Part One
Interallied and Interservice Military Agencies [1]

NOTE: The location information given in this publication is obsolete. Although copies of some documents may have been retained in the various commands, the vast majority of documents have been transferred to the National Archives, primarily the Modern Military Records Branch at College Park, MD. Additional records may be located at the various branches of the Archives. --HyperWar

In addition to the strictly Army commands and Navy commands of World War II, which are separately described elsewhere in this volume, there existed during World War II about 75 major interservice agencies, each representing two or more of the United States military services or the military services of two or more of the United Nations on a particular aspect or phase of the war. These interservice boards, committees, and commissions, which with their records are separately described immediately below, functioned in a variety of ways. Some, such as the Joint Logistics Committee, for example, participated in the determination of top-level policies. Others, like the Joint Intelligence Committee, engaged in fact-finding activities related to the determination of strategic policies. Still others, like the Aeronautical Board, coordinated the work of Army and Navy commands. And, finally, other committees, like the Army-Navy Electronics Production Agency, were directly engaged in certain procurement operations.

The interservice agencies described below are limited to those that functioned in a staff capacity in close relationship to the War and Navy Departments in Washington. Interservice boards and committees that served overseas with a given theater command are described elsewhere, as parts of the particular theaters of operations concerned. Still other boards and committees on which the Army or the Navy were represented, such as the Board of War Communications and the Committee for Congested Production Areas, were more broadly interdepartmental and civilian in character. Such over-all, interdepartmental agencies are separately described in the volume on civilian agencies. At the same time the Army's and the Navy's own interests and participation in such interdepartmental agencies are, in many instances, described within the present volume under the particular Army or Navy organization that participated in such an interdepartmental activity.

Although Army-Navy joint activities were common long before the outbreak of war in 1939, the participation of Allied governments in the work of American military agencies in the World War II period did not begin until August 1940, when an Army-Navy-British aircraft production committee was organized (see entry 76). Other interallied military boards were subsequently set up, in 1940 and 1941, to collaborate with the Canadian, Brazilian, and Mexican Governments; and in January 1942 the Combined Chiefs of Staff was established to plan and supervise combined United States-British

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combat operations on a global scale. The ground, air, naval, and supply officials from the foreign government involved were usually stationed in Washington and attached to a supply mission, a technical mission, or a similar mission sent by that government to the United States to participate in collaborative activities with the War Department, the Navy Department, and emergency civilian agencies. These foreign missions to the United States are not described separately in this volume, but the most important of them are mentioned. The British war missions to the United States included the British Purchasing Commission, 1939-42, and its successor British Ministry of Supply Mission, 1942 to date; the British Air Commission, 1941 to date, and the Royal Air Force Delegation to the British Air Commission, 1941 to date; the British Military [Ground] Mission, 1941; the British Tank Mission, 1941; the British Joint Staff Mission, 1941 to date; and the British Joint Service Mission, a temporary mission (July-August 1943) that inspected American military schools and studied American materiel in connection with planning for British participation in the Japanese phase of the war.

The other British Commonwealths were also separately represented in Washington by their own military missions, notably the Canadian Military Mission and the Canadian Joint Staff Mission, which replaced the former mission about October 1941 and is still in existence; the Australian Military Mission, 1942 to date; the New Zealand Supply Mission, 1942 to date; and the New Zealand Joint Staff Mission. Among the major wartime Allied military missions in Washington from outside the British Empire were the Anglo-French Purchasing Commission (later Board), March-July 1940; the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission, 1941 to date; the Brazilian Military Commission, 1941 to date; the Netherlands Purchasing Commission, 1941 to date; the French Military Mission, 1943-45; and the Chinese Military Mission, about 1944 to date.

Records.--The records of the various interservice boards and committees are separately described below, while related records are normally to be found also among the records of the particular Army or Navy offices that were represented on or were influenced by those interservice agencies. Still other records relating to such of these interservice agencies as were interallied in character are to be found, it is assumed, among the records of the foreign participating governments and among the records of their military missions to Washington. No attempt is made in this volume to locate and describe these foreign records except to say that, in general, copies of many documents and reports of foreign governments are filed among the records of the American military and naval agencies with which those governments collaborated. Important Army correspondence about most of the above foreign missions in Washington, for example, is in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then by name of mission.

COMBINED CHIEFS OF STAFF [2]

The Combined Chiefs of Staff, known also as CCS, was established by the President of the United States and the British Prime Minister as a result of the United States-United Kingdom military staff conference

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held in Washington from December 24, 1941, to January 14, 1942. The first meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff was held on January 23, 1942, and the organization was continued throughout the war. It reported to the President and to the Prime Minister. It collaborated in the formulation and execution of policies and plans concerning the strategic conduct of the war, the broad program of war requirements, the allocation of munitions resources, and the requirements for overseas transportation for the fighting services of the United Nations.

The United States members were the Joint Chiefs of Staff, described below. The British members were a representative of the Prime Minister, in his capacity as Minister of Defence, and the Chiefs of Staff Committee, which consisted of the First Sea Lord, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and the Chief of the Air Staff, or the Washington representative of each. The representative of the Prime Minister was Field Marshal Sir John Dill and later Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. The Washington representatives of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, who normally met with the United States members in place of their principals, were the senior officers from their respective services on the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington. In the course of the war, the First Sea Lord was represented by Admiral Sir Charles Little, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Admiral Sir Percy Noble, and Admiral Sir James Somerville; the Chief of the Imperial General Staff was represented by Lt. Gen. Sir Coville Wemyss and Lt. Gen. G. N. Macready; and the Chief of the Air Staff was represented by Air Marshal D. C. S. Evill, Air Marshal Sir William L. Welsh, and Air Marshal Douglas Colyer.

The Combined Chiefs of Staff organization included the Combined Secretariat and a number of committees, described separately below. Each of these had both United States and British members, the United States members being also the members of the corresponding Joint Chiefs of Staff organization in nearly all cases. The overseas commands that were essentially interallied in character (Allied Force Headquarters; Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces; and the Southeast Asia Command) were under the general control of the Combined Chiefs of Staff.

Records.--The United States copies of records of the Combined Chiefs of Staff and of its committees are part of the records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; see entry 12.

Combined Secretariat [3]

Provision for the Combined Secretariat was made in the agreement to create the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and it was organized early in 1942. Consisting of the United States Joint Secretariat and the Secretariat of the British Joint Staff Mission acting together, it served the Combined Chiefs of Staff organization in much the same way that the Joint Secretariat served the Joint Chiefs of Staff, except that the Combined Secretariat was not a record-keeping agency. Records of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, after being agreed upon by the Combined Secretariat, were maintained by both the Joint Secretariat and the Secretariat of the British Joint Staff Mission.

Records.--See entry 12.

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Combined Staff Planners [4]

Provision for this organization, known also as CPS, was made in the agreement to create the Combined Chiefs of Staff. In part it was a continuation of the Joint Combined Planning Committee that existed during the United States-United Kingdom military staff conference of December 1941-January 1942. Thereafter it consisted of the Joint Staff Planners and representatives of the British Joint Staff Mission. It was responsible for the preparation of studies and the drafting of plans as directed by the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and it functioned throughout the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Munitions Assignments Board in Washington [5]

In January 1942 the President and the Prime Minister agreed to establish Munitions Assignments Boards in Washington and London under the Combined Chiefs of Staff. The Munitions Assignments Board in Washington (also known as MBW), under the chairmanship of Harry Hopkins, held its first meeting on January 31, 1942, and received its charter from the Combined Chiefs of Staff a few days later. Except for the civilian Chairman, it was composed of United States Army and Navy officers (who later became the Joint Munitions Allocations Committee) and the senior officers from each service on the British Joint Staff Mission. The Munitions Assignments Board in Washington assigned finished war materials produced in the United States to the several United Nations. This was accomplished through three Branches (Assignments, Statistical Analysis, and Program Control) and three Munitions Assignments Committees (Ground, Navy, and Air) under the direction of an Executive.

Records.--See entry 12.

Combined Intelligence Committee [6]

Provision for this Committee, known also as CIC, was made in the agreement to create the Combined Chiefs of Staff, but it does not appear to have met before May 1942. Its working subcommittee, however, known first as the Combined Intelligence Subcommittee (CISC) and from August 1943 as the Combined Intelligence Staff (CIS), met as early as February 19, 1942. This subcommittee was composed of the Joint Intelligence Subcommittee, later the Joint Intelligence Staff, and the British Joint Intelligence Committee in Washington. The Combined Intelligence Committee consisted of the Joint Intelligence Committee and representatives of the British Joint Intelligence Subcommittee in London. Both the Combined Intelligence Committee and the Combined Intelligence Staff continued throughout the war. The former was responsible for collecting and disseminating military intelligence for the use of the Combined Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Staff Planners.

Records.--See entry 12.

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Combined Military Transportation Committee [7]

This Committee, known also as CMTC, was established by the Combined Chiefs of Staff in February 1942 to advise the Combined Staff Planners concerning transportation problems and to present the requirements for overseas transportation for the fighting services of the United Nations. It consisted of the Joint Military Transportation Committee and representatives of the several transportation services of the United Kingdom. The Combined Military Transportation Committee functioned throughout the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Combined Communications Board [8]

The Associated Communications Committee (ACC) was organized in London in November 1941; the Inter-Service Communications Board (ISCB) was established in Washington in December 1941. In April 1942, after the creation of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, these two agencies became, respectively, the London Communications Committee (LCC) and the Washington Communications Board (WCB). Although they were chartered by the Combined Chiefs of Staff and had a "combined" membership, the London Communications Committee was responsible to the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Washington Communications Board was responsible to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In July 1942 the Board was reconstituted as the Combined Communications Board (CCB) and was recognized as the only combined communications body of the Combined Chiefs of Staff. It was supported by Joint Communications Boards in London and Washington, which were responsible, respectively, to the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Under this arrangement the British Joint Communications Board superseded the London Communications Committee, which was discontinued as a combined agency.

The Combined Communications Board consisted of the United States Joint Communications Board, three representatives of the United Kingdom (one from each service), and one representative each from the Dominion of Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, and the New Zealand Government. These part-time members were assisted by a large number of part- and full-time agencies organized into groups, committees, and subcommittees on various aspects of communications problems. The Board continued on this basis throughout the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Combined Meteorological Committee [9]

This Committee, known also as CMC, was authorized by the Combined Chiefs of Staff in February 1942 but was not fully organized until October 1942. Its function was to plan coordination and cooperation in meteorological matters, and it consisted of the Joint Meteorological Committee, two representatives (later, one) of the United Kingdom, and one representative each from the Dominion of Canada, the Commonwealth of

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Australia, the New Zealand Government, and the Union of South Africa. The Combined Meteorological Committee had several subcommittees, including those on Equipment, Research and Development, Weather Communications, and Liaison.

Records.--See entry 12.

Combined Administrative Committee [10]

This Committee, known also as CAdC, was established by the Combined Chiefs of Staff in June 1943 to study and make recommendations concerning matters that were not within the scope of other combined agencies. It consisted of the Joint Administrative Committee (later the Joint Logistics Committee) and representatives of the British Joint Staff Mission. The Combined Administrative Committee was the primary logistics advisory and planning committee of the Combined Chiefs of Staff throughout the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Combined Civil Affairs Committee [11]

This Committee, known also as CCAC, was established by the Combined Chiefs of Staff in July 1943 to recommend civil-affairs policies for enemy or enemy-held areas that were occupied by combined operations and to coordinate military and civilian agency interests in such matters. The United States membership consisted of one representative each of the Army, the Navy, and the State Department, with an additional civilian official who served as Chairman of the Committee. The British membership consisted of one representative of the Foreign Office, two from the British Joint Staff Mission, and one additional civilian expert. The Committee continued throughout the war.

The chief working group of the Committee was the Supply Subcommittee (CCAC/S), established in August 1943. The London Subcommittee (CCAC/L), established in January 1944, was charged with furnishing detailed guidance to the Allied forces in Europe.

Records.--See entry 12.

JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF [12]

The United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, known also as JCS, was created in view of the decision made during the Anglo-American military staff conference in Washington, December 1941-January 1942, to establish the Combined Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff became the United States representatives on the Combined Chiefs of Staff; there the Joint Chiefs of Staff was in large degree the counterpart of the already existent British Chiefs of Staff Committee. In addition to the foregoing role, the Joint Chiefs of Staff became the principal United States agency for coordination between the Army and the Navy. Although the older Joint Board did not go out of existence and the Joint Chiefs of Staff occasionally met and acted on a few residual matters in the name of the Board, in effect the Joint Chiefs of Staff superseded the Board and absorbed its functions.

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The first meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as an organized body was held on February 9, 1942. Its original members were the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral H. R. Stark; the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Gen. George C. Marshall; the Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet, Admiral Ernest J. King; and the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces, Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold. In March 1942 the duties of the Chief of Naval Operations and of the Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet were combined in one person, Admiral King, thus reducing the membership of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to three; but in July a fourth member was again provided, namely, Admiral William D. Leahy, the newly appointed Chief of Staff to the President in respect to the latter's role as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy. Thereafter, except for certain changes in title, the membership remained unaltered.

The functions and duties of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were not formally defined during the war period. The absence of any written definition of duties allowed great flexibility of organization and the extension of activities in accordance with the requirements of the war. The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised the President with regard to military strategy, the requirements, production, and allocation of munitions and shipping, the manpower needs of the armed forces, and matters of joint Army-Navy policy. Besides collaborating with the British as part of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, under the direction of the President, made joint strategic plans and issued directives to implement them. The Joint Chiefs of Staff was responsible for the strategic conduct of the war in areas for which the United States had been assigned primary responsibility, as in the Pacific. It also supervised the operations of the Office of Strategic Services and the Army and Navy Staff College. During the war period the Joint Chiefs of Staff existed informally on the basis of these continuing functions. It was given legislative recognition as a permanent agency by the National Security Act of 1947.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff organization included the Joint Chiefs of Staff themselves, the Joint Deputy Chiefs of Staff, the Secretariat, and a number of standing committees. Most of these standing committees were composed of part-time members, whose Joint Chiefs of Staff functions were auxiliary to their primary working assignments in the War or Navy Departments. Many of the standing committees were supported by full-time working subcommittees or staffs and also by ad hoc committees. Some of the committees, though not all, had corresponding Combined Chiefs of Staff counterparts; in most such cases the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff committee served as the United States members of the corresponding Combined Chiefs of Staff committee. There were also many ad hoc committees and subcommittees at the Combined Chiefs of Staff level.

Records.--The records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and its committees, including the United States copies of the records of the Combined Chiefs of Staff and its committees, 1942-45, are in the custody of the Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff; they extend to about 950 linear feet, including some duplicate papers, and consist of agenda, minutes, charters, membership rosters, memoranda of information, case papers, correspondence, working papers, and

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miscellaneous records. The records are filed in general in accordance with the War Department Decimal File System, as modified to provide for papers of a joint or combined nature. For security reasons these records are not available to outside agencies or individuals.

For a general description of the form of Joint Chiefs of Staff records, see Maj. Gen. Otto L. Nelson, Jr., "Wartime Developments in War Department Organization and Administration," Public Administration Review, 5: 2--4 (winter 1945).

