Economy
-
Economy: general, analytical, statistical
-
Burmese Economists on the Burmese Economy
-
National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar (NWR), Naypyitaw, 19–21 August, 2011
These are papers we believe were presented at the Workshop, though not all of them refer to the NWR. We have dated them all 21 August 2011, the last day of the NWR, though some of them may have been written earlier. Some items are sourced to the Workshop, and some to a ministry or other institution, where known.
Individual Documents
| Title: | | 2015 AEC: Opportunities and Challenges, August 19-21, 2011 |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | 1. AEC သမိုငး္ ေနာက္ခံႏွင့္ အက်ဥ္း
2. အခြင့္အလမ္းႏွင့္ အားသာခ်က္မ်ား
3. စိန္ေခၚမႈႏွင့္ ကြာဟခ်က္မ်ား
4. လမ္းျပေျမပုံ-၂ ႏွင့္ အၾကံျပဳခ်က္မ်ား...
ေအအီးစီ ၂၀၁၅ - နိဒါန္း...
- ေအအီးစီ = အီးယူ ၿပီးလ်ွင္ အႀကီးမားဆံုး
စီးပြားေရး ေပါင္းစည္းမႈဆိုင္ရာ အားထုတ္ခ်က္
- ၂၀၁၄ အာဆီယံ ဥကၠဌမွသည္ ၂၀၁၅ သို႔
- ၂၀၁၅ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အသြင္ကးူ ေျပာင္းမႈ ဒုတိယသက္တန္း
- ၂၀၁၅ ရာစုႏွစ္ ဖြံ ့ၿဖိဳးမႈ ဦးတည္ခ်က္ မ်ားျပည့္မွီေရး Millennium Development Goals
- လမ္းျပေျမပံု - ၂ - ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈမွသည္ညီၫြတ္မႈသို႔ |
| Author/creator: | | U Zaw Oo ဦးေဇာ္ဦး |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Zaw Oo: Chiang Mai University |
| Format/size: | | pdf (247K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 24 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | A Study on Myanmar's Fiscal Performance/ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ၏ ရ-သုံးေငြစာရင္းကုိ ေလ့လာျခင္း |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္၏ စီးပြားေရးဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္မႈ အတြက္ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲေရးဆုိင္ရာ အမ်ဳိးသားအဆင့္ အလုပ္႐ုံ ေဆြးေႏြးပဲြ... ျမန္မာအျပည္ျပည္ဆုိင္ရာ ကြန္ဗင္းရွင္း ဗဟုိဌာန (MICC) ေနျပည္ေတာ္၊ ၂ဝ၁၁ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ (၁၉-၂၁)ရက္... ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ၏ ရ-သုံးေငြစာရင္းကုိ ေလ့လာျခင္း (A Study on Myanmar’s Fiscal Performance) |
| Author/creator: | | U San Thein (ျပဳစုတင္ျပသူ – ဦးစံသိန္း) |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Central Statistical Organization. |
| Format/size: | | pdf (101K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 24 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Banking Development in Myanmar / ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ ဘဏ္လုပ္ငန္း က႑တိုးတက္ျဖစ္ေပၚမႈ |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ဘ႑ာေရးႏွင့္ အခြန္၀န္ႀကီးဌာန... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ဗဟိုဘဏ္... ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ ဘဏ္လုပ္ငန္း က႑တိုးတက္ျဖစ္ေပၚမႈ ... ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားစြမ္းေဆာင္မႈအရည္ေအေသြးျမင့္မားရန္၊...
ပုဂၢလိကစီးပြားေရးက႑က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ျပန္႔တိုးတက္ေစရန္၊...
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ေဒသအသီးသီးဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေစရန္၊ ... ဘဏ္လုပ္ငန္းသည္စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားအတြက္အဓိကေမာင္းႏွင္အား... ဘဏ္သမိုင္း ... ေစ်းကြက္စီးပြားေရးစနစ္အတြက္ဘဏ္မ်ားတည္ေထာင္ျခင္း... ေစ်းကြက္စီးပြားေရးစနစ္အတြက္ဘဏ္ဥပေဒမ်ားျပဌာန္းျခင္း ... ေစ်းကြက္စီးပြားေရးစနစ္အတြက္ဘဏ္မ်ားတည္ေထာင္ျခင္း ... အပ္ေငြလုပ္ငန္း ... ေခ်းေငြလုပ္ငန္း ... ေခ်းေငြအမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ား ... ေငြေခ်းသည့္နည္းလမ္းမ်ား ... အာမခံအမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ား ... ဘဏ္ဝန္ေဆာင္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ... ဘဏ္မ်ားကိုႄကီးႄကပ္ျခင္း ... ဘဏ္မ်ားတည္ျငိမ္မရွိေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း ... ဘဏ္မ်ားကိုအကဲျဖတ္ျခင္း ... ဘဏ္၏ဆံုးရႈံုးႏိုင္ေျခ စီမံခန္႔ခြဲျခင္း... ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ဘဏ္ႏွင့္ ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္ မ်ား၏ အပ္ေငြမ်ားအား ႏွိုင္းယွဥ္မွုအေျခအေန ... ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ဘဏ္ႏွင့္ ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္ မ်ား၏ ေခ်းေငြမ်ားအား ႏွိုင္းယွဥ္မွုအေျခအေန ... ၃၁•၃•၂ဝ၁၁ ရက္ေန့႐ိွ ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ဘဏ္ႏွင့္ ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္မ်ား၏ လုပ္ငန္း အမ်ိဳးအစား အလိုက္ေခ်းေငြ ထုတ္ေခ်းထားမွဳ အေျချပဂရပ္ ... ၃၁•၃•၂ဝ၁၁ ရက္ေန့႐ိွ ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ဘဏ္ႏွင့္ ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္မ်ား၏ အာမခံ အမ်ိဳးအစား အလိုက္ေခ်းေငြ ထုတ္ေခ်းထားမွဳ အေျချပဂရပ္ ... ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္ဘဏ္ႏွင့္ ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္မ်ား ထည့္ဝင္ၿပီး မတည္ေငြရင္း၊ အပ္ေငြႏွင့္ေခ်းေငြ အေျခအေန
၃၁•၃•၁၉၉၄ မွ ၃၁•၃•၂ဝ၁၁ အထိ... ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္မ်ား၏ (၃၁•၃•၁၉၉၄) မွ (၃၁•၃•၂ဝ၁၁) ရက္ေန့ထိ ထည့္ဝင္ၿပီး မတည္ေငြရင္း၊ အပ္ေငြႏွင့္ေခ်းေငြ အေျခအေန ... ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္မ်ား၏ အရင္း/ အတိုးေပး ဆပ္ရန္ ပ်က္ ကြက္ေသာေခ်းေငြမ်ား အခ်ိဳး ၃၁•၃•၂ဝဝ၂ မွ၃၁•၃•၂ဝ၁၁ အထိ ... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဘဏ္မ်ားအသင္း ... ဘဏ္္လုပ္ငန္း ကၽြမ္းက်င္ သူမ်ားေမြး ထုတ္ျခင္း... Banking Network ... Payment System Development ... Myanmar Payment Union Card (MPU Debit Card) ... Deposit Insurance ... ဆက္လက္ေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ... |
| Author/creator: | | U Thein Zaw ဦးသိန္းေဇာ္ (ညႊန္ၾကားေရးမွဴး) |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Ministry of Finance and Revenue, Central Bank of Myanmar |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.27MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 27 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Cures |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract:
"The paper stresses the need to keep the issue of corruption in view in the
development agenda. It discusses the causes and consequences of corruption,
especially in the context of a least developed country, with an economy under
considerable regulation and central direction. Lack of transparency, accountability
and consistency, as well as institutional weaknesses such as in the legislative and
judicial systems, provide a fertile ground for growth of rent seeking activities in such
a country. In addition to the rise of the underground economy and the high social
costs associated with corruption, its adverse consequences on income distribution,
consumption pattern, investment, government budget and on economic reforms are
discussed in the paper. The paper also touches upon the supply side of bribery and
its international dimensions and presents some thoughts on how to address the
corruption issue and to try to bring it under control." |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (90K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 17 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Economy and Social development: Reform in the Agricultural Sector |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | “စီးပြားေရးႏွင့္လူမႈဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရးအတြက္စိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးက႑၏ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ား” ... ေရဆင္းစိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးတကၠသိုလ္ ... လူမႈစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈအတြက္
စိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးက႑၏အေရးပါမႈ... ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲခဲ့ေသာမူဝါဒအခ်ိဳ႕ ... စိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးက႑ဆိုင္ရာမူဝါဒ ... ဖြံ႕ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္မွဳ နည္းဗ်ဴဟာမ်ား ... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ စားနပ္ရိကၡာ (ဆန္) ဖူလံုမႈႏွင့္စားသံုးမႈ ... အာရွနိုင္ငံအခ်ိဳ႔၏တစ္ဦးက်ဆန္စားသံုးမႈႏႈိင္းယွဥ္ျခင္း ... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏စားနပ္ရိကၡာ (ဆန္) ဖူလံုမႈႏွင့္စားသံုးမႈ ... တုိင္း/ျပည္နယ္မ်ား၏ စပါးစိုက္ဧရိယာေျပာင္းလဲမႈ ... ၂ဝဝ၃ခုႏွစ္၊ဆန္တင္ပို႔မႈမူဝါဒသစ္ ... ကြာျခားခ်က္မ်ားေသာ ဆန္တင္ပို႔မႈတိုးတက္ႏႈန္းထား ... စိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးက႑ဖြံျဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရးနည္းဗ်ဴဟာ ... ဆန္စားသံုးမႈႏွင့္ျပည္ပတင္ပို႔မႈအခ်ိဳးအစား ... စိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးက႑အတြက္ SWOT Analysis ... ဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးမႈနည္းဗ်ဴဟာႏွင့္ေမခရိုေပၚလစီ ... ျမန္မာ့လယ္ယာဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးေရးဘဏ္ မွႏွစ္အလုိက္ေခ်းေငြမ်ား (က်ပ္သန္းေပါင္း) ... ေက်းလက္ေဒသအေသးစားေငြေခ်းဝန္ေဆာင္မွုလုပ္ငန္း ... |
| Author/creator: | | Daw Theingi Myint ေဒၚသိဂႌျမင့္ |
| Language: | | Burmese (ျမန္မာဘာသာ) |
| Source/publisher: | | ေရဆင္းစိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးတကၠသိုလ္ Yezin Agricultural University- Myanmar |
| Format/size: | | pdf (3MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Establishing a more Favourable Economic Environment for Private Sector Development |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ပုဂၢလိက က႑ ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရးအတြက္ ျပည္စံုေကာင္းမြန္ေသာ စီးပြားေရး ဝန္းက်င္ ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ေရး... ပုဂၢလိကလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၏အခန္းက႑... လက္ရိွစီးပြားေရး ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္တြင္ ပုဂၢလိကက႑ ေတြ႕ၾကံဳေနရေသာ
စိန္ေခၚမႈမ်ား... လက္ရိွစီးပြားေရး ဝန္းက်င္ေကာင္းမြန္ေအာင္ စဥ္းစားသင့္သည့္ အခ်က္မ်ား... ပုဂၢလိကက႑ ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရး အတြက္ လိုအပ္ေသာ စီးပြားေရး မူဝါဒမ်ားအေပၚအၾကံျပဳခ်က္... ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္ ေစ်းကြက္ စီးပြားေရး စနစ္ကို စတင္က်င့္သံုးသည့္အခ်ိန္မွစတင္၍ စီးပြားေရး က႑တိုင္း တြင္ ေစ်းကြက္ စီးပြားေရးစနစ္ (Market Economic System) ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ႏုိင္ေရး အတြက္ ဦးစားေပး လုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ့သည့္ အခ်က္ မ်ား...၁) ဗဟိုစီးပြားေရးခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္မႈေလွ်ာ့ခ်ျခင္း (Decentralization economic control) ၂) ေစ်းႏႈန္းထိမ္းခ်ဳပ္မႈမ်ား ပယ္ဖ်က္ျခင္း (Abolishing Price Control) ၃) ႏိုင္ငံျခားရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈမ်ားခြင့္ျပဳျခင္း (Allowing Foreign Direct Investment) ၄) ပုဂၢလိကဘဏ္မ်ား လုပ္ေဆာင္ခြင့္ျပဳျခင္း၊ ၅) ဆန္စပါးလုပ္ငန္းအား လြတ္လပ္စြာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခြင့္ျပဳျခင္း၊
၆) အေျခခံအေဆာက္အအံုဆိုင္ရာ ဖံြ႕ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈကို ပ့ံ ပိုး ျခင္း (Improving Infrastructure)... ၁၉၉၅ ခုႏွစ္မွစ၍ႏုိင္ငံပုိင္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားအား ပုဂၢလိက အသြင္ ကူးေျပာင္းေရး (Privatization) ကုိ စတင္လုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ့ရာ ပုဂၢလိက အသြင္ကူးေျပာင္းေရး လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားမွာ အရွိန္ရလာၿပီ ျဖစ္ပါ သည္။... ျပည္တြင္းအသားတင္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈတန္ဖုိးတြင္ ပုဂၢ လိကက႑ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈမွာ ၉၁ % ပါ၀င္ပါသည္။ |
| Author/creator: | | U Win Aung ဦး၀င္းေအာင္ |
| Language: | | Burmese (ျမန္မာဘာသာ), English |
| Source/publisher: | | Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.9MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Future Economy and Social Development စက္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရးႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး မူ၀ါဒ |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | စီးပြားေရးႏွင့္ လူမႈဘ၀ ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈ ပိုမိုရရွိေရး အတြက္ ေမခရိုစီးပြားေရး မူ၀ါဒျမႇင့္တင္ေရး ဆိုင္ရာ အမ်ဳိးသား အဆင့္ အလုပ္ရံုေဆြးေႏြးပြဲ ... "စက္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳး တိုးတက္ေရးႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး မူ၀ါဒ" စာတမ္းျပဳစုသူ- ဦးစိုးသိန္း (ဥကၠဌ -စက္မႈလုပ္ငန္း ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရးေကာ္မတီ)... (၁)
နိဒါန္း...(၂) နိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ စီးပြားေရး ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈ နွင့္ စက္မႈက႑...(၃)
စက္မႈ လုပ္ငန္း ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရးေကာ္မတီ (၄) နိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ စီးပြားေရး ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳး တိုးတက္ ရန္ စီးပြားေရး မူ၀ါဒ ျပုျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲေရး (၅) အခြန္အေကာက္မ်ား အေျခ အေန (၆) မူ၀ါဒ ဆိုင္ရာ အၾကံျပုခ်က္ (၇) နိဂံုး (၈)ေမး ခြန္း မ်ား ျပန္လည္ေျဖၾကားျခင္း... နိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ စီးပြားေရး ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈ တြင္ စက္မႈလက္မႈက႑သည္ လြန္စြာ အေရးပါေနသည့္ အတြက္ေအာက္ပါ က႑မ်ားအား အထူးအေလး ထားေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ လိုအပ္ေၾကာင္းေတြ့ရိွ ရပါသည္- (၁) လယ္ယာ၊ သားငါး ထြက္ပစၥည္း မ်ားျပုျပင္ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ (Processing Industry) (၂)စက္မႈကုန္ပစၥည္း ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ (Manufacturing Industry) (၃)သတၱဳတြင္းထြက္ ပစၥည္းမ်ား ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ (Mining Industry) (၄) လူသံုးကုန္ပစၥည္း မ်ား ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ (Consumer Goods Industry) (၅)ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရး လုပ္ငန္း (Construction Industry) (၆)၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ လုပ္ငန္း (Services Industries –Logistics & Transport) (၇) သတင္းနွင့္ နည္းပညာ လုပ္ငန္း (IT Industry)... စက္မႈက႑ဟုဆို ရာတြင္ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈကို သာေဆာင္ရြက္သည့္ စက္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား သာမက ထုတ္လုပ္မႈေဆာင္ရြက္သည့္ စက္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား အား၀န္ေဆာင္ မႈျဖင့္ ပံ့ပိုးသည့္ စက္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား အားလံုး ပါ၀င္လ်က္ စက္မႈက႑ ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရး ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ လ်က္ရိွ ပါသည္။
နိုင္ငံပိုင္ ၀န္ၾကီးဌာနမ်ား အေနျဖင့္ အမွတ္(၁) စက္မႈ ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန၊ အမွတ္(၂) စက္မႈ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန တို့သည္ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈအပိုင္း ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ လ်က္ရိွျပီး၊
ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရး ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန၊ စြမ္းအင္၀န္ၾကီးဌာန၊ ရထားပို့ေဆာင္ေရး ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန၊ သိပၸံနွင့္ နည္းပညာ ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန၊ ဆက္သြယ္ေရး၊ စာတိုက္နွင့္ေၾကးနန္း ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန၊ အမွတ္ (၁) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန၊ အမွတ္ (၂) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား ၀န္ၾကီးဌာန တို့သည္ စက္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရး အတြက္ အေထာက္အကူျပု သည့္ စြမ္းအင္၊ လွ်ပ္စစ္၊ လမ္းတံတား ဆက္သြယ္ေရးဆိုင္ရာ Infrastructure ပိုင္း တိုးတက္ေရး အတြက္ တာ၀န္ယူလ်က္ စီမံကိန္းမ်ားျဖင့္ အသီးသီး အေကာင္ အထည္ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ လ်က္ ရိွပါသည္။ |
| Author/creator: | | U Soe Thein ဦးစိုးသိန္း |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Government of the Union of Myanmar: Industrial Development Committee |
| Format/size: | | pdf (757.14K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 27 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | GDP Growth Rates: Myammar and Selected Asian Countries |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | "During the fifty years after independence and before onset of the new millennium,
there have been 5 instances of double digit GDP growth – twice in the nineteen-fifties (1950
and 1956) and three times in the nineteen-sixties (1962, 1964 and 1967). In all these
instances, a double digit growth year, has always been either immediately preceded by, or is followed by, a negative growth year. For instance, real growth of 12.9% in fiscal 1950 was
preceded by a -5% real GDP decline in fiscal 1949 and a further -10% fall in fiscal 1948.
