JAPANESE PREPARATIONS

FOR OPERATIONS

IN MANCHURIA

(PRIOR TO 1943)

PREPARED BY

MILITARY HISTORY SECTION

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY FORCES FAR EAST

DISTRIBUTED BY

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

HEADQUARTERS

ARMY FORCES FAR EAST

MILITARY HISTORY SECTION

JAPANESE RESEARCH DIVISION

JAPANESE

PREPARATIONS FOR OPERATIONS

IN MANCHURIA

(PRIOR TO 1943)

JAPANESE MONOGRAPH

NO. 77

This monograph, written from the viewpoint of the Army General Staff of Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, covers Kwantung Army's preparations for operations in Manchuria prior to 1943. (Information covering the years 1943-1945 may be found in Monographs No. 138, 154, and 155.) Emphasis in this monograph is on Kwantung Army's troop build-up, its subsequent troop reduction resulting from supplying reinforcements to operational areas in the south, followed by efforts at revitalization. Of especial value, the editor feels, is the comprehensive list of unit gains and losses contained in the Appendix; this covers the years 1941-1945, and is the only such compilation of ground units in the series of Japanese monographs.

The original monograph was compiled in 1946 from the scanty information (mostly diaries and personal recollections) then available. At that time no members of the wartime staff of Kwantung Army Headquarters had as yet been returned to Japan. Contributing authors, all former army officers who at one time served with Imperial General Headquarters, were: Lieutenant Colonel Heizo Ishiwatari (formerly Army War History Compilation Section), Lieutenant Colonel Katsushiro Mizumachi (Kwantung Army staff officer prior to 1944), Majors Yasuji Komuratani, Ryuhei Nakamura, Juro Shishikura, and Masataka Iwano. During editing by the Military History Section, Headquarters Army Forces Far East, supplementary information was obtained from the First Demobilization Bureau. Research assistance was provided the editor by ex-Colonel Muraji Yano while a consultant with the Japanese Research Division.

November 1954

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

Kwantung Army Build-up

Page.

Acquisition of Kwantung Territory (1895-1919)

1

Origin of Kwantung Army (1919)

2

The Mukden Incident (1931)

3

Kwantung Army Growth from 1937 to 1941

9

Kwantung Army "Special Maneuvers," Mid-1941

12

The Decision to Go South (August 1941)

13

Effect of "Special Maneuvers" on USSR

16

CHAPTER II

Build-up of Kwantung Army Ends

Deployment to the South Begins

19

Kwantung Army's Role Limited

23

Re-appraisal of Manchuria, Early 1942

28

Strengthening of Manchuria

29

Withdrawals from Manchuria Resumed, Late 1942

32

Estimate of Soviet Far East Strength

35

Maps

No. 1

Manchuria

iv

No. 2

Southern Area, 1941

18

No. 3

Kwantung Army Deployment in Manchuria 8 December 1941

26

Charts

No. 1

List of Kwantung Army Commanders

4

No. 2

Part I Kwantung Army Build-up, 1931-1940

6

Part II Kwantung Army Build-up, 1941-1945

7

No. 3

Organizational Chart, Kwantung Army (Down to Divisions) September 1941

10

No. 4

Southern Army, Major Components (with

locations and operational areas)

1 December 1941

21

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Page

No. 5

Organizational Chart, Kwantung Army Air Force 1941-1942

27

No. 6

Organizational Chart. Kwantung Army (Down to Divisions) End of 1942

34

Appendix

No. 1 Kwantung Army Ground Units Gained and Lost (Mar 1941 to Aug 1945)

37

INDEX

65

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MAP NO. 1

 

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CHAPTER I Kwantung Army Build-up

Acquisition of Kwantung Territory (1895-1919)

Under the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) which brought to an end the late 19th Century Chinese-Japanese rivalry in Korea, China ceded to Japan the Liaotung Peninsula, including the naval base at Port Arthur and the commercial port of Dairen. At the time Japan, being primarily interested in the sovereignty of Korea, did not have the "awakened" interest in Manchuria that Russia, for example, had.

Japan's hold on this peninsula was short-lived for within a week, under pressure exerted jointly by Russia, Germany, and France, she was obliged to retrocede it to China. Russia, moreover, in 1898 obtained from China a 25-year lease of the southern part of the peninsula—the area known as Kwantung Territory. (See Map No. 1)

Thereafter, Russia replaced China as Japan's main rival in Korea. Gradually, the field of conflicting interests reached beyond Korea and into Manchuria, and to the Far East in general, leading ultimately to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. Under the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth, which terminated this war, Russia's 25-year lease of Kwantung Territory was transferred to Japan.1 Japan, in addition, acquired ownership of the Russian-built railway between Dairen and

1. Hence, this lease dated from 1898. In 1915 Japan obtained an extension of the lease to 99 years (until 1997) as part of the 21 demands on China.

--1--

Changchun (760 route miles). The transfer of rights was recognized by the Chinese Government in the Sino-Japanese treaty of 1905, and the railway became known as the South Manchuria Railway. Through subsequent treaties with China, Japan gained extraterritorial rights over the narrow strip of land on both sides of the railway. This led to the establishment of the South Manchurian Railway Zone, and the stationing of railway guard units there.

In the year following the Russo-Japanese War, Japan kept the newly-acquired territories under military administration directed by the local commander of Japanese forces. In 1906 the office of the Governor General of Kwantung Territory was created, and although a civilian administration was nominally in effect, the governor general's post was occupied by the Japanese military commander. Holding both posts, he was responsible not only for security and the maintenance of public peace and order, but also for the administration of the territories and the operation of the railroad. The military force at his disposal consisted principally of the railway guard units, which though small initially were gradually enlarged. In his capacity of governor general, he had a substantial police force in Kwantung Territory. This arrangement continued through World War I.

Origin of Kwantung Army. 1919

In 1919 the situation in the Far East was unstable (the Siberian expedition was under way) and on 12 April of that year, the Japanese

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Army General Staff in Tokyo formally created the Kwantung Army. At the same time it established Kwantung Army Headquarters, giving it

control of all military forces in Kwantung Territory and in the Railway Zone.2 Earlier, an infantry division had been sent to Kwantung Territory, with plans for its rotation in two years.3 At the time of its formation, therefore, Kwantung Army consisted of one division, one independent garrison unit (with six battalions), the Port Arthur Fortress Heavy Artillery Battalion, and numerous small railway units. Troops of these units, totaling approximately 10,400, comprised the initial strength of Kwantung Army. Kwantung Army's missions were to defend Kwantung Territory and to protect the South Manchurian Railway and Zone. The initial staff of Kwantung Army Headquarters, organized at Port Arthur, was more administrative than tactical in nature. The first Kwantung Army commander was General Koichiro Tachibana. (A list of Kwantung Army Commanders is given in Chart No. 1) The Mukden Incident (1931)

From 1919 until the outbreak of the Mukden Incident on 18 Sep-

2. In the same year, civilian administration was actually effected with the appointment of a civilian governor general in Kwantung Territory, with greatly diminished authority. To a large extent he was under military influence. This joint military-civilian rule continued from 1919 until 1932, all but the last year of which was a period of civilian ascendancy in Japan.

3. The numerical designation of this division and the year it

was sent to Manchuria are not known. Pertinent records kept by Kwantung Army and IGH were destroyed after World War II.

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Chart No. 1

List of Kwantung Army Commanders

Commanders

Date Assumed Command

General Koichiro Tachibana

April 1919

General Misao Kawai

January 1921

General Sanenobu Ono

May 1922

General Yoshinori Shirakawa

October 1923

General Nobuyoshi Muto

July 1926

General Chotaro Muraoka

August 1927

General Eitaro Hata

July 1929

General Takashi Hishikari

June 1930

General Shigeru Honjo

August 1931

General Nobuyoshi Muto

August 1932

General Takashi Hishikari

July 1933

General Jiro Minami

December 1934

General Kenkichi Ueda

March 1936

General Yoshijiro Umezu *

September 1939

General Otozo Yamada *

July 1944

* The title commander-in-chief was inaugurated in June 1942, when Kwantung Army was elevated to the status of a general army.

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tember 1931, the Army General Staff in Tokyo (hereafter referred to simply as AGS) maintained Kwantung Army at substantially its original strength. During and after the Incident. Kwantung Army was gradually reinforced. At least one of the early reinforcements, however, was not authorized by the AGS. The commander of the Korea Army,4 for example, arbitrarily sent an element of the 20th Division to the fighting scene at the first reports of action; this element—the 39th Mixed Brigade—reached Mukden on 21 September.

The reinforcements authorized by the AGS were homeland units and did not arrive until more than a month later. These were the 8th Mixed Brigade which arrived on the scene on 11 November, and the 4th Mixed Brigade which arrived on 7 December. At the end of December, the remainder of the 20th Division joined its brigade in the fighting sons.

Meanwhile. Kwantung Army, which at the outbreak of the Incident had moved its headquarters to Mukden, attempted to localize operations. Guerrilla resistance became so widespread, however, that operations had to be extended throughout all of Manchuria. These developments presaged the proclamation of Manchukuo as an independent state on 18 February 1932. In connection with the formation of the new state, the Kwantung Army commander was given a second title— that of Ambassador Plenipotentiary to Manchukuo, and his headquarters

4. The Korea Army commander, Lieutenant General Senjuro Hayashi, later became Japanese Prime Minister (for a brief period in 1937).

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Chart No. 2

Part I

Kwantung Army Build-up, 1931-1940  

Type of Units\Year

End of 1931

End of 1932

End of 1933

End of 1934

End of 1935

End of 1936

End of 1937

End of 1936

End of 1939

End of 1940

Army Headquarters

2

4

4

Infantry Divisions

2

4

3

3

3

3

6

8

9

12

Cavalry Groups

1

1

1

1

1

Brigades

2 MB

1 MB
2 Cav

1MB

2 MB
1 Cav

2 MB
1 Cav

2 MB
1 Cav

1 TkB
1 Cav

1 Cav

1 Cav

1 Cav

Border Garrison Units

8

8

13

Independent Garrison Units

1

1

3

3

3

3

3

3

9

9

Garrison Units

1

1

1

Air Force Headquarters (Koku-Heidan)

1

1

Air Group Headquarters (Hiko-Shudan)

1

1

1

1

Air Regiments (Hiko-Sentai)

3

3

3

3

5

5

12

18

27

Legend: MB - Mixed Brigade
Cav - Cavalry
TkB - Tank Brigade

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Chart No. 2

Part II

Kwantung Army Build-up, 1941-1945

Type of Units\Year

End of 1941

End of 1942

End of 1943

End of 1944

August 1945

Area Army Headquarters

2

2

2

2

Army Headquarters1

6

8

6

5

6

Infantry Divisions

13

14

15

10

24

Tank Divisions

2

2

1

Brigades

1 Cav

1 TkB 1 Cav

1 TkB 1 Cav

1 MB, 1 TkB 1 Cav, 1 Mbl

9 MB, 2 TkB 1 Mbl

Border Garrison Units

13

13

13

14

1

Independent Garrison Units

9

9

6

4

Garrison Units

2

1

1

1

Air Force Headquarters (Koku-Heidan)2

1

1

1

1

1

Air Group Headquarters (Hiko-Shudan)3

1

2

2

Air Regiments (Hiko-Sentai)

19

19

16

1

1

1: Kwantung Defense Army Headquarters is included (through 1944), Mechanized Army Headquarters (in 1942 only).

