ISSN: 1052-5378 United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Horticultural Crops January 1992 - December 1993 QB 94-12 Quick Bibliography Series Bibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject. However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent investigations on a given topic. They also serve the purpose of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other means. The bibliographies are derived from computerized on-line searches of the AGRICOLA data base. Timeliness of topic and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria. 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IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Horticultural Crops January 1992 - December 1993 Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-12 Updates QB 92-41 285 citations in English from AGRICOLA Jane Potter Gates Alternative Farming Systems Information Center March 1994 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Gates, Jane Potter IPM and biological control of plant pests : horticultural crops. (Quick bibliography series ; 94-12) 1. Plant parasites--Integrated control--Bibliography. 2. Plant parasites-- Biological control--Bibliography. 3. Horticultural crops--Diseases and pests-- Control. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.94-12 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer. AGRICOLA Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations appears below. JOURNAL ARTICLE: Citation # NAL Call No. Article title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title. Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6 Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41 (8). p.48-50. ill. BOOK: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information on pagination, indices, or bibliographies. Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987 Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition. Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987. Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography: p. 126. AUDIOVISUAL: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Supplemental information such as funding. Media format (i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV All aboard the nutri-train. Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools, 1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. + activity packet. IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Horticultural Crops January 1992 - December 1993 SEARCH STRATEGY Set Description S1 505 IPM S2 6966 INTEGRATED S3 19282 PEST S4 130996 MANAGEMENT S5 2415 INTEGRATED(W)PEST(W)MANAGEMENT S6 2505 IPM OR INTEGRATED()PEST()MANAGEMENT S7 6966 INTEGRATED S8 137642 CONTROL? S9 979 INTEGRATED(W)CONTROL? S10 3335 S6 OR INTEGRATED()CONTROL? S11 570 BIOCONTROL S12 29087 BIOLOGICAL S13 137642 CONTROL? S14 13166 BIOLOGICAL(W)CONTROL? S15 16147 S10 OR BIOCONTROL OR BIOLOGICAL()CONTROL? S16 140 SCOUTING S17 46984 NATURAL S18 1587 ENEM? S19 1281 NATURAL(W)ENEM? S20 17995 PARASITES S21 181112 PEST? S22 2902 PARASITES(2W)PEST? S23 4120 SCOUTING OR NATURAL()ENEM? OR PARASITES(W2)PEST? S24 18223 S15 OR S23 S25 96079 HORTICULTURAL S26 223030 CROP? S27 91280 HORTICULTURAL(W)CROP? S28 33450 FRUIT? S29 17724 VEGETABLE? S30 18857 POTATO? S31 9536 GRAPE? S32 2064 NUT? ? S33 3383 SHRUB? S34 2721 TURF S35 1345 ORNAMENTALS S36 1849 FLORAL S37 223030 CROP? S38 23 FLORAL(W)CROP? S39 142173 HORTICULTURAL()CROP? OR FRUIT? OR VEGETABLE? OR POTATO? OR GRAPE? OR NUT? ? OR SHRUB? OR TURF OR ORNAMENTALS OR FLORAL()CROP? S40 1442 S24 AND S39 S41 1215 S40/ENG S42 70710 SH=F83? S43 1015 S41 NOT SH=F83? S44 204582 UD=9201 : UD=9999 S45 290 S43 AND UD=9201:UD=9999 IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Horticultural Crops 1 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 1991 commercial pecan: insect, disease, and weed control recommendations. Gasaway, W.S. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1991 Jan. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (27): 13 p.; 1991 Jan. In subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Carya illinoensis; Pest control; Insect control; Disease control; Weed control 2 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 1991 Small fruits--insect, disease, and weed control recommendations. Patterson, M.G.; Everest, J.W.; Powell, A. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1991 Jan. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (478): 16 p.; 1991 Jan. In Subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Small fruits; Pest control; Plant disease control; Pesticides 3 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.V8V52 1991 spray bulletin for commercial tree fruit growers. Horsburgh, R.L.; Pfeiffer, D.G.; Fell, R.D.; Hogmire, H.W. Jr; Barden, J.A.; Byers, R.E.; Kushad, M.M.; Marini, R.P.; Baugher, T.A.; Ingle, L.M. Blacksburg, Va. : Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 1991. Publication - Virginia Cooperative Extension Service v.): 120 p.; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Temperate tree fruits; Pesticides; Application methods; Safety at work; Integrated pest management; Health hazards; Plant disease control; Weed control; Growth regulators; Wildlife management; Nutrient requirements; Harvesting date 4 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 1992 commercial vegetables insect, disease, nematode, and weed control recommendations. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1992 Mar. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (2): 44 p.; 1992 Mar. In Subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Vegetables; Insect control; Disease control; Nematode control; Weed control; Integrated pest management; Insects; Insecticides; Plant diseases; Fungicides; Nematoda; Nematicides; Weeds; Herbicides 5 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P 1992 pest management guide for commercial small fruits. Antonelli, A.L.; Brun, C.A.; MacConnell, C.B.; Havens, D.; Scheer, W.P.A. Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Feb. Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service v.): 51 p.; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Small fruits; Pest management; Integrated pest management; Pesticides; Safety; Spraying equipment; Plant diseases; Insects; Fungicides; Insecticides 6 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 1992 small fruits--insect, disease, and weed control recommendations. Patterson, M.G.; Everest, J.W.; Himelrick, D.; Powell, A. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1991 Dec. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (478): 16 p.; 1991 Dec. In Subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Small fruits; Insect control; Plant disease control; Weed control; Insecticides; Herbicides; Fungicides 7 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 1993 Commercial peach: Insect, disease, nematode, and weed control recommendations. Sikora, E.J.; McVay, J.R.; Powell, A.A.; Patterson, M.G.; Everest, J.W. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1993 Jan. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (8): 12 p.; 1993 Jan. In subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Prunus persica; Insect control; Plant disease control; Nematode control; Weed control; Fungicides; Bactericides; Insecticides; Acaricides; Herbicides; Application rates; Application methods 8 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 1993 Pest and orchard management: guide for North Carolina apples. Walgenbach, J.F.; Sutton, T.B.; Skroch, W.A.; Unrath, C.R.; Parker, M.L.; Sullivan, W.T.; Shelton, J.E.; Rock, G.C.; Bromley, P.T. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1993 Feb. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University v.): 34 p.; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Malus pumila; Orchards; Integrated pest management; Plant disease control; Agricultural chemicals; Application methods; Application rates; Application date; Pesticides 9 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 1993 pest control recommendations for turfgrass managers. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1992 Nov. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University v.): 12 p.; 1992 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Lawns and turf; Insect control; Insecticides; Weed control; Integrated pest management; Weeds; Herbicides; Plant disease control; Nematicides; Growth regulators 10 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on the germination of asparagus seed. I. Seed treatments. Nipoti, P.; Manzali, D.; Gennari, S.; D'Ercole, N.; Rivas, F. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae (271): p. 403-407; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "7th International asparagus Symposium," June 19-23, 1989, Ferrara, Italy. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Asparagus; Trichoderma harzianum; Seed germination Abstract: Two methods of applying a biocontrol agent (Trichoderma harzianum--"T 581") directly to the seed were evaluated in order to assess its possible positive effects on germination. The "T 581" strain, isolated from the soil and grown on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) for seven days, was employed in three concentrations (10(5), 10(6) and 10(7) spores/ml). The following methods were evaluated for each concentration: 1. Seed coating using talcum and sodium alginate as dispersant and thickening agent for the condidial suspension, respectively; 2. Seed coating and encapsultation of biocontrol agent using talcum and alginate with the addition of a food-base compound (chitin) in case (a) and without such addition in case (b). After this, encapsulation of Trichoderma was obtained by dropping the coated seeds into 0.1 M calcium gluconate solution. The parameters obtained in the trials conducted on the "UC 157 LT 869-470-2" asparagus variety were germination percentage and amount of dry matter produced by seedlings. The results are then discussed. 11 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on the germination of asparagus seeds. II. Soil treatments. Gennari, S.; Manzali, D.; D'Erocole, N. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae (271): p. 409-415; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "7th International asparagus Symposium," June 19-23, 1989, Ferrara, Italy. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Asparagus; Trichoderma harzianum; Seed germination; Soil treatment Abstract: This paper examines the effects of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai ("T 581") on the germination of asparagus seeds ("UC 157 LT 869-470-2" variety) when added to the soil. The "T 581" strain grown on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) for seven days was brought to a 10(5) spores/ml concentration and employed in two formulations: liquid and solid. The biocontrol agent was added at a ratio of 26 000 spores/g to thhe soil which had previously been steam-sterilized. Planting was carried out 96, 72, 48, 24 and 0 hours after adding "T 581" to the soil. Germination precentage and the amount of dry matter produced by seedlings were evaluated. The parameters ware determined on four successive stages at four-day intervals. The findings are then commented upon. 12 NAL Call. No.: aSB950.2.A1F47 1992 The adoption of integrated pest management technologies by vegetable growers. Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge; Beach, E. Douglas; Huang, Wen-Yuan United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology Division Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology Division,; 1992. iv, 17 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (ERS staff report ; no. AGES 9228.). Cover title. "November 1992"--P. iii. Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-17). Language: English Descriptors: Pests; Vegetables 13 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 The African lunar moth, Argema mimosae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), a potential pest of marula. Van Den Berg, M.A. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae (275): p. 685-689; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "International Symposium on the Culture of Subtropical and Tropical Fruits and Crops," Volume II, November 6-10, 1989, Nelspruit, South Africa. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Africa; Anacardiaceae; Lepidoptera; Insect pests; Pest control; Biological control; Life cycle Abstract: The African lunar moth, Argema mimosae (Bsd.), is endemic to south-central Africa. The larvae feed on the foliage of the marula, Sclerocarya caffra (Sond.), and may cause substantial defoliation which can reduce growth and/or fruit production. At average temperatures of about 25 degrees C eggs hatch after 10.9 days, and the first to fifth larval instars are completed in means of 5.6, 4.2, 3.4, 5.8, and 14.1 days respectively. The pupal stage lasts 6-12 weeks in summer and 5-8 months in winter. The African lunar moth completes two generations per year. Marula trees are attacked during the months October to December and February to March when most of the larvae are in their fourth and fifth instar. The egg parasitoids Anastatus sp. (sp.a) and Mesocomys pulchriceps Cam. (Hymenoptera:Eupelmidae) have been reared from A. mimosae eggs placed in the field. In the laboratory two other eupelmids, Mesocomys vuilleti (Crawf.) and Anastatus sp (sp.b.), parasitise eggs of the African lunar moth. 14 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Analysis, synthesis, formulation, and field testing of three major components of male Mediterranean fruit fly pheromone. Heath, R.R.; Landolt, P.J.; Tumlinson, J.H.; Chambers, D.L.; Murphy, R.E.; Doolittle, R.E.; Dueben, B.D.; Sivinski, J.; Calkins, C.O. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Sep. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (9): p. 1925-1940; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ceratitis capitata; Sex pheromones; Chemical composition; Synthesis; Bioassays; Insect traps; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Three major components, ethyl-(E)-3-octenoate, geranyl acetate, and (E.E)-alpha-farnesene, emitted as volatiles by laboratory-reared and wild male medflies were collected and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Peak emission of these compounds occurred during the third to fifth hours of the photophase arid differences were observed in the ratios of the three components emitted by male laboratory-reared and wild flies. These three compounds were synthesized, and a method was developed to formulate a synthetic blend that released the compounds in a ratio similar to that emitted by wild male medflies. Attractiveness of the blend to female medflies was demonstrated under field conditions by comparing trap catches. Black spherical traps, baited with the synthetic blend to release 1.6 male equivalents, caught significantly more females than blank traps and traps from which the blend released was 0.3, 3.2 or 6.4 male equivalents. 15 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Antibiosis as mode of action in postharvest biological control. Pusey, P.L. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 127-141; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Postharvest decay; Biological control; Bacillus subtilis; Extracts 16 NAL Call. No.: 100 C12H Aphelopus albopictus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae): abundance, parasitism, and distribution in relation to leafhopper hosts in grapes. Wilson, L.T.; Carmean, I.; Flaherty, D.L. Oakland, Calif. : California Agricultural Experiment Station; 1991 Jan. Hilgardia : a journal of agricultural science v. 59 (1): 16 p.; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Vitis; Erythroneura elegantula; Parasites of insect pests 17 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Application of a new strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Fungi imperfecti) as a means of biological control against the coconut leaf hispid, Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Hispidae) in Samoa. Marschall, K.J.; Vargo, A.M.; Fatuesi, S. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 137-140; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Western samoa; American samoa; Cocos nucifera; Brontispa longissima; Metarhizium anisopliae; Biological control; Fungal spores 18 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Arthropod natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle. Hough-Goldstein, J.A.; Heimpel, G.E.; Bechmann, H.E.; Mason, C.E. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1993 Aug. Crop protection v. 12 (5): p. 324-334; 1993 Aug. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Insect pests; Natural enemies; Biological control agents; Predatory arthropods; Parasites of insect pests; Literature reviews 19 NAL Call. No.: 420 F662 Arthropods associated with passion fruit in western Venezuela. Dominguez-Gil, O.E.; McPheron, B.A. Winter Haven, Fla. : Florida Entomological Society; 1992 Dec. Florida entomologist v. 75 (4): p. 607-612; 1992 Dec. Paper presented at a Workshop on "Important arthropod pests of the Caribbean Basin amenable to biological control: Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera," April 8-10, 1991, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Venezuela; Passiflora edulis; Arthropod pests; Arthropods; Biological control; Ecosystems; Natural enemies; Pollinators 20 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Augmentative releases of Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to suppress a Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) population in Kula, Maui, Hawaii. Wong, T.T.Y.; Ramadan, M.M.; McInnis, D.O.; Mochizuki, N.; Nishimoto, J.I.; Herr, J.C. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jun. Biological control v. 1 (1): p. 2-7; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Ceratitis capitata; Peaches; Insect pests; Insect control; Biological control; Biological control agents; Parasitoid augmentation; Parasites of insect pests; Braconidae; Prunus persica 21 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Avocado growing in Israel. Priel, A. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1993 Feb. California grower v. 17 (2): p. 29-30; 1993 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; France; Spain; Persea Americana; Crop yield; Crop production; International trade; Marketing techniques; Cultivars; Irrigation; Saline water; Biological control; Food consumption; Consumer preferences 22 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Behavioral interactions between Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs and an entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) within turf microcosms. Schroeder, P.C.; Villani, M.G.; Ferguson, C.S.; Nyrop, J.P.; Shields, E.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 22 (3): p. 595-600; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Popillia japonica; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Entomophilic nematodes; Interactions; Dispersal; Biological control agents Abstract: Distribution of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, grubs and dispersal of an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar 'Oswego' strain (an isolate from New York state), were examined for 5 wk within soil-filled flats containing grass. Japanese beetle grubs uniformly dispersed to all sections of the flats not infested with H. bacteriophora 'Oswego' strain. In flats infested with H. bacteriophora 'Oswego' strain, however, greater proportions of Japanese beetle grubs were recovered in sections near the nematode release site or center sections of the flats. H. bacteriophora 'Oswego' strain dispersed to all sections of the flats but dispersed more rapidly within the flats infested with Japanese beetle grubs than in flats not infested with Japanese beetle grubs. 23 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Biocontrol of postharvest bacterial diseases of fruits and vegetables. Moline, H.E. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 114-124; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit; Vegetables; Postharvest decay; Plant pathogenic bacteria; Biological control; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pseudomonas putida; Erwinia 24 NAL Call. No.: 8 P832J Biological and chemical control of nematodes in Capsicum annuum L. Vicente, N.E.; Acosta, N. Rio Piedras, P.R. : University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment Station; 1992 Jul. The Journal of agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico v. 76 (3/4): p. 171-176; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Puerto Rico; Capsicum annuum; Meloidogyne incognita; Rotylenchulus reniformis; Biological control; Chemical control; Carbofuran; Nematode control; Paecilomyces lilacinus; Population dynamics; Crop yield 25 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47 Biological control and integrated pest management in glasshouses--a commercial success. Lenteren, J.C. van Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1993. Pesticide science v. 37 (4): p. 430-432; 1993. Paper presented at the meeting on "Biological Control: Use of Living Organisms in the Management of Invertebrate Pests, Pathogens and Weeds," October 19-20, 1992, London. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Netherlands; Greenhouse culture; Biological control; Integrated pest management; Policy; Research; Crops 26 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47 Biological control in protected crops: where do we go?. Lenteren, J.C. van Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Pesticide science v. 36 (4): p. 321-327; 1992. Paper presented at the symposium "Integrated Control of Pests and Diseases in Protected Crops and Greenhouses," May 19-20, 1992, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Europe; Biological control; Natural enemies; Biological control agents; Greenhouse culture; Greenhouse crops; Integrated pest management; Research; Literature reviews Abstract: Biological pest control is a reliable method and an economically profitable endeavour for growers of greenhouse crops. The fast evaluation and introduction of a number of natural enemies in situations where chemical control was either insufficient, impossible or undesired, has taught crop protection specialists that biological control, within IPM programmes, is a powerful option in pest control. Commercially available natural enemies are listed, current research in biological control is described, incorrect criticism of biological control is discussed and specific advantages of using this control method in protected crops are given. 27 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Biological control of ash whitefly: a success in progress. Bellows, T.S. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1991 Sep. California grower v. 15 (9): p. 8-9, 13; 1991 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: California; Citrus; Tree fruits; Aleyrodidae; Encarsia; Biological control 28 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Biological control of Botrytis, Rhizopus and Alternaria rots of tomato fruit by Pichia guilliermondii. Chalutz, E.; Droby, S.; Cohen, L.; Weiss, B.; Barkai-Golan, R.; Daus, A.; Fuchs, Y.; Wilson, C.L. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 71-85; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tomatoes; Postharvest decay; Botrytis; Rhizopus; Alternaria; Decay fungi; Biological control; Pichia 29 NAL Call. No.: SB945.F8F7 1989 Biological control of fruit-infesting Tephritidae. Wharton, R.A. Rotterdam : Published for the Commission of the European Communities by A.A. Balkema; 1989. Fruit flies of economic importance 87 : proceedings of the CEC/IOBC International Symposium, Rome 7-10, April 1987 / edited by R. Cavalloro. p. 323-332; 1989. (EUR). Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Tephritidae; Plant pests; Biological control; Literature reviews; Parasites of insect pests 30 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Biological control of Japanese, Oriental, and black turfgrass ataenius beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae with entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Alm, S.R.; Yeh, T.; Hanula, J.L.; Georgis, R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1660-1665; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Connecticut; Festuca ovina; Lawns and turf; Blitopertha orientalis; Popillia japonica; Scarabaeidae; Larvae; Biological control; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Neoaplectana carpocapsae; Neoaplectana feltiae; Neoaplectana glaseri Abstract: Several strains or species of entomopathogenic nematodes-steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (All), S. feltiae (=bibionis) (Filipjev) (Biosys strains 27 and 980), S. glaseri (Steiner), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (= heliothidis) Poinar (HP88)-were tested in the field for control of japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; Oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse; or black turfgrass ataenius, Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman) larvae. A spring field trial against A. orientalis, in which half of the plots were aerated to assist in nematode dispersal in soil, showed no significant differences between control plots and those treated with H. bacteriophora (HP88) or S. carpocapsae (All). A fall field trial in which half of the plots were dethatched before nematode application (to enhance nematode-larva contact) also showed no significant differences between plots treated with S. feltiae and control plots. Four other fall field trials with S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, and H. bacteriorphora against japanese beetle larvae showed a range of 0-81% control. The greatest mortality of P. japonica larvae occurred with S. glaseri at 24.7 X 10(9) per ha. A field trial with S. carpocapsae against A. spretulus showed 94% mortality at a 24.7 X 10(9) per ha rate. 31 NAL Call. No.: SB608.F8W48 1991 Biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruit. Wilson, Charles L.; Chalutz, Edo United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1991. 141 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. Final report. Project no. US-1374-87. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit 32 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. Droby, S.; Chalutz, E.; Cohen, L.; Weiss, B.; Wilson, C. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 60-70; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Citrus fruits; Postharvest decay; Biological control 33 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Biological control of post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: alternatives to synthetic fungicides. Wilson, C.L.; Wisniewski, M.E.; Biles, C.L.; McLaughlin, R.; Chalutz, E.; Droby, S. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1991 Jun. Crop protection v. 10 (3): p. 172-177; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tomatoes; Grapes; Apples; Citrus fruits; Peaches; Vegetables; Fruits; Postharvest decay; Postharvest treatment; Biological control; Biological control agents; Antagonists; Secondary metabolites 34 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6 Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: recent advances. Wisniewski, M.E.; Wilson, C.L. Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science; 1992 Feb. HortScience v. 27 (2): p. 94-98; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vegetables; Fruit; Postharvest decay; Postharvest losses; Biological control; Biological control agents; Antagonists 35 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Biological control of postharvest diseases of grape, peach, and apple with the yeasts Kloeckera apiculata and Candida guilliermondii. McLaughlin, R.J.; Wilson, C.L.; Droby, S.; Ben-Arie, R.; Chalutz, E. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 May. Plant disease v. 76 (5): p. 470-473; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Grapes; Apples; Peaches; Postharvest decay; Disease control; Biological control; Yeasts; Candida guilliermondii; Calcium chloride 36 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruits. Janisiewicz, W.; Roitman, J.; Machoney, N. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 49-59; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pome fruits; Postharvest decay; Biological control 37 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1I66 Biological control of postharvest fruit disease. Quarles, W. Berkeley, Calif. : Bio-Integral Resource Center; 1993 May. The IPM practitioner v. 15 (5/6): p. 1-11; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Beneficial organisms; Integrated pest management; Fungicidal properties 38 NAL Call. No.: SB945.F8F76 1993 Biological control of tephritid fruit flies by inundative releases of natural enemies. Gingrich, R.E. New York : Springer-Verlag; 1993. Fruit flies : biology and management / Martin Aluja, Pablo Liedo, editors. p. 311-318; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tephritidae; Biological control; Natural enemies 39 NAL Call. No.: 420 F662 Biological control of the Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Baranowski, R.; Glenn, H.; Sivinski, J. Winter Haven, Fla. : Florida Entomological Society; 1993 Jun. Florida entomologist v. 76 (2): p. 245-251; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Anastrepha suspensa; Biological control; Hymenoptera; Parasites of insect pests; Plant pests 40 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Biological control of the fruit tree mealybug Rastrococcus invadens Williams in Togo: a preliminary sociological and economic evaluation. Vogele, J.M.; Agounke, D.; Moore, D. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Oct. Tropical pest management v. 37 (4): p. 379-382; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: West Africa; Rastrococcus invadens; Introduced species; Biological control; Fungus control; Gyranusoidea tebygi; Parasites of insect pests; Socioeconomic status; Cost effectiveness analysis 41 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Biological control of the mango shoot caterpillar on Guam. Nafus, D.M. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 146-149; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Guam; Mangifera indica; Penicillaria; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control; Pests 42 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the United States and Central America. Gilstrap, F.E.; Hart, W.G. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1987 Mar. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (56): 68 p.; 1987 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Costa Rica; Fruit crops; Vegetables; Tephritidae; History; Geographical distribution; Biological control; Biological control agents; Parasites of insect pests; Introduced species; Projects 43 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76 Biological control of the potato cyst nematode using paraistic fungi. Crump, D.H.; Flynn, C.A. Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists; 1992. Aspects of applied biology (33): p. 161-165; 1992. In the series analytic: Production and protection of potatoes / edited by S.F.L. Ball et al. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: England; Northern ireland; Scotland; Solanum tuberosum; Globodera pallida; Globodera rostochiensis; Plant parasitic nematodes; Biological control; Nematode control; Nematophagous fungi 44 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Biological control Penicillaria jocosatrix (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on mango on Guam with notes on the biology of its parasitoids. Nafus, D. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 20 (6): p. 1725-1731; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Guam; Mangifera indica; Penicillaria; Aleiodes; Euplectrus; Blepharella lateralis; Parasitoids; Biological control agents Abstract: Penicillaria jocosatrix Guenee consumes new leaves, flowers, and fruits of mango and has been a serious pest on Guam. Before 1986, few natural enemies were present and there were no parasitoids attacking the larvae. In 1986, a program was initiated to introduce larval parasitoids. The wasps Aleiodes sp. and Euplectrus sp. and the fly Blepharella lateralis Macquart were released. Aleiodes sp. did not establish, but Euplectrus sp. and B. lateralis did. Populations of the mango shoot caterpillar fell to 25% of their prerelease levels. Parasitization rates ranged from 20 to 99%. Euplectrus sp. was the most abundant parasitoid. It parasitized all instars, but was more common on second and third instars. More eggs were laid on older instars of the caterpillar. Euplectrus sp. was more abundant in the dry season whereas B. lateralis was more common in the wet season. Fruit production on monitored trees increased significantly after the parasitoids became effective. 45 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Biological evidence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone in Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Gabel, B.; Thiery, D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (3): p. 353-358; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lobesia botrana; Oviposition deterring pheromones; Ova; Semiochemicals; Bioassays; Extracts; Oviposition; Inhibition; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Females of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) usually deposit isolated eggs on flowers and berries of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). We have investigated whether an epideictic pheromone could be present on the egg surface to explain this spacing behavior. About 21,000 eggs of L. botrana were washed in cold methanol, and the biological activity was tested in a two-choice bioassay offering treated and nontreated areas. Different dilutions of the extract were tested in methanol, which was inactive alone. At the dose of four egg equivalents per microliter of extract, the number of eggs laid by the L. botrana females was reduced by as much as 57% on the treated areas compared to nontreated areas. A longer-term suppression of oviposition (at least 24 hr) following an exposure to the extract occurred for two doses (0.6 and 4.0 eggs/microliter) of egg extract. Our results strongly suggest the occurrence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) on the eggs of L. botrana. The ecological value of these results is discussed. 