Similarly, 13% growth in fiscal 1962 was followed by a decline of -6.1% in fiscal 1963.
For three decades preceding fiscal 1999/00, there has never been a single event of
double digit real GDP growth..." |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (79K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 06 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | IMF, U.S. Dollar, and Global Financial Crisis |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | "Aims off present workshop
1. To distinguish between a disease and its
symptoms.
2. The idea that the global crisis represents a
warning that something is very wrong with
the present world financial system.
3. If so, what is basically wrong with the
present system?
4. How can this wrong be corrected?
5. How does all this affect poor countries?..." The presentation looks at the international financial system and and the "Bottom Billion" (BB) |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (329K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 17 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Improving the communications sector as a support for the development of the state economy |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျပည္ေထာင္စုသမၼတ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ အစိုးရ၊ ဆက္သြယ္ေရး၊ စာတိုက္ႏွင့္ ေၾကးနန္း၀န္ႀကီးဌာန... ဆက္သြယ္မႈက႑အား ပိုမိုတိုးတက္ေအာင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေစျခင္းျဖင့္ ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္၏ စီးပြားေရး ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈကို အဓိက အေထာက္အကူျပဳေစသည္။ (၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္၊ ၾသဂုတ္လ) (စာတမ္းျပဳစုသူ- ဦးေက်ာ္စိုး- ေက်ာင္းအုပ္ႀကီး ေၾကးနန္းဆက္သြယ္ေရးႏွင့္ စာတိုက္သင္တန္းေက်ာင္း - ျမန္မာ့ဆက္သြယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္း) ... ဆက္သြယ္ေရး က႑ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ား ... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဆက္သြယ္ေရးက႑... ေလ့လာေတြ႔ရွိခ်က္မ်ား... |
| Author/creator: | | U Kyaw Soe ဦးေက်ာ္စိုး |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Ministry of Post and Telecommunication: Telecommunication and Post Training School |
| Format/size: | | pdf (831.55 K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 27 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Investment and Trade |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ စီးပြားေရး ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲရာတြင အေရးပါသည့္ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈႏွင့္ ကုန္သြယ္မႈ က႑ ... ထုတ္ကုန္ပစၥည္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ထုတ္ကုန္ေစ်းကြက္... တရားမ၀င္ကုန္သြယ္ေရးလမ္ေၾကာင္း... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ႏိုင္ငံျခားရင္းႏွီးျမွဳပ္ႏွံမႈက႑ ... ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲရန္လိုအပ္ေသာ အခ်က္မ်ား... |
| Author/creator: | | U Set Aung ဦးဆက္ေအာင္ [B.Sc,MBA,M.Sc Banking & Finance(Scotland), M.Sc Investment Management(London), International Consultant Vice Principle & Director, Asia Language & Business Academy(Director), AWRI-Research Institut |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (290K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 24 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Investment Opportunities |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | စီးပြားေရး ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈအတြက္ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈဆုိင္ရာ အမ်ဳိးသားအဆင့္ အလုပ္ရံု ေဆြးေႏြးပြဲ... ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈ အခြင့္အလမ္းမ်ား... |
| Author/creator: | | Daw Mya Thuza ေဒၚျမသူဇာ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development: |
| Format/size: | | pdf (215K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 24 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Investment Opportunities (presentation) |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ရင္းနွီးျမွုပ္နွံမွုအခြင့္အလမ္းမ်ား ... ၂၀၁၁ ခုနွစ္၊ ျသဂုတ္လ ... နိုင္ငံေတာ္ စီးပြားေရး ဖြံ့ျဖိုးတိုးတက္မွု တြင္ ရင္းနွီးျမွုပ္နွံမွု ၏ အေရးပါပုံ... ရင္းနွီးျမွုပ္နွံမွု တိုးတက္ေရး အတြက္ ေဆာင္ရြက္မွုမ်ား... ျမန္မာ အထူး စီးပြားေရးဇုန္ ဥပေဒ... ရင္းနွီးျမွုပ္နွံသူ၏ အထူးအခြင့္အေရးမ်ား ... အခြန္ဆိုင္ရာ ကင္းလြတ္ခြင့္နွင့္ သက္သာခြင့္မ်ား... ေျမအသုံးခ်နိုင္မွု... ခြင့္ျပုမိန့္ေလ်ွာက္ ထားရာ တြင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္ အစီအစဥ္မ်ား... |
| Author/creator: | | Daw Mya Thu Zar (ေဒၚျမသူဇာ) |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development |
| Format/size: | | pdf (484K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 01 January 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Job and Employment Opportunities |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | Overview of the labour aspects of the economy |
| Author/creator: | | U Chit Sein |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19–21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (757K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 17 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Job Security and Employment Opportunity |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | အလုပ္အကိုင္ရရွိမႈႏွင့္ အခြင့္အလမ္း ရပိုင္ခြင့္မ်ား... အလုပ္သမားေရးရာ စာရင္းအင္းမ်ားကို ေလ့လာျခင္း၊... အလုပ္အကိုင္ႏွင့္ဆက္စပ္ ၍ ဆင္းရဲမႈ ေလ်ာ့ခ်ျခင္း၊... ျပည္တြင္း၊ ျပည္ပအလုပ္အကိုင္ ရရွိေရးႏွင့္ အခြင့္အလမ္းမ်ား
တိုးတက္ေကာင္း မြန္ ေရး ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးျခင္း၊...ႏိုင္ငံအဆင့္ ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈ “စံ” သတ္မွတ္ျပဌာန္း၍ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ လုပ္သားမ်ား ေမြး ထုတ္ ေပး ရန္ ေဆာင္ ရြက္ျခင္း၊... |
| Author/creator: | | U Chit Sein ဦးခ်စ္စိန္ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Ministry of Labour |
| Format/size: | | pdf (118K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar and Political Economy of Development |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | pdf version of a powerpoint presentation |
| Author/creator: | | Tin Maung Maung Than |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (149K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 January 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar Investment |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | စီးပြားေရး ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈအတြက္ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈဆိုင္ရာ အမ်ဳိးသားအဆင့္ အလုပ္ရံုေဆြးေႏြးပြဲ (ေနျပည္ေတာ္) - ရင္းႏွီးျမႇပ္ႏွံမႈ အခြင့္အလန္းမ်ား ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ (၂၀) |
| Author/creator: | | Daw Mya Thu Zar (ေဒၚျမသူဇာ) |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development: Directorate of Investment and Company Administration |
| Format/size: | | pdf (79K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 25 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar Kyat Exchange Rate Issue (English) |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | "1. There has been a consistent and sharp appreciation of the kyat dollar exchange rate for the past few
months.3 This has caused problems. The extent of the kyat exchange rate appreciation and its impact
on costs and returns in some key sectors of the Myanmar economy are presented in a paper prepared by
U Set Aung4, a member of the President's Economic Advisory Team. These matters are therefore not
discussed here. Instead, three issues have been taken up in this paper. They are:
2. First, to explain why a currency’s exchange rate can rapidly appreciate and how this causes
problems;
3. Second, to suggest measures that are to be undertaken immediately to deal with the kyat exchange
rate appreciation problem presently facing Myanmar, in order to restore business and investor
confidence in the exchange rate, and to prevent the situation from getting out of hand; and
4. Third, the current kyat exchange rate problem presents a good opportunity to initiate the process of
reform of the exchange rate regime in Myanmar. The objective of the reform is to establish a foreign
exchange market in Myanmar that meets international standards and where the exchange rate is
relatively stable, is market-determined, and becomes a useful tool of macroeconomic management for
the Central Bank of Myanmar. A suggestion on how to start this reform process is briefly presented in
this paper..." |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19–21 August, 2011 via Mizzima.com |
| Format/size: | | pdf (133K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 17 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar Railway System |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျမန္မာ့မီးရထား လက္ရွိအေျခအေနႏွင့္ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈဆိုင္ရာ ဆန္းစစ္သံုးသပ္ခ်က္ (presentation) |
| Author/creator: | | U Kyi Aye ဦးၾကည္ေအး |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Ministry Of Rail Transportation |
| Format/size: | | pdf (109K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 25 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar Railway System (Annex - list of present and future railways) |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | အေကာင္အထည္ေဖာ္ ေဖာက္လုပ္ဆဲရထားလမ္းသစ္ စီမံကိန္းမ်ား ၏ ေဖာက္ လုပ္ရမည့္ ခရီးမိုင္၊ေဖာက္လုပ္ဖြင့္ လွစ္ျပီးခရီးမိုင္၊ ေဖာက္လုပ္ဆဲ ခရီးမိုင္စာရင္း... ျမန္မာ့မီးရထား လူစီးတြဲ အမ်ိုးအစားမ်ားနွင့္ သက္တမ္း အေျချပ ဇယား... ျမန္မာ့မီးရထား ကုန္တြဲ အမ်ိုးအစား မ်ားနွင့္ သက္တမ္း အေျချပ ဇယား... ကြန္ကရိ ဇလီဖား ထုတ္လုပ္မွု စက္ရုံမ်ား...နွစ္အလိုက္ ရထားေျပးဆြဲမွုအေျခအေန... |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Ministry Of Rail Transportation |
| Format/size: | | Excel (175K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 01 January 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar Railway Thesis about Present Situation & Reformation |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျမန္မာ့မီးရထား လက္ရွိအေျခအေန နွင့္ ျပုျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမွုဆိုင္ရာ ဆန္းစစ္ သုံးသပ္ခ်က္... ျမန္မာ့မီးရထား၏ အဓိကတာ၀န္... ျမန္မာ့မီးရထား၏ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္ တာ၀န္... ျမန္မာ့မီးရထား၏ လက္ရွိပိုင္ဆိုင္မွုမ်ား ... ဝန္ေဆာင္မွုေပးျခင္းနွင့္ ဝင္ငြေရွာဖြေျခင္း ... ဝင္ငြေနွင့္ အသုံးစရိတ္အေျခအေန ... ရထားလုပ္ငန္းကုန္က်စရိတ္ ... ကုန္က်စရိတ္ေလွ်ာ့ ခ်ေရးနွင့္ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ျမင့္မားေရး... စိန္ေခၚမွုမ်ား ... |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Ministry Of Rail Transportation |
| Format/size: | | pdf (183.58K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 30 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar: Pattern of Household Consumption Expenditure |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of
Myanmar
Myanmar International Convention Center (MICC)
Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011....."...The household income and expenditure survey of 1997 further reveals that average
incomes of families in many parts of Myanmar are inadequate to meet household
consumption expenditures.9 Table (2) shows that except in Yangon and Ayeyarwady
divisions, estimated monthly incomes of average households were insufficient to cover
consumption costs in the remaining 12 states and divisions. The situation appears
particularly acute in Kayah, Shan, Magway, Rakhine, and Sagaing state/divisions where
estimated incomes accounted for between 42% to 57% of the respective expenditures. For
the country as a whole the income of the average family can only meet 73% of its
consumption expenditure..." |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (48K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 06 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Performance for Capital Market Development (ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ အရင္းအႏွီးေစ်းကြက္ ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရး ေဆာင္ရြက္မႈမ်ား) |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | စီးပြားေရး စနစ္အတြင္း ထုတ္လုပ္ျခင္း၊ စားသံုးျခင္း၊ စုေဆာင္းျခင္း ႏွင့္ ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံျခင္း စသည့္ စီးပြားေရး လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္မ်ားရွိရာ ေငြေရးေၾကးေရး အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားသည္ ေငြပိုေငြလွ်ံ ရွိသူမ်ားႏွင့္ လုပ္ငန္းအတြက္ အရင္းအႏွီးလိုအပ္သူမ်ားအၾကား္ ေပါင္းစပ္ညႇိႏိႈင္းေပးေသာ ၾကားခံ အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကပါသည္။ စုေဆာင္းမႈ က႑မွ ေငြပိုေငြလွ်ံမ်ားကို ရယူစုစည္းၿပီး ... ေငြေရးေၾကးေရးေစ်းကြက္ (Financial Market) ေငြေရးေၾကးေရး ေစ်းကြက္တြင္ ေငြေၾကးေစ်းကြက္ (Money Market) ႏွင့္ အရင္းအႏွီးေစ်းကြက္ (Capital Market) ဟူ၍ (၂)ပိုင္းပါ၀င္ပါသည္။ |
| Author/creator: | | U Nay Aye [Deputy Governor-Central bank of Myanmar] ဦးေနေအး |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Central bank of Myanmar(Nay Pyi Taw) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (102K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Population and Labour Force |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ႏုိင္ငံလူဦးေရႏွင့္ လုပ္သားအင္အား ခန္႔မွန္းမႈ ... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ လူဦးေရ သမိုင္း ... လူဦးေရေျပာင္းလဲမႈ ျဖစ္စဥ္ ... လူဦးေရ တြင္ လုပ္သားအင္အားပါ၀င္မႈ အခ်ိဳးအစား... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ လုပ္သားအင္အားကို စစ္တမ္းမ်ားအေပၚတြင္ အေျခခံ၍ ခန္႔မွန္ျခင္း... အေရွ႔ေတာင္အာရွ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ေလ့လာခ်က္... |
| Author/creator: | | U Nyi Nyi ဦးညီညီ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | Immigration and Manpower Department ? |
| Format/size: | | pdf (572K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Production and Incomming Statistics Reforms |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | တုိုင္းျပည္၏ ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ စြမ္းအားႏွင့္ တိုင္းျပည္၀င္ေငြဆိုင္ရာ စာရင္းဇယားမ်ားအတြက္ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲရန္လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ား (စာတမ္းရွင္- ေဒၚ၀င္းျမင့္- ဒုတိယညႊန္ၾကားေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ စီမံကန္းေရးဆြဲေရး ဦးစီးဌာန) ... အမ်ဳိးသားစီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈ ၀န္ႀကီးဌာန ၏ေဆာင္ရြက္ ခ်က္မ်ား... ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံမႈဆိုင္ရာ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ား... တမ်ဳိးသားလံုးဆိုင္ရာ စာရင္းအင္းမ်ား... SNA စနစ္မ်ား အဆင့္ ဆင့္ေျပာင္း လဲလာမႈ ... GDP တြက္ခ်က္မႈနည္းလမ္းမ်ား ... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ GDP တြက္ခ်က္မႈ... လက္ရွိတြက္ခ်က္မႈ စနစ္၏ အားနည္းခ်က္မ်ား... ေျပာင္းလဲေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ား... ႀကံဳေတြ႔ရမည့္ အခက္အခဲမ်ား ... |
| Author/creator: | | Daw Win Myint ေဒၚ၀င္းျမင့္ |
| Language: | | Burmese (ျမန္မာဘာသာ) |
| Source/publisher: | | Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development: Planning Department |
| Format/size: | | pdf (97K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Reducing Poverty in Myanmar: the Way Forward |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | "To reduce poverty in Myanmar, it may be useful to give consideration to the following five issues:
First, in order to go forward with poverty reduction, or more generally to go anywhere, we must know where we are at present. Hence, to improve the lot of the poor people in Myanmar we should start by having a clearer idea of who these poor people are, to find out what is their situation at present, and to listen to them about their needs and desires and what they feel should be done to help reduce their state of poverty. In addition, to get a better understanding of the situation of the poor people and to improve their well-being we must draw upon the vast experience of many of our compatriots in civil society organizations and NGOs, government officials, business people, scholars, academics and foreign experts and organizations that have done a lot of work related to poverty alleviation in the country, especially in rural and border areas and also with respect to meeting special needs of disadvantaged ethnic nationalities and other distressed communities in our society.
