. The baptistery may be incorporated within the body of a church or cathedral and be provided with an altar as a chapel. In the early Christian Church, the catechumens were instructed and the sacrament of baptism was administered in the baptistery. The sacramental importance and sometimes architectural splendor of the baptistry reflect the importance of baptism to Christians. The octagonal plan of the Lateran Baptistery, the first structure expressly built as a baptistry, provided a widely-followed model, which might be twelve-sided, or even circular as at Pisa. In a narthex or ante-room the catechumens were instructed and made their confession of faith before baptism. The main interior space centered upon the baptismal font( piscina), in which those to be baptized were immersed thrice. Three steps led down to the floor of the font, and over it might be suspended a gold or silver dove. The iconography of frescos or mosaics on the walls were commonly of the scenes in the life of Saint John the Baptist. The font was at first always of stone, but latterly metals were often used. The Lateran baptistery's font was fed by a natural spring. When the site had been the palatial dwelling of the Laterani, before Constantine presented it to Bishop Miltiades, the spring formed the water source for the numerous occupants of the domus. It will be quickly apprehended that as the requirements for Christian baptisteries expanded, Christianization of sacred pagan springs presented natural opportunities. Cassiodorus, in a letter written in A.D. 527, described a fair held at a former pagan shrine of Leucothea, in the still culturally Greek region of south Italy, which had been Christianized by converting it to a baptistery ( Variae8.33). In a paper read in 1999, Samuel J. Barnish drew examples of the transition from miraculous springs to baptisteries from Gregory of Tours(died c.594) and Maximus, bishop of Turin(died c.466). Baptisteries belong to a period of the church when great numbers of adult catechumens were baptized, and when immersion was the rule. We find little or no trace of them before Constantine made Christianity the state religion, i.e. before the 4th century; and as early as the 6th century the baptismal font was built in the porch of the church and then in the church itself. After the 9th century, with infant baptism increasingly the rule, few baptisteries were built. Some of the older baptisteries were very large, so large that we hear of councils and synods being held in them. It was necessary to make them large, because in the early Church it was customary for the bishop to baptize all the catechumens in his diocese(and so baptisteries are commonly found attached to the cathedral and not to the parish churches), and also because the rite was performed only thrice in the year. During the months when there were no baptisms the baptistery doors were sealed with the bishop's seal, a method of controlling the orthodoxy of all baptism in the diocese. Some baptisteries were divided into two parts to separate the sexes; sometimes the church had two baptisteries, one for each sex. A fireplace was often provided to warm the neophytes after immersion. Though baptisteries were forbidden to be used as burial-places by the Council of Auxerre(578) they were not uncommonly used as such. The Florentine Antipope John XXIII was buried in the Baptistery facing Florence's Duomo with great ceremony and a tomb erected. Many of the early archbishops of Canterbury were buried in the baptistery at Canterbury. Baptisteries, we find from the records of early councils, were first built and used to correct the evils arising from the practice of private baptism. As soon as Christianity made such progress that baptism became the rule, and as soon as immersion gave place to sprinkling, the ancient baptisteries were no longer necessary. They are still in general use, however, in Florence and Pisa. The baptistery of the Lateran must be the earliest ecclesiastical building still in use. ( Main article: Lateran Baptistery.) A large part of it remains as built by Constantine. The central area, where is the basin of the font, is an octagon around which stand eight porphyry columns, with marble capitals and entablature of classical form; outside these are an ambulatory and outer walls forming a larger octagon. Attached to one side, towards the Lateran basilica, is a fine porch with two noble porphyry columns and richly carved capitals, bases and entablatures. The circular church of Santa Costanza, also of the 4th century, served as a baptistery and contained the tomb of the daughter of Constantine. This is a remarkably perfect structure with a central dome, columns and mosaics of classical fashion. Two side niches contain the earliest known mosaics of distinctively Christian subjects. In one is represented Moses receiving the Old Law, in the other Christ delivers to Saint Peter the New Law charter sealed with the XP monogram. The earliest surviving structure that was used as a baptistry is the tomb-like baptistry at Dura-Europas . Another baptistery of the earliest times has been excavated at Aquileia. Ruins of an early baptistery have also been found at Salona. At Ravenna exist two famous baptisteries encrusted with fine mosaics, one of them built in the middle of the 5th century, and the other in the 6th. To the latter date also belongs a large baptistery decorated with mosaics at Naples. In the East the metropolitan baptistery at Constantinople still stands at the side of the mosque which was once the patriarchal Church of Saint Sophia; and many others, in Syria, have been made known to us by recent researches, as also have some belonging to the churches of North Africa. In France the most famous early baptistery is Saint Jean at Poitiers, and other early examples exist at Riez, Fréjus and Aix. In England, a detached baptistery is known to have been associated with Canterbury Cathedral. Famous Italian baptistries include: ******************* file_id: 1085111 Barnish draw example. file_id: 1085111 baptistery belong period. file_id: 1085111 baptism use_PASS place. file_id: 1085111 mose receive Old_Law. file_id: 1085111 baptistery encrust_PASS mosaic. file_id: 1085111 baptistery decorate_PASS mosaic. file_id: 1085111 Famous_Italian_baptistries include . ******************* Central Waterford is a census-designated place located in New London County, Connecticut . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 2,935. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 5.2 km² (2.0 mi² ). 5.2 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census 2 of 2000 , there are 2,935 people, 1,298 households, and 759 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 566.6/km² (1,465.7/mi²). There are 1,379 housing units at an average density of 266.2/km² (688.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 91.65% White , 2.66% African American , 0.41% Native American , 2.28% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 1.33% from other races , and 1.67% from two or more races. 2.93% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,298 households out of which 23.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% are married couples living together, 10.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.5% are non-families. 36.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.19 and the average family size is 2.87. In the CDP the population is spread out with 20.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $42,409, and the median income for a family is $48,494. Males have a median income of $40,591 versus $29,015 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $22,083. 9.6% of the population and 5.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 19.3% of those under the age of 18 and 8.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 108811 43.5% be couple. file_id: 108811 couple live . file_id: 108811 male have income. ******************* Halesworth is a small market town (population of around 6000) in the north east corner of Suffolk, England. It is located 15 miles south west of Lowestoft, and straddles the River Blyth, nine miles upstream from the unspoilt, traditional seaside town of Southwold. The town is served by Halesworth railway station on the Ipswich- Lowestoft East Suffolk Line. Halesworth is twinned with both Bouchain in France and Eitorf in Germany. A Roman settlement in origin, Halesworth has the beautiful St Mary's Church (medieval with Victorian additions) and a pleasant pastiche of houses, from early timber-framed buildings to the dignified remnants of Victorian prosperity. The distinctive former almshouses now house Halesworth & District Museum, open from May to September. The recently opened and well demarcated Town Trail offers a pleasant walk, discovering the history of Halesworth. Halesworth is primarily centered on a pedestrianised, shopping street know as the Thoroughfare. "Thoroughfare" is an East Anglian term for the main street of a town. What would be commonly known elsewhere in the UK as the "High Street". Each year the Thoroughfare hosts a popular food, drink and craft fair, termed the "Thoroughfair", to raise money for good causes. Thousands attend. Halesworth's New Cut Arts, a centre for arts in the community, offers arts, music, theatre, dance, comedy, cinema, workshops and Art Exhibitions to the local area. It has a cafeteria and licensed bar. New Cut Arts is a registered charity with no central funding, relying on the support of the local community and its 500 Club benefactors. Halesworth boasts the largest Millennium Green in the UK with around 44 acres of grazing marsh providing a beautiful haven for wildlife close to the town centre. The surrounding countryside is easily accessible for walkers and cyclists. The rivers in this area are home to heron, kingfisher and otter. Deer roam Dunwich Forest and the RSPB Nature Reserve at Minsmere is home to all manner of wildlife. Halesworth's most famous resident is George Lansbury, founding member of the Labour Party, pacifist and grandfather of the actress Angela Lansbury. An interesting anecdote is that Halesworth used to issue its own banknotes! A five-guinea banknote, issued by the Suffolk and Halesworth Bank in 1799, has recently been recovered. Nearby villages include Cratfield. Most of this content is provided with the kind permission of: ******************* file_id: 1089742 countryside be walkers_and_cyclists. file_id: 1089742 arts_,_music_,_theatre_,_dance_,_comedy_,_cinema_,_workshops_and_Art_Exhibitions use . file_id: 1089742 village include cratfield. ******************* Lake Pukaki is the second largest of three roughly parallel alpine lakes running north-south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin(the others are Lakes Tekapo and Ohau). All three lakes were created by receding glaciers blocking their respective valleys with their terminal moraine. The glacial feed to the lakes gives them a distinction blue colour, created by glacial flour(extremely finely ground rock particles from the glaciers). It covers an area of 80 km 2, and is at an altitude of 480 metres above sea level. The lake is fed at its northern end by the braided Tasman River, which has its source in the Tasman and Hooker Glaciers, close to Mount Cook. Good views of the mountain, 70 kilometres to the north, can be had from the southern shore of the lake. The lake's outflow is at its southern end, into the Pukaki River. The lake is an upper part of the Waitaki hydroelectric scheme, and as such, several dams and artificial canals are found near its outflow, linking it with lakes Tekapo and Ruataniwha. The lake has been raised twice to increase storage capacity, submerging Five Pound Note Island (which once appeared on New Zealand's Five Pound note). ******************* file_id: 1091441 canal find_PASS outflow. ******************* Whitfield is a census-designated place located in Manatee County, Florida . