This is the compendium of SALINITY-L digests for September 1996.
It was prepared from the daily digest mailings. Some digests
may be missing, because occasional mailings are lost en route.
Contents: (Rick Kochenower .<.rick@okstate.edu.>.) <---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Fri, 30 Aug 1996 18:33:24 -0500 From: Rick Kochenower .<.rick@okstate.edu.>. Subject: Hi my name is Rick Kochenower and I am currently working on my masters degree at Oklahoma State Universtiy. My research is on remediation of soil contaminated by Oil Field brine. I am trying to find any information on Kallar Grass (leptachola fusca). If anyone knows if any of this grass is in the U.S. I would apprediate the information. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************
Contents: Kallar Grass (SHANNON .<.MSHANNON@ussl.ars.usda.gov.>.) Re: (Earle Cummings .<.earlec@water.ca.gov.>.) <---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Tue, 03 Sep 1996 08:31:04 -0700 From: SHANNON .<.MSHANNON@ussl.ars.usda.gov.>. Subject: Kallar Grass I have several lines. The lines are available through GRIN <------------------------------>
Date: Tue, 03 Sep 1996 08:30:27 -0700 From: Earle Cummings .<.earlec@water.ca.gov.>. Subject: Re: At 11:02 PM 8/31/96 -0500, you wrote: I am trying to find any information >on Kallar Grass (leptachola fusca). If anyone knows if any of this grass >is in the U.S. I would apprediate the information. According to Munz and Keck's California Flora this genus, Leptochloa, is referred to as Sprangletop. We have three species in California. L. filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. grows in moist depressions in Creosote Bush Scrub in Imperial County. The range extends to the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. and in tropical America. Creosote Bush Scrub is very hot, dry and alkaline. Any depressions are likely to be extremely alkaline. L. fascicularis (Lam.) Gray. is in moist, sometimes alkaline places in Valley Grassland, Creosote Bush Scrub, in most of the warm to hot dry valleys. Its range extends to Washington State, Texas and to the Atlantic Coast. L. uninervia (Presl) Hitchc. & Chase is likewise from moist, more or less alkaline places in many plant communities from Oregon to North Carolina and Mexico, to South America. Any of these would presumably be somewhat tolerant of briny water. Sprangletop is recognized as an attractive food for waterfowl. If you have contaminants in the brine like selenium, there is a chance that the invertebrate community grown in the brine around the plants will bioaccumulate selenium and potentially intoxicate wildlife. On the other hand, if you just build evaporation ponds, you could have just as big a problem with bioaccumulation, and the ponds might cover more area because the plants might evapotranspire more water than would evaporate from a free surface. I don't know if sprangletop plants themselves sequester or store salts. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************
Contents:
Re: ("J.D. Oster" .<.oster@mail.ucr.edu.>.)
Re: Kallar grass (fwd) (Jelle Beekma .<.jelle@nmt.edu.>.)
Re: Kallar grass (fwd) ("J.Gorham" .<.j.gorham@bangor.ac.uk.>.)
Re: Database (jelle@nmt.edu)
<---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Tue, 3 Sep 1996 11:12:26 -0500
From: "J.D. Oster" .<.oster@mail.ucr.edu.>.
Subject: Re:
Dr. M. Shannon has a few plants at the U.S. Salinity Laboratory. His e-mail
address is mshannon@ussl.ars.usda.go.
At 11:02 PM 8/31/96 -0500, you wrote:
>Hi my name is Rick Kochenower and I am currently working on my masters
>degree at Oklahoma State Universtiy. My research is on remediation of
>soil contaminated by Oil Field brine. I am trying to find any information
>on Kallar Grass (leptachola fusca). If anyone knows if any of this grass
>is in the U.S. I would apprediate the information.
>
>
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
<------------------------------>
Date: Tue, 3 Sep 1996 12:38:06 -0600 (MDT)
From: Jelle Beekma .<.jelle@nmt.edu.>.