46 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Biological methods of bruchid control in the tropics: a review. Huis, A. van Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991 Jun. Insect science and its application v. 12 (1/3): p. 87-102; 1991 Jun. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Legumes; Stored products; Bruchidae; Biological control; Cultural control; Genetic control; Integrated pest management; Physical control; Varietal resistance; Literature reviews; Tropics Abstract: Bruchid beetles cause high losses of stored legumes in the tropics. Chemical control is inappropriate for the small scale farmer and the use of alternative measures should be encouraged. Different biological methods of control such as cultural, physical, varietal, biological, biorational and genetic control are reviewed. Cultural control techniques such as timely and frequent harvesting, legumes planted away from granaries, crop hygiene and storage in pods, are within the technical and financial means of the small scale farmer. The use of inert substances, vegetable oils and repellent plants may be cheap and effective if properly managed. The use of controlled atmosphere, vacuum, heating, cooling and sterilizing, requires relatively advanced techniques. Growth regulators and pheromones are currently not available for control. Varieties resistant to bruchids have been identified, but incorporation of resistance into suitable varieties has proven to be difficult. Biological control of bruchids should receive more attention in particular research on the introduction and conservation of natural enemies. To effectively implement control measures at farmer's level socio-economic and cultural aspects should be taken into account. Proven appropriate techniques should be combined in an overall integrated pest management strategy. 47 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7 Biological turf disease control. Burpee, L. Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1991 Apr. Grounds maintenance v. 26 (4): p. 44, 78, 80; 1991 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Plant disease control; Biological control 48 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Biology and natural enemies of the fruit-piercing moth Othreis fullonia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Guam. Denton, G.R.W.; Muniappan, R.; Marutani, M.; McConnell, J.; Lali, T.S. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 150-154; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Guam; Fruit crops; Eudocima fullonia; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Introduced species 49 NAL Call. No.: SB945.F8F7 1989 Biotechnical methods for the fruit fly control. Delrio, G. Rotterdam : Published for the Commission of the European Communities by A.A. Balkema; 1989. Fruit flies of economic importance 87 : proceedings of the CEC/IOBC International Symposium, Rome 7-10, April 1987 / edited by R. Cavalloro. p. 359-372; 1989. (EUR). Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tephritidae; Biotechnology; Integrated pest management; Plant pests; Literature reviews 50 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1I66 Botanical pesticides in Africa. Grossman, J. Berkeley, Calif. : Bio-Integral Resource Center; 1993 Jan. The IPM practitioner v. 15 (1): p. 1-9; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Africa; Botanical insecticides; Integrated pest management; Pyrethrins; Eugenol; Pesticides; Environmental impact; Citral; Intercropping; Fungicides; Herbicides; International organizations; Sustainability 51 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.A1J58 Can we maintain turf without synthetic chemicals?. Cook, T. Eugene, Or. : The Coalition; 1992. Journal of pesticide reform : a publication of the Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides v. 12 (2): p. 26-30; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Weed control; Chemical control; Fertilizers; Biological control 52 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 Carolina lawns. Bruneau, A.H.; Lewis, W.M.; Lucas, L.T.; Brandenburg, R.L.; Baird, J.V.; Powell, M.A.; DiPaola, J.M.; Peacock, C.; White, R. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1992 Apr. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University v.): 14 p.; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Lawns and turf; Site preparation; Grasses; Fertilizers; Planting; Irrigation; Mowing; Integrated pest management 53 NAL Call. No.: SB433.34.V8V47 Changes in the lawn care industry. Roche, J. Blacksburg, Va. : Virginia Cooperative Extension Service; 1991 Dec. Proceedings - Virginia Turfgrass Landscape Conference (31st): p. 33-37; 1991 Dec. Meeting held on January 14-17, 1991, Richmond, Virginia. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Lawns and turf; Legislation; Environmental protection; Integrated pest management 54 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Characterization of postharvest biological control of deciduous fruit diseases by Crytococcus spp. Roberts, R.G. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 37-48; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tree fruits; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Cryptococcus laurentii; Cryptococcus (deuteromycotina); Cryptococcus albidus 55 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5 Characterization of two genes encoding Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins toxin to Coleoptera species. Donovan, W.P.; Rupar, M.J.; Slaney, A.C.; Malvar, T.; Gawron-Burke, M.C.; Johnson, T.B. Washington, D.C. : American Society f Microbiology; 1992 Dec. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (12): p. 3921-3927; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bacillus thuringiensis; Strains; Genes; Proteins; Toxicity; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Coleoptera; Biological control; Entomopathogenic bacteria Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis EG2838 and EG4961 are highly toxic to Colorado potato beetle larvae, and only strain EG4961 is toxic to southern corn rootworm larvae. To investigate the cause of the different insecticidal activities of EG2838 and EG4961, cryIII-type genes toxic to coleopterans were cloned from each strain. The cryIIIB gene, cloned as part of an 8.0-kb EcoRI fragment of EC2838 DNA, encoded a crystal protein (CryIIIB) of 74,237 Da. The cryIIIB2 gene, cloned as part of an 8.3-kb PstI-Asp718 fragment of EG4961 DNA, encoded a crystal protein (CryIIIB2) of 74,393 Da that was 94% identical to CryIIIB. Analysis of the transcriptional start sites showed that cryIIIB and cryIIIB2 were initiated from a conserved region located within 130 nucleotides upstream from the translation start sites of both genes. Although the CryIIIB and CryIIIB2 proteins were similar in sequence, they displayed distinct insecticidal activities: CryIIIB was one-third as toxic as CryIIIB2 to Colorado potato beetle larvae, and CryIIIB2, but not CryIIIB, was toxic to southern corn rootworm larvae. Genes encoding crystal proteins of approximately 32 and 31 kDa were located adjacent to the cryIIIB and cryIIIB2 genes, respectively. The 32- and 31-kDa crystal proteins failed to enhance the insecticidal activities of CryIIIB and CryIIIB2. 56 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Chemical characterization of fruit and fungal volatiles attractive to dried-fruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Phelan, P.L.; Lin, H. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1253-1272; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Carpophilus hemipterus; Searching behavior; Bioassays; Insect traps; Bananas; Chemical composition; Volatile compounds; Fungi; Wind tunnels; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The chemical basis underlying orientation to fruit and fungal odors was investigated for the dried-fruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus (L.). in wind-tunnel bioassays of walking and flight response from 1.8 m, beetles were attracted to odors of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on agar, aseptic banana, or banana inoculated with S. cerevisiae, although both banana substrates elicited greater response than the yeast alone. When presented in a two-choice bioassay, the yeast-inoculated banana attracted approximately twice as many beetles as did the aseptic banana. GC-MS analysis of the head-space volatiles above these odor sources revealed a somewhat more complex and concentrated volatile profile for yeast-inoculated banana than for aseptic banana. The odor from yeast on agar had fewer components, and these were present at lower concentrations than the odors of either banana substrate. By blending mineral-oil or aqueous solutions of the 18 components of inoculated-banana odor in varying concentrations, it was possible to mimic closely the headspace profile of the natural odor. This synthetic odor also elicited beetle attraction in the wind tunnel at levels comparable to the inoculated banana. Through a series of bioassays in which individual components were subtracted from or added to a synthetic odor blend, it was determined that ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 2-pentanol, and 3-methylbutanol comprised the simplest blend of compounds evoking full behavioral response. However, 2-methylpropanol or butanol were apparently interchangeable with 3- methylbutanol in this blend, and comparable response could also be elicited by replacing acetaldehyde with a combination of both 2-pentanone and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Thus, our results suggest that this generalist insect herbivore locates its host by a long-range response to a variety of blends of common fruit volatiles, whose concentrations are enhanced by fungi. 57 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7N45 Chinese wasp offers first biological control of corn's worst enemy. Holder, W. Belmont, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension Association of Allegany County; 1992 May. News and views v. 77 (4): p. 4; 1992 May. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Trichogramma ostriniae; Pest control; Integrated pest management 58 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Citrus bud mite. Phillips, P.A. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1993 Feb. California grower v. 17 (2): p. 26-28; 1993 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: California; Citrus limon; Aceria sheldoni; Mite control; Pesticides; Biological control; Crop damage; Field tests; Abscission; Crop yield; Crop quality; Buds; Sampling; Cost benefit analysis 59 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Citrus IMP--it works!. Luck, R.F.; Morse, J.G.; Haney, P.B.; Griffiths, H.J.; Barcinas, J.M.; Roberts, T.J.; Grafton-Cardwell, E.E.; O'Connell, N.V. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1992 Apr. California grower v. 16 (4): p. 25-27; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: California; Citrus; Citrus fruits; Integrated pest management; Insect pests; Insect control; Pesticides 60 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) consumption of foliage treated with Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego and various feeding stimulants. Hough-Goldstein, J.; Tisler, A.M.; Zehnder, G.W.; Uyeda, K.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (1): p. 87-93; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Delaware; Virginia; Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Feeding behavior; Phagostimulants; Bacillus thuringiensis; Biological control agents; Field tests; Laboratory tests Abstract: Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae and adults were not behaviorally deterred from, and in some cases may have been stimulated to increase, feeding initially by the presence of M-One (Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego) on foliage. However, consumption of M-One caused a decrease in subsequent consumption even of untreated foliage. Although certain feeding stimulants including sucrose, Coax, Entice, and a mixture of sucrose, amino acids, chlorogenic acid, and vegetable lecithin all stimulated feeding on foliage in laboratory tests either with or without M-One, this increased consumption did not increase subsequent mortality due to M-One. In a field experiment, increased consumption may have occurred where M-One was combined with Entice, but not to an extent sufficient to cause mortality greater than that on M-One alone. 61 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 OK41C Commercial greenhouse pests. Schnelle, M.A.; Dole, J.M.; Pinkston, K.N.; Arnold, D.C. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Dec. Circular E - Oklahoma State University, Cooperative Extension Service (909): 8 p.; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Greenhouse culture; Pests; Insects; Insect pests; Integrated pest management 62 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX A common sense approach to turfgrass insect damage prevention and control. Bruneau, A.H.; Bishop, D.; Shearman, R.C.; Rosellle, R.E. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1981 Feb. EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (81-1238): 34 p.; 1981 Feb. In Subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Grasses; Integrated pest management; Insect control 63 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1177 Common sense pest control for the home & garden.. Common sense pest control Bio Integral Resource Center (Berkeley, Calif.) Berkeley, CA : Distributed by Bio Integral Resource Center, [198-?]; 1980-1989. 1 videocassette (11 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. "Slide to tape transfer"--Container. Title on container: Common sense pest control. Language: English Descriptors: Pesticides; Pests; Garden pests Abstract: Presents and discusses the components of an integrated pest management program for homes and gardens such as when, where, and how to look for pests in a garden and how to control them using alternatives to pesticides as well as safely using pesticides. 64 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72 Comparative effects of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and insecticides on yield and cropping of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Grewal, P.S.; Richardson, P.N.; Collins, G.; Edmondson, R.N. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Dec. Annals of applied biology v. 121 (3): p. 511-520; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Agaricus bisporus; Lycoriella auripila; Neoaplectana feltiae; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control; Diazinon; Diflubenzuron; Application rates; Casing; Phytotoxicity; Fungal morphology; Crop quality; Crop yield; Yield losses 65 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Compatibility of biocontrol agents with present processing technology. Spotts, R.A. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 214-217; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Postharvest decay; Biological control; Food processing 66 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 A computer aid for decision-making in apple pest management. Haley, S.; Currans, K.G.; Croft, B.A. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae (276): p. 27-34; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "Second International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management," September 5-8, 1989, Logan, Utah. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North America; Apples; Pest management; Expert systems Abstract: Our computer program is designed to help tree fruit pest managers make decisions on management of three major apple pests in western North America, codling moth, San Jose scale and phytophagous mites. The program operates on an IBM-compatible microcomputer and uses commercial expert system, database management and spreadsheet software. The system has three major components: DIAGNOSE, IDENTIFY and MANAGE. DIAGNOSE identifies pests from the injury they cause on buds, fruit, leaves or bark. IDENTIFY determines names of arthropod pests and their common natural enemies found on trees or fruit or in pheromone traps. MANAGE, the largest module, calculates the net benefit of a pesticide application. Submodels predict crop value, pest damage, control efficacy and control costs. Pest damage predictions are based on empirical models for codling moth and mites and on an expert estimate for scale. Efficacies of pesticides are estimated by experienced researchers. The program predicts the combined value at harvest of damage from accumulated populations of those pests selected by the user. Then a list of appropriate pesticides is presented. Next, the net benefit of an application of the user's choice of pesticide is calculated. Finally, the user may graphically compare side effects of the pesticide selected with those of alternative pesticides. Side effects include toxicities to other pests, applicator hazard, bee toxicity, toxicity to western predator mite and risk of resistance development. 67 NAL Call. No.: SB950.S83 1993 Consumer influences on pest control strategies for fruits and vegetables. Cartwright, B.; Collins, J.K.; Cuperus, G.W. Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers; 1993. Successful implementation of integrated pest management for agricultural crops / edited by Anne R. Leslie, Gerrit W. Cuperus. p. 151-170; 1993. Paper presented at the National Forum on Agricultural IPM held June 17-19, 1992 in Arlington, VA., organized by the Environmental Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Fruit crops; Vegetables; Pest control; Control programs; Consumer attitudes 68 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Control of army cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) affects wheat yields. Bauernfeind, R.J.; Wilde, G.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (1): p. 159-163; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kansas; Triticum; Euxoa auxiliaris; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Insect control; Mortality; Pyrethroid insecticides; Crop yield Abstract: Several pyrethroid insecticides provided nearly 100% mortality of army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote), populations under field conditions in central Kansas. Performances of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were variable, but they displayed adequate insecticidal activity against army cutworms. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, carbofuran, ethyl parathion, malathion, and methyl parathion did not provide satisfactory control. Variation in vegetative growth and eventual wheat yields were not caused solely by larval populations of army cutworms. Moisture availability favoring vigorous plant growth was an important factor for plants to withstand army cutworm feeding. Use of insecticides to control army cutworms was found to be of variable profitability depending on the circumstances. 69 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Control of green mold of lemons with Pseudomonas species. Smilanick, J.L.; Denis-Arrue, R. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 May. Plant disease v. 76 (5): p. 481-485; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lemons; Penicillium digitatum; Plant pathogenic fungi; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Pseudomonas cepacia; Antibiotics; Biosynthesis; Antifungal properties 70 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72 Control of potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) by host plant resistance and nematicide. Gurr, G.M. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Aug. Annals of applied biology v. 121 (1): p. 167-173; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: England; Solanum tuberosum; Cultivars; Clones; Globodera pallida; Aldicarb; Varietal susceptibility; Varietal resistance; Host parasite relationships; Nematode control; Integrated pest management 71 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Control of powdery mildews in cucumber and rose by Stephanoascus spp. Jarvis, W.R.; Belanger, R.R. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 86-99; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumbers; Roses; Postharvest decay; Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Sphaerotheca pannosa; Biological control; Ascomycetes 72 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Control of storage rots on various pear cultivars with saprophytic strain of Pseudomonas syringae. Janisiewicz, W.J.; Marchi, A. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Jun. Plant disease v. 76 (6): p. 555-560; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pears; Cultivars; Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium expansum; Fruit rots; Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; Fungal antagonists; Saprophytes; Biological control agents; Fungus control; Storage decay; Injuries; Temperature; Storage dips; Inoculum density; Varietal reactions; Virulence; Incidence; Lesions; Temporal variation; Population density 73 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Cover crops. McMullin, E. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1992 Apr. California grower v. 16 (9): p. 43-44; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: California; Citrus oblonga; Cover crops; Biological control; Cold injury; Transpiration; Soil texture; Nitrogen; Weed control; Cost benefit analysis; Water requirements; Erosion control; Irrigation systems 74 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Degree-day model for vegetable leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) phenology. Petitt, F.L.; Allen, J.C.; Barfield, C.S. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Aug. Environmental entomology v. 20 (4): p. 1134-1140; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Phaseolus lunatus; Liriomyza sativae; Biological development; Temperature; Heat sums; Phenology; Models Abstract: The lack of data on temperature-dependent development of instars of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard is an impediment to research on biological control of this pest because parasitoids will likely interact differently with each instar. In this study, development times of eggs and instars of L. sativae were determined at constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35 +/- 1 degree C on Phaseolus lunatus L. 'Henderson'. Development rates of eggs and larvae increased linearly with temperature up to 35 degrees C (r2 greater than or equal to 0.95). More than 91% of the variation in development rate of first and second instars was explained by temperature, whereas temperature explained only 42% of the variation in third-instar development rate. A part of the variation in development rate of third instars may be explained by the fact that the designated end point of this stadium (emergence of third instars from leaves) occurred only during the photophase, Overall, 99.9% of larvae emerged from leaves after 95 degree-days (DD) (threshold temperature, 10 degrees C). When the constant temperature data were used to parameterize a stochastic phenology model for L. sativae, the model predicted that 50% of the population would advance beyond the egg and first-, second-, and third-instar stages by 39.2, 67.0, 85.5, and 101.2 DD, respectively. The model predicted peak proportions of the population to be in first, second, and third stadia at 52.7, 76.1, and 93.2 DD. Pooled data from two fluctuating temperature experiments resulted in very similar estimates of timing of peak stage proportions (51.3, 74.4, and 94.1 DD, respectively). Degree-day values at peak stage proportions were used successfully to determine the temperatures required to advance members of a cohort to a particular stadium at a given time, thereby facilitating experiments examining interactions of parasitoids with each larval instar. 75 NAL Call. No.: SB945.F8F7 1989 Demography and life tables of fruit flies. Kapatos, E.T. Rotterdam : Published for the Commission of the European Communities by A.A. Balkema; 1989. Fruit flies of economic importance 87 : proceedings of the CEC/IOBC International Symposium, Rome 7-10, April 1987 / edited by R. Cavalloro. p. 15-23; 1989. (EUR). Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bactrocera oleae; Rhagoletis cerasi; Rhagoletis pomonella; Demography; Ecology; Integrated pest management; Life tables; Problem analysis; Survival 76 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Determining optimal clearing treatments for the alien invasive shrub Acacia saligna in southwestern Cape, South Africa. Macdonald, I.A.W.; Wissel, C. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 Apr. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 39 (3/4): p. 169-186; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Africa; Acacia saligna; Non-crop weed control; Scrub control; Chemical vs. cultural weed control; Manual weed control; Arboricides; Glyphosate; Triclopyr; Population density; Stand density; Integrated control; Cutting; Coppice; Coppicing; Fire; Survival; Labor costs; Operating costs; Probabilistic models 77 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 AN72 Development, implementation, and adoption of expert systems in plant pathology. Travis, J.W.; Latin, R.X. Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1991. Annual review of phytopathology v. 29: p. 343-360; 1991. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant pathology; Plant protection; Integrated pest management; Decision making; Computer software; Expert systems; Literature reviews; Disease models 78 NAL Call. No.: SB387.V572 Development of an IPM program for Florida grapes: a beginning. Webb, S.E. Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida A&M University, Center for Viticultural Science and Small Farm; 1991. Proceedings of the Florida Grape Conference. p. 21-23; 1991. Meeting held October 25-26, 1991, Ocala, Florida. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Vineyards; Vitis; Vitacea polistiformis; Integrated pest management 79 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47 Development of integrated crop protection in glasshouse ornamentals. Fransen, J.J. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Pesticide science v. 36 (4): p. 329-333; 1992. Paper presented at the symposium "Integrated Control of Pests and Diseases in Protected Crops and Greenhouses," May 19-20, 1992, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Netherlands; Ornamental plants; Greenhouse culture; Integrated control; Plant protection; Disease control; Natural enemies; Pesticides; Pest resistance; Insect pests; Research; Literature reviews Abstract: The production of glasshouse ornamentals in the Netherlands occupies an area of 5278 ha. The total production value is 5.76 billion Dutch guilders. A characteristic of the Dutch ornamental industry is the wide range of products. About 110 species of cut flower and 300 species of pot plant are grown. Reduction of pesticide use can be achieved by the development of alternative and additional methods, like the use of monitoring techniques, natural enemies, host-plant resistance and closed systems. Information is presented referring to developments in research, extension and practical application of these methods. 80 NAL Call. No.: 421 B87 Developmental studies on Anagyrus mangicola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Cross, A.E.; Moore, D. London : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International; 1992 Sep. Bulletin of entomological research v. 82 (3): p. 307-312; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: West Africa; Fruit crops; Ornamental woody plants; Rastrococcus invadens; Biological control; Anagyrus; Parasites of insect pests 81 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Distribution and biological control significance of Colorado potato beetle spiroplasmas in North America. Hackett, K.J.; Henegar, R.B.; Whitcomb, R.F.; Lynn, D.E.; Konal, M.; Schroder, R.F.; Gasparich, G.E.; Vaughn, J.L.; Cantelo, W.W. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Sep. Biological control v. 2 (3): p. 218-225; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Leptinotarsa; Chrysomelidae; Spiroplasma; Species diversity; Geographical distribution; Culture media; Adaptation; Biological control agents 82 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Distribution, biology, ecology and management of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): a review. Trivedi, T.P.; Rajagopal, D. London : Taylor & Francis; 1992 Jul. Tropical pest management v. 38 (3): p. 279-285; 1992 Jul. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Solanum tuberosum; Tubers; Crop damage; Phthorimaea operculella; Biology; Ecology; Biological control; Chemical control; Parasites of insect pests; Literature reviews 83 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Diversity and abundance of oriental fruit fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in guava orchards in Kauai, Hawaii. Stark, J.D.; Vargas, R.I.; Thalman, R.K. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (5): p. 1460-1467; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Psidium guajava; Bactrocera dorsalis; Biological control; Incidence; Biosteres; Biosteres arisanus; Biosteres longicaudatus; Opius; Parasites of insect pests; Population dynamics; Sex ratio; Diversity; Crop yield Abstract: Abundance of oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and associated parasitoids was determined in a commercial guava, Psidium guajava L., orchard by canopy fogging and fruit collections during 1988 and 1989. D. dorsalis populations reached a maximum of 2.6 adults per tree in 1988 and 1.4 adults per tree in 1989. Four parasitoid species were recovered from guava tree canopies; Biosteres arisanus (Sonan) was the most abundant species, followed by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), and Biosteres vandenboschi (Fullaway), respectively. D. dorsaits and parasitoids recovered from guava canopies exhibited different sex ratios from populations that emerged from fruit samples. Abundance gf D. dorsalis and its parasitoids was correlated with the number of ripe fruit present in the orchard. Parasitoid abundance was correlated with D. dorsalis abundance in 1988. Diversity and abundance of parasitoids estimated from canopy fogging and fruit collections differed. 84 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7S3 Do you have grubby turf?. Grant, J.A. Canton, N.Y. : Agricultural Division, St. Lawrence County Cooperative Extension Association; 1992 Jul. St. Lawrence County agricultural news v. 76: p. 8-9; 1992 Jul. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Lawns and turf; Coleoptera; Larvae; Pest control; Biological control agents; Pesticides 85 NAL Call. No.: HD1751.A1S73 no.SP92-1U100 F637fs SP92-1 Economic feasibility of the biological control of the sweet potato whitefly. Nubern, Chris; Kilmer, Richard L. Gainesville : Food and Resource Economics Dept., Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,; 1992. 27 p. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper (University of Florida. Food and Resource Economics Dept.) ; SP 92-1.). January 1992. Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-27). Language: English Descriptors: Sweet potatoes; Agricultural pests 86 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Effect of citrus bud mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) on lemon yields. Walker, G.P.; Voulgaropoulos, A.L.; Phillips, P.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Aug. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (4): p. 1318-1329; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Citrus limon; Aceria sheldoni; Crop quality; Crop yield; Economic thresholds; Integrated pest management Abstract: The effect of high population densities of citrus bud mite, Aceria sheldoni (Ewing), on the quantity and quality of lemon yields was studied for 4 yr in four commercial groves in coastal southern California. There were two treatments in each grove: treated plots where bud mite was suppressed with acaricide treatments whenever infestation levels increased markedly, and untreated plots where bud mite was not controlled. Average percentage of axillary buds infested with citrus bud mite was 7-15% in treated plots and 45-70% in untreated plots over the 4-yr period. Citrus bud mite feeding results in distortion of fruit shape which can result in commercial downgrading. Citrus bud mite control significantly reduced fruit distortion in all four groves and significantly improved commercial packout in three of the four groves. However, significantly less distortion in fruit was not detected in treated trees until harvests greater than or equal to 10-13 mo after the initial acaricide treatment (lemons in coastal California are harvested three or four times per year). This supports the hypothesis that distortion in fruit is caused by citrus bud mite feeding on embryonic fruit tissue in the buds; once fruit set, they are unaffected by further citrus bud mite feeding. Up to 21 mo after the first acaricide treatments, the cumulative yield did not differ significantly between treated and untreated plots. In two of the four groves, in the eight harvests between 24 and 48 mo after the first acaricide treatments, the cumulative yield was often significantly greater (9-13% greater) from treated than from untreated trees. The other two groves showed no significant differences in cumulative yield between treated and untreated trees up to the time of the last harvest (28 and 49 mo after the first acaricide treatment). In two groves, economic loss justified the cost of bud mite suppression, and in two groves, the cost of suppression exceeded the economic benefit of suppression. 