Acronyms
|
AAPP |
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners |
|
AAPPB |
Assistance Association of Political Prisoners- Burma |
| AASYC | All Arakan Students and Youth Congress |
|
ABFSU |
All Burma Federation of Student Unions |
| ABFSU-FAC | All Burma Federation of Student Unions – Foreign Affairs Committee |
|
ABMU |
All Burma Muslim Union |
|
ABSDF |
All Burma Students’ Democratic Front |
|
ABSFU |
All Burma Federation of Student Unions |
|
ADSL |
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line |
| AFP | Agence France Presse |
| AHRC | Asian Human Rights Commission |
|
AIDS |
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| AIR |
All India Radio |
| ALA | Arakan Liberation Army |
| ALD | Arakan League for Democracy |
| ALP | Arakan Liberation Party |
| ALRC | Asian Legal Resource Center |
| AP | Associated Press |
| APFWLD | Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development |
| ARNO | Arakan Rohingya National Organization |
| ARV | Anti-retroviral treatment |
| ASEAN | Association of South-East Asian Nations |
| BAD | Border Area Development |
| BBC | Burma Border Consortium |
|
BBC |
British Broadcasting Corporation |
|
BCN |
Burma Centrum Nederlands |
|
BERG |
Burma Ethnic Research Group |
|
BESU |
Basic Education Student Union |
| BI | Burma Issues |
| BLC | Burma Lawyers Council |
| BLSO | Burma Labor Solidarity Organization |
| BMA | Burma Media Alliance |
| BMA | Burmese Media Association |
| BSI | Bureau of Special Investigation |
| BSPP | Burmese Socialist Program Party |
| BWU | Burmese Women’s Union |
| CAD | Culture and Arts Developers |
| CATW | Coalition against Trafficking in Women |
| CBC | Calvary Baptist Church |
| CD | Compact Disk |
| CEC | Central Executive Committee |
| CEDAW | Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination of Women |
| CEO | Chief Executive Officer |
| CESCR | Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
| CHRF | Chin Human Rights Foundation |
| CHRO | Chin Human Rights Organization |
| CICC | Center for the International Cooperation for Computerization |
| CID | Criminal Investigations Department |
| CIDKP | Committee for Internally Displaced Karen Persons |
| CNF | Chin National Front |
| COMMIT | Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking |
| CPB | Communist Party of Burma |
| CPJ | Committee to Protect Journalists |
| COMMIT | Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking |
| CRC | Convention on the Rights of the Child |
| CSW | Christian Solidarity Worldwide |
| CU | Cultural University |
| DAB | Democratic Alliance of Burma |
| DDSI | Directorate of Defense Services Intelligence |
| DKBA | Democratic Karen Buddhist Army |
| DPDC | District Peace and Development Council |
| DPNS | Democratic Party for a New Society |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| DOTS | Directly Observed Treatment Short Course |
| DPDC | District Peace and Development Council |
| DPNS | Democratic Party for A New Society |
| DSI | Defence Service Intelligence |
| DVB | Democratic Voice of Burma |
| ECS | Economic Cooperation Strategy |
| ENC | Ethnic Nationalities Council |
| EP | Employee Pass |
| ERI | EarthRights International |
| ESCAP |
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
| EU | European Union |
| E-visa | Electronic Visa |
| FBR | Free Burma Rangers |
| FEC | Foreign Exchange Certificates |
| FOT | Field Observation Team |
| FRC | Foreign Resident Card |
| FTI | Federation of Thai Industries |
| FTUB | Federation of Trade Unions – Burma |
| FTUK | Free Trade Unions-Kawthoolei |
| GAIL |
Gas Authority India Ltd. |
