SALINITY-L: 199704XX
is the compilation of discussion during Apr 97
via AB4EL Web Digests @ SunSITE
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Tue Apr 1 01:03 EST 1997
Date: Tue, 01 Apr 1997 00:02:14 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 28 Mar 1997 to 31 Mar 1997
There is one message totalling 18 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. No subjection
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 1997 08:18:37 -0800
From: GROVER PARTEE <PARTEE.GROVER@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV>
Subject: No subjection
Why isn't it rare that so many people have so much to say about nothing?
>>> Automatic digest processor <LISTSERV@crcvms.unl.edu> 03/28/97 10:03pm >>>
There are 4 messages totalling 72 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. ...no subject... -Reply
2. ...no subject... -Reply -Reply
3. <No subject given>
4. ...no subject... -Reply -Reply -Reply
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 28 Mar 1997 to 31 Mar 1997
*****************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Thu Apr 3 01:03 EST 1997
Date: Thu, 03 Apr 1997 00:02:16 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 31 Mar 1997 to 2 Apr 1997
There are 6 messages totalling 179 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. ratio of prices of analyses on alkali soils
2. Question of Toth
3. question of Toth
4. Aral Sea Salinity (3)
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 1997 15:33:46 +0200
From: Tibor Toth <h3700tot@ELLA.HU>
Subject: ratio of prices of analyses on alkali soils
Dear Colleagues:
we are working on improving the national standards for reclaiming alkali soils.
Instead of using gypsum irrespectively for the patchyness of plots, we intend
to apply it in a way that reflects the spatial heterogeneity of the plots.
For doing it we must make spatially more detailed soil sampling. It means
more cost, and we intend to compensate it by making cheaper chemical
analysis of the samples. In the process of optimization we take the
cost of analyses as a given independent variable.
Therefore we must know comparative prices for chemical analyses of
soil samples, such as
- Reaction, pH
- Carbonate, as CaCO3
- Exchangeable Sodium Percentage
- Sodium Adsorption Ratio
- Total Soluble Salt Content based on electrical conductivity of saturated
paste
- Preparation and analysis (EC, pH, Ca, Mg, Na) of saturation extract
We know the prices inside Hungary, and we are not sure that the ratio of
prices is the same elsewhere, but would like to know. Perhaps this list
is appropriate to ask such question.
If you could, please send me approximate prices of (commercial) laboratories
for these analyses, from which we shall be able to calculate their ratios.
If you find it more convenient just write me the ratio of prices, taking
the price of determining pH as the base of reference.
Please write directly to my email address:
h3700tot@ella.hu
With best regards
Tibor Toth
Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
Budapest
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 1997 15:02:11 -0600
From: "J.D. Oster" <oster@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: Question of Toth
Reaction, pH
- Carbonate, as CaCO3 NOT NESSARY -- LET pH BE THE QUIDE
- Exchangeable Sodium Percentage NOT NECESSARY, NOR BETTER THAN SAR, SEE
http://esce.ucr.edu/oster and read the last SLPHYCHM note.
- Sodium Adsorption Ratio NECESSARY
- Total Soluble Salt Content based on electrical conductivity of saturated
paste OK
- Preparation and analysis (EC, pH, Ca, Mg, Na) of saturation extract. THESE
ARE THE ONLY TESTS THAT ARE NECESSARY. I think COSTs IN CALIFORNIA WOULD
range from $20 to $30 PER SAMPLE FOR ALL OF THESE ANALYSES. MAYBE SULFATE ON
THE SATURATION EXTRACT SHOULD ALSO BE DETERMINED IF THERE IS THE POSSIBLITY
THAT THE SOIL IS GYPSIFEROUS -- WHICH IS THE CASE FOR SOME OF THE
CALIFORNIA, SODIC SOILS. IF THE LAB USES ICP, THAN THE ADDED COST WOULD BE
SMALL.
QUALITY CONTROL: THE SUM OF THE SOLUBLE CATIONS IN THE EXTRACT NEEDS TO
RANGE FROM 10 TO 14 TIMES THE EC. THIS CAN BE FURTHER TIGHTENED BASED ON THE
EC OF THE SAMPLE. FOR LOW EC'S THE RANGE WOULD BE FROM 10 - 11, AND FOR EC
ABOVE 10 dS/m, the range would be 12 - 14 dS/m.
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 1997 15:32:47 -0600
From: "J.D. Oster" <oster@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: question of Toth
I forgot to mention that one needs an estimate of the cation exchange
capacity. There is usually a relationship between cation exchange capacity
and the water content of a saturated-soil paste for a given region. This
would reduce the cost of assessing gypsum requirements because the
determination of water content is simpler to do than the determination of
cation exchange capacity.
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 1997 14:28:33 -0800
From: Mike SHANNON <MSHANNON@USSL.ARS.USDA.GOV>
Subject: Aral Sea Salinity
Does anyone have reference information on salinity problems
around the Aral Sea??
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 1997 14:51:35 -0800
From: Earle Cummings <earlec@WATER.CA.GOV>
Subject: Re: Aral Sea Salinity
At 02:28 PM 4/2/97 -0800, you wrote:
>Does anyone have reference information on salinity problems
>around the Aral Sea??