2: Air Force Headquarters changed to Air Army Headquarters (Koku-Gun) in 1942

3: Air Group Headquarters changed to Air Division Headquarters (Hiko-Shidan) in 1942

Legends

MB - Mixed Brigade;
Cav - Cavalry;
TkB - Tank Brigade;
Mbl - Mobile

--7--

was moved to Changchun which was renamed Hsinking or "new capital" (of Manchukuo.) In September of that year, furthermore, the title of Governor General of Kwantung Territory was restored to him.

Subsequent reinforcement of Kwantung Army kept pace with national and international developments. Between April and December 1932, the AGS doubled the tactical strength of Kwantung Army. In early April it assigned the 8th and 10th Divisions, and although these gains were partly offset by the return to the homeland and to Korea of the units brought in for the Mukden Incident, other augmentations were authorized shortly thereafter: the 14th Division arrived at the end of April, the 1st Cavalry Brigade during June, and the 4th Cavalry Brigade as well as the 14th Mixed Brigade during September. Also during September, the month in which the Japanese Manchukuo protocol providing for joint defense of Manchuria was announced, the AGS ordered the 2d Division (then the rotation division) back to Japan and sent the 6th Division to replace it. Thus at the end of December 1932 the bulk of Kwantung Army's tactical strength consisted of four divisions (the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 14th), one mixed brigade, and two cavalry brigades. (See Chart No. 2 for unit strength from 1931 to 1940)

In 1933 the AGS withdrew one division (the 6th) from Kwantung Army. Thereafter, and until the outbreak of the China Incident in July 1937, it maintained Kwantung Army's divisional strength at three; in the meantime, however, it substantially increased the number of garrison

--8--

units for guard duty and for the maintenance of public peace and order. (In 1934, the Kwantung Bureau was created under the jurisdiction of the Ambassador to Manchukuo, and a civilian governor of Kwantung territory was appointed under the jurisdiction of the new bureau.)

Kwantung Army Growth from 1937 to 1941

Following the China Incident, and for the first time since the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Imperial General Headquarters (IGH) was re-activated (November 1937) as a superstructure of the Army and Navy General Staffs. It promptly initiated an increase of Empire forces, including an increase of Kwantung Army divisions to six. Thereafter, IGH gradually continued the build-up in Manchuria, so that by the time the Nomonhan Incident broke out in 1939 the Kwantung Army had eight divisions, plus a sizeable number of lesser tactical units. (See Chart No. 2) Shortly afterwards, the arrival of the 24th Division from Hokkaido brought the number to nine. (At that time IGH estimated the Soviets had thirty divisions in the Far East.)

The Nomonhan Incident was concluded late in 1939 by a truce, with a Soviet-imposed boundary established in the disputed area. At this time the direction of Japan's national policy—whether to go "north" or "south"—had not been determined, although there was strong sentiment, particularly in Army circles, to go north. IGH resumed the build-up in Manchuria and by the beginning of 1941 Kwantung Army reached a peak strength of 350,000, including thirteen divisions—the 1st, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 23d, 24th, 25th, 28th, 29th,

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CHART NO. 3

--10--

and 57th. Four of these divisions were assigned directly to Kwantung Army Headquarters; the remainder were assigned to one of the four subordinate armies (3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th) established in 1938 and 1939. (See Chart No. 3)

IGH's increase of the divisional strength of Kwantung Army over the years was gradual and kept pace more or less with important national or international events. The following tabulation shows the gradual increase during the twenty-two years prior to the beginning of the war in the Pacific:

Year

Divisional Strength

Event

1919

1

Formation of Kwantung Army

1931

2

Mukden Incident

1932

4

Manchukuoan Independence and Japanese-Manchukuoan Protocol.

1937

6

China Incident

1939

9

Nomonhan Incident

1941

13

Soviet-German War

The latter years of this period were marked by intense diplomatic activity, particularly among the Axis powers vis-a-vis the Soviet Union. In November 1936 Japan and Germany, pledging collaboration, signed the first Anti-Comintern Pact. In August 1939. however, while Japan was engaged in "a little war" with the Soviets at Nomonhan, Germany signed a non-aggression pact with the USSR, and a month later precipitated World War II with an attack on Poland. In September 1940 the Tripartite Alliance was formed, and in April 1941 Japan signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union. Finally, on 22 June 1941, German armies invaded Russia along a 2,000 mile front. This invasion opened a new stage in the war. Japan looked

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at her national policy.

Kwantung Army "Special Managers." Mid-1941

To meet changes in the international situation, IGH recommended to the Government that the armed forces be increased. Its recommendation included a specific proposal to strengthen the Kwantung Army in order to gain numerical superiority over Soviet forces in the Far East. This proposal was accepted and during July and August, under the pretext of carrying out "special maneuvers," IGH sent to Manchuria two divisions (the 51st and 57th) along with more than one hundred smaller ground units and an equal number of air units. (See Appendix to this monograph for ground units, and Appendix No. 1 in Monograph No. 151 for air units.)

The net effect of the "special maneuvers," was to double Kwantung Army's troop strength to 700,000, to increase the number of horses to 140,000, and the number of aircraft of various types to 600. (The strength of the Far Eastern Soviet Army prior to the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, although undeterminable in numbers, was estimated by IGH to be 30 divisions, 2,700 tanks, and 2,800 airplanes.) In con-junction with the "special maneuvers" IGH directed Kwantung Army to accelerate training programs and to speed up the construction of fortifications. It also authorized the formation of new divisions in Korea. To strengthen internal defense in Manchuria, Kwantung Army Headquarters on 12 July consolidated five independent garrison units in the south-central part of the country under the newly-formed Kwantung Defense Army

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Headquarters. All these measures were carried out in secrecy so as not to alarm the USSR, lest they be interpreted as war preparations.

The Decision to Go South (August 1941)

In the midst of the "special maneuvers" in Manchuria, IGH held frequent conferences with the Government in Tokyo in an effort to determine the direction of Japan's national policy. Two major currents pervading national life at that time had been gaining almost equal momentum. One of these, favored by the Army and advocated by Foreign Minister Matsuoka, sought a showdown with the USSR "in the north"; the other, favored by the Navy, inclined strongly toward a showdown with the United States and Great Britain "in the south." During a cabinet conference on 15 July concerning an exchange of notes5 between Japan and the U.S. aimed at a peaceful settlement of Far Bast problems, a crisis occurred, and resulted on the following day in the fall of the second Konoye cabinet, including the resignation of Foreign Minister Matsuoka, who despite a life-time of advocating friendship with the U.S. refused to accept the position taken by the U.S.

Meanwhile, in Manchuria, despite Kwantung Army's attempts to conduct the "special maneuvers" in secrecy, the Soviets early detected the build-up, and apparently interpreted it as a preliminary to war.

5. A description (from a Japanese viewpoint) of the events surrounding this exchange; of notes is given in The Complete History of the Greater East Asia War, by Takushiro Hattori, Vol I, p. 154 et seq. of the English translation, a copy of which is on file in OCMH.

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IGH was notified by the Kwantung Army intelligence chief on 2 August that the Soviets had imposed radio silence on all their border units; the intelligence chief added that Kwantung Army interpreted this silence as indicative of Soviet intentions to start hostilities.

As tension mounted in the Far East, IGH continued to keep an opportunistic eye on developments along the Soviet-German battlefront, and saw that things were not progressing as favorably as the German leaders had predicted. This, together with deteriorating relations with the U.S. helped to shape Japan's national policy.6 At a conference held on 9 August, the Army and Navy Departments of IGH decided to abandon hope for a favorable opportunity to exploit the situation in the north against the USSR, and to concentrate all efforts on a southward advance, regardless of any new developments in the German-Soviet war. (Although, later, reconsideration was given from time to time to an advance northward, 9 August marks the date that the first step was taken toward the final decision to go south.) The Army Department, in a policy document drawn up on 9 August 1941 and called "Outline of Operations by the Japanese Army," phrased its intentions as follows:

1. Sixteen divisions, stationed in Manchuria and Korea, will maintain strict guard against the Soviet Union.

6. "During July and August 1941, the whole attitude of the American Government toward Japan was changed." On Active Service in Peace and War, p. 387, Stimson and Bundy.

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2. The present campaign against China will be continued.

3. Preparations shall be made promptly for a war against the United States and Great Britain which will be started about the end of November in the southern area.

This decision was one of the most important steps affecting the fate of Kwantung Army. It was made at a time when Kwantung Army was an effective fighting force at peak strength. It signaled the shift of attention to the south, despite the fact that there had been no lessening of tension in the "north."

The decision was still open to revision, however, and, pending the outcome of negotiations then going on with the United States, did not constitute a decision to go to war, but merely one to prepare for war. As a follow-up of the "special maneuvers," therefore, IGH during September authorised the formation of the Kwantung Army Air Force. At Port Arthur it increased the garrison to a regiment, and added an antiaircraft battalion for air defense. At the same time, furthermore, in view of the continuing tension with the USSR, IGH decided to strengthen the eastern front and authorized the activation of the Twentieth Army to fill a gap on the eastern front between Third and Fifth Armies. The new Army was given commands already on the eastern front. Principally, these were the 8th and 25th Divisions and the 2d, 3d, 10th, and 11th Border Garrison Units. Army headquarters was at Chihsi.

In authorizing this increase, IGH pointed out that its policy

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of continuing to strengthen the eastern front would continue so longas it did not hinder in any way the new national policy of preparing for war in the southern areas.