Second, after finding out where we are at present and where we want to go, the next step will be to think of how to get there..." ....The following paper was presented to the ‘Forum on Poverty’ sponsored by the Burmese government in Naypyitaw on May 20-21, 2011... |
| Author/creator: | | Dr. U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19–21 August, 2011 via Mizzima |
| Format/size: | | pdf (173K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://mizzima.com/edop/commentary/5314-poverty-in-burma-economist-u-myint.html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 June 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Reforming Government-Business Relations in Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | Market-oriented approach...Governed Market or Statist
Approach...Governed Interdependence...Conclusion |
| Author/creator: | | Kyaw Yin Hlaing |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (21.09K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 25 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Revenue and Tax Policy in Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ၏ အခြန္အရပ္ ရပ္ေကာက္ခံရရွိ မႈႏွင့္ အခြန္ဆိုင္ရာ စီမံခန္႔ခဲြမႈ အေျခအေနကို ေလ့လာတင္ျပျခင္း (ျပည္တြင္းအခြန္မ်ားဦးစီးဌာန) ... မ်က္ေမွာက္ေခတ္ အခြန္အေကာက္စနစ္ အေျခခံမူမ်ား... ဘ႑ာေရးမူဝါဒ(Fiscal Policy) ... အခြန္မူဝါဒ( Tax Policy) ... ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ၏အခြန္အေကာက္ဖဲြ႕စည္းပံု ( Tax Structure) ... အခြန္အရပ္ရပ္ေကာက္ခံရရွိမႈ အေျခအေန... ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏အခြန္ရေငြႏွင့္ ဂ်ီဒီပီအခ်ဳိး... အခြန္ရေငြႏွင့္ဂ်ီဒီပီအခ်ဳိး နိမ့္က်ရသည့္ အေၾကာင္းအရင္းမ်ား...
အျပည္ျပည္ဆိုင္ရာေငြေၾကးရန္ပံုေငြအဖဲြ႕ (IMF) ၏ အၾကံျပဳတင္ျပခ်က္... ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ၏ အခြန္ေကာက္ခံရရွိမႈအေပၚ သံုးသပ္ျခင္း... |
| Author/creator: | | Aung Moe Kyi ေအာင္မိုးၾကည္ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | [Myanmar] Ministry of Finance and Revenue: Internal Revenue Department |
| Format/size: | | pdf (277K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 24 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Setting up a favourable Macro economic policy framework |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | Miicro and Macro Economic Policy:
1. Economic matters dealing with a household, a
business firm, or a village fall under microeconomics.
2. Economic matters dealing with the whole
economy, such as the total output of a country,
the national income, consumption, saving,
investment, national budget, balance of
payments, labour force, employment, etc.; fall
under macro-economics....
1. Generally speaking, microeconomics look at trees.
2. Macroeconomics look at forest.
3. Sometimes, by paying too much attention to trees,
we do not see the forest.
4. It can also happen, by concentrating too much on
forest, we do not see the trees.
5. Both trees and forest are important.
6. At this workshop we look at the forest, keeping in
mind trees are just as important. Because without
trees there won't be any forest. |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19 – 21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (380K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 17 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Social Welfare: ANNEX Social Welfare System/ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ လူမႈဖူလံုေရး စီမံကိန္း ႏွင့္ အနာဂါတ္ ေမွ်ာ္မွန္းခ်က္ |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ လူမႈ ဖူလံုေရး စီမံကိန္း... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ လူမႈ ဖူလံုေရး စီမံကိန္း၏မ်က္ေမွာက္ အေျခအေန... အျခားႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏ လူမႈဖူလံုေရး အက်ဳိးခံစားခြင့္မ်ားႏွင့္ ႏႈိင္းယွဥ္ေလ့လာျခင္း... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ လူမႈ ဖူလံုေရး စီမံကိန္း၏ အနာဂါတ္ ေမွ်ာမွန္းခ်က္... |
| Author/creator: | | U Yu Lwin Aung ဦးယုလြင္ေအာင္ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | MINISTRY OF SOCIAL WELFARE, RELIEF AND RESETTLEMENT: DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE |
| Format/size: | | pdf (360K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Speech by President U Thein Sein |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ စီးပြားေရး ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးမႈအတြက္ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲေရးဆိုင္ရာ အမ်ဳိးသားအဆင့္ အလုပ္ရံုေဆြးေႏြးပြဲတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ သမၼတ ေျပာၾကားသည့္ အဖြင့္မိန္႔ခြန္း (၁၉-၈- ၂၀၁၁)(19.08. 2011) |
| Author/creator: | | U Thein Sein ဦးသိန္းစိန္ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development of Myanmar, Naypyitaw, 19–21 August, 2011 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.1MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 24 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | To Implement the Fiscal Policy of the State/ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္မွ ခ်မွတ္ထားေသာ ဘ႑ာေရး မူ၀ါဒမ်ားအား အေကာင္အထည္ေဖၚျခင္း |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျပည္ေထာင္စု သမၼတ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ဘ႑ာေရးႏွင့္ အခြန္၀န္ႀကီးဌာန... ရသံုးမွန္ေျခ ေငြစာရင္း ဦးစီးဌာန... ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္မွ ခ်မွတ္ထားေသာ ဘ႑ာေရး မူ၀ါဒမ်ားအား အေကာင္အထည္ေဖၚ ေဆာင္ရြက္မႈ အေျခအေနအားသံုးသပ္တင္ျပျခင္း.... ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္၊ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၃ ရက္... |
| Author/creator: | | Dr Linn Aung ေဒါက္တာ လင္းေအာင္ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | [Myanmar] Ministry of Finance and Revenue: Budget Department |
| Format/size: | | pdf (734K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Trade |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ျမန္မာ့ကုန္သြယ္ေရးႏွင့္ ပို႔ကုန္သြင္းကုန္ ခ်ိန္ဆက္ မႈ... ျမန္မာ့ကုန္သြယ္မႈ သမိုင္း အက်ဥ္း... ပို႔ကုန္ တင္ပို႔မႈပံုံသ႑ာန္ ေျပာင္းလဲမႈ... ပို႔ကုန္ေစ်း ကြက္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈ အေျခအေန... ကုန္ဖလွယ္မႈ အခ်ိးေျပာင္းလဲမႈ အေျခအေန... ပို႔ကုန္သြင္းကုန္ ခ်ိန္ဆက္မႈ (Balance of Trade) ... လက္ရွိျမန္မာ ႏိုင္ငံ၏ ကုန္သြယ္မႈ အေျခ အေန (၂၀၀၅ ခုႏွစ္မွ ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ ထိ)... အိမ္နီးခ်င္းႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္ ကုန္သြယ္မႈအေျခအေန... ကုန္သြယ္ မႈျမႇင့္ တင္ေရး အစီအစဥ္မ်ား... |
| Author/creator: | | ေဒါက္တာထိန္လင္း Dr. Htein Lynn, [B.Com.(Hons), M.Com., Ph.D, Deputy Director, Directorate of Trade,] |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | MINISTRY OF COMMERCE |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Trade Policy / ကုန္သြယ္ေရးမူ၀ါဒ |
| Date of publication: | | 21 August 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ကုန္သြယ္မႈမူဝါဒမ်ားႏွင့္ ဖြံ႔ျဖိးမႈ ... စီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈတြင္ ကုန္သြယ္မႈ၏ အေရးပါပံု... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ကုန္သြယ္မႈမူဝါဒမ်ားႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈ သမိုင္း... အာရွႏိုင္ငံအခ်ိဳ႔၏ ကုန္သြယ္မႈ မူဝါဒမ်ားကို ေလ့လာျခင္း... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ လက္ရွိ က်င့္သံုံးေနသည့္ ကုန္သြယ္ေရး မူဝါဒ... |
| Author/creator: | | U Maung Aung ဦးေမာင္ေအာင္ |
| Language: | | Burmese/ ျမန္မာဘာသာ |
| Source/publisher: | | MINISTRY OF COMMERCE/ Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development / BIMSTEC-Japan Cooperation in Energy Sector: Myanmar Perspective |
| Format/size: | | pdf (553K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 20 October 2011 |
|
-
Studies on the Burmese economy by individual Burmese economists
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Myanmar’s new political-economic contours |
| Date of publication: | | 02 July 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | "...The realities that will define Myanmar’s political economy in the medium-term future seem to be coming into focus. For foreign firms and governments and international organizations that take Southeast Asia seriously, whose understanding of the region transcends the level that one associates with, say, the leadership of American chambers of commerce in Southeast Asian capitals or the pampered, parochial globalists-in-their-own-minds who staff the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, this is good news.
... The high Cold War in Southeast Asia is long over. But the country is beginning to present what look like familiar, even generic, contours of post-Cold War Southeast Asian political economies. It is worth tracing some eight of these contours..." |
| Author/creator: | | Myaungmya Aung Myint Myat (plus comments) |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "New Mandala" |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 04 July 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Resumption of Official Development Assistance (ODA): Views from Myanmar Perspective - Statement by U Myint |
| Date of publication: | | 01 March 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | "...the resumption of ODA flows, even if they were to come in substantial amounts, might not by themselves, help to improve the welfare of the ordinary people of Myanmar – particularly welfare of the large majority of poor people at the bottom of the income scale..." |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | WORKSHOP ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Traders Hotel, Yangon |
| Format/size: | | pdf (116K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 18 March 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) Workshop Papers |
| Date of publication: | | 17 September 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | A number of papers in English and Burmese on the Irrawaddy hydro projects. In a day or so there will be a neater and lighter version, with some details of the Burmese and English contents
အမွတ္ (၁) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား၀န္ႀကီးဌာန-Minister for Electric Power No (1)... ပညာရပ္ဆိုင္ရာ အလုပ္ရံုေဆြးေႏြးပြဲ (၃/ ၂၀၁၁) ... ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ (၁၇) ရက္ ... ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္၀ွမ္း ေရအားလွ်ပ္စစ္ စီမံကိန္း မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္ႏွင့္ သဘာ၀ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ အေပၚ သက္ေရာက္မႈ အလုပ္ရံုေဆြးေႏြးပြဲ... ၃/ ၂၀၁၁ အလုပ္ရံု ေဆြးေႏြးပြဲ ဖြင့္လွစ္ေၾကာင္း ေၾကျငာျခင္း... အမွတ္(၁) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စု၀န္ႀကီးမွ အဖြင့္ အမွာစကား ေျပာၾကားျခင္း... BANCA ဥကၠ႒ ေဒါက္တာထင္လွ မွ ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... CPIYN President Mr. Li Guanghua မွ ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း ... ေရအားလွ်ပ္စစ္စီမံေရး ဦးစီးဌာန၊ ညႊန္ၾကားေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္၊ ဦးႀကီးစိုးမွ ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... ေကာင္းေက်ာ္ေစ ကုမၸဏီမွ Chairman/ CEO ဦးထြန္းႏိုင္ေအာင္မွ ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးႏွင့္ သစ္ေတာ၀န္ႀကီးဌာန ညႊန္ၾကားေရးမွဴး၊ ဦးလွေမာင္သိန္မွ ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း ... ပို႔ေဆာင္ေရး၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ညႊန္ၾကားေရးမွဴး ဦးကိုကိုမွ ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း ... ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ထိမ္းသိမ္းေရးႏွင့္ သစ္ေတာေရးရာ ၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စု ၀န္ႀကီးမွ အႀကံျပဳေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... ပိုေဆာင္ေရး၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စု၀န္ႀကီး မွ အႀကံျပဳ ေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... သတၱဳတြင္း၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စု၀န္ႀကီးမွ အႀကံျပဳေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... လယ္ယာစိုက္ပ်ဳိးေရးႏွင့္ ဆည္ေျမာင္း၀န္ႀကီးဌာန ျပည္ေထာင္စု ဒုတိယ၀န္ႀကီးမွ အႀကံျပဳေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... အမွတ္(၂) လွ်ပ္စစ္ စြမ္းအား၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စု ဒုတိယ၀န္ႀကီးမွ အႀကံျပဳေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... ပညာရွင္မ်ားႏွင့္ လႊတ္ေတာ္ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားမွ အႀကံျပဳေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... စာနယ္ဇင္းမ်ားမွ ေမးျမန္းျခင္းႏွင့္ေျဖၾကားျခင္း... ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရင္းႏွီးျမႇပ္ႏွံမွဳေကာ္မရွင္၊ ဥကၠ႒မွ အႀကံျပဳေဆြးေႏြးျခင္း... အမွတ္(၁) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၊ ျပည္ေထာင္စု၀န္ႀကီး မွ နိဂံုးခ်ဳပ္အမွာစကားေျပာၾကားျခင္း ... |
| Language: | | Burmese (ျမန္မာဘာသာ), English |
| Source/publisher: | | Government of the Union of Myanmar: Ministry for Electric Power No (1); အမွတ္ (၁) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား၀န္ႀကီးဌာန |
| Format/size: | | pdf (11MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 16 October 2011 |
|
| Title: | | A Game of Cat and Mouse |
| Date of publication: | | February 2010 |
| Description/subject: | | Advising Burma’s generals on how to run the country’s economy is a risky business...
"During a rare economic forum held [in Rangoon?] in cooperation with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in December, U Myint, a retired economics professor at the Rangoon Institute of Economics, unveiled a few economic reform proposals.
Two Rangoon farmers chat in their feld after harvesting rice. About half of Burma’s GDP comes from agriculture. (Photo: AFP)
In a follow-up to this gathering, which was attended by former World Bank chief economist and Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, U Myint, who has also served as an economic adviser to ESCAP, held a press briefing at the Myanmar Egress Capacity Development Center in Rangoon on Jan. 9.
In a press statement, U Myint recalled that someone at the earlier conference expressed the view that the only people worth talking to in Burma are the generals, but the generals are poor listeners, so it was a waste of time talking to them because nothing useful will result..." |
| Author/creator: | | Htet Aung |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 18, No. 2 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 February 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar Economy A Comparative View |
| Date of publication: | | December 2009 |
| Description/subject: | | Revised and updated version of a paper presented to the Myanmar/
Burma Studies Conference, Singapore, 13–15 July 2006.....
Contents:
Introduction...
GDP Growth Rate...
Structure of GDP...
Per Capita GDP and the Question of Catching-Up...
Pattern of Household Consumption Expenditure...
Export Commodities...
Inflation...
The Exchange Rate...
Rethinking Policy and Implications for Regional Integration...
Concluding Remarks...
Appendix...
About the Author.....Introduction1
Building a modern developed nation
A stated objective of Myanmar is to become a modern developed nation that
will stand shoulder to shoulder – proud, dignified and tall – with the countries
of the world. How far has Myanmar come in achieving this goal, viewed
from an economic perspective?2 Where does it stand at present in relation to
other nations, and especially those in the Asian region?
