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Farm Aid News & Views June 1997



FARM AID NEWS & VIEWS
June 1997
Volume 5, No. 6
__________________________________________
Headlines:

-  FARM WOMEN WORK ON AND OFF THE FARM TO KEEP 
THE FAMILY FARM ALIVE
-  BACKGROUND
-  THE ROLE OF WOMEN ON THE FARM
-  WOMEN WORK OFF THE FARM TO KEEP 
OPERATION AFLOAT
-  WOMEN FARMERS BATTLE DISCRIMINATION,
STEREOTYPES
-  FARM WOMEN DEAL WITH ISOLATION, STRESS
-  WOMEN WORK TO PROMOTE THE FAMILY FARM 
SYSTEM
-  RESOURCES
__________________________________________

FARM WOMEN WORK ON AND OFF THE FARM 
TO KEEP THE FAMILY FARM ALIVE

Around the world millions of women are responsible for 
growing food for their families and their communities.  In the 
United States, women do everything from the physical labor of 
farm work to raising the children to keeping the books to 
working off the farm.  Women's work is essential to the 
survival of the family farm.  
 
There is a common misperception that the role of women in 
family farming is secondary to that of male farmers.  Although a 
relatively small percentage of farms are operated by women, 
women's contributions to family farm life are quite significant.

Seventy-five percent of farm women work either on or off the 
farm, as compared to 53% of all women nationally who work 
outside the home. Over ninety-two percent of female-operated 
farms are small family farms, taking in less than $50,000 in gross 
sales.

What does it take to keep the family farm alive?  It takes getting 
up at 5:30 a.m. to do the chores, going to work off the farm, 
making supper, doing the evening chores, working on the 
books, and trying to get some sleep.  For young women it also 
means taking care of the children.  For many, it involves 
meetings, organizing and even going to Washington to tell their 
stories. 

BACKGROUND

There are 1.9 million farm operator households in the U.S. 
today.  According to a 1994 report by the USDA Economic 
Resource Service, 6% of these households are operated by 
females, 23% are operated jointly by husband and wife, and 71% 
are operated by husbands only.  (This study did not include the 
200,000 farms operated by unmarried men.)

One reason for the relatively  low percentage of female operators 
in farm families is that although female children of farm 
operators often get a share of the financial inheritance, the 
operation of the farm is usually turned over to the male 
children.  Women often don't become farm operators until after 
their husbands have died.  Indeed, among the 111,000 female 
operators, 37% are aged 65 or older. 

Another reason for the low percentage of women operators is 
that farm surveys often require only one person to answer as the 
farm operator, and usually it is the man.

In addition to being farm operators and farm wives, many 
women are also farm landlords.  According to a 1993 Economic 
Research report, 40% of private agricultural landlords are 
women as compared to 31% men and 29% joint male/female.  
One reason for this is that as the population of farmers ages, the 
women tend to outlive their husbands, and gain control of the 
land.  The average age of female landlords is 66 years.  Forty-
three percent of the women landlords live on a farm, but most 
farm landlords are not farm operators.  

THE ROLE OF WOMEN ON THE FARM

Statistics about women farmers do not fully convey the 
contributions of women to farming. In fact, many of the women 
who are not considered "operators" do a great deal of work on 
the farm.  

Farm wives often tend the animals, plant the garden, and take 
care of the bookkeeping.  In addition, many women do 
"invisible" farm work such as running farm errands while 
doing household shopping, preparing meals for hired help, and 
participating in the planting and harvesting, when needed.  

Jean Wyont, a Wisconsin dairy farmer, says, "Farm women have 
to do the chores, help in the fields and keep the family together.  
Their work is literally never finished."

Claryca Mandan, a Native American rancher of the Hidasta tribe 
from Fort Berthold, North Dakota says, "A lot of  women who 
are silent partners in the farm don't get enough recognition.  
Women often provide assets, land, off-farm income, farm labor 
and management to the operation."  Mandan says Native 
American women receive even less recognition than non-
Indian women.

WOMEN WORK OFF THE FARM 
TO KEEP OPERATION AFLOAT

Women work not only on the farm, but off the farm as well.  In 
today's farming economy, where the average income from 
farming is only $5,000, two-thirds of all farm households are 
forced to have one or more of their members work off the farm 
just to make ends meet.  Off-farm work can also provide health 
insurance and other essential benefits.  Whether or not they 
work on the farm, women often work many hours off the farm 
to keep the operation going.

The work of farm women is valuable in many ways, including 
financially.  According to the USDA-ERS study, where women 
helped manage the farm or worked off the farm, the household 
took in a higher income.

