Bibliography

Part One

Primary Sources

  1. Record Group 457 (RG457) National Archives (NA)

    1. SRH012, The Role of Radio Intelligence in the American Japanese Naval War August 1941-June 1942.

    2. SRH180, U.S. Naval Pre-World War II Activities in the Philippine Islands 1931-1942.

    3. SRH207, Evacuation of USN COMINT Personnel from Corregidor in World War II.

    4. SRH235, COMINT Contributions to Submarine Warfare.

    5. SRH264, Wenger Lecture to Naval War College.

    6. SRH268, Redman Correspondence.

    7. SRH272, CINCPAC Enemy Activities File.

    8. SRH278, HYPOWar Diary 1942.

    9. SRH279, Communications Intelligence Organization 1942-1946.

    10. SRH289, Mobile RI Unit Activities

    11. SRH313, Mobile RI Units with TF16, 1-24 May 1942.

    12. SRMD009, JICPOA Administrative Files January 1942-September 1945.

    13. SRMN004, CINCPAC Intelligence Bulletins, 16 March-1 June 1942.

    14. SRMN005, File of Memoranda and Reports Relating to the Battle of Midway, the "K" Campaign, and the Aleutian Operation.

    15. SRMN008, CINCPAC Combat Intelligence Bulletins and Radio Digests, 1 March-31 December 1942.

    16. SRMN012, Com 14 T/I Summaries and Fleet Intelligence Summaries prepared by HYPO and Layton, respectively. Frequently Layton's contribution was embellished by a comment from CINCPAC War Plans. 16 July 1941-30 June 1942.

    17. SRMN013, CINCPAC Intelligence Bulletins, 1 June 1942-23 September 1945.

    18. SRMN5, The Establishment of Advanced Intelligence Centers, May 1942-August 1943.

    19. SRNM001-0451, Messages intercepted, decoded, deciphered, and translated by HYPO and Melbourne with comments by OP-20I. Some translations are also by OP-20-GZ; 13 March-15 April 1942. SRMN0452-0952, messages from the period 16 April-9 May 1942, From HYPO, Station C, Melbourne, and OP-20-GY.

    20. SRNM0452-0952, Messages from the period 16 April-9 May 1942, from HYPO, Station C, Melbourne, and OP-20-GY.

    21. SRNM0953-1141, Daily Summaries and Translations 9-18 May 1942.

    22. SRNM1142-1292, Translations from the British base at Colombo and from the Admiralty concerning Japanese Navy activity in the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and the Pacific west of the Marshalls between 21 January and 5 June 1942.

    23. SRNS0001-0078, Summaries prepared by OP-16-F-2 (ONI) based on COMINT reports of Japanese Navy activities 14 April-30 June 1942.

    24. SRNS1290-1458, Summaries of Japanese naval dispositions and intentions 1942-1945.

    25. SRNS1459-1516, Traffic Intelligence [T/A] summaries of Japanese Naval Forces, 1942-1946.

    26. SRNS1517, Daily TI and CI [translations] summaries from Melbourne 20 March-8 June 1942.

    27. SRNS1518, Operational and Administrative messages from Melbourne, March 19042-March 1944.

  2. Unit Histories

    1. History of OP-20-GT-P (Traffic Analysis-Pacific). OP-20-GT-P was established in March 1942. Prior to that time no traffic analysis was conducted on OP-20-G. From 1 March to 10 April 1942, traffic from HYPO was sent to OP-20-G via air mail. Traffic from Bainbridge, Washington, was sent by teletype. History Collection IVWI.5.8. This history is classified TS.

    2. History of OP-20-GYP-1 (Cryptanalysis-Pacific). This history was written after the war, probably by Stuart McClintock. It concerns the activities of the Pacific cryptanalysis unit in Washington. It contains information concerning the steps leading to success against the Jap Navy General-Purpose Code, JN 25. history Collection IV W I.5.12 and 5.13. This history is classified TS.

