From una.smith@yale.edu Tue Jun 13 23:48:39 EDT 1995
Article: 2 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Appropriate posts in sci.bio.botany
Date: 13 Jun 1995 17:01:10 GMT
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Regarding an off-topic and otherwise inappropriate post by manus
<manus@telerama.lm.com>, moths@Glue.umd.edu (Andrew Mitchell) wrote:

> Lets hope we can keep delinquents off this news group, otherwise it
> won't be worth subscribing to. Hopefully people will clutter his mail
> box with replies.

As proponent of sci.bio.botany, I have sent a copy of the article and
a complaint to manus' postmaster.

If you feel really incensed, you might want to send e-mail to manus
and/or postmaster@telerama.lm.com, but please don't abuse the postmaster
or this newsgroup, folks!  We should be able to "burn in" this group
just the way we want it to be in a few weeks.  Now would be a good time
to think about what sorts of things you'd like to see discussed here,
and to make an effort to get such discussions started.




From dbrown@ids2.idsonline.com Sat Jun 17 00:20:34 EDT 1995
Article: 3 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dbrown@ids2.idsonline.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WHY?????
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From goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:35 EDT 1995
Article: 4 of sci.bio.botany
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From: goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help:  Botany & Geometry
Date: 14 Jun 95 07:56:14 PST
Organization: The Claremont Graduate School
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Can someone direct me to literature which analyzes botanical phenomena (such
as growth, shape, etc. in plants) in terms of their geometry?  I'm looking
for the geometric understanding of the phenomena.  Thanks very much in advance.
Please send replies to the e-mail address below.

George Goldsmith
goldsmith@mdaw.mdc.com


From pweihe@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:36 EDT 1995
Article: 5 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pweihe@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Paul Weihe)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botany in ecosystem creation?
Date: 14 Jun 1995 18:21:49 GMT
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  I would like to take up Dr. Smith's suggestion and raise a topic for
discussion.

  Humans have taken upon themselves the ambitious goal of restoring and
creating ecosystems.  What do you  think are the proper botanical issues
and concerns which should be addressed when building ecosystems?

  Some questions I can think of off the top of my head include:  How do we
jump-start succession?  Should we introduce plants?  Which ones?  How much
should we worry about the genetics of the introduced plants?  What about
"exotics" (and what geographic/political unit is appropriate for the
definition)?  Need we be concerned with microsymbionts, pollinators,
etc.?  How much do we know about and can rely on natural colonization
processes?  Anyone with practical experience want to share an anecdote or
two?

  I am willing to summarize personal replies (names deleted) and post a
message to the group later, if necessary.  But I imagine this topic
relates to many areas of botany.

Paul Weihe, Environmental Science Program
Ohio State Univ., School of Natural Resources
2021 Coffey Rd., Columbus OH 43210-1085 USA
e-mail: pweihe@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
==============================================
Hooray!  I passed my generals!  Can I please have a life now?


From una@aplysia.biology.yale.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:37 EDT 1995
Article: 6 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@aplysia.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ginko biloba
Date: 14 Jun 1995 18:04:33 GMT
Organization: Yale University, New Haven
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Harvey Rutt <hnr@ecs.soton.ac.uk> wrote:

>I believe [Ginkgo] was only known from the fossil record until China &
>Japan opened up to the West.

Ginkgo biloba is thought to have survived in the wild in China until a
few thousands or perhaps hundreds of years ago.  It survives today only
in cultivation, except for a stand in China (but there is some question
about whether it was planted by humans).  I have seen fossil Ginkgo in
the Cretaceous (>65 million years ago) of North America, and I think it
was once extremely widespread and common.  For more details, see these
textbooks (both in print):


Stewart, W.N and G.W. Rothwell (1993) Paleobotany and the evolution of plants.
        2nd edition.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.  Loaded with
        pictures and exemplary discussion of the relationships between taxa.

Taylor, T.N. and E.L. (1993) The biology and evolution of fossil plants.
        Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.  ISBN 0-13-651589-4.  Hbk.
        More comprehensive and detailed than Stewart and Rothwell (1993),
        but with somewhat less synthesis.


>'Ginko nuts' are used in oriental cooking, but I do not know if they
>are *really* from the ginko tree.

They are.  They are the seed sans pulpy rind.  The rind smells foul and
can cause severe irritation on contact.


>Why are most plants hermaphrodite ...

Perhaps for historical reasons:  the ancestors of the most successful
plants just happened to have perfect flowers (both sexes together in
a single floral organ).

Perhaps for adaptive reasons:  the literature on breeding systems and
the causes and consequences of various modes of sexual reproduction 
is huge and complex.  Would anyone else reading this care to offer a
thumbnail sketch?



From berntson@oeb.harvard.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:38 EDT 1995
Article: 7 of sci.bio.botany
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From: berntson@oeb.harvard.edu (Glenn Berntson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 13:35:30 -0400
Organization: Harvard University
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Can you be more specific?  There is a massive literature available on
growth form and morphogenesis in plants which could be viewed as "using
geometry".