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 2,984. Whitfield is located at 27°24'42" North, 82°34'3" West (27.411620, -82.567518) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 3.7 km² (1.4 mi² ). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.41% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,984 people, 1,244 households, and 878 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 822.9/km² (2,125.0/mi²). There are 1,364 housing units at an average density of 376.2/km² (971.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 94.27% White , 2.98% African American , 0.13% Native American , 0.70% Asian , 0.07% Pacific Islander , 0.80% from other races , and 1.04% from two or more races. 4.73% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,244 households out of which 21.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% are married couples living together, 9.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% are non-families. 20.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 2.75. In the CDP the population is spread out with 17.9% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $51,536, and the median income for a family is $54,009. Males have a median income of $35,444 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $25,408. 6.3% of the population and 3.3% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 8.3% of those under the age of 18 and 6.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 109389 58.0% be couple. file_id: 109389 couple live . file_id: 109389 male have income. ******************* The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive (or unit) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads. It is essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification, and it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives. It is not used for steam locomotive s; instead, the Whyte notation is used. This system counts axles instead of wheels. Letters refer to powered axles, and numbers to unpowered (or idler) axles. "A" refers to one powered axle, "B" to two powered axles in a row, "C" to three powered axles in a row, and "D" to four powered axles in a row. "1" refers to one idler axle, and "2" to two idler axles in a row. A dash ("–") separates trucks, or wheel assemblies. A plus sign ("+") refers to articulation. "A1A-3" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "A1A" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. The "3" truck is under the back of the unit, and has three idler axles in a row. An example would be the Baldwin1,000 hp (750 kW) cab unit DR-6-2-10; one example for the Chicago and North Western Railway was built in 1948. "A1A-A1A" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. This was to more evenly spread the weight of the locomotive over the track. Examples would be the EMD E-units and Alco PA's, which were passenger locomotives. "B" means there are two powered axles under the unit. These axles are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives. "B-1" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "1" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one idler axle. Examples are the three LWT12 ' Aerotrain' locomotives built by EMD in 1956. "B-2" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "2" truck is under the back of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. Examples are the three lightweight locomotives built by Baldwin in 1956 and 1957 for use with Pullman-Standard Train X equipment. "B-A1A" means there are two trucks, or wheel assemblies. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "A1A" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. Examples would be the Fairbanks-Morse passenger C-liners, built from 1950- 1955 and the EMD FL9. "B-B" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has two powered axles. Examples would be the EMD GP(General Purpose) units. This is a currently popular configuration used in high-speed, low-weight applications, such as intermodal trains. "B-B-B" means there are three identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has two powered axles. This arrangement is unusual. Placing six axles in a C-C arrangement is far more common. The EMD GM10 electric locomotive used this arrangement. "B+B-B+B" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Within each truck, there are two powered axles, and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. An example would be the General Electric U50, built from 1963- 1965. The 4500 horsepower (3.4 MW) turbine locomotives built by GE for Union Pacific also used this arrangement. The EVFM railway of Brazil uses narrow gauge GE "BB" locomotives with this arrangement, both with "standard" and wide cabs. A GE BB40-9W, for instance, is a wide cab Dash 9 series 4000 HP locomotive with a B+B-B+B wheel arrangement. "B-B+B-B" means that the locomotive has four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies. Each truck contains two powered axles. The middle pair of trucks are connected by a span bolster. In most cases the locomotive is articulated over the span bolster. The Union Pacific's M-10002 is an example of this type. This arrangement also includes locomotives made of two permanently coupled B-B units, such as some EMD FT units which had a solid drawbar connecting two units instead of the typical couplers. "C" means there are three powered axles under the unit. They are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives. "C-C" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. Examples would be the EMD SD(Special Duty) units. This is a currently popular configuration used in low-speed, high-weight applications, such as unit coal trains. "2-C+C-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are three powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The GG1 electric locomotives and GE steam turbine electric locomotives used this arrangement. "C-C+C-C" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. The only examples of this type were the 8500 horsepower (6.3 MW) turbine locomotives built by General Electric for Union Pacific. These locomotives consisted of two permanently coupled C-C units. "C+C-C+C" means there are four identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. This was used on the "Jawn Henry" steam turbine-electric locomotive. "2-D-2" means there are three trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. At either end are trucks with two idler axles. The center truck has four powered axles. The PRR R1 electric locomotive used this arrangement. "D-D" means there are two identical trucks, or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has four powered axles. Examples are the EMD DD units. "2-D+D-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. Examples include the Baldwin DR-12-8-1500/2 "Centipede" diesel locomotives and the GE Little Joe electric locomotive s. "B-D+D-B" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The W1 class of electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Great Northern used this arrangement. "1B-D+D-B1" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with one unpowered axle and two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives used by the Milwaukee Road used this arrangement. ******************* ******************* Calhoun is a city located in Gordon County, Georgia. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 10,667. The city is the county seat of Gordon County . Calhoun is located at 34°29'60" North, 84°56'33" West (34.499898, -84.942584) , along the Oostanaula River. Calhoun was a part of the Cherokee Nation until December 29, 1835, when Georgia claimed the Cherokee lands that became Gordon County. When the Cherokees refused to give up their lands, the U.S. Army was sent to the region to force them to move to the American West(see Trail of Tears). After the Cherokees left, a small town called Dawsonville was founded in the region, named for the owner of an early general store. Dawnsonville was later renamed Calhoun to honor U.S. Senator John C. Calhoun following his death in 1850. Instead of designating the location of the county seat, Gordon County's inferior court called an election to allow the voters to choose between a site on the Western & Atlantic Railroad or a site more centrally located within the county. Voters chose a site along the railroad, so the inferior court designated Calhoun as county seat in 1851(see 1837 map). The legislature incorporated Calhoun in an act approved on January 12, 1852(Ga. Laws 1851-52, p. 419). In 1861, Calhounians joined the Confederacy during the American Civil War. On May 16, 1864, Calhoun was near the center of action as Union General William Tecumseh Sherman and Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston postured before the outbreak of the Battle of Adairsville during Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.2 km²(11.7 mi²). 30.2 km² (11.6 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.17% water. As of the census of 2000, there are 10,667 people, 4,049 households, and 2,672 families residing in the city. The population density is 353.5/km² (915.4/mi²). There are 4,298 housing units at an average density of 142.4/km² (368.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 77.91% White, 7.56% African American, 0.42% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 11.61% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. 17.07% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 4,049 households out of which 30.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% are married couples living together, 13.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% are non-families. 28.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.56 and the average family size is 3.07. In the city the population is spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $33,618, and the median income for a family is $42,310. Males have a median income of $27,616 versus $25,018 for females. The per capita income for the city is $19,887. 16.8% of the population and 12.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 20.8% of those under the age of 18 and 19.