    3. History of OP-20-GI-P (Combat Intelligence-Pacific). History Collection IV W I.5.3. This history is classified.

  3. Record Group 38, National Archives.

    1. CINCPAC message files. This file contains the daily classified messages originated by headquarters CINCPAC for the period covered by this chapter.

    2. Distribution of Intelligence by ONI, Box 8-Z/EF28(298). A March 13 1942 memorandum from OP-16 (ONI) to COMINCH responded to a message from CINCPAC (Originated by Com 14) pertaining to duplication in reporting and lack of security. As a result, OOP-16 discontinued its daily bulletin.

    3. ONI Intelligence Reports, Box A8-2/EF(294), Folder A8-2/EF, January-April 42. This folder contains out-of-date reports of sightings of Japanese ships by American submarines at a time when much more accurate and timely reports were available in COMINT reports from the Pacific centers. An ONI Japanese Navy Order of Battle is in the prewar format. It does not reflect the current organizational structure, improperly showing carriers in the numbered fleets instead of in the First Air Fleet and Carrier Strike Forces.

    4. Records of Headquarters COMINCH, Box A8-2, Folder 1. This box contains several items dated February 1942 that reflect ONI's efforts to produce intelligence reports from non-COMINT sources such as the news media and State Department reports.

    5. Coral Sea, A British View. A Report of 22 May 1942 from Chief of Intelligence William Donovan to Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox. Box A8-2F(296).

  4. CNO Summaries of Japanese Naval Activities 1 4 April-30 June 1942, White House Map Room copies of ONI-prepared daily reports. Unintentionally, they reveal differences of opinion between ONI, HYPO, and OP-20-G.

  5. Rudolph J. Fabian, Commander, USN (ret), OIC Melbourne RI Center: On 10 and 12 August 1942, Fabian and other officers and men in the RI center in Melbourne were recommended for recognition by Washington (Fabian for a Distinguished Service Medal) for their outstanding work in connection with the Coral Sea and midway actions. COMSOWESPAC letter 00204, August 10, 1942, and COMSOWESPAC message 220751Z August 1942. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Map Room. The recognition was not forthcoming!

  6. Nimitz Command Summary, 1942, Volumes I and II. This record clearly reflects the influence of COMINT on the command decisions made by Admiral Nimitz. History Collection IVWII.2.2.

  7. CINCPAC OPPlan 23-42, 29 April 1942. This plan controls the activities of TF16 (Halsey) and its relationship to TFs 17 (Fletcher) and 12.

  8. "Control of Dissemination and Use of Radio Intelligence by the U.S. Navy in 1942." This file in the history collection s a 1942 memorandum from COMINCH directing that messages containing COMINT must be burned after reading. IVQ.5.1.

  9. "Potential Value of Radio Intelligence in Naval Battles as Illustrated in the Battle of Midway." A report prepared from Commander Joseph N. Wenger, D/Chief OP-20-G, on Nov 9, 1942, by Ensign John V. Connorton.

  10. "U.S. Navy COMINT Organization and Manpower, 7 December 1941-May 1942." History Collection IVWI.3.20.

  11. "Organization of OP-20-G, 1935-1950." For the period February-June 1942, this file contains the structure and names of persons in charge following the February 1942 reorganization of OP-20. history Collection IVWI.4.1.

  12. Frank Jack Fletcher, Admiral, USN, Battle Report after Coral Sea, 28 may 1942. History Collection IVII.8.1.

  13. "Communications Procedures and daily COMINT Summaries from HYPO." This file contains messages dated March 1942 between Washington and Honolulu. History Collection IVWII.3.4.

  14. "Cryptanalytical and Decryption Operations." A 1941 memorandum on this subject from OP-20-G to VCNO criticized the odd-even arrangement between Army and Navy, mentioned the peacetime rivalry, and the Army's light workload in contrast with the Navy's expanding efforts against a variety of targets. The Navy's right to distribute intelligence to the White House is also mentioned. History Collection IVU.1.

  15. Intercept Station C From Olongapo through the evacuation of Corregidor, 1929-1942. This booklet was published by the Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association. It contains articles written by officers and men who served at Station C during the above period.

