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H. Doc. 258, 76th Cong., 3d sess.
Address Delivered by
President Roosevelt to the Congress, January 3, 1940
As the Congress reassembles, the impact of wars abroad makes it natural to approach "the state of the Union" through a discussion of foreign affairs.
But it is important that those who hear and read this message should in no way confuse that approach with any thought that our Government is abandoning, or even overlooking, the great significance of its domestic policies.
The social and economic forces, which have been mismanaged abroad until they have resulted in revolution, dictatorship, and war are the same as those which we here are struggling to adjust peacefully at home.
You are well aware that dictatorships—and the philosophy of force which justifies and accompanies dictatorships—have originated in almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve internal conditions where democratic action for one reason or another has failed to respond to modern needs and modern demands.
It was with farsighted wisdom that the framers of the Constitution brought together in one magnificent phrase three great concepts—"common defense," "general welfare," and "domestic tranquility."
More than a century and a half later we still believe with them that our best defense is the promotion of our general welfare and domestic tranquility.
In previous messages to the Congress I have repeatedly warned that, whether we like it or not, the daily lives of American citizens will, of necessity, feel the shock of events on other continents. This is no longer mere theory for it has been definitely proved by the facts of yesterday and today.
To say that the domestic well‑being of 130,000,000 Americans is deeply affected by the well‑being or the ill‑being of the populations of other nations is only to recognize in world affairs the truth we all accept in home affairs.
If in any local unit—a city, county, State, or region—low standards of living are permitted to continue, the level of the civilization of the entire Nation will be pulled downward.
The identical principle extends to the rest of a civilized world. But there are those who wishfully insist, in innocence or ignorance, or both, that the United States of America as a self‑contained unit can live happily and prosperously, its future secure, inside a high wall of isola‑
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ion while) outside, the rest of civilization and the commerce and culture of mankind are shattered.
I can understand the feelings of those who warn the Nation that they will never again consent to the sending of American youth to fight on the soil of Europe. But, as I remember, nobody has asked them to consent‑for nobody expects such an undertaking.
The overwhelming majority of our fellow citizens do not abandon in the slightest their hope and expectation that the United States will not become involved in military participation in the war.
I can also understand the wishfulness of those who oversimplify the whole situation by repeating that all we have to do is to mind our own business and keep the Nation out of war. But there is a vast difference between keeping out of war and pretending that this war is none of our business.
We do not have to go to war with other. nations, but at least we can strive with other nations to encourage the kind of peace that will lighten the troubles of the world, and by so doing help our own Nation as well.
I ask that all of us everywhere think things through with the single aim of how best to serve the future of our own Nation. I do not mean merely its future relationship with the outside world. I mean its domestic future as well—the work, the security, the prosperity, the happiness, the life of all the boys and girls of the United States, as they are inevitably affected by such world relationships. For it becomes clearer and clearer that the future world will be a shabby and dangerous place to live in—even for Americans to live in—if it is ruled by force in the hands of a few.
Already the crash of swiftly moving events over the earth has made us all think with a longer view. Fortunately, that thinking cannot be controlled by partisanship. The time is long past when any political party or any particular group can curry and capture public favor by labeling itself the "peace party" or the "peace bloc." That label belongs to the whole United States and to every right thinking man, woman, and child within it.
For out of all the military and diplomatic turmoil, out of all the propaganda and counterpropaganda of the present conflicts, there are two facts which stand out and which the whole world acknowledges.
The first is that never before has the Government of the United States done so much as in our recent past to establish and maintain the policy of the good neighbor with its sister nations.
The second is that in almost every nation in the world today there is a true public belief that the United States has been, and will con‑
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tinue to be, a potent and active factor in seeking the reestablishment of peace.
In these recent years we have had a clean record of peace and good will. It is an open book that cannot be twisted or defamed. It is a record that must be continued and enlarged.
So I hope that Americans everywhere will work out for themselves the several alternatives which lie before world civilization, which necessarily includes our own.
We must look ahead and see the possibilities for our children if the rest of the world comes to be dominated by concentrated force alone-even though today we are a very great and a very powerful nation.
We must look ahead and see the effect on our own future if all the small nations throughout the world have their independence snatched from them or become mere appendages to relatively vast and powerful military systems.
We must look ahead and see the kind of lives our children would have to lead if a large part of the rest of the world were compelled to worship the god imposed by a military ruler, or were forbidden to worship God at all; if the rest of the world were forbidden to read and hear the facts‑the daily news of their own and other nations—if they were deprived of the truth which makes men free.