>
The record of Bay Delta Water Quality and Water Right hearings from 1986 or
1987 will have testimony contributed by the Bay Institute of San Francisco.
Their testimony would have been presented by Joel Hedgepeth, as I recall.
He and others pointed to the collapse of estuarine fisheries resulting from
excessive freshwater diversions from Aral Sea tributaries.
Earle W. Cummings V (916)327-1656
earlec@water.ca.gov F (916)327-1648
Mail: PO Box 942836
Sacramento, CA 94236-0001
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 1997 19:33:47 -0600
From: CHRIS AMRHEIN <CHRISA@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: Re: Aral Sea Salinity
"Science" 2 September 1988. vol. 241 pages 1133-1264. "Desiccation of the
Aral Sea: A water management disaster in the soviet union." by Philip P.
Micklin. includes a nice color picture on the cover of the magazine.
>At 02:28 PM 4/2/97 -0800, you wrote:
>>Does anyone have reference information on salinity problems
>>around the Aral Sea??
>>
>The record of Bay Delta Water Quality and Water Right hearings from 1986 or
>1987 will have testimony contributed by the Bay Institute of San Francisco.
>Their testimony would have been presented by Joel Hedgepeth, as I recall.
>He and others pointed to the collapse of estuarine fisheries resulting from
>excessive freshwater diversions from Aral Sea tributaries.
>Earle W. Cummings V (916)327-1656
>earlec@water.ca.gov F (916)327-1648
>Mail: PO Box 942836
>Sacramento, CA 94236-0001
>
Christopher Amrhein
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Voice: (909) 787-5196
FAX: (909) 787-3993
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 31 Mar 1997 to 2 Apr 1997
****************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Fri Apr 4 01:02 EST 1997
Date: Fri, 04 Apr 1997 00:01:14 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 2 Apr 1997 to 3 Apr 1997
There are 7 messages totalling 248 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. question of Toth (2)
2. Aral Sea Salinity (2)
3. Aral Sea Salinity -Reply
4. Aral Sea
5. Toth's e-mail address
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 1997 10:05:45 +0200
From: Giuseppina Crescimanno <00261aaa@MBOX.IT.NET>
Subject: Re: question of Toth
At 15.32 02/04/97 -0600, you wrote:
>I forgot to mention that one needs an estimate of the cation exchange
>capacity. There is usually a relationship between cation exchange capacity
>and the water content of a saturated-soil paste for a given region. This
>would reduce the cost of assessing gypsum requirements because the
>determination of water content is simpler to do than the determination of
>cation exchange capacity.
>J.D.(Jim) Oster
>Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
>University of California
>Riverside, CA 92521
>
>Phone (909)787-5100
>FAX (909)787-5522
>
Dr. Oster,=20
could you please describe the technique used for preparation and analysis of
the saturation extract?
And also tell something more about the relationship between CEC and water
content?
Sincerely, Giuseppina Crescimanno
Dept. EITA-Idraulica
Facolt=E0 di Agraria
Palermo, Italy
phone +39-91-591614
fax: +39-91-484035
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 1997 01:09:46 -0800
From: "L-Soft list server at UNIVERSITY OF NE - LINCOLN (1.8c) (by way of
Richard Soppe <rwsoppe@ucdavis.edu>)" <LISTSERV@CRCVMS.UNL.EDU>
Subject: Re: Aral Sea Salinity
Date: Thu, 03 Apr 1997 10:29:33 +0000
From: Alfred Heuperman <heupermana@salty.agvic.gov.au>
Subject: Re: Aral Sea Salinity
>Date: Wed, 02 Apr 1997 14:28:33 -0800
>From: Mike SHANNON <MSHANNON@USSL.ARS.USDA.GOV>
>Subject: Aral Sea Salinity
>To: SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu
>Reply-to: Salinity-L Discussion List <SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu>
>
>Does anyone have reference information on salinity problems
>around the Aral Sea??
The 16th ICID Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, Cairo, Egypt, Sept
1996, transactions Volume 1C; "The basic idea and principles of water
strategy for Aral Sea Basin" by Victor Dukhovny and Vadim Sokolov
(Uzbekistan)
Also, contact Lambert Smedema at the Word Bank
(lsmedema@worldbank.org). He is involved with the Aral Sea program.
Alfred Heuperman
Senior Natural Resource Management Officer
Institute of Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture
Tatura
Australia
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 1997 14:15:22 +0200
From: "Thomas-M. Stein" <stein@WIZ.UNI-KASSEL.DE>
Subject: Re: Aral Sea Salinity
Mike,
>Date: Wed, 02 Apr 1997 14:28:33 -0800
>From: Mike SHANNON <MSHANNON@USSL.ARS.USDA.GOV>
>Subject: Aral Sea Salinity
>Does anyone have reference information on salinity problems
>around the Aral Sea??
There is also book edited by M.G.Bos from ILRI (International Institute
for Landreclamation and Improvement) in the Netherlands.