In article <1995Jun14.075614.1@cgsvax.claremont.edu>,
goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu wrote:

> Can someone direct me to literature which analyzes botanical phenomena (such
> as growth, shape, etc. in plants) in terms of their geometry?  I'm looking
> for the geometric understanding of the phenomena.  Thanks very much in
advance.
> Please send replies to the e-mail address below.
> 
> George Goldsmith
> goldsmith@mdaw.mdc.com


From hnr@ecs.soton.ac.uk Sat Jun 17 00:20:39 EDT 1995
Article: 8 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hnr@ecs.soton.ac.uk (Harvey Rutt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ginko biloba
Date: 14 Jun 1995 15:40:11 +0100
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In <rosbo-130695092515@mac13.util.utexas.edu> rosbo@mail.utexas.edu (Rusty Osborne) writes:

>>  What is the term given to plants which have male and female 
>> counterparts, thus allowing for only cross-fertilization? Am I correct in 
>> thinking this term is "dioecious"? I think the ginkgo plant is just such 
>> a plant, do any of you know any info about this plant?
>> 
>>  

>You are correct, sir! "Dioecious" is a greek construction meaning "two
>households", i.e., male/female, +/-, yin/yang. A species having staminate

We have several very attractive ginkos on campus. Very unusual fan
shaped leaf, nice conical shaped tree.
I believe it was only known from the fossil record until China & Japan
opened up to the West.
'Ginko nuts' are used in oriental cooking, but I do not know if they
are *really* from the ginko tree.

Returning to the original qn.
Why are most plants hermaphrodite (can the term be used for plants -
its dictonary definition appears to permit it) when most higher
animals are dioecious (reverse qn; can the term be applied to
animals...)

Harvey Rutt
no botanist - brief chance visitor here! But I like ginkos....

ps the gingko is also spelt ginkgo and ginko and is known as the 'maidenhair
tree' in the UK; anyone know why?


From howieb@teleport.com Sat Jun 17 00:20:40 EDT 1995
Article: 9 of sci.bio.botany
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From: howieb@teleport.com (Howie Brounstein)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Yerba Buena
Date: 14 Jun 1995 07:44:07 GMT
Organization: Teleport - Portland's Public Access (503) 220-1016
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In article <chrisv-130695111834@199.4.118.120>,
   chrisv@sonic.net (Chris Vetrano) wrote:

>Does anyone know if this is the same  plant that  grows North of Los
>Angeles as the one that grows in Mexico?


Let's have a latin name, Chris. Around here, Oregon, is a good herb (Yerba 
Buena) that is in the mint family, Satureja douglasii. But then, sometimes 
Yerba Buena refers to peppermint.

Howie


From rswhitaker@pplant.ucdavis.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:41 EDT 1995
Article: 10 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rswhitaker@ucdavis.edu (Robert Whitaker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: WHY?????
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 95 08:26:18 PST
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In article <3rm8b7$3cf@news.cais.com>, dbrown@ids2.idsonline.com says...
>
>
Do you mean "Why do people waste bandwith by posting messages with no 
content"?



From chrisv@sonic.net Sat Jun 17 00:20:43 EDT 1995
Article: 11 of sci.bio.botany
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From: chrisv@sonic.net (Chris Vetrano)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Yerba Buena
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 13 Jun 1995 18:19:28 GMT
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Does anyone know if this is the same  plant that  grows North of Los
Angeles as the one that grows in Mexico?


From hello_mum@voxel.com Sat Jun 17 00:20:44 EDT 1995
Article: 12 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.pets.herp
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From: hello_mum@voxel.com (Anne Marsden)
Subject: Collard greens
Message-ID: <DA62KM.519@voxel.com>
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Keywords: Collards, colewort, coleslaw
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:12 rec.pets.herp:36665

I'm posting this to rph and sci.bio.botany, with two aims- to find out
what collard greens are, and whether they may be available in Europe
under another name, and to find out their relationship to cabbage. Why?
Cabbage is harmful to reptiles in large quantities, whereas collard
greens are recommended for frequent feeding.

Webster's third gives Collard Greens as 'Colewort' and both of them
>from  Cole or Kale, meaning *cabbage without a compact head*. 

Hi, sci.bio.botany! Can you tell us herp keepers on rec.pets.herp the
latin name of Collard greens and its relationship to Kale? And any
papers you know of relating to hypothyroidism in animals fed on cabbage
and kale, compared with collard? Is collard grown commercially in
europe? Is there a better newsgroup to pester about this, such as an
animal feed research newsgroup?

Anne Marsden

"...an alien who travels to earth in search of water for his drought
ridden plant." ---- Fusion Video blurb for 'The Man Who Fell To Earth'.


From bay@eden.rutgers.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:45 EDT 1995
Article: 13 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bay@eden.rutgers.edu (Doctorb Science)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Misting propagation?
Date: 14 Jun 1995 16:10:38 -0400
Organization: Rutgers University
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:13 rec.gardens:75996

Hello all.  I was wondering if somebody could direct me to
a decent source of information on the use of intermittent
misting devices in propagation of cuttings from roses, etc.

I am specifically interested in articles detailing materials,
costs, and such for constructing a microenvironment for 
propagation purposes.

Any information will be appreciated, whether it be online
services or magazines, journals and the like.

Thanks in advance.

-- 
							Sincerely, 
							Doctorb Science
					 (The "b" stands for "bargain"!)
	P.S. I am not a crackpot.


From una@aplysia.biology.yale.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:47 EDT 1995
Article: 14 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@aplysia.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
Date: 14 Jun 1995 17:28:13 GMT
Organization: Yale University, New Haven
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<goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu> wrote:

>Can anyone direct me to literature dealing with the analysis of botanical
>phenomena (e.g., growth, shape, motion and movement, etc.) based on the
>geometry involved?

Do a citation search on Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth's "On Growth and Form"
and/or read the portions of that book relating to plants.  It's still in
print, through both Dover and Cambridge University presses, and perhaps
also the abridged edition from Princeton University Press.



From kernodle@ix.netcom.com Sat Jun 17 00:20:48 EDT 1995
Article: 15 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kernodle@ix.netcom.com (Holt Kernodle)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Simple Question
Date: Thu, 15 Jun 1995 21:00:35 GMT
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I know this question may be quite simple to the super-stud botanists,
but I wanted an answer from those in the know.