Subject: Re: Kallar grass (fwd)
If you want information on Kallar grass, its experiments and may be also
distribution, it would be a good idea to contact, NIAB, Faisalabad,
Pakistan. Currently I cannot find the adress inmediately, but if you are
interested let me know and I will find it. They really heve en enormous
amount of information on this species.
Jelle Beekma
NMT, department of eart and environmetal sciences
Socorro 87801 Nm
(505)-835-5484
<------------------------------>
Date: Wed, 4 Sep 1996 09:42:18 +0100 (BST)
From: "J.Gorham" .<.j.gorham@bangor.ac.uk.>.
Subject: Re: Kallar grass (fwd)
On Tue, 3 Sep 1996, Jelle Beekma wrote:
> Date: Tue, 3 Sep 1996 15:52:36 -0500
> From: Jelle Beekma .<.jelle@nmt.edu.>.
> To: Multiple recipients of list .<.salinity-l@unl.edu.>.
> Subject: Re: Kallar grass (fwd)
>
>
>
> If you want information on Kallar grass, its experiments and may be also
> distribution, it would be a good idea to contact, NIAB, Faisalabad,
> Pakistan. Currently I cannot find the adress inmediately, but if you are
> interested let me know and I will find it. They really heve en enormous
> amount of information on this species.
>
You could contact :
Dr. A. Saeed Bhatti,
NIAB,
P.O. Box 128,
Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Fax: ++ 92 41 619 724
_________________________________________________________________________
Dr. John Gorham,
Memorial Building,
University of Wales, Bangor,
Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales,
LL57 2UW,
U.K.
tel: ++ 44 1248 382329
fax: ++ 44 1248 370731
Email: bss007@bangor.ac.uk
________________________________________________________________________
<------------------------------>
Date: Wed, 4 Sep 1996 09:11:28 -0600 (MDT)
From: jelle@nmt.edu
Subject: Re: Database
>This is a message in response to Cole's database question:
>
>I'm interested in establishing a database of key centres with strong
>interests in research using higher salinity irrigation water, and/or
>developing halophytes
>for agriculture. . . . .<
>
The International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute/ILRI has
quite some work on salinity and one of their goals is dissimination of
knowledge, Thier central work theme is drainage of irrigated areas in arid
lands. A good person to contact would be Ir. Th.J. Kelleners, ILRI, P.O. Box
6700AA Wageningen the Netherlands, e-mail:
/R=POST/R=AM_IAC1/U=thijs/FFN=THIJS/@gate.agro.nl. They were planning to
start a salinity inventarisation project together with the INtternational
Soil Reference Center/ISRIC in 1994 when I left.
Jelle beekma,
NMT, Department of Earth and Environmental sciences
Socorro, 87801 NM
(505)-835-5484>
<------------------------------>
End of Digest
************************
Contents: Re: Kallar grass (fwd) (Sayed_Ali_Mohamad .<.pbs-sm@wye.ac.uk.>.) <---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Wed, 4 Sep 1996 20:10:31 +0100 (BST) From: Sayed_Ali_Mohamad .<.pbs-sm@wye.ac.uk.>. Subject: Re: Kallar grass (fwd) Dear Dr Beekma Salam What about Bermuda grass? Thanks Ali On Wed, 4 Sep 1996, J.Gorham wrote: > On Tue, 3 Sep 1996, Jelle Beekma wrote: > > > Date: Tue, 3 Sep 1996 15:52:36 -0500 > > From: Jelle Beekma .<.jelle@nmt.edu.>. > > To: Multiple recipients of list .<.salinity-l@unl.edu.>. > > Subject: Re: Kallar grass (fwd) > > > > > > > > If you want information on Kallar grass, its experiments and may be also > > distribution, it would be a good idea to contact, NIAB, Faisalabad, > > Pakistan. Currently I cannot find the adress inmediately, but if you are > > interested let me know and I will find it. They really heve en enormous > > amount of information on this species. > > > > You could contact : > > Dr. A. Saeed Bhatti, > NIAB, > P.O. Box 128, > Faisalabad, > Pakistan > > Fax: ++ 92 41 619 724 > > > _________________________________________________________________________ > Dr. John Gorham, > Memorial Building, > University of Wales, Bangor, > Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, > LL57 2UW, > U.K. > > tel: ++ 44 1248 382329 > fax: ++ 44 1248 370731 > Email: bss007@bangor.ac.uk > ________________________________________________________________________ > > <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************
Contents: Member Presentation (salinity-l@unl.edu (by way of Richard Soppe .<.salinity-l@unl.edu.>.)) Kallar grass (Mike Schulz .<.schulzm@salty.agvic.gov.au.>.) Re: Kallar grass (Jelle Beekma .<.jelle@nmt.edu.>.) <---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Thu, 5 Sep 1996 22:03:45 GMT From: salinity-l@unl.edu (by way of Richard Soppe .<.salinity-l@unl.edu.>.) Subject: Member Presentation <------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
