Foreword |
vii |
The Author |
viii |
Preface |
ix |
Chapter |
Page |
PART ONE Background |
I. |
The Origins |
3 |
|
|
The Strategic Background |
4 |
|
|
Toward a Decision |
8 |
II. |
The Choice |
16 |
|
|
The Concept |
16 |
|
|
The Decision |
21 |
|
|
The Place |
25 |
III. |
The Preparations |
27 |
|
|
Forces |
28 |
|
|
Lift |
37 |
IV. |
The Start |
43 |
|
|
The Plans |
43 |
|
|
The Preliminaries |
51 |
V. |
The Opposition: The Germans in Italy |
58 |
PART TWO Salerno |
VI. |
The Landings |
73 |
|
|
The Last Few Miles of Sea |
73 |
|
|
The Initial American Waves |
76 |
|
|
The American Beaches |
85 |
|
|
The Results of the First Day |
90 |
|
|
Slapstick |
94 |
VII. |
The Beachhead |
96 |
|
|
German Build-up |
96 |
|
|
The Beachhead Developed |
99 |
|
|
The German Attack |
112 |
VIII. |
The Crisis |
118 |
|
|
Allied Build-up |
118 |
|
|
Stand-off |
125 |
|
|
The Avellino Mission |
131 |
IX. |
The End of the Battle |
133 |
|
|
The Crisis Resolved |
133 |
|
|
The Eighth Army Role |
138 |
|
|
Some Miscellaneous Matters |
143 |
|
|
Command |
148 |
|
|
Summary |
152 |
X. |
Beyond Salerno |
154 |
|
|
Problems and Plans |
154 |
|
|
The Flanking March |
158 |
|
|
The Main Effort |
162 |
|
|
Naples |
166 |
|
|
Foggia |
170 |
PART THREE The Winter Campaign |
XI. |
The Strategy |
175 |
|
|
Allied Intentions |
175 |
|
|
The German Decision |
182 |
|
|
Allied Problems |
184 |
XII. |
The Volturno Crossing |
188 |
|
|
The Immediate Situation |
188 |
|
|
The Attack Down the Calore Valley |
194 |
|
|
The Main Crossings |
196 |
|
|
The Crossing on the Right Flank |
200 |
|
|
The Crossings on the Left |
203 |
XIII. |
Into the Winter Line |
207 |
|
|
Mountain Warfare |
208 |
|
|
The Second Volturno Crossing |
210 |
|
|
The Upper Volturno Valley |
213 |
|
|
The Coastal Zone |
214 |
|
|
More Mountain Warfare |
217 |
|
|
The Third Volturno Crossing |
220 |
|
|
The Germans at the Bernhard Line |
223 |
|
|
Into the Bernhard Line |
226 |
XIV. |
The Shape of Things to Come |
235 |
|
|
Allied Reappraisal |
235 |
|
|
Hitler's Decision |
243 |
|
|
The Cairo and Tehran Conferences |
246 |
|
|
The Lull |
248 |
XV. |
In the Winter Line |
257 |
|
|
The Sangro Front |
257 |
|
|
Plans To Breach the Mignano Barrier |
260 |
|
|
The Camino-Difensa-Maggiore Complex |
262 |
XVI. |
San Pietro |
270 |
|
|
The Conditions |
270 |
|
|
The First Attack |
274 |
|
|
The Second Attack |
277 |
|
|
The Aftermath |
285 |
|
|
The Other Fronts |
288 |
PART FOUR Anzio and Cassino |
XVII. |
The Decision for Anzio |
293 |
XVIII. |
The Preliminaries for Anzio |
305 |
|
|
Toward the Rapido-Garigliano River Line |
306 |
|
|
The German Situation |
310 |
|
|
Closing to the River Line |
313 |
|
|
Crossing the Garigliano |
315 |
XIX. |
The Rapido River Crossings |
322 |
XX. |
The Anzio Landing |
352 |
|
|
Preparations |
353 |
|
|
The Landing |
357 |
|
|
German Reaction |
360 |
XXI. |
The Attacks on Cassino |
366 |
XXII. |
The Opening Battles at Anzio |
385 |
|
|
The Allied Attack |
385 |
|
|
