Archive POT-MOD-L: file log9409, part 1/1, size 25937 bytes:
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This is to inform you that a newsletter will be published monthly. If
you wish a copy to be e-mailed directly please subscribe as follows.
E-mail subscription request to <bncraig@bud.peinet.pe.ca>
At Subject type "POTATO NEWS"
On first line of Text type "LAST NAME, FIRST NAME"
On second line of Text type your e-mail address
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND POTATO NEWSLETTER
September 1994 Volume 1, No. 1
This is a newsletter to provide information on extension technology that
may be useful to the agriculture sector for potato production. The
information will provide ideas and information useful to potato production
in the North Eastern parts of North America. As this is a Canadian potato
newsletter, the information on products will be those registered for use
in Canada. Foreign products will be mentioned to provide the agriculture
sector with new technology.
Please feel free to read the articles and comment on the content. The
Newsletter is designed to help individuals to stay up dated on events and
technology. Only through comments will the newsletter be able to provide
information that will suit your needs.
This issue of the Potato Newsletter will focus on top killing, potato
harvesting and early storage.
POTATO VINE KILLING: With potato vine killing, timing and coverage by the
desiccant is most important. Rapid vine killing must be avoided to ensure
internal tuber discoloration does not take place. Complete vine killing
is important to ensure late season aphid populations do not spread viruses
into seed potato crops. Also complete vine killing is important to
processing potatoes to ensure potato viruses do not spread causing
internal quality problems.
To ensure a good top kill program for 1994 follow these steps:
1) Calibrate the sprayer - check nozzles, boom height and operating
pressure. Recheck your ground speed to ensure that the proper
rates of the desiccant is applied.
2) Use clean water - make sure the water used is free of organic
material. Organic material will interfere with the effectiveness
of the desiccant used.
3) Ensure total coverage - follow the recommendations of the labels
of the desiccant you plan to use. Make sure that the water rates
suggested on the label are followed. Low water rates will cause
difficulties in total coverage.
4) Use spreaders and stickers with your desiccant as recommended on
the label.
5) If a second application of a desiccant needs to be applied for
total top kill, follow the labelled recommendations for intervals
between each application.
6) Be sure to allow the tubers to "mature". After desiccation, do
not harvest for at least 2 or 3 weeks.
7) Do not apply desiccants to drought stressed crops as internal
discoloration may result.
HARVEST BRUISE REDUCTION: Potato bruising can cause major problems in the
quality of stored tubers. To minimize potato bruising this fall, follow
these recommendations:
1) Maximize tuber maturity at time of harvest. The more mature the
tuber is the more resistant the tuber is to bruising.
2) Ensure good skin set has taken place after vine killing.
3) Harvest potatoes with a tuber temperature greater than 7.5 oC. Do
not harvest potatoes on cold mornings or late evenings when tuber
temperature is below 7.5 oC.
4) Regulate the ground speed and chain speeds of harvesters and
windrowers to ensure conveyors are filled to their capacity.
5) Potatoes should fall less than 6 inches. Watch the drop from the
harvester to the bulk box on the truck.
6) Make sure all hard surface areas are cushioned on the windrower
and harvester to protect the moving potato.
7) Bruise check tubers to determine if harvesting operation is
minimizing damage to the tubers. The Catechol bruise test is
economical and a quick way to check for bruising.
8) Make sure the bin piler at the warehouse is working correctly and
piling the potatoes with short drops.
CATECHOL BRUISE TEST: The following procedure is a simple way to check
tubers for possible bruising:
1) Wash the tuber clean of dirt.
2) Place 10 clean tubers in a small bucket (4-6 litres) with
holes in the bottom.
3) Place the bucket of tubers inside a bucket (10 litres) of
Catechol Test Solution.
4) Leave the tubers in the Catechol solution for 1 minute. After 1
minute, allow the Catechol solution to drain from the bucket with
the holes (just lift the bucket out and it will drain the solution
from the tuber bucket).
5) Allow the tubers to stand in a dry place (such as on a burlap bag)
for at least 5 minutes.
6) Check the tuber for dark spots. Trim the potato with a potato
peeler to determine if the bruise is: "slight", "medium" or "severe".
7) Record the number of tubers in each of the bruising categories.
NOTE: When handling Catechol solution and treated tubers, be sure you are
wearing rubber gloves to protect yourself from the chemical.
WARNING: Do not use potatoes treated with Catechol for food or feed.
Keep Catechol containers well labelled and out of reach of children.
When assessing the Catechol treated tubers use the ratings:
"No Bruising" - no dark areas are visible or no skinning present.
"Slight Bruise" - one stroke of the peeler removes all of the visible
damage.
"Medium Bruise" - two strokes of the peeler removes the damage
from the bruised area or cut surface.