This paper attempts to provide some thoughts along these lines by looking
at Myanmar’s official data on:
• Rate of growth of the gross domestic product (GDP)
• GDP growth in relation to gross domestic investment (GDI)
• Structure of GDP
• Level of per capita GDP
• Pattern of household consumption expenditure
• Commodity composition of exports
• Inflation rate
• Exchange rate |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute for Security and Development Policy (Sweden) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (576K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 19 February 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar’s GDP growth and investment: lessons from a historical perspective |
| Date of publication: | | January 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | "According to official figures, Myanmar has achieved double-digit gross domestic
product (GDP) growth rates every year for the six years from 2000 to 2005. These
figures have proved controversial. A related and another contentious issue
regarding Myanmar’s economic performance in the same period is that high real
GDP growth rates have been achieved with comparatively low gross domestic
investment (GDI) to GDP ratios.
In order to gain a proper perspective on these issues, one approach is to use
cross-sectional data for a particular period to obtain a comparative view of
Myanmar’s performance vis-a-vis the performance of its neighbours in the same
period. The comparative approach has been adopted frequently and has been
useful in analysing developments in Myanmar’s economic and social situation
through the years.
Myanmar has, however, a rich tradition of data collection and analysis. National
accounts data, for example, go as far back as 1948, when the country gained
independence, and even beyond. In addition to cross-sectional analysis, therefore,
the available time-series data could be used to review Myanmar’s recent economic
performance, as reflected in official data of the country’s past experience. Such
a brief review is attempted in this chapter with specific attention devoted to
real GDP growth and GDI..." |
| Author/creator: | | U Myint |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | 2007 Myanmar/Burma Update Conference via Australian National University |
| Format/size: | | pdf (168K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://epress.anu.edu.au/myanmar02/pdf_instructions.html
http://epress.anu.edu.au/myanmar02/pdf/whole_book.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 30 December 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Burma Economic Review 2005-2006 |
| Date of publication: | | June 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | Executive Summary:
The State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) military junta claimed a 12.2 % growth in the
Burmese economy in 2006 but international sources say differently; they forecast a slim growth of
2 to 3 % rise. Production and exploration in the oil and gas sector is active, but the rest of
economy remains weak. Agriculture suffers from poor productivity, with output below
potential. Manufacturing is constrained by inadequate quantity and quality of inputs, due to
problems of imports and power shortages. Weak Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth reflects poor
prospects for consumption and investment.
In October 2005, the SPDC increased eight folds the state-subsidized petrol prices. This prompted
higher prices for basic commodities. Inflation returned to double digit rates. Monetary policy has
not addressed the inflationary pressures. Interest rates remain unchanged since 2001,
despite high inflation. But the SPDC increased the interest rates by two per cent points to 12 per
cent on 16 April 2006. Real rates are likely to be negative. Prices for important commodities soared
in the wake of junta’s decision to raise public-sector salaries in April 2006. Rice and fuel prices
remain high. Official data do not reveal the full extent of inflation reaching 14.3 % in December
2005 and 11 % in early 2006. Based on the official data series, the Economist Intelligent Unit (EIU)
estimates the annual inflation to average over 21 % in 2006.The true rate of inflation could be 50 %.
Strong growth in both narrow money supply (M1) and quasi-money (comprising time, savings
and foreign exchange deposits) contributed to a 26.8 % year-on-year expansion in broad money
supply (M2) at the end of May 2006. The junta demands credit from the Central Bank, which it uses
to fund its budget deficit. Total outstanding credit of the junta was 2.5 trillion kyat (nearly
US$440 billion at the official exchange rate, or US$1.9 billion at the free-market exchange rate) by
May 2006, an increase of 28 %.
The state budget remained unbalanced with substantial deficits during much of the 1990s.
Fiscal deficits are financed automatically by credit from the Central Bank, a source of domestic
inflation and instability in the economy. The Junta's state expenditures are disproportionately
allocated on items that deny sustainable development of the people or the nation. Defense,
ceremonies and rituals, festivals, inspection tours, meetings and seminars, building physical
infrastructure-roads, railways, bridges, dams, monuments, museums, shiny office complexes and
fancy airports, represent wasteful consumption or constitute expensive capital outlays, undertaken
without proper feasibility studies and environmental impact assessments, and unclear, uncertain
and dubious returns on investment. Chronic state budget deficits contribute to rapid monetary
growth and everspiraling inflation.
In order to recover the budget deficit, the junta-increased taxes and collected money and
forced people to labor for developmental projects such as construction of roads, dams, and
bridges. The junta continues to control, command, and centralize Burma’s people and the
economy. Exchange rate distortions favor a few at the expense of many. Fiscal deficit comes at the
expense of social spending which has been reduced far below necessary levels. At the same time,
financing the fiscal deficit through central bank credit is one underlying factor of persistent high
inflation.
The nation’s tax revenue remains buoyant, rising by 28.1 % year on year in nominal terms in
the first 11 months of fiscal year 2005/06 (April-March). Total tax revenue reached 292 billion
kyat during this period (around US$50 billion at the inflated official exchange rate, or US$225
million at free-market exchange rate). Although revenue is still rising, growth has slowed since
2004/05, when revenue expanded by 77 % year on year for the whole fiscal year. This in part
reflects a correction after an increase in average import tariffs, imposed in mid-2004, brought a
424 % year-on-year surge in customs tax fell by 15.1 per cent year on year to 16.2 billion kyat. A
clamp-down on corruption among customs officials in recent months may be part of an effort to
boost revenue from customs tax. Other sources of tax revenue expanded in the first 11 months of
2005/06. Profit tax jumped by 49 per cent year on year, slightly ahead of commodities and services
tax (which rose by 47 per cent) and income tax (11 per cent)1.
2
Total public-sector deficit reached 6 % of GDP for 2004/05. Heavy losses by the state-owned
enterprises (SOE) typically accounted for over 60 % of the overall deficit. The SPDC’s fiscal position
is also weighted down by high off-budget spending on the country's huge armed forces. The budget
position is unlikely to have improved in 2005/06 and 2006/07 (the current fiscal year), owing to the
junta's expansionary fiscal policy. The junta's decision to relocate many government offices to a
huge new administrative complex at Naypyidaw, 320 km north of Rangoon, imposed heavy costs. In
addition, in April 2006 the junta raised salaries for around 1 million civil servants and military
officers by between 500 and 1,200 per cent.
The black market is estimated to be as big if not bigger than the official economy. Published
statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and
unofficial border trade. Burma's trade with Thailand, China, and India is rising. Though the Burmese
government has good economic relations with its neighbors, better investment and business
climates and an improved political situation are needed to promote foreign investment, exports,
and tourism.
No new foreign direct investment projects have been approved in recent months. Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) approvals totaled a meager US$35.7 million for the first 11 months of 2005/06,
down from US$158.3 million for the whole of 2004/05. It is possible that the data do not capture
some small FDI flows, such as those by Thai and Chinese firms in small projects along the border
with Burma. International tourist arrivals totaled 320,275 in 2005, up by 5 % year on year, according
to data from the Central Statistical Organization (CSO). Although arrivals rose, the pace of growth
slowed compared with 2004 (rose 11.6 per cent). The slowdown reflected a 5.6 % year on year drop
in arrivals by air, to 145,959, around 46 % total arrivals.
Total international reserves reached US$951 million at the end of June 2006, according to data
from the IMF. Reserves increased sharply in the first quarter of the year, surpassing US$900 million
for the first time, before rising further in the second quarter. The main reason for the improvement
in the overall balance-of-payments position and international reserves has been the rise in exports,
which have been driven by strong growth in exports of natural gas.
The official kyat exchange rate remains artificially inflated. The exchange rate like the rest of the
junta system does not reflect the reality of the monetary system. The free-market exchange rate of
kyat to US$ was 1,350:US$1 in July-October 2006, having recovered from kyat 1,450:US$1 at the
end of April, which also put pressure on prices. There has been a mild appreciation of the kyat
since then. The ratio of the parallel rate to the official rate is nearly 200:1. The kyat came under
pressure earlier this year owing to fears that a pay rise for civil servants would sharply push up
prices. However, strong gas exports have boosted international reserves, thereby helping the kyat
to stabilize. The little-used official exchange rate is fixed against the International Monetary Fund's
(IMF) special drawing rights (SDR) unit. The official rate held steady at around kyat 5.9:US$1 by
August 2006. |
| Author/creator: | | Sein Htay |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Burma Fund (NCGUB) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.5MB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ncgub.net/mediagallery/download.php?mid=20070523134011574 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 06 June 2007 |
|
| Title: | | Economic Report on Burma 2004/05 |
| Date of publication: | | 06 May 2002 |
| Description/subject: | | "..The objective of this report is to help the policy makers with an analysis of the
international sanctions effect and to try to explain the real current economic and social
conditions, impact on and Burma's urgent need to combat poverty. Moreover, also try
to present the relationship between macro economic situation such as economic
growth, foreign trade, state budget, inflation, employment, wages and the conditions
of freedom, equity, security and human dignity in Burma. In addition, to explain how
the Burmese generals and their crony drug lords exploit the Burmese economy, and
how the Burmese military has become the sole beneficiary of foreign direct investment
by setting up its own industries separately from the state enterprises since 1988. And
also would like to explain the impact on the military's confiscation of land, labor, crops
and capital assets or militarization on the whole economy..." |
| Author/creator: | | Sein Htay |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Federation of Trade Unions-Burma (FTUB) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.3MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 30 December 2011 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar: The Dilemma of Stalled Reforms |
| Date of publication: | | September 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | "Myanmar's economic reforms are constrained by the domestic political situation...
This paper explores Myanmar's political and economic background in the context of stalled reforms. It finds that Myanmar's economic development is constrained by the domestic political situation, which has in turn been linked to sanctions on trade, investment and aid imposed by Western Europe and the United States.
The paper states that further reforms are still required, as the previous round of reforms failed to redress problems such as:
* High inflation
* Persistent fiscal deficit
* Widening trade deficit
* Chronic foreign exchange shortage
* A drastic fall in foreign investment
* Inefficient state economic enterprises (SEEs)
* Low value-added production...
The paper notes:
* The current military government is endeavouring to institute a new political order, while at the same time attempting a smooth transition from a closed to an open market economy.
* The fundamental premise is that these broad political and economic reforms should not compromise the three principal main national causes including national sovereignty...
The paper concludes:
* Conflict between the NLD and the government and the resulting political impasse is the main obstacle for further reforms.
* The realization of Myanmars reforms will depend on whether the government and the opposition can be reconciled..." |
| Author/creator: | | Tin Maung Maung Than |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute for South-East Asian Studies (ISEAS) via Eldis |
| Format/size: | | pdf (80K) 40 pages |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Dilemmas-TMMT.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Economic Development of Burma: A Vision and a Strategy - a study by Burmese economists |
| Date of publication: | | 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | "...Together with the excessive crimes against human rights taking place in
Burma, the economic underdevelopment is a matter of concern to political leaders
and professional economists everywhere. It is, of course, of particular concern
to the Burmese people themselves, both those who live in the country, and those
who have travelled to other parts of the world. Therefore, it is a matter of great
importance to analyse the main factors which have stood in the way of Burma's
participation in the world-wide surge of economic growth in the past half a century,
and even more importantly, to devise ways in which the country can overcome
these obstacles and achieve a higher rate of economic development.
It is towards this objective that the present report makes an important contribution.
It is in fact a study undertaken by Burmese scholars themselves. Hence
they have brought to this study their own rich and personal knowledge of the
problems of the country and the possibilities that lie ahead. Additionally, most of
the scholars who have undertaken the present study have in fact travelled widely
and achieved high professional recognition as development specialists in the
leading universities of the world. They are thus able to combine their intimate
knowledge of the country with the latest advances in economic science in order
to give us some deep insights about the best ways to advance the future development
of Burma.
What follows is not a plan for economic development as it is commonly
understood. In that sense, a plan consists of definite targets to be achieved,
schedules for the implementation of various programmes, the mobilisation of
adequate resources for the purpose, and schemes for the appraisal and control of
the results. But planning in this sense is not something which can be efficiently
undertaken by a small group of scholars who are not in active collaboration with
those responsible for the implementation of plans. This is particularly the case with
those scholars who have been away from the country in recent years.
However, what such a group of Burmese scholars can do, and have done in
this study, is to think through the problems of developing the country in the long
run, taking into account Burma's own historical experience, the changes which
are taking place in the outside world, and to investigate the likely scenarios or
trends for the future, and thus come up with a vision of what to aim for and an
approach and sense of direction for the long term development of Burma. This
will give political leaders, both those inside the country who are responsible for
designing and carrying out its policies, and those in donor countries abroad who
can assist this effort by the scale of their financial and technical assistance. Such
strategic studies have been undertaken in countries as far apart as the United States
on the one hand, and Chile on the other. Nearer home, such studies have been
used by the governments of Singapore and Malaysia as the basis of their more
specific policies. It is in this sense that the present study will serve as a useful
basis for further thought and discussion by all concerned with the future welfare
of the people of Burma. A welfare that can take place nor survive without political
changes in the country..."...Overview and Policy Framework;
Agriculture;
Industry;
Natural Resources and Environment;
International Trade and Investment;
The Monetary and Fiscal Framework for
Macroeconomic Stability;
Poverty and Income Distribution;
Education;
Infrastructure;
Institutions;
Priorities and Problems of Implementation;
Conclusion |
| Author/creator: | | Khin Maung Kyi, Ronald Findlay, R.M. Sundrum, Mya Maung, Myo Nyunt, Zaw Oo, et al. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | The Olof Palme International Center |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.7MB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Vision-strategy.ocr.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 17 April 2005 |
|
| Title: | | MYANMAR: WILL FOREVER FLOW THE AYEYARWADY? |
| Date of publication: | | 1993 |
| Description/subject: | | INTRODUCTION:
"When Myanmar (then known as Burma) attained its independence in
1948, international agencies identified it as one of the most
promising regional candidates for economic take off. Its modern
technical and university education system, high rate of
literacy, well trained civil service and a cadre of educated
middle class, basic infrastructure, and a well run legal system
were considered as good ingredients for Myanmar's expected take
off. In the 1950s, Myanmar's gross domestic product (GDP) was
growing consistently at an annual average rate of over 4 per
cent, in contrast with the chequered performance of its
neighbours. In the early 1960s, the country was poised for
labour intensive industrialization with a number of textile and
consumer product firms manufacturing export quality goods. Then
came the putsch and the socialist revolution, followed by
stagnation and decline. Twenty six years passed before Myanmar
finally erupted and the change to market economy was forcibly
brought in. Myanmar is now in the throes of the struggle for
modernization and change. With the military still holding on to
the reins of power on the one hand and the contending democratic
opposition and the ethnic groups with diverse claims and
interests on the other, Myanmar has not come out of its pains of
growing up, to meet the challenges of the outside world.
This paper will review significant developments and changes
in 1993 and re examine the complex of situations influencing its
sluggish economic performance and the equally slow rate of
political transformation. Myanmar's problems and prospects for
long term development and modernization are also analysed." |
| Author/creator: | | Khin Maung Kyi |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "Southeast Asian Affairs" 1994, |
| Format/size: | | pdf (215K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 January 2012 |
|
-
Economy: general, analytical, statistical (Burma Economic Watch)
Burma Economic Watch (BEW) aims to provide up-to-date and reliable economic data and commentary on Burma's
economy. It is founded on the principle that it is only when democracy and freedom return to Burma that the country and its
people will be able to achieve their economic potential.
Information on Burma's economy is both difficult to obtain and notoriously unreliable. BEW aims to rectify this by disseminating
dependable information on Burma compiled by the IMF, the World Bank, embassy and foreign government reports, economic
journals, news and business publications and other verifiable sources. Information gleaned from official Burmese Government
sources is used with caution. Burma's military regime stopped publishing its own national accounts data in 1998.
BEW analyses are produced by economists and other specialists who volunteer their time. The documents are free and, with
appropriate acknowledgment, may be quoted without restriction. The BEW analyses are edited by Sean Turnell and Alison
Vicary of the Economics Department, Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. We welcome correspondence, contributions
and enquiries. Please address all correspondence to:
Dr Sean Turnell, Economics Department, Macquarie University,
NSW 2109, Australia. sturnell@efs.mq.edu.au
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Gas Attack |
| Date of publication: | | 04 September 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | "Recent protests over gas prices in Burma raise a complex question: Why Is Burma -- which sits atop a massive reserve of natural gas -- such an economic basket case? Look no further than the military government's track record of abysmal economic management.