The First German Counterattack |
394 |
XXIII. |
The Bombardment of the Abbey of Monte Cassino |
397 |
XXIV. |
The Test at Anzio |
419 |
|
|
The Major German Attack |
419 |
|
|
Change of Command |
424 |
|
|
The Last German Attack |
429 |
XXV. |
The Bombing of Cassino |
433 |
XXVI. |
Results and Prospects |
449 |
|
Appendix |
A. |
Table of Equivalent Ranks |
457 |
B. |
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross |
458 |
|
Bibliographical Note |
461 |
Glossary |
465 |
CODE NAMES |
468 |
Basic Military Map Symbols |
469 |
Index |
473 |
|
Illustrations |
Theater Commanders |
11 |
Lt. Gen. Mark W. Clark |
29 |
Maj. Gen. Ernest J. Dawley |
30 |
Maj. Gen. Ernest N. Harmon |
30 |
Maj. Gen. Fred L. Walker |
31 |
Maj. Gen. Charles W. Ryder |
32 |
Maj. Gen. Troy H. Middleton |
32 |
General Sir Bernard L. Montgomery |
35 |
Vice Adm. H. Kent Hewitt |
36 |
Part of the 45th Division Boarding LST's at Palermo, Sicily |
51 |
DUKW's Crossing the Strait of Messina |
52 |
Troops Cheer the News of Italy's Surrender |
55 |
Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring |
61 |
Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel |
65 |
A Panorama of the Salerno Bay Landing Area |
|
Tanks Moving Ashore, Salerno |
88 |
LST With Improvised Flight Deck |
88 |
Troops of the 36th Division Advancing on Red Beach, Salerno |
89 |
Lt. Gen. Sir Richard L. McCreery With General Dwight D. Eisenhower
and General Clark |
101 |
The Tobacco Factory |
105 |
The Ancient Temple of Neptune, Paestum |
111 |
U.S. Equipment Burning on the Beach at Salerno |
121 |
Maj. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway |
135 |
Civilians Clearing the Ruins of Eboli |
139 |
Maj. Gen. John P. Lucas |
158 |
Engineers Repairing a Bridge Near Acerno |
160 |
Wreckage in the Dockyards, Naples |
167 |
Pier Across the Hull of a Sunken Ship, Naples |
169 |
Triflisco Gap |
193 |
Self-Propelled 105-mm. Howitzer on a Ponton Treadway Bridge at
the Volturno |
202 |
Removing a German S Mine |
221 |
Rescue at the Volturno |
223 |
Mignano Gap |
226 |
British Soldiers Hugging Side of Hill, Monte Camino |
228 |
Troops of the 30th Infantry Division Moving Out To Attack |
230 |
Pack Train on a Mountain Trail |
232 |
Stranded Vehicles at the Volturno |
250 |
War Against Mud |
250 |
Maj. Gen. Geoffrey T. Keyes |
251 |
Maj. Gen. William W. Eagles |
253 |
General Alphonse Juin |
254 |
Brig. Gen. Robert T. Frederick |
256 |
British Troops on Monte Camino |
264 |
2d Moroccan Infantry Division Troops Around a Campfire |
268 |
Monte Sammucro, With San Pietro on the Right |
271 |
Evacuating the Wounded |
284 |
German Pillbox on Monte Lungo |
285 |
Paratroopers Approaching San Pietro |
287 |
Medical Corpsmen at San Pietro |
287 |
General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson |
295 |
Lt. Gen. Sir Oliver Leese |
296 |
Lt. Gen. Jacob L. Devers |
296 |
Christmas Dinner on a Haystack, Somewhere in Italy |
299 |
Men on Monte Porchia |
309 |
The Liri Valley |
311 |
Mud and the 36th Division Supply Dump, Mignano Area |