Joint Deputy Chiefs of Staff [13]

The Joint Deputy Chiefs of Staff, known also as JDCS, were organized as an executive agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in December 1942 to implement established policies and to decide matters referred to them by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Early in 1944, the Joint Deputy Chiefs of Staff were given cognizance over studies relating to the postwar organization of the armed forces. Originally consisting of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army, and the Chief of the Air Staff, membership was reduced to one representative each from the Army and the Navy in May 1943 and was continued on that basis throughout the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Secretariat [14]

After it was decided in January 1942 to establish the Combined Chiefs of Staff, including a Combined Secretariat, the Joint Board recommended that a Joint Secretariat be organized to serve the Joint Chiefs of Staff and to act as the United States part of the Combined Secretariat. This recommendation was approved by the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy in February, and the Joint Secretariat was organized at once. Composed of officers of the Army and Navy and headed by a Secretary from one service and a Deputy Secretary from the other service, the Joint Secretariat was the administrative agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As such, it was responsible for recording actions and decisions, issuing directives, maintaining liaison with other agencies, and performing the housekeeping functions required by the organization. The Joint Secretariat included the secretaries of the various committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Where a committee was also a part of a Combined Chiefs of Staff agency, the same individual served as secretary of the committee and as the United States secretary of the combined committee.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Staff Planners [15]

This committee, known also as JPS, was a continuation, under a new name and with enlarged membership, of the Joint Planning Committee of the Joint Board. Although the Joint Staff Planners received no charter from the Joint Chiefs of Staff until May 1943, the committee met as early as February 13, 1942, and functioned regularly thereafter. Its duties varied somewhat as other committees were created or discontinued, but

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throughout the war it was the agency charged with preparing joint war plans and furnishing strategic guidance to those agencies of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the two services concerned with war plans. It represented the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the Combined Staff Planners.

The members of the Joint Staff Planners, who also had heavy planning responsibilities within the War and Navy Departments, were assisted in their Joint Chiefs of Staff functions by a full-time subcommittee. This working committee, which was a continuation of the Joint Strategic Committee of the Joint Board, was given a directive by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on March 9, 1942, and was first called the Joint United States Strategic Committee (not to be confused with the Joint Strategic Survey Committee). In May 1943 it was given a charter and was renamed the Joint War Plans Committee (JWPC), as it was known throughout the remainder of the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Intelligence Committee [16]

This Committee, known also as JIC, was a continuation and enlargement of the Joint Board committee of the same name, which had been authorized in 1941. It received no charter from the Joint Chiefs of Staff until May 1943, but it was given a directive and was reorganized early in March 1942. Even before this, on February 11, 1942, a Combined Chiefs of Staff paper had defined the duties and membership of the Joint Intelligence Committee. Its primary functions throughout the war period were to furnish intelligence in various forms to other agencies of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and to represent it on the Combined Intelligence Committee.

As originally constituted, the Joint Intelligence Committee was composed of the directors of the intelligence services of the Army and Navy and representatives of the State Department, the Board of Economic Warfare (later the Foreign Economic Administration), and the Coordinator of Information (later the Director of Strategic Services). The charter of May 1943 added the director of the Intelligence Staff of the Army Air Forces. This membership remained unchanged throughout the remainder of the war.

The Joint Intelligence Committee was assisted by a full-time subcommittee and some ten or more special subcommittees. The permanent working staff was organized by the Committee early in 1942 as the Joint Intelligence Subcommittee (JISC). Its status was formalized in the charter of the Committee of May 1943. Two months later, the Joint Intelligence Subcommittee was renamed the Joint Intelligence Staff (JIS). The latter agency was given a charter by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in May 1944 and operated under it throughout the remainder of the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Psychological Warfare Committee [17]

This Committee, known also as JPWC, was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in March 1942 to initiate and develop plans for psychological warfare and to coordinate the resultant psychological warfare activities. Originally it consisted of two officers each from the intelligence

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services of the Army and Navy and two from the Joint United States Strategic Committee. When the Office of Strategic Services was established in June 1942, the Joint Psychological Warfare Committee was reorganized and reported thereafter through the Joint Staff Planners. The Director of Strategic Services became Chairman, and the directors of the intelligence services and of the planning divisions of the Army and Navy comprised the other four members. In December 1942 the Committee was dissolved and its functions were transferred to the Office of Strategic Services.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Military Transportation Committee [18]

Although this Committee, known also as JMTC, received no charter from the Joint Chiefs of Staff until May 1943, it held its first meeting on March 10, 1942, and appears to have functioned in the interim on the basis of the Combined Chiefs of Staff directive to the Combined Military Transportation Committee. In addition to being the United States representatives on the Combined Military Transportation Committee, the Joint Military Transportation Committee was the Joint Chiefs of Staff agency charged with cognizance of military overseas transportation. It was composed of two officers each of the Army and the Navy until June 1945, when three officers of each service were authorized. In addition, a representative of the War Shipping Administration was an associate member until that agency was dissolved on September 1, 1946.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Communications Board [19]

The Joint Communications Committee, known also as JCC, was established by the War and Navy Departments in April 1942. In this form it was separate in organization and different in membership from the United States representatives on the Washington Communications Board, a Combined Chiefs of Staff agency. When the Washington Communications Board was reconstituted as the Combined Communications Board by the Combined Chiefs of Staff in July 1942, the Joint Chiefs of Staff reconstituted the Joint Communications Committee as the Joint Communications Board (JCB). As the supporting agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on communications matters, the Board was responsible for recommending communications policies to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and for coordinating United States communications in accordance with approved policies.

The Board was composed of two Army and two Navy officers, who were also the United States members of the Combined Communications Board. These part-time members were assisted by a large number of part- and full-time agencies organized into groups, committees, and subcommittees on various aspects of communications problems. The Joint Communications Board continued on this basis throughout the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

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Joint Committee on New Weapons and Equipment [20]

This Committee, known also as JNW, was established in May 1942 to facilitate research and development of new weapons and equipment and to effect better coordination of the work of the military services, non-military research agencies, and other governmental agencies concerned. Originally it consisted of the Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, one officer of the Army, and one officer of the Navy. In January 1944 an officer of the Army Air Forces was added, and in August 1945 naval representation was increased to two. The Committee had a number of part-time subcommittees and panels on various special projects and problems. In September 1947, after the creation of the Research and Development Board (independent of the Joint Chiefs of Staff), the Committee was dissolved.

Records.--See entry 12.

Army-Navy Petroleum Board [21]

This Board, known also as ANPB, was established by the War and Navy Departments in July 1942 to effect coordination between the military services on the procurement, storage, and shipping of petroleum products. It became an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in January 1943. Originally consisting of three officers from the Army and three from the Navy, it was reduced to two each by its Joint Chiefs of Staff charter of May 1943. The members were assisted by a permanent administrative staff, headed by an executive officer and comprising several divisions, sections, and committees. The Board continued on this basis until January 1948, when it was reconstituted as the Armed Services Petroleum Board directly under the Secretary of Defense.

Records.--The following records were transferred to the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, in 1949: Correspondence, messages, and reports (including reports of tanker loadings, form NIS-38), 1942-46, organized into several series arranged chronologically, geographically, and by a code-numbering system (50 feet). See also entry 12.

Joint Security Control [22]

An agency named Security Control was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in August 1942 to protect the security of contemplated military operations. It operated directly under the Joint Chiefs of Staff but was under the guidance of the Joint Staff Planners. It soon became known as Joint Security Control (JSC) and was so named in a new charter issued in March 1943. Prior to March 1945 it consisted of the directors of the intelligence services of the Army and Navy, but a revised charter of that date provided for two Army officers, one of them from the Air Forces, and not more than two naval officers. There was in addition a small full-time working staff.

Records.--See entry 12.

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Joint Meteorological Committee [23]

This Committee, known also as JMC, was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in October 1942 to coordinate meteorological matters of joint application. It consisted of one representative each from the Weather Bureau, the Army Air Forces, and the Navy. The members of the Committee were also the United States members of the Combined Meteorological Committee. They were assisted by several subcommittees, including those on Equipment, Research and Development, Weather Communications, Weather Plans, Oceanography, and Climatology. The Joint Meteorological Committee existed in this form throughout the war.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Strategic Survey Committee [24]

This Committee (known also as JSSC and not to be confused with the Joint United States Strategic Committee, the working committee of the Joint Staff Planners) was created by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in November 1942 to advise them concerning military strategy, especially its long-range possibilities and relation to national policy. The Joint Strategic Survey Committee was one of the few committees composed of officers who had no simultaneous assignments within their respective service departments. During the war period it consisted of one general officer of the Army, one general officer of the Army Air Forces, and one flag officer of the Navy. A second naval representative was added after the end of hostilities in accordance with the provisions of the original charter.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Logistics Committee [25]

This Committee was first established in May 1943 as the Joint Administrative Committee (JAdC) to relieve the Joint Staff Planners from matters not directly connected with war plans. Although its original charter was vague as to its functions, it soon became primarily concerned with logistical problems, and it was renamed the Joint Logistics Committee (JLC) in October 1943. As such, it became the primary logistic advisory and planning committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as well as the agency to which were referred miscellaneous matters not properly within the scope of any other joint committee. Its members were also members of the Combined Administrative Committee.

In November 1943 a working subcommittee, known as the Joint Logistics Plans Committee (JLPC), was established. It consisted of six full-time members with a varying number of additional part-time associate members from the War and Navy Departments.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Munitions Allocations Committee [26]

In May 1943, more than a year after the creation of the Munitions Assignments Board in Washington (a Combined Chiefs of Staff agency), the Joint Chiefs of Staff gave the United States members a separate

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charter as the United States Representatives, Munitions Assignments Board, Washington (USMBW). The name of this body was changed to the Joint Munitions Allocations Committee (JMAC) in November 1943, which it remained throughout the remainder of the war. Composed of Army and Navy officers, the Committee allocated finished munitions to the military services for the Joint Chiefs of Staff as well as furnished United States representation on the Munitions Assignments Board in Washington.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Production Survey Committee [27]

This Committee, known also as JPSC, was created by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in September 1943 to furnish advice on problems concerning the balancing of the production of supplies with strategic requirements and to maintain close liaison between the military services and the Office of War Mobilization. Like the Joint Strategic Survey Committee, it was composed of officers who had no other duties, two from the Navy and one each from the Army and Air Forces. Its charter was terminated in October 1945, and its functions were transferred to the Joint Logistics Committee.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Post-War Committee [28]

Early in 1944 the Joint Staff Planners created a Special Subcommittee to study questions concerning postwar military bases. As other postwar problems began to arise, especially as to the disarmament, demobilization, and demilitarization of the Axis nations, the Joint Chiefs of Staff established the Joint Post-War Committee (JPWC) in June 1941 to consider and make recommendations on all postwar matters of interest to them, except those relating to internal organization of the military services and certain civil-affairs problems that had been specifically assigned to other agencies. The Committee superseded the Special Subcommittee of the Joint Staff Planners and functioned under the over-all guidance of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee. It consisted initially of three officers of the Army and three of the Navy, but six additional officers were authorized for duty with the Committee within a few months. In April 1945 membership was reduced to two officers of the Army and two of the Navy with an indeterminate number of additional officers authorized for duty with the Committee. Unlike most committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the members as well as the staff of the Joint Post-War Committee were full time. It was dissolved in October 1945.

Records.--See entry 12.

Joint Civil Affairs Committee [29]

Although there had been a Combined Civil Affairs Committee since July 1943, the Joint Civil Affairs Committee (JCAC) was not established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff until March 1945. Prior to that time the Civil Affairs Division of the War Department, the Joint Strategic Survey

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Committee, and the Joint Post-War Committee had all been concerned with long-range civil-affairs problems, particularly those relating to surrender terms and other post-hostilities arrangements. The Joint Civil Affairs Committee was created to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the military aspects of civil affairs for enemy or enemy-held areas that were occupied by joint operations. The membership of the Committee, unlike that of the Combined Civil Affairs Committee, was entirely military and consisted of three officers of the Army, one of whom was from the Air Forces, and three officers of the Navy. One Army and one Navy officer were also members of the Combined Civil Affairs Committee.

Records.--See entry 12.

OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES [30]

The Office of Strategic Services, known also as OSS, was established by a military order of June 13, 1942, as the principal successor to the Office of the Coordinator of Information (see the volume for civilian agencies). It was assigned, under the jurisdiction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to perform two basic functions, (1) gathering, evaluating, and analyzing intelligence in support of the war against the Axis Powers; and (2) planning and executing operations in support of intelligence procurement. The carrying on of military psychological warfare, including propaganda, was also assigned to OSS by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The military order establishing the agency was modified by an Executive order of March 9, 1943, which directed that certain activities involving the dissemination of propaganda abroad be handled by the Office of War Information rather than by OSS. William J. Donovan, former Coordinator of Information, served as Director of OSS throughout the life of the agency. The organization included the Director, various Deputy Directors and their respective subordinate units in or near Washington, and the field establishment, both in the continental United States and overseas. Each of these component units of OSS is separately described or mentioned in the subordinate entries below; at no given time, however, was the organization, which frequently changed, precisely as shown by those entries.

On September 14, 1945 (by OSS General Order 93), the liquidation of OSS was ordered. By an Executive order of September 20, 1945, OSS was abolished (effective October 1, 1945), and its functions, personnel, and records were divided between the State Department and the War Department.

Records.--In April 1947 the greater part of the records of OSS were in the custody of the Strategic Services Unit of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, a unit that had inherited the work of the archives unit established within the Registry of OSS in July 1945. These records included policy papers, operational reports, and administrative files of OSS headquarters and records of the field establishments of OSS that had been shipped to Washington. A file of printed and processed military intelligence documents assembled by OSS, 1943-45 (24 feet), is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A considerable quantity of records of the Research

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and Analysis Branch and the Presentation Branch, including material resulting from the work of the Office of Strategic Services in assembling, analyzing, and reporting on information to be used by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and other agencies, is in the Department of State (chiefly in its Division of Library and Reference Services), many documents having been integrated with materials from other sources into new series.

Some 800 feet of OSS records are in the National Archives, including military intelligence documents known as "Order of Battle" documents, 1942-45 (50 feet); correspondence, memoranda, and other records of the field offices at Stockholm, Sweden, and at New Delhi, India, 1942-45 (6 feet); reports on political, economic, social, and military conditions in various countries, 1942-45 (110 feet); correspondence and other records of the Europe-Africa Division of the Research and Analysis Branch, 1941-45 (15 feet); topographic maps of Europe, with annotations, showing plans for commando and other operations, 1943-45 (13 maps); property records of OSS field installations, 1942-45 (443 feet); and correspondence files of the Washington and New York offices of the Pictorial Records Section and a card file of information about persons whose photographs were obtained by OSS for various reasons, 1942-45 (33 feet). Also in the National Archives are German documentary, propaganda, and other motion pictures used by OSS during the war and motion pictures prepared by OSS (approximately 250 reels).

Some records of OSS field agencies are still abroad. In London, for example, among the records of the Office of the Geographer of the American Embassy are correspondence and other records of the Research and Analysis Branch's Map Unit, which was located in London, 1943-45 (8 feet), relating to its operations and activities; copies of maps received by the Unit, including copies of those prepared by OSS personnel in Washington (120 feet); and various OSS publications received by the Unit from Washington (2 feet). In Cairo, in a warehouse of the American Embassy, are records of the OSS field agency located there, containing information on the operations and activities of OSS personnel in the Middle East (50 feet).