Bos, M.G.(ed.), 1996:
The Inter-Relationship Between Irrigation, Drainage and the
Environment in the Aral Sea Basin.-
Kluwer Academic Publisheres, The Netherlands.
(Published in cooperation with NATO
Scientific Affairs Division)
Best regards
Thomas
______________________________________________________________________________
Thomas-M. Stein
University of Kassel (FB11) Phone : (+49)-5542-98-1632
Dep. of Rural Engineering and Fax : (+49)-5542-98-1588
Natural Resource Protection Email : stein@wiz.uni-kassel.de
Nordbahnhofstr. 1a WWW : http://www.wiz.uni-kassel.de/kww/
D-37213 Witzenhausen, GERMANY List owner: IRRIGATION-L@listserv.gmd.de
______________________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 1997 07:57:18 -0700
From: Mike SHANNON <MSHANNON@USSL.ARS.USDA.GOV>
Subject: Re: Aral Sea Salinity -Reply
Thanks Chris.
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 1997 08:29:50 -0700
From: Mike SHANNON <MSHANNON@USSL.ARS.USDA.GOV>
Subject: Aral Sea
Thank you Phil Cole, Jim Oster (& Russell Clemings), Chris
Amrhein, Earle Cummings, Alfred Heuperman, and Thomas
Stein for your many leads and contributions. As a result of
'neural networking' I have become an 'overnight expert' in re
the Aral Sea problems.
One source that wasn't mentioned, that contains additional
references is "Salinisation of Land and Water Resources.
Human Causes, Extent, Management & Case Studies."
edited by F Ghassemi, AJ Jakeman and HA Nix, Uni of New
South Wales Press, 1995.
I found it on my bookshelf
duh
Thanks again!
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 1997 11:40:03 -0600
From: "J.D. Oster" <oster@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: Re: question of Toth
The saturation percentage is the grams of water required to saturate 100 g
of soil. The most rapid and simple way to prepare the saturated paste is to
add dry, ground (less than 2mm) to water. If one knows the approximate
saturation percentage, adding the correct mass of dry soil to the 'correct'
mass of water, letting the 'mixture' set for 12 hours, stirring while adding
either dry soil or water to achieve the 'correct' consistency is the
procedure I use. The word 'correct' needs a caveat: one may 'know' this
based on past experience with the same soil, or one may hazard an educated
quess based on texture. Letting the mixture set for 12 hours tasks ones
patience, but it makes mixing the soil and water much easier. For those who
are fond of having a mixing battle, paricularly with clay soils, start
trying to mix the soil and water immediately after the soil is added to
water, or the other way around.=20
The CONSISTENCY. I add water, or soil, until the top of the mixture gleams
and until a trough (a long narrow channel or depression) made by a spatula
in the mixture collaspes with one or two light taps of the container against
the top of the work bench.=20
The RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SATURATION PERCENTAGE AND SOIL TEXTURE. I begin
with a warning; the following numbers are based on Un. of Ca. experience on
the part of Cooperative Extension personnel with California soils. Your
soils may behave differently. The clay minerals in California are usual
illitic and smectitic.=20
Saturation Paste Water content Soil Texture
in percent
below 20 Sand or loamy sand
20 - 35 Sandy loam
35-50 Loam or silt loam
50 - 65 Clay loam
65 - 135 Clay (some clays go up to 150)
above 135 Usually organic (peat or
muck)experience At 10:05 AM 4/3/97 +0200, you wrote:
>At 15.32 02/04/97 -0600, you wrote:
>>I forgot to mention that one needs an estimate of the cation exchange
>>capacity. There is usually a relationship between cation exchange capacity
>>and the water content of a saturated-soil paste for a given region. This
>>would reduce the cost of assessing gypsum requirements because the
>>determination of water content is simpler to do than the determination of
>>cation exchange capacity.
>>J.D.(Jim) Oster
>>Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
>>University of California
>>Riverside, CA 92521
>>
>>Phone (909)787-5100
>>FAX (909)787-5522
>>
>
>
>Dr. Oster,=20
>could you please describe the technique used for preparation and analysis=
of
>the saturation extract?
>And also tell something more about the relationship between CEC and water
>content?
>
>Sincerely, Giuseppina Crescimanno
>Dept. EITA-Idraulica
>Facolt=E0 di Agraria
>Palermo, Italy
>
>phone +39-91-591614
>fax: +39-91-484035
>
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 1997 11:42:08 -0600
From: "J.D. Oster" <oster@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: Toth's e-mail address
Tibor: your e-mail address of h3700tot@ella.hu has not worked during the
last two days. Do you have another?
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 2 Apr 1997 to 3 Apr 1997
***************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Sat Apr 5 01:02 EST 1997
Date: Sat, 05 Apr 1997 00:01:31 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 3 Apr 1997 to 4 Apr 1997
There are 2 messages totalling 46 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. question of Toth (2)
Date: Fri, 4 Apr 1997 09:30:15 +0200
From: Giuseppina Crescimanno <00261aaa@MBOX.IT.NET>
Subject: Re: question of Toth
dr. Oster,
thanks for explanations, may i ask what is the technique you suggest for
determining soluble ions and calculate the SAR? Sincerely, Giuseppina
Crescimanno
Date: Fri, 4 Apr 1997 10:08:13 -0600
From: "J.D. Oster" <oster@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: Re: question of Toth
Giuseppina: Reference for chemical methods: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3
-- Chemical Methods. Ordering information available at the following e-mail
address: books@agronomy.org. Also you may wish to visit
http://www.soils.org/pubcat/.