Effect of "Special Maneuvers" on USSR

Since 1931, the year of the Mukden Incident, the USSR had been increasing its military strength in the Far East, the divisional strength increasing from 6 in 1931 to 30 in 1940.7 Between the outbreak of the German-Soviet war in June 1941 and the end of the year, the USSR transferred almost half of its Far East numerical strength in a steady stream to the German front. It was estimated that fifteen sniper divisions, three cavalry divisions, 1,700 tanks, and 1,500 airplanes were moved to the west. To replace these regular army units it rapidly activated new units, filling them with recruits.

The Kwantung Army "special maneuvers" in Manchuria, undertaken as a temporary measure in response to the abrupt change in German-Soviet relations, had little effect on the action of the troops along the border who continued to maintain the policy in effect before the build-up. However, the maneuvers did cause the USSR to replace its units as rapidly as they were transferred, and also to organize the

7. Using the division as an index to over-all strength, the following tabulation shows the increase:

1931

6 divisions

1937

20 divisions

1933

10 divisions

1938

24 divisions

1934

12 divisions

1939

30 divisions

1935

17 divisions

1940

30 divisions

1936

20-24 divisions

1941

23 divisions

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Twenty-fifth Army, with headquarters at Voroshilov, and the Thirty-fifth Army, with headquarters at Iman, both of which were placed under the Far Eastern Area Army.

Reconciling transfers with replacements, both in units and armaments, IGH estimated at the end of 1941 that the Far Eastern Area Army had 800,000 troops, 23 sniper divisions, 1,000 airplanes, and 1,000 tanks.

Upon the outbreak of war in the Pacific, IGH assumed that the USSR would not take active measures against Japan or Manchuria. Nevertheless, it believed that an alliance between the United States and the USSR might be realized as the situation changed. In this, Kwantung Army Headquarters was equally concerned. During the first few months after the Pacific war began, however, IGH observed no specific changes in the attitude of the Soviet Army in the Far East.

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MAP NO. 2

--18--

CHAPTER II

Build-up of Kwantung Army Ends

Deployment to the South Begins

In the fall of 1941, the strength build-up of the Kwantung Army, begun in 1931 and accelerated in 1939, was brought to a temporary halt, and a reverse trend was begun. In view of the national policy decision to prepare for operations in the south, IGH planned a strategic re-deployment of armed forces, particularly to the south China area (including Hainan), Formosa, and French Indo-China, which were to be used as the principal jumping-off places for operations in the so-called "southern areas."8 Aside from alerting homeland units, IGH alerted Kwantung Army to prepare certain units for movement to these jumping-off bases.

Kwantung Army began preparations at once but expected that the first order for re-deployment would not come until October. On 18 September 1941, however, IGH ordered the prompt re-deployment of numerous units, most of which had been brought to Manchuria only a few weeks earlier as part of the "special maneuvers." The destination of these units, all of which were to be transported from Dairen and Hulutao in ships (except aircraft pilots and their crews), were:

8. The term "southern area" or "southern areas" is not a precise term. Generally, its meaning embraces Malaya, Thailand, Burma, the Philippines, ana the Dutch East Indies. It was used less as a term of direction than as one to define the potential enemies, the U.S. Britain, and the Netherlands, just as the term "north" indicated the USSR rather than geographical direction. (See Lap No. 2)

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To South China Area (including Hainan) - Under China Expeditionary Army

51st division (assigned to Twenty-Third Army)

One line of comm sector unit

Two motor transport companies

One surveying unit

One bridge construction company

One road construction unit

Two line of comm hospitals

One casualty clearing unit

To Formosa - Under the Southern Army

Ground Units:

One tank regiment

One medium arty regt (100-mm cannon)

One antiaircraft battalion

One ind hv arty bn (150-mm cannon)

One field transport command

One motor transport battalion

One bridge construction company

Two line of comm hospitals

One casualty clearing unit

One veterinary quarantine station

Two railroad station commands

Air Units:

One ind air unit headquarters

Two ind air companies (Hq long-range recon planes)

One ind air company (close-range obsn planes)

Two airfield battalions

One airfield company

One air signal regiment (minus)

One element of an air intelligence unit

Two meteorological companies

One antiaircraft battalion

One construction unit

To northern French Indo-China - Under the Southern Army

One ind air unit headquarters

One ind air company (Hq long-range recon planes)

Three airfield battalions

Three airfield companies

Two meteorological companies

Two motor car companies

One construction unit

The Kwantung Army units thus diverted were assigned either to

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CHART NO. 4

--21--

the Southern Army or to the China Expeditionary Army. The Southern Army, whose headquarters was at Saigon and whose elements were deployed mainly in French Indo-China, Hainan, and Formosa,9 was to be responsible for conducting operations in the southern areas, hence its name. It consisted principally of four armies: the 14th which was to attack the Philippines, the 15th which was to take Thailand, the 16th which was slated for operations in Java, and the 25th which was to capture Malaya. (See Chart No. 4)

IGH continued to issue orders transferring troops to southern areas, despite the fact that actual troop movements did not keep pace with orders. On 6 November it issued one of its largest transfer orders, both of ground forces and air units. Kwantung Army air units ordered south on 6 November included the 5th Air Group which was sent to Formosa to prepare for operations against the Philippines, and the 10th and 12th Air Brigades which were assigned to the 3d Air Group then based in French Indo-China and scheduled to participate in operations in Malaya.

On the same day, 6 November, IGH took the significant step of issuing an order of battle to the Southern Army, thus technically placing it on a war footing. (The China Expeditionary Army had been in such a status since 1937). On the 8th, furthermore, IGH transfer-

9. Other elements were in the homeland, for example, 16th Army's 2d Division. One element, the 56th Inf Gp, was on Palau.

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red Kwantung Army's 45th Air Regiment (light bombers) to the China Expeditionary Army, and on the 15th ordered the 24th Air Regiment (fighters) to join the Southern Army. (A complete list of Kwantung Army ground and air units transferred may be found in Appendices No. 1 and 2).

Kwantung Army's  Role Limited

The August decision to go south clearly indicated a lessening in Kwantung Army's role. It was not until December, however, when the decision to go south was crystallised into a decision to go to war in the south that Kwantung Army's lesser role was announced. If the earlier decision, followed as it was by the transfer of forces to the south, had the effect of weakening military strength in Manchuria, the latter decision because of its finality signaled the end of the buildup for a major role. Even though most of the transferred units were scheduled to return to Manchuria, their return was dependent upon the uncertain outcome of events in the major drive to the south.

On 3 December, the day after the decision to go to war was made, IGH summoned to Tokyo the deputy chief of staff of Kwantung Army, Major General Tomokatsu Matsumura, to give him a detailed explanation of its policy, to outline the Empire's new objectives, and, in conformance with this policy and these objectives, to clarify the limited role thenceforth to be assigned to Kwantung Army.

Up to this time Kwantung Army's mission in Manchuria, modified annually on the basis of guidance furnished by IGH in the form of

--23--

"outlines,"10 had been one of preparing for hostilities against the USSR. Although basically a defense mission, it nevertheless required Kwantung Army to develop an operational plan for use in the event of a Soviet invasion. In addition to providing against such an eventuality, however, the plan formed the basis for operations to be undertaken to exploit an opportunity in the north when and if such an opportunity was presented. The plan in effect in 1941 when General Matsumura was summoned to Tokyo prescribed a major effort along the eastern front to be carried out in conjunction with holding operations in the northern and western parts of Manchuria.

At the Tokyo conference, IGH gave General Matsumura a copy of Army Department Order No. 578.11 This document stated that Japan had decided to go to war against the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands "in order to insure the Empire's self-sustenance and self-defense, and to establish a new order in Greater East Asia." It set down IGH's objectives as 1) to occupy immediately the strategic areas in the south, 2) to end the China Incident, and 3) to avoid as much as possible an outbreak of war with Russia during this period. It will be noted that the second objective reversed the 9 August decision to continue the war in China, and that the third objective in effect

10. See Monograph No. 138, Ch I.

11. The complete text of this order may be found on page 194, Volume I (translated) of Imperial General Headquarters, Army Department Orders (IGH ADO), a copy of which is on file in OCMH.

--24--

defined the limited role Kwantung Army was to play. This was the first directive to avoid hostilities with the USSR issued to Kwantung Army since the outbreak of the German-Soviet war.

The order re-stated the Kwantung Army commander's responsibility for the defense of Manchuria and the Kwantung Territory. "At the same time, in order to meet any changes in the situation," it directed the Kwantung Army commander to make operational preparations against the USSR in accordance with IGH's 1941 "outline" or "guide" for operations in Manchuria (which prescribed the operations on the eastern front.) Superficially this seemed to indicate little change from earlier missions. Significantly, however, it cautioned the commander to avoid incidents with the Soviets in border areas under dispute or difficult to defend.

Upon receiving this order the commander of Kwantung Army, recognizing that the uppermost mission of his army was to support the execution of Japan's national policy, urged all officers and men to exercise prudence in dealing with border disorders, and at the same time notified them that he expected the rapid completion of Manchuria's defenses.

With the opening of the war in the Pacific, Kwantung Army remained the only major overseas command not engaged in hostilities or on a war footing. Its ground organization consisted of five tactical armies (of which the 3d, 5th, and 20th were deployed along the eastern front, the 4th in the northeast, and the 6th in the northwest), one peace

--25--

MAP NO. 3

--26--

CHART NO. 5

--27--

and order army (the Kwantung Defense Army in south-central Manchuria), thirteen infantry divisions, one cavalry brigade, thirteen border garrison units (either regimental or battalion sized), nine independent garrison units, and two area garrison units (one at Arshaan, one at Hunchun) (deployment of ground units is shown in Map No. 3); its air force, commanded by lieutenant General Saburo Ando until December 1941 and thereafter by lieutenant General Ritsudo Suzuki with headquarters at Hsinking, consisted principally of six air brigades. (See Chart No. 5)

Reappraisal of Manchuria, Early 1942

IGH's plans to strengthen Kwantung Army in late 1941, consistent with the policy to go south, could not be fully carried out because of budgetary limitations. Only part of these plans had been realized (for example, the organization of the Twentieth Army), and Kwantung Army's preparations for war were still very inadequate. Early in 1942 IGH made a re-appraisal of the situation in Manchuria.

Budget increases in 1942 led IGH to believe it could afford to resume the strengthening of Manchuria's defenses. The measures decided upon were 1) to increase troop strength, 2) to reorganize units, particularly the large number of miscellaneous units brought in during the "special maneuvers," 3) to increase efficiency in the use of troops, 4) to reorganize the command structure, and 5) to undertake intensive training programs in order to improve the quality of soldiers and thereby compensate to some extent for the shortage of strength.