312 |
German Box Mine |
314 |
Forward Observer on La Chiaia |
314 |
British 10 Corps Troops Shuttling Ambulances Across the Garigliano |
317 |
The Rapido, Viewed From Monte Trocchio |
324 |
Monte Cassino and the Benedictine Monastery |
325 |
Bringing Casualties Back From the Rapido |
344 |
Ships Off Anzio Awaiting Signals To Move to Shore |
359 |
Men and Equipment Move Ashore South of Anzio, D-Day |
360 |
The Anzio-Nettuno Area |
362 |
Men of the 504th Parachute Infantry at the Mussolini Canal |
364 |
The Cassino Area |
367 |
The Monte Cassino Monastery and Its Environs |
368 |
Bogged-Down American Tank Near the Rapido |
369 |
Remains of the Barracks |
377 |
Mortar Squad Firing Into Cassino |
379 |
240-mm. Howitzer |
380 |
Troop Position on a Rocky Hillside Near Cassino |
381 |
34th Division MP Directing Traffic From a Roadside Dugout |
382 |
Aiming a Bazooka at a Stone House |
384 |
Ruins of the "Factory" |
388 |
Civilian Refugees in the Cassino Area |
398 |
Cassino: The Monastery, the Castle, and the Town |
400 |
Lt. Gen. Sir Bernard Freyberg |
403 |
Maj. Gen. Alfred M. Gruenther |
405 |
Monastery Under Attack [1] [2] |
410 |
Artillery Aimed at the Monastery |
412 |
Monastery in Ruins |
412 |
Archbishop Don Gregorio Diamare, Abbot of Monte Cassino, and
Generalleutnant Fridolin von Senger and Etterlin |
415 |
German Troops Inside the Ruined Abbey |
416 |
M7 Self-Propelled 105-mm. Howitzers |
422 |
Smoke Screen and Observation Plane Near Ammunition Dump, Anzio |
424 |
German Prisoners Marching to the Rear |
426 |
Maj. Gen. Lucian K. Truscott, Jr |
429 |
Wine Cellar That Served as VI Corps Headquarters |
430 |
Bombing of the Town of Cassino |
440 |
Ruins of the Continental Hotel |
443 |
German Long-Range Artillery Shell Hits a Nettuno Hotel |
453 |
Revetted Hospital Tents, Anzio |
454 |
|
Illustrations are from Department of Defense files, with the exception of photographs on pages 101, 403, and 415, which are reproduced by kind permission of the Imperial War Museum, London. |
|
Maps |
No. |
|
Page |
1. |
Invasion Plans |
12 |
2. |
The VI Corps Holds, 13-14 September 1943 |
128 |
3. |
The Situation at the Volturno, 7 October 1943 |
189 |
4. |
10 Corps Drive to the Garigliano, 26 October-4 November 1943 |
216 |
5. |
VI Corps Advance, 26 October-4 November 1943 |
218 |
6. |
Fifth Army at the Winter Line, 5-15 November 1943 |
227 |
7. |
First Attack on San Pietro, 8-11 December 1943 |
272 |
8. |
Second Attack on San Pietro, 15-17 December 1943 |
278 |
9. |
Crossing the Garigliano and Rapido Rivers, 17 January-8 February 1944 |
323 |
|
Maps I-VII are in accompanying map envelope |
|
I. |
Fifth Army Landings, 9-13 September 1943 |
II. |
Advance to the Volturno, 20 September-6 October 1943 |
III. |
Fifth Army Crosses the Volturno, 12-14 October 1943 |
IV. |
The Fifth Army Advances, 14-25 October 1943 |
V. |
Advances at Anzio, 22-31 January 1944 |
VI. |
Enemy Offensive, 16 February-3 March 1944 |
VII. |
Stalemate, Spring 1944 |