Formally classified as a "least developed" country by the United Nations, Burma is mired in deep poverty. Annual per capita GDP is around $1,800 in terms of purchasing-power parity ($300 at the market exchange rate). That's considerably below the income of the next poorest members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Cambodia and Laos, which boast per capita purchasing-power parity GDPs of $2,700 and $2,100, respectively. Burma's unemployment rate is officially just over 10%, but the real figure may be closer to 30%, with many people in the labor force either underemployed or engaged in activities of very low productivity, such as subsistence farming.
Add to that a moribund financial system. At a time when even Vietnam is enjoying a booming stock market, Burma boasts all of about 400 bank branches (most of which are decrepit agencies of state-owned institutions), and only 20% of the population have bank accounts. Inflation is rampant -- averaging between 30% and 40% per year over the past five years (it's currently around 50%) -- thanks to a government that for years has financed extraordinary fiscal deficits by running the printing presses..." |
| Author/creator: | | Sean Turnell |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Wall Street Journal Online |
| Format/size: | | pdf (16k) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 09 September 2007 |
|
-
Burma Economic Watch (statistics)
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Tables and Data (June 2001) |
| Date of publication: | | June 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | a) Burma's Economy at a Glance; b) Selected Social Indicators; c) Output and Growth; d) Foreign Trade and Payments; e) Government Spending and Taxation; f) Monetary and Banking Indicators;
g) Agricultural Output and Yields. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Burma Economic Watch |
| Format/size: | | View html version and/or download and open Word version (one footnote extra) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Tables%20and%20Data.doc |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
-
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
Agriculture and Forestry have been transferred to new top-level categories, "Agriculture" and "Forest and Forest Peoples" in Main Library. "Fisheries" remains here for a while.
-
Fisheries
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Coping and Adaptation against Decreasing Fish Resources :Case Study of Fishermen in Lake Inle, Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | March 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract: "Fishermen depend on Lake Inle in Myanmar for their livelihood. However, the lake has been undergoing environmental degradation over the years. Adding to the long-term decrease in the catch because of this degradation, these fishermen faced extremely low water levels in 20 I 0, which they had previously not experienced. Based on field surveys, this paper aims to reveal how fishermen adapted and coped with the changing environment as well as the sudden shock of the abnormally low water levels"....Keywords: coping, adaptation, resource, fishermen |
| Author/creator: | | Ikuko OKAMOTO |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute for Developing Economies (IDE DISCUSSION PAPER No. 329 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (183K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 25 May 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Issues Affecting the Movement of Rural Labour in Myanmar: Rakhine Case Study |
| Date of publication: | | July 2009 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract
"This paper presents issues affecting the movement of rural labour in Myanmar, by examining the
background, purpose and earned income of labourers migrating to fishing villages in southern
Rakhine. A broad range of socioeconomic classes, from poor to rich, farmers to fishermen, is
migrating from broader areas to specific labour-intensive fishing subsectors, such as anchovy fishing.
These labourers are a mixed group of people whose motives lie either in supplementing their
household income or accumulating capital for further expansion of their economic activities. The
concentration of migrating labourers with different objectives in this particular unstable, unskilled
employment opportunity suggests an insufficiently developed domestic labour market in rural
Myanmar. There is a pressing need to create stable labour-intensive industries to meet this demand." |
| Author/creator: | | Ikuko Okamoto |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES (IDE), JETRO Discussion Paper 206 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (289K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 12 September 2009 |
|
| Title: | | The Shrimp Export Boom and Small-Scale Fishermen in Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | March 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | ABSTRACT:
"This paper examines the impact of the recent shrimp export boom in Myanmar on the economic state of small-scale fishermen. Results indicate that there has been an active increase in shrimp fishing stimulated by expanding export demand. With this, the income of shrimp fishermen has increased dramatically in the past 10 years. However, future prospects appear gloomy due to the possibility of over exploitation of shrimp resources...
Keywords: Fishery, Resources, Export
JEL classification: N5, Q2 |
| Author/creator: | | Ikuko Okamoto |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute of Developing Economies (IDE Discussion Paper 135) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (248 KB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Dp/pdf/135.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 01 September 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Trends of Development of Myanmar Fisheries: With References to Japanese Experiences |
| Date of publication: | | February 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | "Judging by the increase in landing volume, Myanmar fisheries is developing fast. Due to
the amount of export earning fisheries sector have its role as one of the main contributors to
the national GDP. Thus fisheries are recognized as an important economic sector for the
country. The fisheries landing is significantly increasing in recent years. It is more than three
times larger than that of 1990s.
In 1990-91 the earning form fisheries export was only US$ 13 million. It has been
significantly increased in 10 years to US$ 218 million in 2000-2001 and then US$ 250
million in 2001-2002. Thereby fisheries export is promoted and the landings are given priority
for exporting. Due to the lack of proper reporting and recording system, it is difficult to
clarify the actual domestic utilization of fisheries products in terms of food or non food..." |
| Author/creator: | | Khin Maung Soe |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute of Developing Economies (VRF paper 433) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (599K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 22 April 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmar Aquaculture and Inland Fisheries |
| Date of publication: | | 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...
BACKGROUND TO THE MISSION:
International mission team members;
Myanmar fisheries sector...
MYANMAR - MISSION REPORT ON INLAND AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES:
Myanmar - aquaculture and inland fisheries:
Inland fisheries and aquaculture resources;
The role of inland fisheries and aquaculture in people's livelihoods in Myanmar;
Participation in capture fisheries;
Gender aspects;
Securing food;
Fish consumption;
Identifying the poor;
Understanding peoples livelihoods...
Leasable fisheries;
Auction process, duration of lease and renewal;
Fishery management;
Thaung Tha Man - Mandalay;
Mandalay town;
South Mandalay;
Inle Lake;
Open fisheries and rice field resources:
Enhancement of freshwater leasable fisheries/culture-based fisheries;
Reservoirs;
Freshwater aquaculture:
Land use for aquaculture;
Rice-fish culture;
Pond aquaculture;
Freshwater species cultured in Myanmar;
Stocking and harvesting;
Government hatcheries;
Private hatcheries;
Feeds and feeding...
Marketing:
Inle Lake fishery and marketing;
Institutions and their roles;
The role of the Department of Fisheries (DoF);
The role of Myanmar Fisheries Federation (MFF)...
Inland fisheries and aquaculture: conclusions and recommendations;
Information and statistics and appropriate valuation of fisheries resources;
Aquaculture and aquatic resources in rural development;
Institutions, communications and networking;
Research...
MYANMAR - MISSION REPORT ON COASTAL AQUACULTURE:
Myanmar - coastal aquaculture;
Coastal aquaculture in Myanmar;
Coastal habitats and resources;
Brief history and status of coastal aquaculture...
Sub-sector analysis:
Shrimp farming;
Crab farming;
Marine and brackishwater fish culture (groupers and seabass);
Other species;
Role of coastal aquaculture in people's livelihoods in Myanmar...
Gender:
Role of small-holder aquaculture?
Income diversification...
Resources management and environmental issues:
Coastal mangrove forests;
Coral reef resource systems;
Other environmental management issues for aquaculture...
Government policies, plans and institutions:
Institutions;
Land use planning and coastal management;
Business investment in coastal aquaculture;
Market trends and implications...
Coastal aquaculture: conclusions and recommendations:
Coastal communities;
Environmental issues and resource sustainability;
Aquaculture technology;
Institutional support and capacity building;
Aquatic animal disease control and health management;
Business investment in coastal aquaculture;
Market trends and implications;
Coastal fisheries resources;
Entry points for support in coastal aquaculture...
ANNEX 1: MISSION ITINERARY;
ANNEX 2: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MYANMAR LEASABLE FISHERIES;
ANNEX 3: LIST OF PERSONS MET;
ANNEX 4: READING AND REFERENCES. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | FAO |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Alternate URLs: | | ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/004/ad497e |
| Date of entry/update: | | 01 September 2010 |
|
| Title: | | What's Wrong in Ranong |
| Date of publication: | | February 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | Ranong is the second largest Burmese community in Thailand, where many migrants work in the fishing and its related industries. However, the community has been hit by an economic downturn in part caused by the loss of fishing concessions from Burma. |
| Author/creator: | | John S. Moncrief/Ranong, Thailand and Kawthaung, Burma |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 9. No. 2 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Support to Special Plan for Prawn and Shrimp Farming, Myanmar. |
| Date of publication: | | 1999 |
| Description/subject: | | DEVELOPMENT PLANS, FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, FOREIGN
INVESTMENT, JOINT VENTURES, MARKETS, MYANMAR, PRAWNS AND
SHRIMPS, PRODUCTION ECONOMICS, PROFITABILITY, SHELLFISH
CULTURE, TAXES. Investment, finance and credit.
Development economics and policies. Bangkok 1998
Aquaculture production |
| Author/creator: | | Basir Kunhimohamed, A. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | FAO |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Reformulation and Strengthening of Fisheries Statistics System |
| Date of publication: | | 1998 |
| Description/subject: | | An account is given of activities implemented during the Technical Cooperation Programme project 'Reformulation and strengthening of fisheries statistics system' in Myanmar which included the following: 1) computer training for staff; 2) species guide for field enumerators and for training purposes; 3) frame survey of Yangon Division; 4)
data collection and catch analysis on industrial fisheries (trawlers); 5) training on grouping and ranking programme; 6) species coding list for industrial landing forms; 7) a study tour to Mee Pya and Thi La War fishing villages; 8) a visit to Marine Resources Centre and Fish Landing Site; 9) assistance to national gear technologist and aquaculturist; 10) training on 'The collection of catch and effort
statistics, and basic sampling theory'; and, 11) workshop on
Fisheries Resources Management.
CATCH COMPOSITION, DATA ANALYSIS, DATA COLLECTION, DATA
PROCESSING, FISHERY DATA, MARINE FISHERIES, STATISTICAL METHODS. Fisheries production, Mathematical and statistical methods. Bangkok 1997 |
| Author/creator: | | Dr Sann Aung (FAO National Expert/Fisheries Statistician) |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | FAO (TCP/MYA/4553) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
-
Banking
Individual Documents
| Title: | | FINANCIAL REFORM: IT’S IMPACTS ON BANKING SECTOR IN CAMBODIA, LAOS, MYANMAR AND VIETNAM |
| Date of publication: | | September 2005 |
| Description/subject: | | ABSTRACT"
"This study focuses on financial sector reform-it’s impacts on banking sector in CLMV
during 1990s. The objective of this study are (a) to provide an overview of the major financial
reform and the impacts of interest rate deregulation on financial sector development in the
CLMV countries; (b) to examine fiscal imbalances financed by monetary expansion that
increases inflation and thus represses the banking system; (c) to evaluate the impact of high
reserve requirements on banking sector; and (d) to analyze the effect of capital flight and
dollarization on banking sector.
One of the major financial reforms in CLMV is interest rate liberalization together
with controlling inflation, this results in a positive real interest rate that contributes to
financial deepening. Financial depth, as measured by broad money to Gross Domestic Product
appears to increase in these economies, especially in Cambodia, Laos, and Viet Nam. The
growth of broad money was mainly contributed by foreign currency deposit particularly in
Cambodia and Laos. Viet Nam, however, local currency deposit was the main contributor of
growth. While in Myanmar, the growth of broad money started to decline as a result of real
ii
negative interest rate. In some of CLMV, banks’ lending portfolios have been weakening
because of direct lending to the priority sector. Apart from that the major factor that weakens
the financial intermediation is the inflation acceleration particularly in Laos and Myanmar.
Inflation is a consequence of budget deficit financed by borrowing from financial system
since these countries are at the early stage of financial market development.
Laos and Myanmar pursued credit expansionary policy particularly providing loans to
public sector that often results in increased fiscal deficit. By expanding public sector
borrowing, government invested in the long term infrastructure projects and provides the
subsidized loans to SOEs or SEEs who exhibited weak financial performance and loss making.
The greater amount of public sector loans, the more non performing loans occur in the
banking system, eventually discouraging financial intermediation.
Another factor discouraging the financial intermediation is high reserve requirements
in Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. The high reserve requirements imposed by central bank
raised the margin between lending rate and deposit rate. As a result, this has reduced the
amount of loanable fund for the expansion of productive investment projects, creating
hindrance to the financial intermediation functions.
Financial liberalization together with inflationary finance induce capital flight,
dollarization and misallocation of resources. In the situation, when a country has
underdeveloped financial market, there could be capital flight or dollarization; as a result, this
leads to financial disintermediation.
The banking system in Myanmar is not allowed to offer foreign currency deposits; the
response is increase in foreign currency holding outside banking system or holding durable
assets. Myanmar maintains interest rate ceiling lower than the market determined rate and the
overvaluation of fixed exchange rate that encourages the capital flight
To avoid capital flight, the governments allow commercial banks to offer foreign
currency deposits in Cambodia, Laos, and Viet Nam. The result is that foreign currency
deposits grow rapidly and there has limited opportunities for lending in foreign currency. The
option available for banks is to transfer the excessive fund in foreign currency to deposit in
foreign banks and this lead to a so called capital flight and final outcome is hindrance to the
financial depth." |
| Author/creator: | | TIN TIN HTWE |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University |
| Format/size: | | pdf (531K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 01 January 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Burma's Banking Crisis: A Commentary |
| Date of publication: | | 06 March 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | "... Burma is currently undergoing one of its periodic monetary and financial crises. Unusually, however, this time the crisis is not a characteristic de-monetisation episode, but a failure of confidence in the country's nascent private banking sector. In this sense the current crisis is probably less immediately destructive of the 'wealth' of ordinary Burmese than previous dramas (as shall be examined below), but its longer-term damage to Burma's economy and to key institutions is likely to be severe indeed. Trust is the foundation of banking and the key ingredient of a country's social capital. There must be little of this (already scarce) commodity in Burma today.
The following is an attempt to make sense of some of the developments that have been taking place in Burma's banking sector in recent weeks. It suffers from the usual information difficulties that come with attempting real-time commentary on the opaque world of Burma's political economy. It is hoped, nevertheless, that it might prove useful in at least shining a dim light into some very dark corners. It is not a comprehensive account of individual events either, but it arguably provides a sufficient outline upon which to begin a process of analysis. Extensive use is made throughout of a more detailed examination of the structure of Burma's banking system contained in Turnell (2002). We have made wide-spread use of many other sources, where possible indicated below. Finally, comments and suggestions would be greatly welcomed. |
| Author/creator: | | Sean Turnell and Alison Vicary |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Burma Economic Watch |
| Format/size: | | html (81K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | On Shaky Ground |
| Date of publication: | | March 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | How much further will Burma’s banks slide?...After the crash of more than a dozen finance houses that funded outside business ventures with their depositors’ money, anxious bank customers rushed to withdraw their savings, thus precipitating a rundown on reserves of the national currency, the kyat.
Other banks in Burma face similar problems. At the end of last year, top bankers were forecasting a boom for 2003. Last month, however, predictions were rife that the collapse of financial houses would drag down all the 20 banks with 350 branches nationwide..." |
| Author/creator: | | Naw Seng |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 11, No. 2 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Bank Crisis Reeks of a Ponzi Scheme |
| Date of publication: | | 26 February 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | February 26, 2003—"Burma's banks are more like a dubious "Ponzi" or pyramid scheme than well-run commercial banks. Between 1962 and 1988, the banks in Burma were all state-owned, and lent primarily to state owned enterprises. After 1988, the declaration of a so-called open market economy made way for private commercial banks, but they were never built on strong capital..." |
| Author/creator: | | Kyi May Kaung |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Commentary Archive |
| Format/size: | | html (11K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Reforming the Banking System in Burma: A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities - TAN |
| Date of publication: | | November 2002 |
| Description/subject: | | "...The transformation of Burma into a fully institutionalised liberal democracy based
on a market economy will be a multi-faceted process. One aspect of this must be,
however, the creation of a properly functioning financial system. Financial institutions
are integral to economic development. In a market economy they provide the central
coordinating mechanism through which resources are allocated. At best, they do
this in ways that maximise the wealth and welfare of their respective national
economies.
The foundations of a proper functioning financial system are transparency,
accountability and the effective transmission of market signals. Burma’s existing
financial system, unfortunately, possesses few of these virtues. Worse, its principal
financial institutions may be little more than facades for the activity of criminals
and a narco-state.
