CONTENTS

	Foreword		vii
	The Author		viii
	Preface		ix
	Introduction
			Page
	THE PACIFIC WORLD		3-20
		The Ocean and Its Islands	5
		The Great Powers in the Pacific
	PART ONE The Road to War
Chapter
I.	THE BEGINNINGS OF PACIFIC STRATEGY		21-44
		Early Plans for Defense	21
		The ORANGE Plan	24
		RED and RED-ORANGE	31
		Strategic Dilemma
II.	JAPANESE POLICY AND STRATEGY, 1931-JULY 1941		45-66
		Japanese Expansion	46
		Economic and Military Preparations	54
		Japan Moves South
III.	EUROPE VERSUS THE PACIFIC		67-91
		Strategic Adjustment, 1938-1940	68
		The Critical Summer of 1940	74
		Shift to the Atlantic, September 1940-January 1941	79
		RAINBOW 5	86
IV.	THE FATAL TURN		92-112
		The July Crisis	92
		America Faces the Far East	96
		The Plan for War	103
V.	THE DECISION FOR WAR		113-130
		Tojo Takes Over	113
		The Progress of Negotiations	117
		The Die Is Cast	121
		Conclusion	124
	PART TWO The Defensive: Pearl Harbor to Midway
VI.	THE FIRST WEEKS OF WAR, 7-26 DECEMBER		131-153
		The Japanese Offensive: First Phase	131
		Meeting the Emergency	139
VII.	THE MALAY BARRIER		154-180
		Allied Strategy	154-165
		The ABDACOM Interlude	166-180
VIII.	THE PHILIPPINES		181-197
		The Siege of Bataan	181-185
		Strategy and Logistics	186-192
		Command	193-197
IX.	AUSTRALIA AND THE LINE OF COMMUNICATION		198-224
		The Northeast Area	198-203
		The Line of Communications	204-211
		The Japanese Threat	212-216
		Pacific Build-Up	217-224
X.	THE U.S. AND JAPANESE HIGH COMMANDS		225-239
		The Washington Command Post	225-233
		The Japanese High Command	234-239
XI.	ORGANIZATION AND COMMAND OF THE PACIFIC		240-263
		The Problem of Responsibility	240-243
		The Southwest Pacific and Pacific Ocean Areas	244-255
		The South Pacific Area	256-263
XII.	TRANSITION		264-288
		The Fall of the Philippines	264-268
		The Tokyo Raid	269-273
		Coral Sea and Midway	274-288
	PART THREE Seizing the Initiative
XIII.	PLANNING THE OFFENSIVE		289-204
		Early Plans	289-293
		Strategy and Command	294-300
		Compromise: The 2 July Directive	301-304
XIV.	PREPARATIONS AND PROBLEMS
		Logistics and Strategy	305-307
		The Pacific Versus Europe	308-310
		MacArthur Prepares	311-317
		Final Preparations	318-323
XV.	CRISIS IN THE PACIFIC, AUGUST-NOVEMBER 1942		324-351
		Emergency Measures	325-332
		The Debate Over Priorities	333-339
		The October Crisis	340-344
		The Shipping Crisis	345-348
		The Crisis Ends	349-351
XVI.	COMMAND AND COOPERATION		352-363
		Army-Navy Relations in the South Pacific
		The Southwest and Central Pacific	357-358
		Joint Staffs	359-360
		A Unified Command for the Pacific	361-363
XVII.	JAPANESE AND AMERICAN PLANS		364-375
		The Japanese Regroup	364-369
		Task Two and Three: The Indivisibility of Strategy and Command	370-375
XVIII.	THE PACIFIC IN GRAND STRATEGY		376-386
		Strategic Concepts	376-379
		The Casablanca Conference	380-384
		Strategy for 1943	385-386
XIX.	MEANS AND ENDS: THE MARCH 1943 DIRECTIVE		387-399
		Theater Plans	387-389
		The Pacific Military Conference	390-399
XX.	CARTWHEEL AND THE I-GO OPERATION		400-418
		CARTWHEEL	400-410
		The I-GO Operation	411-418
	PART FOUR Emerging Patterns
XXI.	THE NORTH PACIFIC AND THE SOVIET UNION		419-433
		Strategic Background	419-420
		The Aleutians	421-432
XXII.	THE REVIVAL OF ORANGE		434-453
		The Central Pacific War	434-436
		The Philippines in Central Pacific Strategy	437-443
		The Japanese	444-446
		The Central Pacific in Long-Range Strategy	447-453
XXIII.	CENTRAL PACIFIC TIMETABLE		454-472
		The TRIDENT Conference	454-459
		The Marshalls Plan	460-462
		Alternate Proposals	463-467
		Gilberts-Nauru Plan	468-472
XXIV.	ORGANIZING FOR THE OFFENSIVE		473-501
		The Problem	473-480
		Theater Organization	481-489
		The Joint Staff	490-501
XXV.	OPERATIONS AND PLANS, SUMMER 1943		502-520
		CARTWHEEL Begins	502-511
		Strategic Forecast, August 1943	512-520
XXVI.	REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT		521-542