- four or more slight cuts or bruises (not
skinning) are found.
"Severe Bruise" - three or more strokes of the peeler removes the
damage from the bruised or cut surface.
- four or more medium cuts or bruises are found.
Catechol Solution: Add 100 grams of catechol into 10 litres of water.
Add 25 grams of a surfactant (i.e. dish detergent will work) to the 10
litres of solution. This helps the catechol solution to spread over the
tubers.
STORAGE AT HARVEST: When potatoes are harvested, the ventilation in your
storage must be operating effectively to ensure that the potato tuber has
been cooled and dried. During harvest potatoes will enter storage:
Warm and Dry - the potato tubers should be cooled rapidly down to 13 oC.
Try to maintain a relative humidity of 95-100%. The low temperatures
will keep diseases on the tuber from causing problems in storage. The
high humidity will promote rapid healing of any tuber injury. Also the
high humidity helps to minimize the tuber weight loss.
Warm and Wet - the potato tubers should be cooled rapidly down to 13 oC.
Try to maintain a relative humidity of 95-100%.
Under warm conditions make sure the potato tubers are cooled as soon as
possible. If the potato tubers are stored with surface water, low
humidity and high air volume should be moved through the pile of potatoes.
If the surface water is not removed, the potato tubers may suffocate and
break down in storage.
Cool and Dry - potatoes should be kept at 10 - 13 oC to promote
suberization of any damaged surface. If the tuber is below this
temperature, bring the storage temperature up to this range to allow for
rapid tuber healing. After 3 or 4 days the tubers will suberize, normal
ventilation can be continued.
Cool and Wet - potato tubers should be warmed to 10 - 13 oC to promote
suberization of any damaged surface. With wet tuber surface, the storage
humidity should be reduced to 85 - 90% relative humidity. Caution should
be taken when high humidity air is circulated around tubers that are
cooler than the air. Water will condense on the cooler tubers from the
warm humid air.
When placing tubers into storage, they must be free of diseases and frost
injury. No storage can produce high quality potatoes if the potatoes
enter with diseases and frost damage.
POTATO STORAGE: When storing potatoes, keep in mind that the initial
potato quality is extremely important. The potato must be free of
diseases and damage before it enters the storage. The management
practices placed on the potato crop in the field will determine the
quality of potato that will come out of storage later.
When potato tubers are placed into storage, make sure the tubers are free
of problems such as: wet potato surface, pink eye, blight and frost
damage. Excessive soil on tubers can cause storage problems. A good
quality potato placed in storage is usually a good quality potato taken
out of storage.
Tuber temperature and air humidity must be maintained to ensure a quality
potato tuber will store well to meet high market standards later.
Potatoes are living and will produce heat in the storage. Tuber
temperatures must be kept low. Seed, table stock and processing potato
tubers require different temperatures to ensure a high quality tuber is
available for the market.
Relative Humidity is extremely important and must be monitored for in the
potato storage. High humidity is needed to minimize the water loss from
the tubers (shrinkage). Free water and condensation must be kept from
occurring. If water drops onto the potato pile, the potatoes will not
hold in storage.
When cooling a pile of potatoes down with through-the-pile cooling, the
potatoes at the bottom of the pile cools faster than the potatoes at the
top of the pile. The rate of cooling a pile depends on: 1) the air flow
rate; 2) temperature difference between the inlet air and the potato pile
temperature; and 3) the relative humidity of the incoming cooling air.
Constant monitoring of temperature and relative humidity at different
levels of the storage must be maintained.
When storing potatoes make sure the outside air (ventilation air) and air
in the storage is not more than 2 oC different. When operating the
storage at harvest time, it is best to run the fans in the cool evenings.
To cool potatoes down after they have suberized, storage holding
temperatures should be dropped down to: SEED = 3.3 oC; TABLE STOCK = 4.5
to 5.0 oC; PROCESSING = 8 oC. Cooling down the stored tubers to the
holding temperature should take 3 to 4 weeks.
During the storage holding period, ventilation fans should operate about 6
to 8 hours a day . This results in most fans running 3 to 4 times a day
to keep the piled potatoes at the proper holding temperatures.
Please Forward Potato Newsletter Comments And Requests For Articles
To:
Brian Craig
bncraig@bud.peinet.pe.ca
This message is being sent for Dr. Loretta Mikitzel who is answering the
question from Marc Bouwer on "potatoes & CO2." Hopefully I will get the
uploading and transmitting all done correctly in this system.