What is the difference between the secondary growth of trees, which
increases the circumfrence of their stem/trunk, and the increase of
smaller perennial plants' stalk diameter from seedling
measurements....   to put it more simply: ANY plant realizes an
increase in stalk circumfrence from the time it is a seedling.  What,
then, is the difference between primary and secondary growth?



               ----------====----------
                    Holt Kernodle
                kernodle@ix.netcom.com
               ----------====----------



From klier@cobra.uni.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:49 EDT 1995
Article: 16 of sci.bio.botany
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From: klier@cobra.uni.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Misting propagation?
Message-ID: <1995Jun14.175313.44745@cobra.uni.edu>
Date: 14 Jun 95 17:53:13 -0500
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In article <3rnfnu$b08@er6.rutgers.edu>, bay@eden.rutgers.edu (Doctorb Science) writes:
> Hello all.  I was wondering if somebody could direct me to
> a decent source of information on the use of intermittent
> misting devices in propagation of cuttings from roses, etc.
> 

You might want to call over to your own university greenhouses and
see what they're using.  The typical mist bench has some raised
"sprinkler heads" that put out a very fine mist for a few seconds,
and cycle on and off.  Some of the systems are on timers, while 
others are pressure-switch activated (an arm with a piece of 
screening on it is the arm of the switch:  When there is a sufficient
amount of water droplets on the screen, the switch is off; when 
the water evaporates, the mist system comes back on.

Most greenhouse equipment supply catalogs have the parts and part
listings for mist benches.  The usual problems most people run into
are blockages of the tiny nozzle openings from gunk in the water,
and water pressure problems.

Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu


From abeaudoi@gpu3.srv.ualberta.ca Sat Jun 17 00:20:50 EDT 1995
Article: 17 of sci.bio.botany
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From: abeaudoi@gpu3.srv.ualberta.ca (Alwynne Beaudoin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
Date: 15 Jun 1995 00:24:20 GMT
Organization: University of Alberta
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goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu wrote:
: Can someone direct me to literature which analyzes botanical phenomena (such
: as growth, shape, etc. in plants) in terms of their geometry?  I'm looking
: for the geometric understanding of the phenomena.  Thanks very much in advance.
: Please send replies to the e-mail address below.

: George Goldsmith
: goldsmith@mdaw.mdc.com

George:
   You might want to look at:

Henry S. Horn (1971) The Adaptive Geometry of Trees. Princeton University
Press. 144 pp.

I read this about 15 years ago and remember it as a fine monograph.
Hope this helps,
       Alwynne

--
Alwynne B. Beaudoin PhD                        | My opinions do not
Palaeoenvironmentalist, Archaeological Survey  | represent my
Provincial Museum of Alberta, 12845-102nd Ave  | employers
Edmonton, Alberta, T5N 0M6, Canada             |
abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                   |


From johnrr@teleport.com Sat Jun 17 00:20:52 EDT 1995
Article: 18 of sci.bio.botany
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From: johnrr@teleport.com (JRR)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ginko biloba
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 17:44:33
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In article <3rmscb$mbu@louis.ecs.soton.ac.uk> hnr@ecs.soton.ac.uk (Harvey Rutt) writes:
>From: hnr@ecs.soton.ac.uk (Harvey Rutt)
>Subject: Re: ginko biloba
>Date: 14 Jun 1995 15:40:11 +0100

>  
Ginko nuts' are used in oriental cooking, but I do not know if they
>are *really* from the ginko tree.



Yes, they are from the ginkgo tree, although I believe a curing process is 
used to make them edible!

John


From mgarvin@panix.com Sat Jun 17 00:20:53 EDT 1995
Article: 19 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mgarvin@panix.com (Mark Garvin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.pets.herp
Subject: Re: Collard greens
Date: 14 Jun 1995 21:08:47 -0400
Organization: PANIX Public Access Internet and Unix, NYC
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Keywords: Collards, colewort, coleslaw
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In <DA62KM.519@voxel.com> hello_mum@voxel.com (Anne Marsden) writes:

>I'm posting this to rph and sci.bio.botany, with two aims- to find out
>what collard greens are, and whether they may be available in Europe
>under another name, and to find out their relationship to cabbage. Why?
>Cabbage is harmful to reptiles in large quantities, whereas collard
>greens are recommended for frequent feeding.

>Webster's third gives Collard Greens as 'Colewort' and both of them
>from Cole or Kale, meaning *cabbage without a compact head*. 

This is exactly the kind of thing that I'm concerned about regarding
printing a FAQ for new iguana owners.  Could collard greens be the
new 'spinach'?

Maybe some of the botanists could be persuaded to take a look
at the recommended foods lists to see if anything looks suspicious.
I guess the only thing we can do is go by current state of the
art, but I keep thinking about those books that recommended
spinach and broccoli.

I guess it's like Woody Allen's movie 'The Sleeper' where they
start cramming cigarettes into his mouth cause they found out
back in the 21st century that they're actually good for you <g>.

Thanks for taking the time to research this, Anne.

Regards,
Mark Garvin


From clscha00@ukcc.uky.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:54 EDT 1995
Article: 20 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Christopher L. Schardl" <clscha00@ukcc.uky.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: FACULTY PSTNS IN PLANT PATH AT U KENTUCKY
Date: 12 Jun 1995 17:41:35 GMT
Organization: University of Kentucky
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Assistant/Associate Professor(s) of Plant Pathology.  Applications 
are invited for two tenure-track faculty positions focusing on 
fundamental research concerning plant-pathogen interactions.  
Although the successful candidates will be allowed broad latitude 
in determining particular research directions, they will be 
expected to develop/direct nationally recognized programs.  Strong 
preference will be given in one position for an individual using 
molecular approaches to the study of prokaryotes and plant 
diseases in which they are causally involved.  The appointees will 
be expected to contribute to the instructional program in the 
department as well as to provide expertise to other departmental 
efforts.  A Ph.D. in plant pathology or a related discipline is 
required.  Postdoctoral experience is desirable.  One position may 
be filled at the Associate Professor level with an individual who 
has demonstrated appropriate professional accomplishments.  
Applicants should send curriculum vitae, transcripts, sample 
publications, any other evidence of professional accomplishments 
considered relevant and the names/addresses/phone numbers of at 
least three professional references to Dr. David A. Smith, 
Department of Plant Pathology, S-305 Agricultural Science 
Building-North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 
(phone: 606-257-3901; fax: 606-323-1961; email: 
DSMITH@UKCC.UKY.EDU).  Applications will be accepted until August 
31, 1995, or until suitably qualified candidates are found.  The 
University of Kentucky is an equal opportunity employer.  Women 
and minorities are encouraged to apply.