		Ships and Plans	521-526
		Strategic Role of the North Pacific	527-532
		CARTWHEEL and RENO	533-542
XXVII.	THE JAPANESE REVISE THEIR STRATEGY		543-558
		The New Operational Policy	543-546
		The Decision Is Made	547-549
		The New Strategy in Action	550-558
XXVIII.	THE EXECUTION OF STRATEGY: PACIFIC OPERATIONS, AUGUST-DECEMBER 1943		559-583
		New Georgia	559-562
		Salamaua to Sio	563-566
		The Gilbert Islands	567-574
		CARTWHEEL Completed
XXIX.	PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE		584-606
		The Pattern of Pacific Warfare	585-589
		The Prospects for Japan	590-591
		Long-Range Plans for the Defeat of Japan	592-600
		Operations for 1944	601-606

Appendix
A.	DIRECTIVE TO THE SUPREME COMMANDER, ABDA AREA, 3 JANUARY 1942 (ABC-4/5)		607-610
B.	GENERAL OUTLINE OF POLICY OF FUTURE WAR GUIDANCE, ADOPTED BY LIAISON CONFERENCE, 7 MARCH 1942, AND REPORT OF PRIME MINISTER AND CHIEFS OF STAFF TO EMPEROR, 13 MARCH 1942		611-613
C.	DIRECTIVE TO THE SUPREME COMMANDER IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA, 30 MARCH 1942 (CCS 57/1)		614-616
D.	DIRECTIVE TO THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF PACIFIC OCEAN AREA, 30 MARCH 1942 (CCS 57/1)		617-618
E.	JOINT DIRECTIVE FOR OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA AGREED UPON BY THE UNITED STATES CHIEFS OF STAFF, 2 JULY 1942		619-620
F.	LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS TO MAJ. GEN. MILLARD F. HARMON, COMMANDING GENERAL, U.S. ARMY FORCES IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC, 7 JULY 1942		621-623
G.	JAPANESE ARMY-NAVY CENTRAL AGREEMENT CONCERNING SOUTH PACIFIC AREA OPERATIONS, WITH SUPPLEMENT, 4 JANUARY 1943		624-626
H.	CONDUCT OF THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC THEATER IN 1943, MEMORANDUM BY . JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF, 22 JANUARY 1943 (CCS 168)		627-629
I.	THE ELKTON PLAN FOR THE SEIZURE AND OCCUPATION OF THE NEW BRITAIN-NEW IRELAND-NEW GUINEA AREA, PREPARED BY GHQ, SWPA, 28 FEBRUARY 1943		630-635
J.	JAPANESE ARMY-NAVY CENTRAL AGREEMENT ON SOUTHEAST AREA OPERATIONS, WITH SUPPLEMENT, 15 MARCH 1943		636-640
K.	JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF DIRECTIVE: OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREAS DURING 1943, 28 MARCH 1943 (JCS 238/5/D)		641
L.	JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF DIRECTIVE: UNIFIED COMMAND FOR U.S. JOINT OPERATIONS, 20 APRIL 1943 (JCS 263/2/D)		642-643
M.	JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF MEMORANDUM: STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEFEAT OF JAPAN, APPROVED BY THE COMBINED CHIEFS OF STAFF, 19 MAY 1943 (JCS 287/1 AND CCS 220)		644-647
N.	EXTRACT FROM THE FINAL REPORT OF THE COMBINED CHIEFS OF STAFF TO THE PRESIDENT AND PRIME MINISTER AT THE TRIDENT CONFERENCE, APPROVED 25 MAY 1943 (CCS 242/6)		648-649
O.	EXTRACT FROM THE FINAL REPORT OF THE COMBINED CHIEFS OF STAFF TO THE PRESIDENT AND PRIME MINISTER AT THE QUADRANT CONFERENCE, 24 AUGUST 1943 (CCS 319/5)		650-653
P.	APPOINTMENT OF LT. GEN. ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, JR., AS COMMANDING GENERAL, U.S. ARMY FORCES, CENTRAL PACIFIC AREA, 16 AUGUST 1943		654
Q.	JAPANESE GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE FUTURE WAR DIRECTION POLICY, ADOPTED AT THE IMPERIAL CONFERENCE, 30 SEPTEMBER 1943		655-656
R.	JAPANESE ARMY-NAVY CENTRAL AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE CENTRAL AND SOUTH PACIFIC OPERATIONS, WITH SUPPLEMENT, 30 SEPTEMBER 1943		657-660
S.	SUMMARY OF RENO III, OUTLINE PLAN FOR OPERATIONS OF THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA TO REOCCUPY THE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES, PREPARED BY GHQ, SWPA, 20 OCTOBER 1943		661-667
T.	OVERALL PLAN FOR THE DEFEAT OF JAPAN: REPORT BY THE COMBINED STAFF PLANNERS, APPROVED IN PRINCIPLE, 2 DECEMBER 1943 (CCS 417)		668-672
