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Bio 168
Nervous System Overview
Fall Semester 2004

Learning Objectives, Topics, Key Words



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Readings: Martini : (5th ed.)pp 360-372; 406-416; 435-474; (6th ed.) 385-395; 429-440; 463-503.

1. Describe the divisions of the nervous system and the coverings

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain

spinal cord

meninges

dura mater

arachnoid

pia mater

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

afferents (sensory)

efferents (motor)

somatic nervous system (innervates skeletal muscle)

autonomic (or, visceral) nervous system (innervates cardiac and smooth muscle, or glands)

peripheral nerves (afferent and efferent axons + connective tissue)

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

ganglia (clusters of neuron cell bodies)

2. Describe the structure and functions of the two classes of cell types in the nervous system.

neuroglia (glia = Greek for "glue") -- four major types

glioma (tumor of glial cell line)

ependymal cells (form lining of ventricles, some secrete cerebrospinal fluid)

oligodendrocytes (form myelin sheath on CNS axons)

Schwann cells (form myelin sheath on PNS axons)

myelination

node of Ranvier (gap between myelin sheath segments)

astrocytes

part of blood brain barrier

microglia

macrophages in the brain - defend against bacteria; remove damaged cells

gray matter and white matter

nucleus (cluster of CNS cell bodies)

ganglion (pl. ganglia)

tract (bundle of CNS axons)

neurons

cell body (also called soma)

dendrites

dendrites and soma: where synapses from other neurons are made = input

initial segment

axon (output) (= nerve fiber)

axolemma

axoplasm

axon collaterals

axon terminal

synapse

chemical transmission of impulse

axoplasmic transport (µtubules + molecular motors)

from cell body toward axon terminal (anterograde) and vice versa (retrograde)

 

3. Describe the principal divisions of the brain and their major functions

cerebrum (forebrain)

cerebral cortex

gyri and sulci

frontal lobes

parietal lobes

occipital lobes

temporal lobes

lateral ventricles

ventricles from embryonic neural tube (neural tube defects prevented by folic acid in diet)

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

choroid plexus

diencephalon

thalamus

hypothalamus

third ventricle

brain stem

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

fourth ventricle

cerebellum

 

4. Describe the general organization of the spinal cord

cervical enlargement

lumbar enlargement

gray mattter: dorsal, intermediate, and ventral horns

white matter: spinal tracts

ascending tracts

descending tracts

dorsal roots

dorsal root ganglia

ventral roots

spinal nerves

spinal segment

dermatome

5. List the cranial nerves and give their major functions

Name/Number

Function

olfactory I

 

optic II

 

oculomotor III

 

trochlear IV

 

trigeminal V

 

abducens VI

 

facial VII

 

vestibulocochlear VIII

 

glossopharyngeal IX

 

vagus X

 

spinal accessory XI

 

hypoglossal XII

 

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Durham Technical Community College
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Last updated 4 October 2004