Reforming Burma’s financial system, in particular the banks that make up its core,
will require the privatisation of its state banks, the legitimisation of its existing
private banks and the opening up of the sector to foreign competitors. Before these
measures can be undertaken, however, fundamental institutional reform will be
necessary. Burma must become an economy and a society ruled by law and not the
whim of generals. The Burmese people must have rights to property in order to
best liberate their latent skills and energy. Financial regulation must adopt practices
that have been demonstrated to work elsewhere. Macroeconomic policy must leave
the irrational world and enter that which reason and history teaches us can achieve
all that governments are able. Burma’s political economy, in short, awaits its
transformation..." |
| Author/creator: | | Sean Turnell |
| Language: | | English, Burmese |
| Source/publisher: | | The Burma Fund (Technical Advisory Network of Burma) WP07 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (287K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 10 June 2007 |
|
| Title: | | Reforming the Banking System in Burma: A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities |
| Date of publication: | | 25 September 2002 |
| Description/subject: | | Sean Turnell,
Economics Department, Macquarie University,
Sydney, Australia.
Abstract: "A country's financial system plays a critical role in its economic development. It is the vehicle through which the means of exchange are created, resources are mobilised and allocated, risks are managed, government spending is financed, foreign capital is accessed, and it is via financial institutions that individuals can protect themselves against economic fluctuations. Notwithstanding this essential role, Burma has not had a properly functioning financial system for four decades. The present system, an unstable mix of monolithic state-owned institutions and a cohort of new private banks of dubious legitimacy, is a serious brake on Burma's economy. This paper examines the role financial institutions can play in a country's development, explores how Burma's current system falls far short of this ideal and broadly outlines how it might be reformed. It argues the case for the standard remedies professed by economists of liberalisation, stabilisation and privatisation but, critically, suggests that these must be preceded by more fundamental reforms that create the legal, regulatory and other infrastructure that are the prerequisites of a modern, and efficient, financial system. ..". Keywords: Burma; Banks; Regulation; Supervision; Financial Liberalisation; Economic Development.
Paper presented to the 1st Collaborative International Conference of the Burma Studies Group, Gothenburg, Sweden,
21-25 September 2002 |
| Author/creator: | | Sean Turnell |
| Language: | | English |
| Format/size: | | pdf (239K), html (380K), Word (187K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Turnell_bankreform.doc
http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/Turnell_bankreform.htm |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Banking in Burma: New Frontiers, or a Barren Wasteland? |
| Date of publication: | | July 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | "A countrys financial system provides its means of exchange and is the mechanism through which its resources are mobilised and allocated. The financial system is the arena in which economic risk can be managed, government debt can be financed, foreign capital can be accessed and managed, and it is the vehicle through which monetary policy can be implemented. According to Larry Summers, the former Secretary of the US Treasury, a countrys financial system provides the wheels for its development...The foundations of a proper functioning financial system are transparency, accountability, governance and the effective
transmission of market signals. Burmas financial system possesses few of these virtues. Burmas banks do not fulfil the role allotted to such institutions in allocating resources in ways beyond the whims of the military. Worse, they may be little more than facades for the activity of criminals and a narco-state. Unfortunately the history of financial sector reform in Burma does not lend optimism to the hope that this might change without more fundamental changes in the country. Like so much else in Burma, the emergence of a viable banking system must await the political reform that is so long overdue." Extra keywords: money laundering, joint venture regulation, exchange controls. |
| Author/creator: | | Sean Turnell |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Burma Economic Watch |
| Format/size: | | html (105k) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Above it all |
| Date of publication: | | February 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | "Burmese banks are thriving, even as the country’s economy suffers its worst slump in years.
Their secret, say businessmen in the know, is the nexus of generals and drug lords..." |
| Author/creator: | | Maung Maung Oo |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 9, No. 2 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
-
Bilateral Development Assistance
-
Development assistance: Germany
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Bald Wiederaufnahme der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit mit Birma? |
| Date of publication: | | 12 June 2002 |
| Description/subject: | | After the visit of the German Bundestag delegation of economic development the German attitude to development co-operation with Burma has to be revisited.
Im April 2002 reiste eine sechsköpfige Delegation des Bundestagsausschusses für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung nach Indien und Burma. Nach ihren Gesprächen mit Militär, Opposition, Minderheitenvertretern und Aung San Suu Kyi brachten sie die Botschaft mit, die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit neu zu überdenken. Eindrücke des MdB und ehemaligen Bundesministers Norbert Blüm werden in dem Artikel wiedergegeben. |
| Author/creator: | | Ulrike Bey |
| Language: | | Deutsch, German |
| Source/publisher: | | Asienhaus |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Das Sanktionsregime hat ausgedient. Interview mit Angelika Köster-Loßack (MdB, Bündnis 90/ Die Grünen) |
| Date of publication: | | 12 June 2002 |
| Description/subject: | | Interview with Member of Parliament (Green) about sanctions and development co-operation with Burma.
Nur drei Wochen bevor der neunzehnmonatige Hausarrest von Aung San Suu Kyi aufgehoben wurde, bereiste eine Delegation des Bundesausschusses für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung Indien und Myanmar/Burma. Die Abgeordneten sprachen in Myanmar/Burma mit Politikern aus Regierungskreisen, mit Vertretern der Oppositionspartei Nationale Liga für Demokratie (NLD) sowie ethnischen Minoritäten. Höhepunkt war ein Gespräch mit Aung San Suu Kyi. In den Gesprächen ging es unter anderem um entwicklungspolitische Projekte, die als Teil internationaler Sanktionspolitik seit Jahren größtenteils eingefroren waren. Angelika Köster-Loßack, die die internationale Sanktionspolitik jahrelang mitgetragen hatte, hat nach ihrer Reise nun eine andere Sicht darauf. |
| Author/creator: | | Ulrike Bey |
| Language: | | Deutsch, German |
| Source/publisher: | | Asienhaus |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
-
Buddhist Economics
Individual Documents
| Title: | | BUDDHIST ECONOMICS |
| Date of publication: | | 1973 |
| Description/subject: | | "...
"Right Livelihood" is one of the requirements of the Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path. It is clear, therefore, that there must be such a thing as Buddhist economics.
Buddhist countries have often stated that they wish to remain faithful to their heritage. So Burma: “The New Burma sees no conflict between religious values and economic progress. Spiritual health and material well-being are not enemies: they are natural allies.” 1 Or: “We can blend successfully the religious and spiritual values of our heritage with the benefits of modern technology.” 2 Or: “We Burmans have a sacred duty to conform both our dreams and our acts to our faith. This we shall ever do.” 3
All the same, such countries invariably assume that they can model their economic development plans in accordance with modern economics, and they call upon modern economists from so-called advanced countries to advise them, to formulate the policies to be pursued, and to construct the grand design for development, the Five-Year Plan or whatever it may be called. No one seems to think that a Buddhist way of life would call for Buddhist economics, just as the modern materialist way of life has brought forth modern economics.
Economists themselves, like most specialists, normally suffer from a kind of metaphysical blindness, assuming that theirs is a science of absolute and invariable truths, without any presuppositions. Some go as far as to claim that economic laws are as free from "metaphysics" or "values" as the law of gravitation. We need not, however, get involved in arguments of methodology. Instead, let us take some fundamentals and see what they look like when viewed by a modern economist and a Buddhist economist..." |
| Author/creator: | | E.F. Schumacher |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. |
| Format/size: | | html, pdf |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://neweconomicsinstitute.org/schumacher/buddhist-economics |
| Date of entry/update: | | 16 January 2005 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with various countries
-
Burma's economic relations with the region
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Asian Development Bank Interim Country Partnership Strategy: Myanmar, 2012-2014 REGIONAL COOPERATION AND INTEGRATION (SUMMARY) |
| Date of publication: | | September 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | Role of Regional Cooperation and Integration in Myanmar’s Development:
1. Myanmar is strategically located in Asia. Having the largest land area in mainland
Southeast Asia, it shares borders with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the north and
northeast, Lao PDR and Thailand on the east and southeast, and Bangladesh and India on the
west and northwest. It has a long coastline of around 2,800 km which provides access to sea
routes and deep-sea ports. It has the potential to serve as a land bridge between Southeast and
South Asia, and between Southeast Asia and the PRC. Regional cooperation and integration
(RCI), therefore, provides Myanmar with a great opportunity to secure benefits in terms of
access to regional and global markets, technology, and finance and management expertise. It
can also promote inflows of foreign direct investment which can enable Myanmar to link up with
regional and global supply networks. Besides expanding employment opportunities, RCI can
also help in addressing social and environmental concerns through cooperation with
neighboring countries...II. The GMS Program... III. Myanmar and the GMS Program...IV. GMS Economic Corridors ...V. Myanmar’s Participation in BIMSTEC... VI. Issues facing the GMS Program including Myanmar...VII. RCI Opportunities in Myanmar... |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (106K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs14/mya-interim-regional_cooperation.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 September 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Trade Trumps Human Rights |
| Date of publication: | | October 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | "Many countries have shown more interest in trading with Asean than in taking Burma's generals to task for trampling on citizens' basic rights...
The more pressing needs of economic growth in East Asia appear to be overriding the issue of pressuring the Burmese military junta to reform.
Economic giants China and India are on the verge of finalizing free trade agreements (FTAs) with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean), to which Burma belongs, while both Australia and New Zealand have just formed closer trade pacts with the bloc..." |
| Author/creator: | | William Boot |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 16, No. 10 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 14 November 2008 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with ASEAN
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Analysis on International Trade of CLM Countries |
| Date of publication: | | August 2009 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract:
"Since their accession to AFTA, trade volumes of CLM countries have being grown rapidly while their trade patterns and directions have significantly changed. Recognizing the importance of international trade in CLM [Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar]economies, this study attempts to analyze the trade patterns of CLM countries based the gravity model. The empirical analysis is conducted to identify the determining factors of each country's bilateral trade flows and policy implications for promoting their trade. The results indicate that CLM's trade patterns are mainly affected by partner country's GDP, the difference between per capita GDPs of two countries, distance, common border, and presence in particular FTA. Their trade relations with East Asian countries mainly China, Japan and Korea have yet to be exploited to their full potential. These findings suggest that CLM countries needs to promote their bilateral trade with countries in close proximity and having large economic size and high consumers' purchasing power through accelerating their trade liberalization efforts in FTAs in progress."..... Keywords: CLM countries, ASEAN, East Asia, FTA, Bilateral trade |
| Author/creator: | | Nu Nu Lwin |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO |
| Format/size: | | pdf (589K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 04 January 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Foreign Direct Investment Relations between Myanmar and ASEAN |
| Date of publication: | | April 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract:
Myanmar highly appreciates foreign direct investment (FDI) as a key solution
reducing the development gap with leading ASEAN countries. Accordingly, it is
welcomed by the government. Myanmar's Foreign Investment Law was enacted in
1988 soon after the adoption of a market-oriented economic system to boost the flow
of FDI into the country. Foreign investors positively responded to these measures in
the early years and FDI inflow into Myanmar gradually increased during the period
from 1989 to 1996. However, after 1997, FDI inflow was dramatically reduced and
markedly declined until 2004. In 2005, FDI inflow increased at an unprecedented
rate and reached the highest level in the country's history. However, this growth was
not sustainable in the subsequent years, as it declined again and turned stagnant at
the previous level.
In terms of source regions, ASEAN is a major investor in Myanmar, which investment is
significantly exceeds the combined investment of other regions of the world. Among top
ten countries, Thailand's investment alone is significantly more than
combined total investments of the other nine countries. Next to Thailand in
terms of investments in Myanmar are Singapore and Malaysia among ASEAN, at
second and third places, respectively. The combined total FDI inflows into the power
and oil and gas sector represent about 65 percent of the total investment.
There are many opportunities for foreign investment in other sectors, which are not, yet
exploited. ASEAN countries will certainly be source countries of Myanmar FDI in the
future, and Myanmar should expand to other Asian countries like Japan, India, China,
Korea, and Hong Kong where its FDI portfolio is concerned. To effectively attract FDI
into the country, Myanmar needs to minimize the effect of policy while opening and
encouraging other potential sectors of FDI to foreign investors in ASEAN and Asian
countries....
Keywords: foreign direct investment (FDI), Myanmar, ASEAN, Myanmar
Investment Commission (MIC)...
JEL classification: F21, L10, O11 |
| Author/creator: | | Thandar Khine |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | IDE DISCUSSION PAPER No. 149 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (580K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 30 December 2008 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with Denmark
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Special Economic Measures (Burma) Regulations, SOR/2007-285 |
| Date of publication: | | 13 December 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | INTERPRETATION [1.]
-LIST [2.]
2.Designated person
-PROHIBITIONS [3. - 13.]
3.Export
4.Import
5.Assets Freeze
6.Technical data
7.(1)Investment — property in Burma held by or on behalf of Burma or national of Burma not ordinarily resident in Canada
7.(2)Investment — property held by or on behalf of a person in Burma
7.(3)Property
8.Financial services
9.Docking — ship registered in Burma
10.Docking — ship registered under an Act of Parliament
11.Landing in Canada
12.Landing in Burma
13.Prohibition
-DUTY TO DETERMINE [14.]
14.Determination
-DISCLOSURE [15.]
15.(1)Report
15.(2)Immunity
-APPLICATION TO NO LONGER BE A DESIGNATED PERSON [16.]
16.(1)Petition
16.(2)Decision
16.(3)Presumption
16.(4)Notice
16.(5)New application
-APPLICATION FOR A CERTIFICATE [17.]
17.(1)Mistaken identity
17.(2)Certificate — time frame
-EXCLUSIONS [18. - 19.]
18.Import and export
19.Financial services
-APPLICATION PRIOR TO PUBLICATION [20.]
20.Application
-COMING INTO FORCE [21.]
21.Registration
SCHEDULE |
| Language: | | English, Francais/ Français |
| Source/publisher: | | Canadian Legal Information Institute |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/regl/dors-2007-285/derniere/dors-2007-285.html (Français)
http://canadagazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/2007/2007-12-26/html/sor-dors285-eng.html#tphp |
| Date of entry/update: | | 13 October 2010 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with Germany
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Außenhandel zwischen Burma und Deutschland im Steigflug |
| Date of publication: | | 08 April 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | Obwohl Wirtschaftssanktionen als wichtiges politisches
Druckmittel angesehen werden und das Auswärtige Amt seine
Wirtschaftsbeziehungen auf ein Minimum reduziert, befindet sich der
Außenhandel zwischen Burma und Deutschland im Aufschwung. Eine kurze Analyse
der Beziehungen zwischen der Bundesrepublik und Deutschland, aber auch
Nordrhein Westfalens und Burmas in den Jahren 1990 bis 1999.
On foreign trade Germany-Burma: (statistics on import and export) |
| Author/creator: | | Susanne Gotthart |
| Language: | | Deutsch, German |
| Source/publisher: | | Asienhaus, Essen |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with India
Individual Documents
| Title: | | One cannot step into the same river twice: making the Kaladan Project people-centred |
| Date of publication: | | 11 June 2013 |
| Description/subject: | | "The Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project (hereafter “Kaladan Project”) will see
the construction of a combined inland waterway and highway transportation system
connecting Mizoram State in Northeast India with a Bay of Bengal deepsea port at Sitetway,
Arakan State in Western Burma. The Indian government is entirely financing the
Kaladan Project, and these funds are officially classified as development aid to Burma.
Once completed, the infrastructure will belong to the Burma government, but the project
is unquestionably designed to achieve India’s economic and geostrategic interests. The
Kaladan Project - conceived in 2003, formalized in 2008 and slated for completion in 2015 - is
a cornerstone of India’s “Look East Policy” aimed at expanding Indian economic and
political influence in Southeast and East Asia. The Kaladan Project is being developed in
Arakan and Chin States - Burma’s least-developed and most poverty-prone states - where
improved infrastructure is badly needed. Yet it remains an open question whether the
Kaladan Project will be implemented in a way that ensures the people living along the
project route are the main beneficiaries of this large-scale infrastructure development.