Although these were concrete measures, they did not constitute a

--28--

full-scale strengthening of Manchuria; IGH realized that they could do little more than improve Kwantung Army's "appearance." Furthermore, although these measures to a great extent were carried out during the first half of 1942 when Japan was victorious in the southern areas, some of them were later to be nullified when withdrawals had to be resumed because of reverses suffered during the latter half of the year.

Strengthening of Manchuria

In any event, a considerable strengthening of Manchuria's defenses was actually effected in early 1942. To carry out the first of these measures, troops had to be brought back from the southern areas; they could not be furnished from the home islands which had supplied sizeable forces for the southern operations and were left principally with homeland defense troops. The units brought to Manchuria from the southern areas were:

From the Philippine Area (14th Army)

Date Returned

7th Tank Regiment

19 May

1st Artillery Command

"

3d Ind Mt Arty Regt

"

1st Hv Fld Arty Regt (150-mm How)

"

1st Hv Arty Regt (240-mm How)

"

2d Ind Hv Arty Btry (240-mm How)

"

9th Ind Hv Arty Bn (150-mm Cannon)

"

5th Arty Intelligence Regt

"

23d Ind Engr Regt

"

One Ind engr co

"

One motor transport unit

"

One bridge constr materials co

4 July

One road constr unit

"

--29--

From the Malaya Area (25th Army)

3d Tk Brig Hq

6 April

6th Tk Regt

"

3d Tk Brig Engr Unit

"

3d Tk Brig Sig Unit

"

3d Tk Brig Maintenance Unit

"

3d Tk Brig Ammo Train

"

Five antitank gun cos

"

One bridge constr materials co

"

One road constr unit

"

One river fording materials co

"

From the Java Area (16th Army)

"

One hv fld arty bn, 17th regt (150-mm How)

4 July

3d Antitank Gun Bn

"

Two wireless telegraph (non-mobile) units

"

One bridge constr materials co

"

The following air units, after participating in the southern area operations, were sent to Manchuria and arrived between June and August to join Second Air Army:

10th Air Brigade

77th Air Regt (fighters)

27th Air Regt (light bombers)

31st Air Regt (light bombers)

Three airfield battalions.

In the reorganization of units, other commands were brought to

Manchuria. On 16 May, for example, while the 71st Infantry Division

was being organized from the Hunchun Garrison Unit, the 140th Infantry

Regiment arrived from China and became part of the division. The

organization of this division had been planned earlier, but was delayed

by operations in China. The new division took charge of the defense

of the Hunchun front extending from Tumentzu to the Tumen River, and

incorporated within its command the 9th Border Garrison Unit at

Wuchiatsu.

--30--

The reorganization of the command structure, in Manchuria affected almost every command from top to bottom. IGH in June redesignated Kwantung Army Headquarters as General Headquarters, Kwantung Army, and its commander as commander in chief. On 4 July it authorized Kwantung Army to form the First Area Army Headquarters, and to centralize under its command the entire eastern front. It also authorized the formation of Second Area Army Headquarters, Second Army Headquarters, and Mechanized Army Headquarters.

Command of the First Area Army, whose headquarters was at Mutanchiang, was given to Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita, after his assignment to Manchuria following the completion of operations in Malaya and a brief visit to Germany. The organisation of this headquarters had been originally planned to be accomplished in the homeland upon the outbreak war with the USSR and the headquarters was then to be dispatched to Manchuria. Its organization in Manchuria was directed in order to enable it to coordinate border defense prior to hostilities. Upon being organized it was given command of the Third, Fifth, and Twentieth Armies, as well as the newly-established Second Army.

The Second Area Army, with headquarters at Tsitsihar, was commanded by Lieutenant General Korechika Anami, and consisted of the Fourth and Sixth Armies and the Arshaan Garrison Unit. It was given responsibility for the defense of northern Manchuria. Like the First Area Army Headquarters, this headquarters in original plans was to have been organized

--31--

in the homeland and then sent to Manchuria, but for similar reasons was organized in Manchuria. Its jurisdiction over Heiho Province, Peian Province, Hsingan Tung (East) Hsingan Pei (North), a portion of

Hsingan Nan (South), and the greater part of Lungchiang Province gave lt an extremely large area in comparison with the small number of troops under its command.

The Second Army, with headquarters at Yenchi, was commanded by lieutenant General Yoshio Kozuki. It was to have been organised earlier, but due to plans to go south its formation was delayed.

The Mechanized Army Headquarters was organised at Ssupingchieh, where the tank school was located. Both the Army and the school were placed under the command of Lieutenant General Makoto Yoshida. The Mechanized Army consisted of the 1st Armored Division, stationed at Mutanchiang, and the 2d Armored Division at Poli; two tank regiments brought up from the southern areas in mid-1942 were incorporated into the divisions. The tanks used by this force were of the medium and light class, and most of them were obsolete or obsolescent. They were used primarily for training and for developing tank tactics.

Withdrawals from Manchuria Resumed. Late 1942

The situation in Manchuria in late 1942 offered a sharp contrast to the build-up in the early portion of the year. Japanese forces were suffering reverses on Guadalcanal and IGH decided to reinforce the southeastern area, primarily New Guinea, with troops from China and Manchuria. It was the opinion of both IGH and Kwantung Army

--32--

intelligence officers that this extraction of troops would not seriously weaken the defense of Manchuria, since a large build-up had just taken place. The transfers to the southeastern area, begun in September and lasting through December, involved the following units.

Ground Forces:

Three artillery Regiments

One artillery company

One antiaircraft defense headquarters

Three antiaircraft artillery battalions

Seven antiaircraft artillery battalions

Two Independent mortar companies

One antitank battalion

One engineer headquarters

Two independent engineer companies

One signal regiment

One searchlight battalion

One line of communications hospital

Two casualty clearing units

One road construction units

Five land and sea duty units

Air Forces:

Paichengtzu Air Instruction Brigade Headquarters

208th Air Instruction Regiment (light Bombers)

45th light Bomber Regiment

Two airfield battalions

One air signal regiment

One navigational aid company

One meteorological company

The antiaircraft artillery units diverted were well-trained and experienced. Due to increasing demands for AAA defense in operational areas, IGH transferred numerous AAA units to the Southern Areas during the latter part of 1942. As a result, Kwantung Army's own antiaircraft defenses were weakened.

During the reinforcement of Manchuria in early 1942 and the withdrawals toward the end of the year Kwantung Army continued its

--33--

CHART NO. 6

--34--

preparations for operations. It concentrated particularly upon intensive training and the development of defense-facilities, while complying with the IGH policy of maintaining the status quo along

the borders. In the meantime, it also continued operational planning.13 Its primary accomplishments included the redeployment of numerous units to the Southern Area, the establishment of a stronger command structure, and the maintenance of peace along the borders. (See Chart 6 for organization at end of the year).

Estimate of Soviet Far East Strength

Kwantung Army Intelligence determined that the large-scale transfer of Soviet troops from the Far East to the European front ended late in 1942. It estimated, furthermore, that Soviet strength in the east was boosted by at least two sniper divisions, ten sniper brigades, three tank brigades, and ten air divisions. It also observed changes in the organizational structure of the Soviet Far Eastern Army, for example, the Sixtieth Army in Zabaikal and the Seventeenth Army in Outer Mongolia were combined with the Zabaikal Army District into the Zabaikal Area Army.

Soviet Far Eastern Army strength at the end of 1942 was estimated at:

13. See Monograph No. 138, for operational planning during this period (pp 13-15), as well as efficient employment of manpower (pp 18-19), and training. (pp 22-23)

--35--

Sniper divisions

20

Sniper brigades

10

Aircraft

1,000

Tanks

1,000

750,000

--36--

Appendix No. 1

Kwantung Army

Ground Units Gained and Lost

(Mar 1941 to Aug 1945)

Abbreviations: (AAA) Antiaircraft Artillery, (Arty) Artillery, (Aslt) Assault, (Armd) Armored, (Amph) Amphibious, (AT) Antitank, (Bldg) Building, (Bn) Battalion, (Brg) Bridge or Bridging, (Brig) Brigade, (Btry) Battery, (Cann) Cannon, (Cas) Casualty, (Cav) Cavalry, (Chem War) Chemical Warfare, (Clear) Clearing, (Cmd) Command, (Co) Company, (Const) Construction, (Cross) Crossing, (Dep) Depot, (Dept) Department, (Det) Detachment, (Div) Division, (Engr) Engineer, (Est) Established, (Fld) Field, (Fort) Fortifications, (Fortr) Fortress, (Garr) Garrison, (Gp) Group, (Guer) Guerrilla, (Hqs) Headquarters, (Hosp) Hospital, (Hvy) Heavy, (Ind) Independent, (Inf) Infantry, (Insp) Inspectorate, (Intel) Intelligence, (KA) Kwantung Army, (Kemp; Kempeitai or Military Police, (L of C) Line of Communications, (Mach) Machine, (Mat) Materials, (Mbl) Mobile, (Mech) Mechanized, (Med) Medium, (Mong) Mongolian. (Mort) Mortar, (MT) Motor Transport, (Mtn) Mountain, (Mtr) Motor, (Ord) Ordnance (Pur) Purification, (Quar) Quarantine, (Raid) Raiding, (Recon) Reconnaissance, (Regt) Regiment, (RR) Railroad, (Ry) Railway, (Sig) Signal, (Spl) Special or Specially, (Sta) Station, (Sup) Supply, (Surv) Survey, (Terr) Territory, (Tk) Tank, (Trans) Transport, (Vet) Veterinary,

Date

Units

Gains (shown in parentheses) and Losses to other commands

7 Mar 41

1st Fld Road Const Unit

(Third Army)

5 Apr 41

38th Inf Regt

(Kwantung Army)

50th Inf Regt

5 May 41

Four Inf Bns

China Expeditionary Army

11 Jul 41

6th Ind Tk Bn

(Kwantung Army)

18th Med Arty Regt

14th Fld AAA Defense Unit Hqs

16th Fld AAA Defense Unit Hqs

32d Fld AAA Bn

33d Fld AAA Bn

34th Fld AAA Bn

--37--

11 Jul 41

35th Fld AAA Bn

(Kwantung Army)