  16. Forest R. Biard, Captain, USN (ret). A personal account of his experiences as the linguist in a radio intelligence detachment aboard the Yorktown during the Battle of the Coral Sea. Written after the event, this narrative contains the only known minute-by-minute account of the battle from the point of view of the linguist and the intercept operators.

    Oral Histories:

    1. Thomas H. Dyer interviews 1-6 by Paul Stilwell, Oral Historian, U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, between August and September 1983. Dyer was second in command under Rochefort during the period covered by this chapter. (U)

    2. Stuart McClintock, cryptanalyst in OP-20-G, who worked exclusively on JN-25 messages beginning two weeks after Pearl harbor. NSA OH #03-81. (TSCW)

    3. Joseph J. Rochefort, OIC of the Hawaii RI center during the period covered by this chapter. In this interview, conducted by the U.S. Naval institute, a partial chronology of his career can be reconstructed. History Collection IVWX.1 (U)

    4. Durwood K. (Texas) Rory, Chief Master at Arms, 1 4th Naval District. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, when manpower requirements at HYPO increased exponentially, Rory was delegated to personally recruit new workers for HYPO from the replacements who arrived in Hawaii almost daily. His success rate became legendary after he selected and assigned band members from the battleship California. NSA Oral History OH 27-84 (S-CCO)

    5. Wesley A. (Ham) Wright, Captain, USN (ret). NSA Oral History, OH 11-82. (FOUO)

    6. Rudolph T. Fabian, Captain, USN (ret). NSA Oral History, OH 09-83 (S-CCO)

Secondary Sources

Brown, Anthony Cave. "C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill. New York: McMillan Publishing Co., 1987.

Buell, Thomas B. Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980.

Costello, John. The Pacific War. 2nd printing. Fairfield, Pa.: Fairfield Graphics, February, 1982.

Dorwart, Jeffrey M., Conflict of Duty: The U.S. Navy's Intelligence Dilemma 1919-1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1983.

Holmes, W.J. Double-edged Secrets. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979.

Horner, D.M. "Special Intelligence in the Southwest Pacific Area in World War II." Australian Outlook, Journal of the AIIA. December 1978, Vol. 32, #3.

Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. New York: Paul S. Erikson, Inc., 1975.

Kelley, Lt. Welbourne, USNR, and Walter Karig, Commander, USNR. Battle Report: Pearl Harbor to Coral Sea. Farrar and Rinehart, 1944.

King, Ernest J., Fleet Admiral, USN, with Walter Muir Whitehall, Cdr., USNR. Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record. New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1985.

Layton, RAdm Edwin T., USN (ret), with Captain Roger Pineau, USN (ret) and John Costello. And I Was There. New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1985.

Lundstrom, John B. "A Failure of Radio Intelligence: An Episode in the Battle of the Coral Sea." Cryptologia,Vol. 7, #2, April 1983.

_________________ The First South Pacific Campaign: Pacific Fleet Strategy, December 1941-June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976.

Millot, Bernard A. The Battle of the Coral Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1974.

Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of U.S. naval Operations in World War II, Vol. IV, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions May-August 1942." Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971.

Morton, Louis. U.S. Army in World War II, Strategy and Command: The First Two Years. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1962.

Potter, E.. Nimitz. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976.

Thorne, Christopher. Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain and the War Against Japan, 1941-945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Willmott, H.P. The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February-June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1983.

Winslow, Captain W.G., USN (ret). The Fleet the Gods Forgot: The . Asiatic Fleet in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1982.

Japanese Sources

Hattori, Takushiro. The Complete History of the Greater East Asia War. Four volumes. Masu Publishing Company, 1953.

Saburo, Ienaga. The Pacific War, World War II and the Japanese, 1931-1945. New York:

Shiumada, Koichi. Air Operations in the Philippine Islands. 2nd edition. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1971.

The Japanese Navy in World War II: An Anthology of Articles written by former Japanese Naval and Air Defense Offers. 2nd printing. Initially published in Proceedings between 1952 and 1958. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1971.

