Conceptual Table of Plant Description Elements
Showing Character Groupings, Characters and Allowable Character States
(version 2.20, 4/17/2003)

Character groupings are shown in red, characters in bold, and allowable character states in conventional font. Changes made since 6/5/02 (version 1.0) are shown in blue.
 

Taxon*

Rank
kingdom
subkingdom
division
class
order
family
genus
species
subspecies
variety
form

Name

Authority

ITIS Taxonomic Serial Number

Synonym(s)
Name
Authority

[Only for species level or below.]

Vernacular

 

*The "Taxon" grouping is recursive in that, for a given plant, a Rank, Name, Authority, etc., may be recorded for each level of the taxonomic hierarchy. Each rank is contained within the rank(s) above it, with the exception that infraspecific ranks (Subspecies, Variety and Form) are not required to be in a hierarchical relationship to one another (i.e. a Form does not have to be contained within a Variety or Subspecies, nor does a Variety need to be contained within a Subspecies).
 
 

Plant Habit and Life Style

Life Span
annual
biennial
perennial

Woodiness
herbaceous
woody

Growth Habit
aquatic-emergent
aquatic-floating
aquatic-submerged
broadleaf herbaceous
epiphytic
grasslike herbaceous
shrub
subshrub
succulent
tree
vine

Herbaceous Plant Growth Form
bunching
single upright stem

Plant Height When Mature (m)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Nutrition
autotrophic
hemi-parasitic
parasitic
saprophytic

Carnivory
carnivorous
not carnivorous

 

 

Stems

Stem Type
aerial stem
bulb
corm
rhizome
stolon
tuber

Pith
chambered
continuous
diaphragmed
hollow

Color of Young Twigs (<= 1 year old)
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Diameter of Young Twigs (<= 1year old) (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Pubescence of Herbaceous Stems or Young Twigs (<= 1year old)
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent

Pubescence Type of Herbaceous Stems or Young Twigs (<= 1year old)
arachnoid
canescent

hirsute
hispid
pilose
puberulent
sericeous
stellate
stinging
stipitate glandular
strigose
tomentose
villous

Other Surface Features of Herbaceous Stems or Young Twigs (<= 1year old)
glandular
glaucous
lepidote
nectary-bearing
punctate glandular
scabrous
scaly
scurfy
smooth

spiny, prickly, thorny
tendril-bearing
winged

Pubescence of 2-4-year-old Twigs
glabrous
pubescent

Other Surface Features of 2-4-year-old Twigs
scaly
spiny, prickly, thorny
sterigma-bearing
tendril-bearing
winged

Leaf Scar Shape
crescent-shaped
half-round
heart-shaped
horseshoe-shaped
oval
round
shield-shaped
three-lobed
triangular
U-shaped
V-shaped

Number of Bundle Scars
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Stipule Scar Presence
absent
inconspicuous
present

Stipule Scar Extent
circumferential
not circumferrential

Short Shoot Presence
absent
present

Short Shoot Type
bearing cones
bearing flowers
bearing leaves

Bark of Mature Trunks
armed
checkered
conspicuous lenticels
exfoliating
flaky
furrowed
plated
ridged
shreddy
smooth
warty

 

Buds

Bud Position
axillary
collateral
infrapetiolar
pseudoterminal
superposed
terminal

Presence of Bud Clusters at Ends of Twigs
absent
present

Bud Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Bud Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Bud Shape
conic
cylindric
ellipsoid
ellipsoid-cylindric
fusiform
globose
lance-cylindric
lanceoloid
lance-ovoid
oblong

oblong-cylindric
oblong-ovoid
ovoid
ovoid-acuminate
ovoid-conic
ovoid-cylindric
ovoid-ellipsoid

Bud Apex
blunt
sharp

Bud Scale Type
absent (naked)
imbricate
single scale
valvate

Bud Pubesence
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent

Bud Pubesence Type
arachnoid
canescent
ciliate
hirsute
hispid
pilose
puberulent
sericeous
stellate
stipitate glandular
strigose
tomentose
villous

Other Surface Features of Buds
glandular
glaucous
glossy
glutinous
lepidote
punctate glandular
scabrous
scurfy
smooth

 

 