Extract water from saturated-soil paste using Buchner funnel, filter paper,
and a vaccum pump. Determine cations (Na, Ca, Mg, and K) with AA or ICP,
Determine SO4 using ICP, HCO3 by titration to pH 3.8, Chloride by
cooulometric-amperometric titration.
SAR is the sodium concentration divided by the square root of the sum of the
calcium and magnesium concentrations where concentrations must be expressed
in mmol/L. At 09:30 AM 4/4/97 +0200, you wrote:
>dr. Oster,
>thanks for explanations, may i ask what is the technique you suggest for
>determining soluble ions and calculate the SAR? Sincerely, Giuseppina
>Crescimanno
>
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 3 Apr 1997 to 4 Apr 1997
***************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Mon Apr 14 01:01 EDT 1997
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 1997 00:00:25 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 4 Apr 1997 to 13 Apr 1997
There is one message totalling 14 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. Question
Date: Sun, 13 Apr 1997 15:13:31 +0000
From: BAHMAN PANAHI <PBS95BP@WYE.AC.UK>
Subject: Question
Hello everybody,
I would be most grateful if you would kindly inform me where is the
place of Pistachio plant in the category of plants to tolerance? Does
it belong to Halophytes or Glycophytes? Thanks a lot.
yours faithfully,
Bahman.
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 4 Apr 1997 to 13 Apr 1997
****************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Tue Apr 15 04:50 EDT 1997
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 1997 03:49:24 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 13 Apr 1997 to 14 Apr 1997
There are 3 messages totalling 195 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. Question
2. Question -Reply
3. 'Land and Water News' (Australian interest only)
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 1997 11:19:07 -0600
From: CHRIS AMRHEIN <CHRISA@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: Re: Question
The person that would know this is Louise Ferguson at the Kearney Ag.
Center. 9240 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648. email: louise@uckac.edu
phone: 209-646-6541.
>Hello everybody,
>I would be most grateful if you would kindly inform me where is the
>place of Pistachio plant in the category of plants to tolerance? Does
>it belong to Halophytes or Glycophytes? Thanks a lot.
>yours faithfully,
>
>Bahman.
>
Christopher Amrhein
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Voice: (909) 787-5196
FAX: (909) 787-3993
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 1997 15:57:09 -0700
From: Mike SHANNON <MSHANNON@USSL.ARS.USDA.GOV>
Subject: Question -Reply
Work done by Sepaskhah et al. 1985 indicates that pistachio
trees are tolerant to chloride salinity, but may be
semi-tolerant (their phrase) to Na (based on comparison of
the effects of SAR and ESP - which could create a physical
impact on soil quality rather than a specific salt effect). Their
paper lists several references that cite pistachios as being
relatively salt tolerant. Yields reported in their paper are only
top growth, not marketable or nut yield, but they show a
threshold value of 6.5 dS/m ECe and a slope of 6.2, which
would put the crop into Maas and Hoffman's (1977) rating of
"tolerant".
Behboudian et al. 1986 (Pub No 7193) state that "P. vera is a
glycophyte highly tolerant of salt". Their work did not show
the positive growth responses with increasing levels of
salinity that are characteristic of halophytes. They also
indicated that pistachio is drought tolerant or adaptable to
drought conditions, based on photosynthesis measurements
and variation. They didn't see any particular sensitivity to Na.
Behboudian, M.H., R.R. Walker, and E. Torokfalvy. 1986.
Effects of water stress and salinity on photosynthesis of
pistachio. Scientia Horticulturae 29:251-261
Separkhah, A.R., M. Maftoun, and N. Kariman. 1985.
Growth and chemical composition of pistachio as affected by
salinity and applied iron. J. Hort. Sci. 60:115-121.
See also:
Sepaskhah, A.R. and M. Maftoun. 1988. Relative salt
tolerance of pistachio cultivars. J. Hort. Sci. 63:157-162.
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 1997 10:16:27 +0900
From: David Mussared <mussared@WEBMEDIA.COM.AU>
Subject: 'Land and Water News' (Australian interest only)
(apologies for cross-postings)
Dear All
This email is to announce the launch of a new Australian publication,
called 'Land and Water News'. The first issue was published today.
'Land and Water News' is an independent, national roundup of breaking news
in the Australian land and water field. It is a quality newsletter aimed at
business, government and research professionals working in the area.
Each month (except January), 'Land and Water News' will report on new
developments in Federal and State Government policy and legislation;
funding arrangements; business news; research updates; relevant public
debates; local government issues; and key reports, reviews and
publications.
'Land and Water News' is entirely independent. It accepts no advertising,
and is not funded by any agency nor organisation. The newsletter is
available only by paid subscription, which costs $220 a year.
