Here are
some collected readings. What really strikes me is that irrigation research
indicates that a 1ppm solution chlorine “. Chlorine injection is the most common and
least expensive method to prevent clogging by biological growth (algae,
colonial protozoa, sulfur bacteria, and other mucous organisms).” Chlorine
in some forms is persistent. There are
test strips capable of testing for free and total chlorine but are generally
not as accurate as other methods. Using Chlorine (Free and Total) Reagent Sets
Colorimetric Method and water collected from irrigation systems with varied
levels (1-2.5ppm total Cl) we clearly have shown chlorine is not necessarily volatized
by spray irrigation. Water collected from spray irrigation system where water
had 2ppm concentration of total Cl still had enough chlorine to be effective in
a home spa/pool! “Based on these experiments, 'Emerald Gem'
homalomena and Ming aralia would be inappropriate for inclusion in plantscapes
situated close enough to be splashed with chlorinated pool or spa water.” http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/Resrpts/rh_92_25.htm “Mixing liquid sodium hypochlorite in
water results in the formation of
hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydroxyl ions (OH-1), a reaction that raises the pH of the
water.” Sodium hypocholite (very pure chlorine gas and high quality caustic soda lye ) 12.5-14% Cl active. “Sodium hypochlorite has advantages such as low cost, low
toxicity, fast sanitary action and effectiveness over viruses and spore
bacteria.” http://www.isrvma.org/article/57_3_2.htm Medical
research…. “Mechanism of Action of Sodium
Hypochlorite” http://www.forp.usp.br/bdj/bdj13(2)/v13n2a07/v13n2a07.pdf Water quality can have a significant effect on Subsurface Drip
Irrigation “Chlorine can be
injected to kill bacteria either continuously with a low dosage base (0.5-1.5
ppm) or periodically at a high dose of 5 to 20 ppm. Periodic dosage is most
common in Kansas systems. The dosage level should be sufficient that a
concentration of 0.5 to 1 ppm of free chlorine should be measured at the end of
the system. Chlorine is more effective in acid waters. High pH or alkaline
waters should be acidified to a pH of 6.5 for effective chlorine treatment.
Acid treatment can also an effective treatment for bacteria growth.” Chlorine Injection. Chlorine injection is the most common and
least expensive method to prevent clogging by biological growth (algae,
colonial protozoa, sulfur bacteria, and other mucous organisms). Iron and
manganese precipitating bacteria can be controlled by chlorine treatments,
aeration or polyphosphates. Chlorination may be required for iron and sulfide problems or to
eliminate microbial problems. This requires a measured value of least 1.0 ppm
of free residual chlorine at the ends of the lines. The free residual is the
amount of chlorine that is left after the injected chlorine has reacted with
all the sulfides, iron, algae or bacteria. Sufficient quantities must be
injected into the system to meet the required reactions to still leave 1.0 ppm
residual chlorine. Constant, automated, chlorination is often recommended.
Chlorination is most effective when water pH is less than 6.5. http://www.bsyse.prosser.wsu.edu/report/grapeirr.html Activated carbon is a viable method to reduce
chloramines and chlorine.
The literature notes some important facts in designing AC beds for chloramine
removal: -
Water Chemistry by V. Snoeyink, D. Jenkins 1980, Pages 396-399 -
Proceedings of the 47th Annual IWC 1986 "Innovative Design for Chloramine
Removal..." by Jones et al, Pages 440-448 Journal
AWWA - Research and Technology June 1986; "A Review of Chlorine Dioxide in
Drinking Water" by E. M. Aieta and J. D. Berg, Page 70 Biocidal
Efficiency (best to worst) ozone
> chlorine dioxide > free chlorine > chloramines Stability (best to worst) chloramines
> chlorine dioxide > free chlorine > ozone Tom Jaszewski www.livesoil.com 702-595-7012 -----Original
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