36th Fld AAA Bn

40th Fld AAA Bn

44th Fld AAA Bn

45th Fld AAA Bn

26th Ind Fld AAA Btry

27th Ind Fld AAA Btry

28th Ind Fld AAA Btry

29th Ind Fld AAA Btry

30th Ind Fld AAA Btry

31st Ind Fld AAA Btry

16th Fld Mach Cann Co

1st Ry Insp

2d Ry Regt

2d Ry Stores Dep

3d Ry Stores Dep

102d Ry Sta Cmd

103d Ry Sta Cmd

104th Ry Sta Cmd

105th Ry Sta Cmd

107th Ry Sta Cmd

111th Ry Sta Cmd

112th Ry Sta Cmd

113th Ry Sta Cmd

115th Ry Sta Cmd

116th Ry Sta Cmd

118th Ry Sta Cmd

119th Ry Sta Cmd

120th Ry Sta Cmd

121st Ry Sta Cmd

122d Ry Sta Cmd

123d Ry Sta Cmd

124th Ry Sta Cmd

126th Ry Sta Cmd

127th Ry Sta Cmd

128th Ry Sta Cmd

129th Ry Sta Cmd

132d Ry Sta Cmd

133d Ry Sta Cmd

134th Ry Sta Cmd

136th Ry Sta Cmd

137th Ry Sta Cmd

138th Ry Sta Cmd

139th Ry Sta Cmd

140th Ry Sta Cmd

141st Ry Sta Cmd

--38--

11 Jul 41

142d Ry Sta Cmd

(Kwantung Army)

143d Ry Sta Cmd

146th Ry Sta Cmd

148th Ry Sta Cmd

149th Ry Sta Cmd

152d Ry Sta Cmd

153d Ry Sta Cmd

155th Ry Sta Cmd

156th Ry Sta Cmd

157th Ry Sta Cmd

158th Ry Sta Cmd

159th Ry Sta Cmd

161st Ry Sta Cmd

164th Ry Sta Cmd

4th Sig Regt

3d Ind Sig Co

79th Ind Wire Co

81st Ind Wire Co

34th Fixed Radio Unit

35th Fixed Radio Unit

33d Ind Gas (Chem War) Co

35th Ind Gas (Chem War) Co

1st Fld Trans Cmd

5th Fld Trans Cmd

38th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

53d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

56th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

270th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

271st Ind Mtr Trans Bn

272d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

273d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

52d Ind Trans Bn

53d Ind Trans Bn

57th Ind Trans Bn

58th Ind Trans Bn

64th Ind Trans Bn

58th Ind Trans Co

59th Ind Trans Co

11th Fld Surv Unit

12th Fld Surv Unit

13th Fld Surv Unit

9th Fld Well Const Co

10th Fld Well Const Co

10th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

11th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

77th Land Duty Co

--39--

11 Jul 41

76th Land Duty Co

(Kwantung Army)

79th Land Duty Co

38th Sea Duty Co

51st Const Duty Co

52d Const Duty Co

4th Fld Const Unit Hqs

85th L of C Hosp

86th L of C Hosp

11 Jul 41

4th Ind AT Bn

(Third Army)

8th Med Arty Regt

17th Med Arty Regt

9th Ind Engr Regt

1st Ind Sig Co

2d Ind Sig Co

70th Ind Wire Co

71st Ind Wire Co

75th Ind Wire Co

78th Ind Wire Co

80th Ind Wire Co

33d Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

32d Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

49th Ind MT Bn

75th Ind Trans Bn

69th Ind Trans Co

24th Brg Bldg Mat Co

25th Brg Bldg Mat Co

28th Brg Bldg Mat Co

31st Brg Bldg Mat Co

39th Fld Road Const Unit

8th Fld Well Const Co

84th Land Duty Co

31st Const Duty Co

32d Const Duty Co

33d Const Duty Co

84th L of C Hosp

13th Cas Clear Unit Hqs

11 Jul 41

5th Arty Cmd

(Fourth Army)

8th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

2d Engr Unit Hqs

65th Ind Wire Co

66th Ind Wire Co

69th Ind Wire Co

74th Ind Wire Co

30th Ind Gas (Chem War) Co

2d Fld Trans Cmd

44th Ind MT Bn

 

--40--

11 Jul 41

57th Ind Trans Co

(Fourth Army)

26th Brg Bldg Mat Co

27th Brg Bldg Mat Co

32d Brg Bldg Mat Co

14th River Cross Mat Co

15th River Cross Mat Co

45th Const Duty Co

46th Const Duty Co

89th L of C Hosp

11 Jul 41

5th Med Arty Regt

(Fifth Army)

9th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

7th Ind Engr Regt

4th Ind Sig Co

5th Ind Sig Co

72d Ind Wire Co

73d Ind Wire Co

34th Ind Gas (Chem War) Co

31st Ind MT Bn

32d Ind MT Bn

70th Ind Trans Co

71st Ind Trans Co

21st Brg Bldg Mat Co

22d Brg Bldg Mat Co

29th Brg Bldg Mat Co

13th River Cros Mat Co

44th Fld Road Const Unit

45th Fld Road Const Unit

85th Land Duty Co

86th Land Duty Co

39th Const Duty Co

86th L of C Hosp

11 Jul 41

3d Ind AT Bn

(Sixth Army)

7th Ind AT Bn

18th Fld Mech Cann

11th Sig Unit Hqs

62d Ind Wire Co

64th Ind Wire Co

77th Ind Wire Co

47th Ind MT Trans

87th L of C Hosp

12 Jul 41

Kwantung Defense Army

(Activated)

1 Aug 41

51st Div

(Kwantung Army)

2d Med Arty Regt

--41--

1 Aug 41

10th Med Arty Regt

(Kwantung Army)

8th Ind Sig Co

41st L of C Sector Unit

42d L of C Sector Unit

43d L of C Sector Unit

47th L of C Sector Unit

48th L of C Sector Unit

61st L of C Sector Unit

62d L of C Sector Unit

79th L of C Sector Unit

80th L of C Sector Unit

3d Fld Trans Cmd

4th Fld Const Unit

6th Fld Const Unit

7th Fld Const Unit

11th L of C Medical Unit

14th L of C Medical Unit

15th L of C Medical Unit

9th Cas Clear Unit

11th Cas Clear Unit

1 Aug 41

57th Div

(Third Army)

7th Arty Regt

4th Ind Mtn Arty Regt

4th Med Arty Regt

9th Med Arty Regt

22d Med Arty Regt

Tung-ning Hvy Arty Regt

11th Mort Bn

12th Mort Bn

13th Mort Bn

2d Hvy Arty Regt

3d Hvy Arty Regt

1st Ind Hvy Arty Bn

2d Ind Hvy Arty Bn

4th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

6th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

7th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

48th Fld AAA Bn

57th L of C Sector Unit

63d L of C Sector Unit

64th L of C Sector Unit

74th L of C Sector Unit

77th L of C Sector Unit

78th L of C Sector Unit

33d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

--42--

1 Aug 41

49th Mtr Trans Bn

(Third Army)

251st Ind Mtr Trans Co

252d Ind Mtr Trans Co

253d Ind Mtr Trans Co

51st Ind Trans Co

52d Ind Trans Co

64th Ind Trans Co

65th Ind Trans Co

13th Fld Duty Unit

5th Fld Const Unit

13th L of C Medical Unit

13th Cas Clear Unit

21st Fld Water Sup and Pur Dept

1 Aug A1

1st Med Arty Regt

(Fourth Army)

18 Sep 41

7th Tk Regt

Formosa Army

3d Fld Trans Cmd

38th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

96th L of C Hosp

100th L of C Hosp

17th Vet Quar Sta

8th Med Arty Regt

48th Fld AAA Bn

26th Brg Bldg Mat Co

9th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

132d Ry Sta Co

133d Ry Sta Co

51st Div

Twenty-third Army

18 Sep 41

41st L of C Sector Unit

China Expeditionary Army

11th Fld Surv Unit

93d L of C Hosp

94th L of C Hosp

7th Fld Well Const Co

27th Brg Bldg Mat Co

42d L of C Sector Unit

77th Land Duty Co

78th Land Duty Co

79th Land Duty Co

274th Ind Mtr Trans Co

275th Ind Mtr Trans Co

102d Ry Sta Cmd

115th Hy Sta Cmd

118th Ry Sta Cmd

122d Ry Sta Cmd

217th Ry Sta Cmd

--43--

16 Sep 41

136th Ry Sta Cmd

China Expeditionary Army

316th Ry Sta Cmd

140th Ry Sta Cmd

141st Ry Sta Cmd

157th Ry Sta Cmd

156th Ry Sta Cmd

161st Ry Sta Cmd

15 Oct 41

23d Tk Regt

(Kwantung Army)

1st Ind Hvy Arty Btry

(Fifth Army)

6 Nov 41

2d Fld Kemp Hqs

Southern Army

23d Fld Water Sup and Pur Dept

4th Tk Regt

Fourteenth Army

45th Fld AAA Bn

1st Med Arty Regt

30th Ind Fld AAA Bn

31st Ind Fld AAA Bn

26th Brg Bldg Mat Co

13th River Cross Mat Co

14th River Cross Mat Co

1st Fld Kemp

61st L of C Unit

63d L of C Unit

51st Ind Trans Co

36th Fld Road Const Unit

39th Fld Road Const Unit

6th Fld Well Const Co

12th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

25th Fld Water Sup and Pur Dept

8th Tk Regt

Sixteenth Army

17th Med Arty Regt

44th Fld AAA Bn

33d Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

34th Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

29th Brg Bldg Mat Co

3d Fld Kemp

43d L of C Sector Unit

46th L of C Sector Unit

2d Fld Trans Cmd

42d Fld Road Const Unit

44th Fld Road Const Unit

16th Fld Well Const Co

--44--

6 Nov 41

67th L of C Hosp

Sixteenth Army

22d Water Sup and Pur Dept

18th Med Arty Regt

Twenty-fifth Army

51st Fld AAA Bn

33d Fld AAA Bn

34th Fld AAA Bn

35th Fld AAA Bn

26th Ind Fld AAA Bn

21st Brg Bldg Mat Co

22d Brg Bldg Mat Co

15th River Cross Mat Co

2d Fld Kemp

47th L of C Sector Unit

58th L of C Sector Unit

78th L of C Sector Unit

5th Fld Trans Cmd

52d Ind Trans Co

33d Fld Road Const Unit

34th Fld Road Const Unit

10th Fld Well Const Co

15th Fld Well Const Co

85th Land Duty Co

38th Sea Duty Co

47th Const Duty Co

60th Const Duty Co

68th L of C Hosp

24th Fld Water Sup and Pur Dept

13 Dec 41

13th Fld Surv Unit

Southern Army

29 Jan 42

8th Tk Regt

(Kwantung Army)

42d Fld Road Const Unit

(Fifth Army)

44th Fld Road Const Unit

16th Fld Well Const Co

(Twentieth Army)

16 Feb 42

16th Sig Regt

(Third Army)

6th Sig Regt

(Fourth Army)