Papers relating to OSS are also among the records of other wartime agencies. See, for example, the central records of the War Department (in the Adjutant General's Office) especially index sheets filed under AG 020 Office of Strategic Services, Aug. 1941-Sept. 1945, and AG 020 Strategic Services Unit, Sept. 1945 ff. A set of Accession Lists, 1942-45, prepared by the Research and Analysis Branch is on file in the Air Historical Group; and copies of "Topographic Intelligence Studies" and "Weekly Situation Reports" of the Research and Analysis Branch, as well as copies of the OSS serial, "The War This Week," are in the intelligence library of the Air Force Department. A number of Civil Affairs Guides and reports on economic problems, prepared largely by the Research and Analysis Branch, 1942-45, are in the central files of the Office of International Finance of the Treasury Department.

Records of other agencies outside the United States contain documents relating to OSS. Records of the Economic Warfare Division of the American

--15--

Embassy in London include reports of OSS personnel in Europe relating to Safehaven projects, 1945 (less than 1 foot). Among the records of the United States Mission for Economic Affairs in London are reports of the Research and Analysis Branch in Washington and in London on various economic topics, including food and agriculture, and reports prepared jointly by OSS personnel in London and by personnel of the Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy in London on various European political and economic topics (2 feet); and copies of reports prepared by OSS personnel in Europe for inclusion in Civil Affairs Guides to Germany, Italy, Japan, Greece, and Eastern European countries.

Some prepared testimony by OSS personnel is available in published congressional hearings. For example, see Senate Appropriations Committee, Hearings on the national war agencies appropriation bill for 1945 (78th Cong., 2d sess., parts 2-3, p. 344-356); and House Appropriations Committee, Hearings on the national war agencies appropriation bill for 1946 (79th Cong., 1st sess., p. 238-242). A useful analysis of some of the documentary control and research problems of OSS, by a former OSS officer, is in Sherman Kent, Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy (Princeton, N.J., 1949. 226 p.). Among the undocumented accounts of OSS are the following: Stewart Alsop and Thomas Braden, Sub Rosa; The O.S.S. and American Espionage (New York, 1946. 237 p.); and Corey Ford and Alastair MacBain, Cloak and Dagger; The Secret Story of OSS (New York, 1946. 216 p.).

Office of the Director [31]

The Office of the Director of the Office of Strategic Services (having command responsibilities for the agency as a whole) included assistant directors, special assistants and representatives, the various units separately described below, and a number of minor units not separately described here.

Among the more important committees responsible to the Director was the Executive Committee, in existence by August 1942, which was responsible for reviewing the internal administration of OSS. This Committee was abolished on January 5, 1944, and was succeeded by three committees that existed until March 20, 1945: The Policy Committee, which reviewed matters of broad policy and considered proposals for new undertakings; the Operations Committee, which reviewed matters relating to operating policies and programs of the agency; and the Administrative Committee, which reviewed matters concerning internal administration. The Director also established at least two boards and one committee concerned primarily with reviewing policies regarding OSS personnel in relation to military regulations: The Citations Board, the Officers Board, and the Committee on the Deferment of Government Employees (known also as the Draft Deferment Committee).

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Executive Officer [32]

This Office served as the executive agent for the Director of the Office of Strategic Services without, however, exercising any command

--16--

responsibilities over OSS. The Office, also known as the Executive Staff of the Director, performed two types of functions, "housekeeping" functions, most of which were transferred in October 1942 to the newly created Office of the Deputy Director, Services; and special functions remaining after October 1942, such as expediting current orders and decisions of the Director, executing certain instruments and documents for the Director, and directing the work of the Secretariat and its Registry, and (after December 1944) of the Field Section.

Records.--See entry 30.

Secretariat [33]

This unit of the Office of Strategic Services existed within the Office of the General Counsel until October 17, 1942, when it was transferred to the Office of the Executive Officer. It was the channel for submitting programs, plans, and projects to the Director and served as his reports and editorial staff. The Secretariat prepared monthly reports on all the major activities of the agency and, in conjunction with the Field Section, informed the heads of the OSS field establishments of all major developments--whether in the United States, in the theaters of operations, or in other areas--that affected the activities of OSS. It maintained the records of the Office of the Director, including files of directives and orders of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and other basic documents. It was responsible, also, for the activities of the Registry, which maintained the secret control records and files on intelligence and operations for all branches of the Office of the Deputy Director, Operations, and for the Secret Intelligence and X-2 Branches of the Office of the Deputy Director, Intelligence. In the summer of 1945 an "archives" unit was set up within the Registry to select and rearrange for ultimate transfer to the National Archives OSS records appraised as worth permanent preservation.

Records.--See entry 30.

Field Section [34]

This Section was established in accordance with a reorganization order of December 26, 1944, and inherited functions formerly performed by the Operations and Plans Officer, discussed below, and the Strategic Services Officer in charge in each theater of operations. The Section assisted the Executive Officer in carrying out for the Director such duties as pertained to the several theaters and missions; acted as the rear echelon at the Office of Strategic Services in Washington for OSS field agencies in all matters except those involving only an individual branch or office and its own parallel units in the field establishments; maintained liaison with the Theater Section of the Operations Division, War Department General Staff; and supplied information to the Director, the assistant directors, and the Executive Officer on current developments in the various theaters of operations.

Records.--See entry 30.

--17--

Office of the General Counsel [35]

Established within the predecessor Office of the Coordinator of Information, this Office performed all the legal work for the Office of Strategic Services. It prepared and reviewed, prior to commitment, all contracts, leases, and other legal agreements to which OSS was a party; rendered legal advice and handled legal matters pertaining to all phases of operations; assisted the Special Funds Branch to determine the proper procedures for accurate accounting of its expenditures; and. toward the end of the war (in August 1945), undertook to coordinate the "war crimes activities" of the Office of Strategic Services with similar activities in the War Department.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of Research and Development [36]

This Office, established on October 17, 1942, had staff responsibility within OSS for the development of special weapons and equipment required in OSS operations. The Office provided camouflage devices and tabulated and disseminated information regarding various types of equipment. It was designated as the sole OSS unit for liaison with the Office of Scientific Research and Development and with other Government agencies conducting equipment research and development.

Records.--See entry 30.

Strategic Services Planning Staff [37]

Established in December 1942, this Staff inherited the work of two predecessor agencies: The Supporting Committee of OSS, which had assisted the Director of OSS in his work as Chairman of the Joint Psychological Warfare Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, July-December 1942; and the Subcommittee of the Joint Psychological Warfare Committee, known also as JPWC Subcommittee, March-December 1942. The Planning Staff initiated for the Strategic Services Planning Group (see below) programs based on suggestions from all sources, including agencies of the other members of the United Nations, and, in collaboration with the planning officials of the operating branches concerned, formulated such programs for the approval of the Planning Group.

Records.--See entry 30.

Strategic Services Planning Group [38]

This Group, established in the Office of Strategic Services by a directive of December 23, 1942, inherited functions previously performed by the Joint Psychological Warfare Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (see entry 17). The nine full-time members included four from OSS, one of whom was chairman of the Group, two from the Army, two from the Navy, and one from the Department of State. These officials were primarily concerned with coordinating major projects and plans of

--18--

OSS with military and naval programs. After a given project had been integrated with the total military program and approved by the Director, was submitted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff for final approval.

Records.--See entry 30.

Advisory Committee [39]

Established in December 1942, this Committee inherited the work the Joint Psychological Warfare Advisory Committee, which had been set up in October 1942. It consisted of representatives from the Office of Economic Warfare, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, the Treasury Department, and other Government agencies. It assisted the Strategic Services Planning Group by considering OSS activities that affected the agencies represented on the Committee, by advising how those agencies might assist in insuring the success of OSS plans, and by proposing such steps as might be useful in strategic activities.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Operations and Plans Officer [40]

This Office, established in the summer of 1943, acted as liaison agent between the operating branches of OSS, on the one hand, and the Strategic Services Planning Group and the Director of OSS, on the other. It supplied to the Director information regarding the plans, programs, and operations being developed by the branches under the Deputy Director, Operations. With the Strategic Services Planning Staff, it assisted the operations branches in carrying out their functions and kept the Strategic Services Planning Group informed of all projects originating in the field and of the current status of approved operations. The functions of the Office were taken over in December 1944 by the Field Section of the Secretariat.

Records.--See entry 30.

Special Relations Office [41]

This Office, known before January 1943 as the Liaison Office, was responsible for maintaining contacts with all Government agencies except the War and Navy Departments, with foreign government agencies and their representatives, and with other sources that might provide information of value to OSS. In connection with its over-all liaison functions, the Special Relations Office was also responsible for the security aspects of "all elements involved in the transportation of Office of Strategic Services persons, material and equipment overseas," and it represented the Director in particular undertakings, "usually of a confidential and urgent nature." The Office was discontinued in December 1944, when its transportation functions were absorbed by the Transportation Office and its liaison functions by other units of OSS.

Records.--See entry 30.

--19--

Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment [42]

Established in May 1943, this Detachment was responsible for effecting contacts with the War Department and was also charged with administering all matters pertaining to Army personnel assigned to OSS. Before May 1943 this work, together with comparable Navy-related work, was handled by the Service Liaison Branch, October 1942-January 1943, and the Service Liaison and Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, January-May 1943.

Records.--See entry 30.

Naval Command [43]

This command was established in May 1943 to serve as a liaison office between OSS and Navy agencies and to handle administrative matters affecting Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard personnel assigned to OSS.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Inspector General [44]

Known until mid-1944 as the Office of the Inspector, this Office was established on January 3, 1943. It made inquiries and investigations as required by the Director and reported to him upon all matters affecting the efficiency of OSS operations in the United States and overseas.

Records.--See entry 30.

Field Photographic Branch [45]

This Branch was established on January 3, 1943, to produce OSS training films and to undertake strategic photography overseas for OSS, the Army, and the Navy. Before January 1943 this work was performed by the Secret Intelligence and Special Operations Branches of OSS, described below.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Theater Officer [46]

Established in the summer of 1943, this Office channeled all communications to and from the field agencies of OSS. It was responsible for correlating and expediting all matters with respect to OSS enterprises in the theaters of operations and for furnishing the Operations and Plans Office with data regarding the current status of approved activities in the theaters. One of its subordinate units, the Transportation Office, approved and scheduled overseas transportation for OSS personnel and served as the channel through which the geographical theater offices worked to coordinate the flow of supplies and personnel to the field. In December 1944 the Theater Office was superseded by the Field Section of the Office of the Executive Officer.

Records.--See entry 30.

--20--

Office of Medical Services [47]

Medical officers were on duty with the Office of Strategic Services from the establishment of the agency, and in the summer of 1943 the Office of Medical Services was set up in the Office of the Director to provide medical services to all OSS personnel and to handle medical supplies. In addition, it was assigned the functions of training medical personnel for special activities, determining and providing for the medical needs of resistance groups, and collecting medical intelligence in cooperation with the Secret Intelligence Branch. A representative of the Office was Chairman of the Medical Board, which reviewed cases involving injury to OSS personnel referred by theater medical officers and prepared suitable recommendations to the Assistant Director.

Records.--See entry 30.

Security Office [48]

This Office served as the security agency of the Director for safe-guarding military information. It had responsibility for the security aspects of all OSS personnel, property, records, areas, offices, and buildings. At the Indoctrination School, established on December 18, 1942, security officials instructed all personnel in important security problems and procedures of OSS.

Records.--See entry 30.

Communications Branch [49]

This Branch planned, organized, and operated the essential communications systems required by OSS both in Washington and in the field. It furnished instructors and personnel for training activities, developed special communications equipment and materials, and aided in recruiting and screening radio operators for other branches.

Records.--See entry 30.

Board of Review [50]

Established in 1943, this Board consisted of four top OSS officials, including the General Counsel, and served as the auditing unit of OSS and as the Director's adviser on fiscal policy. The Board reviewed and made recommendations on financial controls, financial records, accounting procedures, and proposed expenditures of unvouchered funds requiring the approval of the Director. It was discontinued on August 4, 1945, was reactivated on September 4, 1945, and was terminated with the rest of OSS on October 1, 1945.

Records.--See entry 30.

Presentation Branch [51]

This Branch, which originated in the Office of the Coordinator of Information, was also known as the Visual Presentation Branch. It produced visual materials used in OSS, excluding motion and still pictures,

--21--

but including charts and other graphic designs. It also maintained exhibits of the equipment and material used by OSS and of corresponding items captured from the enemy.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Deputy Director, Services [52]

This Office, also known as the Office of the Chief, Administrative Services, and as the Office of the Deputy Director, Administrative Services, was responsible for most of the administrative or "housekeeping" functions of the Office of Strategic Services. It was established in October 1942 and inherited the housekeeping functions of the Executive Officer. It formulated policies regarding the administration of OSS, both in Washington and in the field; reviewed all organizational changes affecting any branch or office of OSS; and supervised a number of branches concerned with budgeting, finance, procurement, supply, reproduction, and office services.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Deputy Director, Intelligence [53]

Intelligence activities, the primary function of the Office of Strategic Services, were performed from June through December 1942 by the three intelligence branches inherited from the Office of the Coordinator of Information: Secret Intelligence, Research and Analysis, and Foreign Nationalities. On January 3, 1943, these branches were put under the Office of the Deputy Director, Intelligence, and later in 1943 the X-2 Branch and the Censorship and Documents Branch were added. This Office, also known as the Office of the Deputy Director, Intelligence Services, in addition to supervising the work of its branches described below, maintained liaison with other Government agencies that were engaged in intelligence activities, especially the War and Navy Departments.

In coordinating the activities of the branches, the Deputy Director, Intelligence, was assisted by the Radio Advisory Committee, established on March 1, 1944, and the Committee on the Dissemination of Intelligence, which was established on April 6, 1944, to define and enforce procedures regarding the preparation and dissemination of intelligence reports.

Records.--See entry 30.

Secret Intelligence Branch [54]

This Branch, which was known in the Office of the Coordinator of Information and in the early days of OSS as Special Activities B, was renamed the Secret Intelligence Branch on January 3, 1943. It collected secret intelligence in all parts of the world except the Western Hemisphere, evaluated such intelligence and disseminated it to authorized agencies, and established and maintained direct liaison with Government and Allied secret intelligence agencies.

--22--

It was organized largely on a geographic basis, with divisions for Europe, Africa, the Near and Middle East, and the Far East. These geographic units supported secret intelligence activities in their respective theaters of operations and recruited, trained, and dispatched personnel overseas. The Branch also included the Reporting Board, which edited and disseminated reports after they were approved by the geographic divisions concerned.

Records.--See entry 30.

X-2 Branch [55]

The Counterintelligence Division of the Secret Intelligence Branch was established in March 1943 and was set up separately as the X-2 Branch in June 1943. It handled counterintelligence activities in all areas other than the Western Hemisphere. In particular, it collected and evaluated counterintelligence information and disseminated it to authorized agencies; directed liaison with appropriate military, naval, and civilian agencies of the United States and Allied governments; and prepared lists of enemies or subversive persons for use by theater commanders and other Government agencies. X-2 was organized on a geographic basis, with offices for the European, North African, Middle Eastern, and Far Eastern Theaters of Operations and for European and Far Eastern Field Control.