| GBA | Gankaw Baptist Association |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
| HQ |
Head Quarters |
| HRDU | Human Rights Documentation Unit |
| HREIB | Human Rights Education Institute of Burma |
| HRP | Hongsowatoi Restoration Party |
| HRW |
Human Rights Watch |
| HURFOM | Human Rights Foundation of Monland |
| IB | Infantry Battalion |
| ICFTU | International Confederation of Free Trade Unions |
| ICG |
International Crisis Group |
| ICRC | International Committee of the Red Cross |
| ICT | Information and Communication Technology |
| ID |
Identity |
| IDC | Immigration Detention Centers |
| IDP |
Internally Displaced Persons |
| ILO | International Labour Organization |
| IMNA | Independent Mon News Agency |
| INGO | International Non Governmental Organization |
| IOM | International Organization for Migration |
| IRD | Internal Revenue Department |
| IT | Information Technology |
| ITBMU | International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University |
| KB | Kanbawza Bank |
| KCBA | Kuki Chin Baptist Association |
| KDA | Kachin Defence Army |
| KHRG | Karen Human Rights Group |
| KIA |
Kachin Independence Army |
| KIC | Karen Information Committee |
| KIO | Kachin Independence Organization |
| KNA | Karen National Association |
| KnA |
Karenni Army |
| KNAHR | Karenni News Agency for Human Rights |
| KNDA | Karenni National Defence Army |
| KNG |
Kayan National Guard |
| KNLA | Karen National Liberation Army |
| KNLP | Kayan New Land Party |
| KNPLF | Karenni National People’s Liberation Front |
| KNPP | Karenni National Progressive Party |
| KnSO | Karenni National Solidarity Organization |
| KNU |
Karen National Union |
| KORD | Karen Office for Relief and Development |
| KRC |
Karen Relief Committee |
| KSDP | Karenni Student Development Program |
| KSWC | Karenni Social Welfare Committee |
| KVTBA | Kabaw Valley Thadou Baptist Association |
| KWO | Karen Women’s Organization |
| LDF |
Lahu Democratic Front |
| LIB |
Light Infantry Battalion |
| LID | Light Infantry Division |
| LNO | Lahu National Organization |
| LPO | Labor Protection Office |
| MAMD |
Mon Army, Mergui District |
| MAN | Muslim Agency for News |
| MANA |
Myanmar Anti-Narcotic Association |
| MAP | Migrant Assistance Program Foundation |
| MART | Myanmar Agricultural Produce Trade |
| MAS | Military Affairs Security |
| MCWA | Maternal and Child Welfare Association |
| MI | Military Intelligence |
| MMA | Myanmar Medical Association |
| MMCWA | Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association |
| MNA | Myanmar Nurses Association |
| MNDAA | Myanmar National Democracy Alliance Army (MNDAA-Kokang) |
| NCGUB | National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma |
| MNLA |
Mon National Liberation Army |
| MOB | Myanmar Oriental Bank |
| MOGE | Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise |
| MOI | Thai Ministry of the Interior |
| MoU | Memorandum of Understanding |
| MP | Member of Parliament |
| MRA | Monland Restoration Army |
| MRC |
Myanmar Red Cross |
| MSF | Medecins sans Frontieres |
| MTA | Mong Tai Army |
| MUB | Myanmar Universal Bank |
| MWEA | Myanmar Women's Entrepreneurs Association |
| NC |
National Convention |
| NCGUB | National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma |
| NCSM |
Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland |
| NCUB | National Council of the Union of Burma |
| NDAA |
National Democratic Alliance Army (NDAA-east Shan State) |
| NDA-K | New Democratic Army-Kachin |
| NDD | Network for Democracy and Development |
| NGO | Non-Governmental Organization |
| NIB | National Intelligence Bureau |
| NLD | National League for Democracy |