20 Mar 42

2d Engr Unit Hqs

(Fourth Army)

54th Ind Engr Bn

55th Ind Engr Bn

56th Ind Engr Bn

57th Ind Engr Bn

--45--

20 Map 42

29th Ind Engr Regt

(Fourth Army)

18th Ind Engr Regt

(Fifth Army)

53rd Ind Engr Bn

6 Apr 42

3d Tk Gp

(Kwantung Army)

1st Ind AT Co

2d Ind AT Co

4th Ind AT Co

7th Ind AT Co

12th Ind AT Co

29th Brg Bldg Mat Co

(Fifth Army)

2 May 42

53d Ind Engr Bn

China Expeditionary Army

54th Ind Engr Bn

55th Ind Engr Bn

16 May 42

71st Div

Activated (Kwantung Army)

7th Tk Regt

(Kwantung Army)

3d Ind Engr Co

3d Ind Mtn Arty Regt

(Third Army)

2d Ind Hvy Arty Co

1st Arty Cmd

(Fourth Army)

1st Med Arty Regt

1st Hvy Arty Regt

9th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

5th Arty Intel Regt

23d Ind Engr Regt

3d Tractor Unit

30 May 42

71st Inf Gp Hqs

(71st Division)

140th Inf Regt

4 Jul 42

Element of the 17th Fld Arty Regt

(Kwantung Army)

34th Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

40th Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

3d Ind AT Bn

(Fourth Army)

27th Brg Const Mat Co

28th Brg Const Mat Co

34th Fld Road Const Unit

--46--

4 Jul 42

21st River Cross Mat Co

(Fifth Army)

39th Fld Road Const Unit

(Twentieth Army)

4 Jul 42

First Area Army

Activated (Kwantung Army)

Second Area Army

Activated (Kwantung Army)

Second Army

Activated (Kwantung Army)

Mech Army

Activated (Kwantung Army)

4 Jul 42

6th Tk Regt

(Mechanized Army)

7th Tk Regt

1st Ind AT Co

4th Ind AT Co

12th Ind AT Co

3d Ind Engr Co

27th Ind Fld AAA Co

28th Ind Fld AAA Co

29th Ind Fld AAA Co

16th Fld Automatic Cann Co

18th Fld Automatic Cann Co

15th Tk Regt

(Fourth Army)

16th Tk Regt

(Sixth Army)

1st Tk Regt

(Mechanized Army)

26th Ind Fld AAA Co

71st Cav Regt

72d Cav Regt

29th Inf Gp Hqs

(29th Division)

18th Inf Regt

4 Jul 42

8th Tk Regt

North China Area Army

10 Sep 42

171st Ry Sta Co

Korea

17 Sep 42

6th Ind AT Bn

Seventeenth Army in Rabaul

4th Med Arty Regt

--47--

21 Sep 42

KA Sup Dept

Activated

(Kwantung Army)

20 Oct 42

25th Fld Mach Cann Co

Seventeenth Army

28th Fld Mach Cann Co

31st Fld Road Const Unit

21st Fld Duty Unit Hqs

7th Fld Const Unit Hqs

51st Const Duty Co

49th Const Duty Co

64th L of C Sector Unit

4th Engr Unit Hqs

96th Land Duty Co

31st Sea Duty Co

49th Sea Duty Co

103d L of C Hosp

21 Apr 43

120th Ry Sta Cmd

Burma Area Army

121st Ry Sta Cmd

143d Ry Sta Cmd

148th Ry Sta Cmd

152d Ry Sta Cmd

Jul 43

27th Div

(Kwantung Army) from China

30 Oct 43

Second Area Army Hqs

Southern Army—-Area North of Australia

Second Army Hqs

Mech Army Hqs

(Deactivated)

Third Area Army Hqs

Activated (Kwantung Army)

16 Nov 43

2d South Seas Det

Activated (Kwantung Army)—to Carolines.

3d South Seas Det

16 Nov 43

1st Amphibious Brig

Activated (Kwantung Army)—to Marshalls.

1st Mbl Bn

2d Mbl Bn

3d Mbl Bn

1 Feb 44

27th Div

Eleventh Army in China

--48--

1 Feb 44

59th Ind Engr Bn

Twelfth Army in China

60th Ind Engr Bn

2d Engr Unit Hqs

Eleventh Army

91st Ind Engr Bn

55th Ind Trans Bn

Twenty-third Army in China

31st Ind Mtr Trans Bn

China Expeditionary Army

32d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

33d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

49th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

83rd Ind Mtr Trans Bn

54th Ind Trans Bn

7 Feb 44

12th Ind Engr Regt

(Kwantung Army)

10 Feb A4

14th Div

Second Army in Area North of Australia

29th Div

Eastern District Army in Homeland

257th Ind Inf Bn

Twenty-ninth Army in Malaya

261st Ind Inf Bn

265th Ind Inf Bn

10 Feb 44

KA Fld Ry Cmd

KA 1st Ry Unit

KA 3d Ry Unit

KA Fld Ry Unit

Activated

(Kwantung Army)

10 Feb 44

11th Tk Regt

Northern Army in Hokkaido

7th Ind Garr Inf Bn

8th Ind Garr Inf Bn

9th Ind Garr Inf Bn

15 Feb 44

16th Mort Bn

China Expeditionary Army

101st Ind Wire Comm Co

102d Ind Wire Comm Co

103d Ind Wire Comm Co

55th Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

56th Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

57th Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

--49--

15 Feb 44

58th Fixed Wireless Unit (non-mbl)

Chins Expeditionary

15 Feb 44

9th Ind Fld Arty Bn

Eleventh Army

10th Ind Fld Arty Bn

15th Mort Bn

7th Ind Fld Arty Bn

Twenty-third Army

8th Ind Fld Arty Bn

100th Ind Wire Comm Co

24th Brg Mat Co

Twelfth Army

25th Brg Mat Co

31st Brg Mat Co

Air Defense Unit (AAA Bn), 1st Armd Div

North China Area Army

15 Feb 44

55th Fld AAA Bn

Twenty-third Army

16 Feb 44

2d Bn, 35th Inf Regt

North China Area Army

3d Bn, 140th Inf Regt

2d Bn, 3d Ind Mtn Arty Regt

21 Feb 44

2d Ind Garr Hqs

Korea Army

1st Expeditionary Unit

Ponape in the Eastern Carolines

25th Inf Gp Hqs

3d Bn, 14th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 40th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 10th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 89th Inf Regt

3d Ind Mtn Arty Regt (less 2 battalions)

3d Bn, 10th Fld Arty

3d Co, 25 Engr Regt

2d Expeditionary Unit

Martlock in the Carolines

3d Bn, 7th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 19th Inf Regt

1st Bn, 9th Mtn Arty Regt

3d Co, 9th Engr Regt

3d Expeditionary Unit

Engebi in the Marshalls

8th Inf Gp Hqs

1st Bn, 5th Inf Regt

1st Bn, 17th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 31st Inf Regt

--50--

21 Feb 44

3d 3d Bn, 8th Fld Arty Regt

Engebi in the Marshalls

3d Co, 8th Engr Regt

4th Expeditionary Unit

Yap in the Carolines

12th Inf Gp Hqs

2d Bn, 1st Inf Regt

3d Bn, 49th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 57th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 1st Fld Arty Regt

3d Co, 1st Engr Regt

5th Expeditionary Unit

Pagan in the Marianas

71st Inf Gp Hqs

3d Bn, 87th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 88th Inf Regt

1st Bn, 71st Mtn Arty Regt

3d Co, 71st Engr Regt

6th Expeditionary Unit

Guam in the. Marianas

11th Inf Gp Hqs

3 3d Bn, 12th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 24th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 43d Inf Regt

1st Bn, 44th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 46th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 48th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 24th Fld Arty Regt

3d Bn, 11th Mtn Arty Regt

3d Co, 11th Engr Regt

3d Co, 18th Engr Regt

7th Expeditionary Unit

Woleai in the Carolines

1st Bn, 22d Inf Regt

3d Bn, 32d Inf Regt

3d Bn, 42d Fld Arty Regt

3d Co, 24th Engr Regt

8th Expeditionary Unit

Truk in the Carolines

2d Ind Garr Hqs

(from Korea Army)

3d Bn, 3d Inf Regt

3d Bn, 75th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 76th Inf Regt

3d Bn, 25th Mtn Arty Regt

3d Co, 19th Engr Regt

1 Apr 44

9th Expeditionary Unit

Yap in the Carolines

--51--

1 Apr 44

24th Inf Gp Hqs

Tap in the Carolines

12th Ind Garr Inf Bn

14th Ind Garr Inf Bn

28th Ind Garr Inf Bn

4 Apr 44

10th Expeditionary Unit

Philippines

10th Inf Gp Hqs

22d Ind Garr Inf Bn

23d Ind Garr Inf Bn

30th Ind Garr Inf Bn

11th Expeditionary Unit

Kuriles

57th Inf Gp Hqs

2d Ind Garr Inf Bn

4th Ind Garr Inf Bn

29th Ind Garr Inf Bn

11 Apr 44

2d Amph Brig

Southern Army

29th Inf Gp Hqs

Three amph bn

One unit each of AAA, tk, engr, sig, trans, and med.

5 May 44

603d Spl Eat Garr Bn

Activated (First Area Army)

604th Spl Est Garr Bn

Activated (Kwantung Defense Army)

605th Spl Est Garr Bn

Activated (First Area Army)

606th Spl Eat Garr Bn

Activated (Third Area Army)

604th Spl Est Garr Co

Activated (Third Area Army)

605th Spl Est Garr Co

606th Spl Est Garr Co

Activated (Kwantung Defense Army)

607th Spl Est Garr Co

19 May 44

5th Fld Med Arty Regt

Burma Area Army

22 May 44

1st Sig Unit

Activated—to Southern Army

2d Sig Unit

--52--

13 Jun 44

1st Mbl Brg

Activated—Kwantung Army)

1st Raid Unit

KA Comm Intel Dep

KA Spl Intel Unit

107th Div

Activated—(Third Area Army)

Fuchin Garr Unit

Activated—(10th Division)

14th Border Garr Unit

13 Jun 44

2d Guer Unit

Activated (Kwantung Army)

20 Jun 44

2d Mbl Regt

Korea

26th Tk Regt

26th Rngr Regt

5th Ind AT Bn

One co, 11th Engr Regt

26 Jun

68th Brig

Formosa Army

16th Ind Mixed Regt

5th Ind Fld Arty Bn

36th Inf Regt

Fourteenth Army

One Co, 27th Sig Regt

Thirty-second Army in Formosa

9th Div (minus 9th Cav Regt,

9th Div Vet Aid Sta,

and 9th Trans Pack Horse Bn)

1st Med Arty Regt

3d Ind AT Bn

4th Ind AT Bn

7th Ind AT Bn

15th Ind Mixed Regt

27th Tk Regt

26 Jun A4

13th Ind AT Co

(Fourth Army)

14th Ind AT Co

17th Ind AT Co

(Twentieth Army)

18th Ind AT Co

--53--

26 Jun 44

21st Ind AT Co

(10th Division)

22d Ind AT Co

(107th Division)

23d Ind AT Co

25th Ind AT Co

(28th Division)

26th Ind AT Co

24th Ind AT Co

(Fifth Army)

27th Ind AT Co

29th Ind AT Co

(Third Army)

30th Ind AT Co

26 Jun 44

28th Div (minus 36th Inf Regt)

Imperial General Headquarters --- to Thirty-second Army on 30 Jun 44.