Records.--See entry 30.

Research and Analysis Branch [56]

This Branch originated in the Office of the Coordinator of Information and was responsible for the accumulation, evaluation, and analysis of political, psychological, sociological, economic, topographic, and military information required for operations or requested by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the armed forces, and other authorized Government agencies, and for the preparation of studies, maps, charts, and illustrations relating to such material. The Branch prepared daily and weekly situation reports and current intelligence studies; participated in the preparation of the "Joint Army and Navy Intelligence Studies," the "Civil Affairs Handbooks" and "Civil Affairs Guides," and Newsmap; collected and cataloged strategically valuable photographs; and maintained an extensive card index of information obtained by the Foreign Nationalities Branch.

The Branch was organized both geographically and functionally. It included the Projects Committee, which authorized, scheduled, and approved all study and research projects of the Branch; the geographic divisions, for the European-African, Far Eastern, Latin-American, and Soviet Union areas; the functional units, including the Current Intelligence Staff and the Map Division (primarily responsible for the compilation of many reports); and a special representative who maintained liaison between the Branch in Washington and its field units and between the Branch and the Joint Intelligence Committee, the Joint Strategic Survey Committee, the

--23--

Joint Intelligence Studies Publishing Board, and the Civil Affairs Divisions of the War and Navy Departments. The Central Information Division of the Research and Analysis Branch was the repository for intelligence documents from its own units, from all other branches of OSS, and from other intelligence agencies, except that documents requiring special security safeguarding were held by the Registry. The Branch was also responsible for the activities of the Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications. This unit, which was sponsored and financed by OSS, collected (often in the form of microfilm copies) foreign newspapers, periodicals, books, technical and trade journals, and other library materials and served in this way all Government agencies interested in foreign publications.

Records.--See entry 30.

Foreign Nationalities Branch [57]

This Branch maintained contact with "hyphenated-nationality groups" in the United States and analyzed, indexed, and processed information gathered from them for dissemination to planning and operating branches of OSS, to the State Department, and to other Government agencies. In connection with its duties, it maintained close liaison with the Foreign Activity Correlation Division of the State Department.

Records.--See entry 30.

Censorship and Documents Branch [58]

This Branch, established in November 1943, inherited some of the work of the Secret Intelligence Branch and some of the radio-intelligence functions of the Communications Branch. By the summer of 1944 the organization included Radio Intelligence, Censorship, and Documentary Intelligence Divisions. Through these divisions the Branch supervised radio-intelligence activities; maintained liaison with the British Radio Security Service, the Federal Communications Commission, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the War Communications Board, and the Office of Censorship; and distributed intelligence obtained from censorship sources to other branches of OSS.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Deputy Director, Operations [59]

This Office was created in January 1943, simultaneously with the Office of the Deputy Director, Intelligence, and was also known as the Office of the Deputy Director, Psychological Warfare. Its activities dealt with planning and executing operations in support of intelligence procurement, and by 1944 its work was divided functionally among the subordinate agencies separately described below, most of which had originated in the former Office of the Coordinator of Information.

Records.--See entry 30.

--24--

Special Operations Branch [60]

This Branch, set up in the Office of the Coordinator of Information and known in the early days of OSS as Special Activities/G, was renamed the Special Operations Branch on January 3, 1943. It was responsible for accomplishing sabotage in enemy and enemy-occupied countries, for organizing and supporting underground resistance movements, for conducting such operations as were not assigned to other Government agencies and not under the direct control of a theater or area commander of the Army or Navy, and for equipping and training individuals and organizations required for its operations. Under its Chief and his Deputy Chief there were two operations officers, one for Europe and one for the Far East. The Maps and Reports Officer was responsible for research and the preparation of reports in connection with special operations.

Records.--See entry 30.

Morale Operations Branch [61]

This Branch was established on January 3, 1943, and inherited certain functions from Special Activities/G, predecessor of the Special Operations Branch. It supported the activities of that Branch by inciting and fostering resistance within enemy or enemy-occupied countries, and its operations were designed to create confusion and division in enemy areas and to undermine enemy morale. It disseminated leaflets and documents, instigated and supported fifth column activities, and provided trained personnel and supplies for these activities. The Branch was divided into the European-Mediterranean and the Pacific-Far Eastern Sections. Plans officers originated weekly and strategic intelligence directives and summaries and dispatched them to the field along with suggestions for their adaptation to field operations. A Production Officer for each section expedited the physical output of materials for campaigns and projects worked out by the geographic units.

Records.--See entry 30.

Operational Group Command [62]

In December 1942 the Office of Strategic Services was authorized to conduct guerilla warfare behind enemy lines. This activity was assigned to the Special Operations Branch until May 13, 1943, when the first separate operational group was authorized. This group and others established later comprised the Operational Group Command, which at first was under the Office of the Deputy Director, Operations, but which later, by mid-1944, became more nearly independent. The Command aided and directed open-resistance groups in carrying out guerilla warfare and in attacking selected targets. Unlike the Special Operations Branch, the Command activated guerillas as military units that operated in uniform and were not primarily concerned with individual acts of sabotage. Operational teams consisting of American volunteers who spoke the language of the target area were selected and trained by the Command for overseas duty.

Records.---See entry 30.

--25--

Maritime Unit [63]

On June 9, 1943, the maritime-training functions of the Special Operations Branch were transferred to the newly created Maritime Unit of the Office of the Deputy Director, Operations. In addition to maritime training, operational functions were assigned to the Unit, and it eventually became the maritime transportation arm of OSS in all areas. The Maritime Unit also assisted the Office of Research and Development of OSS in developing special equipment and supplies necessary to carry out maritime operations. The Unit was discontinued on September 1, 1945.

Records.--See entry 30.

Special Projects Office [64]

This Office was responsible for carrying out special operational assignments and missions as approved by the Director. It was set up on May 26, 1944, as a separate unit under the administrative direction of the Office of the Deputy Director, Operations, to perform this task, previously a function of the Special Operations Branch.

Records.--See entry 30.

Field Experimental Unit [65]

To this unit, established during the summer of 1944, also under the administrative direction of the Office of the Deputy Director, Operations, was assigned the function of demonstrating newly developed and special weapons and techniques to field missions of OSS.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Deputy Director, Schools and Training [66]

Training activities performed by the Schools and Training Branch, and by the operating branches of the Office of Strategic Services as far as their own personnel or specialized functions were concerned, were centralized in this Office in May 1944. The Deputy Director, Schools and Training, was responsible for coordinating training activities and for supervising the Schools and Training Branch. As Chairman of the Training Board, which was established under the Schools and Training Branch on March 24, 1944, he helped formulate the training plans of the Branch. The Office was also closely connected with the Assessment Board, which was established in March 1944 to determine whether persons attending the OSS Assessment School (established earlier in 1944) were fit for overseas duty.

Records.--See entry 30.

Schools and Training Branch [67]

Training functions performed by the Secret Intelligence and Special Operations Branches and by other units of the Office of Strategic Services were centralized on January 3, 1943, in the Schools and Training Branch. The Commanding Officer, Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, maintained administrative jurisdiction over the Branch

--26--

for various periods of time during 1943 and 1944. By March 1944 the Branch was independently responsible to the Director for instruction and training of OSS personnel in the United States and abroad. Although the Deputy Director, Schools and Training, assumed supervisory responsibility over the Schools and Training Branch in May 1944, the Branch retained some independence of action. Military personnel of the Branch were under the "operational command" of the Branch Chief, as were all the training areas operated by OSS.

Records.--See entry 30.

Office of the Deputy Director, Personnel [68]

Personnel administration was decentralized among the individual branches and offices of OSS until December 21, 1944, when it was made the responsibility of the new Deputy Director, Personnel. His Office established policies regarding personnel procurement, maintained liaison with the Civil Service Commission and the War Manpower Commission, and supervised the units separately described below. On August 13, 1945, the Office was discontinued and its functions were transferred to the newly established Personnel Branch (see below).

Records.--See entry 30.

Personnel Procurement Branch [69]

This Branch was established about mid-1944 as an independent unit in the Office of the Director, and on December 21, 1944, it was put in the Office of the Deputy Director, Personnel. The Branch recruited military, naval, and civilian personnel in response to requisitions from the various OSS branches and offices; prepared personnel reports; maintained liaison with the Secretariat of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and with appropriate agencies of the War Department in respect to personnel procurement; renewed personnel practices of OSS units in the field; processed all personnel returning from overseas; and determined the type of information required from field personnel offices regarding personnel being considered for reassignment or reassessment. The Branch was abolished on August 13, 1945, and its functions were transferred to the Personnel Branch.

Records.--See entry 30.

Civilian Personnel Branch [70]

This Branch was responsible for the recruitment, classification, assignment, and use of civilian personnel in the Office of Strategic Services. It was supervised at first by the Executive Officer; later, October 1942-December 1944, by the Office of the Deputy Director, Services; and after December 21, 1944, by the Office of the Deputy Director, Personnel. On August 13, 1945, the Branch, with the other units of the Office of the Deputy Director, Personnel, was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the Personnel Branch.

Records.--See entry 30.

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Personnel Board [71]

This Board, established in the Office of Strategic Services on September 7, 1944, handled reassignment and separation problems, reviewed records of employees awaiting discharge, and conducted investigations of any special situations that came to light during the final interviews. Its members represented the General Counsel's Office and the Personnel Procurement Branch. In December 1944 the Board was put under the Office of the Deputy Director, Personnel.

Records.--See entry 30.

Assessment Review Committee [72]

This Committee was established on May 8, 1945, by the Assessment Board of the Office of the Deputy Director, Schools and Training, to review cases of applicants disqualified for overseas duty. The Committee included psychiatrists selected by the Deputy Director, Schools and Training, a medical officer selected by the Chief of the Medical Services Office, and a representative of the branch concerned. Recommendations of the Committee were forwarded to the Director through the Office of the Deputy Director, Personnel.

Records.--See entry 30.

Personnel Branch [73]

This Branch was established on August 13, 1945, as part of the liquidation program of the Office of Strategic Services and inherited the functions of the Office of the Deputy Director, Personnel, and its subordinate Personnel Procurement and Civilian Personnel Branches. Its main duty was the processing of personnel for separation.

Records.--See entry 30.

Field Agencies [74]

In addition to the branches and offices described above, OSS at various times established units outside of Washington--in the United States, in the theaters of operations, and in other areas. The domestic field units of OSS, most of which were near New York City or in the California coastal area, were known as "outposts" (the equivalent of Army staging areas) and were centers for handling transient personnel, both outgoing and incoming. The overseas units of OSS were patterned after the Office of Strategic Services in Washington. Thus, the Strategic Services Officer in a given theater of operations, or the Chief of a Mission elsewhere, was in command of all OSS units in his assigned area of operations, and he occupied there a position comparable to that of the Director of the Office of Strategic Services in Washington. He was assisted by a staff of officers, which included a deputy, an executive, and intelligence, operations, and services officers.

Each of the branches and offices of OSS in Washington was represented, if necessary, in each field agency, by personnel responsible to the Strategic

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Services Officer or the Chief of Mission; but this personnel was also in contact with, and reported to, the appropriate branch or office chief in Washington. In a theater of operations, the Strategic Services Officer was responsible both to the theater commander and to the Director of OSS. Not only were the activities of an OSS unit in a theater integrated with those of the regular military units there, but also it was the duty of the Strategic Services Officer to maintain close relations with OSS field agencies in other theaters and areas. By 1944 such agencies were in existence in the European, North African, Middle East, and Pacific Theaters of Operations. Changes in the geographical boundaries of theaters resulted in similar changes in OSS field agencies. Thus, when the Middle East and Central African Theaters of Operations were combined to form the Africa-Middle East Theater of Operations, a similar reorganization took place in the OSS units in those areas; when the Pacific Theater of Operations was divided, OSS units were similarly reorganized.

The organization of the Office of Strategic Services in the China Theater in 1945 was typical of the OSS field establishment. The Strategic Services Officer, China Theater, was responsible both to the Commanding General of the China Theater and to the Director, Office of Strategic Services. Under the Strategic Services Officer there were a deputy, an Executive Office with a Secretariat and a Registry Unit, special assistants, a liaison office, and a Board of Review. Reporting directly to the Strategic Services Officer were the technical and administration units--the Medical, Personnel, Security, Schools and Training, Research and Development, and Visual Presentation Offices--and the commanding officers of OSS detachments scattered throughout the China Theater. The OSS Operations and Planning Board of the China Theater, under the Strategic Services Officer, directed the activities of the following units: (1) The Intelligence Office and its Secret Intelligence, X-2, Research and Analysis, Censorship and Documents, and Reports Sections; (2) the Operations Office, its Maritime Unit, and its Special Operations, Morale Operations, Field Experimental, and Special Projects Sections: (3) the units of the Operational Group Command; and (4) the Services Office and its "housekeeping" units.

Records.--See entry 30.

OTHER INTERALLIED MILITARY AGENCIES [75]

In addition to and separate from the Combined Chiefs of Staff there were several other wartime agencies composed of representatives from the War and Navy Departments of the United States and from the corresponding military agencies of certain other nations, especially several Latin-American governments that collaborated with the United States. The name of a board, it should be noted, may not always indicate its status; thus the Joint Aircraft Committee and the various "joint" boards dealing with the Western Hemisphere were actually interallied rather than joint Army-Navy in character; conversely, the Inter-Allied Personnel Board was an internal War Department committee. A few of the international boards described

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below included representatives from Federal agencies other than the War and Navy Departments. In each case, however, the Army or the Navy had primary responsibilities and interests and provided the secretariat. (For the interallied boards of predominantly civilian composition, see the volume for civilian agencies.)

Joint Aircraft Committee [76]

The Army-Navy-British Purchasing Commission Joint Committee was planned in July and August 1940, was established in September 1940, and was renamed the Joint Aircraft Committee (JAC) in April 1941. It was responsible until September 1945, when it was discontinued, for two major functions concerning air materiel: (1) The formulation and approval of production programs and production schedules for United States-manufactured airplanes and major airplane components (notably engines and propellers); and (2) the promotion of standardization and the review and approval of interservice standards and specifications (Army-Navy and Army-Navy-British) for airplanes, airplane components, expendable air supplies such as bombs and ammunition, air equipment such as parachutes and radar sets, and ground-related equipment such as tool kits and trainer devices. The United States representatives on the Committee consisted of the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces, Chairman; other representatives of Headquarters Army Air Forces (from the Offices of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans, and of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Materiel and Services); representatives of the Chief of Naval Operations and of the Navy Department's Bureau of Aeronautics; and aircraft-production experts of the Office of Production Management (April 1941-January 1942) and the War Production Board (January 1942-September 1945). The British members consisted (at various times) of representatives of the British Purchasing Commission, the British Supply Council, the British Air Commission (BAC), and the Royal Air Forces Delegation to BAC.