87 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Effect of cyromazine and diazinon on three economically important Hawaiian tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their endoparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Stark, J.D.; Vargas, R.I.; Messing, R.H.; Purcell, M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1687-1694; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Bactrocera cucurbitae; Bactrocera dorsalis; Ceratitis capitata; Fecundity; Fertility; Progeny; Survival; Cyromazine; Diazinon; Braconidae; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: Effects of cyromazine and diazinon on eclosion, longevity, and reproduction of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel); and melon fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), were determined. Eclosion and longevity of the braconid endoparasitoids Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), P. fletcheri (Silvestri), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), and D. tryoni (Cameron) and the reproduction of D. longicaudata and D. tryoni that parasitized fruit flies exposed to cyromazine and diazinon were also determined. Formation of puparia was not affected by cyromazine but was affected by diazinon in a concentration-dependent manner at the concentrations tested. At LC50 B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae were more susceptible to cyromazine than to diazinon; C. capitata was equally susceptible to both chemicals. Eclosion of endoparasitoids from diazinon-treated hosts was concentration-dependent, but parasitoid eclosion from cyromazine-treated hosts was not significantly different from that of controls. Fecundity and fertility of B. cucurbitae were significantly reduced in females that survived treatment with 0.5 ppm cyromazine. Production of F1 progeny by D. tryoni that eclosed from flies exposed to 1.0 ppm diazinon was significantly reduced. Cyromazine had no impact on progeny production of either D. longicaudata or D. tryoni at the concentrations tested. Potential use of cyromazine in conjunction with biological control for fruit fly eradication and control programs is discussed. 88 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effect of host fruit species, size, and color on parasitization of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Leyva, J.L.; Browning, H.W.; Gilstrap, F.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 20 (5): p. 1469-1471; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Citrus; Mangifera indica; Prunus persica; Anastrepha ludens; Braconidae; Fruit; Size; Color; Parasites of insect pests; Parasitoids; Biological control agents Abstract: The effect of fruit species on parasitization of Anastrepha ludens (Loew) by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) was studied. The roles of fermenting fruit volatiles, size, and color in host habitat selection by this parasitoid also were investigated. The lowest percentage parasitism was recorded for larvae in grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf. On the other hand, grapefruit volatiles and size proved most attractive to D. longicaudata. Greater percentage parasitism was recorded for larvae in smaller and apparently less attractive fruit. The length of the parasitoid's ovipositor, depth of the fruit pulp, and host larval behavior could explain these contrasting results. Citrus volatiles attracted almost twice as many female parasitoids as volatiles of mango, Mangifera indica L., or peach, Prunus persica L. Fruit > 5 cm in diameter were equally attractive to D. longicaudata. Selection of colors by D. longicaudata was not statistically different among colors tested. 89 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Effect of parasitoids on lepidopterous pests in insecticide-treated and untreated tomatoes in western North Carolina. Campbell, C.D.; Walgenbach, J.F.; Kennedy, G.G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (6): p. 1662-1667; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Lycopersicon esculentum; Crop damage; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Manduca; Trichoplusia ni; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Parasites of insect pests; Trichogramma; Insecticidal action; Endosulfan; Methomyl Abstract: Studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to identify the parastoid complex of lepidopterous pests of tomatoes in western North Carolina, and to assess the compatibility, of various insecticides with natural control of these pests. Trichogramma exiguum (Pinto & Platner) and T. pretiosum (Riley) were the primary egg parasitoids of Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) zea (Boddie) and Manduca spp. in 1988, whereas T. exiguum was the predominant species collected from H. zea and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) in 1989. Parasitization of H. zea eggs on plants treated with endosulfan, methomyl, and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki did not differ significantly from the untreated control. However, egg densities were higher in synthetic insecticide treatments presumably because of disruption of predators in these treatments. Despite the low toxicity of esfenvalerate to Trichogramma spp. in laboratory bioassays, parasitization of H. zea and Heliothis virescens (F.) eggs in the field was significantly reduced on esfenvalerate-treated tomatoes. This decreased level of parasitization was attributed to an avoidance by Trichogramma spp, to pyrethroid insecticides, which was previously reported. Under the relatively low-density lepidopterous populations observed in these studies, the efficacy of specific insecticides against H. zea and T. ni was more important in preventing damage than the level of parasitization of these pests, because the treatment with the lowest level of parasitization (esfenvalerate + B. thuringiensis) had the lowest levels of fruit damage in both years. 90 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Effect of potting media on the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae on outdoor strawberry plants using the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Moorhouse, E.R.; Gillespie, A.T.; Charnley, A.K. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Sep. Biological control v. 2 (3): p. 238-243; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fragaria; Otiorhynchus sulcatus; Metarhizium anisopliae; Strains; Growing media; Biological control 91 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effect of ripeness and location of papaya fruits on the parasitization rates of oriental fruit fly and melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) by braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoids. Liquido, N.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 20 (6): p. 1732-1736; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Carica papaya; Bactrocera dorsalis; Bactrocera cucurbitae; Parasitoids; Biological control agents Abstract: Parasitization rates of eggs of oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, by Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), and larvae of melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, by Psytallia fletcheri (Silvestri) in mature green to fully ripe papaya fruits on trees and in fully ripe fruits on the ground was studied. Parasitization of oriental fruit fly eggs by B. arisanus was greater in fully ripe fruits than in one-quarter to half-ripe fruits on trees; B. arisanus never parasitized oriental fruit fly eggs in mature green to color-break fruits. No difference was observed in the density of emergent B. arisanus adults from oriental fruit fly pupae recovered from fully ripe fruits on trees and on the ground. Parasitization of melon fly larvae by P. fletcheri was observed in only one fully ripe, fallen fruit. Results in relation to the effect of host plants on the foraging behavior of adult parasitoids and to the biological control of oriental fruit fly and melon fly in an agricultural ecosystem were discussed. 92 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effect of trichome B exudate of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes on consumption by the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Pelletier, Y.; Smilowitz, Z. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1547-1555; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanum berthaultii; Trichomes; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Plant composition; Antifeedants; Pest resistance; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The leaf extract from S. berthaultii Hawkes (PI473340) contains exudate from trichomes (type B). Consumption of S. tuberosum var. Norchip foliage by the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was reduced when treated with the leaf extract. The leaf extract from a resistant S. berthaultii clone without type B trichome had no antifeedant activity. It suggests that more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle exists in S. berthaultii. 93 NAL Call. No.: 100 C12CAG Effect on yield from shaking almond trees for mummy nut removal. Sibbett, G.S.; Curtis, C.E.; Gerdts, M.; Clark, J.D. Oakland, Calif. : Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California; 1983 Jul. California agriculture v. 37 (7/8): p. 20; 1983 Jul. Language: English Descriptors: California; Prunus dulcis; Amyelois transitella; Integrated control; Tree shakers; Crop yield 94 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M36FA Effective lawn care with reduced pesticide and fertilizer use. Turner, T.R.; Hellman, J.L. College Park, Md. : The Service; 1991-1992. Fact sheet - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Maryland (637): 7 p.; 1991-1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Lawns and turf; Site selection; Site preparation; Cultivars; Insect pests; Biological control; Fertilizers; Mowing; Grass clippings; Thatch; Irrigation; Disease control; Weed control 95 NAL Call. No.: 421 J828 Effectiveness of selected granular acaricide formulations in suppressing populations of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae): short-term control of nymphs and larvae. Schulze, T.L.; Taylor, G.C.; Jordan, R.A.; Bosler, E.M.; Shisler, J.K. Lanham, Md. : The Entomological Society of America; 1991 Sep. Journal of medical entomology v. 28 (5): p. 624-629; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Jersey; Ixodes dammini; Larvae; Nymphs; Population density; Acaricides; Application methods; Granules; Incidence; Insect traps; Lyme disease; Mice Abstract: Applications of selected granular acaricide formulations to the shrub layer of forested habitats during the peak activity periods of Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin nymphs and larvae significantly reduced the abundance of these stages on Peromyscus leucopus. The granules effectively penetrated growing vegetation and suppressed populations of subadult ticks questing in the leaf litter. The use of granular acaricide formulations provides the only documented method of control of free-living I. dammini nymphs and larvae in dense vegetation. As such, this technique will serve as a major component of any integrated control program against this vector tick species. 96 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72 The effects of deep cultivation and oxamyl on control of potato cyst-nematode, Globodera rostochiensis. Whitehead, A.G.; Nichols, A.J.F. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Feb. Annals of applied biology v. 120 (1): p. 65-72; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Solanum tuberosum; Cultivars; Globodera rostochiensis; Oxamyl; Deep tillage; Soil compaction; Sandy loam soils; Integrated control; Tubers; Crop yield 97 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Effects of different components of IPM in the management of the potato tuber moth, in storage. Das, G.P.; Magallona, E.D.; Raman, K.V.; Adalla, C.B. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 Sep. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 41 (3/4): p. 321-325; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Potatoes; Cultivars; Phthorimaea operculella; Insect pests; Stored products pests; Integrated pest management; Integrated control; Granulosis viruses; Deltamethrin; Bacillus thuringiensis; Lantana camara; Infestation; Varietal resistance 98 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effects of environment and nutrition on conidium germination and appressorium formation by Zoophthora radicans, (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales): A pathogen of the potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Magalhaes, B.P.; Humber, R.A.; Shields, E.J.; Roberts, D.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 20 (5): p. 1460-1468; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Empoasca; Erynia radicans; Conidia; Germination; Appressoria; Temperature; Ph; Culture media; Biological control agents Abstract: Conidium germination and differentiation of Zoophthora radicans on water agar were investigated to identify requirements for the production of appressoria, the structures needed for virulence. Appressorium formation was more sensitive to environmental and nutritional changes than was conidium germination. Temperature affected both formation of germ tubes and appressoria, and the best temperature-nutrient interaction was found for appressorium formation at 25-30 degrees C and 1% yeast extract. At 15 degrees C, conidium germination was depressed independent of the nutrient concentration, and appressoria did not form. The volume of liquid overlaying the conidia and the yeast extract concentration individually affected appressorium formation. The best interaction between the volume of liquid and yeast extract concentration was the combination of a large volume of liquid medium (3 ml/962 mm2 surface area) and 1% yeast extract. Of the 12 nitrogen sources tested, the best for germination and appressorium formation were yeast extract and Bacto-Soytone. Glucose, maltose, and starch were the best of the 12 carbon sources tested. Increasing osmotic pressure caused by different concentrations of maltose and polyethylene glycol adversely affected formation of germ tubes and appressoria. Subculturing did not affect formation of germ tubes, but the frequency of appressorium formation decreased after 12 transfers. The best pH for appressorium formation was between 7.0 and 7.2. Z. radicans produced appressoria on cuticles of dead Empoasca fabae (Harris) nymphs at 25 degrees C in the dark. 99 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Effects of neem seed extracts on tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoids in Hawaii. Stark, J.D.; Vargas, R.I.; Wong, T.Y. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1990 Nov. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (86): p. 106-112; 1990 Nov. Paper presented at the USDA Neem Workshop, April 16-17, 1990, Beltsville, Maryland. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Ceratitis capitata; Bactrocera dorsalis; Bactrocera cucurbitae; Insect control; Neem seed extract; Parasites of insect pests; Adverse effects; Nontarget effects 100 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effects of sage brush removal and herbivory by mormon crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) on understory plant biomass and cover. Redak, R.A.; Capinera, J.L.; Bonham, C.D. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 21 (1): p. 94-102; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; Artemisia tridentata; Biological control; Brush control; Anabrus simplex; Biomass; Ecosystems; Ground cover plants; Rangelands; Undergrowth Abstract: The effects of herbivory by the Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex Haldeman (Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae), and removal of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) on understory plant biomass production and cover were determined. Averaged over a 3-yr period, 50-75% removal of sagebrush resulted in an approximately 20% increase in summer understory biomass production; understory plant cover was not affected by sagebrusb removal. Mormon crickets, at densities of four and eight crickets per square meter during a 5-wk period, did not significantly affect understory plant biomass production but did reduce forb and total vegetative cover. Mormon cricket herbivory and sagebrush removal were independent with respect to their effects on understory vegetation. Furthermore, the incomplete removal of sagebrush did not affect the feeding ecology of Mormon crickets. Analysis of cricket crop contents suggested that sagebrush was fed upon predominantly; there was little dietary overlap between crickets and cattle. As long as some sagebrush is left intact (e.g., 25%), sagebrush control programs are unlikely to influence Mormon cricket diet selection or damage potential. Cover estimates, which are commonly used by ranchers and rangeland managers to estimate forage availability, provide deceptive assessments of cricket effects, untimely perhaps leading to an undeserved reputation as a rangeland pest. 101 NAL Call. No.: 421 R322AE Endovum puttleri (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), an introduced entomophage of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Ziskind, L.A.; Mityakina, O.N. New York, N.Y. : Scripta Publishing; 1991 Oct. Entomological review v. 70 (1): p. 142-148; 1991 Oct. Translated from: Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, (10), 1990, p. 70-76. (410 R92). Includes references. Language: English; Russian Descriptors: Rsfsr; U.S.S.R.in europe; U.S.A.; Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Biological control; Edovum puttleri; Fecundity; Introduced species; Parasites of insect pests; Reproduction; Survival 102 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Environmental Protection Agency oversight of microbial pesticides. Mendelsohn, M.; Rispin, A.; Hutton, P. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 234-240; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Microbial pesticides; Regulations 103 NAL Call. No.: SB403.F47 Establishing a successful IMP program. Eddy, R. West Lafayette, Ind. : The Service; 1992. Floriculture Indiana - Purdue University, Horticulture Department, Cooperative Extension Service v. 6 (4): p. 12-15; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Indiana; Greenhouse culture; Integrated pest management; Cultural control; Sticky traps; Insecticides 104 NAL Call. No.: TP440.P67 European apple warehouse practices. Kupferman, E.M. Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University Cooperative Extension; 1991 Aug. Tree fruit postharvest journal v. 2 (3): p. 3-15; 1991 Aug. Language: English Descriptors: Europe; Apples; Storage; Warehouses; Varieties; Packing; Crop production; Quality; Controlled atmosphere storage; Scald; Prevention; Integrated pest management; Pesticide residues 105 NAL Call. No.: S587.T47 Evaluation of some insecticides against beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) in watermelon. Belda, J.; Guerrero, L. London : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 May. Tests of agrochemicals and cultivars (13): p. 12-13; 1992 May. Supplement to Annals of applied biology, volume 120. Language: English Descriptors: Citrullus lanatus; Spodoptera exigua; Insect pests; Bacillus thuringiensis; Insect control; Application rates; Integrated pest management; Assessment; Hexaflumuron; Teflubenzuron; Trichlorfon; Fruits; Crop damage; Surface layers; Population density; Infestation 106 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Evaluation of various spray nozzle and volume combinations for control of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with synthetic and biological insecticides. Zehnder, G.W.; Speese, J. III Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (6): p. 1842-1849; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Insect control; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Cryolite; Permethrin; Nozzles; Volume Abstract: Field experiments were done in potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., to evaluate various spray nozzle and volume combinations for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), with synthetic insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis. Colorado potato beetles were moderately tolerant to permethrin, and use of hollow-cone nozzles resulted in improved control compared with flat-fan nozzles. When flat-fan nozzles were used with permethrin, increasing spray volume from 103 to 298 liter/ha resulted in a reduction in defoliation and an increase in tuber yield. Colorado potato beetles were highly susceptible to esfenvalerate. Nozzle type and spray volume had no significant effect on insect density or defoliation. However, a significant linear relationship existed between Colorado potato beetle counts and esfenvalerate spray- volume, On some sample dates, density of Colorado potato beetles was reduced in the high volume (467 liter/ha) esfenvalerate treatment compared with the low volume (93 liter/ha) treatment. Efficacy, of cryolite for control of Colorado potato beetle was not significantly influenced by nozzle type or spray, volume treatment. in experiments with B. thuringiensis var. san diego (M-One Insecticide), use of three hollow-cone drop nozzles per row resulted in significantly lower Colorado potato beetle density and defoliation, compared with use of hollow-cone nozzles arranged over the tops of the plants. Colorado potato beetle control with B thuringiensis was enhanced (with both nozzle treatments) by increasing spray volume from 140 to 560 liter/ha. 107 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Evidence that sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is allelopathic to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Harrison, H.F. Jr; Peterson, J.K. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 308-312; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Ipomoea batatas; Allelopathy; Cyperus esculentus; Weed control; Biological control; Competitive ability; Crop weed competition; Roots; Growth rate; Inhibition; Plant extracts; Periderm; Crop yield; Tubers Abstract: In field studies, 'Regal' sweet potato greatly reduced yellow nutsedge growth when the two species were grown together using standard cultural practices. At the end of the growing season, yellow nutsedge shoot dry weight per m2, in plots where the two species were planted together was less than 10% of shoot weight in plots where nutsedge was grown alone. Presence of yellow nutsedge did not markedly affect sweet potato growth. When grown together in a greenhouse experiment designed to minimize the competitive effects of sweet potato on yellow nutsedge, yellow nutsedge growth was reduced more than 50% by sweet potato 8 and 12 weeks after planting. The most polar fraction of serially extracted sweet potato periderm tissue was highly inhibitory to yellow nutsedge root growth. These results indicate that sweet potato interference with yellow nutsedge under field conditions is partially due to allelopathy. 108 NAL Call. No.: MdULD3231.M70d Hanks, L.M. Factors influencing the distribution and abundance of the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti)(Homoptera--Diaspididae) host plants and natural enemies. Hanks, Lawrence Michael University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Entomology 1991; 1991. ix, 189 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Thesis research directed by Dept. of Entomology. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English Descriptors: Scale insects; Ornamental trees; Fruit trees; Insect-plant relationships 109 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1212 Farmer to farmer strategies for sustainable agriculture.. Field crops Rotational grazing Vegetables IPM for vegetables and small fruits IPM for apples High-value marketing High value marketing Rooy Media (Firm) Frederick, Md. : Rooy Media ; Emmaus, Pa. : Distributed by Rodale Institue,; 1991. 6 videocassettes (180 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. + 1 video resource and viewing guide (13 p.).. "Partial funding for this video series and the ... guide was provided by a grant from USDA's Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program, Northeast Region"--P. [i] of guide. Language: English Descriptors: Sustainable agriculture; Pests; Grazing Abstract: Using farmers to talk to their peers informally and frankly about their experiences with sustainable agriculture, the videos are designed to help farmers get acquainted with six key strategies for sustainable agriculture. Photographed over the course of a growing season, the structure allows for an introduction to the six subjects, while promoting follow-up discussion after viewing each video. 110 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1212 Farmer to farmer strategies for sustainable agriculture.. Field crops Rotational grazing Vegetables IPM for vegetables and small fruits IPM for apples High-value marketing High value marketing Rodale Institute, Rooy Media (Firm) Frederick, Md. : Rooy Media ; Emmaus, Pa. : Distributed by Rodale Institue,; 1991. 6 videocassettes (180 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. + 1 video resource and viewing guide (13 p.).. "Partial funding for this video series and the ... guide was provided by a grant from USDA's Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program, Northeast Region"--P. [i] of guide. Language: English Descriptors: Sustainable agriculture; Pests; Grazing Abstract: Using farmers to talk to their peers informally and frankly about their experiences with sustainable agriculture, the videos are designed to help farmers get acquainted with six key strategies for sustainable agriculture. Photographed over the course of a growing season, the structure allows for an introduction to the six subjects, while promoting follow-up discussion after viewing each video. 111 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Field cage performance of two tachinid parasitoids of the tomato fruitworm on insect resistant and susceptible tomato lines. Farrar, R.R. Jr; Kennedy, G. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1983 Apr. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 67 (1): p. 73-78; 1983 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Lines; Pest resistance; Susceptibility; Helicoverpa zea; Host parasite relationships; Archytas marmoratus; Eucelatoria; Parasites of insect pests 112 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Field efficacy and persistence of entomogenous nematodes in the management of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turf and pasture. Forschler, B.T.; Gardner, W.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (5): p. 1454-1459; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Lawns and turf; Pastures; Scarabaeidae; Biological control; Entomophilic nematodes; Heterorhabditis heliothidis; Steinernema; Persistence Abstract: The entomogenous nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks & Hirschmann) were used to control white grubs in turf and pasture. In the turf trial, nematode concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, or 1 million nematodes per m2 were evaluated. only 12% of the grubs were killed by the nematodes at all three concentrations. In the pasture trial, nematode concentrations of 0.5 and 1.5 million per m2 were applied alone or in combination with diazinon (2.25 kg [AI]/ha). Comparisons (t tests) of the mean number of grubs recovered from each treatment area 2-4 wk after application showed significant reductions in the grub populations in both trials after certain nematode treatments. When applied at a rate of 1.5 million per m2, nematodes persisted for 8 wk after application in the pasture trial. In other tests of persistence, nematodes survived as long as 5 wk after application. Nematophagous fungi were recovered from treated areas and untreated plots; however, no significant increases in numbers of propagules occurred after application. Predaceous mite populations did significantly increase after application in one trial. Many of these mites are considered nematophagous. 113 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Field use of granulosis virus to reduce initial storage infestation of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), in North Africa. BenSalah, H.; Aalbu, R. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 Feb. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 38 (3): p. 119-126; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tunisia; Solanum tuberosum; Potatoes; Granulosis viruses; Viral insecticides; Phthorimaea operculella; Insect control; Biological control; Preharvest sprays; Dusts; Mediterranean climate; Biological control agents 114 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Floral volatiles of Tanacetum vulgare L. attractive to Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. females. Gabel, B.; Thiery, D.; Suchy, V.; Marion-Poll, F.; Hradsky, P.; Farkas, P. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (5): p. 693-701; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tanacetum vulgare; Lobesia botrana; Vitis vinifera; Flowers; Extracts; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Terpenoids; Smell; Insect control Abstract: The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N = 15): p-cymene, d-limonene, alpha-thujene, alpha-thujone, beta-thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed. 115 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Fungicide application according to infection periods, a must for integrated scab control?. Schuepp, H.; Bosshard, E.; Siegfried, W. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (285): p. 175-186; 1990 Dec. Paper presented at the symposium on "Integrated Fruit Production," September 11-15, 1989, Wadenswil, Switzerland. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Malus pumila; Fungal diseases; Infection; Fungicides; Integrated control Abstract: Since 1976 apple scab has been successfully controlled by fungicides applied according to infection periods in experimental plots and also in a steadily increasing number of commercial orchards. To guarantee adequate preventive and curative action at the same time captanoid fungicides (e.g. Capan, Folpet, Dichlofluanid) were applied in combination with compounds having a curative activity. In the seventies benzimidazol-fungicides were used as the curative component and after 1980 they were gradually replaced by sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides (SBI). To prevent storage diseases (mainly Gloeosporium species and storage scab) two sprays of captan are essential in late summer. Using captanoid fungicides is also part of the strategy to prevent buildup of resistance of Venturia inadequalis against SBI. Monitoring scab-resistance to SBI is of utmost importance since the control according to infection period depends entirely on their excellent curative action. 116 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32 Future alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of postharvest diseases. Wilson, C.L.; Wisniewski, M.E. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992. NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 230: p. 133-138; 1992. In the series analytic: Biological control of plant diseases: progress and challenges for the future / edited by E.C. Tjamos, G.C. Papavizas and R.J. Cook. Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, May 19-24, 1991, Cape Sounion, Athens, Greece. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Antagonists; Fungicides; Fungus control; Plant extracts 117 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Good guy insects are beneficial to growers. Blanchard-Chess, B. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1992 May. California grower v. 16 (5): p. 16, 18, 20; 1992 May. Language: English Descriptors: California; Citrus fruits; Insect pests; Integrated pest management; Biological control agents 118 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf with diclofop. McCarty, L.B. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 255-261; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Cynodon dactylon; Hybrids; Cultivars; Lawns and turf; Eleusine indica; Weed control; Chemical control; Diclofop; Cutting height; Cultural weed control; Integrated control; Herbicide mixtures; Metribuzin; Msma; Nonionic surfactants; Application rates; Phytotoxicity; Varietal susceptibility; Sports grounds; Golf courses; Crop quality Abstract: Greenhouse and field experiments were performed to investigate diclofop rate and mowing height interactions on goosegrass control and 'Tifgreen' and 'Tifdwarf' bermudagrass tolerance. In greenhouse experiments, greatest goosegrass control was achieved with diclofop when plants were maintained at 1.3 cm. Increased diclofop rates were required to suppress goosegrass mowed higher than 1.3 cm or unmowed. Greater than 90% goosegrass control was achieved with the combination of 1.3-cm mowing height and 0.6 kg ai ha-1 of diclofop. In field experiments, a minimum of 2 weeks was necessary for complete herbicidal activity. Diclofop at 1.1 kg ha-1 provided >90% control of goosegrass mowed between 1.9 to 2.5 cm. The addition of nonionic surfactant (0.25% by vol) to diclofop did not influence control. The addition of metribuzin (0.1 kg ai ha-1) to diclofop resulted in initial increased control, but it was transient. The addition of MSMA (2.2 kg ai ha-1) to diclofop reduced goosegrass control an average of 18% compared to diclofop treatments alone. Tifdwarf bermudagrass was more sensitive to diclofop compared to Tifgreen. Seven to 14 days were required for Tifdwarf to recover from initial injury. This injury, although significant, was acceptable for bermudagrass used for golf greens. Clipping weights following treatment were also less for Tifdwarf than Tifgreen. 119 NAL Call. No.: QL461.A52 The grape phylloxera--a celebration of its own. Smith, E.H. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992. American entomologist v. 38 (4): p. 212-221. ill; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; France; U.S.A.; Vitis; Crosses; Cultivars; Pest resistance; Rootstocks; Viteus vitifoliae; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Acarus 120 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Imidacloprid. A new nitroguanidine insecticide. Mullins, J.W. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1993. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (524): p. 183-198; 1993. In the series analytic: Pest control with enhanced environmental safety / edited by S.O. Duke, J.J. Menn, and J.R. Plimmer. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nitroimidazoles; Toxicity; Foliar application; Seed dressings; Soil treatment Abstract: Imidacloprid (code name: BAY NTN 33893; Chemical Abstract Name: 1- [(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) is a highly effective insecticide being developed in the U.S. by Miles Inc. and by Bayer AG worldwide. Imidacloprid is a systemic and contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity, with primary activity on sucking insects such as aphids, leafhoppers and planthoppers, thrips and whiteflies, including strains resistant to conventional chemistries. It is also effective against some Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Imidacloprid has a novel mode of action, and no cross resistance from any resistant species has been detected via oral ingestion of imidacloprid in worldwide field and laboratory testing. With excellent systemic and good residual characteristics, imidacloprid is especially appropriate for seed treatment and soil application. Effective early season control with long-lasting protection is achieved in crops such as cereals, corn, cotton, potatoes, rice, sorghum and many vegetables. Pests attacking later in the season can be controlled by foliar applications in the above-mentioned crops, as well as in citrus, deciduous fruits, grapes and other crops. General characteristics of imidacloprid, including biological activity, environmental safety and potential for Insecticide Resistance Management and IPM, are presented and discussed. 121 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 IMP 1991 commercial apple: insect, disease, and weed control recommendations. Patterson, M.G.; Everest, J.W. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1990 Dec. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (11): 11 p.; 1990 Dec. In subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Malus pumila; Insect control; Disease control; Weed control; Insecticides; Fungicides; Pesticides; Herbicides 122 NAL Call. No.: 100 F66S (1) no.875 The impact of integrated pest management on selected vegetable crops in Florida. Pohronezny, Kenneth Louis, Gainesville, Fla. : Agricultural Experiment Station, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,; 1989. vi, 67 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. (Bulletin (University of Florida. Agricultural Experiment Station) 875.). "September 1989"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-56). Language: English Descriptors: Plant parasites; Pesticides 123 NAL Call. No.: SB608.A6A33 1990 Impacts of the University of Connecticut integrated pest management program for apples 1984-1987. Adams, Roger G.; Los, Lorraine M. Connecticut : Cooperative Extension System, University of Connecticut, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, [1990?]; 1990. 24 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. Cover title. 90-22. Language: English Descriptors: Apple; Pests; Farmers 124 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Implementation and adoption of an agricultural expert system: the Penn State Apple Orchard Consultant. Rajotte, E.G.; Bowser, T.; Travis, J.W.; Crassweller, R.M.; Musser, W.; Laughland, D.; Sachs, C. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1992 Oct. Acta horticulturae (313): p. 227-231; 1992 Oct. Paper presented at the Third International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management, February 11-14, 1992, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Malus pumila; Orchards; Commercial farming; Growers; Decision making; Crop management; Integrated pest management; Expert systems; Information retrieval 125 NAL Call. No.: 100 C12CAG Imported parasite may help control European asparagus aphid. Daane, K.M.; Yokota, G.Y.; Gill, R.F.; Caltagirone, L.E.; Hagen, K.S.; Gonzalez, D.; Stary, P.; Chaney, W.E. Oakland, Calif. : Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California; 1992 Nov. California agriculture v. 46 (6): p. 12-14; 1992 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: California; Asparagus officinalis; Hemiptera; Insect pests; Crop damage; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control 126 NAL Call. No.: 100 C12CAG Imported parasite of greenhouse thrips established on California avocado. McMurtry, J.A.; Johnson, H.G.; Newberger, S.J. Oakland, Calif. : Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California; 1991 Nov. California agriculture v. 45 (6): p. 31-32; 1991 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: California; Vespidae; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis; Integrated pest management; Biological control; Persea Americana 127 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Induced resistance in relation to fruit and vegetables. Biles, C.L. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 161-166; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit; Vegetables; Postharvest decay; Induced resistance 128 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Induction of resistance of avocado fruits to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides attack using CO2 treatments. Prusky, D.; Plumbley, R.A.; Kobiler, I. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 243-255; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Avocados; Glomerella cingulata; Postharvest decay; Induced resistance; Carbon dioxide 129 NAL Call. No.: 420 F662 Infection of sound-trapped mole crickets, Scapteriscus spp., by Steinernema scapterisci. Parkman, J.P.; Frank, J.H. Winter Haven, Fla. : Florida Entomological Society; 1992 Mar. Florida entomologist v. 75 (1): p. 163-165; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Grasslands; Lawns and turf; Scapteriscus; Biological control; Insect control; Sound traps; Steinernema 130 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Information on insecticides for greenhouse growers. Pinkston, K.; Criswell, J.; Cuperus, G.; Schnelle, M.A. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1992 Nov. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University (6712): 12 p.; 1992 Nov. In subseries: IPM in the Greenhouse Series. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Greenhouses; Insecticides; Growth regulators; Resistance; Phytotoxicity; Biological control; Spraying precautions 131 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27MI Insect biology supplement to 1992 crop protection guide for tree fruits in Washington. Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Jan. E.M. - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service (4850): 15 p.; 1992 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Tree fruits; Plant protection; Insect pests; Insects; Pesticides; Integrated pest management 132 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX Insect pest management strategies for yards and gardens. Baxendale, F.P.; Wright, R.J. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992. EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (92-1555-C): 9 p.; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Domestic gardens; Integrated pest management; Insect control; Insecticides; Rotations; Mulching; Cultural control; Biological control 133 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Insect pests of taro (Colocasia esculenta) and their biological controls in American Samoa. Vargo, A.M. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 161-164; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: American samoa; Colocasia esculenta; Insect pests; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Evaluation; Intercropping 134 NAL Call. No.: SB118.48.Y26 Insect predators on ornamentals. Miller, G.L. Storrs, CT : University of Connecticut, Dept. of Plant Science; 1991. Yankee nursery quarterly v. 1 (3): p. 8-9; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Biological control agents; Ornamental plants; Insect pests; Insect control; Predators of insect pests 135 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Insecticidal activity of EG4961, a novel strain of Bacillus thuringiensis toxic to larvae and adults of southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Johnson, T.B.; Slaney, A.C.; Donovan, W.P.; Rupar, M.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 330-333; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diabrotica; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacterial proteins; Insecticidal action Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis strain EG4961 was isolated from grain dust. This strain produces a parasporal inclusion body composed of a unique 74.4-kdal insecticidal crystal protein. This protein is toxic to larvae and adults of several Coleopteran species including Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, a species that is relatively unaffected by the previously described CryIIIA insecticidal crystal protein. The discovery of EG4961 provides for the possibility of microbial-based control strategies for Diabrotica spp. and other Coleoptera. 136 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R47 Insecticide resistance and management of diamondback moth and imported cabbage worm in the People's Republic of China. Zhu, G.R.; Zhao, J.Z.; Wu, S.C.; Wu, S.X. East Lansing, Mich. : Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University; 1991 Jul. Resistant pest management v. 3 (2): p. 25-26; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: China; Cruciferae; Plutella xylostella; Pieris rapae; Insecticide resistance; Insecticides; Integrated pest management; Rotations; Application date; Application rates; Insect control 137 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Insecticides affect predatory arthropods and predation on Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) eggs and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae in turfgrass. Terry, L.A.; Potter, D.A.; Spicer, P.G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (3): p. 871-878; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kentucky; Poa pratensis; Popillia japonica; Spodoptera frugiperda; Ova; Pupae; Biological control; Insects; Predators of insect pests; Carbaryl; Cyfluthrin; Isazofos Abstract: The relative short-term effect of three insecticides on predatory arthropods and their potential to interfere with natural predation on pest insects or to induce resurgences of white grubs were evaluated in Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., turf. A single surface application of isazofos in mid-June caused significant short-term reductions in abundance of spiders, ants, staphylinids, carabid larvae, histerids, and other predominantly predatory groups. Carbaryl and cyfluthrin also affected some groups of predators, but their impact was generally less severe than for isazofos. Pupae of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and eggs of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, implanted into treated or control plots 1-2 wk after treatment sustained predation losses as high as 60 and 74%, respectively, within 48 h. Predation on pupae was not significantly affected by the insecticides, but predation on Japanese beetle eggs was reduced by as much as 70% in plots that had been previously treated with isazofos or carbaryl. Predatory Coleoptera, including Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Cicindelidae, and Histeridae, collected from turfgrass readily consumed Japanese beetle eggs or first-instars in laboratory trials. Plots treated with isazofos during the Japanese beetle oviposition period incurred significantly higher natural populations of white grubs than did control plots. These findings suggest that by disrupting predation on eggs and young larvae, insecticides applied to turfgrass before scarabaeid eggs have hatched could predispose lawns or golf courses to higher densities of white grubs and possibly other pests. 138 NAL Call. No.: aSD11.A48 Insects and shrubs dieoff in western states: 1986-89 survey results. Haws, B.A.; Bohart, G.E.; Nelson, C.R.; Nelson, D.L. Ogden, Utah : The Station; 1990 Nov. General technical report INT - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station (276): p. 127-151; 1990 Nov. Paper presented at the Symposium on "Cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management," April 5-7, 1989, Las Vegas, Nevada. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Utah; Atriplex confertifolia; Atriplex canescens; Artemisia; Insect pests; Integrated pest management; Ploidy 139 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Insects, nematodes, and pathogens associated with horsenettle (Solanum carolinese) in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures. Nichols, R.L.; Cardina, J.; Lynch, R.L.; Minton, N.A.; Wells, H.D. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Apr. Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 320-325; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Cynodon dactylon; Pastures; Solanum carolinense; Perennial weeds; Natural enemies; Biological control agents; Surveys; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Epitrix; Gelechiidae; Erysiphe cichoracearum; Rhizoctonia solani; Pratylenchus; Plant parasitic nematodes; Plant pathogens; Seasonal abundance Abstract: Horsenettle is a deep-rooted perennial weed that cannot be easily controlled by mechanical means or by a single chemical application. A study was conducted at two sites for two consecutive years to identify biological factors that might limit its growth. Insects, nematodes, and plant pathogens were collected from horsenettle growing in bermudagrass pastures. The insects most commonly found included the Colorado potato beetle and the eggplant flea beetle. An unidentified lepidopteron, family Gelechiidae, was found at very low frequency as pupae in hollow leaf chambers constructed at the apices of flowering meristems. Infested apices bore no fruit. Seven genera of nematodes were found in the soil at both sites, but only very low numbers of lesion nematodes were recovered from horsenettle roots, and these had caused little damage. Root rot was observed under wet soil conditions on plants damaged by trampling. A downy mildew was prevalent at both sites in both years in October. 140 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Integrated control of Dacus oleae (Gmel.): relationship among time of olive ripening, dipteral ethology and oil quality. Iannotta, N. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (286): p. 363-365; 1990 Dec. Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Olive Growing," Sept. 26-29, 1989, Cordoba, Spain. Language: English Descriptors: Olea europaea; Bactrocera oleae; Insect pests; Integrated pest management; Harvesting date; Crop quality 141 NAL Call. No.: SB4.P76 Integrated fruit production in Italy. Oberhofer, H. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd; 1991 Jun. Professional horticulture v. 5 (2): p. 59-63; 1991 Jun. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit; Apples; Integrated pest management; Insect control; Integrated control; Crop production; Chemical control; Biological control 142 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Integrated fruit production in Norway. Hesjedal, K. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (285): p. 47-53; 1990 Dec. Paper presented at the Symposium on "Integrated Fruit Production," September 11-15, 1989, Wadenswil, Switzerland. Language: English Descriptors: Norway; Fruit growing; Integrated systems Abstract: Since early in the 1960s, strong research effort has been made on developing an integrated pest management system for different harmful insects and mites in fruit orchards. Better knowledge of the pest species and the beneficial insects and mites, have since 1965 resulted in a reduction of the pesticide use in our orchards by 70 percent. We have developed action tresholds for the most harmful phytophagous insects and mites. For one of our most serious pests on apples, the apple fruit moth, Argyresthia conjugella, a prognose--and warning system has been developed, which have reduced the insecticide use against this species from 2 standard sprays a year to 1 spray each fourth year. Good results in using standard compounds of pesticides in very low concentrations have been obtained. These results are already taken into practical use by the fruit growers. In the principal fruit growing areas, we have established warming systems for apple- and pear-scab, which have resulted in a strong reduction in the yearly number of fungicide applications. Depending on the apple variety, a protection program against scab, mildew and storage diseases amounts to a total of 2-8 applications a year. A warning system for fruit pests and fruit diseases after a modified model used in Eastern Switerland, has been started in Western Norway this year. So far we have very good experience with the system and the feed-back from the growers are very positive. Now we were working on guidelines for an integrated fruit production. From 1990 we hopefully can start special courses for growers who want to get an authorization in integrated fruit production. 143 NAL Call. No.: TP440.P67 Integrated management of postharvest diseases and disorders of apples, pears and cherries. Willett, M.; Kupferman, G.; Roberts, R.; Spotts, R.; Sugar, D.; Apel, G.; Ewart, H.W.; Bryant, B. Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University Cooperative Extension; 1989 Dec. Postharvest pomology newsletter v. 7 (3): 16 p.; 1989 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Integrated pest management; Postharvest decay; Apples; Pears; Cherries 144 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76 Integrated pest and disease management for amenity turfgrass. Baldwin, N.A.; Drinkall, M.J. Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists; 1992. Aspects of applied biology (29): p. 265-272; 1992. In the series analytic: Vegetation management in forestry, amenity and conservation areas. Paper presented at the conference of the Association, April 7-9, 1992, University of York, England. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Lawns and turf; Amenity and recreation areas; Cultivars; Disease resistance; Pest resistance; Integrated control; Pesticides; Literature reviews 145 NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8 Integrated pest and disease management in protected crops. Fraser, R.S.S. Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992. Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (3): p. 169-175. ill; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horticultural crops; Plant diseases; Plant pests; Integrated control; Integrated pest management; Protected cultivation 146 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM392 Integrated pest management. Bruneau, A.H.; Watkins, J.E.; Brandenburg, R.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992. Agronomy (32): p. 501-533; 1992. In the series analytic: Turfgrass / edited by D.V. Waddington, R.N. Carrow, R.C. Shearman. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Integrated pest management 147 NAL Call. No.: aHD1401.A2U52 Integrated pest management cuts use of chemicals. Greene, C. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1992 Apr. Farmline - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service v. 13 (4): p. 13-16; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Vegetables; Integrated pest management; Pesticides; Usage 148 NAL Call. No.: SB950.S83 1993 Integrated pest management in vegetables in Massachusetts. Ferro, D.N. Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers; 1993. Successful implementation of integrated pest management for agricultural crops / edited by Anne R. Leslie, Gerrit W. Cuperus. p. 95-105; 1993. Paper presented at the National Forum on Agricultural IPM held June 17-19, 1992 in Arlington, VA., organized by the Environmental Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Massachusetts; Vegetables; Crop production; Integrated pest management 149 NAL Call. No.: aSB605.U5G73 Integrated pest management (IPM) in the vegetable industry during the 1980's. Greene, Catherine; Cuperus, Gerrit W. United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Commodity Economics Division Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Commodity Economics Division ; Rockville, MD : ERS-NASS [distributor,; 1991; A 93.44:AGES 91-07. iv, 19 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (ERS staff report ; no. AGES 9107.). Cover title. "February 1991"--P. iii. Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-19). Language: English Descriptors: Pests; Vegetables; Agricultural pests; Farm produce 150 NAL Call. No.: NBUSB211 P8 C57 no.25 Integrated pest management of potatoes = Manejo integrado de plagas de papa : Lutte integree en culture de pomme de terre.. Manejo integrado de plagas de papa Lutte integree en culture de pomme de terre International Potato Center Lima, Peru : International Potato Center (CIP),; 1989. 31 p. ; 24 cm. (Bibliog. ; no. 25.). Includes indexes. Language: English Descriptors: Potatoes 151 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 F66 Integrated pest management strategies for golf courses. McCarty, L.B.; Short, D.E.; Dunn, R.A.; Simone, G.; Freeman, T.E. Gainesville, Fla. : The Service; 1992 Jun. Bulletin - Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida (279): 11 p.; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Integrated pest management; Golf courses; Lawns and turf; Insect pests 152 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 An integrated systems approach to potato crop management. Connell, T.R.; Koenig, J.P.; Stevenson, W.R.; Kelling, K.A.; Curwen, D.; Wyman, J.A.; Binning, L.K. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Oct. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (4): p. 453-460; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Solanum tuberosum; Cultivars; Crop management; Integrated systems; Integrated pest management; Integrated control; Weed control; Insect control; Plant disease control; Irrigation; Ammonium nitrate; Pesticides; Productivity; Production costs; Returns; Crop yield; Environmental impact; Emergence; Irrigation scheduling; Computer software; Computer analysis; Monitoring; Petioles; Plant analysis; Nitrate; Agricultural chemicals; Environmental factors 153 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Integrating management decisions for several pests in fruit production. Gadoury, D.M. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1993 Mar. Plant disease v. 77 (3): p. 299-302; 1993 Mar. Paper presented at the symposium "Food and the environment: IPM meets the 21st century," held August 18, 1991, St. Louis, Missouri. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit crops; Crop production; Integrated pest management; Control programs 154 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Integration of biocontrol agents with postharvest systems. Pusey, P.L. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 211-213; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Peaches; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Bacillus subtilis 155 NAL Call. No.: QL391.N4R4 Interaction between Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida in simulataneous infections on potatoes with different resistance properties. Nijs, L.J.M.F. den Montrouge : Gauthier-Villars; 1992. Fundamental and applied nematology v. 15 (2): p. 173-178; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Globodera rostochiensis; Globodera pallida; Pest resistance; Integrated pest management 156 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82 Interactions of grazing and plant protection on basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata) seedling survival. Owens, M.K.; Norton, B.E. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1992 May. Journal of range management v. 45 (3): p. 257-262; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Utah; Artemisia tridentata; Grazing effects; Sheep; Cattle; Colonizing ability; Seedlings; Survival; Brush control; Biological control; Site factors; Agropyron desertorum; Pastures Abstract: The impact of grazing animals and plant protection on shrub seedling establishment was studied in 2 separate experiments. A total of 3,665 seedlings were monitored for survival during a sheep grazing trial in 1994, and 5,755 seedlings were monitored during a cattle grazing trial in 1986. Approximately 1/2 of the seedlings were located under the canopy of mature plants and 1/2 were located in the interspaces between plants. The presence of domestic livestock and the seedling location affected both the overall survival at the end of the growing season and the pattern of survival during the growing season. The interaction between these independent variables resulted in the highest survival (0.11) for sheltered seedlings in the grazed pastures and the lowest survival (0.009) for unprotected seedlings in the grazed pastures. Seedlings in the ungrazed pastures had survival rates intermediate between these 2 rates. The pattern of seedling survival was similar in both experiments. Seedlings in the grazed pastures experienced high mortality during the actual grazing event and immediately after grazing. Seedlings which were unsheltered experienced the lowest survival due to trampling. Survival rates late in the summer were not affected by grazing but were dependent on receiving precipitation during this normally dry period of the year. The interaction between grazing and seedling location may partially explain the aggregated distribution of Artemisia found in many communities. This aggregation should affect interspecific competition and may play a role in later stages of plant succession within these shrub-dominated communities. 157 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Investing in biological control: initiation of a parasite mass rearing program for macadamia nut orchards in Hawaii. Oi, D.H. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 128-130; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Macadamia; Nezara viridula; Trissolcus basalis; Biological control; Rearing techniques; Insectaries; Crop quality; Crop damage; Parasites of insect pests 158 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 IPM and biological control of plant pests--horticultural crops: January 1987-December 1991. MacLean, J.T. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 May. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-41): 95 p.; 1992 May. Updates QB 90-47. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Plant pests; Integrated pest management; Biological control; Natural enemies; Horticultural crops; Bibliographies 159 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P IPM for potatoes: a multifaceted approach to disease management and information delivery. Stevenson, W.R. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1993 Mar. Plant disease v. 77 (3): p. 309-311; 1993 Mar. Paper presented at the symposium "Food and the environment: IPM meets the 21st century," held August 18, 1991, St. Louis, Missouri. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Solanum tuberosum; Crop production; Integrated pest management; Control programs 160 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47 IPM in protected crops: concerns, challenges and opportunities. Oosten, H.J. van Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Pesticide science v. 36 (4): p. 365-371; 1992. Paper presented at the symposium "Integrated Control of Pests and Diseases in Protected Crops and Greenhouses," May 19-20, 1992, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Netherlands; Integrated pest management; Greenhouse crops; Vegetables; Sustainability; Pesticides; Usage; Protected cultivation; Closed systems; Application methods; Disease control; Pest resistance; Environmental policy; Legislation; Literature reviews Abstract: The Dutch government has a coherent, long-term policy regarding attainment of a sustainable development affecting agriculture and horticulture, the requirements of which are very strict and will be difficult to satisfy. The growers of protected crops try to meet these requirements by developing so-called closed growing systems. Two other approaches in the policy are a substantial reduction of the volume of pesticides used and a very critical evaluation of the pesticides permitted. In this governmental policy, Integrated Pest Management has shown prospects in horticulture; it will play a very important role in the near future but is now considered as part of the broader concept of Integrated Production Systems. The glasshouse industry is very actively developing its own strategy to satisfy government targets and market demands for high-quality products produced by environmentally safe methods. The vegetable auctions have developed a policy of environmentally conscious production which should put the vegetable industry into a strong marketing position for its produce. 161 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7 IPM in turf. Beard, J.B. Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1991 Mar. Grounds maintenance v. 26 (3): p. 26, 28; 1991 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Integrated pest management; Lawns and turf 162 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 IPM practices work in the greenhouse. Grant, J. Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1992 Jan. Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 7; 1992 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: Greenhouses; Pest control; Integrated pest management 163 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7 An IPM program for turf. Leslie, A.R. Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1991 Mar. Grounds maintenance v. 26 (3): p. 84, 86, 116; 1991 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Integrated pest management 164 NAL Call. No.: SB436.J6 IPM strategies used by arborists. Neely, D.; Smith, G.R. Urbana, Ill. : International Society of Arboriculture; 1991 Jan. Journal of arboriculture v. 17 (1): p. 8-12; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arboriculture; Arboricides; Integrated pest management; Pesticides 165 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Isolation, formulation and antagonistic activity of rhizobacteria toward the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Racke, J.; Sikora, R.A. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jun. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (6): p. 521-526; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Globodera pallida; Plant parasitic nematodes; Agrobacterium radiobacter; Bacillus sphaericus; Soil bacteria; Strains; Rhizosphere; Antagonists; Nematode control; Biological control; Seed treatment; Spraying; Dipping; Poly(vinyl alcohol); Methylcellulose; Sucrose; Population density; Survival; Interspecific competition; Antagonism; Roots; Penetration; Growth Abstract: In a screening program, 16 bacterial isolates out of 179 isolated from roots and cysts caused a significant reduction (> 25%) in Globodera pallida penetration of potato roots. Six of these isolates caused significant reductions in repeated greenhouse tests. Spray application of the bacteria in suspensions with 0.2% methyl cellulose increased adhesion of the bacteria on seed pieces and promoted antagonistic activity when compared to application in water suspensions. The antagonistic activity was shown to be directly correlated with the number of colony forming units (cfu) present on the tuber. The isolates Agrobacterium radiobacter and Bacillus sphaericus at densities of 9.7 X 10(8) and 3.16 X 10(9) cfu ml-1, respectively, caused significant reductions in root infection of 24-41% in repeated experiments. 166 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Laboratory and field effects of chemical fruit thinners on tetranychid and predatory mites (Acari) of apple. Thistlewood, H.M.A.; Elfving, D.C. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 477-485; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Malus pumila; Orchards; Panonychus ulmi; Tetranychus urticae; Biological control; Mite control; Predators of insect pests; Acari; Neoseiulus fallacis; Zetzellia mali Abstract: The effects of three chemical fruit thinners, carbaryl, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and benzyladenine (BA), were compared on predatory and phytophagous mites in a petri dish assay and in four apple orchards. In the petri dish assay, 10 ppm of NAA was harmless (< 50% mortality) to the phytoseiid Amblyseius fallacis Garman, the erythraeid Balaustium putmani Smiley, and the stigmaeid Zetzellia mali (Ewing), but mortality of Z. mali was significantly greater than the control. BA (50 and 100 ppm) was also harmless to A. fallacis, B. putmani, and Z. mali, although A. fallacis and Z. mali had significantly more mortality than in controls. Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm) caused 100% mortality of A. fallacis and 94-100% mortality of Z. mali but was harmless to B. putmani. In orchard tests, NAA (8-10 ppm) was harmless (< 25% mortality) to mites in the families Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae, Tetranychidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidae, but it reduced densities of Z. mali for about 14 d. By comparison with controls and NAA, carbaryl (500-1,200 ppm) and BA (50-150 ppm) produced significant differences in numbers of Phytoseiidae, Z. mali, Tetranychidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidae. However, carbaryl consistently produced significantly higher densities of Tetranychidae and lower densities of A. fallacis and Z. mali than BA, and in one orchard induced an outbreak of Tetranychus urticae Koch that exceeded the economic threshold of seven per leaf. 167 NAL Call. No.: 100 T31P Laboratory testing of milking spore disease, Bacillus popilliae, for control of Phyllophaga crinita white grubs. Crocker, R.L. College Station, Tex. : The Station; 1991. PR - Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (4912): p. 89-91; 1991. In the series analytic: Texas turfgrass research--1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Lawns and turf; Phyllophaga crinita; Bacillus popilliae; Insect control; Biological control 168 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.A1J58 Lawn care without pesticides. Uhler, B. Eugene, Or. : The Coalition; 1992. Journal of pesticide reform : a publication of the Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides v. 12 (2): p. 38-39; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Weed control; Integrated pest management 169 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N9C46 Lawn pests in North Dakota. Stoy, W.M.; Kopp, D.D.; McBride, D.K. Fargo, N.D. : The University; 1990 Oct. NDSU Extension Service [publication] - North Dakota State University (904): 10 p.; 1990 Oct. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Crambus; Phyllophaga; Solenopsis invicta; Poa pratensis; Lawns and turf; Damage; Biology; Life cycle; Natural enemies; Sampling; Cultural methods; Insects; Arthropod pests; Insecticides; Pest control 170 NAL Call. No.: 100 C12CAG Leaf removal in wine grapes: a case study in extending research to the fields. Pence, R.A.; Grieshop, J.I. Oakland, Calif. : Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California; 1991 Nov. California agriculture v. 45 (6): p. 28-30; 1991 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: California; Defoliation; Grapes; Integrated pest management; Canopy 171 NAL Call. No.: SB1.A1F5 Leafminers and associated parasites in Gypsophila. Malais, M.; Newman, J.P.; La Salle, J.; Parrella, M.P. Berkeley, Calif. : The Service; 1992. Flower and nursery report for commercial growers - California University, Berkeley, Agricultural Extension Service v. 24 (1): p. 1-4; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: California; Gypsophila paniculata; Liriomyza huidobrensis; Diglyphus begini; Diglyphus intermedius; Parasites of insect pests; Pesticides; Biological control agents 172 NAL Call. No.: SB608.O7C6 1992 Learning from biocontrol in greenhouse vegetable production. Steiner, M.Y.; Matteoni, J.A. Alexandria, Va. : The Society?; 1992. Proceedings for the Eighth Conference on Insect and Disease Management on Ornamentals : February 22-24, 1992 / sponsored by the Growers Council of the Society of American Florists, Alexandria, Virginia. p. 42-49; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vegetables; Crop production; Greenhouse crops; Pest control; Biological control 173 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Loss assessment, ecology and management of mango fruitfly, Dacus sp. Singh, G. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1991 Jun. Acta horticulturae (291): p. 425-536; 1991 Jun. In the series analytic: Third International Mango Symposium / edited by E. Chacko, T.K. Lim and V. Kulkarni. Paper presented at the Symposium, September 24-29, 1989, Darwin, NT, Australia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Mangifera indica; Dacus; Insect pests; Injuries; Crop damage; Crop losses; Insect control; Integrated pest management; Insecticides 174 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Lower navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) population densities following establishment in Goniozus legneri (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in California. Legner, E.F.; Gordh, G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (6): p. 2153-2160; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Prunus dulcis; Amyelois transitella; Crop yield; Incidence; Population density; Goniozus; Integrated pest management; Introduced species; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: Infestations of the navel orangeworm Amyelois transitella (Walker) in six central California "Nonpareil" almond orchards were studied for 12-13 yr (1978-1991) to determine the effect of imported parasitoids on host abundance. A decline in the average density of navel orangeworm to less than 0.5% in late summer as measured by percentage of attacked almonds was observed in five orchards where insecticides were not applied during the growing season. K-value analyses indicated a significant regulation of the navel orangeworm population by Goniozus legneri Gordh during the first generation on almonds after hull split. A slight increase in navel orangeworm abundance was observed in one orchard in 1986, after insecticide applications. Significant (but low) correlations existed between higher yields of edible almonds and lower navel orangeworm densities. No significant correlations were found between total rejected almonds and numbers of the peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller, or ant damage. An integrated pest management program may be possible for soft-shelled almonds by retaining sufficient holdover almonds during winter for host-parasitoid reproduction during the spring, and by targeting other arthropod pests (e.g., peach twig borer and phytophagous mites) with controls that are nondisruptive to navel orangeworm parasitoids. 175 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Management of pesticide resistance in arthropod pests: research and policy issues. Croft, B.A. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1990. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (421): p. 149-168; 1990. In the series analytic: Managing resistance to agrochemicals: From fundamental research to practical strategies / edited by M.B. Green, H.M. LeBaron, and W.K. Moberg. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pesticide resistance; Arthropod pests; Pest management Abstract: Pesticide resistance management requires both technical progress in research and enlightened policies governing pesticide development, regulation, marketing and use. Improved monitoring systems, tactics of resistance management, models of resistance evolution, and experimentation on factors influencing resistance evolution have added to our ability to limit resistance in field populations of target pest insects. Greater emphasis on research in population genetics and ecology is needed to further extend this technology. Examples of successful resistance management with houseflies in Denmark, cotton bollworms in Australia, pear psylla in North America and a complex of pests and natural enemies on tree fruits in the United States demonstrate that policy-related factors can be a key to successful resistance management. Conversely, the lack of success in other pest systems may be due to antiquated policies. A recent case of resistance management in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae illustrates new policies by industry regarding research and pesticide labelling which will improve possibilities for resistance management and will extend the life of newly registered acaricides. 176 NAL Call. No.: SB387.V572 Managing insect pests of Florida grapes. Webb, S.E. Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida A&M University, Center for Viticultural Science and Small Farm; 1991. Proceedings of the Florida Grape Conference. p. 183-185; 1991. Meeting held October 25-26, 1991, Ocala, Florida. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Vitis; Insect pests; Integrated pest management 177 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Managing Meloidogyne chitwoodi on potato with rapeseed as green manure. Mojtahedi, H.; Santo, G.S.; Wilson, J.H.; Hang, A.N. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1993 Jan. Plant disease v. 77 (1): p. 42-46; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Meloidogyne chitwoodi; Plant parasitic nematodes; Biological control; Rape; Leaves; Stems; Roots; Green manures; Pest management; Efficacy; Glucosinolates; Ethoprophos 178 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Managing potato leafhoppers in forage legumes. Landis, D.; Haas, M. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Dec. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 2 p.; 1992 Dec. In subseries: IPM Facts. Language: English Descriptors: Empoasca fabae; Identification; Life cycle; Damage; Detection; Insect control; Insecticides; Application rates 179 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Mass rearing the greenhouse whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa for augmentative releases in fresh market tomatoes in Hawaii. Lynch, J.A.; Johnson, M.W. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 123-127; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Lycopersicon esculentum; Trialeurodes vaporariorum; Encarsia formosa; Rearing techniques; Insectaries; Life cycle; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Crop losses 180 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 UN33 Measuring air movement for better grass. Zontek, S.J. Far Hills, N.J. : United States Golf Association; 1992 May. USGA Green Section record v. 30 (3): p. 38-39; 1992 May. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Golf courses; Integrated pest management; Air flow; Measurement 181 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Mechanisms of transmission of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomphthorales: Entomophthoraceae) and effects of site conditions on its prevalence. Weseloh, R.M.; Andreadis, T.G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Aug. Environmental entomology v. 21 (4): p. 901-906; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Connecticut; Lymantria dispar; Entomophaga; Population density; Rain; Infectivity; Biological control agents Abstract: Sampling for the gypsy moth fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga, was carried out in 10 plots in Connecticut to determine the importance of overwintering fungal load, rainfall, gypsy moth abundance, and physiographic site conditions to fungal prevalence. At one of the plots, gypsy moths were also exposed daily in cages on the soil and at 2 m in shrubs to examine the pathogen transmission potential of germinating resting spores and of conidia produced by diseased larvae. Gypsy moth population levels and an index of site moisture (as determined by tree composition) were marginally related to fungus prevalence. However, the relationship between fungal prevalence and population was an inverse one, opposite that found in a previous study. Resting spore load did not appear to affect prevalence; it is possible that a threshold effect occurs. Daily sampling showed that germination of resting spores is necessary for infection of early-stage larvae, but that conidia produced from diseased larvae are mainly responsible for infection of late-stage caterpillars. Maximum germination of resting spores occurred 1 or 2 d after significant precipitation, whereas the greatest production of conidia from diseased caterpillars took place on the day of rainfall. We hypothesize that in areas where overwintering resting spores are abundant, the most important determinant of fungal effectiveness will be rainfall amount and pattern. 182 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A2B74 Meeting the demand for reduced insecticide usage in the production of high quality field vegetables. Thompson, A.R.; Suett, D.L. Surrey : British Crop Protection Council; 1986. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases v. 3: p. 897-906; 1986. Paper presented at the British Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases, November 17-20, 1986, Brighton, England. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Crop production; Insect control; Insecticides; Integrated control 183 NAL Call. No.: 421 J826 Milky disease bacterium as a stressor to increase susceptibility of scarabaeid larvae to an entomopathogenic nematode. Thurston, G.S.; Kaya, H.K.; Burlando, T.M.; Harrison, R.E. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Mar. Journal of invertebrate pathology v. 61 (2): p. 167-172; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Cyclocephala; Larvae; Mortality; Biological control; Bacillus popilliae; Insect control Abstract: Mortality of Cyclocephala hirta by the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was enhanced in grubs infected with the milky disease bacterium, Bacillus popilliae (Bp). In concentration-response assays with the nematode, LC50 values and 95% fiducial limits were 4.0 (<0.1, 14.6) infective juveniles per grub for Bp-infected insects and 47.7 (32.0, 64.7) for non-Bp-infected insects. The increased mortality of Bp-infected insects was partially attributed to rapid penetration of H. bacteriophora through the midgut wall. In in vitro assays with ligated midguts, the time required for H. bacteriophora to penetrate the midgut wall of Bp-infected grubs was 0.6 +/-0.1 hr, whereas the time required in non-Bp-infected grubs was 1.3 +/- 0.1 hr. Total nematode progeny production per milligram grub tissue did not differ significantly between Bp-infected and non-Bp-infected grubs. However, the proportion of progeny remaining trapped in the non-Bp-infected cadavers at the end of the assay was greater than the proportion remaining in Bp-infected cadavers (0.52 +/- 0.04 vs 0.13 +/- 0.05, respectively). These data indicate that coexistence of these two pathogens within a host can occur and that B. popilliae could be used as a stressor on C. hirta to increase its susceptibility to H. bacteriophora. 184 NAL Call. No.: SB599.P45 Mode of action of the postharvest biocontrol yeast, Pichia guilliermondii. I. Characterization of attachment to Botrytis cinerea. Wisniewski, M.; Biles, C.; Droby, S.; McLaughlin, R.; Wilson, C.; Chalutz, E. London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct. Physiological and molecular plant pathology v. 39 (4): p. 245-258; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Apples; Botrytis cinerea; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Fungus control; Pichia; Mode of action; Host parasite relationships; Hyphae; Enzyme activity; Cell walls; Beta-glucanase; Binding; Comparisons; Debaryomyces hansenii; Biological control agents Abstract: An isolate (87) of the yeast Pichia guilliermondii, protects apples from postharvest fruit rotting fungi Botrytis cinera and Pencillium expansum. In order to examine the yeast-pathogen interaction, B. cinera was grown on agar plates overlayed with cellophane. Effective and non-effective yeast isolates were applied near the young hyphal growth. Samples were taken 24 h later from the area where the fungi and yeast had intersected. Light microscopy revealed a general attachment of the effective biocontrol agent P. guilliermondii (isolate 87) and a non-effective isolate (117) of Debaryomyces hansenii. Low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) indicated that both species of yeast attached to the fungal hyphae, but the 87 isolate attached fastidiously. Twenty-four hours after applying the 87 isolate to B. cinera, pitting and collapse of the hyphae were observed. These observations were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. These features were not observed with the ineffective isolate of D. hansenii. Further experiments indicated that attachment of P. guilliermondii to hyphae of B. cinera could be blocked by agents that alter protein integrity (salts, proteases, etc.) and certain sugars. Isolates of both species produced beta-(1-3) glucanase when cultured in various carbon sources and on cell walls of fruit rotting pathogens. Culture supernatants from P. guilliermondii, however, yielded two-to five-fold more beta-(1-3) glucanase activity compared with D. hansenii. Data indicate that tenacious attachment, along with secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes, may play a role in the biocontrol activity of this yeast antagonist. 185 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Mortality of eggs of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from predation by Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Hazzard, R.V.; Ferro, D.N.; Van Driesche, R.G.; Tuttle, A.F. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 20 (3): p. 841-848; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Massachusetts; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ova; Coleomegilla maculata; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: Mortality to the egg stage of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say), from endemic predators was assessed in unsprayed plots within commercial potato fields in western Massachusetts in 1986 and 1987. Direct measurement of recruitment into the egg stage and of losses to predation gave estimates of total stage-specific mortality for each generation of Colorado potato beetle and daily mortality rates. Abundance of endemic egg predators was measured through direct observation and trapping. Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), a coccinellid, was the most abundant predator and the only one consistently present whenever Colorado potato beetle eggs were in the field. Total mortality to eggs from predation was 39.9% in the second generation of 1986 and 37.8% and 58.1% in the first and second generations of 1987, respectively. Daily mortality rate did not change significantly during large fluctuations in prey density. Results suggest that C. maculata can contribute to the control of both early and late generations of Colorado potato beetle and efforts to conserve this natural enemy will help reduce the need for chemical control. 186 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7S3 Natural enemies of vegetable insect pests described in new manual. VanderMark, S. Canton, N.Y. : Agricultural Division, St. Lawrence County Cooperative Extension Association; 1993 Jul. St. Lawrence County agricultural news v. 77 (7): p. 5; 1993 Jul. Language: English Descriptors: Vegetables; Insect pests; Biological control; Natural enemies 187 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 UN33 Natural enemies reduce pest populations in Turf. Potter, D.A. Far Hills, N.J. : United States Golf Association; 1992 Nov. USGA Green Section record v. 30 (6): p. 6-10; 1992 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: Kentucky; New Jersey; Florida; Indiana; Ohio; Lawns and turf; Beneficial insects; Pesticides; Pest control; Predators of insect pests 188 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Natural plant compounds as pesticides. Duke, J.A. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 291-298; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: West Virginia; Hedeoma pulegioides; Pycnanthemum; Pesticidal plants; Databases 189 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.A1J58 Neighborhood protests Halt Park herbicides in Vancouver, Canada. Foley, D. Eugene, Or. : The Coalition; 1991. Journal of pesticide reform : a publication of the Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides v. 11 (4): p. 25; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Canada; Parks; Sports grounds; Integrated pest management; Herbicides; Dicamba; Mcpa; Social participation 190 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12 Nematode populations and peach tree survival, growth, and nutrition at an old orchard site. Evert, D.R.; Bertrand, P.F.; Mullinix, B.G. Jr Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1992 Jan. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v. 117 (1): p. 6-13; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Prunus persica; Orchards; Old age; Live mulches; Paspalum notatum; Plant parasitic nematodes; Meloidogyne; Soil; Fumigation; Nematicides; Nematoda; Population change; Fruit trees; Growth; Survival; Plant nutrition; Biological control Abstract: Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge cv. Paraguayan-22) growing under newly planted peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees severely stunted the trees. Neither supplemental fertilizer nor irrigating with two 3.8-liters-hour-1 emitters per tree eliminated tree stunting; emitters were controlled by an automatic tensiometer set to maintain 3 kPa at a depth of 0.5 m under a tree in bahiagrass. Preplant fumigation with ethylene dibromide at 100 liters-ha-1 increased tree growth, but not tree survival. Fenamiphos, a nematicide, applied under the trees each spring and fall at a rate of 11 kg-ha-1 had no positive effect on tree survival, tree growth, or nematode populations. Bahiagrass tended to suppress populations of Meloidogyne spp. under the trees. Meloidogyne spp. were the only nematodes present that had mean populations > 65 per 150 cm-3 of soil. Leaf concentrations of several elements differed between trees growing in bahiagrass sod and in bare ground treated with herbicides. Leaf Ca was low for all treatments in spite of a soil pH near 6.5 and adequate soil Ca. The severe stunting of trees grown in bahiagrass, irrespective of the other treatments, demonstrated that bahiagrass should not be grown under newly planted trees. The low populations of parasitic nematodes in bahiagrass showed that bahiagrass has potential as a preplant biological control of nematodes harmful to peach trees. Chemical name used: ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylthio) phenyl (1-methylethyl) phosphoramidate (fenamiphos). 191 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 NERISK: an expert system to enhance the integration of pesticides with arthropod biological control. Messing, R.H.; Croft, B.A. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae (276): p. 15-19; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "Second International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management," September 5-8, 1989, Logan, Utah. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arthropod pests; Biological control; Pesticides; Expert systems; Integrated pest management Abstract: An expert system termed NERISK was developed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on arthropod predators and parasitoids in a variety of agroecosystems. Based on a shell system (RECOG) with minor coding modifications, the system was designed to let even a novice user access the vast amount of information available on pesticide impacts on natural enemies. A large database (ca. 16,000 records), a simulation model of microbial pesticide effects, and several expert opnion components have been organized and integrated into an easy-to-use yet robust program. This system can assist academic, industry, and regulatory personnel make decisions regarding the integration of pesticides with biological control agents in many cropping systems. 192 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 New IPM tool for citrus growers. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1993 Jan. California grower v. 17 (1): p. 9, 11; 1993 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: California; Citrus fruits; Pest control; Integrated pest management; Cost benefit analysis; Energy cost of production; Crop yield; Insecticides; Biological control; Safety; Book reviews 193 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 A new mite problem in avocados. Bender, G. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1992 Apr. California grower v. 16 (9): p. 8, 10; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: California; Persea Americana; Oligonychus peruvianus; Typhlodromus; Pest control; Biological control agents; Sulfur; Propargite; Spread 194 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5 Novel Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein with a silent activity against coleopteran larvae. Lambert, B.; Hofte, H.; Annys, K.; Jansens, S.; Soetaert, P.; Peferoen, M. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992 Aug. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (8): p. 2536-2542; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bacillus thuringiensis; Biological control; Proteins; Toxicity; Crystals; Amino acid sequences; Nucleotide sequences; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Larvae Abstract: A novel Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein with a silent activity against the Colorado potato beetle is described. The crystal proteins are produced as bipyramidal crystals. These crystals contain a protein of 129 kDa with a trypsin-resistant core fragment of 72 kDa. Neither a spore-crystal mixture nor in vitro-solubilized crystals are toxic to any of several Lepidoptera and Coleoptera species tested. In contrast, a trypsin-treated solution containing the 72-kDa tryptic core fragment of the protoxin is highly toxic to Colorado potato beetle larvae. The crystal protein-encoding gene was cloned and sequenced. The inferred amino acid sequence of the putative toxic fragment has 37, 32, and 33% homology to the CryIIIA, CryIIIB, and CryIIID toxins, respectively. Interestingly, the 501 C-terminal amino acids show 41 to 48% amino acid identity with corresponding C-terminal amino acid sequences of other crystal proteins. Because of the toxicity of the fragment to the Colorado potato beetle and because of the distinct similarities of the toxic fragment with the other CryIII proteins, this gene was given a new subclass name (cryIIIC) within the CryIII class of coleopteran-active crystal proteins. CryIIIC represents the first example of a crystal protein with a silent activity towards coleopteran insect larvae. Natural CryIIIC crystals are not toxic. Toxicity is revealed only after an in vitro solubilization and activation step. 195 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Nutrient competition as a mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents. Droby, S.; Chalutz, E.; Cohen, L.; Weiss, B.; Wilson, C.; Wisniewski, M. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 142-160; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Grapefruits; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Pichia; Penicillium digitatum 196 NAL Call. No.: SB945.F8F7 1989 Observations on fruit flies of the island of Ischia (Naples). Fimiani, P.; Sollino, G. Rotterdam : Published for the Commission of the European Communities by A.A. Balkema; 1989. Fruit flies of economic importance 87 : proceedings of the CEC/IOBC International Symposium, Rome 7-10, April 1987 / edited by R. Cavalloro. p. 571-577; 1989. (EUR). Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Italy; Bactrocera oleae; Ceratitis capitata; Rhagoletis cerasi; Hosts of plant pests; Hymenoptera; Opius concolor; Parasites of insect pests 197 NAL Call. No.: SB945.L68M67 1990 On seasonal inoculative biological control. Minkenberg, Oscar P. J. M. Netherlands : O.P.J.M. Minkenberg,; 1990. 230 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Summary, preface, and resume also in Dutch. Subtitle on added t.p.: Governing Liriomyza populations by parasitoids. Stellingen in Dutch in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (p. [203]-230). Language: English Descriptors: Liriomyza 198 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Opiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Kauai Island, Hawaii: islandwide relative abundance and parasitism rates in wild and orchard guava habitats. Vargas, R.I.; Stark, J.D.; Uchida, G.K.; Purcell, M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 22 (1): p. 246-253; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Psidium cattleyanum; Psidium guajava; Bactrocera dorsalis; Incidence; Population dynamics; Parasites of insect pests; Braconidae Abstract: During a 2-yr survey of Klauai Island, four species of opiine parasitoids were recovered from host fruits infested with Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) [=Dacus dorsalis Hendel]: Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), and Biosteres vandenboschi (Fullaway). These species constituted 87.5, 9, 2.4, and 1.1% of the total parasitoids recovered in 1988, and 95.1, 0.9, 4, and 0.04% of the total parasitoids recovered in 1989, respectively. Total islandwide opiine parasitism rates on the basis of live parasitoids recovered from oriental fruit fly pupae were 41.4% in 1988 and 53% in 1989. Wild common guava, Psidium guajava L., and strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, were the most prevalent hosts infested with oriental fruit fly encountered during our roadside survey. Population studies in a large commercial common guava orchard indicated that oriental fruit fly infestation of fruits was correlated with infestation of wild common guava fruits in surrounding wild habitats. Positive correlations between numbers of B. arisanus, the dominant parasitoid, and numbers oriental fruit fly indicated a density-dependent relationship. Overall, percentage parasitism of B. arisanus was significantly higher in wild habitats than in orchard habitats. Relative abundance of D. longicaudata, P. incisi, and B. vandenboschi were significantly higher in orchard habitats than in wild habitats. 199 NAL Call. No.: 420 EN86 Orius thripoborus (Anthocoridae), a potential biocontrol agent of Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis and Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Thripidae) on avocado fruits in the eastern Transvaal. Dennill, G.B. Pretoria : The Society; 1992 Aug. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa v. 55 (2): p. 255-258; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Africa; Persea Americana; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis; Selenothrips rubrocinctus; Orius; Insect control; Biological control agents 200 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Ornamental pest management: a training manual for commercial pesticide applicators (category 3b). Sicheneder, K. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1991 Jan. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University (2291): 68 p.; 1991 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: Ornamental plants; Pest management; Pesticides; Integrated pest management; Techniques; Insect control; Poisoning; Safety; Weed control; Diseases; Disease control 201 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Our workshop as a bridge between research and commercialization. Chalutz, E. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 31-33; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Language: English Descriptors: Postharvest decay; Biological control; Research projects 202 NAL Call. No.: QL391.N4J62 Parasitism of Heliocotylenchus lobus by Pasteuria penetrans in naturally infested soil. Ciancio, A.; Mankau, R.; Mundo-Ocampo, M. Lake Alfred, Fla. : Society of Nematologists; 1992 Mar. Journal of nematology v. 24 (1): p. 29-35; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Lawns and turf; Plant parasitic nematodes; Parasitism; Population density; Morphology; Ultrastructure; Biological control agents; Bacteria Abstract: The population density of Helicotylenchus lobus and the percentage of the population with spores of Pasteuria penetrans were determined for 10 monthly intervals in naturally infested turfgrass soil at Riverside, California. The percentage of nematodes with attached spores ranged from 40% to 67%. No relationship was found between nematode density and the percentage of nematodes with spores. The mean and maximum numbers of spores adhering per nematode with at least one spore ranged from 2 to 8 and 7 to 66, respectively. The mean number of spores per nematode (based on total number of H. lobus) was correlated with the percentage of nematodes with spores. Spores adhered to both adult and juvenile H. lobus. Between 9% and 32% of the nematodes with spores had been penetrated and infected by the bacterium. Many infected nematodes were dead, but mature spores were also observed within living adult and juvenile H. lobus that exhibited no apparent reduction in viability and motility. Spore and central endospore diameters of this P. penetrans isolate were larger than those reported for the type isolate from Meloidogyne incognita, but transmission and scanning electron microscopy did not reveal significant morphological differences between the two isolates. Spores of the isolate associated with H. lobus did not adhere to juveniles of M. incognita. 