Part Two

Primary Sources

  1. Record Group 457, National Archives:

    1. SRH012 RIP98. The Role of RI in the American-Japanese War, Vol. II.

    2. SRH230, Battle of Midway, Henry F. Schorreck.

    3. SRH268, Two memorandums dated June 1942 to ACNO (Assistant Chief of Naval Operations) from DNC (Director Naval Communications, Joseph R. Redman) and OP-20-G (John R. Redman), subject: Radio Intelligence Organization and Establishment of Advanced Intelligence Centers.

    4. SRH272, CINCPAC Enemy Activities File.

    5. SRH278, Wary, CIU Pacific 1942. [Hawaii].

    6. SRMN004, CINCPAC Intelligence Bulletins, 16 March-1 June 1942.

    7. SRMN005, OP-20-G file of memoranda and reports relating to the Battle of Midway, 1942-1946.

    8. SRMN008, CINCPAC and Com 14 CI Bulletins/Radio Digests, 1 March-31 December 1942.

    9. SRMN012, COM 14 TI Summaries with Fleet Intelligence Summaries.

    10. SRMN015, The Establishment of Advanced Intelligence Centers, May 1942-August 1943.

    11. SRNS1517, Daily TI and CI Summaries from Melbourne, 20 March-8 June 1942.

  2. Record Group 38, National Archives

    1. CINCPAC message file. This file contains all classified messages sent and received by CINCPAC during the period covered by this chapter.

    2. Sources of Intelligence: A memorandum from Chief of Staff, Naval Forces SOWESPACFOR area indicated that by 26 June 1942, air reconnaissance and photography were the major sources of information on enemy bases, dispositions, air strength and air losses. The memorandum also indicates that reconnaissance flights were flown to confirm intelligence reports from a third unspecified source other than radio Tokyo.

    3. A memorandum from the Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC) dated 28 August 1942, addressed to "Subchief of Naval Operations" and meaning ONI or OP-16-X; subject: "establishment of Joint Intelligence Centers." This memorandum conveyed two earlier letters from CMC to COMINCH dated 24 March and 10 April 1942, same subject. (Sec Nav/CNO Correspondence)

    4. 24 March 1942 memorandum from [General] T. Holcomb, CMC to COMINCH, subject: Establishment of Advanced Joint Intelligence Centers.

    5. 13 April 1942 memorandum from COMINCH to CINCPAC Fleet, subject: Establishment of Joint Intelligence Centers.

    6. 28 May 1942 memorandum from CINCPAC Fleet to COMINCH, subject: Establishment of Advanced Intelligence Centers. This memorandum from Admiral Nimitz to Admiral King nonconcurs in the scope of the CMC proposals. Nimitz advocated an intelligence center only in Hawaii centered on the Com 14/HYPO organization. This center was to be established first and possibly followed by others.

    7. Records of CNO/COMINCH: Under the file heading "Air Combat Intelligence Officers" will also be found the basic CMC/COMINCH correspondence of March-April 1942. Reviewed by RAdm J.H. Towers, Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, it generated a separate plan for providing air combat intelligence officers in the proposed Joint Intelligence centers. Towers also tasked BuAir to train the officers who would be selected to serve in the centers. (1 May, 14 May, 21 May 1942).

    8. 14 July 1942 memorandum from COMINCH to VCNO(ONI), subject: Air Combat Intelligence Officers. This memorandum agreed with CINCPAC's wish to have the center in Hawaii completely operational before other centers were opened in the Pacific. An accompanying letter from CINCPAC to COMINCH stated that the Hawaiian Center (ICPOA) was up and running under Com 14.

    9. On 31 March 1942, COMINCH/CNO approved establishment of an Aviation Intelligence Branch in the BuAir to develop and disseminate "Technical Aviation Intelligence" ashore and afloat. The normal sources of this information were ONI and photography.

    10. 10 April 1942, Admiral R.K. Turner, Chief of War Plans for Admiral King, proposed that ONI create an Intelligence Staff for Admiral Ghormley, newly appointed Commander, South Pacific Area, whose headquarters were to be located at Auckland, new Zealand, with an advanced base at Tongatabu.