The Joint Aircraft Committee's production program and scheduling work extended to all United States-built airplanes, engines, and propellers, including lend-lease items destined for the British and other Allies. It was based on approved strategic allocation policies laid down successively by the President's Liaison Committee (to March 1941), the Defense Aid Control Office of the White House (March-December 1941), and the Munitions Assignments Board in Washington (January 1942-September 1945). At the same time, since JAC was concerned with converting production capacity into completed airplanes, it indirectly influenced the shaping of strategic policy. It delegated its production-scheduling work, except for general review and approval, to its Working Committee on Delivery Schedules, later renamed the Subcommittee on Production Programs. This Subcommittee, in turn, ultimately delegated a large part of its work to the Aircraft Resources Control Office of the War Production Board.

Standardization work was handled by the JAC Subcommittee on Standardization, which in turn had many sub-subcommittees dealing with particular categories of air materiel and equipment. One of these sub-subcommittees

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was the Joint Radio Board (JRB), which was established in November 1941 to handle aviation radio and radar standardization. Other sub-subcommittees were concerned with the interservice and interallied standardization of guns, gun sights, and other armament; ordnance and chemical munitions; pyrotechnics and other recognition signals; navigation aids and devices; and helmets, parachutes, cabin heating, and trainer devices. Each such sub-subcommittee had a recorder, who was usually attached to a unit either in the Army Air Forces (in the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Materiel, or in Headquarters Air Technical Service Command) or in the Navy Department's Bureau of Aeronautics. The Recorder's Office of the Joint Aircraft Committee itself arranged meetings, prepared agenda, minutes, and decisions for the plenary meetings of JAC, and kept its central records.

Records.--The records of the Joint Aircraft Committee are in the custody of the Aircraft Committee of the Munitions Board. They consist of numbered case files, 1940-45, each file containing copies of the minutes, the pertinent reports and recommendation of a subcommittee, and other papers on a given production program or a particular standardization case; a separate series of numbered case files oh the Joint Radio Board's standardization transactions, 1941-45; another set of JAC minutes, chronologically arranged; and administrative records, arranged by subject and relating to organizational, membership, and other general JAC business. Other copies of printed JAC minutes and of case files are among the records of the participating Army and Navy staff agencies; and still other copies of minutes and of case files, together with a historical report, are in the War Production Board's Policy Documentation File in the National Archives.

The central records of Headquarters Army Air Forces include important correspondence and memoranda relating to JAC, filed under 334.8 (JAC), 381.3 and 400.336 (Lend Lease), and 452.1 (Assignment of Airplanes), and copies of some of the numbered JAC production programs and of the JAC "Aircraft Preference List" (filed as "bulk" or oversize items under 321.9, 452.13, and 452.14). The records of the Air Historical Office include a study on "Distribution of Air Materiel to the Allies" (1944, typed) bearing in part on the Committee's work. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain some related documents, including scattered copies of Joint Aircraft Committee and Joint Radio Board case papers; see index sheet filed under AG 334, then according to various names of JAC and its subcommittees. The records of Headquarters Air Technical Service Command (Wright Field, Ohio) contain documents on JAC standardization activities.

See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Handbook of International Organizations, 249-253 (Washington, 1945).

Inter-American Defense Board [77]

The Inter-American Defense Board (IADB), composed of military and naval officers of the United States and the 20 Latin-American republics, was established in accordance with a resolution of the meeting of Foreign Ministers at Rio de Janeiro in January 1942. The Board was one of several major agencies concerned with problems of Western Hemisphere

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defense. It held numerous meetings in Washington and made a number of trips throughout Central and South America between March 1942 and September 1945. It continued in existence after the war as an inter-American consultative and advisory body on military and naval affairs. Its activities between 1942 and 1945 included the making of studies and recommendations on air power and air bases in the Western Hemisphere, antisubmarine defense, the transit of foreign military aircraft through Latin-American countries, protection against sabotage, the supervision of telecommunications, the distribution of Spanish and Portuguese versions of United States Army training films to Latin America, and such naval matters as bases and the protection of the merchant marine.

The United States "delegates" to the Inter-American Defense Board represented the War Department General Staff (including the Operations Division), Headquarters Army Air Forces (Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans), and the Chief of Naval Operations. The Board established a number of subordinate committees, including the Committee on Inter-American Transportation (November 1943-August 1944), which was concerned with improving air, ground, and water transportation facilities in Latin America, and the Air Committee (1945), which made a survey of air installations in the Caribbean and Central American areas.

Records.--The records of the Board are in the custody of its Secretariat. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain copies of some of the Board's resolutions (together with background correspondence and other related papers), 1942-43; case files on the Board's origins, Dec. 1941-Mar. 1942; and other papers on its organization, personnel, and travel, 1942-45; see index sheets, Dec. 1941-Sept. 1945, filed under AG 040. Other related records are in the Inter-American Affairs Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Among the Board's published papers is the Report of the Committee on Inter-American Transportation (1944; 31 p.).

See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Handbook of International Organizations, 123-126 (Washington, 1945); and A. M. Harlow, "The Inter-American Defense Board," in United States Naval Institute, Proceedings, 73: 191-199 (Feb. 1947).

Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission [78]

This Commission, known also as JMUSDC, was organized early in 1942, and the United States Section of the Commission was officially established by an Executive order of February 27, 1942. The purpose of the Commission was to study problems and make recommendations relating to the common defense of Mexico and adjacent areas of the United States. Its deliberations and recommendations between 1942 and 1945 pertained to a variety of military and naval defense measures, such as a "Basic Defense Plan" for the two countries; the establishment of the Pacific Military Region (Lower California) as a regional headquarters of the Western Defense Command; the installation of direct telephone and teletype circuits

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between that Region, Western Defense Command headquarters, and the Navy's Western Sea Frontier; the construction of airfields and the establishment of aircraft-detection and aircraft-warning stations for Lower California; the censorship of postal, cable, radio, telegraph, and telephone communications; the detection of clandestine radio stations; the construction of air bases in Tehuantepec; United States use of Mexican air bases and territorial waters; United States training of Mexican military personnel; and Western Hemisphere defense policies involved in the proposed United Nations Organization, March 1945. The Commission's recommendations, together with copies of its minutes and other papers, were normally transmitted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the War and Navy Departments, and the corresponding Mexican agencies and formed the basis for further discussion and action.

In 1945 the United States Section consisted of a Senior Navy Member (representing the Chief of Naval Operations), a Senior Army Member (representing the Operations Division, War Department General Staff), and other members representing those same agencies and also the Army Air Forces, the Western Defense Command, and the Western Sea Frontier. In September 1945 the Secretary of the United States Section was in the Pan-American Group, Operations Division, War Department General Staff. The Commission continued to serve in the postwar period as a Mexican-United States consultative body.

Records.--The records of the United States Section of the Commission, 1942-45, which are in the custody of the Secretary of the Section, include minutes or "journals" of meetings, recommendations and supporting papers, progress reports, and papers pertaining to organizational, personnel, and other administrative matters. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain copies of journals, minutes, recommendations, and progress reports, together with background correspondence and other related papers; and War Department staff papers relating to procedures and instructions for United States-Mexican staff conversations; see index sheets, Mar. 1942-Sept. 1945, filed under AG 334 and AG 040. Other related correspondence is in the Pan-American Affairs Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

Joint Brazil-United States Defense Commission [79]

This Commission, known also as JBUSDC, was planned between October 1941 and May 1942, was established in August 1942, and served in Washington through the rest of the war as an agency for preparing, recommending, and reviewing plans and proposals for mutual defense and for coordinating various phases of the military activities of the two nations. During the war the Commission was concerned with the general character, the cost, and the materiel and personnel requirements of mutual defense plans and with such matters as United States training of Brazilian personnel, the allocation of United States equipment for use in Brazilian military training, and United States equipment and transportation

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for the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, which was assigned to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. In September 1945 the United States members of the Commission consisted of representatives of the War Department General Staff (Pan-American Group, Operations Division), Headquarters Army Air Forces (Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans), Headquarters United States Fleet (Plans Division, including its Air Section), and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (Pan-American Division). The Brazilian members were the corresponding ground, naval, and air officers of the Brazilian Army and Navy. The Commission functioned in plenary meetings as well as through subcommittees for ground, naval, and air forces. The Secretariat of the Commission was headed by the Secretary General and was located in the Pan-American Group, Operations Division, War Department General Staff.

Responsible to the Commission in Washington, until March 1, 1945, was the Joint Brazil-United States Military Commission in Rio de Janeiro. This Commission was established in December 1942, when the United States Section of the Commission apparently inherited certain responsibilities previously exercised by various United States military and military aviation training missions to Brazil (1941-42) and the Joint Military Board for Northeast Brazil (an airfield construction mission of the Army Air Forces and the Corps of Engineers, established in January 1942). The Military Commission in Rio de Janeiro, as an advisory and expediting group for the Commission in Washington, was concerned with defense plans, programs for training Brazilian air and ground personnel and combat units, including troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (known also as BEF), and plans for the movement and redeployment of BEF. From March to October 1945 the Military Commission in Rio de Janeiro, with its Air and Ground Divisions, was under the jurisdiction of the United States Army Forces in the South Atlantic. After October 1945, when the latter command was discontinued, the Military Commission again served under the Joint Brazil-United States Defense Commission.

Records.--The records of the Joint Brazil-United States Defense Commission, 1942-45, are in the custody of the Commission's Secretariat in Washington. The records of the Joint Brazil-United States Military Commission, 1943-45, were, in 1947, in the custody of that Commission's Secretariat in Rio de Janeiro; the records of its Air Force Section, 1945-46 (6 feet), however, were subsequently transferred to the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain occasional copies of papers of the two commissions (together with related internal War Department correspondence), papers pertaining to the formulation of the War Department's "standing instructions" to Army members, and papers relating to Army personnel assigned to the commissions; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under the names of the two commissions. Navy-related correspondence is in the Pan-American Affairs Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Other related documents are among the records of the United States Army Forces in the South Atlantic.

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Combined Committee on Air Training in North America [80]

The Air Training Conference in Ottawa, May 1942, and its successor, the Combined Committee on Air Training in North America, which was located in Washington, September 1942-45, served as a consultative and advisory body for exchanging information and preparing recommendations relating to the training in Canada and the United States of Royal Air Force personnel from the United Kingdom; to the standardization of training, grading, and rating of certain specialized air personnel; and to the training aids and devices. The Committee consisted of representatives of Headquarters Army Air Forces (Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training), the Navy Department's Bureau of Aeronautics (Training Division), the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Canadian Department of National Defense (Air), and the Royal Air Force.

Records.--Whether the Committee kept its records separately is not known. Agenda, minutes of meetings, conference reports, and correspondence relating to the Committee are in the Air Warfare Section, Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air). Similar papers are in the central records of Headquarters Army Air Forces; in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 334); and in the records of the Assistant Secretary of War for Air.

Allied Snow Board [81]

This Board was established about May 1943 by the Governments of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States to promote the exchange of technical information relating to the development of military vehicles used in snow. The United States was represented by the Requirements Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces, and possibly by other Army and Navy agencies.

Records.--Whether this Board kept any records is not known. A few papers relating to the Board are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

United Nations Central Training Film Committee [82]

This Committee was organized about July 1942 and served until July 1946 as an agency to promote the interallied exchange of motion pictures and film strips used in military training. The Committee became the central agency for the collection, evaluation, and cataloging of such films; it disseminated lists of titles and other guides and finding aids; and it considered problems of training-film production, especially as they related to avoiding duplication. The Committee was financed by the Army Pictorial Service and the Navy Department's Bureau of Aeronautics, and the National Archives provided film-storage and projection facilities. Early in 1946 the following countries were represented on the Committee through their military missions in Washington: The United Kingdom, Canada, the Union

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of South Africa, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, and Greece. The United States members were from the National Archives, the Navy Department's Bureau of Aeronautics, the Army Pictorial Service and other Signal Corps agencies, and the Photographic Division of Headquarter Army Air Forces.

Records.--The records of the Committee, 1942-46 (960 feet), are in the National Archives. They consist of motion pictures (6,119 reels), film strips (about 3,900 items), and sound recordings (about 600 items); lists of titles, bulletins, digests, screening summaries, indexes, and other finding aids to these materials; and the Committee's charter, progress reports, and other administrative records. The films are largely of Signal Corps, Army Air Forces, and Navy origin but they also include copies of some training films of foreign governments; they cover a wide variety of military and naval subjects, such as weapons, aircraft, ships, supply, tactics, and troop health and welfare. A history of the Committee, prepared in 1946 in the Training Film Branch, Bureau of Aeronautics, is among the records of that Bureau.

OTHER ARMY-NAVY AGENCIES [83]

In addition to and separate from the Joint Chiefs of Staff there were about fifty other joint Army-Navy boards, committees, and the like that functioned during World War II and are described in this section. Most of these were composed of representatives of the Army and the Navy only. A few had representatives from other agencies as well; these are included in this section because the Army and the Navy had paramount interest in their work. Some were planning and advisory bodies, others were fact-finding units, others were established to provide coordinating machinery for certain matters, and a few had day-to-day operational responsibilities. Nine existed before 1939, but the rest originated during the war. Most of them were discontinued after the war; some that were concerned with peacetime military activities eventually formed part of the joint administrative machinery under the Office of the Secretary of Defense, which was established late in 1947. Other agencies that worked for both the Army and Navy were administered not jointly but by a single service and they are described with that service; see, for example, the so-called Army-Navy Consolidating Stations, managed by the Army's Transportation Corps, and the United States Armed Forces Institute, managed by the Information and Education Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces. The joint Army-Navy agencies described below are entered in the order of their establishment.

Many of the agencies described below are listed and briefly identified, except for their records, in Navy Department, Committees, Boards, and Commissions With Army and Navy Representation, Excluding Those Under the Combined Chiefs of Staff or Joint Chiefs of Staff (Aug. 1, 1945, ed. 33 p.); and in Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Committees, Boards, and Commissions Related to Industrial Mobilization: Reference List (May 1946; issued as RP-41. 242 p.). Card files on many of these and other boards

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and committees are in the Departmental Records Branch and the Precedent and History Section, Adjutant General's Office.

Joint Board [84]

The Joint Board, sometimes known as the Joint Army and Navy Board or as JB, was organized in 1903 to make recommendations to the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy on matters involving cooperation of the Army and the Navy. In 1939 the Board was placed under the direction of the President. It was active until early 1942, when most of its functions were taken over by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Until then the Board prepared joint war plans, supervised joint training programs, advised the President concerning national and hemispheric defense measures, and made recommendations on various other questions affecting the Army and the Navy jointly. After 1942 the Joint Chiefs of Staff made occasional recommendations in the name of the Joint Board until the latter was formally dissolved on September 1, 1947.

The Army members of the Board in 1939 were the Chief of Staff, the Deputy Chief of Staff, and the Assistant Chief of Staff for the War Plans Division. Navy members were the Chief of Naval Operations, the Assistant Chief of Naval Operations, and the Director of the War Plans Division. In July 1941 air representation was provided by adding as board members the Deputy Chief of Staff for Air (who was also the Commanding General, Army Air Forces) and the Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics. The Secretary of the Board during this period was a service officer, and after the establishment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the same officer was Secretary of both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Joint Board.