| NLD-LA | National League for Democracy-Liberated Area |
| NLD-LA (Youth) | National League for Democracy-Liberated Area (Youth) |
| NLD-LA (Women) | National League for Democracy-Liberated Area (Women) |
| NMG | Network Media Group |
| NMSP | New Mon State Party |
| NSC | National Security Council |
| NSCN | National Socialist Council of Nagaland |
| NUPA | National United Party of Arakan |
| NWCWA | National Working Committee for Women's Affairs |
| OCMI | Office of the Chief of Military Intelligence |
| ONGC | Oil and Natural Gas Corporation |
| OSS | Office of Strategic Studies |
| PABs | Provincial Admissions Boards |
| PDC | Peace and Development Council |
| PHR | Physicians for Human Rights |
| PLF | Palaung Liberation Front |
| PLO | Pa-O Liberation Organization |
| PNO | Pa-O National Organization |
| POC | Persons of Concern |
| PR | Permanent Resident |
| PR | Public Relations |
| PSB | Press Scrutiny Board |
| PSLP | Palaung State Liberation Party |
|
PSRB |
Press Scrutiny and Registration Board |
| PTT-EP | Petroleum Authority of Thailand Exploration and Production Public Co. Ltd |
| PYAN | Palaung Youth Action Network. |
| PYNG | Palaung Youth Networking Group |
| RFA | Radio Free Asia |
| RI | Refugees International |
| RM | Ringgit |
| RNA | Rohingya National Alliance |
| RPDC | Electric Power Development Company |
| RPG | Rocket Propelled Grenade |
| RSF | Reporters sans Frontieres |
| SDA | Seventh Day Adventist |
| SDC | Special Detention Centre |
| SEARC | Southeast Asia Research Centre |
| SEARIN | South East Asia Rivers Network |
| SHRF | Shan Human Rights Foundation |
| SID | Special Investigations Department |
| SLORC | State Law and Order Restoration Council |
| SMNC | Sangha Maha Navaka Committee |
| SNLD | Shan Nationalities League for Democracy |
| SPDC | State Peace and Development Council |
| SPIF | Special Police Information Force |
| SSA | Shan State Army |
| SSNA |
Shan State National Army |
| STD | Sexually Transmitted Disease |
| SUARAM | Suara Rakyat Malaysia |
| SWAN | Shan Women's Action Network |
| SYCB | Student Youth Congress of Burma |
| SYUF | Student and Youth Union Front |
| TB | Tuberculosis |
| TBBC | Thai Burma Border Consortium |
| TPDC | Township Peace and Development Council |
| U.S. | United States |
| UDHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| UN | United Nations |
| UNA | United Nationals Alliance |
| UNAIDS | Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Program |
| UNESCO | United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| UNFPA | United Nations Population Fund |
| UNHCR | United Nations High Commission on Refugees |
| UNICEF | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund |
| UNLD-LA | United Nationalities League for Democracy – Liberated Area |
| UPE | Universalization of Primary Education |
| USA | United States of America |
| USCRI | U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |
| USDA | Union Solidarity and Development Association |
| UWSA | United Wa State Army |
| UXO | Un-Exploded Ordinance |
| VBSW | Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors |
| VOA | Voice of America |
| VPDC | Village Peace and Development Council |
| WCDRB | Working Committee for Demonstration Restoration in Burma |
| WFP | World Food Program |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WLB | Women's League of Burma |
| WNA | Wa National Army |
| WNO |
Wa National Organisation |
| YCOWA |
Yaung Chi Oo Workers’ Association |
| YMA | Young Mizo Association |
Abbreviations
|
a.k.a |
also known as |
|
approx. |
approximately |
|
Brig. |
Brigadier |
|
Capt. |
Captain |
|
Comdr. |