For a complimentary copy (including subscription details) please contact
the editor, David Mussared. Contact details are:
David Mussared, editor
'Land and Water News'
36 Nation Ridge Road
ALDGATE SA 5154
ph: 08-8388-5608
fax: 08-8388-5372
email: mussared@webmedia.com.au
-----------------------------------------------------------------
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A subscription to 'Land and Water News' will arm you with a monthly
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The editor
----------
The editor of 'Land and Water News', David Mussared, is an experienced and
respected journalist who has won national and international awards for his
reporting of land and water issues.
Mr Mussared is best-known as the former science and environment reporter
for 'The Canberra Times'. Before that he worked in the Canberra Press
Gallery for Australian Associated Press, as the national media liaison
officer for CSIRO Corporate Communications, and as a journalist for the
Adelaide 'Advertiser'.
He has worked as a media consultant, and has written for numerous
newspapers, magazines, newsletters and books. As well as media outlets, his
employers have included the CSIRO; the CRC for Freshwater Ecology; the
National Landcare Program; Australia's rural R&D corporations and various
government departments and universities.
Mr Mussared's journalism awards have included:
* the 1994 National Landcare Media Award
* the international Commonwealth Media Award (Environment Category)
* the Michael Daley Award for Science, Technology and Engineering
Journalism (Sustainable Land-Use Category).
---------------------------------------------------------------------
David Mussared
'Land and Water News'
36 Nation Ridge Road
ALDGATE SA 5154
Phone: 08-8388-5608, Fax: 08-8388-5372
email: mussared@webmedia.com.au
---------------------------------------------------------------------
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 13 Apr 1997 to 14 Apr 1997
*****************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Fri Apr 18 01:04 EDT 1997
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 1997 00:03:33 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 14 Apr 1997 to 17 Apr 1997
There are 3 messages totalling 83 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. arsenic (3)
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 1997 12:34:59 -0400
From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Leoncio_Mart=EDnez?= <lmartine@INTIHUASI.INIA.CL>
Subject: arsenic
--MimeMultipartBoundary
hello salinity list members:
Does anyone have references about the effect of arsenic over plants a =
human health?. I want information about toxic levels on irrigation =
waters, plant and human symthoms, etc.
best regards,
Leoncio F. Martinez
Inia-Intihuasi
Chile
--MimeMultipartBoundary--
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 1997 14:42:16 -0400
From: Ca1ant@AOL.COM
Subject: Re: arsenic
"Agricultural Drainage Water Contamination in the Western San Joaquin Valley:
A public Health Perspective for Arsenic, Nitrates/Nitrites, Mercury, Uranium,
and Vanadium" June, 1990
This report was prepared for the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program... the
authors are Susan A. Klasing, , Ph.D., Joy A Wisniewski, , Ph.D., Susan M.
Pilch, , Ph.D., and Sue A. Anderson, Ph.D.
The report contains several studies on human health effects at various
concentrations of arsenic.
The drinking water standard is 50 µg/L, the ag water quality goal is 100
µg/L, 1 in a million cancer risk level is 0.02 µg/L
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 1997 14:47:46 -0500
From: Ramanarayanan Tharacad <rama@BRCSUN0.TAMU.EDU>
Subject: Re: arsenic
=46rom where can I get a copy of this report?? Thanks.
TS.
~ "Agricultural Drainage Water Contamination in the Western San Joaquin =
Valley:
~ A public Health Perspective for Arsenic, Nitrates/Nitrites, Mercury, =
Uranium,
~ and Vanadium" June, 1990
~=20
~ This report was prepared for the San Joaquin Valley Drainage =
Program... the
~ authors are Susan A. Klasing, , Ph.D., Joy A Wisniewski, , Ph.D., =
Susan M.
~ Pilch, , Ph.D., and Sue A. Anderson, Ph.D.
~=20
~ The report contains several studies on human health effects at various
~ concentrations of arsenic.
~=20
~ The drinking water standard is 50 =B5g/L, the ag water quality goal is =
100
~ =B5g/L, 1 in a million cancer risk level is 0.02 =B5g/L
~=20
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 14 Apr 1997 to 17 Apr 1997
*****************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Tue Apr 22 02:02 EDT 1997
Date: Tue, 22 Apr 1997 00:01:34 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 17 Apr 1997 to 21 Apr 1997
There are 3 messages totalling 108 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. Water flow-Solute transport-geochemical coupled model (3)
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 1997 12:21:39 +0200
From: Nicolas <condom@CIRAD.FR>
Subject: Water flow-Solute transport-geochemical coupled model
Dear colleagues,
I am carrying out some researches on the modeling of hydro-geochemical
processes of salinization/sodification/alkalinization in irrigated soils. I
am looking for some references on the MECANISTIC and COUPLED models (water
flow/solute transport/geochemical processes) that exist and/or have already
been used in case of soil salinisation/alkalinization.
The only models that I know are: UNSATCHEM (Simunek and Suarez, 1993) and a
model used by Marlet in Niger (Marlet, 1996).
Does anybody work on this topic and have information on this point?