The Board had three subordinate agencies during the war: The Joint Planning Committee, created in 1919; the Joint Economy Board, established in 1933; and the Joint Intelligence Committee, organized in the latter part of 1941. The Joint Planning Committee, the most active of these, was reorganized several times between 1939 and 1942; in 1941 the Joint Strategic Committee was created as its working subcommittee. Other joint agencies, such as the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board, the Aeronautical Board, and the Joint Army and Navy Selective Service Committee, submitted certain types of recommendations through the Joint Board, but they were not otherwise subordinate to it.

Records.--The records of the Joint Board, 1939-45, including minutes and case papers, are in the custody of the Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff. For security reasons, these records are not available to other agencies or individuals. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain important documents on the Board's charter membership, on its relationship to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and on most of its cases, 1939-44; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under Joint Board and under individual committee names. The records of the Operations Division, War Department General Staff, also include papers relating to the Joint Board.

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Joint Army and Navy Powder Specifications Board [85]

This Board, the origins of which go back to the predecessor Joint Army-Navy Board on Smokeless Powder (established in 1906), appears to have been inactive during World War II, although members were appointed to it by the Army's Ordnance Department and the Navy Department's Bureau of Ordnance as late as January 1943. Specifications for explosives of interest to the two services were usually handled directly between them rather than through this Board.

Records.--No records of the Board are known to exist. There are, however, a few items of correspondence relating to the Board, Oct. 1940-Feb. 1943, in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

Joint Army-Navy Merchant Vessel Board [86]

This Board, also known as the Joint Merchant Vessels Board, originated in 1914 and served during the war as an agency for maintaining listings of merchant vessels under American registry, with particular reference to the wartime conversion and utilization of such vessels. The members of the Board represented the Chief of Naval Operations, the Quartermaster General, the Chief of Transportation, and the Chief of Ordnance. A section of the Board was attached to each naval district. The Board was discontinued in April 1949.

Records.--The records of the Board beginning with 1943 were in Dec. 1948 in the Merchant Vessels Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations; in Apr. 1949 they were being considered for transfer to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Copies of the Board's correspondence and a history of the Board are a part of that Section's own records. Among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, are many papers relating to the assignment of Army personnel to the Board and to its field sections; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

Aeronautical Board [87]

The Aeronautical Board, also known as AB and as the Joint Army-Navy Aeronautical Board, originated in 1916 and served between 1939 and 1945 as a consultative body on "all questions affecting jointly the development of Army and Navy aviation" that were referred to it by the War and Navy Departments or that it desired to study. The Board's members in 1945 consisted of the Deputy Commanding General, Army Air Forces; the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Materiel and Services; a representative of the Operations Division, War Department General Staff; the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air); the Deputy Chief, Bureau of Aeronautics; and the Director of Aviation Logistics Plans, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Under the Board there were the following committees: The Working Committee (also known as WCAB), which prepared and reviewed drafts of standard Army-Navy aeronautical specifications (also known as ANA standards) for airplane parts and materials; the Army-Navy-Civil [Civil Aeronautics Administration] Committee on Aircraft

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Design Criteria (known also as ANC), which prepared and reviewed drafts of standards as they applied to loads, structural designs, allowable stresses, methods of analysis and testing, and performance calculations; and the Army-Navy-Civil Committee on Aviation Ground and Seadrome Lighting Equipment and Installations. Other less active committees during the war included the Plans and Policies Committee, the Facilities Planning Committee, the Industrial Planning Committee, and in 1945 the Production Program Committee and the Research and Development Committee. The Board was discontinued on August 1, 1948, and its functions were transferred to the Munitions Board and the Research and Development Board.

Records.--The agenda, minutes, case papers, and other records of the Aeronautical Board were in 1946 in its custody. Whether they were divided in 1948 between the Aircraft Committee of the Munitions Board and the Aeronautics Committee of the Research and Development Board has not been determined. Copies of most of these documents, together with related correspondence, are among the records of the Air Technical Service Command (where drafts of many of the Army-Navy aeronautical standards were prepared); the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets, 1940-45, filed under AG 040 and AG 334); the central files of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics; and the records of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air). The senior Army member's set of the Board's minutes, together with copies of papers acted on by the Board, 1923-48, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A few documents of the Board were published during the war, notably its Outline of Policy . . . for Release of Aircraft, Aircraft Engines, and Items of Aircraft and Accessories for Export and Domestic Sale (1939 ed. 9 p.); and ANC Bulletin No. 19, Wood Aircraft Inspection and Fabrication (1944, 364 p.).

National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice [88]

This Board was established by an act of August 29, 1916 (39 Stat. 648), to encourage and develop rifle shooting and marksmanship by civilians throughout the United States, as an aid to national defense. Its activities, which had been important in peacetime, were progressively curtailed between 1939 and 1945. The Board continued, however, to advise rifle organizations during the war and to plan its postwar program. Its members during the war represented the Under Secretary of War, the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, and the United States Marine Corps.

Records.--The records of the Board for 1939-45, which in 1947 were in its custody, include correspondence, planning papers, and reports from rifle organizations. Among the Board's published wartime documents is its periodical, Shooting News.

Army and Navy Patent Advisory Board [89]

This Board advised the Commissioner of Patents, on behalf of the War and Navy Departments, on matters relating to the preservation of secrecy concerning inventions vital to the national defense, in accordance

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with an act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. 394), as amended July 1, 1940 (54 Stat. 710). In 1940 the Army members of the Board represented the Ordnance Department, the Signal Corps, the Chemical Warfare Service, the Air Corps, and the Judge Advocate General's Office; later, Headquarters Army Service Forces was also represented. In 1945 the Navy members represented the Executive Office of the Secretary, the Bureau of Ordnance, and the Bureau of Aeronautics.

Records.--Records of the Board, including case files and correspondence, are partly in the Patent Division, Office of Naval Research, and partly in the Judge Advocate General's Office, Department of the Army. A few related papers are among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334 (1 linear inch). A 2-volume unpublished history of the Army Section of this Board, 1940-44, is on file in the Army's Historical Division.

Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board [90]

The Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board (known also as the Munitions Board and as ANMB), the origins of which go back to 1922, served in various capacities during the war in connection with quantity production of war materiel. It formulated and issued the 1939 revision of the Industrial Mobilization Plan (known also as IMP), which was a revision of earlier editions (1931, 1933, and 1936). It served as a war-procurement planning agency, 1939-40; as a review and clearance authority for munitions bought by foreign purchasing commissions in the United States, 1939-41; as a priority-rating agency for munitions production, for the expansion of industrial facilities, and for the allocation of machine tools to industry for war production, 1940-42 (later some of these functions were handled by the War Production Board); as the controlling authority for stockpiling critical and strategic materials, 1939-40; as an advisory body for determining military requirements for such stockpiles, 1944-45; and as a planning agency for postwar munitions production, beginning in 1943.

Between 1939 and 1941 the Munitions Board was composed of military personnel assigned by the Under Secretary of War and the Under Secretary of the Navy, together with some full-time civilian personnel, and in the fall of 1941 it was reconstituted under a full-time civilian Chairman. After March 1942 the Army membership was altered, in connection with the general reorganization of the War Department, to include representatives of the Resources Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces, and of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Materiel and Services, Headquarters Army Air Forces. The Navy members represented the Under Secretary of the Navy, the Program and Priorities Branch of the Office of Procurement and Material, and the Bureau of Aeronautics. In August 1942 the Maritime Commission was given representation in those meetings and transactions in which the construction of merchant vessels was involved.

The Munitions Board's organizational status changed from time to time during the war. In 1939 it was placed directly under the President. In February 1942 it was made accountable to the President "through" the

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Chairman of the War Production Board; and in July 1943, to the President "through" the Joint Chiefs of Staff. At the same time it was accountable to the Joint Board, which reviewed and approved its charter. The Munitions Board's relationship to the War Production Board was close. Some of the Munitions Board's commodity specialists were assigned as representatives to the War Production Board's industry divisions, and frequently the two agencies collaborated through interagency committees, such as the Joint Magnesium Committee (March-April 1942), the Joint Aluminum Committee (April--June 1942), the Joint Alloy Steel Committee (July-September 1942), the Joint Optics Committee (for optical glass. 1942), and the Joint Steatite Committee (1942-43), each of them a "joint" committee of the Army and Navy Munitions Board and the War Production Board (for further details about these committees and their records, see War Production Board in the volume on civilian agencies).

The Munitions Board functioned through the Executive Committee, which was its principal operating and reviewing agency, and the following subordinate committees and units. The Clearance Committee reviewed existing and proposed regulations, orders, and other directives of the various war agencies, including especially those of the Office of Production Management, 1941-42, and the War Production Board, 1942-45, insofar as those directives affected the production and distribution of war materiel by the War and Navy Departments. The Priorities Committee at first determined preference ratings governing the use of industrial facilities, machine tools, and materials for war production; later it became a reviewing authority that shared this responsibility with the War Production Board. The Ocean Shipping Committee was concerned with coordinating the acquisition of port terminal facilities by the Army, the Navy, the War Shipping Administration, and the Office of Defense Transportation. The Conservation Section and the Conservation Committee maintained and revised, in collaboration with the Priorities Committee, the Munitions Board's list of items prohibited in Army and Navy construction work. The Strategic Materials Committee was active chiefly in 1939-40, when it was responsible for determining requirements for stockpiles of strategic materials, and in 1943-45, when it was responsible for developing the Board's postwar plans and programs for stockpiling. The Commodities Division compiled and assembled data on basic and raw materials for war production. The Machine Tools Committee was responsible for reviewing Army and Navy requirements for machine tools and resolving conflicts between competing agencies for such equipment. The Facility Clearance Committee reviewed proposals for Army-financed and Navy-financed construction of industrial plants for the manufacture of war materiel.

Records.--The general correspondence of the Munitions Board for the war period, 1939-45 (which is part of a longer series covering the period 1917-46), is among the records of the Board (127 feet) in the National Archives. The Priorities Committee's wartime records, relating to the administration of the Board's priority system and the assignment of preference

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ratings, and the Clearance Committee's records, pertaining to the review of War Production Board orders and other orders and regulations (existing and proposed), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO (463 feet). The records of the Machine Tools Committee, 1940-45, including orders, reports, and correspondence with tools manufacturers, form part of the 128 feet of records of the Tools Section, Production Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces, in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Records of other committees of the Board are in the custody of the Board or of the participating agencies in the Army, Navy, or Air Force.

Among the major series of documents issued by the Board during the war are its "Organization Orders"; its "Memoranda" on procedural matters; the Commodities Division's monthly "Commodity Status Reports," Jan.-June 1942, subsequently discontinued and replaced by the War Production Board's "Materials Handbook"; the Priorities Committee's "Priorities Instructions" and "Priorities-Allocations Instructions," about 1940-45; and the Priorities Committee's "List of Prohibited Items for Construction Work," various editions, Apr. 1942-Aug. 1945.

Some of the Board's documents have been published, notably the Industrial Mobilization Plan (1939 and earlier eds.), and Stockpiling (1947), the latter consisting of extracts from a confidential report on World War II stockpiling. The Hearings of the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program contain copies of minutes and correspondence of the Board, Jan. 1939-May 1940, relating to the services' proposed use of synthetic rubber being developed by the Standard Oil Development Co. (part 11, p. 4725-4731, 4741-4742). The Hearings of the House Appropriations Committee's Subcommittee on the War Department Civil Functions Appropriation Bill for 1944 (p. 200-204) contains texts of the Board's policy statements on the proposed Cross-Florida Barge Canal, Mar. 1943.

The Policy Documentation File of the War Production Board, which is in the National Archives, contains copies of the Munitions Board's "Priorities-Allocations Instructions," Aug.-Dec. 1942; minutes of the Facility Clearance Committee, Feb.-Apr. 1942; minutes of the Joint Magnesium Committee, Mar-Apr. 1942; minutes of the Joint Aluminum Committee, Apr.-June 1942; and minutes and progress reports of the Joint Alloy Steel Committee, July-Sept. 1942. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain important War Department staff correspondence relating to the Munitions Board's changing functions and status, its priorities transactions, and its clearance of foreign purchases of munitions in the United States; see index sheets filed under AG 334. Similar files of correspondence are in the records of Headquarters Army Service Forces, chiefly among the records of the Production Division (see especially file 334.8 ANMB, files 334 and 334.8 Joint Optics Committee, and files 334 and 334.8 Joint Steatite Committee).

See Army Industrial College, "The Army and Navy Munitions Board" (Mar. 20, 1945. 40 p., mimeographed), a transcript of seminar proceedings on the Board's wartime activities.

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Joint Army and Navy Selective Service Committee [91]

This Committee, the origins of which go back to 1926, was active especially between April 1940 and August 1941 in studying the problems of emergency mobilization of manpower and, after the passage of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 (54 Stat. 885), for preparing recommendations for collaboration between the armed forces and the Selective Service System. The Committee's Navy members were from the Bureau of Navigation and the Personnel Division of the Marine Corps; its Army members represented the Under Secretary of War, the Adjutant General's Office, and the Personnel Division, G--1, of the War Department General Staff. Apparently the Committee ceased to function about August 1941 and its members and their successors subsequently served as liaison officers attached to the National Headquarters, Selective Service System.

Records.--The records of the Committee have not been found. A few documents relating to the Committee are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334. Other correspondence and documents, 1936-40, are among the records of the Production Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (see file 334.8/172). Records of the War Department Liaison Officer With the Selective Service System (8 feet), in May 1947 were in the custody of the Administrative Office, Personnel and Administration Division, War Department General Staff. The Committee published one of its reports: American Selective Service; a Brief Account of Its Historical Background and Its Probable Future Form (Oct. 1939. 33 p.).

Joint Army-Navy Ammunition Storage Board [92]

This Board, the origins of which go back to 1928, served between 1939 and May 1945 as an inspection and research agency for the promotion of industrial safety at Army and Navy installations, especially storage facilities, where accumulations of military explosives were warehoused. The Board made investigations on its own initiative and conducted surveys at the request of Army and Navy agencies. The members of the Board, which was located in Chicago, represented the Army's Ordnance Department, the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance, the Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks, the Supply Division, G-4, of the War Department General Staff, the Coast Guard, and (after August 1944) the Army's Transportation, Corps and the Navy's Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. In May 1945 the Board was renamed the Army-Navy Explosives Safety Board, and later, the Armed Services Explosives Safety Board.

Records.--The records of the Board, 1939-45, are in the custody of the Office of the Chief of Ordnance, Department of the Army. Copies of some of the Board's proceedings and charters, together with related War and Navy Department correspondence and memoranda, are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334 Joint Army-Navy Ammunition Storage Board, and under AG 334 Army-Navy Explosives Safety Board. Related documents are in the records of

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the Control Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (file 334, dated 1944-45); and in the records of the Planning and Progress Division, Bureau of Ordnance.

Joint Air Advisory Committee [93]

This Committee, known also as the Joint Army-Navy Air Advisory Committee, was planned about February 1940, was established in May 1940, and served for a year as a study and advisory body composed of representatives of the Plans Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps; the War Plans Division, War Department General Staff; and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The Committee's responsibilities, which were stated in broad terms, were to study and advise on "present and projected" developments in military and naval aviation. In particular, the Committee studied such matters as the potential and actual duplication and overlapping between Army and Navy air combat missions, ground bases and installations for air operations, and materiel-procurement programs and procedures; the joint use of aircraft-maintenance facilities; the simplification of aircraft types and their reduction in number; and the standardization of armament and equipment. Few of the Committee's deliberations were recorded, and the problems assigned to it were ultimately taken over and considered by other joint agencies later in the war.