Commander |
|
Col. |
Colonel |
|
Cpl. |
Corporal |
|
ft. |
feet |
|
Gen. |
General |
|
Ind. |
Independent |
|
Lt. |
Lieutenant |
|
kg. |
Kilogram |
|
km. |
Kilometer |
|
Maj. |
Major |
|
m. |
meter |
|
mm. |
millimeter |
|
n.a. |
not available |
|
Rev. |
Reverend |
|
Sd. |
Signed with signature |
|
Sgt. |
Sergeant |
|
sq. |
square |
Terms
|
baht |
monetary unit of Thailand (see “Measurements”) |
|
Bo |
military commander |
|
crore |
monetary unit of India (see "Measurements") |
|
Daw |
an honorific used to address an adult female |
|
furlong |
(see “Measurements”) |
|
Kawthoolei |
Karen name for the Karen nation |
|
Khun |
polite form of address in the Thai language |
|
Ko |
Burmese form of address to a young male |
|
kyat |
monetary unit in Burma |
|
longyi |
Burmese word for sarong |
|
Ma |
Burmese form of address to a young female |
|
Mahn |
Burmese form of address to a Karen male |
|
Maung |
Burmese form of address to a young male |
|
Mehm/Min |
form of address to a young Mon male |
|
Mi |
form of address to a Mon female |
|
Nai |
Burmese form of address to an adult Mon male |
|
Naw |
Burmese form of address to a Karen female |
|
plah |
Karen measurement of distance, from elbow to fingertip (1 plah is under 2 feet) |
|
pya |
100 pyas = 1 kyats |
|
pyi |
eight-condensed-milk tins |
|
Sai |
Burmese form of address to a young Shan male |
|
Sangha |
Buddhist order of monks |
|
Sao |
male of Shan royal descent |
|
Saw |
form of address to a Karen male |
|
Sayadaw |
presiding monk of a Buddhist monastery |
|
Shwedagon |
The Great Pagoda in Rangoon |
|
Tatmadaw |
Burmese Armed Forces |
|
Thakin |
master; lord (used to address the British colonial rulers; later politicized by the Burmese independence movement in the 1930s) |
|
tickle |
(see “Measurements”) |
|
tin |
(see “Measurements”) |
|
tract (village) |
area consisting of 4-6 villages |
|
U |
an honorific used to address an adult male in Burma |
|
viss |
(see “Measurements”) |
Measurements
|
acre |
1 acre = 4,840 sq. yards = 0.407 hectare |
|
|
2.471 acres = 11,960 sq. yards = 1 hectare |
|
|
640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 2.590 sq. kilometers |
|
baht |
1 baht = 100 satang |
|
crore |
1 crore = 10 million |
|
FEC |
1 FEC = US$1 = kyat 6.5 (official) |
|
|
1 FEC = kyat 750 (unofficial) |
|
furlong |
1 furlong = 220 yards (1/8) mile = 201 meters |
|
lakh |
1 lakh = 100,000 |
|
tin |
1 tin = 16 pyi |
|
1 pyi |
(rice/condensed milk tin) = approx. 250 ml |
|
viss |
1 viss = 3.6 lbs = 1.633 kg |
|
|
622.22 viss = 1 long ton (2,240 lbs) = 1.016 metric tons |
NOTE ABOUT SPELLINGS:
Since there are no standardized transcriptions in the Roman alphabet for Burmese, Mon, and other ethnic languages, words are spelt in a variety of ways, according to different spelling conventions or by how they sound. In addition, spellings have further been confused by the ruling junta’s official Burmanization of well-known English terminology (e.g. Myanmar for Burma).
In order to avoid confusion and politicization, this report will restrict its use of language to the established and more widely-accepted anglicized spellings.
A list of alternative spellings are provided as follows:
Ayeyarwady: Irrawaddy
Bagan: Pagan
Bago: Pegu
Bamar: Burman
Dawei: Tavoy
Hinthada: Henzada
Hpa-an: Pa-an
Kayah: Karenni
Kayin: Karen
Kyaing Don: Kengtung
Magway: Magwe
Mawlamyine: Moulmein
Muang Tai: Mong Tai
Myeit: Mergui
Myanmar: Burma
Pathein: Bassein
Pyay: Prome
Sittoung: Sittaung
Sittwe, Sittway: Akyab
Tanintharyi: Tenasserim
Thandwai: Sandoway
Thanlwin: Salween River
Taungyin: Moei River
Yangon: Rangoon
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