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Calhoun is a home of New Echota Historic Site, a museum of Cherokee Nation capital, and Oakleigh, the home of the Gordon County Historical Society used to be General Sherman's Headquarter. ******************* file_id: 110124 voter choose site. file_id: 110124 calhounian join confederacy. file_id: 110124 30.9% have child. file_id: 110124 47.8% be couple. file_id: 110124 couple live . file_id: 110124 male have income. ******************* Waycross is a city located in Ware County, Georgia . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 15,333. The city is the county seat of Ware County . Notable residents include musician Gram Parsons , of The Byrds , the Flying Burrito Brothers , and the International Submarine Band . Other residents achieving some measure of fame are playwright and actor Ossie Davis , and actors Pernell Roberts and Burt Reynolds . Reynolds moved away at an early age but Davis and Roberts grew to adulthood in Waycross. Davis attended Center High School and Roberts attended Waycross High School . Waycross is also home to the Jones Company, a local conglomerate which owns a number of businesses operating in the area. Waycross is located at 31°12'50" North, 82°21'18" West (31.213860, -82.354911) . Waycross is the city closest to the Okefenokee Swamp . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 30.3 km² (11.7 mi² ). 30.3 km² (11.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.17% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 15,333 people, 6,094 households, and 3,741 families residing in the city. The population density is 506.4/km² (1,311.8/mi²). There are 7,534 housing units at an average density of 248.8/km² (644.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 44.31% White , 53.51% African American , 0.12% Native American , 0.62% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.68% from other races , and 0.74% from two or more races. 1.37% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,094 households out of which 27.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.3% are married couples living together, 21.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% are non-families. 34.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 3.09. In the city the population is spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 83.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 76.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $23,399, and the median income for a family is $28,712. Males have a median income of $24,865 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,468. 30.4% of the population and 24.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 45.9% of those under the age of 18 and 17.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 110305 resident include musician. file_id: 110305 36.3% be couple. file_id: 110305 couple live . file_id: 110305 male have income. ******************* The Lesser Stripetail Scorpion( Vaejovis coahuilae) is a small species of scorpion found in the southwestern United States. It is a member of the "eusthenura" group of Vaejovis (which also includes the American species Vaejovis spinigerus, Vaejovis waueri, Vaejovis globosus, Vaejovis confusus, and Vaejovis puritanus). It is generally found in Mexico and the U.S. states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. It lives in a variety of habitats and elevations, from desert flats to rolling grasslands to rocky slopes in mountains to about 7,000 feet or more. Because vaejovis coahuilae is primarily a burrowing species, they are most easily found by using a black light and can be found under rocks and debris. The sting is very painful. Sensitivity and pain can last from 15 to 30 minutes or occasionally longer, with no real medical side effects. Minor swelling and edema can be experienced during that time period depending on severity of sting. This scorpion uses a flick as its mode of defense, but they will occasionally stand their ground with a defensive posture. Males grow to about 35 mm. Females grow 40 to 45 mm, but rarely as large as 55 mm. ******************* file_id: 1103635 male grow mm. file_id: 1103635 female grow . ******************* Henry Allingham(born June 6, 1896 in Clapham) is one of the few surviving British veterans of World War I. He is also believed to be Britain's longest-lived soldier ever, and Britain's oldest living man since the death of Jack Davis ( March 1, 1895- 20 July, 2003). He is the last survivor of the Battle of Jutland as well as the last surviving founding member of the Royal Air Force. Henry's father died when he was only 14 months old. Brought up by his mother and grandparents, Henry attended the London County Council School, before going to work as a surgical instrument maker at St Barts Hospital. However, he did not find this job very interesting, and so left to join a coachbuilders specialising in car bodies. Henry wanted to join the war effort in August 1914 as a Despatch Rider, but his mother managed to persuade him to stay at home and look after her. However, after his mother died, Henry joined the Royal Naval Air Service(RNAS). He became formally rated as an Air Mechanic Second Class on September 21, 1915 and was posted to Chingford before completing his training. After graduation, Henry joined the RNAS Air Station at Great Yarmouth. On April 13, 1916, King George V inspected the Air Station and its aircraft. Henry was disappointed when the king turned and left just before he would have had his chance to speak to him! Henry also worked in Bacton, further up the coast, where night-flying was conducted. In May 1916, he was ordered to join HMS Kingfisher, which was carrying a Sopwith seaplane, where he was still posted when the Battle of Jutland began. Although the trawler was not directly involved in the battle (it shadowed the British Battle Fleet and then the High Seas Fleet), Henry can still make a proper claim to be the last known survivor of that battle. In September 1917, Henry, who had become an Air Mechanic First Class by now, was posted to the Western Front to join No. 12 Squadron (RNAS). This unit acted as a training squadron for other RNAS squadrons based on the Western Front. There is also some evidence that the squadron was involved in operations. When Henry arrived at Petite-Synthe, both the Royal Flying Corps(RFC) and the RNAS were involved in the Ypres offensive. On November 12, 1917, he was posted to the Aircraft Depot at Dunkirk, where he stayed for the rest of the war, on aircraft repair and recovery duties. He transferred to the Royal Air Force when the RNAS and the Royal Flying Corps were merged on April 1, 1918. At that time, he was ranked as a Rigger Aero, Aircraft Mechanic Second Class and was given a new service number - 208317. He is believed to be the last surviving founding member of the RAF. Henry returned to the Home Establishment in February 1919 and was formally discharged to the RAF Reserve on April 16, 1919. After this, he joined Ford, where he worked until his retirement. Shortly after being discharged, Henry married Dorothy, whom he had met at Great Yarmouth. This marriage lasted 53 years and produced 2 daughters. Henry now has 5 grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren. All of these live in America. During World War II, Henry was in a reserved occupation and worked on a number of different projects. The most significant of these was perhaps the effort to provide an effective counter-measure to the German magnetic mines. During his Christmas lunch in 1939, he was called away to help come up with a system that would neutralise the mines and open the port of Harwich. Nine days later, Henry returned after successfully completing this task. As the last surviving member of the British Air Services and the aforementioned last living founder member of the RAF, Henry was an honoured guest when the British Air Services Memorial was unveiled on September 11, 2004. The group of RAF technical trainees that joined him at this ceremony continue to visit Henry at his retirement home in Eastbourne, demonstrating the bond of respect that these men have for Henry, made even more remarkable since almost 90 years separate these young trainees from Mr. Allingham. During this time, Henry was given the Gold Medal of St-Omer, which marked the award of the Freedom of the Town. Henry was one of four British WWI veterans who attended the ceremony at the Cenotaph in London to mark 90 years since Britain entered the First World War. The ceremony took place on August 4, 2004. He also marched past the Cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday in 2005 and laid wreaths at memorials in St Omer on Armistice Day. Surviving veterans of the First World War ******************* file_id: 1105658 coachbuilder specialise car_bodies. file_id: 1105658 squadron involve_PASS operation. file_id: 1105658 group join ceremony. ******************* Wayne is a village located in DuPage and Kane County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 2,137. Wayne is located at 41°57'4" North, 88°15'26" West (41.951032, -88.257229) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 15.1 km² (5.8 mi² ). 15.1 km² (5.8 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 2,137 people, 726 households, and 630 families residing in the village. The population density is 141.8/km² (367.4/mi²). There are 746 housing units at an average density of 49.5/km² (128.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 94.81% White , 0.37% African American , 0.05% Native American , 2.81% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.75% from other races , and 1.22% from two or more races. 3.74% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 726 households out of which 39.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.8% are married couples living together, 3.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 13.1% are non-families. 10.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.94 and the average family size is 3.16. In the village the population is spread out with 27.4% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 33.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.1 males. The median income for a household in the village is $115,338, and the median income for a family is $124,571. Males have a median income of $91,873 versus $36,786 for females. The per capita income for the village is $54,990. 0.6% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 4.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The village is served by a Unit School District the Elgin Area School District U46 . It serves an area of some 90 square miles in Cook , DuPage and Kane Counties. Almost 40,000 children of school age are in its area. U-46 is second largest in Illinois . ******************* file_id: 111133 39.3% have child. file_id: 111133 81.8% be couple. file_id: 111133 couple live . file_id: 111133 male have income. ******************* Clifton is a village located in Iroquois County, Illinois , USA . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,317. Clifton is located at 40°56'5" North, 87°56'1" West (40.934592, -87.933535) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 2.3 km² (0.9 mi² ). 