Skeletal System Study Guide
Learning Objectives, Topics, and Key Words
Readings: Martini, Chapters 6 & 9
Objective 1: Describe the functions of bones
support
protection (e.g . skull, thoracic cavity)
movement (joints, leverage with skeletal muscle)
calcium homeostasis
blood cell production (red marrow),
energy storage (yellow marrow)
Objective 2 : Describe the classes of bones based on shape; know examples of each
long bones (for example: )
short bones (for example: )
flat bones (for example: )
irregular bones (for example: )
sesamoid bones (for example: )
sutural bones (for example: )
Objective 3: Describe the gross anatomy structure of a typical long bone
diaphysis
metaphysis
epiphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary (marrow) cavity
endosteum
red marrow
yellow marrow
Objective 4: Describe the surface features of bones and understand their function
condyle (for example: )
tuberosity (for example: )
facet (for example: )
fossa (for example: )
fontanel (for example: )
foramen (for example: )
sinus (for example: )
Objective 5: Describe the microscopic structure of spongy bone and compact bone.
spongy (also called, trabecular) bone
trabeculae
types of bone cells
osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes
osteoclast (secretes H+ and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix)
compact (also called, dense or cortical) bone
periosteum
osteon
lamellae
lacunae with radial canaliculi
central (Haversian) canals
transverse (Volkmann's) canals
Objective 6: Describe the two ways in which bones form in utero and grow after birth
Intramembranous bone formation
from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Endochondral bone formation
cartilage model
primary ossification center
periosteal collar
nutrient arteries
secondary ossification center
epiphysial plate
factors affecting bone growth
nutrition (calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, protein, calories)
hormones (growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone)
gravitational and muscle loading
Objective 7: Understand the relation between bone metabolism and blood calcium ion homeostasis
parathyroid hormone (from parathyroid gland)
stimulates osteoclasts; causes calcium ion to be released from bone into blood
calcitonin (from thyroid gland)
inhibits osteoclasts; causes calcium ion to be added to bone from blood
Objective 8: Understand the structure and function of several types of articulations
Articulations (joints)
types: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
synovial joint
joint capsule
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
articulating cartilages
bursa
ligaments
Objective 9: Describe the clinical significance of bone biology in selected disorders
fractures and bone repair
rickets
arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis (inflammatory autoimmune disease)
osteoarthritis ("wear-and-tear" loss of articular cartilage)
bursitis
dislocation
Objective 10: Understand the terms given to types of movement and examples of each
(Self Study - see text pp 268 - 272; Figures 9-3, -4, -5)
flexion
extension
hyperextension
dorsiflexion
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction
supination
pronation
inversion
eversion
protraction
retraction
elevation
depression
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Durham Technical Community College
Durham, NC 27703
Last updated 16 September 2002