From klier@cobra.uni.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:55 EDT 1995
Article: 21 of sci.bio.botany
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From: klier@cobra.uni.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.pets.herp
Subject: Re: Collard greens
Message-ID: <1995Jun14.205927.44749@cobra.uni.edu>
Date: 14 Jun 95 20:59:27 -0500
References: <DA62KM.519@voxel.com>
Organization: University of Northern Iowa
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:21 rec.pets.herp:36726

In article <DA62KM.519@voxel.com>, hello_mum@voxel.com (Anne Marsden) writes:
> I'm posting this to rph and sci.bio.botany, with two aims- to find out
> what collard greens are, and whether they may be available in Europe
> under another name, and to find out their relationship to cabbage. Why?
> Cabbage is harmful to reptiles in large quantities, whereas collard
> greens are recommended for frequent feeding.

Collard greens are some cultivars in the acephala group of Brassica
oleracea.   The acephala group also includes kale and borecale.

Other members of the species:

botrytis group: broccoli, cauliflower
capitatia group: cabbage
gemmifera group: brussels sprouts
gongyloides group: kohlrabi, knol-khol
italica group: sprouting broccolis, including calabrese
chinensis group: chinese cabbage, chinese mustard, pak-choi, choi sum, 
  Shantung cabbage
pekinensis group: pe-tsai, wong-bok, chihli, chinese cabbage
rapifera group: turnip

The taxonomy of cultivated plants is a big headache, because of the
human element of selection overlaying natural selection.

There are also a lot of other edible Brassica species, including
B. juncea (mustard greens; Indian mustard), B. napa (rape, swede,
rutabaga) etc.


Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu



From John_Guineau@avid.com Sat Jun 17 00:20:56 EDT 1995
Article: 22 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John_Guineau@avid.com (W. John Guineau)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: scale on ficus trees
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 12:31:35 GMT
Organization: Avid Technology
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John_Guineau@avid.com (W. John Guineau) wrote:

>I have several ficus trees inside my house that have been attacked by
>scale (so I'm told). I was wondering what the best solution to get rid
>of the scale and hopefully prevent it from reoccurring.

I've recieved several messages unanimously pointing to
rec.gardens, so I'll ask there!

Thanks!

john
--
W. John Guineau
Avid Technology
Tewksbury, MA



From jamaya@curly.cc.emory.edu Sat Jun 17 00:20:57 EDT 1995
Article: 23 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jamaya@curly.cc.emory.edu (Joseph Joaquin Amaya)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ginko biloba
Date: 12 Jun 1995 16:20:38 -0400
Organization: Emory University
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 What is the term given to plants which have male and female 
counterparts, thus allowing for only cross-fertilization? Am I correct in 
thinking this term is "dioecious"? I think the ginkgo plant is just such 
a plant, do any of you know any info about this plant?

 


From rwinder@PFC.Forestry.CA Sat Jun 17 00:20:57 EDT 1995
Article: 24 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: rwinder@PFC.Forestry.CA (Richard Winder)
Subject: Re: Yerba Buena
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In article <chrisv-130695111834@199.4.118.120>, chrisv@sonic.net (Chris Vetrano) writes:
>Does anyone know if this is the same  plant that  grows North of Los
>Angeles as the one that grows in Mexico?

Yerba buena grows as far north as British Columbia (Canada).  -RSW



  RICHARD WINDER                    Title: Research Scientist
  Canadian Forest Service           Phone: (604) 363-0773
  Victoria, B.C.                    Internet: RWINDER@A1.PFC.Forestry.CA


From resta@iei.pi.cnr.it Sat Jun 17 00:20:58 EDT 1995
Article: 25 of sci.bio.botany
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From: resta@iei.pi.cnr.it (Giovanni Resta)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Books on Central/South American Plants ??
Date: Thu, 15 Jun 1995 17:31:04 +0200
Organization: IMC-CNR Italy
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Hi all,
I have the following problem.
Since I like to give a try to plants from far (from Italy)
countries, I also like to buy related pictorial books that help me
in choosing the seeds to order.

I had no problem in buy (from my German (Koeltz) and 
British (NHBS) booksuppliers)
books on North American, Australian or African plants at 
affordable price (in general less than, say, 60-80$) with a lot of
color photos.

However I was not able to locate any AFFORDABLE pictorial book
on Mexican or Central/South American plants.
Can anyone suggest me some books?
The language I prefer is English, but, being italian, 
I'm not scared by French, Spanish, Portugues or Latin.

Thanks 
Giovanni.  resta@iei.pi.cnr.it


From goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu Sat Jun 17 00:21:00 EDT 1995
Article: 26 of sci.bio.botany
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From: goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Calif. Flora - Jepson or Munz?
Date: 15 Jun 95 08:51:22 PST
Organization: The Claremont Graduate School
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Might someone provide an opinion on the comparison of Willis Linn Jepson's
"The Jepson Manual:  Higher plants of California" (Berkeley: Univ. of
California Press, 1993) and Philip A. Munz's "A California Flora"  (Date
unknown)?