Message/answer from Dr. Mikitzel:
To: Marc Bouwer
mbouwer@ins.infonet.net
I am responding to your CO2 accumulation question. There is an excellent (albei
old) paper by Butchbaker, Nelson and Roy entitled "Controlled-atmosphere storage
of potatoes" (Transactions of the ASAE, 1967, Vol 10:534-538) that describes the
effects of high CO2 on potato sugars and rot. When tubers are stored in 12% CO2
or higher, reducing sugars may accumulate, sprout growth is inhibited and growth
of molds and soft rot increases. At CO2 up to 5%, sprout growth may be
stimulated and sugars may not accumulate. These findings apply to tubers stored
for many months. Short term exposure may have minimal or no effect on tuber
metabolism. Temperature influences tuber response.
Do you want to store the tubers in high CO2, or are you more concerned about
air circulation affecting CO2 build-up? Are your tubers to be used for seed,
processing or fresh market?
In unventilated areas of a storage, CO2 will build up to about 3 or 4% due to tu
respiration. This concentration will generally not promote rot growth. Ventila
the area will rapidly reduce this to less than 0.1%, a concentration which is of
concern.
In transit, warm potatoes will respire very quickly and CO2 may build up if
ventilation is poor. The tubers would have to be under these conditions for
several hours before any adverse affects could be seen. It is best not to harve
or transport tubers that are warmer than about 60 or 65F.
I hope this information is of some use to you.
From: Loretta Mikitzel, Washington State University
Hello potato people,
I am looking for a value of soil water content at which
potato roots stop growing. I realise this might appear to be something of a
daft question. What I am looking for is direct effect of soil water on
root growth. The value will depend on soil type and so I expect to get a
range of answers....just give it your best shot :)
Graham
Please answer Graham's question about potato root growth and soil
water to the list as it is of great general interest. Some people
may have data in % volume or in water potential. Specify soil
type and water holding characteristics if possible as well as
potato cultivar.
Thanks, Tom
Tom Hodges Cropping Systems Modeler ___ ___
USDA-ARS / \_/ \
Rt. 2, Box 2953-A Telephone: 509-786-9207 | |
Prosser, WA 99350 Fax: 509-786-4635 \______/^\/
USA potato tuber
============= thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu ========================
...photosynthesis makes the world go around... Mr. Potato Head
This may be of interest.
Tom Hodges Cropping Systems Modeler ___ ___
USDA-ARS / \_/ \
Rt. 2, Box 2953-A Telephone: 509-786-9207 | |
Prosser, WA 99350 Fax: 509-786-4635 \______/^\/
USA potato tuber
============= thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu ========================
...photosynthesis makes the world go around... Mr. Potato Head
SENDER:BOBRANKIN@delphi.com
Subject: Accessing The Internet By E-Mail
I am pleased to announce availability of the expanded 2nd Edition of:
Accessing The Internet By E-Mail
This special report will show you how to retrieve files from FTP sites,
explore the Internet via Gopher, search for information with Archie,
Veronica, or WAIS, tap into the World-Wide Web, and even access Usenet
newsgroups using E-MAIL AS YOUR ONLY TOOL.
Lots of new stuff as a result of comments from around the world. Check
out the updated Net Goodies section! I've tried to make the entire document
a bit friendlier and added info on European mail servers.
The document "ACCESSING THE INTERNET BY E-MAIL" is now available from an
automated mail server. To get a copy, send e-mail to either address below.
To: LISTSERV@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu (for US/Canada/etc.)
Leave Subject blank, and enter only this line in the body of the note:
GET INTERNET BY-EMAIL NETTRAIN F=MAIL
Or: MAILBASE@mailbase.ac.uk (for UK/Europe/etc.)
Leave Subject blank, and enter only this line in the body of the note:
send lis-iis e-access-inet.txt
You can also get the file by anonymous FTP at either of these sites:
At: ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu Or: mailbase.ac.uk
cd NETTRAIN cd pub/lists/lis-iis/files/
get INTERNET BY-EMAIL get e-access-inet.txt
If you prefer, you can Gopher to: mailbase.ac.uk
>From the root menu, follow this path to get the file:
Mailbase lists - K-O / lis-iis / Other files / e-access-inet.txt /
For WWW access here's the URL you need:
gopher://nisp.ncl.ac.uk:70/00/lists-k-o/lis-iis/files/e-access-inet.txt
Regards,
Doctor Bob <BobRankin@Delphi.Com>
[I just downloaded the new version of Od de Presno's online book
about the internet. It has about 800k of text, very comprehensive.
The following message tells how to get it. I used lynx since I access
the internet over a phone modem and can't use mosaic. If you can,
get it yourself, its good experience, then you will know how to find
other things on the internet. Otherwise I can send it, but there will
be a delay of a few weeks because I will have to wait until there is
a megabyte of extra space for my internet account. Also some mail
systems will choke on 800+ kbyte messages. I also have it zipped
as a 380 kbyte binary file if you can receive MIME (pine compatible)
binary files over your email.