Leaves

Leaf Duration
deciduous
evergreen
semi-evergreen

Leaf Complexity
simple
compound

Leaf Attachment
nearly sessile
petiolate
sessile

Leaf Postition
basal
cauline

Leaf Arrangement
alternate
clustered
decussate
distichous
equitant
fascicled
imbricate

opposite
pectinate
rosetted
spiral

whorled

Leaf Orientation
ascending
appressed
reflexed
spreading

Leaf Length (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Leaf Width (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Leaf Shape
acicular
awl-shaped
cordate
deltoid

elliptic
ensiform
falcate

fan-shaped
filiform
hastate

lanceolate
linear
lorate
lyrate

needle-like
obcordate
obdeltoid
oblanceolate

oblong
obovate
orbiculate
oval
ovate
pandurate
reniform
rhombic
runcinate
sagittate

scale-like
spatulate

Leaf Margin
ciliate
crenate
crenulate
crisped
deeply lobed

dentate
denticulate
divided
doubly serrate
entire
erose
incised

involute
lacerate
laciniate
moderately lobed

plane
revolute
serrate
serrulate
shallowly lobed
sinuate

spiny or prickly
undulate

Leaf Apex
acuminate
acute
apiculate
aristate
caudate

emarginate
mucronate
obtuse
rounded
spinose
truncate

Leaf Base
attenuate
auriculate
clasping
cordate
cuneate
decurrent

hastate
oblique
obtuse
peltate
perfoliate
rounded
sagittate
sheathing
truncate

Leaf Shape in Cross Section 
two-sided
three-sided
four-sided
circular
oval
semicircular
keeled above
keeled below

Number of Needles per Cluster or Fascicle
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Leaf Upper Surface Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Leaf Lower Surface Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Leaf Upper Surface Color Variegation
absent
banded
blotched
bordered
clouded
discoidal
dotted
edged
marbled
ocellated
painted
spotted
striped
tessellated
variegated
zoned

Leaf Lower Surface Color Variegation
absent
banded
blotched
bordered
clouded
discoidal
dotted
edged
marbled
ocellated
painted
spotted
striped
tessellated
variegated
zoned

Leaf Upper Surface Pubescence
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent

Leaf Upper Surface Pubescence Type
arachnoid
canescent

hirsute
hispid
pilose
puberulent
sericeous
stellate
stinging
stipitate glandular
strigose
tomentose
villous

Other Features of Leaf Upper Surface
glandular
glaucous
glossy
glutinous
lepidote
punctate glandular
rugose
scabrous
scaly
scurfy
smooth

Leaf Lower Surface Pubescence
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent
tufts in vein axils

Leaf Lower Surface Pubescence Type
arachnoid
canescent

hirsute
hispid
pilose
puberulent
sericeous
stellate
stinging
stipitate glandular
strigose
tomentose
villous

Other Features of Leaf Lower Surface
glandular
glaucous
glossy
glutinous
lepidote
punctate glandular
rugose
scabrous
scaly
scurfy
smooth

Leaf Venation
dichotomous
palmate
parallel
pinnate
reticulate

Number of Secondary Veins on Either Side of the Midvein
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Leaf Upper Surface Venation Relief
distinctly impressed
distinctly raised
relatively planar

Leaf Lobing
unlobed
palmate
pinnate

Number of Leaf Lobes
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Leaf Division
bifoliolate
bigeminate
bipalmately compound
bipinnately compound
bipinnate-pinnatifid
bipinnatifid

biternate
once palmately compound
once pinnately compound
once pinnate-pinnatifid
palmatifid
pinnatifid

trifoliolate
tripalmately compound
tripinnately compound
tripinnate-pinnatifid
tripinnatifid
triternate

unifoliolate

Leaflet Attachment
nearly sessile
petiolulate
sessile

Leaflet Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Terminal Leaflet Presence
absent (even-pinnate)
present (odd-pinnate)

Leaflet Length (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Leaflet Width (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Leaflet Shape
acicular
awl-shaped
cordate
deltoid

elliptic
ensiform
falcate

fan-shaped
filiform
hastate

lanceolate
linear
lorate
lyrate

needle-like
obcordate
obdeltoid
oblanceolate

oblong
obovate
orbiculate
oval
ovate
pandurate
reniform
rhombic
runcinate
sagittate

scale-like
spatulate

Leaflet Margin
ciliate
crenate
crenulate
crisped
deeply lobed

dentate
denticulate
divided
doubly serrate
entire
erose
incised

involute
lacerate
laciniate
moderately lobed

plane
revolute
serrate
serrulate
shallowly lobed
sinuate

spiny or prickly
undulate

Leaflet Apex
acuminate
acute
apiculate
aristate
caudate

emarginate
mucronate
obtuse
rounded
spinose
truncate

Leaflet Base
attenuate
auriculate
clasping
cordate
cuneate
decurrent

hastate
oblique
obtuse
peltate
perfoliate
rounded
sagittate
sheathing
truncate

Leaflet Venation
dichotomous
palmate
parallel
pinnate
reticulate

Leaflet Lobing
unlobed
palmate
pinnate

Petiole Length (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Petiole Pubescence
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent

Petiole Pubescence Type
pilose
puberulent
stellate
stinging
stipitate glandular

Other Petiole Surface Features
glandular
nectary-bearing
punctate glandular
spiny, prickly, thorny
tendril-bearing
winged

Rachis Pubescence
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent

Rachis Pubescence Type
pilose
puberulent
stellate
stinging
stipitate glandular

Other Rachis Surface Features
glandular
nectary-bearing
punctate glandular
spiny, prickly, thorny
tendril-bearing
winged

Stipule Presence
absent
present

Stipule Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Stipule Persistence
caducous
persistent

Stipule Type
blade-like
circumferential
glandular
scale-like

spinose

 

 

Flowers

General

Bloom Time (months)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Inflorescence Position
axillary
terminal

Inflorescence Type
catkin
compound dichasium
compound umbel
corymb
cyathium
cyme
fascicle
glomerule

head
helicoid cyme
panicle
raceme
scorpioid cyme
simple dichasium
simple umbel
solitary
spadix
spike
spikelet
thyrse

verticillaster

Flower Attachment
nearly sessile
sessile
stalked

Flower Gender
bisexual
pistillate
staminate
unisexual

Position of Perianth
epigynous
hypogynous
perigynous

Composite Ray Floret Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Composite Ray Floret Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Composite Ray Floret Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Composite Disc Floret Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Composite Disc Floret Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Composite Disc Floret Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green


Perianth

Calyx Symmetry
asymmetric
bilaterally symmetric
radially symmetric

Calyx Fusion
aposepalous
synsepalous

Sepal Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Calyx Tube Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Calyx Tube Width (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Sepal Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Sepal Width (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Sepal Orientation
ascending
appressed
reflexed
spreading

Sepal Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Sepal Shape
deltoid
elliptic
falcate
lanceolate
linear
lorate
obcordate
obdeltoid
oblanceolate
oblong
obovate
orbiculate
oval
ovate
rhombic
scale-like
spatulate

Sepal Margin
ciliate
crenate
deeply lobed
dentate
divided
entire
erose
incised
lacerate
laciniate
moderately lobed
serrate
shallowly lobed
sinuate
spiny or prickly
undulate

Sepal Apex
acuminate
acute
apiculate
aristate
caudate
emarginate
mucronate
obtuse
rounded
spinose
truncate

Sepal Pubescence
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent

Sepal Pubescence Type
arachnoid
canescent
hirsute
hispid
pilose
puberulent
sericeous
stellate
stinging
stipitate glandular
strigose
tomentose
villous

Other Sepal Surface Features
glandular
glaucous
glossy
glutinous
lepidote
punctate glandular
rugose
scabrous
scaly
scurfy
smooth

Sepal Persistence
caducous
persistent

Corolla Symmetry
asymmetric
bilaterally symmetric
radially symmetric

Corolla Fusion
apopetalous
sympetalous

Petal Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Corolla Shape
campanulate
funnelform
rotate
salverform
tubular
urceolate

Corolla Tube Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Corolla Tube Width (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Petal Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Petal Width (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Petal Orientation
ascending
appressed
reflexed
spreading

Petal Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Petal Shape
clawed
deltoid
elliptic
falcate
keeled
lanceolate
linear
lorate
obcordate
obdeltoid
oblanceolate
oblong
obovate
orbiculate
oval
ovate
rhombic
saccate
scale-like
spatulate
spurred

Petal Margin
ciliate
crenate
deeply lobed
dentate
divided
entire
erose
incised
lacerate
laciniate
moderately lobed
serrate
shallowly lobed
sinuate
undulate

Petal Apex
acuminate
acute
apiculate
aristate
caudate
cleft
emarginate
fringed
mucronate
obtuse
rounded
spinose
truncate

Petal Pubescence
glabrous
pubescent

Petal Persistence
caducous
persistent

 

Androecium

Stamen Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Stamen Postion
alternating with petals
opposite petals

Stamen Grouping and Fusion
diadelphous
monadelphous
separate

Filament Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Anther Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Staminode Presence
absent
present

 