2.3 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,317 people, 519 households, and 367 families residing in the village. The population density is 571.3/km² (1,485.1/mi²). There are 542 housing units at an average density of 235.1/km² (611.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 99.16% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 0.08% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.46% from two or more races. 0.53% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 519 households out of which 34.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% are married couples living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% are non-families. 26.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.54 and the average family size is 3.09. In the village the population is spread out with 29.0% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.8 males. The median income for a household in the village is $47,216, and the median income for a family is $55,347. Males have a median income of $40,938 versus $25,577 for females. The per capita income for the village is $20,618. 4.5% of the population and 2.4% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 111299 34.7% have child. file_id: 111299 59.5% be couple. file_id: 111299 couple live . file_id: 111299 male have income. ******************* Okawville is a village located in Washington County, Illinois . As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,355. Okawville is located at 38°25'57" North, 89°32'54" West (38.432589, -89.548358) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 5.3 km² (2.0 mi² ). 5.3 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,355 people, 569 households, and 372 families residing in the village. The population density is 257.7/km² (668.6/mi²). There are 617 housing units at an average density of 117.4/km² (304.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 98.23% White , 0.37% African American , 0.52% Native American , 0.15% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.22% from other races , and 0.52% from two or more races. 0.37% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 569 households out of which 29.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% are non-families. 30.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 2.98. In the village the population is spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.4 males. The median income for a household in the village is $37,448, and the median income for a family is $50,089. Males have a median income of $32,226 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the village is $19,476. 6.5% of the population and 3.6% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 5.6% of those under the age of 18 and 9.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 112014 55.9% be couple. file_id: 112014 couple live . file_id: 112014 male have income. ******************* Fenway Park is the home ballpark for the Boston Red Sox baseball club. It is located near, and named for, the Fenway neighborhood in the heart of Boston, Massachusetts, USA, which in turn is named for the nearby fens, or marshes. It opened on April 20, 1912, the same day as the now-defunct Tiger Stadium in Detroit. This makes it the oldest ballpark still in active use in Major League Baseball. Historically, Fenway Park has been decidedly unfriendly to left-handed pitchers. Babe Ruth is one of the few southpaw hurlers who found success there. Ruth started his career as a pitcher (mostly during the " dead-ball era",) and had a career record of 92 wins, 44 losses. Ruth also set a World Series record by pitching 29 2/3 scoreless innings, a record that lasted until broken by Whitey Ford of the New York Yankees in 1961. Fenway Park is one of the few remaining classic parks in major league baseball to have a significant number of obstructed view seats. These are sold as such, and are a reminder of an era of less commercially-driven ballparks. The stadium is most famous for the left field wall called " Green Monster". Constructed in 1934, the 37-foot (11 m) high wall is 240 feet long, has a 22-foot deep foundation, and was constructed from 30,000 pounds of Toncan iron. Previously, a 23-1/2-foot tall screen protected cars and pedestrians on Lansdowne Street. However, the screen was replaced with more seating atop the Green Monster (in an attempt to squeeze in as many seats as possible in Fenway). The wall measures only 310 feet (94.5 m) from home plate down the left field line ( See Duffy's Cliff). See comments below about the original measurement. During the 1934 remodeling, the left-field scoreboard was added, and is one of two remaining original manual scoreboards in professional baseball (the other being at Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois). Running vertically down the scoreboard, between the columns of out-of-town scores, are the initials "TAY" and "JRY" displayed in Morse code; a memorial to former Red Sox owners Thomas A. Yawkey and Jean R. Yawkey. In 1947, advertisements covering the left field wall were painted over using green paint, which gave rise to the "Green Monster" moniker. Prior advertisements were: the Calvert Brewery's owl mascot ( "Be Wise",) Gem razor blades ( "Avoid 5 O'Clock Shadow",) Lifebuoy soap ( "The Red Sox Use It!",) and Vimms vitamins ( "Get that Vimms Feeling!") In 1975, the wall was remodeled and an electronic scoreboard installed, and manual scoreboard changed to only show out-of-town scores from other American League games. In 1976, the tin panels in the wall were replaced by a Formica-type panel which resulted in more consistent caroms and less noise when balls hit the wall. In 2003, National League scores returned; American League East division standings were first displayed in 2005. "The Triangle" is a region of center field where the walls form a triangle 420 feet (128 m) from home plate. That deep right-center point is conventionally given as the center field distance. "Williamsburg", dubbed by sportswriters, is the bullpens built in front of the right-center field bleachers in 1940 for the benefit of Ted Williams. The name parodied Yankee Stadium's right field area that was often called " Ruthville". The lone red seat in the right field bleachers (Section 42, Row 37, Seat 21), signifies the spot where the longest measurable home run ever hit inside Fenway Park landed. Ted Williams hit the home run on June 9, 1946 off Fred Hutchinson of the Detroit Tigers. Williams' bomb was officially measured at 502 feet (153 m) -- well beyond "Williamsburg." "The Belly", is the sweeping curve of the box-seat railing from the right end of "Williamsburg" around to the right field corner. The box seats were added when the bullpens were built, and they cut the 1934 remodeling's right field line distance by some 30 feet. Pesky's Pole is the name for the pole on the right field foul line. The pole was named after Johnny Pesky, a light-hitting shortstop for the Red Sox, who hit some of his six home runs at Fenway Park around the pole and off the pole (a mere 302 feet from home plate). Pesky and the Red Sox attribute pitcher Mel Parnell with coining the name. The most notable for Pesky is a two-run homer in the eighth inning of the 1946 Opening Day game to win the game. (In his career, Pesky hit 17 home runs.) In similar fashion, Mark Bellhorn hit what proved to be the game-winning home run in Game 1 of the 2004 World Series off that pole's screen. Fisk’s Pole is the name for the pole on the left field foul line atop "The Green Monster". In a ceremony before the Boston Red Sox's 2005 interleague game against the Cincinnati Reds, the pole was officially named "Fisk's Pole" in honor of catcher Carlton Fisk, who provided one of baseball's most enduring moments in Game 6 of the 1975 World Series against the Reds. Facing Reds right-hander Pat Darcy in the 12th inning with the score knotted 6-6, Fisk launched a pitch down the left field line. It appeared to be heading foul, but Fisk, after initially appearing unsure of whether or not to continue running to first base, famously jumped and waved his arms as if to somehow will the ball fair. It ricocheted off the foul pole, winning the game for the Red Sox and sending the series to a seventh and deciding game the next night, which was won by Cincinnati. From 1912 to 1933, there was a 10-foot (3 m)-high mound that formed an incline in front of the left field wall at Fenway park, extending from the left-field foul pole to the center field flag pole. As a result of the mound, a left fielder in Fenway Park had to play part of the territory running uphill (and back down). Boston's first star left fielder, Duffy Lewis, mastered the skill so well that the area became known as "Duffy's Cliff". The mound served two purposes: 1) it was a support for a high wall; and 2) it was built to compensate for the difference in grades between the field and the street on the other side of that wall. It also served as a spectator-friendly seating area during the dead-ball era when overflow crowds would sit on the mound behind ropes. It is often compared to the infamous left field "terrace" at Cincinnati's Crosley Field, but, in truth, the 15-degree all-grass incline there served an entirely different purpose: as an alternative to an all dirt warning track found in most other ballparks. It was a natural feature of the site on which Crosley Field and its predecessors were located; slightly less severe inclines were deliberately built in center and right fields to compensate. As part of the 1934 remodeling of the ballpark, the bleachers and the wall itself, Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey arranged to flatten the ground along the base of the wall, so that Duffy's Cliff no longer existed, and thus became part of the lore of Fenway Park. Thus the base of the left field wall is several feet below the grade level of Lansdowne Street, accounting for the occasional rat that might spook the scoreboard operators. ( "The Fenway Project", ISBN 1579400914.) For decades there was considerable debate about the true left field distance, which was posted as 315 feet (96 m). For years, Red Sox officials refused to remeasure the distance. Reportedly, the Boston Globe was able to sneak into Fenway Park and remeasure the line. When the paper's evidence was presented to the club in 1995, the line was finally remeasured by the Red Sox and truly restated at 310 feet (94.5 m). The companion 96 meters sign remained unchanged, until 1998, when it was finally corrected to 94.5 meters. A theory about the incorrect foul line distance is the former 315 ft (96 m) measurement came from the Duffy's Cliff days. That measurement likely included the severity of the incline, and when the mound was leveled, the distance was never corrected. A quick study of the geometry of "Duffy's Cliff" suggests that the theory has merit. Regardless of the posted distance, frustrated pitchers will always argue that "The Green Monster" is closer than the sign says. In 1983 private suites were added to the roof behind home plate. In 1988, 