Thank you very much
With best regards,
Nicolas CONDOM
Centre for International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for=
Development
FRANCE
condom@cirad.fr
Fax: 33.4.67.61.56.42
Nicolas CONDOM
Allocataire recherche
Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le D=E9veloppement
Unite Gestion de l 'Eau
Montpellier
Tel : 04.67.61.56.14
Fax : 04.67.61.56.42
condom@cirad.fr
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 1997 08:09:46 -0400
From: Steve Quesenberry <76564.2750@COMPUSERVE.COM>
Subject: Water flow-Solute transport-geochemical coupled model
Can someone please send me the sign-off procedure. I am changing servers
soon and must unsubscribe and then resubscribe.
Steve Quesenberry
76564.2750@compuserve.com
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 1997 16:04:58 +0200
From: Giuseppina Crescimanno <00261aaa@MBOX.IT.NET>
Subject: Re: Water flow-Solute transport-geochemical coupled model
At 12.21 21/04/97 +0200, you wrote:
>Dear colleagues,
>
>
>I am carrying out some researches on the modeling of hydro-geochemical
>processes of salinization/sodification/alkalinization in irrigated soils. I
>am looking for some references on the MECANISTIC and COUPLED models (water
>flow/solute transport/geochemical processes) that exist and/or have already
>been used in case of soil salinisation/alkalinization.
>
>The only models that I know are: UNSATCHEM (Simunek and Suarez, 1993) and a
>model used by Marlet in Niger (Marlet, 1996).
>
>Does anybody work on this topic and have information on this point?
>
>Thank you very much
>
>With best regards,
>
>Nicolas CONDOM
>Centre for International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for=
Development
>FRANCE
>condom@cirad.fr
>Fax: 33.4.67.61.56.42
>Nicolas CONDOM
>Allocataire recherche
>Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le D=E9veloppement
>Unite Gestion de l 'Eau
>Montpellier
>Tel : 04.67.61.56.14
>Fax : 04.67.61.56.42
>condom@cirad.fr
>
hallo Nicolas,
I am doing some work with LEACHM (Wagenet and Hutson, 1992). I am inteersted
in your results, if you have some.
Giuseppina Crescimanno
Dipartimento EITA, Settore Idraulica
facolt=F2=E0 di Agraria
Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo
Tel.+39-91-591614(209)
fax:+39-91-484035
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 17 Apr 1997 to 21 Apr 1997
*****************************************************
>From owner-SALINITY-L@crcvms.unl.edu Tue Apr 29 01:03 EDT 1997
Date: Tue, 29 Apr 1997 00:01:21 -0600
Subject: SALINITY-L Digest - 21 Apr 1997 to 28 Apr 1997
There are 4 messages totalling 303 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. intro plus ESP concern (3)
2. intro plus ESP concern -Reply
Date: Mon, 28 Apr 1997 17:43:00 +1300
From: Keith Vincent <VincentK@LANDCARE.CRI.NZ>
Subject: intro plus ESP concern
Hi,
I am Keith Vincent, a pedologist (soil scientist) with experience in soil
survey and soil water movement.
I live in New Zealand (slightly further down under than Australia), and
here we have very few saline soils caused by irrigation in arid
conditions. Instead, we have soils on the marine fringe which may be
classified as littoral saline soils. That is, the salinity comes directly from
sea water, either directly as a result of flooding, or in tidal groundwater.
These saline soils only represent a tiny fraction of available land area,
but all land is under pressure for development so I have been called in to
study reclamation of such soils from salt-marsh to pasture, as well as
diagnosing problems when horticultural crops have failled on such soils.
Which brings me to a concern that I have with the calculation of ESP
(exchangeable sodium percentage) and the definition of alkali soils (with
ESP > 15%). ESP is defined as the ratio of exchangeable sodium to CEC.
However, I have been observing that in saline soils the total
exchangeable bases often exceeds the CEC, because of the presence
of excess soluble salts. Therefore although ESP may exceed a threshold
percentage the total exchangeable bases will probably also far exceed
100 percent, thus distorting the value of the ESP percentage. Would not
calculating it as a ratio of the total exchangeable bases have been a
better criterion?
Also - is USDA Agriculture Handbook 60 "Diagnosis and Improvement of
Saline and Alkali Soils" still available - I browsed obvious sources but it
wasn't listed.
Looking forward to your comments,
Keith Vincent "Digging Down_Under"
Landcare Research
Havelock North
New Zealand
vincentk@landcare.cri.nz
http://goddess.hb.landcare.cri.nz/~keithv/new_page.html
Date: Mon, 28 Apr 1997 17:03:42 +1000
From: RICHARD MacEWAN <r.macewan@EUREKA.BALLARAT.EDU.AU>
Subject: Re: intro plus ESP concern
Hi Keith, a quick response to your points below:
> I am Keith Vincent, a pedologist (soil scientist) with experience in soil
> survey and soil water movement.
> Which brings me to a concern that I have with the calculation of ESP
> (exchangeable sodium percentage) and the definition of alkali soils (with
> ESP > 15%). ESP is defined as the ratio of exchangeable sodium to CEC.