List Friends, I am a new member and I will answer some of the questions that Thomas Stein asked me regarding to my activities. I work at INTA which is the National Institute of Agriculture Technology from Argentina, at the the Soil and Irrigation Department. The place where I am working is the Agriculture Experimental Station INTA Mendoza at Mendoza state, which is located at the west part of the country next to the Andes Mountains. This is an arid area with rains that are about 150 - 200 mm in the year, so you can imagine that nearly all the crops that are done here are irrigatted. My Station is specialized on grapes for wine, and I am actually working on vineyards. The irrigation system that are used here are nearly all, surface, sprinklers, drippers, and microsprinklers. All the crops are irrigated. You find very different soils in little areas,they were formed by deposits made by the river. There has been some research in drainage, there are some places the have very imortant problems of salinity and high water tables. The water here is given to the farmers by a system of channels and they have fixed days when they will have the water. All the farmers have an organization who is the institution responsible for the delivery of the water. We have some rivers that are regulated with dams, and others that are not, and this is a problem sometimes with the deliveries. The farmes pay to this institution for the service or right to the water, but they do not pay for the volume they recieve. This is being modified to make the farmers pay for volume but it is no easy. This year there is very little snow on the mountains so the goverment has predicted that it will be a very hard year for the water users. Personally I am working on scheduling irrigation at farm level based on plant parameters. We are using several instruments and making comparison between them. Also looking at the wine quality after applying differet irrigation treatments. OK, I hope this will be enough to present myself to the list, but if not anyone from the list is free to make me more questions if he or she likes. Jorge Perez Pe$a . Nickname: PATA patagua@inta.gov.ar Address: EEA INTA Mendoza San Martin 3853. CC3 (5507) Lujan de Cuyo. Mendoza ARGENTINA te: 54-61-963020/963332 Fax: 54-61-963320 I am also on the Irrigation and Trickle-L, which are topics on which I am very interested. --- Jorge Perez Pe$a postmaster@patagua.inta.gov.ar <------------------------------>
Date: Fri, 06 Sep 1996 09:48:35 +0000 From: Mike Schulz .<.schulzm@salty.agvic.gov.au.>. Subject: Kallar grass the germination and growth requirements of Leptochloa fusca (previously Diplachne fusca) were investigated by Bronwyn Myers at ISIA-Tatura some years ago. It is infrequently referred to as Brown Beetle Grass. We still have a couple bins full of very trashy seed collected some years ago (it was viable last year). The species exists as a weed of rice paddies in SE Australia and the genus has been collected from our northern shores. It is thought to have some potential as a grass for wet, saline and sodic situations. As the name Kallar grass derives from a an Indian Subcontinent word for salt its not surprising that it has been adopted quite widely in Pakistan and India where it is used to "reclaim" sodic soils. A useful booklet on Kallar grass is available from Pakistan. please contact me if you desire any more details in Pakistan Mike Schulzzzzzzz.................................................. Inst. of Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture - Tatura Agriculture Victoria Division Natural Resources & Environment Department Government of Victoria Australia <------------------------------>
Date: Thu, 5 Sep 1996 19:21:12 -0600 (MDT) From: Jelle Beekma .<.jelle@nmt.edu.>. Subject: Re: Kallar grass On Thu, 5 Sep 1996, Mike Schulz wrote: > > the germination and growth requirements of Leptochloa fusca > (previously Diplachne fusca) As the name Kallar grass derives from a an Indian > Subcontinent word for salt its not surprising that it has been > adopted quite widely in Pakistan and India where it is used to > "reclaim" sodic soils. A useful booklet on Kallar grass is available > from Pakistan. Are you sure you are discussing the same here. Is Kallar grass not a cross breed or species that has its origin in Pakistan or India? It seems to me that claiming that Kallar grass is an Auastralian plant might not be correct, maybe it simultaneously occurs in various parts of the world, but what is its exact origin? > > please contact me if you desire any more details > > > in Pakistan > Mike Schulzzzzzzz.................................................. > Inst. of Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture - Tatura > Agriculture Victoria Division > Natural Resources & Environment Department > Government of Victoria > Australia > <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************
Contents:
Ref: Quick Intro ("McKechnie, David Walter" .<.McKechnieD@agric.usyd.edu.au.>.)