Claryca Mandan is an example of a farmer who works on and off 
the farm to support her operation.  She operates a 70-head 
cow/calf operation with her husband in Fort Berthold, North 
Dakota.  Mandan and her husband almost lost their farm during 
the financial crisis of the 1980s.  They were forced to sell their 
cattle and go through the net recovery buyout in order to hold 
on to their farm.  Last year, Mandan's husband worked full-time 
as a long haul trucker while she ran the ranch and took care of 
their four children.  Mandan estimates that she has held down 
18 or 19 wage jobs in her life to help keep her family's farm 
operation going.

While most farmers would prefer to work their own land, many 
can not afford to do so.  It is an unfortunate irony that many 
farmers are forced to work off the farm in order to generate 
enough income to make the necessary farm payments.

The story of Carroll Supanchick, a 56-year-old dairy farmer in 
Nebraska, is typical.  She and her husband Bob, 64,  live on 160 
acres of their own homestead, but no longer do the actual work 
on the farm.  They rent their piece to another farmer because it 
brings in more income than if they worked it themselves. 
Meanwhile, Carroll works 32 hours a week at a tractor store 30 
miles away, and is preparing to take on a second job as a real 
estate broker.  Bob also works part time off the farm.  The 
Supanchicks have passed on the rest of their land to their sons 
and daughter.  These grown children have their own families 
and are also forced to combine farming with off-the-farm work.  
Supanchick deeply misses the farm work she used to do, 
including the milking, and was heartbroken to have to sell their 
dairy cows. 

Regardless of whether women are working on or off the farm, 
farming is a core part of their identity.  As Supanchick says, 
"We're farmers whether we're here or doing something else.  
We're still farmers ... I was determined that we weren't going to 
give up, and God willing, we won't give up."

Women often have to prove themselves in the farm business 
world before they are taken seriously.  Supanchick describes how 
customers in the tractor store where she works initially wanted 
to talk to "someone who knows something" -- discounting her 
lifelong farming experience due to her age and gender.  But she 
gained confidence in her own knowledge and now is appreciated 
by her customers and employer.

WOMEN FARMERS BATTLE DISCRIMINATION, 
STEREOTYPES

Women face discrimination in many aspects of farming.  Many 
of the problems facing women have been documented in the 
1997 report by the USDA Civil Rights Action Team, published in 
response to ongoing criticism of discrimination and lack of 
diversity among its employees.

One problem is the under representation of women and 
minority groups on elected local and county committees that 
implement farm programs.  These committees hire a county 
executive director who then hires a county office staff.  FSA 
county offices handle the processing of farm operating loans, 
among other transactions with farmers. In 1994, 94% of all 
county committees had no female or minority representation.  
Though women represented 28.8% of eligible voters, they held 
only 1.5% of county committee seats.  The numbers have 
improved slightly in the last few years, but women still 
represent only 7% of committee members.  The lack of 
representation is most dramatic in the Southeast where the ratio 
of men to women is 2,287 to 121.  

The lack of diversity on county committees may contribute to 
women having less access to credit than do white male farmers.  
Because female-operated farms tend to be smaller, family farms, 
they are subject to the same problems facing all limited-resource 
farms.  One female farmer in the USDA report felt that the 
"single largest problem for women is to be taken seriously by the 
financial community."

Jean Wyont has often had to fight the "old boy's network" that 
makes it difficult for women to be recognized as farmers.  Wyont 
and others feel that the USDA needs to do a better job of 
documenting the role of women on the farm.  "Women farmers 
face all the same problems as men.  Women should get credit for 
being farmers and be recognized as equal partners in the farm 
operation."

Claryca Mandan says it is hard to break into agriculture as a 
woman.  Women are not recognized as equal partners even 
when their name is on the mortgage.  "Women can do all the 
management and bookwork and be out there helping in the 
fields but the banks and government just want to deal with men.  
Native Americans in general have it hard enough breaking into 
the credit system.  It's even more difficult as an Indian woman."

The USDA report calls for sweeping organizational changes 
including outreach to socially disadvantaged farmers, providing 
remediation for past discrimination, firing USDA employees 
who do not uphold civil rights, and diversifying the work force.  
This is not the first report of its kind to be published.  Reports 
dating as far back as 1965 have documented discrimination in 
the USDA -- but have not resulted in positive changes.  It 
remains to be seen whether this report will lead to concrete 
changes toward ending discrimination and giving all farmers a 
fair opportunity to survive.

As to the current publicity about USDA discrimination against 
minority and socially disadvantaged farmers, Claryca Mandan 
says, "If it just raises public attention with no real change in 
servicing, nothing will come of it.  The USDA's sincerity will be 
judged by the delivery of services."