610 stadium club seats enclosed in glass and named the "600 Club", were added above the home plate bandstand, replacing the existing press box. The press box was then added to the top of the 600 Club. The 1988 addition is largely credited with changing the air currents in Fenway Park to the detriment of hitters. In the 1980s, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor published his scientific finding that the addition does, in fact, curtail home runs at Fenway Park, giving credence to that claim by players, coaches, and fans. In 2002, the club renamed the club seats the ".406 Club" (in honor of Ted Williams' batting average in 1941), six days after his death. (Williams is the last player to hit .400 or better in the major leagues.) During the fall and winter of 2005-2006, as part of the continuing expansion efforts at Fenway Park, the existing .406 club is being rebuilt. Starting with the 2006 season, the second deck will feature two open-air levels: the bottom level will be the new "EMC Club" featuring 406 seats and concierge services, and above that, the Home Plate Pavilion Club, with 374 seats and a dedicated standing room area. The added seats will be wider than the current seats. There was once a smaller "triangle" at the left end of the bleachers, posted as 388 feet (118.3 m). The end of the bleachers form a right angle with "The Green Monster", and the flagpole stands within that little triangle. That is not the true power alley, but deep left-center. The true power alley distance is not posted. The foul line intersects with "The Green Monster" at a right angle, so the power alley could be estimated at 336 feet (102.4 m), assuming the power alley is 22.5 degrees away from the foul line as measured from home plate. A phrase made popular by boston television commentators, "Canvas Alley" is the open alley behind the first base line where the rain tarp is kept. In 1946, upper deck seats were installed; Fenway Park is essentially the first double-tiered ballpark in Boston since the South End Grounds of the 1880s. In 1947, arc lights were installed at Fenway Park. The Boston Red Sox were the third to last team out of 16 major league teams to have lights in their home park. In 1976, metric distances were added to the conventionally-stated distances because it was thought that the United States would adopt the metric system. Today, few American ballparks have metric distances posted. Fenway Park retained the metric measurement until mid-season 2002, when they were painted over. Also, Fenway's first message board was added over the centerfield bleachers. After Red Sox won the 2004 World Series, a new drainage system was installed on the field. The system, along with new sod, was installed to prevent the field from becoming too wet to play on during light to medium rains, and to reduce the time needed to dry the field adequately. Work on the field was completed only weeks prior to spring training. After the 2005 season, the Red Sox announced that they, in addition to their plans for the .406 Club area, would add 852 pavilion club seats, 745 pavilion box seats, and approximately 200 pavilion standing-room seats along the left- and right-field lines for the 2006 season, replacing approximately 1,300 seats. The Red Sox plan to also add approximately 700 tickets for the 2007 season and 1,400 tickets for the 2008 season. In adding additional seating, the Red Sox plan to have 1,000 of the seats added over the three years be high-priced premium seats, to help deflate ticket costs and bring Fenway up to the MLB average of percentage of premium seating. Fenway Park currently holds more than 36,200 spectators. This number has increased over the years as seats have been added in what was once foul territory, throughout the upper decks, and, most recently, on top of "The Green Monster" and atop the right field wall. Some people have proposed increasing the seating capacity by up to 10,000 more seats through the expansion of the upper decks, while others have proposed razing the historic ballpark entirely and building a similar, but larger and more modern, scalable facility nearby. Despite its relatively small size, Fenway Park's oblong-esque layout actually makes it a reasonably viable football facility. The National Football League's Washington Redskins played at Fenway for four seasons, 1933 to 1936, as the Boston Redskins after playing their inaugural season in 1932 at Braves Field as the Boston Braves, and the American Football League's Boston/New England Patriots called Fenway Park home from 1963 to 1968 after moving to there from Nickerson Field, the direct descendant of Braves Field. The Red Sox's one-time crosstown rivals, the Braves used Fenway Park when they were the Boston Braves and played their home games there during the 1914 World Series. At various times in the past, Boston College and Boston University teams have also played football games at Fenway Park, too. One of the most famous campaign speeches in American political history was made at Fenway Park in the 1940 Presidential race, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt promised that he would not send American servicemen into foreign wars. During this time World War II was raging in Europe, but the United States was officially neutral, although it was aiding Great Britain and the Soviet Union. This speech was noted repeatedly by Roosevelt's opponents, even after Japanese Imperial Naval forces attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941, forcing the United States to enter World War II. Although Fenway Park was not previously a frequent venue for concerts, the Red Sox' new ownership has recruited recent performances by acts such as the Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen, and Jimmy Buffett. The park was featured in a pivotal scene in the 1989 Kevin Costner film Field of Dreams . It was the only location shoot outside the Iowa- Illinois area. The 2005 movie, Fever Pitch (2005 film) included scenes shot on location during the 2004 American League Championship Series games and scenes from Busch Stadium were filmed after Game 4 of the 2004 World Series. Some scenes from Blown Away( 1994) and Little Big League(also 1994) were filmed at Fenway Park.(Source: , by William A. Gordon (ISBN 080651647X) ******************* file_id: 11238 /_2 protect_PASS cars_and_pedestrians. file_id: 11238 Yawkey cover field_wall. file_id: 11238 advertisement be . file_id: 11238 Vimms_vitamins get . file_id: 11238 noise hit wall. file_id: 11238 field compensate . file_id: 11238 home_runs hit . file_id: 11238 phrase make_PASS angle. file_id: 11238 deck_seats install_PASS 1946. file_id: 11238 light install_PASS Fenway_Park. file_id: 11238 light add_PASS distance. file_id: 11238 light adopt . file_id: 11238 ballpark have distance. file_id: 11238 number increase_PASS year. file_id: 11238 serviceman rage Europe. file_id: 11238 serviceman be . file_id: 11238 Red_Sox recruit_PASS performance. file_id: 11238 park feature_PASS scene. file_id: 11238 Fever_Pitch include scene. file_id: 11238 scene shoot_PASS location. ******************* Wingate is a town located in Montgomery County, Indiana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 299. Wingate is located at 40°10'22" North, 87°4'25" West (40.172864, -87.073552) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 0.7 km² (0.3 mi² ). 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 299 people, 126 households, and 82 families residing in the town. The population density is 412.3/km² (1,086.0/mi²). There are 146 housing units at an average density of 201.3/km² (530.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 99.67% White , 0.00% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.33% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.33% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 126 households out of which 27.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% are married couples living together, 5.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% are non-families. 31.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 2.95. In the town the population is spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $28,750, and the median income for a family is $42,500. Males have a median income of $41,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $14,123. 22.2% of the population and 15.9% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 30.7% of those under the age of 18 and 23.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 112500 53.2% be couple. file_id: 112500 couple live . file_id: 112500 male have income. ******************* Nashua is a city located in Chickasaw County, Iowa . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,618. The famed Little Brown Church featured in the song "The Little Brown Church in the Vale" is located here. Nashua is located at 42°57'8" North, 92°32'17" West (42.952231, -92.537944) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 6.8 km² (2.6 mi² ). 6.4 km² (2.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.46% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,618 people, 691 households, and 469 families residing in the city. The population density is 253.9/km² (658.2/mi²). There are 739 housing units at an average density of 116.0/km² (300.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 99.26% White , 0.06% African American , 0.06% Native American , 0.19% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.06% from other races , and 0.37% from two or more races. 0.31% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 691 households out of which 28.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% are non-families. 27.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.34 and the average family size is 2.83. In the city the population is spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,713, and the median income for a family is $37,284. Males have a median income of $27,969 versus $20,547 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,031. 9.0% of the population and 5.7% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.3% of those under the age of 18 and 8.