This report from the Kaladan Movement provides an update on the progress of the Kaladan
Project; assesses the potential Project-related benefi ts and negative impacts for people
living in the project area; provides an overview of the current on-the-ground impacts,
focusing on the hopes and concerns of the local people; and makes a series of
recommendations to the Burma and India governments......."Part 1: Introduction to the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project;
1.1 Specifications of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project;
1.2 Context of the Kaladan Project: India-Burma relations;
1.3 Economies of Mizoram, Arakan, and Chin States;
1.4 The natural environment in the Kaladan Project area...
Part 2: Potential Impacts of the Kaladan Project:
2.1 Potential beneficial impacts of the Kaladan Project;
2.2 Potential negative impacts of the Kaladan project...
Part 3: Current Impacts of the Kaladan Project:
3.1 Lack of consultation;
3.2 Lack of information provided to the community and
lack of government transparency;
3.3 Lack of comprehensive and public Environmental,
Health and Social Impact Assessments;
3.4 Labour discrimination;
3.5 Land confi scation and forced eviction;
3.6 Destruction of local cultural heritage;
3.7 Riverine ecological destruction from aggregate mining
and dredging.....
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/102872850/KM_Report_Eng.pdf |
| Language: | | English (main text); Burmese (press release) |
| Source/publisher: | | Kaladan Movement |
| Format/size: | | pdf (4.8MB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs15/Kaladan_Movement-PR-2013-06-11-bu.pdf (Press Release - Burmese)
http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs15/Kaladan_Movement-PR-2013-06-11-en.pdf (Press Release - English) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 12 June 2013 |
|
| Title: | | Prostration and Diplomacy |
| Date of publication: | | August 2010 |
| Description/subject: | | Junta chief Snr-Gen Than Shwe made a pilgrimage to India in search of bilateral accords, development aid, legitimacy and atonement. He got at least some of what he was after...
"Burmese junta chief Snr-Gen Than Shwe’s five-day visit to India began with a pilgrimage to one of Buddhism’s most sacred shrines and ended with the signing of a wide range of agreements on finance, technology, arms and border issues....
As a result of these meetings, a series of bilateral treaties, memorandums of understanding and other agreements were signed..." |
| Author/creator: | | Zarni Mann |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 18, No. 8 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 31 August 2010 |
|
| Title: | | India-Burma relations gaining momentum of its own |
| Date of publication: | | 04 September 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | The Indo-Burmese relationship is acquiring a positive momentum of its own despite western rights groups' criticism of Myanmar 's handling of pro-democracy demonstrations some six months back. India had rolled out red-carpet for Burmese military junta’s top leadership who were on a five day visit to India that began from April 4, 2008. |
| Author/creator: | | Syed Ali Mujtaba, Ph.D. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Global Politician |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 September 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Why India? |
| Date of publication: | | 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | Why is India responsible for continued dictatorship, prolong suffering and the repeated bloodshed in Burma!
Why India: 1.India: Military Aid to Burma Fuels Abuses... 2.India unveils business proposals with Myanmar... 3.Business Week: India's Role in Burma's Crisis... 4.India Silent on Myanmar Crackdown... 5.India's foreign policy pragmatism |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Burmese American Democratic Alliance (BADA) |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 September 2010 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with Singapore
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Why Singapore? |
| Date of publication: | | 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | 1. U.S. Congress urges ASEAN to suspend Burma/Myanmar... 2. Singapore bans Myanmar protest at ASEAN summit.... 3. International students to attend forum to explain protest action... 4. Admin the peoples' uprising Singapore ship a weapons factory to Burma's Junta to seek economic favor... 5. Singapore PM Keep denying.....Singapore’s arms sales to Myanmar not substantial... 6. Reuters: Singapore under pressure to get tough with Myanmar... 7. Reuters: Singapore denies money laundering Myanmar leaders-AFP... 8. Asia Times: Singapore squirms as Burmese protest |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Burmese American Democratic Alliance (BADA) |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 September 2010 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with Thailand
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Dawei helps Thailand become auto hub |
| Date of publication: | | 01 August 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | "The Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) has thrown its full support behind a rail network linking Laem Chabang with Dawei on Myanmar's eastern coast.
The TDRI says the route will support Thailand's ambition of becoming the region's automotive and logistics hub.
However, Narong Pomlaktong, the TDRI's research director of transport and logistics, said the 427-kilometre route should be extended by another 877 km to connect with Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam..." |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "Bangkok Post" |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 02 August 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Complaint letter to Burma government about value of agricultural land destroyed by Tavoy highway |
| Date of publication: | | 24 July 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | "The complaint letter below, signed by 25 local community members, was written in July 2011 and raises villagers' concerns related to the construction of the Kanchanaburi – Tavoy [Dawei] highway linking Thailand and the Tavoy deep sea port. Villagers described concerns that the highway would bisect agricultural land and destroy crops under cultivation worth 3,280,500 kyat (US $3,657). In response to these concerns, local community members formed a group called the 'Village and Public Sustainable Development' to represent villagers' concerns and request compensation." |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (96K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.khrg.org/khrg2012/khrg12b69.html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 12 August 2012 |
|
| Title: | | ADB: Don't rush Dawei - Sufficient time needed to do it right |
| Date of publication: | | 22 June 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | "The capital-intensive Dawei project in Myanmar needs time to ensure adequate preparation, while investment and assurance from relevant governments are also critical, says the Asian Development Bank.
The ADB, which is part of the Greater Mekong Subregion secretariat, has concluded that the GMS's Southern Economic Corridor should be extended to include Dawei on Myanmar's eastern coast, said Arjun Goswami, the bank's director of regional cooperation and operations coordination in Southeast Asia.
But he said this type of large infrastructure project requires time for good preparation and careful planning.
For example, the preparation stage for the Nam Theun 2 hydropower project in Laos lasted 10 years.
"The project needs to complete all feasibility studies including environmental and social impact assessments as well as due diligence. You should not rush into it," Mr Goswami told Euromoney's Greater Mekong Investment Forum..." |
| Author/creator: | | Nareerat Wiriyapong |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "Bangkok Post" |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 23 June 2012 |
|
| Title: | | NO RIGHTS TO KNOW: The Collective Voices of Local People from the Dawei Special Economic Zone |
| Date of publication: | | April 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | "...The Dawei Special Economic Zone (Dawei SEZ) will be implemented with a joint venture between Thai
companies and Burmese companies and business cronies close to the regime. Accordingly to the source from
Rangoon (Yangon), one of the regime’s closest cronies, Max Myanmar Company headed by Zaw Zaw, have
already been awarded huge contracts related to the Dawei project along with Italia-Thai company. Zaw Zaw
also accompanied with Burma’s top generals on a tour of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
in China in 2011...The Tavoy deep seaport and special industries lie in Yebyu township and is between Tavoy town in the south and
Yatana pipeline in the north. 213.7 square meters comprises two town quarters in Yebyu Town, 11 village tracks
in Yebyu Township and one village track in eastern part of project site in Long-lon Township.
In the project site, a population of 30,000 will be directly affected, comprising of 21 communities and about 5,500
families. In order to go ahead with the project the Burmese government authorities and the companies will
move the communities out to make way for the project site. The ethnic Tavoyan people are the majority affected
population in coastal areas and many Karen communities in the eastern part of project site will be seriously
affected by the dam construction and road construction to Thailand.
However, when the Dawei Project Watch’s (DPW) field workers (reporters) traveled to the area and conducted
interviews especially with the Tavoyan and Mon villagers they found that the villagers had no idea what would
happen to them..." |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Dawei Project Watch |
| Format/size: | | pdf (8.9MB) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/N0_Rights_to_Know-Dawei-red.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 05 June 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Boom or Bust? |
| Date of publication: | | August 2010 |
| Description/subject: | | The Burmese junta is moving ahead with the Myawaddy special economic zone, which may or may not benefit the DKBA...
"The Burmese military regime has long talked about, but never implemented, a special economic zone (SEZ) near the Burma-Thailand border. But the junta’s cabinet recently approved the official creation of the SEZ, along with a plan to increase investment in the project.
This could result in a business boom for Col. Chit Thu and his Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) cronies who control the area surrounding the SEZ and have already established their own commercial empire on the border. But if the project is too successful, it could turn into a bust for Chit Thu, because the junta might want to keep control in the hands of its own generals..." |
| Author/creator: | | Alex Ellgee |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 18, No. 8 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 31 August 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Border Industry in Myanmar: Turning the Periphery into the Center of Growth |
| Date of publication: | | October 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | ABSTRACT:
"The Myanmar economy has not been deeply integrated into East Asia's production and distribution networks, despite its location advantages and notably abundant, reasonably well-educated, cheap labor force. Underdeveloped infrastructure, logistics in particular, and an unfavorable business and investment environment hinder it from participating in such networks in East Asia. Service link costs, for connecting production sites in Myanmar and other remote fragmented production blocks or markets, have not fallen sufficiently low to enable firms, including multi-national corporations to reduce total costs, and so the Myanmar economy has failed to attract foreign direct investments.
Border industry offers a solution. The Myanmar economy can be connected to the regional and global economy through its borders with neighboring countries, Thailand in particular, which already have logistic hubs such as deep-sea ports, airports and trunk roads. This paper examines the source of competitiveness of border industry by considering an example of the garment industry located in the Myanmar-Thai border area. Based on such analysis, we recognize the prospects of border industry and propose some policy measures to promote this on Myanmar soil."
Keywords: Myanmar (Burma), Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS), regional cooperation, border industry, cross-border trade, migrant workers, logistics, center-periphery
JEL classification: F15, F22, J31, L67 |
| Author/creator: | | Toshihiro Kudo |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute of Developing Economies (IDE Discussion Paper 122) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (1.3MB) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 22 April 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Why Thailand? |
| Date of publication: | | 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | Energy for Thailand, Tragedy for Burma: Looming Humanitarian Crisis in Burma... Main Expenses of the Military Regime... Main Sources of Regime's Income
The Burma Connection... |
| Author/creator: | | Sann Aung, ANDREW HIGGINS |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Burmese American Democratic Alliance (BADA) |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 September 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Straining to Bridge the Divide |
| Date of publication: | | February 2006 |
| Description/subject: | | In building a new “Friendship Bridge,” Thailand and Burma hope to consign their troubles to the past and increase cross-border trade...
"Burma’s Foreign Minister Nyan Win and his Thai counterpart, Kantathi Suphamongkhon, shook hands and smiled warmly. The January 22 opening of the second “Friendship Bridge”—connecting the Thai town of Mae Sai and, across the river in Burma, Tachilek—would help promote cross-border contact and “alleviate” the tense relationship between the two countries, they said. It should also provide a massive boost to trade relations between the traditionally wary neighbors..." |
| Author/creator: | | Clive Parker |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 14, No.2 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 01 May 2006 |
|
| Title: | | The Regional Development Policy of Thailand and Its Economic Cooperation with Neighboring Countries |
| Date of publication: | | July 2005 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract:
"Thailand has recently strengthened its economic policy toward its neighboring countries in coordination
with domestic regional development. It is widely recognized that economic cooperation with
neighboring countries is essential in preventing the inflow of illegal labor and effectively utilizing labor
and resources through the relocation of production bases. This direction is strengthened by elaborating
the GMS-EC and the ECS (Economic Cooperation Strategy). In addition, economic dependency of the
neighboring countries on Thailand is generally high. In this report, firstly, Thai regional development
policy will be made clear in relation to its economic policy toward neighboring countries as well as the
status quo of the industrial estates. Secondly, Thai policy toward the neighboring countries is examined
referring to the concept of wide-ranging economic zones, regional economic cooperation and special
border economic zones. Thirdly, the paper will discuss how closely the economies between Thailand
and the neighboring countries are related through trade and investment. Lastly, some implications on
Japan's economic cooperation will also be explored."...Keywords: industrial estates, GMS-EC, ECS, economic corridors, border zones |
| Author/creator: | | Takao TSUNEISHI |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute of Developing Economies, Discussion Paper No. 32 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (674K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Dp/pdf/032_tsuneishi.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 16 July 2006 |
|
| Title: | | The Burma-Thailand Gas Debacle |
| Date of publication: | | November 2004 |
| Description/subject: | | "Thailand’s state-controlled gas firm signed up for two expensive gas deals that it later realized it didn’t want. Burma has used the revenue to finance an arms build-up.
In 1989 with the treasury bare, Burma’s ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council, or SLORC, as the junta then called itself, opened up petroleum exploration to foreign oil companies. In the short term Rangoon profited from signing bonuses paid for exploration blocks. If any of the firms struck commercially viable oil or gas, Burma would collect free rents from petroleum exports that would help maintain an unelected, unpopular administration in power..." |
| Author/creator: | | Bruce Hawke |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 12, No. 10 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 31 January 2005 |
|
-
Burma's economic relations with Ukraine
Individual Documents
| Title: | | The Kiev Connection |
| Date of publication: | | April 2004 |
| Description/subject: | | "The former Soviet republic of the Ukraine is helping to satisfy the Rangoon regime’s apparently insatiable demand for modern weapon systems..."
In May 2003 the Malyshev HMB plant in Kharkov reportedly signed a contract with Rangoon to provide the Burma Army with 1,000 new BTR-3U light armored personnel carriers, or APCs. The APCs will be supplied in component form over the next 10 years, and assembled in Burma.
The size of the deal is estimated to be in excess of US $500 million. It is not known if it will be paid in hard currency, or whether an element of barter trade is involved. Some of Burma’s other arms suppliers—for example Russia and North Korea—have accepted part payment in rice, teak and marine products..." |
| Author/creator: | | William Ashton |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2004 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 22 July 2004 |
|
-
Business and the Military
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Air Bagan’s High Fliers |
| Date of publication: | | May 2010 |
| Description/subject: | | Air Bagan, the Burmese domestic airline owned by tycoon Tay Za, soared to new heights at this year’s Thingyan water festival in Rangoon, flying in foreign disc jockeys and dancers to keep the crowds entertained. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 18, No. 5 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 29 August 2010 |
|
| Title: | | A Different Breed |
| Date of publication: | | September 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | "Burmese businessmen were once a force for positive political change in Burma; now they serve nobody’s interests but their own—and the generals’...Long gone are the days when Burmese admired their country’s most successful entrepreneurs. Burmese business empires were once a source of pride to a subject people living under British rule, and native-born tycoons were regarded as patriotic men of the people. How things have changed...Now, as Burma’s gross domestic product per capita remains at less than half that of Cambodia, millionaires mingle with generals over glasses of champagne, enjoying the fruits of a new economic order that has done nothing to lift the rest of the population out of grinding poverty..." |
| Author/creator: | | Aung Zaw |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 16, No. 9 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 13 November 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Tracking the Tycoons |
| Date of publication: | | September 2008 |
| Description/subject: | | "THREE years after profiling Burma’s most successful tycoons in its September 2005 issue, The Irrawaddy is again directing attention to the men who govern the country’s business world. They continue to prosper, and have been joined by others, yet they are coming increasingly under the international spotlight and critical scrutiny.
Many of those who featured in our September 2005 issue found themselves on another list last year—penalized by US and EU sanctions because of their relationship with, and unquestioning support for, Burma’s military regime.
The sanctions list contained such names as Tay Za and his elder brother, Thi Ha; Asia World’s director Tun Myint Naing; Aung Thet Mann, whose father is the regime’s third most powerful general; and Khin Shwe, who faithfully attended the regime-sponsored National Convention and is well connected to the top junta leaders.
They were penalized by the US shortly after the regime they so assiduously back brutally suppressed demonstrations last September demanding changes that would advance prosperity and freedom for all, not just a favored clique..." |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 16, No. 9 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 13 November 2008 |
|
| Title: | | Tycoon Turf |
| Date of publication: | | September 2005 |
| Description/subject: | | Burma’s business czars tread a wary path...
"In today’s Burma, two groups of people command from the general population a mixture of envy, anger and a dose of admiration. The first group is, of course, the military leadership, the generals who have been governing the country since 1988.
The rulers of Burma have so far somehow failed to persuade the public to accept the notion that the military government is there to serve the interests of the country and its citizens. The regime remains deeply unloved by most of the population.