Both appear to be comprehensive treatments of native California flora.
What are the differences and strong points of each?

Thanks very much in advance.

George Goldsmith


From imbru.@uni.cambridge Sat Jun 17 00:21:01 EDT 1995
Article: 27 of sci.bio.botany
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From: imbru.@uni.cambridge (Natalie imbruglia)
Subject: welcome to talk.euthanasia
Message-ID: <1995Jun15.012657.9467@london.chevron.com>
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isnt it about time we moderated this group? 


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sat Jun 17 00:21:02 EDT 1995
Article: 28 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botany in ecosystem creation?
Date: Thu, 15 Jun 1995 09:23:52
Organization: Euronet Internet
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>  Humans have taken upon themselves the ambitious goal of restoring and
>creating ecosystems.  What do you  think are the proper botanical issues
>and concerns which should be addressed when building ecosystems?

  Building where ?  Form scratch like "Biosphere II" ?

>Some questions I can think of off the top of my head include: [...]
>Should we introduce plants?

  Yes of course !  If you want oxygen and food that is...

> Which ones?  How much
>should we worry about the genetics of the introduced plants?

  Only the usefull ones :-)  What I do not understand in the Biosphere II 
(Arizona) experiment, is the large number of species and all the biotopes they 
want to include.  I think we know enough about nature and the individual 
species to construct a working unit. You need a diversity, but I wood not 
start with the larges diversity possible, but at the other end. Start with the 
most simple system you can think of. Then expand only where and when needed...

  bye, Marco


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
>-------------<Plants, Programs, Primitive creatures>------------------<
<Marco Bleeker>------------<Nl-En-De-Fr>------------<Amsterdam, Holland>


From guber@ix.netcom.com Sat Jun 17 00:21:03 EDT 1995
Article: 29 of sci.bio.botany
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From: guber@ix.netcom.com (Gordon Uber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Reply: Skeletonize Leaf
Date: 16 Jun 1995 18:46:13 GMT
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Leaf Skeletons

Abstracted from “Approaches to the Identification of Angiosperm Leaf 
Remains”, David L. Dilcher, The Botanical Review, 40(1): 55ff, Jan-Mar 
1974.

After Stehli and Bruenner (1968):
Leaves into rain water for some time to rot out softer tissues.
Clean off loose tissue, bleach, wash and dry.

Chemical Preparation
Heat in 5-20% NaOH or KOH, just under boiling until they turn brown
and epidermis bubbles up or loosens, usually 5-10 minutes.
Into cold water, rub between fingers until loose epidermis slips
>from  leaf.  If difficulty, repeat heating in NaOH a short time.
Into dilute 2-5% sodium hypochlorite to bleach.
Wash, dry between blotters.

Better Homes & Gardens (Nov 1972):
Into 3 tablespoons lye + 1/4 bar yellow kitchen soap per quart water.
Boil 2 hours in glass container.  Rinse.
Pound with rounded end of wooden handle, brush away pulpy material
between veins.
Soak in household bleach (hypochlorite), rinse in cold water, dry.

Note: many procedures available for staining in safranin O or basic
fuchsin.  Write for references.

Hope this helps.

Gordon Uber
Palo Alto, CA
guber@ix.netcom.com




From FTAD05A@prodigy.com Sat Jun 17 00:21:04 EDT 1995
Article: 30 of sci.bio.botany
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From: FTAD05A@prodigy.com (Lloyd Simmons)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plants and history: a question
Date: 15 Jun 1995 04:00:49 GMT
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I would appreciate it if anyone in this newsgroup could direct me where I 
might be able to go on the internet to discuss with others the use of 
plants historically speaking.  For example, I live in Florida and have 
recently learned that the fruit of the Persimmons tree was used by Native 
North Americans as a pudding and in bread.  I am also interested in any 
literature you might be able to suggest.  Thank you!

Lloyd 



From tpejong@rcl.wau.nl Sat Jun 17 00:21:05 EDT 1995
Article: 31 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tpejong@rcl.wau.nl ("Meindert de Jong [^_^]")
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Control of an Arable Weed Using a Mould (fwd)
Date: 16 Jun 1995 16:04:28 GMT
Organization: Wageningen Agricultural University
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Greetings. I just received the PhD Thesis from Corne Kempenaar
to be defended on June 26 at Wageningen Agricultural University,
The Netherlands. The Thesis is entitled:
   Studies on biological control of 
Chenopodium album by Ascochyta caulina.

Studies were carried out to assess the perspectives of the plant
pathogenic fungus Ascochyta caulina as a mycoherbicide against
Chenopodium album, world-wide a weed in arable crops. [...]
It was concluded that the fungus has a good potential to be
further developed into a mycoherbicide against the weed.
And... the research has been leading to a testing agreement with
AB-DLO (Dutch agricultural research institute) and Ciba-Geigy
(multinational in Switzerland). Besides a request for a patent has
been submitted.
Address: Dr. Corne Kempenaar, AB-DLO, POB 14, 6700 AA Wageningen, 
         The Netherlands   <C.Kempenaar@ab.agro.nl>

See you on June 26, Meindert de Jong <TPEjong@rcl.wau.nl>


From jbroder@uoguelph.ca Sun Jun 18 22:19:07 EDT 1995
Article: 32 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jbroder@uoguelph.ca (Jason A Broder)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ginko biloba
Date: 14 Jun 1995 03:44:16 GMT
Organization: University of Guelph
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Joseph Joaquin Amaya (jamaya@curly.cc.emory.edu) wrote:
:  What is the term given to plants which have male and female 
: counterparts, thus allowing for only cross-fertilization? Am I correct in 
: thinking this term is "dioecious"? I think the ginkgo plant is just such 
: a plant, do any of you know any info about this plant?

