OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1959
University of Missouri
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U.S. Continental Army Command
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Yale University
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Army War College
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Princeton University
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Command and General Staff College
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University of Virginia
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Industrial College of the Armed Forces
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University of Washington
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United States Military Academy
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Louisiana State University
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Chief Historian | Kent Roberts Greenfield |
Chief, Histories Division | Col. Seneca W. Foote |
Chief, Editorial and Publication Division | Lt. Col. E. E. Steck |
Editor in Chief | Joseph R. Friedman |
Chief, Cartographic Branch | Elliot Dunay |
Chief, Photographic Branch | Margaret E. Tackley |
. . . to Those Who Served
Chapter | Page | ||
Foreword | vii | ||
Preface | ix | ||
THE TYRANNY OF LOGISTICS SEPTEMBER 1944–FEBRUARY 1945 |
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I. | LOGISTIC LIMITATIONS AS THE ARBITER OF TACTICAL PLANNING | 3 | |
(1) | The Pursuit's Effect on Logistic Plans | 3 | |
(2) | Competing Tactical Plans | 8 | |
(3) | The September Decisions | 11 | |
(4) | Prospects at the End of September | 17 | |
II. | TACTICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS | 22 | |
(1) | Tactical Operations | 22 | |
(2) | Organization and Command | 26 | |
III. | THE PORT DISCHARGE AND SHIPPING PROBLEMS | 46 | |
(1) | The Port Problem as Affected by the Pursuit | 46 | |
(2) | The Beaches and Minor Ports of Normandy | 53 | |
(3) | The Role of Cherbourg | 62 | |
(4) | The Brittany Area | 89 | |
IV. | THE PORT DISCHARGE AND SHIPPING PROBLEMS (CONTINUED) | 96 | |
(1) | The Seine Ports--Le Havre and Rouen | 96 | |
(2) | Antwerp and the Other Northern Ports | 104 | |
(3) | Southern France | 116 | |
(4) | The Shipping Tie-up | 124 | |
V. | TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENTS | 134 | |
(1) | Motor Transport: The Color Routes | 134 | |
(2) | The Railways | 148 | |
(3) | Air Transport | 161 | |
(4) | Inland Waterways | 165 | |
VI. | FORWARD MOVEMENTS | 169 | |
(1) | The Tonnage Allocations System | 169 | |
(2) | The Ardennes Counteroffensive and Its Effect on Movements | 181 | |
VII. | SUPPLYING THE ARMIES: RATIONS, POL, AND COAL | 188 | |
(1) | Rations | 188 | |
(2) | POL | 193 | |
(3) | Coal | 209 | |
VIII. | SUPPLYING THE ARMIES: EQUIPMENT | 215 | |
(1) | Class II and IV Shortages in General | 215 | |
(2) | The Case of the Winter Uniform | 218 | |
(3) | Weapons and Vehicles | 235 | |
IX. | SUPPLYING THE ARMIES: AMMUNITION | 247 | |
(1) | The October Crisis | 247 | |
(2) | Contention With the War Department | 257 | |
(3) | The November Offensive and the Bull Mission | 263 | |
(4) | Ammunition Supply in December and January | 269 | |
X. | THE TROOP BUILD-UP, AUGUST 1944–MARCH 1945 | 276 | |
(1) | The Flow of Divisions | 276 | |
(2) | Service and Supporting Troops | 289 | |
XI. | THE MANPOWER PROBLEM, AUGUST 1944–FEBRUARY 1945 | 304 | |
(1) | Rumblings of a Replacement Problem | 304 | |
(2) | The Storm Breaks, November–December 1944 | 316 | |
(3) | The Theater Acts, January–February 1945 | 326 | |
(4) | The Replacement System in Operation | 334 | |
XII. | THE LOGISTIC STRUCTURE UNDER SCRUTINY | 348 | |
(1) | The Communications Zone and the Field Commands | 348 | |
(2) | Expediting Supply Deliveries | 351 | |
(3) | Supply Planning Procedures | 352 | |
(4) | The Depot System and Records Keeping | 355 | |
(5) | Expedients | 359 | |
THE LAST OFFENSIVE FEBRUARY–MAY 1945 |
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XIII. | TACTICAL, LOGISTICAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE LAST OFFENSIVE | 367 | |
(1) | Tactical Developments, 8 February–8 May 1945 | 367 | |
(2) | Logistic Factors in Planning the Last Offensive | 372 | |
(3) | Command and Organization, February–August 1945 | 378 | |
XIV. | MOVEMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION: PORT DISCHARGE AND CLEARANCE | 390 | |
(1) | Planning and Controlling Movements | 390 | |
(2) | Discharge and Clearance | 393 | |
(3) | Shipping | 398 | |
(4) | BOLERO in Reverse | 402 | |
XV. | MOVEMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION: TRANSPORTATION AND FORWARD DELIVERIES | 405 | |
(1) | The Railways | 405 | |
(2) | Motor Transport–XYZ | 415 | |
(3) | Inland Waterways | 424 | |
(4) | Air Transport | 424 | |
(5) | Forward Deliveries | 427 | |
XVI. | SUPPLY IN THE LAST MONTHS | 433 | |
(1) | Rations, POL, and Coal | 433 | |
(2) | Ammunition | 441 | |
(3) | Equipment | 452 | |
XVII. | END OF THE REPLACEMENT PROBLEM | 459 | |
(1) | The Turning Point | 459 | |
(2) | Withdrawals Are Stopped | 461 | |
(3) | Results of the Retraining Program | 467 | |
XVIII. | LOCAL PROCUREMENT ON THE CONTINENT, JUNE 1944-AUGUST 1945 | 470 | |
(1) | Purpose and Policy | 470 | |
(2) | The Use of Nonmilitary Labor | 475 | |
(3) | Local Procurement of Supplies | 486 | |
XIX. | RETROSPECT | 503 | |
GLOSSARY | 513 | ||
CODE NAMES | 517 | ||
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE | 518 | ||
INDEX | 523 |
TABLES |
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No. | Page | |
1. | Beach Discharges, 1 July-17 November 1944 | 57 |
2. | Discharge Performance of Normandy's Minor Ports | 62 |
3. | Discharge Performance of the Brittany Ports | 95 |
4. | Tonnages Discharged at Continental Ports, June 1944-April 1945 | 124 |
5. | Artillery Ammunition Expenditures, 15-21 October 1944 | 256 |
6. | 12th Army Group Artillery Ammunition Expenditures, 6 June-22 October 1944, Compared With Day of Supply Rates | 267 |
7. | OVERLORD Divisional Build-up, D plus 90 to D plus 210 | 281 |
8. | Divisional Build-up in the European Theater, 1942-1945 | 282 |
9. | Theater Strength by Major Component, May 1944-April 1945 | 288 |
10. | Battle and Nonbattle Casualties, June 1944-May 1945 | 317 |
11. | Combat Zone Maintenance Factors, June-October 1944 | 430 |
12. | Combat Zone Consumption Experience, 23 March-25 April 1945 | 432 |
13. | Ammunition Day of Supply by Type: Selected Planned Rates, September 1944-April 1945, and Actual Expenditures, June 1944-February 1945 | 446 |
14. | Civilians Employed in the Communications Zone in Selected Weeks, 1944-45 | 477 |
The illustrations are from the files of the Department of Defense except for the cartoon by Sgt. Dick Wingert, page 329, courtesy of The Stars and Stripes.