<---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 96 10:59:00 PDT
From: "McKechnie, David Walter" .<.McKechnieD@agric.usyd.edu.au.>.
Subject: Ref: Quick Intro
To all those concerned.
Thank you for been allowed to subscribe to Salinity-L
- Who you are
Dave McKechnie, a Part time worker, student, etc in Turf and
Horticultural research
- What part of the world you are from
I come from the land down under, yes thats right Australia not Anarctica.
Based at Sydney University.
- Why you are interested in salinity-l
Effect of nutrients (salts) on plant available or not available water.
- What your experience with salinity problems are
Minimal
- Your specific questions or topics that you would like to see discussed
Mainly turf (grasses) and effect of osmotic potential upon total water
potential, as well:-
Can you use a volt meter to measure EC as compared to a EC meter.
reference Please.
- Your knowledge on salinization / sodification
A little bit.
David McKechnie
Uni of Syd
<------------------------------>
End of Digest
************************
Contents:
Re: Ref: Quick Intro ("J.D. Oster" .<.oster@mail.ucr.edu.>.)
<---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 1996 10:19:54 -0500
From: "J.D. Oster" .<.oster@mail.ucr.edu.>.
Subject: Re: Ref: Quick Intro
Electrical conductivity of a salt solution is measured by applying an
alternating current across two electrodes and measuring the resistance. One
can also measure the voltage drop, but then one needs to know the amperage
of the applied ALTERNATING current. If direct current is used the electrodes
polarize: the cations tend to go to the anode, the anions go the the
cathode. The result is the resistance is not inversely proportional to the
salt concentration.
For more information about measuring salinity contact Chris Norman at
normanc@salty.agvic.gov.au. He is located at the Institute of Sustainable
Irrigated Agriculture, at Tatura, Victoria, AustraliaAt 08:01 PM 9/9/96
-0500, you wrote:
>
>To all those concerned.
>
>Thank you for been allowed to subscribe to Salinity-L
>
> - Who you are
>Dave McKechnie, a Part time worker, student, etc in Turf and
>Horticultural research
>
> - What part of the world you are from
>I come from the land down under, yes thats right Australia not Anarctica.
>Based at Sydney University.
>
> - Why you are interested in salinity-l
>Effect of nutrients (salts) on plant available or not available water.
>
> - What your experience with salinity problems are
>Minimal
>
> - Your specific questions or topics that you would like to see discussed
>Mainly turf (grasses) and effect of osmotic potential upon total water
>potential, as well:-
>Can you use a volt meter to measure EC as compared to a EC meter.
>reference Please.
>
> - Your knowledge on salinization / sodification
>A little bit.
>
>David McKechnie
>Uni of Syd
>
>
>
>
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
<------------------------------>
End of Digest
************************
Contents:
Testing Soil For pH--Use of Suction Lysimetry ("J.D. Oster" .<.oster@mail.ucr.edu.>.)
<---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 12:51:07 -0700 (PDT)
From: "J.D. Oster" .<.oster@mail.ucr.edu.>.