Gynoecium

Ovary Position
half-inferior
inferior
superior

Pistil Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Carpel Fusion
apocarpous
monocarpous
syncarpous

Number of Carpels per Flower
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Number of Styles per Pistil
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Ovary Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Style Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Stigma Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Placentation
apical
axile
basal
free-central
marginal
parietal

 


Other Floral Features

Receptacle Shape
alveolate
concave
cone-like
convex

Receptacle Chaff Presence
absent
present

Hypanthium Presence
absent
present

Involucre Shape
campanulate

Phyllary Length (mm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Phyllary Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Phyllary Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Phyllary Orientation
ascending
appressed
reflexed
squarrose

Phyllary Shape
deltoid
elliptic
falcate
lanceolate
linear
lorate
obcordate
obdeltoid
oblanceolate
oblong
obovate
orbiculate
oval
ovate
rhombic
scale-like
spatulate

Phyllary Margin
ciliate
crenate
dentate
entire
erose
incised
lacerate
laciniate
serrate
sinuate
spiny or prickly
undulate

Phyllary Apex
acuminate
acute
apiculate
aristate
caudate
emarginate
mucronate
obtuse
rounded
spinose
truncate

Phyllary Pubescence
glabrate
glabrous
pubescent

Phyllary Pubescence Type
arachnoid
canescent
hirsute
hispid
pilose
puberulent
sericeous
stellate
stinging
stipitate glandular
strigose
tomentose
villous

Other Phyllary Surface Features
glandular
glaucous
glossy
glutinous
lepidote
punctate glandular
rugose
scabrous
scaly
scurfy
smooth

Pappus Type
bristle-like
plumose
scale-like

Pappus Whorl Complexity
double-whorled
simple-whorled

Pappus Number
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Pappus Color
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

 

 

Fruits

Fruit Type
accessory fruit
achene
acorn
aggregate fruit
berry
bur
capsule
caryopsis
circumscissile capsule
cypsella
denticidal capsule
drupe
follicle
hesperidium
hip
legume
loculicidal capsule
loment
mericarp
mutiple fruit
nut
pepo
pome
poricidal capsule
samara
schizocarp
septicidal capsule
silicle
silique
syconium
utricle

Length (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Color of Mature Fruit
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Time to Maturity (years)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

 

Cones

Pollen Shed Time (months)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Pollen Cone Length (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Seed Cone Length (cm)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Seed Cone Position
axillary
terminal

Seed Cone Attachment
nearly sessile
sessile
stalked

Seed Cone Color Before Maturity
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Seed Cone Color When Mature
beige
black
blue
blue-green
bronze
brown
burgundy
copper
cream
fuchsia
gray
green
lavender
maroon
olive-green
orange
pink
purple
red
reddish-brown
rose
salmon
scarlet
silver
tan
turquoise
violet
white
yellow
yellow-green

Seed Cone Symmetry
asymmetric
nearly symmetric
symmetric

Seed Cone Shape Before Opening
conic
cylindric
ellipsoid
ellipsoid-cylindric
globose
lance-cylindric
lance-obovoid
lanceoloid
lance-ovoid
oblong
oblong-cylindric
oblong-ovoid
obovoid
ovoid
ovoid-conic
ovoid-cylindric

Seed Cone Shape After Opening
conic
cylindric
ellipsoid
ellipsoid-cylindric
globose
lance-cylindric
lance-obovoid
lanceoloid
lance-ovoid
oblong
oblong-cylindric
oblong-ovoid
obovoid
ovoid
ovoid-conic
ovoid-cylindric

Seed Cone Time to Maturity (years)
[4-part range:
Abs. Min.
Usual Min.
Usual Max.
Abs. Max.]

Seed Cone Persistence
not persistent
persistent
semi-persistent

Seed Cone Serotiny
not serotinous
serotinous
variably serotinous

Seed Cone Scale Type
fleshy
leathery
woody

Seed Cone Armature Presence
armed
unarmed

Seed Cone Armature Persistence
deciduous
persistent

Seed Cone Armature Features
curved
straight
strong
weak

Apophysis Features
cross-keeled
grooved
keeled
smooth
wrinkled

 

 

Seeds

 

Other Features

Habitat
bogs and seepages
bottomland forests
disturbed and weedy areas
dry-mesic upland forests
mesic upland forests

mixed forest edges
prairies
rock outcrops
suburban plantings

Distribution of Gender
dioecious
monoecious
polygamous
synoecious

Prescence of Milky Sap
absent
present

Root Type
adventitious
fibrous
tap

Special Diagnostic Characters