U.	SPECIFIC OPERATIONS FOR THE DEFEAT OF JAPAN, 1944, 3 DECEMBER 1943 (CCS 397 REV), MEMORANDUM BY THE U.S. CHIEFS OF STAFF		673-674
V.	ELKTON III, GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA, 26 APRIL 1943		675-685
W.	RENO III, HISTORICAL RECORD INDEX CARD, GHQ SWPA, 20 OCTOBER 1943		686-692
GUIDE TO FOOTNOTES (Footnotes are hyper-linked and included with each chapter) [This section describes the conventions used in citing documents in the footnotes]			693-696
THE SOURCES			697-715
BASIC MILITARY MAP SYMBOLS			716-720
INDEX			721

	TABLES
No.		Page
1.	Japanese Military Budget, 1931-1940	55
2.	Japanese Army Ground and Air Forces and Navy Air Forces, 1937-1941	57
3.	Major Army Combat Forces for the Pacific, Present and Projected, April-May 1942	213
4.	Army Strength in the Pacific, April 1942	224
5.	Timetable of Pacific Operations, August 1943	516
6.	Strength, U.S. Forces in the Pacific, 31 December 1943	538
7.	Major U.S. Combat Forces in the Pacific, 31 December 1943	539
8.	Major U.S. Combat and Air Forces in Pacific and European Areas, 31 December 1943	540
9.	Japanese Shipping Losses, 7 December 1941-20 September 1943	546
10.	Japanese Army Reinforcements, Central Pacific, September 1943-January 1944	554
11.	Army (and AAF) Battle Casualties, Pacific Areas, December 1941-December 1943	585
12.	Battle Casualties, Navy and Marine Corps, December 1941-December 1943	586
13.	Specific Operations for the Defeat of Japan, 1944	604
	CHARTS
1.	Disposition of Major Japanese Forces for War, December 1941	110
2.	Organization of ABDACOM, January-February 1942	169
3.	The Washington High Command and the Pacific Theaters, December 1942	232
4.	The Japanese High Command	238
5.	Command Organization in the Pacific, July 1942	254
6.	Organization of Japanese Forces, Solomons-New Guinea Area, January 1943	366
7.	Command Organization, South Pacific Forces, August 1943	404
8.	Organization for Administration and Supply, U.S. Army Forces, South Pacific Area, July 1943	405
9.	Organization of South Pacific Air Forces, Solomon Is, July 1943	406
10.	Command Organization, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943	409
11.	Organization for Administration and Supply, U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943	410
12.	Organization of Japanese Forces, Southeast Area, July 1943	414
13.	Command Organization, Pacific Ocean Areas, October 1943	483
14.	Organization for Administration and Supply, U.S. Army Forces, Central Pacific Area, December 1943	488
15.	Headquarters Organization, CINCPOA-CINCPAC FLEET, October 1943	497
16.	Organization of Japanese Forces in Pacific and Southeast Asia, November 1943	556
	MAPS
1.	The Japanese Plan for War, December 1941	106
2.	The ABDACOM Area, January-February 1942	162
3.	The South Pacific Line of Communications to Australia, 1942	206
4.	The Japanese Advance Into the Solomons-New Guinea Area, January-July 1942	291
5.	The Battle Area, August 1942	314
6.	The North Pacific	422
7.	The Central Pacific	435
8.	New Georgia Operations, 21 June-5 July 1943	506
9.	Japan's National Defense Zone, Southeast Area	548
10.	South Pacific Operations, June-November 1943	561
11.	Southwest Pacific Operations, September 1943-February 1944	567
12.	Makin Atoll	568
13.	Tarawa Atoll	570
14.	Progress and Prospects, 31 December 1943	588
	Maps I-III are in inverse order inside back cover
I.	The Japanese Offensive, December 1941-May 1942
II.	The Pacific and Adjacent Theaters, April 1942
III.	The CARTWHEEL Operations
	ILLUSTRATIONS
1.	Fujiyama	8
2.	On Board the Powhatan	9
3.	View from Manila Bay	23
4.	Washington Conference, 1921-22	26
5.	General Douglas MacArthur	38
6.	Brig. Gen. Stanley D. Embick	40
7.	Japanese Cabinet, March 1936	49
8.	Japanese Troops Marching Through the Peiping Gate	52
9.	Konoye Cabinet of June 1937	53
10.	General George C. Marshall	73