We must look ahead and see the effect on our future generations if world trade is controlled by any nation or group of nations which sets up that control through military force.
It is, of course, true that the record of past centuries includes destruction of small nations, enslavement of peoples, and building of empires on the foundation of force. But wholly apart from the greater international morality which we seek today, we recognize the practical fact that with modern weapons and modern conditions, modern man can no longer live a civilized life if we are to go back to the practice of wars and conquests of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Summing up this need of looking ahead, and in words of common sense and good American citizenship, I hope that we will have fewer American ostriches in our midst. It is not good for the ultimate health of ostriches to bury their heads in the sand.
Only an ostrich would look upon these wars through the eyes of cynicism or ridicule.
Of course, the peoples of other nations have the right to choose their own form of government. But we in this Nation still believe that such choice should be predicated on certain freedoms which we think are essential everywhere. We know that we ourselves will never be wholly safe at home unless other governments recognize such freedoms.
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Twenty‑one American republics,
expressing the will of 250,000,000 people to preserve peace and freedom in this
hemisphere are displaying a unanimity of ideals and practical relationships
which gives hope that what is being done here can be done on other continents.
We in all the Americas are coming to the realization that we can retain our
respective nationalities without, at the same time, threatening the national
existence of our neighbors.
Such truly friendly relationships, for
example, permit us to follow our own domestic policies with reference to our
agricultural products, while at the same time we have the privilege of trying
to work out mutual assistance arrangements for a world distribution of world
agricultural surpluses.
And we have been able to apply the same
simple principle to many manufactured products‑surpluses of which must be
sold in the world export markets if we would continue a high level of
production and employment.
For many years after the World War blind
economic selfishness in most countries, including our own, resulted in a
destructive mine field of trade restrictions which blocked the channels of
commerce among nations. This policy was one of the contributing causes of existing
wars. It dammed up vast unsalable surpluses, helping to bring about
unemployment and suffering in the United States and everywhere else.
To point the way to break up the log jam, our
Trade Agreements Act was passed—based upon a policy of equality of treatment
among nations and of mutually profitable arrangements of trade.
It is not correct to infer that legislative
powers have been transferred from the Congress to the executive branch of the
Government. Everybody recognizes that general tariff legislation is a
congressional function, but we know that, because of the stupendous task
involved in the fashioning and passing of a general law, it is advisable to
provide at times of emergency some flexibility to make the general law adjustable
to quickly changing conditions.
We are in such a time today. Our present
trade‑agreement method provides a temporary flexibility and is,
therefore, practical in the best sense. It should be kept alive to serve our
trade interests—agricultural and industrial—in many valuable ways during the
existing wars.
But what is more important, the Trade
Agreements Act should be extended as an indispensable part of the foundation of
any stable and durable peace.
The old conditions of world trade made for no
enduring peace; and when the time comes, the United States must use its
influence to open up the trade channels of the world in order that no nation
need feel
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compelled in later days to seek by force of arms what it can well gain by
peaceful conference. For this purpose we need the Trade Agreements Act even
more than when it was passed.
I emphasize the leadership which this Nation
can take when the time comes for a renewal of world peace. Such an influence
will be greatly weakened if this Government becomes a dog in the manger of
trade selfishness.
The first President of the United States
warned us against entangling foreign alliances. The present President of the
United States subscribes to and follows that precept.
But trade cooperation with the rest of the
world does not violate that precept in any way.
Even as through these trade agreements we
prepare to cooperate in a world that wants peace, we must likewise be prepared
to take care of ourselves if the world cannot attain peace.
For several years past we have been compelled
to strengthen our own national defense. That has created a very large portion
of our Treasury deficits. This year, in the light of continuing world uncertainty,
I am asking the Congress for Army and Navy increases which are based not on
panic but on common sense. They are not as great as enthusiastic alarmists
seek. They are not as small as unrealistic persons claiming superior private
information would demand.
As will appear in the Annual Budget tomorrow,
the only important increase in any part of the Budget is the estimate for
national defense. Practically all other important items show a reduction.
Therefore, in the hope that we can continue in these days of increasing
economic prosperity to reduce the Federal deficit, I am asking the Congress to
levy sufficient additional taxes to meet the emergency spending for national
defense.
Behind the Army and Navy, of course, lies our
ultimate line of defenses—"the general welfare" of our people. We
cannot report, despite all the progress we have made in our domestic problems—despite
the fact that production is back to 1929 levels—that all our problems are
solved. The fact of unemployment of millions of men and women remains a symptom
of a number of difficulties in our economic system not yet adjusted.