Subject: Testing Soil For pH--Use of Suction Lysimetry
From: Irrometer@aol.com
To: Multiple recipients of list .<.trickle-l@unl.edu.>.. With Bill Pogue's
permission, I am relying his message to the members of soils-L and salinity-L.
J.D. Oster
Our company has manufactured suction lysimeter tubes for over
25 years. These devices are constructed of a porous ceramic
cup solvent welded to 1/2" Schedule 40 PVC tubing. In the early
days they were pretty well exclusively used for doing salinity
work (EC). With the advent of fertigation systems (particularly
with microirrigation), they have been used to check the soil
solution for nitrate nitrogen and P & K (to a lesser extent).
In the past several months there have been reports made to us that
their use to check soil pH was giving very mixed results. This
message is intended to advise users of this suction extract
technique, that suction extract analysis for soil pH is not
recommended even when the ceramic cup has been acid treated
and thoroughly rinsed in a dilute salt solution to remove the acid
in the ceramic pores and adsorbed hydrogen from the ceramic
(as most researchers do in preparing these tubes for use).
The principal problem is that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
inside the soil and in the ceramic cup are not equal. Outgassing of
dissolved carbon dioxide in the soil solution will occur as the soil
solution collects in the ceramic cup. This outgassing will cause
the pH of the extracted solution to be higher than in the soil
solution by an amount which depends on the difference
between the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the soil
and that inside the extractor.
A secondary problem results from minerals in the ceramic
generated during the firing process to make the ceramic.
Some of the minerals are soluable and can increase the
pH of the soil solution which comes into contact with the
cup. The acid washing and thorough rinsing of the cups,
done by many reasearchers as a pretreatment before using
the extractors, removes these minerals. This mitigates the
secondary problem, but does not eliminate the problem
of carbon dioxide outgassing.
THUS--the fact remains, that the use of suction extract
analysis for measuring soil pH is not an accepted or
recommended analytical procedure. This is our advice
as well as the advice of all of the scientists and lab
technicians that I have talked with on this subject in the
recent past.
One final point worth noting is the fact that once you have
finished using them in the field, they should be thoroughly
cleaned before they are put into storage (before the ceramic
cups are allowed to air dry). At the least, they should be scrubbed
with clean water, filled with distilled water and allowed to
drain so as to flush the cups. Procedures on acid washing
and rinsing are available--as it is practiced by the scientists
here at the University of California.
Regards, Bill Pogue, President, Irrometer Company, Inc.
J.D.(Jim) Oster
Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
Phone (909)787-5100
FAX (909)787-5522
<------------------------------>
End of Digest
************************
Contents: BACTERIA AND ALUMINIUM MOBILITY (casaix@ci.uminho.pt) <---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 13:32:09 -0700 From: casaix@ci.uminho.pt Subject: BACTERIA AND ALUMINIUM MOBILITY BACTERIA AND ALUMINIUM MOBILITY Sorry for the cross posting, Does anyone has references or information about the influence of bacteria on the mobility of aluminium in natural waters? Thanks for your help Carlos Alves Earth Sciences Department Universidade do Minho 4709 Braga Codex Portugal <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************
Contents:
Introduction ("Q SMIT" .<.qsmit@norton.ctech.ac.za.>.)
<---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 18:34:27 GMT+2
From: "Q SMIT" .<.qsmit@norton.ctech.ac.za.>.
Subject: Introduction
Hi from South Africa! My name is Quinton Smit and I am presently
lecturing at the Cape Technikon School of Electrical Engineering. If
you all know where Cape Town is well that's it!
My field of research is Soil Moisture Measurement by dielectric
means. We have a major problems in the Western Cape regarding soil
salinity. This affects our wine and soft fruit farmers to a large
extent. I am particularly interested to find out what research has
been done and what goodies are available to determine the salt
content of the soil.
I myself have not done any research on salinity and would like to
hear from the experts!
Thanks guys, I will be monitoring the discussion list.