11.	Admiral Harold R. Stark	73
12.	Brig. Gen. George V. Strong	76
13.	General Teiichi Suzuki	95
14.	Admiral Osami Nagano	96
15.	Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short	102
16.	Admiral Husband E. Kimmel	103
17.	Japanese Mock-up of Ford Island and Battleship Row	104
18.	General Hideki Tojo	116
19.	Japanese Signs Proclaiming Economy Drive	117
20.	Joint Board Meeting	120
21.	Kurusu and Nomura	125
22.	"Banzai!"	134
23.	Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941	135
24.	President Franklin D. Roosevelt	142
25.	Admiral Ernest J. King	145
26.	Lt. Gen. Delos C. Emmons	145
27.	Admiral Chester W. Nimitz	145
28.	Secretary of War Henry l. Stimson	149
29.	Lt. Gen. H. ter Poorten	167
30.	ABDA Command	170
31.	Vice Adm. Conrad E.L. Helfrich and Admiral Thomas C. Hart	173
32.	Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma	183
33.	General MacArthur With Brig. Gen. Patrick J. Hurley	196
34.	Brig Gen. Alexander M. Patch, Jr.	210
35.	Forward Echelon of the 41st Division	211
36.	Joint Chiefs of Staff	228
37.	General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz	249
38.	Vice Adm. Herbert F. Leary	253
39.	Rear Adm. Robert L. Ghormley	258
40.	Rear Adm. John R. McCain	258
41.	Rear Adm. Aubrey W. Fitch	259
42.	Rear Adm. Richmond K. Turner	259
43.	Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright	268
44.	Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle and Capt. Marc A. Mitscher	271
45.	Explosion on the Lexington	277
46.	Battle of Midway	285
47.	Training on Australian Beaches	293
48.	Brig. Gen. Thomas T. Handy	298
49.	Rear Adm. Charles M. Cooke, Jr.	299
50.	General MacArthur and Maj. Gen. George C. Kenney	312
51.	Maj. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger and General Sir Thomas Blamey	312
52.	A-20 Skip-Bombing an Enemy Freighter	320
53.	B-17 Over the Solomons	321
54.	New P-38's at Noumea	332
55.	Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold	338
56.	Admiral Nimitz at Noumea	339
57.	Ships at Noumea	346
58.	Damaged Supplies	355
59.	Henderson Field	356
60.	Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., and Maj. Gen. Millard F. Harmon	357
61.	Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi	368
62.	Lt. Gen. Haruhoshi Hyakutake	368
63.	Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto	369
64.	Lt. Gen. Hitoshi Imamura	369
65.	Plenary Session at Casablanca	384
66.	Conference at ALAMO Headquarters	407
67.	Lt. Gen. John L. DeWitt	428
68.	Rear Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid	429
69.	Planning the Kiska Operation	432
70.	Vice Adm. Raymond A. Spruance	484
71.	Lt. Gen. Robert C. Richardson, Jr.	484
72.	Maj. Gen. Holland M. Smith	485
73.	Rear Adm. John H. Hoover	>485
74.	Maj. Gen. Willis H. Hale	489
75.	Fijian Commandos	504
76.	Rendova Commanders	508
77.	Rendova Landing Forces	508
78.	Munda Airfield	512
79.	On New Georgia	513
80.	American Strategic Planners at QADRANT	518
81.	The Combined Chiefs of Staff at Quebec	519
82.	Vice Adm. Jinichi Kusaka	551
83.	Australian Troops Go Ashore Near Lae	564
84.	Airborne Operations at Nadzab	565
85.	LVT's at Tarawa	572
86.	Landing Craft Moving in on Butaritari Island	574
87.	Admiral Halsey with Maj. Gen. Robert S. Beightler and Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger	578
88.	Maj. Gen. Oscar W. Griswold and General Harmon	579
89.	Supply Road on Bougainville	580
90.	Cairo Conference	594
91.	Tehran Conference	595
92.	General Marshall at Southwest Pacific Headquarters	603
Illustrations are from the following sources
National Archives; pages 49, 52, 53, 117, 196, 428.
Captured Japanese films: pages 95, 96, 116, 183, 268, 369, 551.
Life photograph taken by McAvoy: page 125.
The Netherlands Department of Defense: pages, 167, 170, 173.
Australian War Memorial: page 368.
All other photographs are from Department of Defense files.

Abbreviations * Military Map Symbols