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 112884 56.0% be couple. file_id: 112884 couple live . file_id: 112884 male have income. ******************* In cell biology, quiescence is the state of a cell when it is not dividing. Quiescence can also refer specifically to the "rest" state of a cell. Neurons, for example, are quiescent when not firing and sarcomeres (muscle cells) are quiescent when not contracting. ******************* file_id: 1130935 neuron be rest. file_id: 1130935 firing_and_sarcomeres be . ******************* The Greater Manchester County Council(GMCC) was the former upper-tier administrative body for Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county in England. It was established on April 1, 1974, and functioned for the next twelve years. Along with five other metropolitan county councils and the Greater London Council it was abolished in March 1986 by the government of Margaret Thatcher. The GMCC was a strategic authority running regional services such as transport, civil protection and strategic town and country planning. Elections were held to the council in 1973, 1977 and 1981. Upon its abolition, most of the functions of the council were devolved to the metropolitan district councils, and some of its functions such as emergency services and public transport continued to be run on a county-wide basis, administered by joint-boards of appointed councillors from the metropolitan district councils. Its assets were split between the Greater Manchester Residuary Body and the boroughs councils of Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan. ******************* file_id: 1131657 GMCC be authority. file_id: 1131657 election hold_PASS council. ******************* The Adelaide-Crafers Highway is a freeway leading through the Adelaide Hills, linking The City of Adelaide with the South Eastern Freeway. It is the largest road project South Australia has ever undertaken, costing a total of A$151 million, which was wholly funded by the Australian Federal Government. The freeway incorporates twin-tube tunnels, the first of its kind on the National Highway. The length of the freeway is 10km, 500 metres of which are the Heysen Tunnels. The Adelaide-Crafers Highway came as a much-needed upgrade and replacement to Mount Barker Road, which ascended the Adelaide Hills making it a dangerous and slow route. The notorious Devils Elbow was the site of many accidents. Mount Barker Road could not support a lot of traffic volume, as most of it was windy and 2-laned. On May 16th, 1995 Prime Minister Paul Keating announced the construction of the new freeway. Construction was completed early 2000 and on the 5th of May 2000 Prime Minister John Howard opened the new road. The freeway features 6 lanes of traffic, three on each side, safety ramps, concrete median barriers, street lighting through all 10kms and above all, a shorter and easier route through the hills. ******************* file_id: 1140832 freeway incorporate tube_tunnels. ******************* Remedy Lane is Pain of Salvation's fourth studio album, released in Spring 2002. It is a concept album focussing on the search of a man to discover himself. It deals with topics such as love, loss, lust, sex and understanding. A portion of the album is autobigraphical in nature, and is written by guitarist and vocalist Daniel Gildenlöw. The liner notes that come with the CD are filled with extra material (e.g. poems and photos) related to the concept, and also contain date markings to assist the dedicated listener (and reader) to piece together the album chronologically. While both Remedy Lane and One Hour by the Concrete Lake(Pain of Salvation's second studio album) are about a main character searching for truth and himself, Remedy Lane is a much more personal tale and the listener is exposed to a much more wider variety of emotions. The album's production is similar to that of its predecessor's ( The Perfect Element, part I), and is also quite a dark album, though there are definitive moments of happiness/devotion. Daniel Gildenlöw also have admitted that the concept of Remedy Lane was an era of his life in which he wished to learn what freedom was. Text here. :3. Fandango (5:51) :5. This Heart of Mine (I Pledge) (4:01) :7. Rope Ends (7:02) :9. Dryad of the Woods (4:56) :11. Waking Every God (5:19) :13. Beyond the Pale (9:56) All music by Daniel Gildenlöw, except instrumental part of Rope Ends; by Daniel Gildenlöw and Fredrik Hermansson. ******************* file_id: 1144388 portion be topic. file_id: 1144388 listener expose_PASS variety. ******************* Benton is a city located in Butler County, Kansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 827. Benton is located at 37°47'21" North, 97°6'30" West (37.789302, -97.108402) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.9 km² (0.8 mi² ). 1.9 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 827 people, 308 households, and 238 families residing in the city. The population density is 425.7/km² (1,109.0/mi²). There are 327 housing units at an average density of 168.3/km² (438.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.46% White , 0.12% African American , 0.24% Native American , 0.24% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.48% from other races , and 1.45% from two or more races. 1.33% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 308 households out of which 36.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% are married couples living together, 8.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% are non-families. 20.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.69 and the average family size is 3.07. In the city the population is spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $49,750, and the median income for a family is $58,214. Males have a median income of $40,380 versus $30,179 for females. The per capita income for the city is $21,975. 5.5% of the population and 3.8% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 10.5% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 114441 36.0% have child. file_id: 114441 64.9% be couple. file_id: 114441 couple live . file_id: 114441 male have income. ******************* This article describes the FA Premier League 1992-93 season. The FA Premier League was introduced for the 1992-93 season, in a 22-club format breakaway league in place of the old Football League First Division. The new league was backed up by a £305 million TV rights deal with BSkyB television which would last five seasons. In concept, it was identical to the old First Division of the Football League, which was now reduced to three divisions. The first Premier League title went to Manchester United, whose 26 year wait for a league championship finally ended thanks to the efforts of manager Alex Ferguson and a high quality squad of players. 19-year-old winger Ryan Giggs(also PFA Young Player of the Year for the second year running) and long-serving striker Mark Hughes were instrumental in the club's long-awaited success, but the catalyst to the success was French striker Eric Cantona- who had helped his previous club Leeds pip the Old Trafford club to the 1992 league title. He had been signed for £1.2 million and quickly formed a strong partnership with the ever-reliable Hughes, gaining himself a reputation as a dynamic match-winner whose performances transformed United's fortunes. Other key players in the championship-winning United side were goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel, captain Steve Bruce, defender Gary Pallister and midfielder Paul Ince. All of this success was achieved with just one pre-season signing. Striker Dion Dublin had been purchased from Cambridge United for £1million, and had started well. But he missed most of the season due to a broken leg suffered in a September clash with Crystal Palace when he was tackled by Eric Young. Manchester United's Premiership title success was achieved with a 10-point lead over runners-up Aston Villa. The lucrative Sky T.V sponsorship of the Premier League saw clubs plunge into the transfer market and pay vast sums of money for new players. Just before the season began, newly promoted Blackburn Rovers splashed out an English record fee of £3.5 million for Southampton's22-year-old England striker Alan Shearer. Champions Leeds United paid £2 million for the Arsenal midfielder David Rocastle, whose gap at Highbury was filled by the £1.5 million Danish midfielder John Jensen. Shortly after the season began, Aston Villa paid £2.5 million for the Liverpool striker Dean Saunders and Tottenham forked out £2 million for the Nottingham Forest striker Teddy Sheringham. During 1992-93, tens of millions of pounds were spent by Premiership clubs on new players. Although Manchester United ended the season as champions by a 10-point margin, the Premiership title was also contested for by three other clubs. Runners-up Aston Villa constantly led the table for much of the season, but their challenge faded in the final weeks of the season and any lingering hopes were killed off three games before the season was over - they lost 1-0 at home to Oldham Athletic. Norwich City led the Premiership at Christmas in the unusual position of having a negative goal difference, their defensive frailties having been highlighted by a 7-1 defeat at Blackburn early in the season. Nevertheless, it was an excellent Premiership debut for Mike Walker's team, who achieved European qualification for the first time. Blackburn, in the top division for the first time in almost 30 years, achieved a creditable fourth-place finish. Nottingham Forest's league form had suffered through the sale of key players like Des Walker and Teddy Sheringham, and they were bottom of the Premiership for much of the 1992-93 season. Their relegation was confirmed in early May when they lost to Sheffield United, and manager Brian Clough announced his retirement after 18 glorious years at the helm, which had yielded one league title, two European Cups and three League Cups. Next to go were newly-promoted Middlesbrough, who slumped from mid-table at Christmas to go down in second from bottom place. Their league form had not been helped by a seven-match losing streak which began in February. Last to go down were Crystal Palace, whose four-year tenancy in the First Division had looked promising until the sale of striker Ian Wright to Arsenal. Palace's relegation paved the way for Oldham Athletic to perform a miraculous survival act which was achieved with a 4-3 win over Southampton, while Palace were unable to win their final game of the season. Other teams who successfuly fought against relegation included Southampton, Ipswich Town and Leeds United. Leeds, the previous season's league champions, finished 17th of 22 having failed to win any of their 21 away fixtures. Manager George Graham achieved more success with Arsenal in 1992-93, guiding them to a unique double of both domestic cups - they beat Sheffield Wednesday2-1 in the finals of both the FA Cup and League Cup. This success was achieved with many players still at the club from the championship winning side of 1991 which lost just one out of 38 fixtures - including David Seaman, Alan Smith, Tony Adams, Lee Dixon and Nigel Winterburn. There were also some new players in the squad. They included high-scoring striker Ian Wright (a £2.5million acquisition from Crystal Palace shortly after the title success) and Danish midfielder John Jensen - who had been signed after scoring for Denmark in their surprise Euro 92 final win over Germany. The downside to Arsenal's season was their goal-shy Premiership form, they scored the fewest goals in the division (40) despite briefly leading the table in November. Arsenal's next challenge would be the Cup Winners' Cup. PFA Player of the Year was Paul McGrath, the hard working central defender who contributed to Aston Villa's runners-up finish in the Premier League. Aged 34 at the time, he is one of the oldest players ever to receive the award. PFA Young Player of the Year was Ryan Giggs, the highly talented 19-year-old Manchester United left winger who had won the award a year earlier. This time he was instrumental in helping his team achieve their first league title since 1967 - six years before he was born. Football Writers Player of the Year was Chris Waddle, who made his return to English football with Sheffield Wednesday after three years in France with Marseille. 