The second group is the tycoons who grow rich in their impoverished country. Since the regime introduced an “open market economy” in 1989 and abandoned the “Burmese Way to Socialism” introduced by the previous government, many have taken advantage of this change, and the country has seen a growing number of tycoons and entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs opened business offices and set up companies overnight as they became self-appointed CEOs or managing directors in newly-established companies. Chauffeured in their powerful SUVs and sleek Mercedes Benz limousines, they travel far, locally and internationally, to conduct business and find new markets. Their business interests cover export-import, construction, agriculture, transportation and communications, mining, hotels and tourism, and the garment trade..." |
| Author/creator: | | Aung Zaw |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 13, No. 9 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 30 April 2006 |
|
| Title: | | Tycoon Te Za: Well-Connected, and Well-Heeled |
| Date of publication: | | June 2005 |
| Description/subject: | | Profile of a modern Burmese empire-builder...
"It wouldn’t be wrong to say many young men dream of a military career in military-ruled Burma. It promises both power and security. That may be what 20-year-old Te Za had in mind when he enrolled at the Defense Service Academy, Burma’s prestigious military academy, 20 years ago.
If so, he shattered his own dream by eventually dropping out of the DSA to elope with his love, Thida Zaw, whom he later married. But Te Za (also spelled Tay Za) has no regrets. Today he is one of Burma’s most promising tycoons, a millionaire with both power and deep pockets.
As president and managing director of Htoo Trading Company, Te Za is a major player in Burma’s tourism, logging, palm oil, real estate, hotel and housing development industries. He now controls 80 percent of the country’s legal timber production..." |
| Author/creator: | | Aung Zaw |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 13, No. 6 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 April 2006 |
|
| Title: | | Befreiung des Handels aus den Fängen des Militärs |
| Date of publication: | | January 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | Burma: Fairer Handel, ›Deglobalisierung und andere Alternativen? Eine Diskussion von Walden Bellos Konzept der De-Globalisierung und Lokalisierung angewandt auf Burma. Warum sind die Ideen der globalisierungskritischen Bewegung derzeit auf Burma nicht anwendbar?
key words: anti-globalisation, fair trade, military / state economy, neo-liberalism, |
| Author/creator: | | Alfred Oehlers, Deutsch von Gudrun Witte |
| Language: | | Deutsch, German, English |
| Source/publisher: | | Südostasien Jg. 19, Nr. 1 - Asienhaus |
| Format/size: | | pdf (51K - English) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs07/Globalisation_Oehlers.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 08 January 2004 |
|
| Title: | | No Sex Please - We'Re Burmese |
| Date of publication: | | February 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | "Despite draconian laws and official denial, sex is big business in Burma. But brothel owners find it doesn't pay to offend the morals of modest generals..." |
| Author/creator: | | Aung Zaw |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy, Vol. 9. No. 2 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Fall from Fortune |
| Date of publication: | | January 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | Business people in Burma gamble their fortunes -- and their freedom -- on picking the winners in the country's power struggles. |
| Author/creator: | | Maung Maung Oo |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 9. No. 1 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Power and Money: Economics and Conflict in Burma |
| Date of publication: | | 31 October 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | "...The regime's persistent military targeting of ethnic peoples has significantly compounded the negative effects of economic mismanagement. Although the ethnic conflict in Burma is widely considered a human rights problem, many of the regime's tactics are economic; in an attempt to starve them into submission, ethnic groups are routinely denied the ability to secure an income sufficient for survival...
Continued conflict and human rights abuses have severely weakened the economy, to the detriment of both ethnic peoples and the general population, and made economic reform a practical impossibility in Burma. Although gross human rights violations and cultural destruction seem not to bother Burma's government, perhaps the impossibility of sustaining the country on a continually deteriorating economic base will eventually force the ruling power to make concessions and respect the rights of Burma's ethnic nationalities." |
| Author/creator: | | Laura Frankel |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "Cultural Survival Quarterly" Issue 24.3 |
| Format/size: | | English |
| Date of entry/update: | | 17 August 2010 |
|
| Title: | | Used Car Salesman |
| Date of publication: | | September 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | Following up on our Burmese Tycoons series, The Irrawaddy presents thispersonal account of the pitfalls of doing business in Burma. |
| Author/creator: | | Maung Maung Oo |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 8. No. 9 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Burmese Tycoons, Part III |
| Date of publication: | | August 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | This is the last installment of our Burmese Tycoons series. We hope it has provided a useful overview of the Burmese business environment. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 8, No. 8 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Burmese Tycoons, Part II |
| Date of publication: | | July 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | Drug money and close ties with top generals are two of the not-so-secret ingredients in the success stories of some of Burma's richest men. Using a variety of sources, this special report takes a look at what lies behind the rising fortunes of four of Burma's leading businessmen of the past decade...Thein Tun (Myanmar Golden Star Co., Ltd., Crusher Drinks, Tun Foundation Bank); Michael Moe Myint (Myint & Associates Company Limited).
Kyaw Win [May Flower] (Myanmar May Flower Bank Limited, Chin Su Plywood Industry); U Kyaw Win (Shwe Than Lwin Company); U Kyaw Myint (Golden Flower Co., Ltd., Shwemarlar Housing Project, Two Fish Brand Pure Groundnut oil)... |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 8. No. 7 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Burmese Tycoons Part I |
| Date of publication: | | June 2000 |
| Description/subject: | | Drug money and close ties with top generals are two of the not-so-secret ingredients in the success stories of some of Burma's richest men. Using a variety of sources, this special report takes a look at what lies behind the rising fortunes of four of Burma's leading businessmen of the past decade. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Vol. 8, No. 6 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Alternate URLs: | | Tun Myint Naing [Steven Law] (Asia World Co Ltd.); U Eike Htun (Asia Wealth Bank, Olympic Construction Company); U Htay Myint (Yuzana Co Ltd, Yuzana Super Market, Hotel and Plaza); U Aung Ko Win [Saya Kyaung] (Kanbawza Bank). |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
-
Commercial directories
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Myanmar Yellow Pages |
| Description/subject: | | Pretty feeble list |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Myanmarpyi |
| Description/subject: | | Big list of companies by sector, plus blue pages and a link to the soc.cult.burma membership list search by name of email...
NOT ACCESSIBLE, NOVEMBER 2004. |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
-
Currency
-
Exchange Rate
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Real Exchange Rate Appreciation, Resource Boom, and Policy Reform in Myanmar |
| Date of publication: | | July 2012 |
| Description/subject: | | In the five-year period from 2006 to 2011, the real exchange rate of the Myanmar kyat appreciated 200 percent, signifying that the value of the US dollar in Myanmar diminished to one third of its previous level. While the resource boom is suspected as a source of the real exchange rate appreciation, its aggravation is related to administrative controls on foreign exchange and imports. First, foreign exchange controls prevented replacement of the negotiated transactions of foreign exchange with the bank intermediation. This hampered government interventions in the market. Second, import controls repressed imports, aggravating excess supply of foreign exchange. Relaxation of administrative controls is necessary for moderating currency appreciation. |
| Author/creator: | | KUBO Koji |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute for Developing Economies (IDE DISCUSSION PAPER No. 358) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (252K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 13 September 2012 |
|
| Title: | | Economic Anomalies |
| Date of publication: | | 08 January 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | January 08, 2003—"During Burma’s time as a Socialist state, citizens were prevented by foreign exchange proceed laws to possess any foreign currency. Minor adjustments were made to this situation after 1988 when the military junta allowed a number of businessmen to open foreign currency accounts at two state-owned banks: the Myanma Foreign Trade Bank (MFTB) and the Myanma Investment and Commercial Bank (MICB)..." |
| Author/creator: | | Danu Maung |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy" Commentary Archive |
| Format/size: | | html (12K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Spectre of 88 Hangs Over Currency Woes |
| Date of publication: | | February 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | "The steady fall of Burma’s currency, the kyat, and the widening gap between the value of the US dollar
and the dollar-denominated Foreign Exchange Certificate (FEC) have raised the possibility of renewed
unrest in the military-run country..." |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 9. No. 2 (Business section) |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Kyat Turmoil |
| Date of publication: | | August 1997 |
| Description/subject: | | In July the Burmese kyat declined from 185 to 280 to the US dollar. Then, it fell to 300 kyat. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 5. No. 4-5, |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 June 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Kyat Reaches New Low |
| Description/subject: | | Burma's national currency has stabilized after reaching an all-time low of around 395 kyat to the US dollar in mid-August. The kyat, which has been under pressure since civil servants received a pay increase of more than 500% in April, recovered to around 385 kyat to the dollar by late August, after briefly testing the 400 kyat per dollar level. |
| Source/publisher: | | "The Irrawaddy", Vol. 8. No. 8, August 2000 |
| Date of entry/update: | | 06 September 2010 |
|
-
Development
-
Border Area Developmsnt
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Investing in Destruction: The impact of development projects and economic policies |
| Date of publication: | | October 2003 |
| Description/subject: | | "The SPDC often portrays economic investment in Burma"At the outset, an olive branch was extended to the armed groups that have been fighting the government for decades. Following successful negotiations these groups returned to the legal fold. National unity was achieved. Peace now reigns in the entire country, providing an opportunity for long neglected border areas to develop quickly. The gap between urban and rural areas has narrowed. At the same time we have taken developmental initiatives to promote a better life for our peoples. We have worked tirelessly to provide better health care, education and housing for all our peoples"..." |
| Author/creator: | | R Sharples |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | "Burma Isues" October 2003 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs12/BI-2003-10%28Vol.13-10%29-red.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 28 December 2003 |
|
| Title: | | Destruction and violation: Burma's border development policies |
| Date of publication: | | February 1999 |
| Description/subject: | | The military dictatorship governing Burma is currently using the discourse of development to legitimise its domination of the border areas. Curtis W. Lambrecht examines the regime and its development policies including its destructive effects on the communities it is supposed to be helping. |
| Author/creator: | | Curtis W. Lambrecht |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Watershed Vol. 5 No. 2 |
| Format/size: | | html |
| Date of entry/update: | | 19 August 2010 |
|
-
Economic Development
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Trade, Foreign Investment and Myanmar's Economic Development during the Transition to an Open Economy |
| Date of publication: | | August 2007 |
| Description/subject: | | ABSTRACT:
"Throughout the 1990s and up to 2005, the adoption of an open-door policy substantially increased the volume of Myanmar's external trade. Imports grew more rapidly than exports in the 1990s owing to the release of pent-up consumer demand during the transition to a market economy. Accordingly, trade deficits expanded. Confronted by a shortage of foreign currency, the government after the late 1990s resorted to rigid controls over the private sector's trade activities. Despite this tightening of policy, Myanmar's external sector has improved since 2000 largely because of the emergence of new export commodities, namely garments and natural gas. Foreign direct investments in Myanmar significantly contributed to the exploration and development of new gas fields. As trade volume grew, Myanmar strengthened its trade relations with neighboring countries such as China, Thailand and India. Although the development of external trade and foreign investment inflows exerted a considerable impact on the Myanmar economy, the external sector has not yet begun to function as a vigorous engine for broad-based and sustainable development."...
Keywords: Myanmar (Burma), international trade, cross-border trade, foreign direct investment, economic development, development cooperation
PDF filepdf(274KB) |
| Author/creator: | | Toshihiro Kudo and Fumiharu Mieno |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute of Developing Economies (IDE Discussion Paper 116) |
| Format/size: | | pdf (274K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 22 April 2008 |
|
-
Economic zones in Myanmar
-
Laws and regulations
Individual Documents
| Title: | | Myanmar Special Economic Zone Law. |
| Date of publication: | | 27 January 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | ( The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 8 / 2011)
The 8th Waning Day of Pyatho, 1372. M.E.
(27th January, 2011)
The State Peace and Development Council hereby enacts the following Law:
Chapter I -
Title and Definition.
1 This Law shall be called the Myanmar Special Economic Zone Law. |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | State Peace and Development Council |
| Format/size: | | pdf (94K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 03 January 2012 |
|
| Title: | | THE DAWEI SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE LAW/ ထား၀ယ္အထူး စီးပြားေရးဇုံ ဥပေဒ |
| Date of publication: | | 27 January 2011 |
| Description/subject: | | The Union of Myanmar (The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 17/2011) 8th Waning of Pyatho, 1372 M.E. ( 27th January , 2011)..... ျပည္ေထာင္စုျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၊ ထား၀ယ္အထူး စီးပြားေရးဇံု ဥပေဒ၊ (ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ေအးခ်မ္းသာယာေရးႏွင့္ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးေရးေကာင္စီ ဥပေဒ အမွတ္ ၁၇/ ၂၀၁၁) ၁၃၇၂ ခုႏွစ္ ျပာသို လျပည့္ေက်ာ္ (၈) ရက္၊(၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ ဇႏၷ၀ါရီလ ၂၇ ရက္) |
| Language: | | English/Burmese |
| Source/publisher: | | The Union of Myanmar, The State Peace and Development Council |
| Format/size: | | pdf (671K) |
| Date of entry/update: | | 23 September 2012 |
|
-
Industrial zones - general studies
Individual Documents
| Title: | | The Regional Development Policy of Thailand and Its Economic Cooperation with Neighboring Countries |
| Date of publication: | | July 2005 |
| Description/subject: | | Abstract:
"Thailand has recently strengthened its economic policy toward its neighboring countries in coordination
with domestic regional development. It is widely recognized that economic cooperation with
neighboring countries is essential in preventing the inflow of illegal labor and effectively utilizing labor
and resources through the relocation of production bases. This direction is strengthened by elaborating
the GMS-EC and the ECS (Economic Cooperation Strategy). In addition, economic dependency of the
neighboring countries on Thailand is generally high. In this report, firstly, Thai regional development
policy will be made clear in relation to its economic policy toward neighboring countries as well as the
status quo of the industrial estates. Secondly, Thai policy toward the neighboring countries is examined
referring to the concept of wide-ranging economic zones, regional economic cooperation and special
border economic zones. Thirdly, the paper will discuss how closely the economies between Thailand
and the neighboring countries are related through trade and investment. Lastly, some implications on
Japan's economic cooperation will also be explored."...Keywords: industrial estates, GMS-EC, ECS, economic corridors, border zones |
| Author/creator: | | Takao TSUNEISHI |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | Institute of Developing Economies, Discussion Paper No. 32 |
| Format/size: | | pdf (674K) |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Dp/pdf/032_tsuneishi.pdf |
| Date of entry/update: | | 16 July 2006 |
|
| Title: | | Industrial Development in Myanmar: Prospects and Challenges |
| Date of publication: | | 2001 |
| Description/subject: | | "...we should look back Myanmar’s history on industrial policy.
Every government to date since independence, either civilian or military,
and either democratic or socialist, has approached the problem of the private sector with great concern and trepidation. Whenever they wanted to
accommodate and integrate the energy of private enterprises into the national economy, the socialist philosophy, anti-capitalist attitude, control-prone disposition and xenophobia based on the bitter colonial experiences
provided obstacles, with the redefinition of the role of the private sector
being left vague and halfway.
The transition to market-oriented economy in the 1990s seems to be a historical exception. The various reform measures taken by the military government apparently show their strong commitment toward a full-fledged
market economy. The author calls the present transformation of the economy the Third Wave, and assures himself that it has been the biggest wave of
liberalization in Myanmar’s industrial history.
Compared with the previous two waves, which the author thinks occurred in the latter half of the
1950s and in the mid-1970s, the present regime has committed itself much more clearly to market economic principles and the enhanced role of the
private sector.
Nevertheless, the history still exhibits a reserve to be fully confident in
government policy toward a market economy. Recent backtracking of economic reforms is certainly something to be worried. It would be necessary
for the military government to commit itself again to such ideas as open
markets, free competition, transparency, accountability, consistency, level
playing field, freedom of information and rule of law, which are the foundations for a free and fair market-oriented economy. Without the govern
ment’s commitment to those ideas, the private sector would never be confident on public polices, and as a result, the full-fledged investments would
never be forthcoming."
See Toshihiro Kudo, “Industrial Policy in Myanamr: Lessons from the Past” in Industrial Devel
opment and Reforms in Myanmar: ASEAN and Japanese Perspectives, (Bangkok, The Sasakawa
Southeast Asia Cooperation Fund, 1999).
43 |
| Language: | | English |
| Source/publisher: | | IDE- Institute of Developing Economies / JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization |
| Format/size: | | pdf (642K), html |
| Alternate URLs: | | http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs14/Industrial_Development_in_Myanmar-Prospects_and_Challenges.pdf
http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs14/Industrial_Development_in_Myanmar_Prospects_and_Challenges-balan... |
| Date of entry/update: | | 22 September 2012 |
|
|
|