30 Jun 44

18th Ind Mixed Regt

Thirty-second Army

5th Ind AT Bn

5 Jul 44

24th Div

Imperial General Headquarters—later to Thirty-second Army

12 Jul 44

27th Sig Regt (less one company)

22d Hvy Fld Arty Regt

4th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

12th Hvy Fld Arty Regt

13th Ind AT Co

Twenty-seventh Army

14th Ind AT Co

17th Ind AT Co

18th Ind AT Co

22d Ind AT Co

12 Jul 44

23d Ind AT Co

Thirty-second Army

54th Ind Engr Bn

Shipping Command

15 Jul 44

59th Ind Mixed Brig

Activated—to

Thirty-second Army

60th Ind Mixed Brig

--54--

17 Jul 44

Defense Fort Dept

General Defense Command—Japan

18 Jul 44

8th Div

Imperial General Headquarters—to Fourteenth Area Army on 4 Aug 44.

20 Jul 44

25th Ind Mixed Regt

Formosa Army

26th Ind Mixed Regt

Fourteenth Army

23d Med Arty Regt

Thirty-second Army

24th Ind AT Co

Eastern District Army—Japan

27th Ind AT Co

35th Const Duty Co

Thirteenth Army

36th Sea Duty Co

87th Land Duty Co

78th L of C Hosp

Burma Area Army

86th L of C Hosp

24 Jul 44

1st Div (later to China)

Imperial General

10th Div (later to Tenth Army, Formosa)

2d Armd Div (less the 2d Armd Div AAA Unit) (later to Philippines)

29th Ind AT Co

Formosa Army

30th Ind AT Co

31st Ind AT Co

32d Ind AT Co

1st Ind Mort Regt

27 Jul 44

Anshan Defense Cmd AAA Bn

Activated (Kwantung Defense Army)

55th Ind Fld AAA Btry

56th Ind Fld AAA Btry

57th Ind Fld AAA Btry

68th Fld Mach Cann Co

69th Fld Mach Cann Co

70th Fld Mach Cann Co

5 Aug 44

101st Garr Unit

Activated

--55--

5 Aug 44

102d Garr Unit

(Kwantung Defense Army)

103d Garr Unit

(First Area Army)

104th Garr Unit

(Third Area Army)

Kwantung Terr Garr Unit

(Kwantung Defense Army)

Anshan Defense Unit

108th Div

111th Div

(Twentieth Army)

112th Div

(Third Army)

16 Aug 44

let Fld Trans Hqs

Eleventh Army

13th Fld Trans Hqs

75th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

81st Ind Mtr Trans Bn

69th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

266th Ind Mtr Trans Co

279th Ind Mtr Trans Co

57th Ind Trans Co

58th Ind Trans Co

59th Ind Trans Co

60th Ind Trans Co

61st Ind Trans Co

62d Ind Trans Co

21 Aug 44

88th Fld AAA Bn

Activated—(Kwantung Defense Army)

22 Aug 44

5th Arty Hqs

Thirty-second Army

23 Aug 44

33d Ind Tk Bn

Eastern District Army

26 Aug 44

31st Sig Regt

Activated— (Kwantung Army)

9 Sep 44

3d Raid Unit

Activated—to Formosa Army

4th Raid Unit

16 Sep 44

601st Spl Garr Engr Unit

Activated—(Kwantung Defense Army)

602d Spl Garr Engr Unit

603d Spl Garr Engr Unit

604th Spl Garr Engr Unit

605th Spl Garr Engr Unit

606th Spl Garr Engr Unit

--56--

16 Sap 44

607th Spl Garr Engr Unit

22 Sep 44

23d Div

Alerted—sent to Fourteenth Army in November.

27 Sep 44

Twentieth Army

Deactivated—Headquarters sent to Sixth Area Army, China

4 Oct 44

6th Fld Trans Hqs

Southern Army

11 Oct 44

119th Div

Activated (Sixth Army)

73d Ind Mixed Brig

(Fourth Army)

1st Ind Armd Brig

(First Area Army)

23d Ind Mort Bn

(Third Army)

17th Mort Bn

(Third Area Army)

13th Ind Fld Arty Bn

14th Ind Fld Arty Bn

Penhsihu Garr Unit Hqs

(Kwantung Defense Army)

Fushun Garr Unit Hqs

Anshan Garr Unit Hqs

90th Fld AAA Bn

91st Fld AAA Bn

92d Fld AAA Bn

71st Fld Mach Cann Co

72d Fld Mach Cann Co

73d Fld Mach Cann Co

74th Fld Mach Cann Co

75th Fld Mach Cann Co

76th Fld Mach Cann Co

77th Fld Mach Cann Co

24 Nov 44

120th Div

Activated—(Third Army)

11 Dec 44

KA Fld Ry Unit

(Deactivated)

11 Dec 44

Continental Ry Unit

Activated—(Kwantung Army)

1st Ind Ry Bn

Eastern District Army

--57--

11 Dec 44

2d Ind Ry Bn

Eastern District Army

3d Ind Ry Bn

4th Ind Ry Bn

22 Dec 44

7th Med Arty Regt

Eighth Area Army

12th Div

Tenth Area Army, Formosa

Jan 45

Three Inf gp

North China Area Army

One Mong cav unit

23 Jan 15

71st Div

Tenth Area Army

25 Jan 45

Sixth Army

(Deactivated)

Sixth Army Hqs

China Expeditionary Army

1 Feb 45

lat Ry Sta Cmd

Activated (Kwantung Army

171st Ry Sta Cmd

172d Ry Sta Cmd

173d Ry Sta Cmd

174th Ry Sta Cmd

176th Ry Sta Cmd

180th Ry Sta Cmd

181st Ry Sta Cmd

186th Ry Sta Cmd

194th Ry Sta Cmd

207th Ry Sta Cmd

208th Ry Sta Cmd

209th Ry Sta Cmd

210th Ry Sta Cmd

211th Ry Sta Cmd

9 Fab 45

10th Ind Ry Bn

Activated (Kwantung Army)

11th Ind Ry Bn

12th Ind Ry Bn

15th Ind Ry Bn

13th Ind Ry Bn

North China Area Army

14th Ind Ry Bn

22 Feb 45

31st Sig Regt

Thirteenth Army in China

37th Sig Regt

Activated (Kwantung Army)

--58--

26 Feb 4

121st Div

Activated (Kwantung Army

122d Div

(First Area Army)

123d Div

(Fourth Army)

124th Div

(Third Army)

125th Div

(Fourth Army)

126th Div

(Fifth Army)

127th Div

(Third Army)

128th Div

77th Ind Mixed Brig

(Fifth Army)

78th Ind Mixed Brig

(First Area Army)

79th Ind Mixed Brig

80th Ind Mixed Brig

(Third Area Army)

29th Ind AT Bn

30th Ind AT Bn

(Fourth Army)

12th Ind Engr Regt

(First Area Army)

171st Cav Regt

Kwantung Army

15 Mar 45

lat Armd Div (leas 3d TK Regt, and 1st Armd Air Defense Unit)

14th Mort Bn

2d Hvy Fld Arty Regt

Twelfth Area Army

9th Hvy Fld Arty Regt

44th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

25th Div

Sixteenth Area Army

84th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

27 Mar 45

42d Sig Regt

Activated (Kwantung Army)

37th Sig Regt

Fifteenth Area Army

31 Mar 45

KA Arsenal

Activated (Kwantung Army)

KA Ord Sup Dep

--59--

31 Mar 45

KA Clothing Dep

Activated (Kwantung Army)

KA Provisions Dap

KA Mat Dap

KA Medical Sup Dap

KA Vat Sup Dep

31 Mar 45

27th Ind Engr Regt

Twelfth Area Army

2d Arty Intel Regt

5th Army Intel Regt

11th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

12th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

13th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

8th Arty Hqs

8th Sig Regt

66th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

2d Fld Const Unit Hqs

1st Arty Hqs

Sixteenth Area Army

3d Engr Unit Hqs

4th Fld Const Unit Hqs

7th Fld Trans Hqs

13th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

1st Arty Intel Regt

7th Sig Regt

10th Hvy Fld Arty Regt

9th Ind Hvy Arty Bn

34th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

68th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

99th L of C Hosp

11th Tractor Co

12th Tractor Co

33d Const Duty Co

45th Const Duty Co

111th Div

Seventeenth Area Army

120th Div

121st Div

4th Sig Regt

23d Ind Mort Bn

57th Div (less 57th Inf Gp

Hqs and 57th Racon Regt)

Thirty-sixth Army

7th Arty Hqs

22 Apr 45

5th Fld Const Unit Hqs

Twelfth Area Army

6th Fld Const Unit Hqs

17th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

--60--

22 Apr 45

53d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

Twelfth Area Army

67th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

65th L of C Hosp

3d Tractor Unit

13th Tractor Co

14th Tractor Co

39th Const Duty Co

8th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

Sixteenth Area Army

16th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

56th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

46th L of C Sector Unit Hqs

Seventeenth Area Army

64th L of C Hosp

63d Ind Trans Co

64th Ind Trans Co

65th Ind Trans Co

27 Apr 45

2d Ry Regt

Homeland Railway Command—-Japan

28 Apr 45

8th Ind Tk Brig

Thirteenth Area Army

30 May 45

39th Div

(Third Area Army)

59th Div

(Thirty-fourth Army)

63d Div

(Forty-fourth Army)

117th Div

2d Engr Unit Hqs

(Third Area Army)

31st Sig Regt

(Forty-fourth Army)

40th Ind Engr Regt

(Third Area Army)

2d Ind Ry Brg Bn

(Continental Railway)

10th Ind Fld Arty Bn

(Fourth Army)