While the number of the unemployed has
decreased, while their immediate needs for food and clothing—as far as the
Federal Government is concerned—have been largely met, while their morale has
been kept alive by giving them useful public work, we have not yet found a way
to employ the surplus of our labor which the efficiency of our industrial
processes has created.
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We refuse the European solution of using the
unemployed to build up excessive armaments which eventually result in dictatorships.
We encourage an American way—through an increase of national income which is
the only way we can be sure will take up the slack. Much progress has been
made; much remains to be done.
We recognize that we must find an answer in
terms of work and opportunity.
The unemployment problem today has become
very definitely a problem of youth as well as of age. As each year has gone by
hundreds of thousands of boys and girls have come of working age. They now
form an army of unused youth. They must be an especial concern of democratic
government.
We must continue, above all things, to look
for a solution of their special problem. For they, looking ahead to life, are
entitled to action on our part and not merely to admonitions of optimism or
lectures on economic laws.
Some in our midst have sought to instill a
feeling of fear and defeatism in the minds of the American people about this
problem.
To face the task of finding jobs faster than
invention can take them away—is not defeatism. To warble easy platitudes that
if we will only go back to ways that have failed, everything will be all
right—is not courage.
We met a problem of real fear and real
defeatism in 1933. We faced the facts—with action, not with words.
The American people will reject the doctrine
of fear, confident that in the thirties we have been building soundly a new
order of things different from the order of the twenties. In this dawn of the
decade of the forties, with our program of social improvement started, we must
continue to carry on the processes of recovery so as to preserve our gains and
provide jobs at living wages.
There are, of course, many other items of
great public interest which could be enumerated in this message—the continued
conservation of our natural resources, the improvement of health and of
education, the extension of social security to larger groups, the freeing of
large areas from restricted transportation discriminations, the extension of
the merit system and many others.
Our continued progress in the social and
economic field is important not only for the significance of each part of it
but for the total effect which our program of domestic betterment has upon that
most valuable asset of a nation in dangerous times—its national unity.
The permanent security of America in the
present crisis does not lie in armed force alone. What we face is a set of
world‑wide forces
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of disintegration—vicious, ruthless, destructive of all the moral,
religious, and political standards which mankind, after centuries of struggle,
has come to cherish most.
In these moral values, in these forces which
have made our Nation great, we must actively and practically reassert our
faith.
These words—"national unity"—must
not be allowed to become merely a high‑sounding phrase, a vague generality,
a pious hope, to which everyone can give lip service. They must be made to have
real meaning in terms of the daily thoughts and acts of every man, woman, and
child in our land during the coming year and the years that lie ahead.
For national unity is, in a very real and
deep sense, the fundamental safeguard of all democracy.
Doctrines which set group against group,
faith against faith, race against race, class against class, fanning the fires
of hatred in men too despondent, too desperate to think for themselves, were
used as rabble‑rousing slogans on which dictators could ride to power.
And once in power they could saddle their tyrannies on whole nations, and on
their weaker neighbors.
This is the danger to which we in America
must begin to be more alert. For the apologists for foreign aggressors, and
equally those selfish and partisan groups at home who wrap themselves in a
false mantle of Americanism to promote their own economic, financial, or
political advantage, are now trying European tricks upon us, seeking to muddy
the stream of our national thinking, weakening us in the face of danger, by
trying to set our own people to fighting among themselves. Such tactics are
what have helped to plunge Europe into war. We must combat them, as we would the
plague, if American integrity and security are to be preserved. We cannot
afford to face the future as a disunited people.
We must as a united people keep ablaze on
this continent the flames of human liberty, of reason, of democracy, and of
fair play as living things to be preserved for the better world that is to
come.
Overstatement, bitterness, vituperation, and
the beating of drums, have contributed mightily to ill feeling and wars between
nations. If these unnecessary and unpleasant actions are harmful in the international
field, they are also hurtful in the domestic scene. Peace among ourselves would
seem to have some of the advantage of peace between us and other nations. And
in the long run history amply demonstrates that angry controversy surely wins
less than calm discussion.
In the spirit, therefore, of a greater
unselfishness, recognizing that
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the world—including the United States of America‑passes through
perilous times, I am very hopeful that the closing session of the Seventy‑Sixth
Congress will consider the needs of the Nation and of humanity with calmness,
tolerance, and cooperative wisdom.
May the year 1940 be pointed to by our
children as another period when democracy justified its existence as the best
instrument of government yet devised by mankind.