:  
   hello hello

  The word dioecious is derived from greek meaning 'two houses'. You are 
correct in your assumption. Another example of a dioecious plant is 
Cannabis sativa.
  The ginko tree (Ginko biloba) is also known as the maidenhair tree. It 
received it's english name from the resemblance of its leves and leaflets 
to those of maidenhair fern.
  It grows slowly, reaching hieghts of up to 30m+. Ginko is deciduous, 
this is unlike most other gymnosperms. It is the last surviving species 
of the division Ginkgophyta. There probably no stands of wild Ginko left 
anywhere in the world, however the tree was preserved in temple grounds 
in China and Japan. It has been introduced to other parts of the world 
and has been included in parks and gardens in temperate areas for about 
200 years! Its resistance to air pollution make it a good choice for 
urban parks. Ginko is dioecious.

						Enjoy yourself,
							Jay
        ************************************************************
        **    \ (` /                                              **
        **     \`)/      BOOOOOOOOM                               **          
        **     ----                 SHIVA!!!!                     **           
        **     \  /                                               ** 
        **      \/                            jbroder@uoguelph.ca **               
        ************************************************************


From cbrandt@triton.unm.edu Sun Jun 18 22:19:09 EDT 1995
Article: 33 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cbrandt@triton.unm.edu (Carol Brandt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: agave
Date: 16 Jun 1995 14:35:45 GMT
Organization: University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
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No, removal of the stalk will not keep the plant alive in an agave that
is about to bloom.  The plant has already started the whole process of
senescence months before the stalk develops by concentrating massive
amounts of carbohydrates to the apical meristem, the growing point that
develops the stalk. So even if you cut off the stalk, the plant will
not survive because it has dumped all its energy into this structure.
Many agaves, however, will produce asexual clones from rhizomes at the
base of the dying plant prior to flowering.

cbrandt@unm.edu
carol brandt


From cbrandt@triton.unm.edu Sun Jun 18 22:19:10 EDT 1995
Article: 34 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cbrandt@triton.unm.edu (Carol Brandt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Simple Question
Date: 16 Jun 1995 14:51:49 GMT
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Good Question!! Here's my shot at an answer without having my botany
textbooks next to me. If you take a cross-section of a stem that has
only primary growth you will see small clusters of cells around the
outer edge of the stem: the vascular bundles.  While cell division
occurs in these bundles producing cells both to the inside and outside,
these cells are not contiguous around the complete circumference. They
can contribute to an increase in stem girth, but my guess is that the
cells in the center of the plant, the cortex, are contributing most of
the bulk by both enlarging and going through cell division. The cortex
is made up of cells called parenchyma that are thin-walled and tender,
thus the tender annual stem.

Secondary growth involves the development of a cambium that is
continuous around the complete circumference of the stem and produces
one tissue to the outside (phloem) and another to the inside (xylem). 
The bulk of the tissue in a stem undergoing secondary growth is xylem
which is heavily lignified or "woody".


From mcalvert@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA Sun Jun 18 22:19:11 EDT 1995
Article: 35 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mcalvert@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA (Murray Brain Calvert)
Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
Message-ID: <1995Jun15.131055.17299@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA>
Organization: Brock University, St. Catharines Ontario
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goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu wrote:
: Can someone direct me to literature which analyzes botanical phenomena (such
: as growth, shape, etc. in plants) in terms of their geometry?  I'm looking
: for the geometric understanding of the phenomena.  Thanks very much in advance.
I'm currently reading a beautiful (but rather technical) book:
"The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants" by P. Prusinkiewicz & A. Lindenmayer,
published by Springer Verlag. Lots of good computer graphics simulating
branching processes, inflorescences, daisy & pineapple spirals, fern leaves.

Brian Calvert



From cas5@cornell.edu Sun Jun 18 22:19:12 EDT 1995
Article: 36 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cas5@cornell.edu (Christine Stockwell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio,sci.bio.botany,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.concervation
Subject: mulch-based agriculture www page
Date: Fri, 16 Jun 1995 14:22:08 +0800
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio:24367 sci.bio.botany:36 sci.agriculture:5244 sci.bio.ecology:12668

The Mulch-Based Agriculture Working Group at Cornell University is pleased
to announce a new URL for their home page:

http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/no_image.html

This information should be of interest to researchers and extensionists
interested in tropical agriculture, sustainable agriculture, conservation
practices, international development, ethnobotany, soil microbiology,
nutrient cycling etc.
 Visit our web sit and tell us what you think.  I am especially interested
in hearing from people using browsers other than NetScape (on which these
pages were developed) and from those in Latin America, Asia or Africa.


From lelina@kaiwan009.kaiwan.com Sun Jun 18 22:19:13 EDT 1995
Article: 37 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lelina@kaiwan009.kaiwan.com (Rico Lelina)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How to skeletonize a leaf
Date: 16 Jun 1995 05:19:15 GMT
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What is the proper procedure for skeletonizing a leaf?
What materials, if any, are required?