32-year-old Waddle helped his club reach the finals of both domestic cup competitions, although they lost 2-1 to Arsenal in both finals. Alex Ferguson was voted Manager of the Year after achieving Manchester United's first league title for 26 years. It was also the fourth season in a row he had gained some silverware for the Old Trafford club, having previously won the F.A Cup, Cup Winners Cup and League Cup. ******************* file_id: 1145923 Premiership_title_success achieve_PASS 10_-_point_lead. file_id: 1145923 ten spend_PASS Premiership_clubs. file_id: 1145923 lingering_hopes kill_PASS game. file_id: 1145923 forest suffer_PASS sale. ******************* McFarland is a city located in Wabaunsee County, Kansas . As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 271. McFarland is located at 39°3'12" North, 96°14'20" West (39.053241, -96.238934) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.5 km² (0.2 mi² ). 0.5 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 271 people, 105 households, and 72 families residing in the city. The population density is 581.3/km² (1,525.6/mi²). There are 115 housing units at an average density of 246.7/km² (647.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.15% White , 0.37% African American , 0.00% Native American , 0.00% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.00% from other races , and 1.48% from two or more races. 1.11% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 105 households out of which 35.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% are non-families. 22.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.58 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 31.0% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,250, and the median income for a family is $45,250. Males have a median income of $31,250 versus $23,173 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,419. 11.1% of the population and 7.1% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 9.9% of those under the age of 18 and 11.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 114983 35.2% have child. file_id: 114983 54.3% be couple. file_id: 114983 couple live . file_id: 114983 male have income. ******************* The Imperial War Museum Duxford in Cambridgeshire, commonly referred to simply as ' Duxford', houses the Imperial War Museum's aircraft collection, as well as having a large collection of tanks, military and naval vehicles. The museum has seven main exhibition buildings with nearly 200 military and civil aircraft. Duxford has maintained and still uses its wartime buildings, such as the Control Tower, Operations Room and hangars which were used in the 1940s. The Operations Room has been carefully reconstructed and to look as it did when RAF personnel directed Duxford's fighters during the Battle of Britain. Duxford's American Air Museum (pictured), designed by Norman Foster, was officially opened by Her Majesty the Queen in August 1997. It contains Duxford's collection of American military aircraft from First World War biplanes to supersonic jets. It is a tribute to American air power and a memorial to the 30,000 US airmen who lost their lives flying from British bases during the Second World War. Although most famous for its aeroplane collection, Duxford also has a Land Warfare Hall that houses tanks, vehicles and artillery from the First World War to the Gulf war. Duxford has regular large air displays, which generally include Second World War fighters and bombers from many different nations, a variety of military jets, commercial aeroplanes and display teams such as the Red Arrows. The American Air Museum in Britain is primarily a memorial to the 30,000 Americans who died flying from the UK in the Second World War. The TBM Avenger is in the scheme George H. W. Bush used, and the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the only one on display outside of the United States. It has its own gift shop and cafe. It has the following on display; Britain has been important in the history of aircraft design, the collection reflects this with its military and civil aircraft on display. The display has the following exhibitions; This exhibition looks at the people and machines involved in the Battle of Britain and the Blitz of 1940 - 1941. It also shows Duxford's past as a fighter airfield. The exhibition is in Duxford's Hangar 4, which was used in the Battle of Britain. The following are on display; This exhibition recreates D-Day in 1944 when the Allies landed in Normandy in one of the biggest combined military operations ever attempted, when 150,000 American, British and Canadian and men as well as much equipment began the liberation. The display has part of the Pipe Line Under the Ocean ( Operation Pluto). The display has the following exhibitions; Bernard Law Montgomery is probably the most celebrated British military commander of the twentieth century. He was in charge of all Allied ground forces on D-Day. He led sometimes controversially, but ultimately successfully, to the end of the war in Germany. This exhibition has documents from the Imperial War Museum's collections and Montgomery’s three personal caravans that he used in North West Europe. The Forgotten War exhibition focuses on the personal, political and military aspects of the Second World War in the Far East, the Pacific and Burma between 1941 and 1945. This display consists of objects from the War, photographs and realistic scenes. The exhibition is a joint project between the Burma Star Association (BSA). The Museum covers the history of the East and Royal Anglian Regiments since the amalgamations of the former County Regiments (ten Counties of East Anglia and the East Midlands) from 1958-60. The display has the following exhibits; The Land Warfare holds Duxford’s collection of tanks, trucks and artillery and shows the technological advances in twentieth century warfare as exhibits are arranged chronologically from the First World War to the Gulf War. The hall has the following displays and exhibits; Duxford aerodrome, built during the First World War, was one of the earliest Royal Air Force bases established. During 1917 it was expanded to train Royal Flying Corps (RFC). The Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps were amalgamated to become the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 this was the World's first fully independent air force. Duxford opened as a flying school in September 1918 (known as No. 35 Training Depot Station), after the First World War ended in November 1918 the airfield was used as a base for the disbandment of squadrons across Europe. RAF Duxford became No.2 Flight Training School in 1920, flying the Avro 504, the DH9A, the Bristol Fighter and in 1923 flight training of Sopwith Snipe s introduced. Three fighter squadrons were formed at Duxford in 1924, numbers 19, 29 and III. Under reorganised Home Defence arrangements, Duxford became a fighter station, a role it was to carry out for the next 37 years. By 1925 Duxford's three fighter squadrons had expanded to include the Gloster Grebes and Armstrong Whitworth Siskins. No.19 Squadron re-equipped with Bristol Bulldogs in 1931, and in 1935, was the first squadron to fly the RAF's fastest new fighter, the Gloster Gauntlet, capable of 230 mph (375 km/h). This squadron gave a special demonstration over Duxford on the occasion of King George V's Jubilee review of the Royal Air Force. In 1936 Flight Lieutenant Frank Whittle, who was studying at Cambridge University, flew regularly from Duxford as a member of the Cambridge University Air Squadron. Whittle went on to develop the jet turbine as a means of powering an aircraft, this enabled Britain to produce the Allie’s first operational jet fighter in 1943 - the Gloster Meteor. In 1938 No.19 squadron was the first RAF squadron to fly the new Supermarine Spitfire, the first Spitfire was flown into Duxford in August 1938 by Jeffrey Quill, the Supermarine's test pilot. On 3 September 1939 Britain declared war on Germany and Duxford was ready to play a vital role. By June 1940 Belgium, the Netherlands and France were under German control and the invasion of Britain was their next objective ( Operation Sealion). Duxford was placed in a high state of readiness, to create space for additional units at Duxford, 19 Squadron moved to nearby Fowlmere. The dominance of the skies over Britain would be totally critical to keeping German forces out, this became known as The Battle of Britain. Hurricanes first arrived at Duxford in July with the formation of No.310 Squadron, which consisted of Czechoslovakian pilots escaped from France. At the end of August Air-Vice Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory ordered the Hurricanes of 242 Squadron, down from Coltishall to join 19 and 310 Squadrons on daily standby at Duxford. On 9 September the Duxford squadrons successfully intercepted and turned back a large force of German bombers before they reached their target. This proved Duxford’s importance, so two more squadrons were added to the Wing, No.302 ( Polish) Squadron with Hurricanes, and the Spitfires of No.611 Auxiliary Squadron which had mobilised at Duxford a year before. On average sixty Spitfires and Hurricanes were dispersed around Duxford and Fowlmere every day. On 15 September 1940 they twice took to the air to repulse Luftwaffe attacks intent at bombing London. RAF fighter Command was victorious, the threat of invasion passed and Duxford's squadrons had played a critical role. This became known as 'Battle of Britain Day'. Duxford became the home of several specialist units, including the Air Fighting Development Unit (AFDU). The AFDU's equipment included captured German aircraft, which they restored to flying condition for evaluation. Duxford was crucial in developing the Hawker Typhoon into a formidable low-level and ground attack fighter and in 1942 the first Typhoon Wing was formed. The first Wing operation took place on 20 June 1942. In April 1943 Duxford became fully under the control of the United States 8th Air Force. The 8th was the largest of the United States Army Air Forces at this time, with approximately 200,000 men at its peak strength. Duxford now became Base 357 and the headquarters of the 78th Fighter Group. The 78th Fighter Group flew P-47 Thunderbolts and P-51 Mustangs which escorted the large US daylight bomber raids in occupied Europe and Germany. On D-Day, 6 June 1944, the Allied invasion of occupied Europe began, the 78th Fighter Group Thunderbolts gave air cover to the Allied invasion fleet as it crossed the Channel. Later the group took part in raids on targets ahead of the ground forces. By the end of the war the 78th had destroyed 697 enemy aircraft either in the air or on the