Records.--No Committee records have been found. The central records of Headquarters Army Air Forces, however, contain documents on the Committee's origins, Feb. 1940, and copies of its reports, Aug. 1940 (under classified file 334.3, Joint Air Advisory Committee); and the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain a few documents pertaining to the Committee, May 1940-May 1941 (see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under both Committee names).

Joint Advisory Board on American Republics [94]

This Board, known also as the Joint Army-Navy Advisory Board on American Republics, was established about December 1940 to review requests for munitions from Latin-American governments, including requests after March 1941 for equipment under the lend-lease program. After January 1942 the Board's recommendations on such requests were presented for action to the United States members of the Munitions Assignments Board, the successor Joint Munitions Allocations Committee, or its appropriate subcommittees. The Advisory Board included representatives of the Supply Division, G-4, and the Operations Division of the War Department General Staff; the International Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces; the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Materiel and Services, Headquarters Army Air Forces; and the Pan-American Division and the Logistics Plans Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. In 1944 the Advisory Board's activities shifted, from consideration of materiel concerns only, to the general consideration of military collaboration, including postwar collaboration, with Latin-American military forces; and in September 1945 materiel allocation, including the assignment of surplus war

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materiel, was taken over by a separate postwar board--the American Republics Allocations Board. The Advisory Board was discontinued in April 1949 by order of the Secretary of Defense.

Records.--The Board's records, 1940-49, consisting of correspondence, minutes, and other documents relating to the procurement of munitions in the United States by Latin-American republics (6 linear inches), are in the National Archives. Copies of its minutes, the directives under which it operated, membership data, and papers on its individual transactions are among the central records of Headquarters Army Air Forces (file 337 "bulk," June 5, 1945); the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets, 1940-45, filed under AG 334); and the records of the Pan-American Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

Joint Army and Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation [95]

Organized in February 1941 by direction of the President, this Committee was an outgrowth of the War Department's Committee on Education, Recreation, and Community Services, which had been authorized by Mobilization Regulation 1-10 (1939). According to this regulation, the programs for recreational, athletic, and welfare activities at Army and Navy stations and installations were administered by the two services, each looking after its own installations, and related activities in civilian communities were made the responsibility of the Federal Security Agency. With the expansion of the military and naval establishments, the Joint Army and Navy Committee was created to plan Army and Navy activities in these welfare fields and to coordinate them with those of civilian agencies. The Committee engaged in studies, made recommendations that resulted in the establishment of the United Service Organizations (known also as USO), adjusted operational problems that arose in connection with the activities of the American Red Cross, the USO, the Army, and the Navy, and undertook extensive inspections of recreational and welfare facilities sponsored in the continental United States by the armed services and by the USO. The Committee's interests, but not its authority, extended also to overseas theaters of operations, which frequently included joint recreational committees and units in their major headquarters.

The War Department members of the Committee in 1941 represented the Personnel Division, G-1, of the War Department General Staff, and the Morale Division of the Adjutant General's Office (subsequently of Headquarters Army Services Forces); later, the Office of the Secretary of War was also represented. The Navy Department members represented the Training Division of the Bureau of Navigation, the Personnel Administration Division of Headquarters Marine Corps, and the Personnel Division of the Bureau of Aeronautics. The Committee was still active in 1947.

Records.--The records of the Committee were in the custody of its secretariat in 1947. Copies of the Committee's minutes, reports, and related correspondence up to 1945 are among the records of the Welfare Activity, Bureau of Naval Personnel. The following Committee materials (1 foot) are among the records of the Office of the Secretary of War: Recordings of

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band and popular music, music of India, Brazilian and Melanesian languages, and Nazi propaganda; and copies of Melanesian language guides and grammar books. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain many documents, including intradepartmental correspondence, relating to the Committee; see index sheets filed under AG 334. Two of the Committee's publications are A Report on Army Special Service Activities and Facilities to Nonmilitary Cooperating Agencies (1942. 14 p.), and Recommendations and Report to the Secretaries of War and Navy (1946. 17 p.).

Joint Committee on Port Safety [96]

This Committee was established in May 1941 to study safety measures involved in handling explosives passing through the major ports on the east and west coasts and on the Gulf. The Committee members represented the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (which furnished the secretariat), the Office of the Chief of Staff, and the Coast Guard. The Committee appears to have functioned only in May 1941. Similar functions were subsequently exercised by other agencies.

Records.--Whether any records of this Committee exist is not known. A few items of correspondence relating to the Committee, May 1941, are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO.

Joint Army and Navy Board on War Correspondents' Credentials [97]

This Board, which was established in February 1942 and served at least until September 1945, reviewed questions involving the accrediting of newspapermen and other war correspondents at Army and Navy installations in the United States and overseas. It also entertained appeals from the action of commanding officers in revoking credentials. The Board's members represented the Army's Bureau of Public Relations and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

Records.--No records of this Board have been found.

Joint Army and Navy Personnel Board [98]

This Board, also known as the Army-Navy Personnel Board, was established in May 1942, shortly after the creation of the War Manpower Commission, to consider questions of the armed forces' interests in the mobilization of manpower for military service and for war production. Toward the end of the war the Board's interests shifted to problems of demobilization and the development of separation policies for uniformed personnel. In September 1945 the Board had five subcommittees: The Joint Army-Navy-NACA Personnel Board, which is separately described below; the Joint Policy Committee on Women's Reserves; the Joint Committee on Demobilization; the Joint Army-Navy Committee on National Service Life Insurance; and the Joint Army-Navy-Marine Corps-Public Health Service Committee on Retired Status of Military Personnel. The Personnel Board appears also to have reviewed the work of a special subcommittee, the Joint Army-Navy Committee for the Selection of Colleges (and of other non-Federal educational institutions), about January 1943 to January 1945.

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The Board was renamed the Armed Forces Personnel Board in November 1948; it was absorbed by the Personnel Policy Board, under the Secretary of Defense, in February 1949.

Records.--The main body of wartime records of the Board are in the Plans and Policy Control Division, Bureau of Naval Personnel. Agenda, minutes, and other papers relating to the Board's activities, organization, committees, and agreements, May 1942-May 1945, that were accumulated in the Personnel Division, G-1, War Department General Staff, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Copies of correspondence relating to the Board are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under the main Board and under some of the above subcommittees.

Joint Army-Navy-NACA Personnel Board [99]

This Board reviewed cases of draft-eligible civilian employees of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics who were working on high-priority research projects for the Army and the Navy.

Records.--No separately maintained records of this Board are known to exist.

Joint Army-Navy-Marine Corps-Coast Guard College Procurement Committee [100]

This Committee, which was active between July 1942 and March 1943, prepared the Joint College Procurement Program for making use of the private educational institutions of the United States in furthering the many specialized, noncombat training programs of the armed forces. The Committee was composed of representatives of the Army Air, Ground, and Service Forces, the Bureau of Naval Personnel (which supplied the secretariat of the Committee), the Marine Corps, the Coast Guard, and (later) the War Manpower Commission. In the course of its work it visited colleges and universities and held meetings with educators.

Records.--The records of this Committee have not been found.

Army-Navy Board for Production Awards [101]

This Board was established in July 1942 to formulate and conduct a single Army-Navy program of granting awards, called "E" awards, to industrial contractors for the Army and the Navy who demonstrated outstanding performance in the production of war materiel and supplies. This program replaced the Navy's "E" program, the Army's "A" program (see Army Board for Production Awards), and the Army-Navy "Star" awards program. When the Board was established in 1942, it represented the Under Secretary of War, Headquarters Army Service Forces (especially its Procurement and Distribution Division, which provided administrative services for the Board), and the Incentive Division, Office of the Under Secretary of the Navy. Later the Bureau of Public Relations (in the Office of the Secretary of War), the Industrial Personnel Division (in Headquarters

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Army Service Forces), and Headquarters Army Air Forces also participated. The Board functioned for the remainder of the war.

Records.--Whether the Board kept its own records separate from the records of participating agencies is not known. Important correspondence, reports, and other records relating to the Board's activities are among the records of the Industrial Services Division of the Bureau of Public Relations, and the Industrial Personnel Division of Headquarters Army Service Forces.

Joint Army-Navy Flight Information Security Committee [102]

This Committee functioned between August 1942 and November 1945 as an agency for reviewing proposed flight-information publications of the Civil Aeronautics Administration from the viewpoint of military security. The Army Air Forces members of the Committee represented the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Intelligence, the Air Communications Office, and the Office of Information Services (and their respective predecessors). The Navy member represented the Hydrographic Office. Other participating agencies were the Civil Aeronautics Administration, the Military Intelligence Service, and the Interdepartmental Air Traffic Control Board.

Records.--No records of the Committee are known to exist. Records of the Navy's participation in the work of the Committee are among the records of the Division of Air Navigation, Hydrographic Office.

Army-Navy Electronics Production Agency [103]

The Army-Navy Communications Production Expediting Agency was established about August 1942, was renamed the Army-Navy Electronics Production Agency (known also as ANEPA) in October 1942, and functioned during the remainder of the war and for a short time thereafter. The Agency operated under an agreement between Headquarters Army Service Forces and the Navy's Office of Procurement and Material and was authorized to unify and expedite the procurement of radio, radar, underwater-sound, telephone, telegraph, and related equipment. ANEPA represented the Signal Corps and the Bureau of Ships (the two major procurement agencies for such equipment) and the War Production Board. Its organization included a headquarters group and various field agencies.

Records.--The headquarters records of the Agency are in the custody of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Related correspondence is in the central files of the Navy's Office of Procurement and Material, in the records of the Electronics Section of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and in the records of other participating agencies. The War Production Board's Policy Documentation File, which is in the National Archives, contains a partial file of ANEPA's weekly "Production Status Reports." The records of the Production Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces, contain a small file on the predecessor Agency for 1942 (file 334.8). The records of the Control Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces, contain

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some correspondence on ANEPA for the period Feb.-Dec. 1943. The central files of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer contain separate files on ANEPA under the heading "AN." The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain scattered papers for the period Dec. 1942-- June 1946; see index sheets filed under AG 334. Records of the ANEPA field agencies in Columbus, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Toledo are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO.

Joint Army-Navy Air Transport Committee [104]

This Committee was established about September 1942 by agreement between the Assistant Secretary of War for Air and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air. The purpose of this action was to arrive at joint Army-Navy policies concerning the military use of commercial airlines in wartime and the formulation of standard contract procedures for dealing with such airlines. The Committee's members represented the Assistant Secretary of War for Air, the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Air Transport Command, and the Naval Air Transport Service. The Committee was discontinued in March 1949 by order of the Secretary of Defense.

Records.--No records of the Committee are known to exist. Copies of its wartime agenda, minutes, and reports are among the records of the Assistant Secretary of War for Air, in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; and among the records of the Air Transportation Section of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air).

Joint Army-Navy Committee on Specifications [105]

Between December 1942 and September 1945, as well as in the post-war period, this Committee served as a central coordinating, reviewing, and recording body to establish a series of joint Army-Navy specifications, called JAN specifications, for parts, materials, and components of war materiel and equipment procured by Army and Navy agencies. These standards applied primarily to ground equipment and common items of supply for the armed forces. The Navy members of the Committee represented the Bureau of Ordnance, the Bureau of Ships, and the Bureau of Aeronautics. In 1945 the Army members represented the Specifications and Inspection Branch of the Production Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces; and the Air Standards Branch of the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Materiel and Services, Headquarters Army Air Forces. Each Technical Service of the Army Service Forces had a liaison section to expedite the coordination of proposed JAN specifications. After the war the Committee, renamed the Joint Army-Navy Specifications Board, was placed under the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board; and in May 1948 it was renamed the Standards Agency of that Board.

In addition to the major Specifications Committee there were various ad hoc committees established during the war to standardize procurement of particular items that were used by both the Army and the Navy. Among these

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were committees for trucks, trailers, and semitrailers, about 1943-44; for advance-base construction equipment, 1943-44; for Diesel engines, 1944; for plastic materials, 1944; and for drafting-room standards, 1945.

Records.--The records of the Joint Army-Navy Committee on Specifications, 1941-45, are in the custody of the Office of Naval Material. Records relating to the Committee and to the standardization subcommittees are among the records of the Production Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (especially files 334 and 334.8); the records of the Control Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (especially file 334); and the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 334).

Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee [106]

This Committee, also known as JANAC and as the Joint Army and Navy Committee for Assessment of Loss or Damage of Enemy Naval and Merchant Vessels, was established in December 1942 and served through the war and in the postwar period. As a research and evaluation board on World War II combat operations, the Committee was concerned with vessel losses and damage from all causes, except those cases handled by the Anti-Submarine Warfare Assessment Committee of Headquarters United States Fleet. JANAC during the war was composed of Navy members from Headquarters United States Fleet and from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Army members from Headquarters Army Air Forces and from the following units of the War Department General Staff: The Office of the Chief of Staff, the Military Intelligence Division (G-2), G-2's Military Intelligence Service, and the Operations Division.

Records.--Some of the records of the Committee were in 1947 in the custody of its Army secretariat; others are in the Navy's Communications Station and the Division of Naval Records and History. Copies of the Committee's documents, together with related correspondence, are among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334. The Committee published a tabulation entitled Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes (1947. 57 p.).

Joint Clearing Committee on Army-Navy Training Aids [107]

This Committee, also known as the Joint Clearing Committee on Training Aids, functioned between about January 1943 and November 1944 as an agency to recommend procedures for avoiding "unnecessary duplication" in the design and production of synthetic training devices and other training aids. The War Department members represented Headquarters Army Ground Forces, the Training Division of Headquarters Army Service Forces, and the Division of Individual Training in Headquarters Army Air Forces. The Navy Department members represented the Bureau of Naval Personnel and the Bureau of Aeronautics.

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Records.--Whether the Committee itself kept records is not known. Papers relating to its work are among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under both names of the Committee.

Joint Army-Navy Board for Training Unit Contracts [108]

This Board, which functioned between March 1943 and December 1945, reviewed contracts with private educational institutions from the point of view of standard contract terms and contract provisions as between the two services. The Navy members came from the Bureau of Naval Personnel; the Army members, from the Training Contracts Section of the Purchases Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces.

Records.--Some minutes and correspondence of the Board are in the Office of the Bureau Counsel, Bureau of Naval Personnel. No other Board records have been identified.

Army and Navy Staff College [109]

The Army and Navy Staff College (also known as ANSCOL) was established in Washington in April 1943 and opened in August 1943. it conducted special advanced training of specially selected and qualified senior officers of the Army, the Army Air Forces, the Navy, and the Marine Corps for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of these officers in the performance of command and staff duties in unified and coordinated operations of the various components of the armed forces. In the first courses, air operations and logistics involved in combined operations were stressed, and students were exchanged between ANSCOL and the Command and General Staff School, the Naval War College, and the Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics. The College operated under the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and in July 1946 it was renamed the National War College.

Records.--The records of the Army and Navy Staff College are in the custody of the successor National War College.