Thanks,
Rico



From manus@telerama.lm.com Sun Jun 18 22:19:14 EDT 1995
Article: 38 of sci.bio.botany
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From: manus@telerama.lm.com (manus)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: FACULTY PSTNS IN PLANT PATH AT U KENTUCKY
Date: 13 Jun 1995 08:36:35 -0400
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Christopher L. Schardl (clscha00@ukcc.uky.edu) wrote:
> Assistant/Associate Professor(s) of Plant Pathology.  Applications 
> are invited for two tenure-track faculty positions focusing on 
> fundamental research concerning plant-pathogen interactions.  
> Although the successful candidates will be allowed broad latitude 
> in determining particular research directions, they will be 
> expected to develop/direct nationally recognized programs.  Strong 
> preference will be given in one position for an individual using 
> molecular approaches to the study of prokaryotes and plant 
> diseases in which they are causally involved.  The appointees will 
> be expected to contribute to the instructional program in the 
> department as well as to provide expertise to other departmental 
> efforts.  A Ph.D. in plant pathology or a related discipline is 
> required.  Postdoctoral experience is desirable.  One position may 
> be filled at the Associate Professor level with an individual who 
> has demonstrated appropriate professional accomplishments.  
> Applicants should send curriculum vitae, transcripts, sample 
> publications, any other evidence of professional accomplishments 
> considered relevant and the names/addresses/phone numbers of at 
> least three professional references to Dr. David A. Smith, 
> Department of Plant Pathology, S-305 Agricultural Science 
> Building-North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 
> (phone: 606-257-3901; fax: 606-323-1961; email: 
> DSMITH@UKCC.UKY.EDU).  Applications will be accepted until August 
> 31, 1995, or until suitably qualified candidates are found.  The 
> University of Kentucky is an equal opportunity employer.  Women 
> and minorities are encouraged to apply.



Why do you have to be such a prejudiced bastard?

What about white men? Are you going to turn them down because you want
a cunt?

Take your affirmative action and stick it up your motherfucking ass!
-- 
manus


From bearbj@cts.com Sun Jun 18 22:19:15 EDT 1995
Article: 39 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bearbj@cts.com
Subject: agave
Organization: Retired
Date: Fri, 16 Jun 1995 05:43:05 GMT
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Does anyone here know if removal of the flower stalk, of any of the various 
agave species, prior to actual bloom , will prevent the demise of the plant?

Thanks,
Brian


From rosbo@mail.utexas.edu Sun Jun 18 22:19:16 EDT 1995
Article: 40 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rosbo@mail.utexas.edu (Rusty Osborne)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ginko biloba
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 13 Jun 1995 14:39:54 GMT
Organization: University of Texas at Austin
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In article <3ri7im$6bb@curly.cc.emory.edu>, jamaya@curly.cc.emory.edu
(Joseph Joaquin Amaya) wrote:

>  What is the term given to plants which have male and female 
> counterparts, thus allowing for only cross-fertilization? Am I correct in 
> thinking this term is "dioecious"? I think the ginkgo plant is just such 
> a plant, do any of you know any info about this plant?
> 
>  

You are correct, sir! "Dioecious" is a greek construction meaning "two
households", i.e., male/female, +/-, yin/yang. A species having staminate
and pistillate flowers borne on separate individuals. Ginkos are ancient
deciduous gymnosperms, I think endemic to China, and are favored as urban
landscape trees due to an apparent resistance to air pollution. The female
tree is very messy so males are preferred. 
-- 
"If I knowed I coulda rode I woulda went."
- Mortimur Snurr


From una.smith@yale.edu Sun Jun 18 22:19:17 EDT 1995
Article: 41 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ginkgo biloba
Date: 13 Jun 1995 14:36:58 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
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jamaya@curly.cc.emory.edu (Joseph Joaquin Amaya) writes:

>What is the term given to plants which have male and female 
>counterparts, thus allowing for only cross-fertilization?
>Am I correct in thinking this term is "dioecious"?

Obligate cross-fertilization is achieved through several
mechanisms, including dioecy. 

Dioecious plants have obligate cross-fertilization, because
each plant produces only male flowers or only female flowers,
instead of both (monoecy) or perfect flowers (with both male
and female function).

>I think the ginkgo plant is just such a plant, do any of you
>know any info about this plant?

Yes, Ginkgo trees are dioecious.  See Foster and Gifford's
"Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants" for more about
this.
 


From jmb31@cornell.edu Sun Jun 18 22:19:18 EDT 1995
Article: 42 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jmb31@cornell.edu (Jim Brewster)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ginko biloba
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 14 Jun 1995 16:42:37 GMT
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NNTP-Posting-Host: 132

In article <3rmscb$mbu@louis.ecs.soton.ac.uk>, hnr@ecs.soton.ac.uk (Harvey
Rutt) wrote:

> Returning to the original qn.
> Why are most plants hermaphrodite (can the term be used for plants -
> its dictonary definition appears to permit it) when most higher
> animals are dioecious (reverse qn; can the term be applied to
> animals...)

"Why" is a pretty ambiguous question in evolutionary science, and one that
implies purpose or intention. Perhaps it would be better phrased as: "How
did it come to be that ...?" And even that question is pretty perilous.
Perhaps the best answer is "Because they are." 

Anyway, it may have something to do with the differences in mobility and
dispersal between animals and plants. Or perhaps the complex mating
behaviors of higher animals make it difficult to be both male and female at
the same time, although there is a fish that can switch from functional
female to functional male during the course of its adult lifespan.


From John_Guineau@avid.com Wed Jun 21 23:06:48 EDT 1995
Article: 43 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John_Guineau@avid.com (W. John Guineau)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: scale on ficus trees
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 1995 20:42:34 GMT
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I have several ficus trees inside my house that have been attacked by
scale (so I'm told). I was wondering what the best solution to get rid
of the scale and hopefully prevent it from reoccurring.

thanks for any help. If this is not the appropriate place, I'd
appreciate pointers...

john
--
W. John Guineau
Avid Technology
Tewksbury, MA



From biobjt@aau.dk Wed Jun 21 23:06:49 EDT 1995
Article: 44 of sci.bio.botany
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From: biobjt@aau.dk (Jakob Teglskov)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rubisco
Date: 19 Jun 1995 13:12:43 GMT
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Does anyone have references on methods (later than 1993) to determine 
Rubisco activity?