> However, I have been observing that in saline soils the total
> exchangeable bases often exceeds the CEC, because of the presence
> of excess soluble salts. Therefore although ESP may exceed a threshold
> percentage the total exchangeable bases will probably also far exceed
> 100 percent, thus distorting the value of the ESP percentage. Would not
> calculating it as a ratio of the total exchangeable bases have been a
> better criterion?
The point, I believe, in using ESP as a parameter for soil
classification is because of the assumed relationship between
exchangeable sodium and soil structure, particularly the tendency for
the soil to swell and disperse in a fresh water or low electrolyte
environment. Your soils could well be very sodic with ESP's in excess
of 15%. However, with high electrolyte soil solution no structural
problem would be evident. To use the [Na] values obtained from a
determination on a soil that has not been leached of soluble salts
would give a very misleading figure for ESP as you suggest. It is
also a confusion to consider the cations obtained from a saline soil
as all being exchangeable. Only those derived from the negatively
charged clay-organic complex are exchangeable and therefore
influencing clay swelling and dispersion. The problems that arise
with these saline-sodic soils when drained are the result of leaching
of salts and lowering of soil electrolyte levels. This can of course
be avoided by the use of Gypsum in reclamation. A more potent problem
may the potential for development of acidity in these soils when
drained if they are high in sulphide. So - have you got
saline-sodic-acid-sulphate soils??????? By the way, in their wisdom,
Australian pedologists opted for 6% as the ESP above which soils are
classed as sodic.
Regards, Richard
******************************
Richard MacEwan, School of Science
University of Ballarat, PO Box 663, BALLARAT 3353 AUS
Phone: 053 279221 Fax: 053 279240
"If you're smart or rich or lucky, you may beat the laws of man.
But the inner laws of spirit and the outer laws of nature no man can."
(Joni Mitchell - The Wolf that Lives in Lindsay)
##########
Date: Mon, 28 Apr 1997 09:13:58 -0700
From: "J.D. Oster" <oster@MAIL.UCR.EDU>
Subject: Re: intro plus ESP concern
Keith: I'll try pitching a rocky solution on your 'ocean' situation and see
whether it will skip at least once. Exchangeable bases may be the problem.
One has to correct the extractable bases for the soluble component. There
are two or more phases within a soil-water system which contain the same
ion. For calcium, the phases would be the water (the soluble phase), the
exchange phase, and one or more mineral phases (calcite and possibly
gypsum). When one determines extractable calcium for the purpose of
determining exchangeable calcium, one has to correct for the calcium in the
soluble an mineral phases. This is not easy to do, see for example Amrhein
and Suarez, SSSAJ 55:698, 1991. Generally, it is better to determine the
cation exchange capacity by saturating the exchange capacity with one ion,
like sodium, and then replacing it with another cation like NH4. There may
be better cations to use than sodium and NH4, but that would require
finding more references which is beyond the scope of this answer.
Finally, ESP in Handbook 60 is based on the exchangeable sodium ratio, in
other words, the ratio of exchangeable sodium divided by the CEC minus the
exchangeable sodium. For this to be a correct ratio, the extractable sodium
has to be corrected for soluble sodium (generally based on the sodium
concentration in the saturated-soil extract) and the CEC has to be
determined correctly. And, for that to be the case for calcareous sodic
soils, one probably would not choose to base the CEC on the total of the
'exchangeable' calcium plus magnesium plus sodium plus potassium.
Handbook 60 is out-of-print. Three other works basically have replaced it:
1. Ayars and Westcot. 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. Irr. Dr. Paper
#29, Rev. 1, FAO Rome, Italy; Rhoades, Kandiah and Mashali. 1992. The use
of saline waters for crop porduction. FAO Ir. and Dr. Paper #48, Rome,
Italy, and Tanji (ED) 1990. Agricultural Salinity Assessment and
Management. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice #71. ASCE, New
York. At 05:43 PM 4/28/97 +1300, you wrote:
>Hi,
>
>I am Keith Vincent, a pedologist (soil scientist) with experience in soil
>survey and soil water movement.
>
>I live in New Zealand (slightly further down under than Australia), and
>here we have very few saline soils caused by irrigation in arid
>conditions. Instead, we have soils on the marine fringe which may be
>classified as littoral saline soils. That is, the salinity comes directly
from
>sea water, either directly as a result of flooding, or in tidal groundwater.
>
>These saline soils only represent a tiny fraction of available land area,
>but all land is under pressure for development so I have been called in to
>study reclamation of such soils from salt-marsh to pasture, as well as
>diagnosing problems when horticultural crops have failled on such soils.
>
>Which brings me to a concern that I have with the calculation of ESP
>(exchangeable sodium percentage) and the definition of alkali soils (with
>ESP > 15%). ESP is defined as the ratio of exchangeable sodium to CEC.
>However, I have been observing that in saline soils the total
>exchangeable bases often exceeds the CEC, because of the presence
>of excess soluble salts. Therefore although ESP may exceed a threshold
>percentage the total exchangeable bases will probably also far exceed
>100 percent, thus distorting the value of the ESP percentage. Would not
>calculating it as a ratio of the total exchangeable bases have been a
>better criterion?