FARM WOMEN DEAL 
WITH ISOLATION, STRESS

A 1996 survey conducted by Lutheran Social Services of the 
South of three rural churches in Texas highlighted the isolation, 
hopelessness and bitterness experienced by farm women on a 
daily basis.  Major stresses included book work, old machinery 
and the need for off-farm employment.  They also cited having 
little money for extras and suffering poor family 
communications as triggers of personal stress and a feeling of 
being trapped.

One of the biggest stresses facing farm women, according to Jean 
Wyont, is finding their own identity.  "With all the different 
roles farm women play it is often difficult to find a few minutes 
for themselves." 

Claryca Mandan and her family know too well the isolation that 
many farm families face.  She and her family live 50 miles from 
the nearest town, which means that she and her children have 
to travel 100 miles round trip each day to go to school or buy 
supplies.

In addition to managing the ranch, Mandan works as a farm 
advocate, providing financial and credit counseling to Native 
American farmers on six reservations in Montana, North 
Dakota and South Dakota.  She says, "The lack of credit 
opportunities for Indian farmers has meant that the agriculture 
industry has passed us by.  Many of us are still struggling for 
electricity, fencing, and water."

In her role as an advocate, Mandan has seen the effect of stress 
on farm women and their families.  When financial problems 
hit, the tendency is often to turn inward, deepening a sense of 
isolation.  Mandan says, "Women are often the first to reach out 
and call for help.  Women are more adaptable and better able to 
handle the emotional stress that accompanies a financial crisis."

Farm advocates and hotlines can be a vital resource for farm 
families in trouble.  A 1995 study by Alannah Fitzgerald for New 
York FarmNet found that women in crisis who were able to 
contact a farm counseling program gained a greater sense of 
empowerment and were better able to access resources and 
information. 

WOMEN WORK TO PROMOTE 
THE FAMILY FARM SYSTEM

Ever since the end of the 19th century, when Mary Ellen Lease 
exhorted farmers to "raise less corn and more hell," women 
have been at the forefront of the movement to organize farmers 
to fight for economic and social justice.   

Whether taking care of farm business or traveling to 
Washington to tell their stories and to demand legislative 
changes, farm women have been at the heart of the struggle.  
They understand that changing farm policy is essential to saving 
the family farm.

Jean Wyont is a good example of a farmer who works on and off 
her farm to keep the family farm alive.  Wyont milks 43 cows on 
139 acres in Chetek, Wisconsin.  She also works as a farm 
advocate for the Land Loss Prevention Project and chairs the 
Credit Task Force of the National Family Farm Coalition.  In her 
role as a farm advocate, she takes phone calls from farmers all 
over the country and works with them to restructure their debt 
and stay on their farms.  Wyont estimates that she has helped 
more than 1,500 farmers stay in business.

One of the reasons Wyont is so effective at helping farmers is 
that "you can't tell me anything that I haven't tried on my own 
farm."  She encourages farmers to stand up for themselves, at 
county offices and local banks.  

In her position with the National Family Farm Coalition, 
Wyont has testified before Congress, conducted interviews with 
the media, and held trainings for farm advocates from across the 
country.  Wyont says, "Women can make the difference.  
Nobody is going to do it for us.  It means being organized and 
being movers and shakers."

Claryca Mandan has a similar motivation for continuing in her 
role as a farm advocate.  Citing the rapid decline of Indian 
agriculture on Fort Berthold and reservations across the country, 
she says, "If someone doesn't keep trying to make changes then 
there won't be an agricultural industry on  reservations.  If I can 
keep a few families on the land and they can raise up the next 
generation who know Indian agriculture, then I will have 
achieved something.  That will be my legacy."

RESOURCES

"Civil Rights at the USDA," USDA, Civil Rights Action Team, 
February 1997.

"Farm Family Empowerment -- A Valuable Benefit of the NY 
FarmNet Program," Alannah Fitzgerald, Cornell University, 
1995.

"Farm Women Blend Farm and Off-Farm Work," Mary C. 
Ahearn and Janet Perry.  Rural Development Perspectives, vol. 
9, no. 3, June 1994.

"Structural and Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms, 1993," 
Robert A. Hoppe et al., USDA Economic Research Service, 
Agriculture Information Bulletin #728.

"Women Farm Landlords in the United States," Denise M. 
Rogers and Ann M. Vandeman, USDA Economic Research 
Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin #681.  November 
1993.

________________________________________
Farm Aid News & Views is produced by Farm Aid.  Editors 
Harry Smith and Lynn Rosenbaum.  We encourage the 
reproduction of Farm Aid News & Views.  Comments and 
suggestions welcome. Farm Aid (617) 354-2922.  Fax: 
(617) 354-6992. Email: Farmaid1@aol.com.