Joint Army-Navy Code Marking Committee [110]

This Committee, also known as the Committee on Code Markings of Overseas Shipments, was established in April 1943 to study and recommend improvements in the use of code words as shipping designations and postal addresses. In 1945 the Navy members represented the Bureau of Aeronautics, the Bureau of Naval Personnel, the Bureau of Ordnance, and the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. The Army membership included a representative of the Mobilization Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain a few papers bearing on the Committee's work; see especially case AG 400.161 (Aug. 25, 1943).

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Joint War and Navy Committee on Radar Instruction [111]

This Committee, which existed between April 1943 and September 1945, was charged with considering the revision of "the entire program of radar instruction" in the armed forces.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found.

Joint Army-Navy Committee on Contingent Fees [112]

This Committee was established in May 1943 to collect data on, investigate, and undertake remedial negotiations as to contingent fees paid to salesmen, brokers, and agents of contractors and subcontractors for war materiel and services, and to formulate recommendations on the subject to the Navy Department, the Army Service Forces, and the Army Air Forces. The Navy member apparently came from the Office of Procurement and Material; and the Army member, from the Legal Branch, Purchases Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found. Its precept and a few of its papers are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

Joint Army-Navy Uniform Identification Board [113]

This Board was established about May 1943 to compile data on uniforms and insignia used by foreign military personnel, especially enemy personnel, presumably for use in training films on enemy identification. The Army members represented the Signal Corps and the Military Intelligence Service, and the Navy members represented the Office of Naval Intelligence. The Board was apparently discontinued by August 1944.

Records.--No records kept by the Board have been found. The Navy's papers relating to the Board were dispersed among the area and regional desks of the Office of Naval Intelligence.

Joint Battery Advisory Committee [114]

This Committee was established about June 1943 to maintain a technical information service on the characteristics and designs of electrical batteries in production and under development, including batteries being developed by the National Defense Research Committee. The secretariat of the Committee was located in the Special Projects Section of the Engineering and Technical Service, Office of the Chief Signal Officer. The Navy members represented the Bureau of Ships and the Bureau of Ordnance. The Committee was discontinued in May 1949, and the Research and Development Board was directed by the Secretary of Defense to assume such of the Committee's functions as lay within the Board's statutory field.

Records.--No records of this Committee have been found. A few records relating to the Committee's work are among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

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Joint Army-Navy Standardization Committee for Aviation Free Gunnery [115]

This Committee, representing the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Army Air Forces, was established about June to standardize, as between the Army Air Forces and the Navy's air a, teaching practices relating to turret gunnery. The Committee served at least until September 1945.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found.

Joint Army-Navy Experimental and Testing Board [116]

This Board, known also as JANET, was established in September 1943 by agreement between the Chief of Naval Operations and the Chief of Staff, to conduct realistic "operational" or battle-simulated tests of equipment and tactics useful for joint amphibious warfare and landing operations. Among the tests made were those in the use of demolition rockets, of underwater mine detectors, and of cutting torches. The Board was located at Fort Pierce, Fla., and was attached administratively to the Amphibious Training Command, Atlantic Fleet. The Navy members represented Headquarters United States Fleet, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Bureau of Ordnance. The Army representatives detailed to the Board from time to time came primarily from the Organization and Training Division, G--3, of the War Department General Staff, the Corps of Engineers, and the Ordnance Department. The Board was dissolved about October 1945, after which time the Joint Amphibious Warfare Committee was authorized to conduct future projects in the same general field.

Records.--The records of the Board, 1942-45, are in the Kansas City Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Correspondence relating to the Board, 1944-45, is in the Amphibious Warfare Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Copies of the Board's project reports, with related War Department correspondence and papers concerning the Board's origins, 1943-45, are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 334) and in the records of the Control Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (see file 334); and a copy of one of the Board's "demonstration" reports, Dec. 1944, is in the reference collection, Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A brief, unpublished history of the Ordnance Detachment of the Board is in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis.

Joint Army-Navy Plastic Armor Technical Committee [117]

This Committee, established in September 1943, was charged with encouraging and coordinating research and development in the field of plastics as a material for armor. The Navy members of the Committee, which remained active throughout the rest of the war and probably in the postwar period, included representatives of the Office of Procurement and Material, the Bureau of Ordnance, the Bureau of Ships, and the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. The Army members were from the Military Planning

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Division (including its Plastics Section), Office of the Quartermaster General; the Small Arms Development Branch, Office of the Chief of Ordnance; the Production Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces; and the Materiel Division of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Materiel and Services. The Committee was discontinued in July 1946.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found. Important papers relating to its work are among the central records of the Office of the Quartermaster General; the central records of Headquarters Army Service Forces (file 334, dated 1944); the records of the Production Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (file 334, dated Oct. 1943); and the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 334).

Joint Amphibious Warfare Committee [118]

This Committee was organized late in 1943 to formulate combat requirements for equipment and devices that were being developed by the War and Navy Departments and by the National Defense Research Committee. It also reviewed test reports of the Joint Army-Navy Experimental and Testing Board, and late in 1945 it was given jurisdiction over projects of this Board. The Committee was composed of Navy members representing Headquarters United States Fleet and the Chief of Naval Operations, and Army members from the Organization and Training Division, G-3, of the War Department General Staff, and from the Ordnance Department and other War Department agencies. The Committee was discontinued in March 1949, by order of the Secretary of Defense.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found. Correspondence about its work, June 1944-July 1946, however, is in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 334), and in the records of the Amphibious Warfare Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

Army-Navy Electronics Standards Agency [119]

This Agency, known also as ANESA, was established at Red Bank, N.J. (at a Signal Corps installation there), about December 1943, in order to promote standardization, between the Army and the Navy, of production specifications for components and parts of radio, radar, and other electronics equipment used by the armed forces. Represented on the Agency were the Signal Corps and the Bureau of Ships, the two major procurement organizations in the electronics field. The Agency's work in formulating, coordinating, and releasing joint specifications was required to conform to the procedures of the Joint Army-Navy Committee on Specifications. After the war (in December 1945) ANESA was renamed the Army-Navy Electronics and Electrical Standards Agency.

Records.--The records of ANESA are probably in the custody of the successor Standards Agency at Fort Monmouth, N.J. There is some correspondence about the Agency in the central records of the War Department,

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in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 322 and AG 334); in the central files of the Navy's Office of Procurement and Material; and in the records of the Electronics Section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

Advisory Committee for Developing a Simplified List of Sizes for Pallets and Skids [120]

This Committee was established about March 1945 or earlier to develop a simplified list of standard types and dimensions of pallets and skids used in handling and transporting packed war supplies and equipment. The Committee may have been an outgrowth of an earlier Army-Navy Committee for the Study of Palletizing of Supplies, established in December 1943. The Navy members of both these Committees represented the Chief of Naval Operations, the Bureau of Ordnance, the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, and the Marine Corps. The Army members are not known.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found.

Army-Navy Air Facilities Committee [121]

This Committee was established about January 1944 to study the exchange of air bases between the Navy Department and the Army Air Forces. The Navy members represented the Chief of Naval Operations and the Army members represented Headquarters Army Air Forces. Whether the Committee existed after the war is not known.

Records.--No records kept by the Committee have been found.

Army-Navy Florida Board [122]

This Board, which was established about January 1944, was concerned with coordinating Army and Navy plans for training in landing-craft operations in St. Andrews Bay, Fla.

Records.--No records kept by the Board have been found. The War Department's central records, in the AGO, contain a few papers bearing on the Board's work, filed under AG 353 (Jan. 19, 1944).

Joint Port Facilities Committee [123]

This Committee, also known as the Joint Army-Navy Board on Port Facilities for Handling and Loading Ammunition and Explosives, served between October 1944 and August 1945 as a committee to prepare plans for improved safety measures for use on the west coast. The Navy members of the Committee represented the Naval Transportation Service, the Bureau of Ordnance, the Bureau of Yards and Docks, the Coast Guard, and the Logistics Plans Division of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The Army members represented the Army Transportation Corps (including its Rail Division), the Corps of Engineers, and the Safety and Security Division, Field Service, Office of the Chief of Ordnance.

Records.--Whether this Committee kept a separate body of records is not known. There are, however, papers pertaining to its organization and functions,

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Sept. 1944-Aug. 1945, among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; and among the records of the Control Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (see file 334).

United States Strategic Bombing Survey [124]

The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, known also as USSBS, as the Strategic Bombing Effects Committee, and as the Combined Bombing Offensive Survey, was organized in November 1944 by the Secretary of War at the request of the President. The Survey inherited the functions of the United States Bombing Research Mission to London, which had been sent in July 1944 to initiate the Bomb Damage Analysis Project in collaboration with British military authorities, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the Office of Strategic Services, the Economic Warfare Division of the American Embassy in London, and other interested United States and Allied organizations.

The Strategic Bombing Survey, composed of civilian and military experts headed by a civilian Chairman, studied the direct and indirect effects of Allied strategic bombing programs in Europe, partly in order to develop a more efficient campaign against Japan. The Survey investigated the extent of physical destruction caused by bombings and the effects of bombing on industry, utilities, transportation, medical care, social life, morale, and the will to fight on the part of bombed populations. Although the Survey undertook preliminary research during the period of hostilities, it was most active after the fighting stopped in May 1945. Its representatives, working as field teams, followed the occupying troops and studied the results of bombings at first hand by observation, collection of documentary evidence, and interviews with residents of bombed areas.

The overseas headquarters of the Survey in London consisted of a Chairman, a Military Advisory Board, and a panel of civilian Survey Directors, each of whom was responsible for planning and guiding the studies in one of the following fields of interest: Aircraft, oil, bearings, heavy industry, transportation, physical damage (including weapon effectiveness), and morale and over-all effects (including area studies). In addition there were several operational units that engaged in the work of research and compilation and that by June 1945 (after some reorganization) were grouped administratively under the following four general groups. The Services Group carried on administrative functions. The Economic Studies Group consisted of the Oil, Aircraft, Munitions, Equipment, Transportation, and Utilities Divisions. The Military Analysis Group included the Physical Damage Division, with Weapons Effectiveness and Target Studies Subdivisions. The Civilian Studies Group, organized in the summer of 1945, absorbed previously separate Morale and Civilian Defense Divisions. The London office of the Survey, which had set up regional headquarters in Belgium, France, and Germany in the course of its operations, was closed in October 1945, and the staff returned to the United States to prepare its reports.

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Following the survey of aerial bombardment in Europe, the United States Strategic Bombing Survey, up to that time largely a War Department enterprise, shifted its attention to the Pacific theaters and became a joint Army-Navy survey organization. The headquarters of the Survey (Pacific) were in Tokyo, with a separate Naval Analysis Division and other divisions comparable to those of the Survey in Europe, and its extensive field operations included investigations and interrogations both on the main islands of Japan and on other Pacific islands. Most of the reports of the Survey were currently disseminated throughout the Army and the Navy as confidential intelligence reports. The Survey was discontinued about August 1946.

Records.--Except personnel records, most of which are in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis, the records of the Strategic Bombing Survey, 1944-46 (710 feet), are in the National Archives. They include memoranda, reports, exhibits, correspondence, captured enemy records and reports, and administrative records of the Survey. Guides to these records include an Index to Records . . . published by the Survey (1947. 317 p.), and a 4-volume unpublished official "History" prepared by the Survey, in two copies, one in the custody of the Army's Historical Division, and the other in the Air Historical Group. Related records in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, include correspondence pertaining to the Bombing Research Mission, Oct. 1944, and to the origins, personnel travel matters, and equipment problems of the Strategic Bombing Survey, Nov. 1944-Aug. 1946; see index sheets filed under AG 334. Copies of some of the Survey's unpublished reports, chiefly its "Interviews" with key German personnel and its "Intelligence Notes" on German industry, were in 1945 among the records of the Office of Strategic Services. Copies of unpublished Survey reports are also among the records of the Intelligence Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces, and the records in the Air Historical Group. Many of the reports of the Survey, totaling about 200 each for the European and the Pacific branches, have been published and distributed by the Government Printing Office, 1946-47.

Army-Navy Liquidation Commission [125]

This Commission, also known as ANLC and as the Office of the Joint Army-Navy Liquidation Commissioner, served between January and September 1945 as the joint planning and supervisory authority for the orderly disposal of surplus war materiel, equipment, and fixed installations and property on hand in the overseas theaters of operations at the end of the war. The Commission consisted of representatives of the various procurement agencies of the War and Navy Departments. In addition to its central office it had a number of commissions that operated overseas. It was assisted by an Advisory Board, composed of representatives of the State Department, the Treasury Department, the Foreign Economic Administration, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, the Maritime Commission, and the Surplus Property Board. In September 1945 the Commission, with its records and personnel, was transferred to the Office of Foreign Liquidation in the State Department.

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Records.--The whereabouts of the records of the Army-Navy Liquidation Commission is not known. Copies of documents prepared by or relating to the Commission are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 334) and the records of the Control Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces (see especially file 334).

Joint Marine Procurement Board [126]

This Board was established about January 1945 to coordinate matters of mutual interest to the Navy Department's Bureau of Ships and the Army's Transportation Corps in the procurement of noncombat vessels, parts, and related supplies. Three subcommittees dealt, respectively, with design and specifications, procurement programs, and repair parts and packaging.

Records.--No records kept by the Board have been found.

Joint Army-Navy Packaging Board [127]

This Board, established in February 1945, prepared "Joint Packaging Instructions" (JPI's) for use in overseas supply work, assigned procurement responsibility for a given packaging material or device to the appropriate Army or Navy procurement agency, and coordinated the work of the Army Packaging Board and the Navy Packaging Board. Insofar as its work extended to specifications, the Board was governed by the policies of the Working Committee of the Aeronautical Board and the Joint Army-Navy Committee on Specifications. The wartime members of the Joint Army-Navy Packaging Board were representatives of the Navy Department, the Army Service Forces, and the Army Air Forces, including the chairmen of the Army and the Navy Packaging Boards.

Records.--Case files and correspondence of the Board and related records, 1942-45, are in the custody of the Office of Naval Material. A few related papers are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

Joint Army-Navy Petroleum Purchase Agency [128]

This Agency was established in July 1945 in accordance with an agreement between the Under Secretary of War and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy to centralize certain aspects of the purchasing of gasoline, lubricants, and other petroleum products by the Navy's Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, the Army's Quartermaster Corps, and the Army Air Forces. The Agency inherited personnel, functions, and records of the petroleum units of the above three participating agencies and certain records of the Air Transport Command. Its operations extended into the postwar period.

Records.--The records inherited from participating agencies and the Agency's own wartime records are in its custody.

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Joint Army and Navy Board to Standardize Air Support Procedures [129]

This Board was established in September 1945 by the Chief of Staff and the Chief of Naval Operations to formulate a common tactical training procedure governing air support to ground and surface-vessel forces. These procedures included methods of communication, operational terminology, and ground or surface control of aircraft in flight. The board, whose secretariat was in the A-3 staff office of Headquarters Army Air Forces, included representatives of the Chief of Naval Operations, the Army Ground Forces, the Marine Corps, and Headquarters Army Air Forces.

Records.--Whether the Board kept any records is not known. Copies of its report were distributed for discussion in Dec. 1945. Related documents are among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

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