ground. Duxford was officially handed back to the Royal Air Force on 1 December 1945. The first RAF aircraft to return to Duxford were Spitfires but by 1947 they were replaced by Gloster Meteors. By 1951 a new concrete runway had been laid and a type T2 hangar built alongside the four First World War hangars. The original T2 hangar has gone now, and the Museum has since opened two more Second World War T2 hangars on the same site. Duxford was too far south and too far inland to be strategically important and the costly improvements required for modern supersonic fighters could not be justified. In July 1961 the last operational RAF flight was made from Duxford by the Gloster Javelin FAW7. In 1969 The Ministry of Defence declared its intention to dispose of Duxford. Plans were even made for a sports centre or a prison were but were never finalised. The Imperial War Museum had been looking for storage and renovation space for its displays too large for its headquarters in London, thus obtained permission to use the airfield for this purpose. Cambridgeshire County Council bought the runway in 1977 to give the abandoned aerodrome a new lease of life. Duxford is now established as the European centre of aviation history. ******************* file_id: 1152098 RAF_personnel direct fighter. file_id: 1152098 Warfare_Hall house tanks_,_vehicles_and_artillery. file_id: 1152098 Duxford have air_displays. file_id: 1152098 exhibition have document. file_id: 1152098 display consist object. file_id: 1152098 airfield use_PASS base. file_id: 1152098 air_cover be spitfire. file_id: 1152098 improvement require_PASS fighter. ******************* Olla is a town located in La Salle Parish, Louisiana . As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,417. Olla is located at 31°53'58" North, 92°14'5" West (31.899443, -92.234774) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 8.9 km² (3.4 mi² ). 8.9 km² (3.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water. It is geographically situated directly adjacent to the communities of Rosefield and Standard, 4 miles from the town of Urania, 8 miles from the town of Tullos, and 16 miles from the Parish Seat of Jena. On November 23rd, 2004, a tornado that reached F4 strength tore through the middle of this town, destroying or damaging over 1/3 of the town. The town's High School was destroyed, and to date classes are held in an abandoned factory in the town limits. As of November 2005, the town is still recovering, rebuilding, and-- ironically-- playing host to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita victims. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,417 people, 587 households, and 407 families residing in the town. The population density is 160.0/km² (413.9/mi²). There are 681 housing units at an average density of 76.9/km² (198.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 95.06% White , 3.46% African American , 0.35% Native American , 0.42% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.21% from other races , and 0.49% from two or more races. 1.20% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 587 households out of which 32.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% are non-families. 27.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 2.95. In the town the population is spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.3 males. The median income for a household in the town is $24,762, and the median income for a family is $31,648. Males have a median income of $30,188 versus $15,833 for females. The per capita income for the town is $11,669. 23.5% of the population and 19.2% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 26.9% of those under the age of 18 and 14.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Olla was named after Miss Olla Mills, but for many years was known simply as White Sulphur Springs. The site served as a steam boat port on the nearby Castor River and between 1871 and 1911 was a nationally known health spa. A military high school, the Olla Institute, was also named after Miss Mills, who was a prominent early resident. The school flourished and attracted students from a wide area until it burned down in 1899. 1n 1893 the Houston, Central, Arkansas, and Northern Railroad came through the area and helped add permanence to the town. It was incorporated as the town of Olla in August of 1899. Olla is also known as the site of the only railroad holdup in the state of Louisiana. The robbers' goal was a large money shipment which was transferred before it reached the robbery site. Type of Government: Mayor and Bd. of Alderman (5) Lawrason Act Police: 4 full time officers / 2 patrol cars. Fire Department: 27 volunteers / 4 trucks Fire Rating: 5 in city. Health Care: Hardtner Medical Center Hotels/Motels: 1/30 rooms ******************* file_id: 115632 32.2% have child. file_id: 115632 55.5% be couple. file_id: 115632 couple live . file_id: 115632 male have income. file_id: 115632 student add . ******************* Bayou Gauche is a census-designated place located in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana . As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 1,770. Bayou Gauche is located at 29°49'31" North, 90°26'5" West (29.825162, -90.434727) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 52.3 km² (20.2 mi² ). 45.5 km² (17.6 mi²) of it is land and 6.8 km² (2.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 12.93% water. As of the census of 2000 , there are 1,770 people, 598 households, and 508 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 38.9/km² (100.7/mi²). There are 637 housing units at an average density of 14.0/km² (36.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 96.84% White , 1.53% African American , 0.28% Native American , 0.11% Asian , 0.00% Pacific Islander , 0.85% from other races , and 0.40% from two or more races. 1.47% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 598 households out of which 44.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.4% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 14.9% are non-families. 11.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.96 and the average family size is 3.19. In the CDP the population is spread out with 29.1% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $51,667, and the median income for a family is $52,212. Males have a median income of $45,982 versus $23,966 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $22,170. 1.7% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. ******************* file_id: 115727 44.8% have child. file_id: 115727 74.4% be couple. file_id: 115727 couple live . file_id: 115727 male have income. ******************* In statistical mechanics, the Potts model, a generalization of the Ising model, is a model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. By studying the Potts model, one may gain insight into the behaviour of ferromagnets and certain other phenomena of solid state physics. The strength of the Potts model is not so much that it models these physical systems well; it is rather that the one-dimensional case is exactly solvable, and that it has a rich mathematical formulation that has been studied extensively. The model is named after R. B. Potts who described the model near the end of his 1952 PhD thesis. The model was related to the "planar Potts" or "clock model", which was suggested to him by his PhD advisor C. Domb. The Potts model is sometimes known as the Ashkin-Teller model, as they considered a four component version in 1943. The Potts model is related to, and generalized by, several other models, including the XY model, the Heisenberg model and the N-vector model. The infinite-range Potts model is known as the Kac model. When the spins are taken to interact in a non-Abelian manner, the model is related to the flux tube model, which is used to discuss confinement in quantum chromodynamics. The Potts model consists of that are placed on a lattice; the lattice is usually taken to be a two-dimensional rectangular Euclidean lattice, but is often generalized to other dimensions or other lattices. Domb originally suggested that the spin take one one of possible values, distributed uniformly about the circle, at angles and that the interaction Hamiltonian be given by \left( \theta_{s_i} - \theta_{s_j} \right) with the sum running over the nearest neighbor pairs (i,j) over all lattice sites. The site colors s_i take on values, ranging from 1\ldots q. Here, J_c is a coupling constant, determining the interaction strength. This model is now known as the vector Potts model or the clock model. Potts provided a solution for two dimensions, for q=2,3 and 4. In the limit as q approaches infinity, this becomes the XY model. What is now known as the standard was suggested by Potts in the course of the solution above, and uses a simpler Hamiltonian, given by: where \delta(s_i,s_j) is the Kronecker delta, which equals one whenever s_i=s_j and zero otherwise. The q=2 standard Potts model is equivalent to the 2D Ising model and the 2-state vector Potts model, with J_p=-2J_c. The q=3 standard Potts model is equivalent to the three-state vector Potts model, with J_p=-3J_c/2. A common generalization is to introduce an external "magnetic field" term , and moving the parameters inside the sums and allowing them to vary across the model: where \beta=1/kT the inverse temperature, k the Boltzmann constant and T the temperature. The summation may run over more distant neighbors on the lattice, or may in fact be an infinite-range force. Different papers may adopt slightly different conventions, which can alter H and the associated partition function by additive or multiplicative constants. Despite its simplicity as a model of a physical system, the Potts model is useful as a model system for the study of phase transitions. For example 2D dimensional lattices with J>0 exhibit a first order transition if q>4. When q\leq 4 a continuous transition is observed, as in the Ising model where q=2. Further use is found through the models relation to percolation problems and the Tutte and chromatic polynomials found in combinatorics. The model has a close relation to the Fortuin-Kasteleyn random cluster model, another model in statistical mechanics. Understanding this relationship has helped develop efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for numerical exploration of the model at small q. The one dimensional Potts model mey be expressed in terms of a subshift of finite type, and thus gains access to all of the mathematical techniques associated with this formalism. In particular, it can be solved exactly using the techniques of transfer operators. Indeed, Ernst Ising used transfer operator methods to solve the closely related Ising model in his 1925 PhD thesis. This section develops the mathematical formalism, based on measure theory, behind this solution. While the example below is developed for the one-dimensional case, many of the arguments, and almost all of the notation, generalizes easily to any number of dimensions. Some of the formalism is also broad enough to handle r