Bio 169 Blood & Defense Study Guide
Spring Semester, 2005
Learning Objectives, Topics, & Keywords
Reading: Martini, Chapter 19
Objective 1. Know the functions of blood
transport (metabolites, gases, vitamins, hormones, heat, cells, pressure)
protection (defense system (immune cells and immune proteins), clotting)
Objective 2. Know the physical characteristics and composition of the blood
pH 7.4 (slightly alkaline)
buffers
~7 % of body weight
viscosity about 5X that of water
depends on hydration level and proportion of cells
plasma (~55%)
water (92%)
salts and other solutes
osmotic pressure (both from small molecules, ions and "colloids" (= proteins)
proteins
albumin (colloid osmotic pressure, fatty acid transport)
globulins (for example, immune globulins = antibodies; hormone transport globulins)
fibrinogen (precursor of fibrin for coagulation)
formed elements (normal, ~45%)
hematocrit is fraction of blood volume occupied by formed elements
erythrocytes (RBCs) (normal, ~5.4 million/µl in male, ~4.6 million/µl in female) (why are females lower?)
leukocytes (WBCs) (normal, 6,000 to 10, 000/µl)
granulocytes
neutrophils (anti-bacterial; also called, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, PMNs, polys)
basophils (inflammation; circulating form of mast cells)
eosinophils (allergy; pooly understood)
agranulocytes
lymphocytes (B and T)
monocytes (called macrophages after entering tissues)
platelets (thrombocytes)
Objective 3. Understand blood cell formation in broad outline and its regulation by growth factors
hematopoiesis
red bone marrow
pluripotent stem cell
differentiates into myeloid and lymphoid cell lines
differentiates into 5 main cell lines (4 myeloid, 1 lymphoid) under the control of cytokines
cytokines (regulatory hormones)
erythropoeitin (promotes erythropoesis; from kidney; used as drug: Epogen® or Procrit®)
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF; neutrophils; as drug: Neupogen®)
interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, etc)
Objective 4
. Know the structure, composition, function, production, and destruction of RBCsstructure
enucleated
biconcave disk
flexible when young
large surface area/volume ratio
hemoglobin (4 each: globins, hemes, iron atoms -- to which O2 binds)
heme
globin (globular protein subunit)
macrophages in spleen & liver destroy old (rigid) RBCs (survive about 120 days)
iron recycling: stored in liver and spleen bound to ferritin
heme --> biliverdin --> bilirubin --> bile (why feces is brown)
bilirubin + bacteria in gut --> urobilin (why urine is yellow)
Objective 5. Know the circulating leukocytes and their functions
phagocytosis: neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)
chemotaxis
lysosomes
peroxisomes
inflammation (pro: basophils; secrete histamine; anti: eosinophils;) (why is inflammation good?)
antigen
antibody
lymphocytes (mostly in lymph nodes; Why do lymph nodes enlarge?)
humoral-based immunity from B lymphocytes (secrete specific antibodies)
cell-based immunity from T lymphocytes (mature in thymus): helper (CD-4); killer T
leukopenia, neutropenia
Objective 6. Know the outlines of the hemostasis mechanisms (two systems: platelets and fibrin)
hemostasis (= blood clotting)
thrombus
platetets (normal, 250,000 400,000/µl; too low: thrombocytopenia; symptoms?)
vascular spasm (small arteries)
platelet plug
adhesion
aggregation
syneresis
coagulation (clotting - know "common pathway")
fibrinogen (soluble subunit in plasma) --> fibrin (insoluble thread-like polymer)
catalysed by thrombin
prothrombin --> thrombin
catalysed by prothrombinase (also called, thrombinase)
many cofactors required:
factor VIII (missing in hemophilia)
calcium ion (How to stop collected blood from coagulating? Or, what's in the lavenderVacutainer tubes?)
clot dissolving (thrombolysis)
plasmin (proteolytic enzyme; from plasminogen)
tissue plasminogen activator ( abbrev: t-PA) converts plasminogen to plasmin
Objective 7. Understand the ABO and Rh antigen systems and their use in blood typing
A, B antigens on surface of RBCs
A, B agglutinins (antibodies in plasma -- clump injected foreign RBCs)
Rh antigen
erythroblastosis fetalis
preventive treatment with Rhogam®
Objective 8. Understand the causes and treatments of the principal anemias
(self study - use textbook, Applications Manual, or other sources as needed)
anemia (= low hemoglobin)
normal hemoglobin value = ~15 g hemoglobin/100ml of blood
pernicious (missing intrinsic factor --> lack of vitamin B12 uptake from diet)
nutritional (e.g., iron deficiency, inadequate protein intake , inadequate calories)
hemorrhagic (usually internal, but excessive menses is a common cause)
hemolytic (breaking of RBCs)
aplastic (bone marrow shuts down )
sickle cell
Hb-S (mutation in hemoglobin A gene--> sickle cell anemia)
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Durham Technical Community College
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Last updated 3 February 2005