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Skeletal System Study Guide

Learning Objectives, Topics, and Key Words

Fall Semester, 2004


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Readings: Martini, Chapters 6 & 9

Objective 1: Describe the functions of bones

support

protection (e.g . skull, thoracic cavity)

movement (joints, leverage with skeletal muscle)

calcium homeostasis

blood cell production (red marrow),

energy storage (yellow marrow)

 

Objective 2 : Describe the classes of bones based on shape; know examples of each

long bones (for example: )

short bones (for example: )

flat bones (for example: )

irregular bones (for example: )

sesamoid bones (for example: )

sutural bones (for example: )

 

Objective 3: Describe the gross anatomy structure of a typical long bone

diaphysis

metaphysis

epiphysis

articular cartilage

periosteum

medullary (marrow) cavity

endosteum

red marrow

yellow marrow

Objective 4: Describe the surface features of bones and understand their function

condyle (for example: )

tuberosity (for example: )

facet (for example: )

fossa (for example: )

fontanel (for example: )

foramen (for example: )

sinus (for example: )

 

 

Objective 5: Describe the microscopic structure of spongy bone and compact bone.

spongy (also called, trabecular) bone

trabeculae

types of bone cells

osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes

osteoclast (secretes H+ and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix)

compact (also called, dense or cortical) bone

periosteum

osteon

lamellae

lacunae with radial canaliculi

central (Haversian) canals

transverse (Volkmann's) canals

 

Objective 6: Describe the two ways in which bones form in utero and grow after birth

Intramembranous bone formation

from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

 

Endochondral bone formation

cartilage model

primary ossification center

periosteal collar

nutrient arteries

secondary ossification center

epiphysial plate

factors affecting bone growth

nutrition (calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, protein, calories)

hormones (growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone)

gravitational and muscle loading

 

Objective 7: Understand the relation between bone metabolism and blood calcium ion homeostasis

parathyroid hormone (from parathyroid gland)

stimulates osteoclasts; causes calcium ion to be released from bone into blood

calcitonin (from thyroid gland)

inhibits osteoclasts; causes calcium ion to be added to bone from blood

 

Objective 8: Understand the structure and function of several types of articulations

Articulations (joints)

types: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

synovial joint

joint capsule

synovial membrane

synovial fluid

articulating cartilages

bursa

ligaments

Objective 9: Describe the clinical significance of bone biology in selected disorders

fractures and bone repair

rickets

arthritis

rheumatoid arthritis (inflammatory autoimmune disease)

osteoarthritis ("wear-and-tear" loss of articular cartilage)

bursitis

dislocation

Objective 10: Understand the terms given to types of movement and examples of each

(Self Study - see text pp 268 - 272; Figures 9-3, -4, -5)

flexion

extension

hyperextension

dorsiflexion

abduction

adduction

rotation

circumduction

supination

pronation

inversion

eversion

protraction

retraction

elevation

depression


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Durham Technical Community College
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Last updated 16 September 2002