Quinton Smit
<------------------------------>
End of Digest
************************
Contents: (Romain Gagnon .<.RGagnon@smartrain.com.>.) <---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 16:34:19 -0400 From: Romain Gagnon .<.RGagnon@smartrain.com.>. Subject: At 11:28 AM 9/18/96 -0500, you wrote: >Hi from South Africa! My name is Quinton Smit and I am presently >lecturing at the Cape Technikon School of Electrical Engineering. If >you all know where Cape Town is well that's it! > >My field of research is Soil Moisture Measurement by dielectric >means. We have a major problems in the Western Cape regarding soil >salinity. This affects our wine and soft fruit farmers to a large >extent. I am particularly interested to find out what research has >been done and what goodies are available to determine the salt >content of the soil. >I myself have not done any research on salinity and would like to >hear from the experts! >Thanks guys, I will be monitoring the discussion list. > >Quinton Smit > > Hi from Canada: We have designed a system that monitors soil water content and salinity in real time. Have a look at our WEB page (http://www.SmartRain.com) and E-mail us for any question. Our system should equally work for vineyard application than golf. Romain Gagnon eng President Smart Rain Corporation inc 1505, Place de l'Hotel de Ville, suite 102 St-Bruno, Quebec, Canada --- J3V-5Y6 E-mail: Info@SmartRain.com Phone: 1-514-441-4289 FAX: 1-514-441-2147 WEB: http://www.SmartRain.com <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************
Contents: (Romain Gagnon .<.RGagnon@smartrain.com.>.) <---------------------------------------------------------------------->
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 16:35:17 -0400 From: Romain Gagnon .<.RGagnon@smartrain.com.>. Subject: If DC is used, electrodes will polarize and even get plated. On the other hand, DC can be seen as a evry slow AC ! Therefore the phenomenon you describe will also happen with AC up to a certain frequency. At which frequency, do you get reliable measurements ? Do you get any plating on stainless steel (grade 316) at that frequency over a long period of time ? Do you have a formula that relates conductivity, water content and salinity ? Thank You in advance for your help Romain Gagnon At 10:31 96-09-10 -0500, you wrote: >Electrical conductivity of a salt solution is measured by applying an >alternating current across two electrodes and measuring the resistance. One >can also measure the voltage drop, but then one needs to know the amperage >of the applied ALTERNATING current. If direct current is used the electrodes >polarize: the cations tend to go to the anode, the anions go the the >cathode. The result is the resistance is not inversely proportional to the >salt concentration. > >For more information about measuring salinity contact Chris Norman at >normanc@salty.agvic.gov.au. He is located at the Institute of Sustainable >Irrigated Agriculture, at Tatura, Victoria, AustraliaAt 08:01 PM 9/9/96 >-0500, you wrote: >> >>To all those concerned. >> >>Thank you for been allowed to subscribe to Salinity-L >> >> - Who you are >>Dave McKechnie, a Part time worker, student, etc in Turf and >>Horticultural research >> >> - What part of the world you are from >>I come from the land down under, yes thats right Australia not Anarctica. >>Based at Sydney University. >> >> - Why you are interested in salinity-l >>Effect of nutrients (salts) on plant available or not available water. >> >> - What your experience with salinity problems are >>Minimal >> >> - Your specific questions or topics that you would like to see discussed >>Mainly turf (grasses) and effect of osmotic potential upon total water >>potential, as well:- >>Can you use a volt meter to measure EC as compared to a EC meter. >>reference Please. >> >> - Your knowledge on salinization / sodification >>A little bit. >> >>David McKechnie >>Uni of Syd >> >> >> >> >J.D.(Jim) Oster >Dept. of Soil & Env. Sciences >University of California >Riverside, CA 92521 > >Phone (909)787-5100 >FAX (909)787-5522 > > > Romain Gagnon eng President & C.E.O. Smart Rain Corporation inc 1505, Place de l'Hotel de Ville, suite 102 St-Bruno, Quebec, Canada --- J3V-5Y6 E-mail: Info@SmartRain.com Phone: 1-514-441-4289 FAX: 1-514-441-2147 WEB: http://www.SmartRain.com <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************