Conflict and Displacement in Karenni:
The Need for Considered Responses
Authors: Vicky Bamforth, Steven Lanjouw, Graham Mortimer
Source/publisher: Burma Ethnic Research Group (BERG)
Date of publication: May 2000
This document is in 3 separate pdf files:
FILE 1 (Cover and Contents): http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Considered_responses-1.pdf
(472K)
*******************************************
FILE 2 (pages 1-47): http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Considered_responses-2.pdf
(782K)
pg 1: Preface
pg 3: Acronyms
pg 5: Executive Summary
pg 10: Maps
1. OVERVIEW pg 11
pg 11: 1.1 Boundaries 1.2 Climate
Pg 12 1.3 Physical Features
pg 13: 1.4 Population
pg 15: 1.5 Ethnic Groups in Karenni
pg 20: 1.6 Gender Roles in Karenni; 1.7 Agriculture, Land Distribution and Patterns of Recourse
pg 23: 1.8 Resources
pg 25: 1.9 Water; 1.10 Communication, Trade and Transport
2. CONFLICT IN KARENNI pg 27
pg 27: 2.1 A History of Conflict 2.1.1 The Pre-Colonial Period
pg 28: 2.1.2 The Colonial Period
pg 30: 2.1.3 Independence in Burma and the Outbreak of Civil War in the Karenni States
pg 32: 2.2 State and Non-State Actors including Armed Groups and Political
Parties
pg 33: 2.2.1 The Role of the Tatmadaw
pg 34: 2.2.2 The Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP)
pg 35: 2.2.3 The Karenni National People’s Liberation Front (KNPLF);
2.2.4 The Shan State Nationalities Liberation Organisation (SSNLO)
pg 36: 2.2.5 The Kayan New Land Party (KNLP); 2.2.6 The NDF and CPB Alliances and their Impact in Karenni
pg 37: 2.3 War in the Villages
pg 39: 2.4 The Formation of Splinter Groups in the 1990s; 2.5 The Economics of War
pg 41: 2.5.1 The Relationship between Financing the War and Exploitation of Natural Resources
pg 42: 2.6 The Course of the War
pg 45: 2.7 Cease-fires 45
*******************************************
FILE 3 (pages 48-128): http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Considered_responses-3.pdf
(1300K)
3. CONFLICT INDUCED DISPLACEMENTS IN KARENNI
pg 48: 3.1 Defining Population Movements 48; 3.2 Conflict Induced Displacement
pg 50: 3.3 Displacement in 1996
pg 51: 3.4 Displacements by Township
pg 55: 3.5 Relocation Policy; 3.6 Services in Relocation Sites
pg 59: 3.7 Smaller Relocation Sites and so-called ‘Gathering Villages’
pg 60: 3.8 Displacement into Shan State
pg 61: 3.9 Displacement as a Passing Phenomenon
pg 62: 3.10 Displacement, Resettlement and Transition
pg 63: 3.11 Women outside Relocation Sites
4. OTHER FORMS OF DISPLACEMENT
pg 64: 4.1 Development Induced Displacement
pg 67: 4.1.1 Displacements in Loikaw City
pg 69: 4.1.2 Confiscation of Land by the Tatmadaw
4.2 Displacement as a Result of Resource Scarcity
pg 70: 4.2.1 Food Scarcity
pg 71: 4.2.2 Water Shortages
pg 73: 4.3 Voluntary Migrations
5. HEALTH AND EDUCTION NEEDS AND RESPONSES, p75
pg 76: 5.1 Health Policy; 5.2 Health Services
pg 81: 5.3 Health Status of the Population
|pg 82: 5.3.1 Communicable Diseases
pg 84: 5.3.2 Nutrition
pg 85: 5.3.3 Reproductive and Women’s Health; 5.3.4 Landmine Casualties
pg 86: 5.3.5 Iodine Deficiency and Goitre; 5.3.6 Vitamin A Deficiency;
5.3.7 Water and Sanitation
pg 87: 5.4 Responses to Health Needs; 5.5 Education Policy;
pg 88: 5.6 Educational Services and Coverage;
pg 88: 5.6.1 Traditional Attitudes to Education
pg 89: 5.6.2 Educational Services in Karenni
pg 94 5.7 Responses to Educational Needs
pg 94; 5.7.1 Responses from the Thai-Burma border; 5.7.2 Responses by International Humanitarian Agencies from Inside Burma
6. CONCLUSIONS pg 96
APPENDICES pg 101
pg 102: Appendix 1, A Comparison of Populations in Relocation Sites in Karenni
pg 103: Appendix 2, Refugee Arrivals at the Thai Border
pg 105: Appendix 3, Displacements by Township
pg 128: Appendix 4, Examples of Population Movements during the Displacement,
Resettlement and Transition Period