    11. In May 1942, Commander Fitzgerald Greene, ONI, was sent to New Zealand to operated a center staffed by 300, including an RI element!

    12. A memorandum dated 5 June 1942, from MGen George VB. Strong, ACOS/G2, to COS George C. Marshall, U.S. Army, subject: Cooperation and Collaboration with the Navy on Military Intelligence. Two covering notes from Admiral Russell Willson, ONI, probably to Admiral Ernest J. King, COMINCH, note a negative Navy reaction after seeing the Army memorandum. Records of COMINCH Box A8-2.

  3. Nimitz Command Summary 1941-1942. An official CINCPAC record of certain ideas, plans and messages concerning events in the Pacific. A daily record of important messages from 22 February to 8 June 1942. History Collection, IVWII.2.2.

  4. History of OP-20-GY-P-1 (Cryptanalysis-Pacific). This classified history is in the history collection IVWI.5.8.

  5. History of OP-20-GT-P (Traffic Analysis-Pacific). This classified history is in the history collection IVWI.5.8.

  6. CNO Summaries of Japanese Naval Activities (Midway) 14 April-30 June 1942. These daily intelligence summaries were prepared by ONI and located in the records of the White House Map Room.

  7. CINCPAC Intelligence Bulletins (way) 16 March-1 June 1942, Daily. This is OP-20-GI's copy of the Bulletin. Cryptologic Archives Holding Area, ACC#17907A, Location CBKH44.

    1. Interview of Joseph Rochefort by the Naval Institute. History Collection, IVWX.1.

    2. W.A. (Ham) Wright, NSA Oral History, 11-82.

    3. Thomas H. Dyer. Interviewed by Paul Stilwell, Oral Historian, U.S. Naval Institute.

    4. Adm. Edwin Layton. Interviewed by Mr. Robert Farley, Oral Historian, National Security Agency. NSA OH02-83 and follow-up, 32-83.

Secondary Sources

The Battle of Midway Including the Aleutian Phase, June 3-June 14, 1942, Strategic and tactical Analysis, U.S. Naval War College, 1948. History Collection IVWVII.6.

Buell, Thomas B. The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Boston: Little, Brown and Com., 1974.

Colville, John. Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939-1955. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 1985.

Costello, John. The Pacific War. 2nd printing. Fairfield: Pennsylvania: Fairfield Graphics, 1982.

Dyer, VAdm George C. USN (Ret). The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, LC#71-603853.

Furer, RAdm Julius August, USN (ret). Administration of the Navy Department in World War II. Washington, 1959.

Hough, Richard. The Greatest Crusade--Roosevelt, Churchill and the Naval Wars. New York: William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1986.

Hoyt, Edwin P. Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, 1853-1952. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986.

Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. New York: The Viking Press, 1976.

____________ The Mask of Command. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1987.

____________ The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1988.

Larrabee, Eric. Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1987.

Layton, RAdm Edwin T. USN (Ret), with Captain Roger Pineau, USNR (ret) and John Costello. And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets. New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1985.

Lord, Walter. Incredible Victory. York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1967.

Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. III, "The Rising Sun in the Pacific," and Vol. , "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions May 1942-August 1942." Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971.

Potter, E.B. Nimitz. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976.

Prange, Gordon W., with Donald M. Goldstein and Kathleen V. Dillon. Miracle at Midway. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982.

Taylor, Theodore. Mitscher the Magnificent. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1960.

Tuleja, Thaddeus V. Climax at Midway. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1960.

Schaller, Michael. Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General. Oxford University Press, 1989.

Willmott, H.P. The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies February-June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1983.

Japanese Sources

Fuchida, Matsuo, and Okumiya Masatake. Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1955.

Hattori, Takushiro. The Complete History of the Greater East Asia War. Masu Publishing Co., 1953.

"The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway," ONI Review, May 1947. (A translation of Admiral Nagumo's action report.)


Table of Contents
Part One* Part Two


Transcribed and formatted by Patrick Clancey