203 NAL Call. No.: SB945.F8F76 1993 The parasitoid complexes of frugivorous fruit flies of central Europe. Hoffmeister, T. New York : Springer-Verlag; 1993. Fruit flies : biology and management / Martin Aluja, Pablo Liedo, editors. p. 125-127; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rhagoletis; Biological control; Parasitoids 204 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Parasitoids of the grapeleaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians Barnes and McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) in northwestern Mexico. Guerra-Sobrevilla, L. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1991 Dec. Crop protection v. 10 (6): p. 501-503; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Vitis vinifera; Harrisina brillians; Parasites of insect pests; Surveys; Natural enemies; Biological control agents; Tachinidae; Eupelmidae; Chalcididae; Eulophidae; Parasitoids 205 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Patent protection for microorganisms and their use in biocontrol. Wieder, S.C. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 229-233; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Biological control agents; Patients 206 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Persistence of control of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae with steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes. Klein, M.G.; Georgis, R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (3): p. 727-730; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Lawns and turf; Popillia japonica; Larvae; Persistence; Biological control; Entomophilic nematodes; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Neoaplectana carpocapsae Abstract: Field tests were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to evaluate control of japanese beetle larvae, Popillia japonica Newman, in turfgrass plots by heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (NC strain) reduced populations a maximum of 60%, 34 d after a fall 1986 treatment. Control increased to 96% before pupation the following spring, and was 93-99% of the next larval generation. Application of Steinernema (= Neoaplectana) carpocapsae Weiser (All strain) provided a maximum of 51% control after 34 d, 90% the next spring (290 d after treatment), and 0% after 386 d. A spring 1987 application of H. bacteriophora resulted in 68% control 28 d after treatment, and up to 67% of the following generation of japanese beetle larvae in the fall (138 d after treatment). H. bacteriophora (HP88 strain) gave 100% control after 28 d in the spring of 1987, and 93-97% control of the next generation of larvae. No adverse effects on nontarget organisms (mites or collembola) were observed 28 d after treatments with any of the nematodes. Our data show that nematodes reproduce in japanese beetle larvae, survive in the field in turfgrass, and have an influence on target hosts for a longer period of time than previously demonstrated. 207 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R47 Pesticide-resistant parasite evaluated for implementation. Hoy, M.A. East Lansing, Mich. : Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University; 1991 Feb. Resistant pest management v. 3 (1): p. 7-9; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Juglans regia; Trioxys pallidus; Insecticide resistance; Biological control; Integrated pest management; Genetic improvement 208 NAL Call. No.: aT223.V4A4 Pichia guilliermondii (Anamorph candida guilliermondii) useful for the biological control of postharvest rots in fruits. Wilson, C.L.; Chalutz, E. Washington, D.C.? : The Department; 1991 Aug20. United States Department of Agriculture patents (5,041,384): 1 p.; 1991 Aug20. Copies of USDA patents are available for a fee from the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office, Washington, D.C. 20231. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Italy; Fruit; Storage decay; Decay fungi; Plant disease control; Pichia; Biological control agents; Hyperparasitism; Usda; Patents Abstract: The present invention is drawn to processes for biologically controlling postharvest disease in fruit using isolates of Pichia guilliermondii having the identifying characteristics of NRRL Y-18313, NRRL Y-18314, and NRRL Y-18654. The organisms were isolated from the surface of citrus fruits and are useful to control a variety of fruit-rot pathogens in a variety of fruits. Also disclosed is a biologically pure culture of at least one isolate of Pichia guilliermondii having the identifying characteristics of an isolate selected from the group consisting of NRRL Y-18313, NRRL Y-18314, and NRRL Y-18654. 209 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Pilot testing of Pichia guilliermondii: a biocontrol agenat of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. Droby, S.; Hofstein, R.; Wilson, C.L.; Wisniewski, M.; Fridlender, B.; Cohen, L.; Weiss, B.; Daus, A.; Timar, D.; Chalutz, E. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Mar. Biological control v. 3 (1): p. 47-52; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Citrus fruits; Pichia; Biological control; Fungus control; Postharvest decay; Inhibition; Penicillium digitatum; Spore germination; In vitro; Thiabendazole; Efficacy; Application methods 210 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Pitfall trap catches of an aphid predation by Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus in insecticide treated and untreated potatoes. Dixon, P.L.; McKinlay, R.G. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jul. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 64 (1): p. 63-72; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Aphidoidea; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Biological control; Demeton-s-methyl; Pitfall traps; Pterostichus madidus; Pterostichus melanarius; Predators of insect pests 211 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Planned parenthood for codling moths. Swezey, S.L.; Vossen, P.; Caprile, J.; Bentley, W.; Blodgett, S.; Varela, L. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1993 Apr. California grower v. 17 (4): p. 25-27; 1993 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: California; Malus pumila; Cydia pomonella; Pheromones; Insect control; Biological control; Insecticide resistance; Regulation; Federal government; Mating; Disruption; Integrated pest management; Cost benefit analysis 212 NAL Call. No.: QL391.N4J62 A plant health care program for brambles in the Pacific Northwest. McElroy, F.D. Lake Alfred, Fla. : Society of Nematologists; 1992 Sep. Journal of nematology v. 24 (3): p. 457-462; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pacific states of U.S.A.; Rubus; Pratylenchus penetrans; Xiphinema Americanum; Xiphinema; Nematode control; Integrated pest management Abstract: Pratylenchus and Xiphinema species have been associated brambles (Rubus species) in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. These nematodes cause direct feeding damage and (or) transmit viruses that result in poor fruit quality and plant decline. A nematode management program has been developed by the author to minimize chemical use and nematode-induced damage while optimizing fruit production. Nematode management is an integral part of a total plant health care program in which foliar and soil pests, plant stresses, and fertility are managed. 213 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Population dynamics of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on a native host in Mexico. Cappaert, D.L.; Drummond, F.A.; Logan, P.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 20 (6): p. 1549-1555; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Solanum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Population dynamics; Predators; Parasites; Biological control agents Abstract: The population dynamics of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were studied in central Mexico in 1987 and 1988. During the June-October rainy season, three generations were observed in 1987 and two in 1988. Predation and parasitism were found to be important mortality factors, particularly late in the season, contributing to generation mortality as high as 99.8%. Time series cross-correlation was used to estimate synchrony of Colorado potato beetle eggs with predators. Predators, including asopine pentatomids, carabids, thomisid spiders, and coccinellids, were abundant and well synchronized with developing Colorado potato beetle late in 1987, corresponding to the period of highest mortality. 214 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 UN33 Post-emergence crabgrass and goosegrass control: practical IPM. Zontek, S.J. Far Hills, N.J. : United States Golf Association; 1992 Jul. USGA Green Section record v. 30 (4): p. 17-18; 1992 Jul. Language: English Descriptors: Digitaria; Eleusine indica; Lawns and turf; Weed control; Integrated pest management; Chemical control 215 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72 Postharvest biological control of Penicillium digitatum decay on citrus fruit by Bacillus pumilus. Huang, Y.; Wild, B.L.; Morris, S.C. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Feb. Annals of applied biology v. 120 (2): p. 367-372; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Citrus sinensis; Citrus limon; Oranges; Lemons; Penicillium digitatum; Bacillus pumilus; Antagonists; Biological control agents; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Inoculum density; Benomyl; Imazalil; Guazatine; In vitro 216 NAL Call. No.: SB327.M52 Potato leafhopper update. Landis, D. Saginaw, Mich. : Michigan Bean Shippers Association; 1991. Michigan dry bean digest v. 15 (3): p. 12-13; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Dry beans; Insect pests; Leafhoppers; Insecticides; Biological control; Chemical control 217 NAL Call. No.: SB319.2.F6F56 Potential for biological control of phytoparasitic nematodes in bermudagrass turf with isolates of the Pasteuria penetrans groups. Giblin-Davis, R.M. S.l. : The Society; 1991 Jun. Proceedings of the ... annual meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society v. 103: p. 349-351; 1991 Jun. Meeting held December 17-19, 1990, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Cynodon dactylon; Plant parasitic nematodes; Biological control; Nematode control; Bacillus penetrans 218 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Potential for biological control of the stink bug Nezara viridula, a pest of macadamias. Bennett, F.D. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae (275): p. 679-684; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "International Symposium on the Culture of Subtropical and Tropical Fruits and Crops," Volume II, November 6-10, 1989, Nelspruit, South Africa. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Macadamia; Nezara viridula; Insect pests; Pest control; Biological control Abstract: Nezara viridula (L.) attacks a wide range of crops in the tropics and subtropics and is a major pest of macadamias. Biological control of this stink bug, by the introduction of parasitoids, has been attempted in several countries with different levels of success. The combined action of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis and adult parasitoid Trichopoda pilipes has provided successful control of N. viridula on macadamias in Hawaii. There are several additional parasitoids including the South American tachinids Eutrichopodopsis nitens, Trichopoda giacomellii, T. nigrifrontalis and Ectophasiopsis arcuata which have not been exploited. The potential of these and other parasitoids for biological control of N. viridula in macadamias, is discussed. 219 NAL Call. No.: SB950.S83 1993 The potential for integrated pest management in California vegetable production. Goodall, P.B.; Zalom, F.G. Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers; 1993. Successful implementation of integrated pest management for agricultural crops / edited by Anne R. Leslie, Gerrit W. Cuperus. p. 75-94; 1993. Paper presented at the National Forum on Agricultural IPM held June 17-19, 1992 in Arlington, VA., organized by the Environmental Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Vegetables; Crop production; Integrated pest management 220 NAL Call. No.: QL461.A52 Potential for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae--a model system. Ferro, D.N. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993. American entomologist v. 39 (1): p. 38-44; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Transgenics; Endotoxins; Gene expression; Pest resistance; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Insecticide resistance; Bacillus thuringiensis; Biological control agents 221 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122 Potential for weed control with allelopathy in turfgrass. Elmore, C.L. Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1990. Proceedings - California Weed Conference (42): p. 214-216; 1990. Meeting held January 15-17, 1990, San Jose, California. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Allelopathy; Weed control; Biological control 222 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47 Practical crop protection in a glasshouse environment. Veanman, A.F. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Pesticide science v. 36 (4): p. 363-364; 1992. Paper presented at the symposium "Integrated Control of Pests and Diseases in Protected Crops and Greenhouses," May 19-20, 1992, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Netherlands; Greenhouse crops; Integrated pest management; Biological control agents; Biological control; Predators of insect pests; Insect pests; Literature reviews Abstract: Integrated pest management in glasshouse crops in the Netherlands is discussed with particular reference to existing and potential biological control agents and methods. 223 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Predation of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) eggs and larvae by Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae in the laboratory and field cages. Nordlund, D.A.; Vacek, D.C.; Ferro, D.N. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1991 Oct. Journal of entomological science v. 26 (4): p. 443-449; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Ova; Larvae; Chrysoperla rufilabris; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents 224 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Preharvest and postharvest biological control of Rhizopus and Botrylis bunch rots of table grapes with antagonistic yeasts. Ben-Arie, R.; Droby, S.; Zutkhi, J.; Cohen, L.; Weiss, B.; Sarig, P.; Zeidman, M.; Daus, A.; Chalutz, E. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 100-113; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Grapes; Postharvest decay; Rhizopus stolonifer; Botrytis cinerea; Decay fungi; Biological control; Pichia; Yeasts 225 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Prepupal and pupal parasitism of Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Steinernema sp. in cornfields in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Raulston, J.R.; Pair, S.D.; Loera, J.; Cabanillas, H.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1666-1670; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Texas; Helicoverpa zea; Spodoptera frugiperda; Biological control; Neoaplectana; Steinernema; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: An indigenous Steinernema sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) nematode parasitized prepupae and pupae of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), collected from fruiting cornfields in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, of Texas and northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Over a 5-yr period, 34% of all fields sampled contained parasitized corn earworm and 24.2% contained parasitized fall armyworm. Of 3,036 corn earworm prepupae and pupae collected during this study, 11.6% were parasitized; of 1,802 fall armyworm collected, 9.3% were parasitized. Parasitism by Steinernema sp. accounted for 49.4 and 46.1% of the mortality of corn earworm and fall armyworm prepupae and pupae, respectively. 226 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Presence/absence sampling for greenhouse whitefly on tomatoes. Johnson, M.W.; Tabashnik, B.E.; Jones, V.P. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 69-73; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Lycopersicon esculentum; Trialeurodes vaporariorum; Sampling; Integrated pest management; Pesticides 227 NAL Call. No.: 421 P193 Prevalence of two Bacillus popilliae Dutky morphotypes and blue disease in Cyclocephala hirta Leconte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) populations in California. Kaya, H.K.; Klein, M.G.; Burlando, T.M. San Francisco, Calif. : Pacific Coast Entomological Society; 1992 Jan. The Pan-Pacific entomologist v. 68 (1): p. 38-45. ill; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Lawns and turf; Cyclocephala; Biological control; Bacillus popilliae; Host parasite relationships; Rickettsiaceae 228 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Progress slow on Perseae mite control. Thompson, W. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1993 May. California grower v. 17 (5): p. 35; 1993 May. Language: English Descriptors: California; Persea Americana; Mite control; Biological control; Grants; Research support 229 NAL Call. No.: S481.R4 Prospects for biological control of the fruit piercing moth, Othreis fullonia (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sands, D.P.A.; Broe, R. Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service; 1991 Dec. Research extension series - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Cooperative Extension Service (134): p. 155-158; 1991 Dec. Proceedings of the 1989 ADAP Crop Protection Conference, held May 18-19, 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Western samoa; Papua new guinea; Fruit crops; Eudocima fullonia; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Telenomus; Ooencyrtus; Evaluation 230 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Prospects for integrated control of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and various pesticides. Hough-Goldstein, J.; Keil, C.B. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (6): p. 1645-1651; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Delaware; Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Perillus bioculatus; Biological control agents; Integrated control; Mortality; Bacillus thuringiensis; Cryolite; Endosulfan; Oxamyl; Insecticidal action; Neem seed extract; Piperonyl butoxide; Rotenone; Toxicity Abstract: Endosulfan, oxamyl, and esfenvalarate all were highly toxic to Perillus bioculatus (F.), a predator of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Toxicity assays consisted of topical application to eggs, nymphs, and adults; exposure of nymphs to treated foliage; and ingestion by P. bioculatus nymphs of Colorado potato beetle larvae previously exposed to treated foliage. P. bioculatus egg hatch was unaffected by topical application of the pesticides. Topical application of neem seed extract to third-instar nymphs delayed molting and caused deformities after the molt in some insects, whereas the synergist piperonyl butoxide and the botanical insecticide rotenone caused significant mortality. Cryolite (sodium fluoaluminate), Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, and three fungicides (chlorothalonil, maneb, and metalaxyl) caused very little predator mortality at any life stage tested. A control program using these materials would likely be compatible with the natural buildup of P. bioculatus populations or with augmentative release of this predator. In a small-plot field study, release of P. bioculatus in conjunction with bacterial insecticides provided significant control of Colorado potato beetles for at least 2 wk, suppressing larval populations by 76% compared with plots treated only with bacterial insecticides. 231 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.A1J58 Reducing golf course pesticide use: three examples. 1. IPM: good business at Florida's John's Island Club. Goldsby, L. Eugene, Or. : The Coalition; 1991. Journal of pesticide reform : a publication of the Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides v. 11 (3): p. 5-7; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Golf courses; Integrated pest management; Pesticides; Lawns and turf 232 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.A1J58 Reducing golf course pesticide use: three examples. 2. IPM at work: Townson, Maryland's Pine Ridge golf courses. Greenspan, N.T. Eugene, Or. : The Coalition; 1991. Journal of pesticide reform : a publication of the Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides v. 11 (3): p. 7-9; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Golf courses; Integrated pest management; Pest control; Costs; Lawns and turf 233 NAL Call. No.: 26 T754 Rejuvenation of a peach orchard in the highlands of Guatemala through integrated management. Williams, W.T.; Cifuentes, S.; Aguila, V. del; Perez, R. London : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Oct. Tropical agriculture v. 69 (4): p. 341-346; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Guatemala; Prunus persica; Pruning; Crop management; Crop yield; Coryneum; Crop damage; Frost injury; Integrated control; Monilia; Orchards; Highlands 234 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Relative and seasonal abundance of beneficial arthropods in centipedegrass as influence by management practices. Braman, S.K.; Pendley, A.F. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 494-504; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Eremochloa ophiuroides; Arthropod communities; Beneficial arthropods; Fertilizers; Interactions; Monitoring; Nontarget effects; Parasites of insect pests; Pesticidal action; Predators of insect pests; Seasonal abundance Abstract: Pitfall traps were used to monitor the seasonal activity of arthropod predators, parasitoids, and decomposers in replicated plots of centipedegrass turf for 3 yr (1989-1991) at two locations. During 1990 and 1991, the influence of single or combined herbicide, insecticide, and fertilizer applications on these beneficials was assessed. In total, 21 species of carabids in 13 genera and 17 species of staphylinids in 14 genera were represented in pitfall-trap collections. Nonsminthurid collembolans, ants, spiders, and parasitic Hymenoptera were adversely affected in the short term by insecticide applications targeting the twolined spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say). Other taxa, notably oribatid Acari, increased over time in response to pesticide or fertilizer applications. Although various taxa were reduced by pesticide application during three of four sample intervals, a lack of overall differences in season totals suggests that the disruptive influence of certain chemical management practices may be less severe than expected in the landscape. 235 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 Report on lawn pesticides fails to provide solutions, Cornell deans says. Shulman, M. Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1989 Jul. Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 1, 3; 1989 Jul. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lawns and turf; Integrated pest management; Pesticides; Regulations 236 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Residual activity of insecticides under field conditions for controlling the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Ferro, D.N.; Yuan, Q.C.; Slocombe, A.; Tuttle, A.F. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 511-516; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Massachusetts; Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Larvae; Mortality; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Chemical control; Field experimentation; Insect control; Insecticides; Residual effects Abstract: Data are presented on the residual activity of several insecticides against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), when applied to potato foliage under field conditions. Treated foliage was returned to the laboratory and fed to early (first and second), third, and fourth instars and adults. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. tenebrionis (M-One) caused 85% mortality of early instars at 1 h after application, and < 5% at 48 h. B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (M-Trak) caused 90% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 20% at 72 h. Oxamyl (Vydate) + endosulfan (Thiodan) caused 98% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 15% at 48 h. Esfenvalerate (Asana) caused 78% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 30% at 48 h. Cryolite (Kryocide) caused 100% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 90% mortality after 96 h. 237 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Response of oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and associated parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to different-color spheres. Vargas, R.I.; Stark, J.D.; Prokopy, R.J.; Green, T.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (5): p. 1503-1507; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Psidium guajava; Bactrocera dorsalis; Biological control agents; Biosteres; Biosteres arisanus; Biosteres longicaudatus; Opius; Parasites of insect pests; Population dynamics; Monitoring; Color; Insect attractants Abstract: Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, captures were higher on yellow and white than on orange, red, light green, dark green, blue, and black spheres hung in guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees. Captures were greater on 4-cm than on 2-cm yellow spheres. During a series of four 1-wk study periods, mean numbers of D. dorsalis captured on yellow and white spheres were 4.4 and 6.3 flies per sphere, respectively. Four species of D. dorsalis parasitoids were also captured on 4-cm yellow and white spheres: Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), Biosteres vandenboschi (Fullaway), and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead). These species constituted 84.1, 5.3, 5.3, and 5.3%, respectively, of the total braconid parasitoids captured on yellow spheres and 83.3, 10.5, 3.1, and 3.1%, respectively, of the total parasitoids captured on white spheres. Mean numbers of B. arisanus, the most abundant opiine parasitoid, were 1.6 wasps per yellow sphere and 0.8 wasp per white sphere. This research indicates yellow or white spheres would be useful devices for monitoring D. dorsalis and parasitoid populations simultaneously. 238 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Responses of laboratory-strain Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens, to combinations of fermenting fruit odor and male-produced pheromone in laboratory bioassays. Robacker, D.C.; Garcia, J.A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 2027-2038; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Anastrepha ludens; Sex pheromones; Sex attractants; Fruit; Odors; Fermentation; Combination; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The attractiveness to A. ludens adults of a combination of odor of fermented chapote fruit and pheromone was compared to attractiveness of both chapote and pheromone in laboratory bioassays. The chemical treatments were tested on 2-day-old and 10- to 12-day-old (sexually immature and mature, respectively), virgin and mated, nonstarved and starved, males and females during the early afternoon when flies were sexually inactive and the late afternoon when sexually mature flies were sexually active. The chapote-pheromone combination was equal to chapote odor alone in attractiveness to males and mated females. Pheromone partially inhibited attraction of immature females to chapote odor. Chapote odor almost completely inhibited attraction of sexually active females to pheromone. The potential for using a combination of chapote and pheromone as a trap bait is discussed. 239 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 A review and current status of research on enhancement of biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit by use of calcium salts with yeasts. McLaughlin, R.J. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 184-194; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Apples; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Candida guilliermondii; Calcium 240 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Role of chemical fungicides and biological agents in postharvest disease control. Eckert, J.W. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 14-30; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Postharvest decay; Disease control; Fungicides; Biological control 241 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792 Sampling for the potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella) and its parasitoids). Horne, P.A. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1993. Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 33 (1): p. 91-96; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Victoria; Solanum tuberosum; Phthorimaea operculella; Biological control; Insecticides; Apanteles subandinus; Copidosoma koehleri; Orgilus lepidus; Parasites of insect pests; Monitoring; Pheromone traps; Sex pheromones; Sampling; Site factors 242 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Scaling-up the production for application of an antagonist--from basic research to R & D. Hofstein, R.; Droby, S.; Chalutz, E.; Wilson, C.; Fridlender, B. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 197-210; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Postharvest decay; Biological control 243 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Seasonal cycles of Myiopharus aberrans and M. doryphorae (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitizing Colorado potato beetles in upstate New York. Gollands, B.; Tauber, M.J.; Tauber, C.A. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Aug. Biological control v. 1 (2): p. 153-163; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Plant pests; Biological control agents; Parasites of insect pests; Myiopharus; Myiopharus doryphorae; Phenology; Seasonal variation; Diapause; Estivation; Overwintering; Life cycle; Host parasite relationships 244 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Selection of a Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) strain resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis. Whalon, M.E.; Miller, D.L.; Hollingworth, R.M.; Grafius, E.J.; Miller, J.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 226-233; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Michigan; Solanum tuberosum; Transgenics; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Cross resistance; Endotoxins; Feeding behavior; Insecticide resistance; Oviposition; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis Abstract: For the first time, resistance to the CRYIIIA coleopteran specific delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego or tenebrionis is reported. Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were selected in the laboratory after exposure in potato fields in Michigan. After 12 generations of selection, the selected strain was 59 times more resistant than the unselected strain and 24-35 times more resistant than other susceptible or insecticide-resistant strains. We observed no cross-resistance between organophosphate, carbamate, or pyrethroid resistance and B. thuringiensis resistance. No difference in movement induced by B. thuringiensis or initial feeding behavior was observed between selected and unselected strains, although a shift toward petiole feeding behavior was observed in adults (of both strains) that were stressed by B. thuringiensis. The selected strain oviposited at a reduced rate of 0.1 +/- 0.15 (mean +/- SD) egg masses per day) on treated foliage; the unselected strain was oostatic. Based on these results, it is recommended that resistance management strategies be developed and deployed for both conventionally applied B. thuringiensis products and B. thuringiensis transgenic plants. 245 NAL Call. No.: SB945.F8F7 1989 Serodiagnostic of the host-parasite relationships of some fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and Opius concolor Sz. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Ben Salah, H.; Cheikh, M.; Ben Hamouda, M.H. Rotterdam : Published for the Commission of the European Communities by A.A. Balkema; 1989. Fruit flies of economic importance 87 : proceedings of the CEC/IOBC International Symposium, Rome 7-10, April 1987 / edited by R. Cavalloro. p. 295-310; 1989. (EUR). Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bactrocera cucurbitae; Bactrocera dorsalis; Bactrocera oleae; Ceratitis capitata; Tephritidae; Host parasite relationships; Opius concolor; Parasites of insect pests; Immunodiagnosis 246 NAL Call. No.: SB433.34.V8V47 Shrub and tree plant health care for the 90's. Rao, B. Blacksburg, Va. : Virginia Cooperative Extension Service; 1991 Dec. Proceedings - Virginia Turfgrass Landscape Conference (31st): p. 63-68; 1991 Dec. Meeting held on January 14-17, 1991, Richmond, Virginia. Language: English Descriptors: Shrubs; Trees; Selection; Planting; Maintenance; Pest management; Biological control 247 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Some growth regulators: their effectiveness against orchard pests and selectivity to predatory and parasitic arthropods. Niemczyk, E.; Koslinska, M.; Maciesiak, A.; Nowakowski, Z.; Olszak, R.; Szufa, A. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (285): p. 157-164; 1990 Dec. Paper presented at the symposium on "Integrated Fruit Production," September 11-15, 1989, Wadenswil, Switzerland. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Poland; Malus pumila; Insect pests; Natural enemies; Plant growth regulators; Toxicity Abstract: The orchard pests: codling moth, winter moth and leaf miners tested are effectively controlled by growth regulators: diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron and triflumuron. Diflubenzuron reduced considerably the population of apple blossom weevil and apple sucker. The selectivity of insect growth regulators to the tested predators (Anthocoris nemorum, Chrysopa carnea, Coccinella septempunctata, Episyrphus balteatus, Typhlodromus pyri) and parasitic wasp (Trichogramma cacoeciae) depends in a high degree on the predator species and their development stage. Generalising, one can say, that growth regulators are only partially selective to the majority of natural enemies of orchard pests. 248 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a candidate viral insecticide for the beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Kolodny-Hirsch, D.M.; Warkentin, D.L.; Alvarado-Rodriguez, B.; Kirkland, R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 314-321; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spodoptera exigua; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki; Insect control; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses; Viral insecticides Abstract: A technical grade lyophilized preparation of the Spodoptera exigua multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeMNPV) was field-tested in small plots and compared with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Berliner) for control of the-beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) on tomatoes, peppers, and garbanzo beans in the Central Valley of California and tomatoes in the Guasave Valley of Sinaloa, Mexico. Weekly application of SeMNPV at rates of 2.5 X 10(11) and 12.5 X 10(11) occlusion bodies (OB)/ha gave season-long control of beet armyworm and provided significant reductions in plant damage compared with untreated control plots. On pepper and garbanzo bean, respectively, the level of beet armyworm reduction and foliar protection was significantly greater in plots treated with 12.5 X 10(11) OB/ha of SeMNPV than in the plots treated with B. thuringiensis. However, the degree of control achieved at the low rate of the virus was similar to the high rate of SeMNPV and B. thuringiensis on all crops tested. Bioassay of chrysanthemum leaves sprayed with the SeMNPV killed > 98% beet armyworm immediately after application and retained 50% of its original pathogenicity 7 d after treatment. Both Orzan LS and skim milk improved virus persistence. The results of these tests confirm the efficacy of the SeMNPV for control of the beet armyworm on several vegetable crops. 249 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56 Sporulation of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis from hyphae produced in vitro and added to soil. Lackey, B.A.; Jaffee, B.A.; Muldoon, A.E. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Nov. Phytopathology v. 82 (11): p. 1326-1330; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Beta vulgaris; Heterodera schachtii; Plant parasitic nematodes; Nematode control; Hirsutella; Biological control agents; Nematophagous fungi; Soil fungi; Growth; Sporulation Abstract: After assimilating and killing host nematodes, Hirsutella rhossiliensis sporulates (i.e., produces external hyphae, phialides, and spores) from assimilative hyphae within the cadaver, the spores adhere to and infect nematodes. The ability of the fungus to sporulate from hyphae produced in vitro, rather than in host nematodes, was tested. Hyphae in the form of discrete vegetative colonies were grown in shake culture (potato-dextrose broth). In moist chambers, sporulation from vegetative colonies (rinsed free of broth) and from host nematodes was identical. To determine whether vegetative colonies sporulated in soil, vials were packed with nonheated, heated, or autoclaved loamy sand (17 cm3) containing 0-50 rinsed vegetative colonies. After 14 days at 20 C, healthy juveniles (J2) of Heterodera schachtii were added and recovered 66 h later. The percentage of J2 with at least one attached spore of H. rhossiliensis increased nonlinearly with increased numbers of colonies added per vial. The percentage was not affected by soil treatment, and virtually all J2 with attached spores were infected by the fungus. Approximately four vegetative colonies per 17 cm3 of soil were required to obtain 50% parasitism of J2 in loamy sand and in six other raw soils that varied in texture and other properties. Penetration of cabbage roots by J2 was suppressed in raw loamy sand containing rinsed vegetative colonies. Vegetative colonies did not affect growth of seven plant species in the absence of nematodes. Results suggest that hyphae of H. rhossiliensis produced in vitro and added to soil without organic substrate may be used for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. 250 NAL Call. No.: A00110 State will use sterile medflies: millions to be released in L.A.'s fight against pest. San Francisco, Calif. : The Chronical Publishing Co; 1991 Nov29. San Francisco chronicle. p. A34; 1991 Nov29. Language: English Descriptors: California; Sterile insect release; Biological control 251 NAL Call. No.: SB379.A9A9 Staying alert to change. Affleck, M. Carpinteria, Calif. : Rincon Information Management Corporation; 1992 Feb. California grower v. 16 (2): p. 8, 10; 1992 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: California; Persea Americana; Ceratitis capitata; Anastrepha ludens; Bactrocera dorsalis; Advertising; Government; Pest control; Consumer education; Water management; Water allocation; Biological control 252 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7 Stock your pest control arsenal with new turf pesticides. Minner, D. Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1992 Apr. Grounds maintenance v. 27 (4): p. 12-14, 104; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Pesticides; Herbicides; Fungicides; Insecticides; Biological control agents 253 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Studies on population dynamics of mango hopper and scope of off-seasonal spraying in integrated pest management programme. Jhala, R.C.; Shah, A.H.; Patel, Z.P.; Patel, R.L. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1989 Aug. Acta horticulturae (231): p. 597-601; 1989 Aug. Paper presented at the "Second International Symposium on Mango," Volume II, May 20-24, 1985, Bangalore, India. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idioscopus clypealis; Population dynamics; Integrated pest management Abstract: Hopper population was prevailing throughout the year in all types of orchard but it was higher in old orchard as compared to new and neglected orchard which may be due to different ecological conditions prevailing in different types of orchards. The results indicated that spraying of 0.2 per cent carbaryl in mango orchard during off-season (November 1983) does help in delaying the development of nymphal population during flowering period. This may help in avoiding the insecticidal spraying during flowering and fruit setting, and thereby protecting the pollinators in mango orchard which are active during this period. 254 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Suppression of a Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) population with concurrent parasitoid and sterile fly releases in Kula, Maui, Hawaii. Wong, T.T.Y.; Ramadan, M.M.; Herr, J.C.; McInnis, D.O. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1671-1681; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Ceratitis capitata; Biological control; Braconidae; Insect control; Sterile insect release Abstract: Irradiated adult Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were released at an average rate of 3 million per week for 5 mo in a sterile insect technique (SIT) program to suppress a wild C. capitata population in the 13-km2 area of Kula, Maui, HI. Concurrent with sterile fly releases, the braconid larval parasitoid Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron) was released at an average rate of 388,000 per week. The average weekly overflooding ratio was 76.0 +/- 4.8 sterile/wild flies. Mean number (+/-SEM) of male C. capitata trapped per day was significantly reduced to 0.15 +/- 0.05 in Kula compared with 1.30 +/- 0.17 in a nearby control area. The mean percentage of C. capitata eggs hatching was significantly lower in Kula (22.9 +/- 4.2%) than in the control area (90.2 +/- 0.9%). The overall mean percentage parasitism of C. capitata in fruit samples was significantly higher in Kula (47.2 +/- 2.7%) than in the control area (20.3 +/- 3.1%). After the first month of parasitoid releases, D. tryoni became the dominant parasitoid present in Kula, representing 61.6 +/- 6.3% of the parasitoids recovered from C. capitata in fruit samples. The mean number of adult C. capitata recovered per kilogram of fruit was significantly lower in Kula (9.8 +/- 1.3) compared with the control area (92.6 +/- 22.7). This field experiment suggests that the concurrent release of parasitoids and sterile flies represents a valuable approach to eradication of established Mediterranean fruit fly populations. 255 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Suppression of cottony leak of cucumber with Bacillus cereus strain UW85. Smith, K.P.; Havey, M.J.; Handelsman, J. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1993 Feb. Plant disease v. 77 (2): p. 139-142; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Pythium aphanidermatum; Fruits; Fruit rots; Suppression; Postharvest decay; Bacillus cereus; Biological control agents; Biological control 256 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Suppression of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with augmentative releases of predaceous stinkbugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Biever, K.D.; Chauvin, R.L. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (3): p. 720-726; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Solanum tuberosum; Solanaceae; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Larvae; Mortality; Population density; Biological control; Insect control; Perillus bioculatus; Podisus maculiventris; Predators of insect pests Abstract: Field cage tests in 1987 established that releases of 5-10 Perillus bioculatus (F.) and Podisus macutiventris (Say) per plant were able to reduce high density populations (approximately 450 per plant) of Colorado potato beetle by approximatey 50%. P. bioculatus greater foliage protection than P. maculiventris. In 1988, in similar cage tests, P. bioculatus released at rates of 2-8 per plant reduced Colorado potato beetle densities of approximately 100 per plant by approximately 8.5% per predator released. Field plot tests in 1988 confirmed cage results with P. bioculatus and demonstrated that 1 and 3 predators per plant suppressed populations of Colorado potato beetle by 30 and 62%, respectively. Three P. bioculatus per plant significantly reduced defoliation and increased yield 65% over the untreated control. Progeny production of a laboratory colony of P. bioculatus maintained on Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) larvae was equivalent to that for a colony maintained on Colorado potato beetle larvae. Our data indicate that inoculative releases of stinkbug predators for suppression of Colorado potato beetle populations could be an important component of an integrated management program. 257 NAL Call. No.: SB599.J69 A survey of arthropod predators of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in Delaware potato fields. Heimpel, G.E.; Hough-Goldstein, J.A. Clemson, S.C. : South Carolina Entomological Society; 1992 Apr. Journal of agricultural entomology v. 9 (2): p. 137-142; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Delaware; Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents; Surveys 258 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Survival, longevity, and reproduction of tephritid fruit fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from fruit flies exposed to azadirachtin. Stark, J.D.; Wong, T.T.Y.; Vargas, R.I.; Thalman, R.K. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Aug. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (4): p. 1125-1129; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ceratitis capitata; Bactrocera; Exposure; Azadirachtin; Insecticidal action; Biological control; Braconidae; Parasites of insect pests; Rearing techniques; Reproduction; Survival; Longevity 259 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Susceptibility of prepupae of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Cantelo, W.W.; Nickle, W.R. Griffin, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1992 Jan. Journal of entomological science v. 27 (1): p. 37-43; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Insect control; Entomophilic nematodes; Steinernema; Neoaplectana feltiae; Heterorhabditis; Xenorhabdus; Biological control agents 260 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122 Systems approach for vegetable weed control. Agamalian, H. Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1990. Proceedings - California Weed Conference (42): p. 90-93; 1990. Meeting held January 15-17, 1990, San Jose, California. Language: English Descriptors: Vegetables; Cultural weed control; Integrated control; Chemical control 261 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122 Systems approach to weed management in turfgrass. Hanson, D.L. Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1990. Proceedings - California Weed Conference (42): p. 94-104; 1990. Meeting held January 15-17, 1990, San Jose, California. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Cultural weed control; Integrated control 262 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 Tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass athletic field maintenance calendar. Bruneau, A.H.; Lewis, W.M.; Lucas, L.T.; Brandenburg, R.L.; Sneed, R.E.; DiPaola, J.M.; Peacock, C.H. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1991 Dec. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University (430): 8 p.; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Festuca arundinacea; Poa pratensis; Lawns and turf; Sports grounds; Mowing; Fertilizers; Irrigation; Tillage; Weed control; Herbicides; Cultivars; Planting; Pest control; Integrated pest management 263 NAL Call. No.: 100 T31P Test of Steinernema spp. nematodes for biological control of white grubs in Texas turfgrass: 1991. Crocker, R.L.; Rodriguez del Bosque, L.A.; Hersi, A.M. College Station, Tex. : The Station; 1992 Sep. PR - Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (5000): p. 60-62; 1992 Sep. In the series analytic: Texas turfgrass research--1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Cynodon dactylon; Phyllophaga crinita; Cyclocephala; Neoaplectana carpocapsae; Neoaplectana feltiae; Neoaplectana glaseri; Pest control; Application rates; Biological control 264 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82 Training lambs to be weed eaters: studies with leafy spurge. Walker, J.W.; Hemenway, K.G.; Hatfield, P.G.; Glimp, H.A. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1992 May. Journal of range management v. 45 (3): p. 245-249; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Lambs; Euphorbia esula; Diets; Weed control; Biological control; Grazing behavior; Training of animals; Feeding preferences Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine if exposure of young lambs to leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) would increase the consumption of this plant. Orphan lambs were exposed to leafy spurge from birth to 11 weeks of age as a water soluble extract mixed with milk replacer and as freshly harvested plants. Ewe-reared lambs were exposed to leafy spurge by grazing them on a leafy spurge-infested pasture. Study 1 investigated the consumption of vegetative and flowering leafy spurge paired with arrowleaf balsam root (Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh)Nutt.) by orphan lambs during a 30-min feeding period. Experienced lambs consumed a higher percentage leafy spurge than naive lambs (P<0.03). The interaction of leafy spurge phenophase and previous experience (P<0.02) showed that experienced lambs preferred leafy spurge regardless of phenophase (70% of intake) and naive lambs only preferred leafy spurge when it was vegetative. Study 2 investigated the preference for leafy spurge on pastures with high or low leafy spurge biomass. Experienced compared to naive lambs had a higher percentage of bites (P<0.001) and preferred leafy spurge in the high spurge biomass pasture, but not in low biomass pastures. Naive lambs avoided leafy spurge in both pastures. Study 3 was a pasture trial that investigated spurge consumption by orphan and ewe-reared lambs. Percent bites and time spent grazing leafy spurge were not affected (P>0.23) by previous exposure, but daily herbage removal was greater (P<0.09) in pastures grazed by experienced compared to naive lambs (876 vs. 685 g/lamb, respectively). Experienced ewe-reared lambs had a higher rate of biting on leafy spurge (P<0.06) than naive or orphan lambs. These studies indicate that previous experience will be an important factor affecting the use of sheep as a biological control agent for leafy spurge. 265 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Trathala flavoorbitalis: parasitization and development in relation to host-stage attacked. Sandanayake, W.R.M.; Edirisinghe, J.P. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1992 Jun. Insect science and its application v. 13 (3): p. 287-292; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sri lanka; Solanum melongena; Leucinodes orbonalis; Larvae; Parasitism; Biological control; Ichneumonidae; Biological development; Oviposition Abstract: Oviposition and development of the ichneumonid Trathala flavoorbitalis (Cam.) a parasitoid of the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen., was investigated. The parasitoid responded to a host larva by inserting its ovipositor (stinging) into the larva, whichever instar (first to fifth) it was. All the first and about 50% of the second instars that were stung and oviposited in, were mutilated and died as a result. Successful parasitization and parasitoid development up to adult emergence occurred in 53% of the third, 57% of the fourth and 41% of the fifth instar host larvae. When given a choice of instars for oviposition, the parasitoid avoided all first instar and most second instar larvae, while third to fifth instars were equally accepted. The total developmental time of the parasitoid was much the same (about 20-24 days) whichever larval instar (second to fifth) was parasitized. The parasitized host at pupation contained different developmental stages of the parasitoid, differing in this respect from most other species of larval-pupal parasitoids. 266 NAL Call. No.: SB433.34.V8V47 Turfgrass IPM--a key to survival in 1990's. Waghray, R.N. Blacksburg, Va. : Virginia Cooperative Extension Service; 1990 Dec. Proceedings - Virginia Turfgrass Landscape Conference (30th): p. 26-30; 1990 Dec. Meeting held January 15-18, 1990, Richmond, Virginia. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Integrated pest management; Decision making 267 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P Turfgrass pest management--a training manual for commercial pesticide applicators (category 3a). Sicheneder, K. Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Jan. Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service (2327): 115 p.; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Pest management; Weeds; Pesticides; Integrated pest management; Golf courses; Monitoring; Diseases; Insects; Irrigation; Soil ph; Soil texture; Fertilizers; Mowing; Safety 268 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Ultraviolet light induced resistance against postharvest diseases in vegetables and fruits. Stevens, C.; Lu, J.Y.; Khan, V.A.; Wilson, C.L.; Chalutz, E.; Droby, S. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 268-290; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit; Vegetables; Postharvest decay; Induced resistance; Ultraviolet radiation 269 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.I45 1989 use of neem seed cake and of 2 vegetables oils to control bean weevil in cowpeas. Dabire, C. Witzenhausen? : Ekopan; 1990. Agricultural alternatives and nutritional self-sufficiency : for a sustainable agricultural system that respects man and his environment : proc of the IFOAM Seventh Int Scientific Conference, Ouagadougou, January 2-5, 1989. p. 385-393; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Burkina faso; Cowpeas; Callosobruchus maculatus; Biological control; Insect control; Plant protection; Plant oils; Neem seed cake; Lifespan; Females; Fertility; Larvae; Population dynamics 270 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 The use of temperature for postharvest decay control in citrus fruit. Cohen, E. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 256-267; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Citrus fruits; Postharvest decay; Disease control; Temperature 271 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Use of the occurrence of peak Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) egg hatch for timing of Bacillus thuringiensis spray applications in potatoes. Zehnder, G.W.; Ghidiu, G.M.; Speese, J. III Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (1): p. 281-288; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Hatch; Ova; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Spraying; Timing Abstract: Two field experiments were done to evaluate spray timing relative to peak egg hatch, of Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (M-One Insecticide, Mycogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.) for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in potatoes. In the first experiment, 186.1 +/ - 4.5 (average +/- SEM) cumulative DD (n = 3 yr, 10 degrees C base threshold) were recorded from first oviposition by overwintered beetles until peak (33-64%) egg mass hatch. In 1989, when no rainfall occurred during the period when spray treatments were made, effective potato beetle control was achieved with B. thuringiensis if the first spray, was applied within 9 d of peak egg hatch and subsequent sprays were applied at either 5- or 10-d intervals. In 1990, when heavy rainfall occurred after the first spray, spray interval (5 or 10 d) had a greater effect on potato beetle control than did timing of the first spray application, and only the 5-d schedule treatments resulted in effective control. Results of a second field experiment in 1990 demonstrated that a 7- or 10-d interval between sprays of B. thuringiensis (following the initial spray at peak egg hatch) was too long to result in acceptable control of Colorado potato beetle if rainfall occurs after the initial spray. However, a 10-d spray schedule using an encapsulated formulation of B. thuringiensis var. san diego (MYX-1806, Mycogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.) resulted in effective control of Colorado potato beetle. Methods for estimation of peak potato beetle egg hatch in potatoes for use in timing of B. thuringiensis spray applications are presented. 272 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 The use of yeast Pichia guilliermondii as a biocontrol agent: characterization of attachment to Botrytis cinerea. Wisniewski, M.; Biles, C.; Droby, S. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 167-183; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Apples; Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium expansum; Postharvest decay; Biological control; Pichia 273 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 UN33 Using computer situations to predict the fate and environmental impact of applied pesticides. Franke, K.J. Far Hills, N.J. : United States Golf Association; 1992 Mar. USGA Green Section record v. 30 (2): p. 17-21; 1992 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Golf courses; Pesticides; Integrated pest management; Environmental impact; Computer simulation 274 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 vPETE: a phenological model built for integration into software systems. Currans, K.G.; Croft, B.A. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae (276): p. 35-41; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "Second International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management," September 5-8, 1989, Logan, Utah. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fruit trees; Integrated pest management; Computer software Abstract: vPETE was conceived as a means to better integrate a phenological model into an expert system for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in deciduous tree fruits. We discuss vPETE as an insect phenology model driven by degree-days via an operating system technique called a "PIPE" (Ritchie and Thompson 1974). A distributed delay routine is the basis of vPETE, which configures the life cycle of an organism and expands it for new generations. vPETE simplifies phenological modeling in larger software systems and is adaptable to many systems. Operating system techniques used by vPETE are dynamic memory allocation, stream input/output, and multitasking. All output from vPETE is communicated to a graphical display program or file. No human interaction is performed. Versions of vPETE run on parallel computing platforms. 275 NAL Call. No.: SB321.G85 Weed IPM in sweet corn. Ashley, R.A. Storrs, Conn. : Coop. Ext. Serv., USDA, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Univ. of Conn; 1992 Apr. The Grower : vegetable and small fruit newsletter v. 92 (4): p. 4; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Weed control; Integrated pest management; Herbicides; Cultural control; Row spacing; Nitrogen 276 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R47 Western Entomologists for a more rational approach to pest management. Brunner, J.; Hoyt, S. East Lansing, Mich. : Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University; 1991 Feb. Resistant pest management v. 3 (1): p. 5-6; 1991 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Tree fruits; Pest management; Insecticide resistance; Biological control; Organic farming; Organophosphate insecticides; Pyrethroids; Pheromones; Insect growth regulators 277 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouses: population dynamics, distribution on plants, and associations with predators. Higgins, C.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1891-1903; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: British Columbia; Capsicum annuum; Cucumis sativus; Greenhouse crops; Frankliniella occidentalis; Monitoring; Population dynamics; Sex ratio; Spatial distribution; Yellow sticky traps; Predators of insect pests; Neoseiulus cucumeris; Orius tristicolor Abstract: Studies were conducted in commercial greenhouses to examine seasonal population dynamics of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) on two crops: bell peppers, Capsicum annuum (L.) and long English cucumbers, Cucumis sativus (L.). Yellow sticky traps were used to monitor density and sex ratio of the dispersing adult population. Leaf and flower samples were taken to determine the spatial distribution of adults and larvae, and to investigate the relationship between trap catch and density of F. occidentalis on the plants. Trap catch peaked at different times during the growing season in each greenhouse. As trap catch increased, numbers of F. occidentalis adults and immatures on flowers and leaves also increased. On both crops, the majority (84-95%) of adults in flowers were females. Greater than 85% of larvae were found on leaves. Adult male F. occidentalis were rarely found on plants, even when traps were catching high numbers. Female F. occidentalis were always found in flowers before they were found on leaves and were found on sticky traps only when the thrips population started to increase. Used together, sticky traps and flower monitoring allow quick detection of potential "hot spots" of thrips activity. Control measures can be applied immediately on a local rather than grand scale. Introductions of the predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) did not control the thrips population in most of the greenhouses monitored. However, the minute pirate bug, Orius tristicolor (White), shows promise for future use as an effective biological control agent in commercial vegetable greenhouses. 278 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 What's happening with natural compounds. Duke, J.A. Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1991 Jun. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (92): p. 299-318; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables," September 12-14, 1990, Sheperdstown, West Virginia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicinal plants; Plant products 279 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.A1J58 Where there's a will, there's a way: city rose garden without insecticides or fungicides. Rhay, T. Eugene, Or. : The Coalition; 1990. Journal of pesticide reform : a publication of the Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides v. 10 (1): p. 40-41; 1990. Language: English Descriptors: Oregon; Roses; Integrated pest management; Public gardens 280 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 The white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspidae), a pest of economic importance on granadilla. Crause, C. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Jul. Acta horticulturae July 1990 (275): p. 655-662; 1990 Jul. Paper presented at the "International Symposium on the Culture of Subtropical and Tropical Fruits and Crops," Volume II, November 6/10, 1989, Nelspruit, South Africa. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Africa; Passiflora edulis; Passiflora caerulea; Pseudaulacaspis pentagona; Insect pests; Pest control; Biological control Abstract: The white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) is a pest on the purple granadilla, Passiflora edulis Sims which is often grafted onto the rootstock of the red granadilla, Passiflora caerulea L.. The adult female feeds on the main stem of the granadilla and it moves up to the vines as the infestation increases. Severe infestations of the scale can cause die back of the granadilla stems and eventually the entire plant can die. The white peach scale can be bred on butternut pumpkins, Cucurbita moschata Duch. and potato, Solanum tuberosum. L.. At 25 degrees C a life cycle took 42 to 56 days. The purple granadilla, Passiflora edulis and the yellow granadilla, Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa Degener are very susceptible to the white peach scale. It was also found that seedlings contaminated with scale, died prematurely after being planted out. Two parasitoids have been identified in South Africa, namely Aspidiotiphagus sp. and Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius, but they are not able to keep the white peach scale under control. A few parasitoids are found in other countries which should be introduced if biological control of the white peach scale is to be achieved. 281 NAL Call. No.: 420 W27 The white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspididae): life history in Maryland, host plants, and natural enemies. Hanks, L.M.; Denno, R.F. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1993 Jan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington v. 95 (1): p. 79-98; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Fruit trees; Ornamental woody plants; Pseudaulacaspis pentagona; Life history; Fecundity; Sex ratio; Seasonality; Parasitoids; Predators 282 NAL Call. No.: SB433.34.V8V47 Will biological lawn care fly in the 90's. Rao, B. Blacksburg, Va. : Virginia Cooperative Extension Service; 1991 Dec. Proceedings - Virginia Turfgrass Landscape Conference (31st): p. 40-47; 1991 Dec. Meeting held on January 14-17, 1991, Richmond, Virginia. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Cultural control; Pest control; Disease control; Fertilizers; Biological control 283 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P A working description of the Penn State apple orchard consultant, an expert system. Travis, J.W.; Rajotte, E.; Bankert, R.; Hickey, K.D.; Hull, L.A.; Eby, V.; Heinemann, P.H.; Crassweller, R.; McClure, J.; Bowser, T. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Jun. Plant disease v. 76 (6): p. 545-554; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Malus; Orchards; Crop production; Expert systems; Integrated pest management; Plant disease control; Chemical control; Decision making; Diffusion of information; Information processing; Microcomputers; Computer techniques; Innovation adoption 284 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 Year-round pesticide-free strawberries grow in Cornell greenhouse. Segelken, R. Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1991 Oct. Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 5, 7; 1991 Oct. Language: English Descriptors: Strawberries; Greenhouse culture; Biological control; Organic farming; Bacillus thuringiensis 285 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.O74 Your friend the nematode. Chaplin, L.T. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press, Inc; 1992 Mar. Organic gardening v. 39 (3): p. 90-91, 94-95; 1992 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Nematoda; Xenorhabdus; Biological control agents; Biological control; Soil water content; Soil temperature; Domestic gardens Author Index Aalbu, R. 113 Acosta, N. 24 Adalla, C.B. 97 Adams, Roger G. 123 Affleck, M. 251 Agamalian, H. 260 Agounke, D. 40 Aguila, V. del 233 Allen, J.C. 74 Alm, S.R. 30 Alvarado-Rodriguez, B. 248 Andreadis, T.G. 181 Annys, K. 194 Antonelli, A.L. 5 Apel, G. 143 Arnold, D.C. 61 Ashley, R.A. 275 Baird, J.V. 52 Baldwin, N.A. 144 Bankert, R. 283 Baranowski, R. 39 Barcinas, J.M. 59 Barden, J.A. 3 Barfield, C.S. 74 Barkai-Golan, R. 28 Bauernfeind, R.J. 68 Baugher, T.A. 3 Baxendale, F.P. 132 Beach, E. Douglas 12 Beard, J.B. 161 Bechmann, H.E. 18 Belanger, R.R. 71 Belda, J. 105 Bellows, T.S. 27 Ben Hamouda, M.H. 245 Ben Salah, H. 245 Ben-Arie, R. 35, 224 Bender, G. 193 Bennett, F.D. 218 BenSalah, H. 113 Bentley, W. 211 Bertrand, P.F. 190 Biever, K.D. 256 Biles, C. 184, 272 Biles, C.L. 33, 127 Binning, L.K. 152 Bio Integral Resource Center (Berkeley, Calif.) 63 Bishop, D. 62 Blanchard-Chess, B. 117 Blodgett, S. 211 Bohart, G.E. 138 Bonham, C.D. 100 Bosler, E.M. 95 Bosshard, E. 115 Bowser, T. 124, 283 Braman, S.K. 234 Brandenburg, R.L. 52, 146, 262 Broe, R. 229 Bromley, P.T. 8 Browning, H.W. 88 Brun, C.A. 5 Bruneau, A.H. 52, 62, 146, 262 Brunner, J. 276 Bryant, B. 143 Burlando, T.M. 183, 227 Burpee, L. 47 Byers, R.E. 3 Cabanillas, H.E. 225 Calkins, C.O. 14 Caltagirone, L.E. 125 Campbell, C.D. 89 Cantelo, W.W. 81, 259 Capinera, J.L. 100 Cappaert, D.L. 213 Caprile, J. 211 Cardina, J. 139 Carmean, I. 16 Cartwright, B. 67 Chalutz, E. 28, 32, 33, 35, 184, 195, 201, 208, 209, 224, 242, 268 Chalutz, Edo 31 Chambers, D.L. 14 Chaney, W.E. 125 Chaplin, L.T. 285 Charnley, A.K. 90 Chauvin, R.L. 256 Cheikh, M. 245 Ciancio, A. 202 Cifuentes, S. 233 Clark, J.D. 93 Cohen, E. 270 Cohen, L. 28, 32, 195, 209, 224 Collins, G. 64 Collins, J.K. 67 Connell, T.R. 152 Cook, T. 51 Crassweller, R. 283 Crassweller, R.M. 124 Crause, C. 280 Criswell, J. 130 Crocker, R.L. 167, 263 Croft, B.A. 66, 175, 191, 274 Cross, A.E. 80 Crump, D.H. 43 Cuperus, G. 130 Cuperus, G.W. 67 Cuperus, Gerrit W. 149 Currans, K.G. 66, 274 Curtis, C.E. 93 Curwen, D. 152 D'Ercole, N. 10 D'Erocole, N. 11 Daane, K.M. 125 Dabire, C. 269 Das, G.P. 97 Daus, A. 28, 209, 224 Delrio, G. 49 Denis-Arrue, R. 69 Dennill, G.B. 199 Denno, R.F. 281 Denton, G.R.W. 48 DiPaola, J.M. 52, 262 Dixon, P.L. 210 Dole, J.M. 61 Dominguez-Gil, O.E. 19 Donovan, W.P. 55, 135 Doolittle, R.E. 14 Drinkall, M.J. 144 Droby, S. 28, 32, 33, 35, 184, 195, 209, 224, 242, 268, 272 Drummond, F.A. 213 Dueben, B.D. 14 Duke, J.A. 188, 278 Dunn, R.A. 151 Eby, V. 283 Eckert, J.W. 240 Eddy, R. 103 Edirisinghe, J.P. 265 Edmondson, R.N. 64 Elfving, D.C. 166 Elmore, C.L. 221 Everest, J.W. 2, 6, 7, 121 Evert, D.R. 190 Ewart, H.W. 143 Farkas, P. 114 Farrar, R.R. Jr 111 Fatuesi, S. 17 Fell, R.D. 3 Ferguson, C.S. 22 Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge 12 Ferro, D.N. 148, 185, 220, 223, 236 Fimiani, P. 196 Flaherty, D.L. 16 Flynn, C.A. 43 Foley, D. 189 Forschler, B.T. 112 Frank, J.H. 129 Franke, K.J. 273 Fransen, J.J. 79 Fraser, R.S.S. 145 Freeman, T.E. 151 Fridlender, B. 209, 242 Fuchs, Y. 28 Gabel, B. 45, 114 Gadoury, D.M. 153 Garcia, J.A. 238 Gardner, W.A. 112 Gasaway, W.S. 1 Gasparich, G.E. 81 Gawron-Burke, M.C. 55 Gennari, S. 10, 11 Georgis, R. 30, 206 Gerdts, M. 93 Ghidiu, G.M. 271 Giblin-Davis, R.M. 217 Gill, R.F. 125 Gillespie, A.T. 90 Gilstrap, F.E. 42, 88 Gingrich, R.E. 38 Glenn, H. 39 Glimp, H.A. 264 Goldsby, L. 231 Gollands, B. 243 Gonzalez, D. 125 Goodall, P.B. 219 Gordh, G. 174 Grafius, E.J. 244 Grafton-Cardwell, E.E. 59 Grant, J. 162 Grant, J.A. 84 Green, T.A. 237 Greene, C. 147 Greene, Catherine 149 Greenspan, N.T. 232 Grewal, P.S. 64 Grieshop, J.I. 170 Griffiths, H.J. 59 Grossman, J. 50 Guerra-Sobrevilla, L. 204 Guerrero, L. 105 Gurr, G.M. 70 Haas, M. 178 Hackett, K.J. 81 Hagen, K.S. 125 Haley, S. 66 Handelsman, J. 255 Haney, P.B. 59 Hang, A.N. 177 Hanks, L.M. 281 Hanks, Lawrence Michael 108 Hanson, D.L. 261 Hanula, J.L. 30 Harrison, H.F. Jr 107 Harrison, R.E. 183 Hart, W.G. 42 Hatfield, P.G. 264 Havens, D. 5 Havey, M.J. 255 Haws, B.A. 138 Hazzard, R.V. 185 Heath, R.R. 14 Heimpel, G.E. 18, 257 Heinemann, P.H. 283 Hellman, J.L. 94 Hemenway, K.G. 264 Henegar, R.B. 81 Herr, J.C. 20, 254 Hersi, A.M. 263 Hesjedal, K. 142 Hickey, K.D. 283 Higgins, C.J. 277 Himelrick, D. 6 Hoffmeister, T. 203 Hofstein, R. 209, 242 Hofte, H. 194 Hogmire, H.W. Jr 3 Holder, W. 57 Hollingworth, R.M. 244 Horne, P.A. 241 Horsburgh, R.L. 3 Hough-Goldstein, J. 60, 230 Hough-Goldstein, J.A. 18, 257 Hoy, M.A. 207 Hoyt, S. 276 Hradsky, P. 114 Huang, Wen-Yuan 12 Huang, Y. 215 Huis, A. van 46 Hull, L.A. 283 Humber, R.A. 98 Hutton, P. 102 Iannotta, N. 140 Ingle, L.M. 3 International Potato Center 150 Jaffee, B.A. 249 Janisiewicz, W. 36 Janisiewicz, W.J. 72 Jansens, S. 194 Jarvis, W.R. 71 Jhala, R.C. 253 Johnson, H.G. 126 Johnson, M.W. 179, 226 Johnson, T.B. 55, 135 Jones, V.P. 226 Jordan, R.A. 95 Kapatos, E.T. 75 Kaya, H.K. 183, 227 Keil, C.B. 230 Kelling, K.A. 152 Kennedy, G. 111 Kennedy, G.G. 89 Khan, V.A. 268 Kilmer, Richard L. 85 Kirkland, R. 248 Klein, M.G. 206, 227 Kobiler, I. 128 Koenig, J.P. 152 Kolodny-Hirsch, D.M. 248 Konal, M. 81 Kopp, D.D. 169 Koslinska, M. 247 Kupferman, E.M. 104 Kupferman, G. 143 Kushad, M.M. 3 La Salle, J. 171 Lackey, B.A. 249 Lali, T.S. 48 Lambert, B. 194 Landis, D. 178, 216 Landolt, P.J. 14 Latin, R.X. 77 Laughland, D. 124 Legner, E.F. 174 Lenteren, J.C. van 25, 26 Leslie, A.R. 163 Lewis, W.M. 52, 262 Leyva, J.L. 88 Lin, H. 56 Liquido, N.J. 91 Loera, J. 225 Logan, P.A. 213 Los, Lorraine M. 123 Lu, J.Y. 268 Lucas, L.T. 52, 262 Luck, R.F. 59 Lynch, J.A. 179 Lynch, R.L. 139 Lynn, D.E. 81 MacConnell, C.B. 5 Macdonald, I.A.W. 76 Machoney, N. 36 Maciesiak, A. 247 MacLean, J.T. 158 Magalhaes, B.P. 98 Magallona, E.D. 97 Malais, M. 171 Malvar, T. 55 Mankau, R. 202 Manzali, D. 10, 11 Marchi, A. 72 Marini, R.P. 3 Marion-Poll, F. 114 Marschall, K.J. 17 Marutani, M. 48 Mason, C.E. 18 Matteoni, J.A. 172 McBride, D.K. 169 McCarty, L.B. 118, 151 McClure, J. 283 McConnell, J. 48 McElroy, F.D. 212 McInnis, D.O. 20, 254 McKinlay, R.G. 210 McLaughlin, R. 33, 184 McLaughlin, R.J. 35, 239 McMullin, E. 73 McMurtry, J.A. 126 McPheron, B.A. 19 McVay, J.R. 7 Mendelsohn, M. 102 Messing, R.H. 87, 191 Miller, D.L. 244 Miller, G.L. 134 Miller, J.R. 244 Minkenberg, Oscar P. J. M. 197 Minner, D. 252 Minton, N.A. 139 Mityakina, O.N. 101 Mochizuki, N. 20 Mojtahedi, H. 177 Moline, H.E. 23 Moore, D. 40, 80 Moorhouse, E.R. 90 Morris, S.C. 215 Morse, J.G. 59 Muldoon, A.E. 249 Mullinix, B.G. Jr 190 Mullins, J.W. 120 Mundo-Ocampo, M. 202 Muniappan, R. 48 Murphy, R.E. 14 Musser, W. 124 Nafus, D. 44 Nafus, D.M. 41 Neely, D. 164 Nelson, C.R. 138 Nelson, D.L. 138 Newberger, S.J. 126 Newman, J.P. 171 Nichols, A.J.F. 96 Nichols, R.L. 139 Nickle, W.R. 259 Niemczyk, E. 247 Nijs, L.J.M.F. den 155 Nipoti, P. 10 Nishimoto, J.I. 20 Nordlund, D.A. 223 Norton, B.E. 156 Nowakowski, Z. 247 Nubern, Chris 85 Nyrop, J.P. 22 O'Connell, N.V. 59 Oberhofer, H. 141 Oi, D.H. 157 Olszak, R. 247 Oosten, H.J. van 160 Owens, M.K. 156 Pair, S.D. 225 Parker, M.L. 8 Parkman, J.P. 129 Parrella, M.P. 171 Patel, R.L. 253 Patel, Z.P. 253 Patterson, M.G. 2, 6, 7, 121 Peacock, C. 52 Peacock, C.H. 262 Peferoen, M. 194 Pelletier, Y. 92 Pence, R.A. 170 Pendley, A.F. 234 Perez, R. 233 Peterson, J.K. 107 Petitt, F.L. 74 Pfeiffer, D.G. 3 Phelan, P.L. 56 Phillips, P.A. 58, 86 Pinkston, K. 130 Pinkston, K.N. 61 Plumbley, R.A. 128 Pohronezny, Kenneth Louis, 122 Potter, D.A. 137, 187 Powell, A. 2, 6 Powell, A.A. 7 Powell, M.A. 52 Priel, A. 21 Prokopy, R.J. 237 Prusky, D. 128 Purcell, M. 87, 198 Pusey, P.L. 15, 154 Quarles, W. 37 Racke, J. 165 Rajagopal, D. 82 Rajotte, E. 283 Rajotte, E.G. 124 Ramadan, M.M. 20, 254 Raman, K.V. 97 Rao, B. 246, 282 Raulston, J.R. 225 Redak, R.A. 100 Rhay, T. 279 Richardson, P.N. 64 Rispin, A. 102 Rivas, F. 10 Robacker, D.C. 238 Roberts, D.W. 98 Roberts, R. 143 Roberts, R.G. 54 Roberts, T.J. 59 Roche, J. 53 Rock, G.C. 8 Rodale Institute, Rooy Media (Firm) 110 Rodriguez del Bosque, L.A. 263 Roitman, J. 36 Rooy Media (Firm) 109 Rosellle, R.E. 62 Rupar, M.J. 55, 135 Sachs, C. 124 Sandanayake, W.R.M. 265 Sands, D.P.A. 229 Santo, G.S. 177 Sarig, P. 224 Scheer, W.P.A. 5 Schnelle, M.A. 61, 130 Schroder, R.F. 81 Schroeder, P.C. 22 Schuepp, H. 115 Schulze, T.L. 95 Segelken, R. 284 Shah, A.H. 253 Shearman, R.C. 62 Shelton, J.E. 8 Shields, E.J. 22, 98 Shisler, J.K. 95 Short, D.E. 151 Shulman, M. 235 Sibbett, G.S. 93 Sicheneder, K. 200, 267 Siegfried, W. 115 Sikora, E.J. 7 Sikora, R.A. 165 Simone, G. 151 Singh, G. 173 Sivinski, J. 14, 39 Skroch, W.A. 8 Slaney, A.C. 55, 135 Slocombe, A. 236 Smilanick, J.L. 69 Smilowitz, Z. 92 Smith, E.H. 119 Smith, G.R. 164 Smith, K.P. 255 Sneed, R.E. 262 Soetaert, P. 194 Sollino, G. 196 Speese, J. III 106, 271 Spicer, P.G. 137 Spotts, R. 143 Spotts, R.A. 65 Stark, J.D. 83, 87, 99, 198, 237, 258 Stary, P. 125 Steiner, M.Y. 172 Stevens, C. 268 Stevenson, W.R. 152, 159 Stoy, W.M. 169 Suchy, V. 114 Suett, D.L. 182 Sugar, D. 143 Sullivan, W.T. 8 Sutton, T.B. 8 Swezey, S.L. 211 Szufa, A. 247 Tabashnik, B.E. 226 Tauber, C.A. 243 Tauber, M.J. 243 Taylor, G.C. 95 Terry, L.A. 137 Thalman, R.K. 83, 258 Thiery, D. 45, 114 Thistlewood, H.M.A. 166 Thompson, A.R. 182 Thompson, W. 228 Thurston, G.S. 183 Timar, D. 209 Tisler, A.M. 60 Travis, J.W. 77, 124, 283 Trivedi, T.P. 82 Tumlinson, J.H. 14 Turner, T.R. 94 Tuttle, A.F. 185, 236 Uchida, G.K. 198 Uhler, B. 168 United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Commodity Economics Division 149 United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology Division 12 United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund 31 University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Entomology 108 Unrath, C.R. 8 Uyeda, K.A. 60 Vacek, D.C. 223 Van Den Berg, M.A. 13 Van Driesche, R.G. 185 VanderMark, S. 186 Varela, L. 211 Vargas, R.I. 83, 87, 99, 198, 237, 258 Vargo, A.M. 17, 133 Vaughn, J.L. 81 Veanman, A.F. 222 Vicente, N.E. 24 Villani, M.G. 22 Vogele, J.M. 40 Vossen, P. 211 Voulgaropoulos, A.L. 86 Waghray, R.N. 266 Walgenbach, J.F. 8, 89 Walker, G.P. 86 Walker, J.W. 264 Warkentin, D.L. 248 Watkins, J.E. 146 Webb, S.E. 78, 176 Weiss, B. 28, 32, 195, 209, 224 Wells, H.D. 139 Weseloh, R.M. 181 Whalon, M.E. 244 Wharton, R.A. 29 Whitcomb, R.F. 81 White, R. 52 Whitehead, A.G. 96 Wieder, S.C. 205 Wild, B.L. 215 Wilde, G.E. 68 Willett, M. 143 Williams, W.T. 233 Wilson, C. 32, 184, 195, 242 Wilson, C.L. 28, 33, 34, 35, 116, 208, 209, 268 Wilson, Charles L. 31 Wilson, J.H. 177 Wilson, L.T. 16 Wisniewski, M. 184, 195, 209, 272 Wisniewski, M.E. 33, 34, 116 Wissel, C. 76 Wong, T.T.Y. 20, 254, 258 Wong, T.Y. 99 Wright, R.J. 132 Wu, S.C. 136 Wu, S.X. 136 Wyman, J.A. 152 Yeh, T. 30 Yokota, G.Y. 125 Yuan, Q.C. 236 Zalom, F.G. 219 Zehnder, G.W. 60, 106, 271 Zeidman, M. 224 Zhao, J.Z. 136 Zhu, G.R. 136 Ziskind, L.A. 101 Zontek, S.J. 180, 214 Zutkhi, J. 224 Subject Index Abscission 58 Acacia saligna 76 Acari 166 Acaricides 7, 95 Acarus 119 Aceria sheldoni 58, 86 Adaptation 81 Adverse effects 99 Advertising 251 Africa 50 Agaricus bisporus 64 Agricultural chemicals 8, 152 Agricultural pests 85, 149 Agrobacterium radiobacter 165 Agropyron desertorum 156 Air flow 180 Alabama 2, 6 Aldicarb 70 Aleiodes 44 Aleyrodidae 27 Allelochemicals 114 Allelopathy 107, 221 Alternaria 28 Amenity and recreation areas 144 American samoa 17, 133 Amino acid sequences 55, 194 Ammonium nitrate 152 Amyelois transitella 93, 174 Anabrus simplex 100 Anacardiaceae 13 Anagyrus 80 Anastrepha ludens 88, 238, 251 Anastrepha suspensa 39 Antagonism 165 Antagonists 33, 34, 116, 165, 215 Antibiotics 69 Antifeedants 92 Antifungal properties 69 Apanteles subandinus 241 Aphidoidea 210 Apple 123 Apples 33, 35, 66, 104, 141, 143, 184, 239, 272 Application date 8, 136 Application methods 3, 7, 8, 95, 160, 209 Application rates 7, 8, 64, 105, 118, 136, 178, 263 Appressoria 98 Arboricides 76, 164 Arboriculture 164 Archytas marmoratus 111 Artemisia 138 Artemisia tridentata 100, 156 Arthropod communities 234 Arthropod pests 19, 169, 175, 191 Arthropods 19 Ascomycetes 71 Asparagus 10, 11 Asparagus officinalis 125 Assessment 105 Atriplex canescens 138 Atriplex confertifolia 138 Avocados 128 Azadirachtin 258 Bacillus cereus 255 Bacillus penetrans 217 Bacillus popilliae 167, 183, 227 Bacillus pumilus 215 Bacillus sphaericus 165 Bacillus subtilis 15, 154 Bacillus thuringiensis 55, 60, 68, 89, 97, 105, 106, 135, 194, 220, 230, 236, 244, 271, 284 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki 248 Bacteria 202 Bacterial proteins 135 Bactericides 7 Bactrocera 258 Bactrocera cucurbitae 87, 91, 99, 245 Bactrocera dorsalis 83, 87, 91, 99, 198, 237, 245, 251 Bactrocera oleae 75, 140, 196, 245 Bananas 56 Beneficial arthropods 234 Beneficial insects 187 Beneficial organisms 37 Benomyl 215 Beta vulgaris 249 Beta-glucanase 184 Bibliographies 158 Binding 184 Bioassays 14, 45, 56 Biological control 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 73, 80, 82, 83, 89, 90, 92, 94, 100, 101, 106, 107, 112, 113, 116, 119, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 137, 141, 154, 156, 157, 158, 165, 166, 167, 172, 177, 179, 183, 184, 186, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 201, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 251, 254, 255, 256, 258, 263, 264, 265, 269, 271, 272, 276, 280, 282, 284, 285 Biological control agents 18, 20, 22, 26, 33, 34, 42, 44, 60, 72, 81, 84, 88, 91, 98, 113, 117, 134, 139, 171, 181, 184, 185, 193, 199, 202, 204, 205, 208, 213, 215, 220, 222, 223, 230, 237, 243, 249, 252, 255, 257, 259, 285 Biological development 74, 265 Biology 82, 169 Biomass 100 Biosteres 83, 237 Biosteres arisanus 83, 237 Biosteres longicaudatus 83, 237 Biosynthesis 69 Biotechnology 49 Blepharella lateralis 44 Blitopertha orientalis 30 Book reviews 192 Botanical insecticides 50 Botrytis 28 Botrytis cinerea 72, 184, 224, 272 Braconidae 20, 87, 88, 198, 254, 258 British Columbia 277 Brontispa longissima 17 Bruchidae 46 Brush control 100, 156 Buds 58 Burkina faso 269 Calcium 239 Calcium chloride 35 California 16, 27, 58, 59, 73, 86, 93, 117, 119, 125, 126, 170, 171, 174, 192, 193, 202, 207, 211, 219, 227, 228, 249, 250, 251 Callosobruchus maculatus 269 Canada 189 Candida guilliermondii 35, 239 Canopy 170 Capsicum annuum 24, 277 Carbaryl 137 Carbofuran 24 Carbon dioxide 128 Carica papaya 91 Carpophilus hemipterus 56 Carya illinoensis 1 Casing 64 Cattle 156 Cell walls 184 Ceratitis capitata 14, 20, 87, 99, 196, 245, 251, 254, 258 Chalcididae 204 Chemical composition 14, 56 Chemical control 24, 51, 82, 118, 141, 214, 216, 236, 260, 283 Chemical vs. cultural weed control 76 Cherries 143 China 136 Chrysomelidae 81 Chrysoperla rufilabris 223 Citral 50 Citrullus lanatus 105 Citrus 27, 59, 88 Citrus fruits 32, 33, 59, 117, 192, 209, 270 Citrus limon 58, 86, 215 Citrus oblonga 73 Citrus sinensis 215 Clones 70 Closed systems 160 Cocos nucifera 17 Cold injury 73 Coleomegilla maculata 185 Coleoptera 55, 84 Colocasia esculenta 133 Colonizing ability 156 Color 88, 237 Colorado 100 Combination 238 Commercial farming 124 Comparisons 184 Competitive ability 107 Computer analysis 152 Computer simulation 273 Computer software 77, 152, 274 Computer techniques 283 Conidia 98 Connecticut 30, 181 Consumer attitudes 67 Consumer education 251 Consumer preferences 21 Control programs 67, 153, 159 Controlled atmosphere storage 104 Copidosoma koehleri 241 Coppice 76 Coppicing 76 Coryneum 233 Cost benefit analysis 58, 73, 192, 211 Cost effectiveness analysis 40 Costa Rica 42 Costs 232 Cover crops 73 Cowpeas 269 Crambus 169 Crop damage 58, 82, 89, 105, 125, 157, 173, 233 Crop losses 173, 179 Crop management 124, 152, 233 Crop production 21, 104, 141, 148, 153, 159, 172, 182, 219, 283 Crop quality 58, 64, 86, 118, 140, 157 Crop weed competition 107 Crop yield 21, 24, 58, 64, 68, 83, 86, 93, 96, 107, 152, 174, 192, 233 Crops 25 Cross resistance 244 Crosses 119 Cruciferae 136 Cryolite 106, 230 Cryptococcus (deuteromycotina) 54 Cryptococcus albidus 54 Cryptococcus laurentii 54 Crystals 194 Cucumbers 71 Cucumis sativus 255, 277 Cultivars 21, 70, 72, 94, 96, 97, 118, 119, 144, 152, 262 Cultural control 46, 103, 132, 275, 282 Cultural methods 169 Cultural weed control 118, 260, 261 Culture media 81, 98 Cutting 76 Cutting height 118 Cyclocephala 183, 227, 263 Cydia pomonella 211 Cyfluthrin 137 Cynodon dactylon 118, 139, 217, 263 Cyperus esculentus 107 Cyromazine 87 Dacus 173 Damage 169, 178 Databases 188 Debaryomyces hansenii 184 Decay fungi 28, 208, 224 Decision making 77, 124, 266, 283 Deep tillage 96 Defoliation 170 Delaware 60, 230, 257 Deltamethrin 97 Demeton-s-methyl 210 Demography 75 Detection 178 Diabrotica 135 Diapause 243 Diazinon 64, 87 Dicamba 189 Diclofop 118 Diets 264 Diffusion of information 283 Diflubenzuron 64 Digitaria 214 Diglyphus begini 171 Diglyphus intermedius 171 Dipping 165 Disease control 1, 4, 35, 79, 94, 121, 160, 200, 240, 270, 282 Disease models 77 Disease resistance 144 Diseases 200, 267 Dispersal 22 Disruption 211 Diversity 83 Domestic gardens 132, 285 Dry beans 216 Dusts 113 Ecology 75, 82 Economic thresholds 86 Ecosystems 19, 100 Edovum puttleri 101 Efficacy 177, 209 Eleusine indica 118, 214 Emergence 152 Empoasca 98 Empoasca fabae 178 Encarsia 27 Encarsia formosa 179 Endosulfan 89, 230 Endotoxins 220, 244 Energy cost of production 192 England 43, 70 Entomopathogenic bacteria 55 Entomophaga 181 Entomophilic nematodes 22, 112, 206, 259 Environmental factors 152 Environmental impact 50, 152, 273 Environmental policy 160 Environmental protection 53 Enzyme activity 184 Epitrix 139 Eremochloa ophiuroides 234 Erosion control 73 Erwinia 23 Erynia radicans 98 Erysiphe cichoracearum 139 Erythroneura elegantula 16 Estivation 243 Ethoprophos 177 Eucelatoria 111 Eudocima fullonia 48, 229 Eugenol 50 Eulophidae 204 Eupelmidae 204 Euphorbia esula 264 Euplectrus 44 Europe 26, 104 Euxoa auxiliaris 68 Evaluation 133, 229 Expert systems 66, 77, 124, 191, 283 Exposure 258 Extracts 15, 45, 114 Farm produce 149 Farmers 123 Fecundity 87, 101, 281 Federal government 211 Feeding behavior 60, 244 Feeding preferences 264 Females 269 Fermentation 238 Fertility 87, 269 Fertilizers 51, 52, 94, 234, 262, 267, 282 Festuca arundinacea 262 Festuca ovina 30 Field experimentation 236 Field tests 58, 60 Fire 76 Florida 39, 78, 118, 129, 176, 187, 217, 231 Flowers 114 Foliar application 120 Food consumption 21 Food processing 65 Fragaria 90 France 21, 119 Frankliniella occidentalis 277 Frost injury 233 Fruit 23, 31, 34, 37, 88, 116, 127, 141, 208, 238, 268 Fruit crops 42, 48, 67, 80, 153, 229 Fruit growing 142 Fruit rots 72, 255 Fruit trees 108, 190, 274, 281 Fruits 33, 105, 255 Fumigation 190 Fungal antagonists 72 Fungal diseases 115 Fungal morphology 64 Fungal spores 17 Fungi 56 Fungicidal properties 37 Fungicides 4, 5, 6, 7, 50, 115, 116, 121, 240, 252 Fungus control 40, 72, 116, 184, 209 Garden pests 63 Gelechiidae 139 Gene expression 220 Genes 55 Genetic control 46 Genetic improvement 207 Geographical distribution 42, 81 Georgia 112, 139, 190, 234 Germination 98 Globodera pallida 43, 70, 155, 165 Globodera rostochiensis 43, 96, 155 Glomerella cingulata 128 Glucosinolates 177 Glyphosate 76 Golf courses 118, 151, 180, 231, 232, 267, 273 Goniozus 174 Government 251 Grants 228 Granules 95 Granulosis viruses 97, 113 Grapefruits 195 Grapes 33, 35, 170, 224 Grass clippings 94 Grasses 52, 62 Grasslands 129 Grazing 109, 110 Grazing behavior 264 Grazing effects 156 Green manures 177 Greenhouse crops 26, 160, 172, 222, 277 Greenhouse culture 25, 26, 61, 79, 103, 284 Greenhouses 130, 162 Ground cover plants 100 Growers 124 Growing media 90 Growth 165, 190, 249 Growth rate 107 Growth regulators 3, 9, 130 Guam 41, 44, 48 Guatemala 233 Guazatine 215 Gypsophila paniculata 171 Gyranusoidea tebygi 40 Harrisina brillians 204 Harvesting date 3, 140 Hatch 271 Hawaii 20, 42, 83, 87, 91, 99, 157, 179, 198, 226, 237, 254 Health hazards 3 Heat sums 74 Hedeoma pulegioides 188 Helicoverpa zea 89, 111, 225 Heliothis virescens 89 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis 126, 199 Hemiptera 125 Herbicide mixtures 118 Herbicides 4, 6, 7, 9, 50, 121, 189, 252, 262, 275 Heterodera schachtii 249 Heterorhabditis 259 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 22, 30, 206 Heterorhabditis heliothidis 112 Hexaflumuron 105 Highlands 233 Hirsutella 249 History 42 Horticultural crops 145, 158 Host parasite relationships 70, 111, 184, 227, 243, 245 Hosts of plant pests 196 Hybrids 118 Hymenoptera 39, 196 Hyperparasitism 208 Hyphae 184 Ichneumonidae 265 Idaho 264 Identification 178 Idioscopus clypealis 253 Imazalil 215 Immunodiagnosis 245 In vitro 209, 215 Incidence 72, 83, 95, 174, 198 India 82, 173 Indiana 103, 187 Induced resistance 127, 128, 268 Infection 115 Infectivity 181 Infestation 97, 105 Information processing 283 Information retrieval 124 Inhibition 45, 107, 209 Injuries 72, 173 Innovation adoption 283 Inoculum density 72, 215 Insect attractants 237 Insect control 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 20, 45, 56, 59, 62, 68, 92, 99, 105, 106, 113, 114, 121, 129, 132, 134, 136, 141, 152, 167, 173, 178, 182, 183, 199, 200, 211, 236, 238, 248, 254, 256, 259, 269 Insect growth regulators 276 Insect pests 13, 18, 20, 59, 61, 79, 94, 97, 105, 117, 125, 131, 133, 134, 138, 140, 151, 173, 176, 186, 216, 218, 222, 247, 280 Insect traps 14, 56, 95 Insect-plant relationships 108 Insectaries 157, 179 Insecticidal action 89, 135, 230, 258 Insecticide resistance 136, 207, 211, 220, 244, 276 Insecticides 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 103, 121, 130, 132, 136, 169, 173, 178, 182, 192, 216, 236, 241, 252 Insects 4, 5, 61, 131, 137, 169, 267 Integrated control 76, 79, 93, 96, 97, 115, 118, 141, 144, 145, 152, 182, 230, 233, 260, 261 Integrated pest management 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 25, 26, 37, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 57, 59, 61, 62, 70, 75, 77, 78, 86, 97, 103, 104, 105, 117, 124, 126, 131, 132, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 173, 174, 176, 180, 189, 191, 192, 200, 207, 211, 212, 214, 219, 222, 226, 231, 232, 235, 253, 262, 266, 267, 273, 274, 275, 279, 283 Integrated systems 142, 152 Interactions 22, 234 Intercropping 50, 133 International organizations 50 International trade 21 Interspecific competition 165 Introduced species 40, 42, 48, 101, 174 Ipomoea batatas 107 Irrigation 21, 52, 94, 152, 262, 267 Irrigation scheduling 152 Irrigation systems 73 Isazofos 137 Israel 21 Italy 196, 208 Ixodes dammini 95 Juglans regia 207 Kansas 68 Kentucky 137, 187 Labor costs 76 Laboratory tests 60 Lambs 264 Lantana camara 97 Larvae 30, 84, 95, 183, 194, 206, 223, 236, 256, 265, 269 Lawns and turf 9, 30, 47, 51, 52, 53, 62, 84, 94, 112, 118, 129, 144, 146, 151, 161, 163, 167, 168, 169, 180, 183, 187, 202, 206, 214, 221, 227, 231, 232, 235, 252, 261, 262, 266, 267, 273, 282 Leafhoppers 216 Leaves 177 Legislation 53, 160 Legumes 46 Lemons 69, 215 Lepidoptera 13 Leptinotarsa 81 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 18, 60, 81, 92, 101, 106, 135, 139, 185, 194, 213, 220, 223, 230, 236, 243, 244, 256, 257, 259, 271 Lesions 72 Leucinodes orbonalis 265 Life cycle 13, 169, 178, 179, 243 Life history 281 Life tables 75 Lifespan 269 Lines 111 Liriomyza 197 Liriomyza huidobrensis 171 Liriomyza sativae 74 Literature reviews 18, 26, 29, 46, 49, 77, 79, 82, 144, 160, 222 Live mulches 190 Lobesia botrana 45, 114 Longevity 258 Lycopersicon esculentum 89, 111, 179, 226 Lycoriella auripila 64 Lymantria dispar 181 Lyme disease 95 Macadamia 157, 218 Macrosiphum euphorbiae 210 Maintenance 246 Malus 283 Malus pumila 8, 115, 121, 124, 166, 211, 247 Manduca 89 Mangifera indica 41, 44, 88, 173 Manual weed control 76 Marketing techniques 21 Maryland 94, 232, 281 Massachusetts 148, 185, 236 Mating 211 Mcpa 189 Measurement 180 Medicinal plants 278 Mediterranean climate 113 Meloidogyne 190 Meloidogyne chitwoodi 177 Meloidogyne incognita 24 Metarhizium anisopliae 17, 90 Methomyl 89 Methylcellulose 165 Metribuzin 118 Mexico 204, 213, 225 Mice 95 Michigan 244 Microbial pesticides 102 Microcomputers 283 Mite control 58, 166, 228 Mode of action 184 Models 74 Monilia 233 Monitoring 152, 234, 237, 241, 267, 277 Morphology 202 Mortality 68, 183, 230, 236, 256 Mowing 52, 94, 262, 267 Msma 118 Mulching 132 Myiopharus 243 Myiopharus doryphorae 243 Natural enemies 18, 19, 26, 38, 79, 139, 158, 169, 186, 204, 247 Neem seed cake 269 Neem seed extract 99, 230 Nematicides 4, 9, 190 Nematoda 4, 190, 285 Nematode control 4, 7, 24, 43, 70, 165, 212, 217, 249 Nematophagous fungi 43, 249 Neoaplectana 225 Neoaplectana carpocapsae 30, 206, 263 Neoaplectana feltiae 30, 64, 259, 263 Neoaplectana glaseri 30, 263 Neoseiulus cucumeris 277 Neoseiulus fallacis 166 Netherlands 25, 79, 160, 222 New Jersey 95, 187 New York 57, 84, 243 Nezara viridula 157, 218 Nitrate 152 Nitrogen 73, 275 Nitroimidazoles 120 Non-crop weed control 76 Nonionic surfactants 118 Nontarget effects 99, 234 North America 66 North Carolina 8, 9, 52, 89 North Dakota 169 Northern ireland 43 Norway 142 Nozzles 106 Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses 248 Nucleotide sequences 55, 194 Nutrient requirements 3 Nymphs 95 Odors 238 Ohio 187, 206 Old age 190 Olea europaea 140 Oligonychus peruvianus 193 Ontario 166 Ooencyrtus 229 Operating costs 76 Opius 83, 237 Opius concolor 196, 245 Oranges 215 Orchards 8, 124, 166, 190, 233, 283 Oregon 279 Organic farming 276, 284 Organophosphate insecticides 276 Orgilus lepidus 241 Orius 199 Orius tristicolor 277 Ornamental plants 79, 134, 200 Ornamental trees 108 Ornamental woody plants 80, 281 Ostrinia nubilalis 57 Otiorhynchus sulcatus 90 Ova 45, 137, 185, 223, 271 Overwintering 243 Oviposition 45, 244, 265 Oviposition deterring pheromones 45 Oxamyl 96, 230 Pacific states of U.S.A. 212 Packing 104 Paecilomyces lilacinus 24 Panonychus ulmi 166 Papua new guinea 229 Parasites 213 Parasites of insect pests 16, 18, 20, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 64, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 99, 101, 111, 119, 125, 133, 157, 171, 174, 179, 196, 198, 204, 225, 229, 234, 237, 241, 243, 245, 258 Parasitism 202, 265 Parasitoid augmentation 20 Parasitoids 44, 88, 91, 203, 204, 281 Parks 189 Paspalum notatum 190 Passiflora caerulea 280 Passiflora edulis 19, 280 Pastures 112, 139, 156 Patents 208 Patients 205 Peaches 20, 33, 35, 154 Pears 72, 143 Penetration 165 Penicillaria 41, 44 Penicillium digitatum 69, 195, 209, 215 Penicillium expansum 72, 272 Pennsylvania 124, 283 Perennial weeds 139 Periderm 107 Perillus bioculatus 230, 256 Permethrin 106 Persea Americana 21, 126, 193, 199, 228, 251 Persistence 112, 206 Pest control 1, 2, 13, 57, 67, 84, 162, 169, 172, 187, 192, 193, 218, 232, 251, 262, 263, 280, 282 Pest management 5, 66, 175, 177, 200, 246, 267, 276 Pest resistance 79, 92, 111, 119, 144, 155, 160, 220 Pesticidal action 234 Pesticidal plants 188 Pesticide residues 104 Pesticide resistance 175 Pesticides 2, 3, 5, 8, 50, 58, 59, 63, 79, 84, 121, 122, 131, 144, 147, 152, 160, 164, 171, 187, 191, 200, 226, 231, 235, 252, 267, 273 Pests 12, 41, 61, 63, 109, 110, 123, 149 Petioles 152 Ph 98 Phagostimulants 60 Phaseolus lunatus 74 Phenology 74, 243 Pheromone traps 241 Pheromones 211, 276 Phthorimaea operculella 82, 97, 113, 241 Phyllophaga 169 Phyllophaga crinita 167, 263 Physical control 46 Phytotoxicity 64, 118, 130 Pichia 28, 184, 195, 208, 209, 224, 272 Pieris rapae 136 Piperonyl butoxide 230 Pitfall traps 210 Plant analysis 152 Plant composition 92, 114 Plant disease control 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 47, 152, 208, 283 Plant diseases 4, 5, 145 Plant extracts 107, 116 Plant growth regulators 247 Plant nutrition 190 Plant oils 269 Plant parasites 122 Plant parasitic nematodes 43, 139, 165, 177, 190, 202, 217, 249 Plant pathogenic bacteria 23 Plant pathogenic fungi 69 Plant pathogens 139 Plant pathology 77 Plant pests 29, 39, 49, 145, 158, 243 Plant products 278 Plant protection 77, 79, 131, 269 Planting 52, 246, 262 Ploidy 138 Plutella xylostella 136 Poa pratensis 137, 169, 262 Podisus maculiventris 256 Poisoning 200 Poland 247 Policy 25 Pollinators 19 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 165 Pome fruits 36 Popillia japonica 22, 30, 137, 206 Population change 190 Population density 72, 76, 95, 105, 165, 174, 181, 202, 256 Population dynamics 24, 83, 198, 213, 237, 253, 269, 277 Postharvest decay 15, 23, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 54, 65, 69, 71, 116, 127, 128, 143, 154, 184, 195, 201, 209, 215, 224, 239, 240, 242, 255, 268, 270, 272 Postharvest losses 34 Postharvest treatment 33 Potatoes 97, 113, 150 Pratylenchus 139 Pratylenchus penetrans 212 Predators 213, 281 Predators of insect pests 134, 137, 166, 185, 187, 210, 222, 223, 234, 256, 257, 277 Predatory arthropods 18 Preharvest sprays 113 Prevention 104 Probabilistic models 76 Problem analysis 75 Production costs 152 Productivity 152 Progeny 87 Projects 42 Propargite 193 Protected cultivation 145, 160 Proteins 55, 194 Pruning 233 Prunus dulcis 93, 174 Prunus persica 7, 20, 88, 190, 233 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 280, 281 Pseudomonas cepacia 69 Pseudomonas fluorescens 23 Pseudomonas putida 23 Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans 72 Psidium cattleyanum 198 Psidium guajava 83, 198, 237 Pterostichus madidus 210 Pterostichus melanarius 210 Public gardens 279 Puerto Rico 24 Pupae 137 Pycnanthemum 188 Pyrethrins 50 Pyrethroid insecticides 68 Pyrethroids 276 Pythium aphanidermatum 255 Quality 104 Rain 181 Rangelands 100 Rape 177 Rastrococcus invadens 40, 80 Rearing techniques 157, 179, 258 Regulation 211 Regulations 102, 235 Reproduction 101, 258 Research 25, 26, 79 Research projects 201 Research support 228 Residual effects 236 Resistance 130 Returns 152 Rhagoletis 203 Rhagoletis cerasi 75, 196 Rhagoletis pomonella 75 Rhizoctonia solani 139 Rhizopus 28 Rhizopus stolonifer 224 Rhizosphere 165 Rickettsiaceae 227 Roots 107, 165, 177 Rootstocks 119 Roses 71, 279 Rotations 132, 136 Rotenone 230 Rotylenchulus reniformis 24 Row spacing 275 Rsfsr 101 Rubus 212 Safety 5, 192, 200, 267 Safety at work 3 Saline water 21 Sampling 58, 169, 226, 241 Sandy loam soils 96 Saprophytes 72 Scald 104 Scale insects 108 Scapteriscus 129 Scarabaeidae 30, 112 Scotland 43 Scrub control 76 Searching behavior 56 Seasonal abundance 139, 234 Seasonal variation 243 Seasonality 281 Secondary metabolites 33 Seed dressings 120 Seed germination 10, 11 Seed treatment 165 Seedlings 156 Selection 246 Selenothrips rubrocinctus 199 Semiochemicals 45 Sex attractants 238 Sex pheromones 14, 238, 241 Sex ratio 83, 277, 281 Sheep 156 Shrubs 246 Site factors 156, 241 Site preparation 52, 94 Site selection 94 Size 88 Small fruits 2, 5, 6 Smell 114 Social participation 189 Socioeconomic status 40 Soil 190 Soil bacteria 165 Soil compaction 96 Soil fungi 249 Soil ph 267 Soil temperature 285 Soil texture 73, 267 Soil treatment 11, 120 Soil water content 285 Solanaceae 256 Solanum 213 Solanum berthaultii 92 Solanum carolinense 139 Solanum melongena 265 Solanum tuberosum 43, 60, 70, 82, 96, 101, 106, 113, 152, 155, 159, 165, 177, 210, 220, 230, 236, 241, 244, 256, 257, 271 Solenopsis invicta 169 Sound traps 129 South Africa 13, 76, 199, 280 South Carolina 107 Spain 21 Spatial distribution 277 Species diversity 81 Sphaerotheca fuliginea 71 Sphaerotheca pannosa 71 Spiroplasma 81 Spodoptera exigua 105, 248 Spodoptera frugiperda 137, 225 Spore germination 209 Sports grounds 118, 189, 262 Sporulation 249 Spraying 165, 271 Spraying equipment 5 Spraying precautions 130 Spread 193 Sri lanka 265 Stand density 76 Steinernema 112, 129, 225, 259 Stems 177 Sterile insect release 250, 254 Sticky traps 103 Storage 104 Storage decay 72, 208 Storage dips 72 Stored products 46 Stored products pests 97 Strains 55, 90, 165 Strawberries 284 Sucrose 165 Sulfur 193 Suppression 255 Surface layers 105 Surveys 139, 204, 257 Survival 75, 76, 87, 101, 156, 165, 190, 258 Susceptibility 111 Sustainability 50, 160 Sustainable agriculture 109, 110 Sweet potatoes 85 Synthesis 14 Tachinidae 204 Tanacetum vulgare 114 Techniques 200 Teflubenzuron 105 Telenomus 229 Temperate tree fruits 3 Temperature 72, 74, 98, 270 Temporal variation 72 Tephritidae 29, 38, 42, 49, 245 Terpenoids 114 Tetranychus urticae 166 Texas 167, 225, 263 Thatch 94 Thiabendazole 209 Tillage 262 Timing 271 Tomatoes 28, 33 Toxicity 55, 120, 194, 230, 247 Training of animals 264 Transgenics 220, 244 Transpiration 73 Tree fruits 27, 54, 131, 276 Tree shakers 93 Trees 246 Trialeurodes vaporariorum 179, 226 Trichlorfon 105 Trichoderma harzianum 10, 11 Trichogramma 89 Trichogramma ostriniae 57 Trichomes 92 Trichoplusia ni 89 Triclopyr 76 Trioxys pallidus 207 Trissolcus basalis 157 Triticum 68 Tropics 46 Tubers 82, 96, 107 Tunisia 113 Typhlodromus 193 U.S.A. 29, 67, 101, 119, 147, 208, 235 U.S.S.R.in europe 101 Uk 96, 144 Ultrastructure 202 Ultraviolet radiation 268 Undergrowth 100 Usage 147, 160 Usda 208 Utah 138, 156 Varietal reactions 72 Varietal resistance 46, 70, 97 Varietal susceptibility 70, 118 Varieties 104 Vegetables 4, 12, 23, 33, 34, 42, 67, 127, 147, 148, 149, 160, 172, 186, 219, 260, 268 Venezuela 19 Vespidae 126 Victoria 241 Vineyards 78 Viral insecticides 113, 248 Virginia 53, 60, 106, 271 Virulence 72 Vitacea polistiformis 78 Viteus vitifoliae 119 Vitis 16, 78, 119, 176 Vitis vinifera 114, 204 Volatile compounds 56 Volume 106 Warehouses 104 Washington 5, 131, 256, 276 Water allocation 251 Water management 251 Water requirements 73 Weed control 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 51, 73, 94, 107, 118, 121, 152, 168, 200, 214, 221, 262, 264, 275 Weeds 4, 9, 267 West Africa 40, 80 West Virginia 188 Western samoa 17, 229 Wildlife management 3 Wind tunnels 56 Wisconsin 152, 159 Xenorhabdus 259, 285 Xiphinema 212 Xiphinema Americanum 212 Yeasts 35, 224 Yellow sticky traps 277 Yield losses 64 Zea mays 57, 275 Zetzellia mali 166