TH, thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu]
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Fri, 23 Sep 1994 15:30:42 +0200
From: Odd de Presno <presno@grida.no>
To: Multiple recipients of list DEVEL-L <DEVEL-L@AMERICAN.EDU>
Subject: new version of the online world resources handbook
For immediate release:
THE ONLINE WORLD - online resources handbook
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
(New release: September 19, 1994)
The Online World resources handbook is out in its eight release. Version
1.7 can be retrieved by modem from services all over the world, including
from the project's new World Wide Web server at the following URL:
http://login.eunet.no/~presno/index.html
Since the last release in July, it has strengthened its focus on resources
in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
The changes and additions also reflect Internet's continued strong growth
in the number of service providers, offerings, and users, and extended
global contents.
Highlights include how to quickly find information in World Wide Web pages,
find great WWW sources, WAIS data bases, gopher menus, and file archives
(ftp); how to search Usenet's Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) reservoir;
and how to find information resources and news sources by country.
A large number of users can only access Internet's resources by email. The
book now explains how email users can read and search World Wide Web pages,
WAIS databases, and Veronica. It has more on Usenet by email, and hints on
how to handle mail returned due to error in contents, and how to get off
that mailing list.
Other new pointers: CompuServe, Dialog, Data-Star and ECHO on the WWW.
Data-Star's European business offerings. Microsoft on the Internet. Global
demography and population information. Australian and New Zealand wines.
Images from the Vatican Library's collection of books and manuscripts.
Genealogy. Art from the Louvre in France. The British Library. The United
Nations. The Organization of American States. The Council of Security and
Cooperation in Europe. French news summaries. The latest UK news.
It sure does not stand still! The Internet is moving so fast that printed
books are obsolete the moment they appear in print. Not so with this The
Online World resources handbook. A new online version appears every second
month.
If reading an electronic book is too hard, adapted print versions of the
book is now available in English (in Canada), German (in Germany), and
in Norwegian. Print versions focusing on Australia, Spain, Iceland, and
Denmark will be published shortly.
THE AUTHOR
<><><><><>
>From his electronic cottage on the southern coast of Norway, author Odd de
Presno advises on the practical use of the GLOBAL online information
resource.
(His house stands in a small bay, about 7 kilometers from Arendal. It is
so close to the ocean, that his computers could potentially exchange
views with fish and sea gulls. :-)
THE BOOK'S CONTENTS
<><><><><><><><><>>
The book explores selected applications across continent, country, network
and service boundaries to show how user needs can be met.
Examples range from databases to entertainment and the bizarre to special
services for professionals and organizations. He shares insights on the
use of major global networks and services as the Internet, Usenet, BITNET,
Fidonet, Echo, CompuServe, DIMDI, NIFTY-Serve, and others.
de Presno has more than 20 years of experience with online services, both
as a service provider and a heavy user. In his spare time, he runs KIDLINK,
a global network for kids 10 - 15 years of age. Since he founded it in
1990, over 24,000 kids in 64 countries have participated in the programs.
WHERE TO GET THE BOOK
<><><><><><><><><><>>
By anonymous ftp:
ftp://OAK.Oakland.Edu:/SimTel/msdos/info/online17.zip [326 KB]
ftp://ftp.ismennt.is/pub/online-books/online-world/online.txt [810 KB]
ftp://garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/doc-net/online17.zip
CompuServe: IBMCOM Library 5 as ONLINE.ZIP
By email: Get the file TOW WHERE as described below for instructions.
By Gopher: See below.
FOR MORE BACKGROUND INFORMATION :
<><>><><><><><><><><><><><><><>>
The easy way
------------
Gopher to cosn.org. Select: Networking Information/Reference/The Online
World.
For information about KIDLINK, gopher kids.ccit.duq.edu 70 .
Information by email
--------------------
Send your requests to LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU (or LISTSERV@NDSUVM1 on
BITNET) . Put the following type of command in the TEXT of your mail to
retrieve desired documents (the subject line is ignored) :
GET <archive name> <file name>
Replace <archive name> and <file name> by names from the list below.
Archive File What does this file contain?
------ ------- ----------------------------
TOW INDEX The Online World book's contents
TOW WHERE How to retrieve The Online World shareware
book by modem?
TOW OPRESNO Who is Odd de Presno?
TOW WHATSNEW The book's update history.
TOW MONITOR Information about The Online World Monitor
newsletter
KIDLINK GENERAL What is KIDLINK?
Example: To get the file INDEX, use the command
GET TOW INDEX
FOR PERSONAL ATTENTION
<><><><><><><><><><><>
Write me at opresno@extern.uio.no , or by fax to +47-370-27111. I will
reply as soon as possible.
Thanks,
Odd de Presno
(Author, publisher, Norwegian)
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