11th Ind Fld Arty Bn 15th Mtr Bn

(Kwantung Army)

81st Ind Mtr Trans Bn

(Fourth Army)

1st Ind Ry Const and Repair Unit

(Continental Railway Unit)

--61--

30 May 45

85th Fld Mach Cann Co

(Third Area Army)

107th Spl Const Duty Co

(Kwantung Army)

127th Spl Land Duty Co

(Forty-fourth Army)

127th Spl Sea Duty Co

(Kwantung Army)

179th L of C Hosp

30 May 45

193d L of C Hosp

(Kwantung Army)

79th Div

101st Mixed Regt

Eiko Bay Fortress Garr Unit

Rashin Fortress Garr Unit

5 Jun 45

Kwantung Defense Army

(Redesignated Forty-Fourth Army Headquarters)

16 Jun 45

Thirty-fourth Army Hqs

(Kwantung Army)

18 Jun 45

10th Fld Duty Unit Hqs

Seventeenth Area Army

62d L of C Sector Unit Hqs

12th Fld Trans Co

65th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

70th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

82d Ind Mtr Trans Bn

41st Const Duty Co

59th Const Duty Co

72d Ind Trans Co

74th Ind Trans Co

16th Vet Quar Sta

71st L of C Hosp

Activated

5 Jul 45

134th Div

(First Area Army)

135th Div

(Fifth Army)

136th Div

(Third Area Army)

137th Div

(Thirty-fourth Army)

138th Div

(Thirtieth Army)

139th Div

(First Area Army)

148th Div

(Thirtieth Army)

--62--

5 Jul 45

149th Div

(Fourth Army) Activated

130th Ind Mixed Brig

(Third Area Army)

13lst Ind Mixed Brig

(Fourth Army)

132d Ind Mixed Brig

(Third Army)

133d Ind Mixed Brig

(Thirty-fourth Army)

134th Ind Mixed Brig

(Third Area Army)

135th Ind Mixed Brig

(Fourth Army)

136th Ind Mixed Brig

9th Guer Unit

(Fifth Army)

11th Guer Unit

(Fourth Army)

lat Spl Garr Unit

(Third Area Army)

2d Spl Garr Unit

(First Area Army)

3d Spl Garr Unit

(Fourth Army)

15th Border Garr Unit

(Fifth Army)

Five Arty Reg

(One each to 124th through 128th Divisions)

Twenty-six Aslt Units (Bn size)

(One each to 107th, 108th, 112th, 119th, 122d to 128th, 134th to 139th, 148th and 149th Divisions, and to the 130th to 136th Independent Mixed Brigades.)

19th Hvy Arty Regt

(Thirtieth Army)

30th Hvy Fld Arty Regt

(Forty-fourth Army)

54th Sig Regt

(Kwantung Army)

57th Sig Regt

--63--

5 Jul 45

21st Ind Hvy Fld Arty Bn

(Thirtieth Army)

22d Ind Ry Bn

(Kwantung Army)

23d Ind Ry Bn

27th Ind Hvy Mort Bn

(Thirtieth Army)

112th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

(Kwantung Army)

113th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

114th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

115th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

116th Ind Mtr Trans Bn

1st Ind Hvy Mort Co

(Third Army)

6th Ind Hvy Arty Btry

(Forty-fourth Army)

31 Jul 45

Thirtieth Army Hqs

Activated (Kwantung Army)

--64--

INDEX

AAA defense: 25

Air Army: 2d; 22

Air Force: 11, 16, Organization:

Chart No. 5; 20

Air Brigades: 10th and 12th; 16,

22: Paichengtzu; 25

Air Groups: 3d and 5th; 16

Air Regiments: 24th and 45th; 17

Anami, Lt Gen, Korechika, Cmdr of 2d Area Army: 23

Ando, Lt Gen, Saburo, Cmdr of Air Force: 20

Area Armies: 1st and 2d; 23

Army General Staff, Japanese (AGS): 3-5

Armies, General

China Expeditionary Army: 15-17

Kwantung Army: 23

Southern Army: 15-17

Armies

2d: 23-24 3rd 7, 11, 19, 23

4th: 7, 19, 23

5th: 7, 1, 19, 23

6th: 7, 19, 23

14th: 16, 21

15th: 16

16th: 16, 22

20th: 11, 19-20, 23

23d: 15

25th: 16, 22

Korea: 4

Kwantung (see Kwantung Army)

Mechanized: 23-24

Armored Divisions: 1st and 2d; 24

Arshaan: 20

Artillery Battalions

9th Ind Heavy: 21

Port Arthur Fortress: 3

Artillery Battery: 2d Ind Hv; 21

Artillery Command: 1st; 21

Artillery Regiments

1st Heavy: 21

1st Heavy Field: 21

3d Ind Mountain: 21

5th Intelligence: 21

27th, 31st and 77th: 22

45th and 208th: 25

Axis powers: 7

Border Garrison Units

2d, 3d, 10th and 11th: 11

Brigades

lat and 4th Cavalry: 5

3d Tank: 22

4th, 8th and 39th Mixed: 4

14th Mixed: 5

Britain: 9, 11, 14, 18

Bundy, author of On Active Service in Peace and War: 10n

Burma: 14n

Cavalry brigade (see Brigades)

Changchun (Hsinking): 2, 5, 20

China: 1-2, 11, 14-15, 18, 22, 24

China Incident (see Incidents)

China Expeditionary Army (see Armies, General)

Chinese Government: 2

Chihsi: 11

Dairen: 1, 14

Division (see Infantry, Armored Divisions)

Dutch East Indies: 14n

European front: 26

Far East: 1-2, 6, 8-10, 12

Formosa: 14, 16

France: 1

French Indo-China: 14-16

Garrison Units

9th Border: 22

Hunchun: 22

Arshaan: 23

Germany: 1, 7, 23

Greater East Asia: 18

Guadalcanal: 24

Hainan: 14-16

Hattori, Col, Takushiro: 9n

Hayashi, Lt Gen, Senjuro, Cmdr of

Korea Army: 4n

--65--

Heiho Province: 24

Hsinking (see Changchun)

Hsingan Provinces Nan, Pei and Tung: 24

Hokkaido: 6

Hulutao: 14

Hunchun: 20, 22

Iman: 13

Imperial General Headquarters

(IGH): ii, 3n, 6-14, 16-18, 20-21, 23-26

Incidents

China: 5-7, 18

Mukden: 3-5, 7

Nomonhan: 6-7

Ishiwatari, Lt Col, Heizo: 11

Iwano, Maj, Masataka: 11

Japan: 1-2, 5, 7, 13

Decision to go south:

Decision to go to War: 18

National policy: 6, 10, 14, 19

Japanese-Manchukuoan Protocol: 5, 7

Japanese Prime Minister: 4n

Java: 16

Komuratani, Maj, Yasuji: ii

Konoye, Prime Minister, Fumimaro: 9

Korea: 1, 5, 8, 10

Kozuki, Lt Gen, Yoshio, Cmdr of 2d Army: 24

Kwantung Army: ii, 3-11, 13-14, 17-20, 24-25

Deployment to the south begins: 14

Headquarters established: 3

List of Commanders of: Chart No. 1; 3

Organization, 1941: Chart No. 3; 7

Organization, 1942: Chart No. 6; 26

Origin of: 2

Special Maneuvers: 8-9, 11-12, 14

Strength of (1931-1945): Chart No. 2; 5-6

Strengthening of Manchuria in 1942: 21

Withdrawals from Manchuria in late 1942: 24

Kwantung Bureau: 6

Kwantung Defense Army (see Armies)

Kwantung Territory: 1-3, 19

Civilian governor of: 6

Governor General of: 2, 3n, 5

Liaotung Peninsula: 1

Lungchiang Province: 24

Malaya: 14n, 16, 23

Manchukuo

Ambassador Plenipotentiary to: 4, 6

Joint defense of: 5

New capital of: 5

Proclamation of independence: 4

Manchuria: ii, 3n, 4, 6, 8-10, 12-14, 17-20, 22-25

Matsumura, Maj Gen, Tomokatsu, Deputy C of S of Kwantung Army: 17-18

Matsuoka, Foreign Minister, Yosuke: 9

Mizumachi, Lt Col, Katsushiro: ii

Mukden Incident (see Incidents)

Mutanchiang: 23-24

Nakamura, Maj, Ryuhei: ii

National policies, Japan (see Japan)

Navy, Japanese: 9

Netherlands: 14n, 18

New Guinea: 24

Nomonhan: 7

Nomonhan Incident (see Incidents)

OCMH: 9n, 18n

Outer Mongolia: 26

Pacific, war in: 13

Palau: 16n

Peian Province: 24

Philippines: 14n, 16

Port Arthur: 1, 3, 11

Poland: 7

Poli: 24

--66--

23d Ind Engr: 21

Shishikura, Maj, Juro: ii

Siberian expedition: 2

Southern Areas: 14n, 25-26

Southern Army (see Armies, General)

South Manchurian Railway: 2-3

South Manchurian Railway Zone: 2-3

Soviet (Soviet Union): 6, 13-14, 18-19, 23

Soviet Armies

16th Army: 26

17th Army: 26

25th Army: 33

35th Army: 13

Estimate of strength in 1942: 26

Far Eastern: 8

Far Eastern Area Army: 13

Strength in Far East (1931-1941): 12n

Transfer to European front: 26

Zabaikal Area Army: 26

Zabaikal Army District: 26

Special Maneuvers (see Kwantung Army)

Ssupingchieh: 24

Stimson, author of On Active

Service in Peace and War: 10n

Suzuki, Lt Gen, Ritsudo, Cmdr of Air Army: 20 Tachibana, Gen, Koichiro, Cmdr of Kwantung Army: 3

Thailand: 14n, 16

Tokyo: 3-4, 9, 17-18

Treaties

Portsmouth: 1

Shimonoseki: 1

Sino-Japanese: 2

Tripartite Alliance: 7

Tsitsihar: 23

Tumen River: 22

Tumentzu: 22

U.S.: 9-11, 13-14, 18

USSR (see Soviet)

Voroshilov: 13

Pacific: 13, 19

Russo-Japanese: 1-2, 6

Soviet-German: 7-8, 10, 12, 19

World War I: 2

World War II: 3n, 7

Wuchiatzu: 22

Yamashita, Lt Gen, Tomoyuki, Cmdr of 1st Area Army: 23

Yano, Col, Muraji: ii

Yenchi: 24

Yoshida, Lt Gen, Makoto, Cmdr of Mechanized Army: 24

Zabaikal: 26

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