>
>Also - is USDA Agriculture Handbook 60 "Diagnosis and Improvement of
>Saline and Alkali Soils" still available - I browsed obvious sources but it
>wasn't listed.
>
>Looking forward to your comments,
>
>Keith Vincent "Digging Down_Under"
>Landcare Research
>Havelock North
>New Zealand
>
>vincentk@landcare.cri.nz
>http://goddess.hb.landcare.cri.nz/~keithv/new_page.html
>
Date: Tue, 29 Apr 1997 11:04:00 +1300
From: Keith Vincent <VincentK@LANDCARE.CRI.NZ>
Subject: Re: intro plus ESP concern -Reply
Hi,
Thanks for the replies.
The point I had missed is that for the ESP calculation to be correct (and
useful), then the exchangeable sodium values need to be corrected first
of all for the soluble sodium values. After this is done for each cation,
then total cations will no longer exceed CEC, and I am a happy customer!
So to conclude, the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) will be
obtained by determining (( exchangeable sodium corrected for soluble
sodium) / CEC ) x 100
Keith Vincent
>>> J.D. Oster 29/April/1997 05:13am >>>
Keith: I'll try pitching a rocky solution on your 'ocean' situation and see
whether it will skip at least once. Exchangeable bases may be the
problem.
One has to correct the extractable bases for the soluble component.
There
are two or more phases within a soil-water system which contain the
same
ion. For calcium, the phases would be the water (the soluble phase), the
exchange phase, and one or more mineral phases (calcite and possibly
gypsum). When one determines extractable calcium for the purpose of
determining exchangeable calcium, one has to correct for the calcium in
the
soluble an mineral phases. This is not easy to do, see for example
Amrhein
and Suarez, SSSAJ 55:698, 1991. Generally, it is better to determine the
cation exchange capacity by saturating the exchange capacity with one
ion,
like sodium, and then replacing it with another cation like NH4. There may
be better cations to use than sodium and NH4, but that would require
finding more references which is beyond the scope of this answer.
Finally, ESP in Handbook 60 is based on the exchangeable sodium ratio,
in
other words, the ratio of exchangeable sodium divided by the CEC minus
the
exchangeable sodium. For this to be a correct ratio, the extractable
sodium
has to be corrected for soluble sodium (generally based on the sodium
concentration in the saturated-soil extract) and the CEC has to be
determined correctly. And, for that to be the case for calcareous sodic
soils, one probably would not choose to base the CEC on the total of the
'exchangeable' calcium plus magnesium plus sodium plus potassium.
Handbook 60 is out-of-print. Three other works basically have replaced
it:
1. Ayars and Westcot. 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. Irr. Dr. Paper
#29, Rev. 1, FAO Rome, Italy; Rhoades, Kandiah and Mashali. 1992. The
use
of saline waters for crop porduction. FAO Ir. and Dr. Paper #48, Rome,
Italy, and Tanji (ED) 1990. Agricultural Salinity Assessment and
Management. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice #71.
ASCE, New
York. At 05:43 PM 4/28/97 +1300, you wrote:
>Hi,
>
>I am Keith Vincent, a pedologist (soil scientist) with experience in soil
>survey and soil water movement.
>
>I live in New Zealand (slightly further down under than Australia), and
>here we have very few saline soils caused by irrigation in arid
>conditions. Instead, we have soils on the marine fringe which may be
>classified as littoral saline soils. That is, the salinity comes directly
from
>sea water, either directly as a result of flooding, or in tidal groundwater.
>
>These saline soils only represent a tiny fraction of available land area,
>but all land is under pressure for development so I have been called in
to
>study reclamation of such soils from salt-marsh to pasture, as well as
>diagnosing problems when horticultural crops have failled on such
soils.
>
>Which brings me to a concern that I have with the calculation of ESP
>(exchangeable sodium percentage) and the definition of alkali soils
(with
>ESP > 15%). ESP is defined as the ratio of exchangeable sodium to
CEC.
>However, I have been observing that in saline soils the total
>exchangeable bases often exceeds the CEC, because of the presence
>of excess soluble salts. Therefore although ESP may exceed a
threshold
>percentage the total exchangeable bases will probably also far exceed
>100 percent, thus distorting the value of the ESP percentage. Would not
>calculating it as a ratio of the total exchangeable bases have been a
>better criterion?
>
>Also - is USDA Agriculture Handbook 60 "Diagnosis and Improvement of
>Saline and Alkali Soils" still available - I browsed obvious sources but it
>wasn't listed.
>
>Looking forward to your comments,
>
>Keith Vincent "Digging Down_Under"
>Landcare Research
>Havelock North
>New Zealand
>
>vincentk@landcare.cri.nz
>http://goddess.hb.landcare.cri.nz/~keithv/new_page.html
>
End of SALINITY-L Digest - 21 Apr 1997 to 28 Apr 1997
*****************************************************
Prepared by Steve Modena, AB4EL
Suggestions and comments to: modena@SunSITE.unc.edu