From zmiller@u.washington.edu Wed Jun 21 23:06:50 EDT 1995
Article: 45 of sci.bio.botany
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From: zmiller@u.washington.edu (Zach Miller)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: biodiversity database?
Date: 18 Jun 1995 22:11:47 GMT
Organization: University of Washington, Seattle
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	I am a highschool student.  This summer I am traveling to Ecuador 
to volunteer on a Reserve.  This reserve is intersted in preserving the 
rainforest, educating the local people, and studying and cataloging 
scientific information.  I have found a computer which I am going to take 
to them, as a donation.  I am trying to find a database for this computer 
that is designed for scientists to record information on plants and 
animals.  If you know anything e-mail me: zmiller@u.washington.edu.  I am 
leaving for Ecuador on the 26th of June, a quick reply is neccesary.  
Thankyou.  This addition to this foundation would turn it into a very 
productive place. 

ethan:)


From alamo@nuance.com Wed Jun 21 23:06:52 EDT 1995
Article: 46 of sci.bio.botany
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From: alamo@nuance.com (R. Allen Long)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cross-pollenating plants for beginners
Date: 16 Jun 1995 00:05:36 GMT
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My 12-year old son is really interested in trying to breed (or rather 
cross-pollenate) plants. Are there any good books for beginners on this. Or are 
there any particularly easy plants/methods for cross pollenating plants?

 
--
       _/    _/        _/    _/     _/    _/_/
    _/  _/  _/      _/  _/  _/_/ _/_/   _/  _/
   _/_/_/  _/      _/_/_/  _/  _/ _/   _/  _/
  _/  _/  _/_/_/  _/  _/  _/     _/    _/_/     alamo@nuance.com


From thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu Wed Jun 21 23:06:53 EDT 1995
Article: 47 of sci.bio.botany
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From: thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu (Tom Hodges)
Subject: Re: Yerba Buena
Sender: news@serval.net.wsu.edu (News)
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Date: Sat, 17 Jun 1995 04:12:00 GMT
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Is that the pleasant smelling plant that creeps over the surface, often 
by road cuts in the coastal hills, and makes very pleasant tea with no
medicinal effects?  Sometimes called Oregon tea or sacajawea douglasia.
Tom thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu

Chris Vetrano (chrisv@sonic.net) wrote:
: Does anyone know if this is the same  plant that  grows North of Los
: Angeles as the one that grows in Mexico?


From trooney@envirolink.org Wed Jun 21 23:06:54 EDT 1995
Article: 48 of sci.bio.botany
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From: trooney@envirolink.org (Tom Rooney)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: E-mail Address for D.C. Duffy
Date: 19 Jun 1995 17:38:07 -0500
Organization: UTexas Mail-to-News Gateway
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Can anyone out there help me--I'm looking for an e-mail address for David 
Duffy.  Thanks in advance.
---
Tom Rooney                                  Department of Biology
                                            Indiana University of Pennsylvania
trooney@envirolink.org                      Indiana PA 15705

==============================================================================
   "Your theory is crazy, but not crazy enough to be true" -Neils Bohr
==============================================================================









From moores13@nevada.edu Wed Jun 21 23:06:55 EDT 1995
Article: 49 of sci.bio.botany
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From: moores13@nevada.edu (S. Moore)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Looking for book by Baerg
Date: 16 Jun 1995 05:35:52 GMT
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I am looking for a copy of _The Western Trees_ from the "How to Know" 
series written by Harry J. Baerg and published by W.C. Brown Co. of Dubuque, 
Iowa in 1973.  It is long out of print, and all my efforts to obtain it 
locally and from used bookstores at a recent convention have come up 
dry.  If anyone has a copy they would like to sell, or if they have a 
potential source, please e-mail me.

Also, I am interested in books on plant identification for southern 
Nevada including the Mojave Desert and Spring Mountain Range.  Any ideas?

Thanks!

Sue

--
Sue Moore	University of Nevada, Las Vegas		moores13@nevada.edu





From schlein@umbc.edu Wed Jun 21 23:06:56 EDT 1995
Article: 50 of sci.bio.botany
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From: schlein@umbc.edu (Jonas Schlein)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Devil's Tail?
Followup-To: poster
Date: 18 Jun 1995 12:24:21 -0400
Organization: University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Does anyone know the botanical name for what I have heard referred to as
a Devil's Tail. It's leaf is triangle shaped and the veins under the leaf
are a little bit like very weak sticky hairs. Sorry, but this is all the
information I currently have on this.
-- 
"Two rights may never make a wrong,     |  Jonas Schlein
 but three rights always make a left."  |  schlein@gl.umbc.edu


From soriano+@pitt.edu Wed Jun 21 23:06:57 EDT 1995
Article: 51 of sci.bio.botany
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From: soriano+@pitt.edu (David  Soriano)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Maple Tree Sap
Date: 18 Jun 1995 17:25:33 GMT
Organization: University of Pittsburgh
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Hello to all Botanists! I am an organic chem. prof. and work with the 
chemistry of tree sap, in regards to commercial development and 
processing. I also have had a life-long fascination with trees. I had one 
course in Botany , in college, 20 years ago. Question: is there anyone 
out there interested in the same area? I would like to discuss with you 
my findings and possibly collaborate on a joint project! Regards, Dave 
Soriano. 


From sgronski@ac.brocku.ca Wed Jun 21 23:06:58 EDT 1995
Article: 52 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: sgronski@ac.brocku.ca (Shelley Gronski)
Subject: Info on Wetlands WANTED!
Message-ID: <1995Jun16.193716.1105@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA>
Sender: news@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA (Usenet News)
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I am looking for information on Canadian wetlands (more specifically Ontario).  I would like to locate some colourful pamphlets, posters, booklets.  I am currently in the process of designing environmental education simulations for elementary school children so any visual aids would be greatly appreciated.  If you have any information that would be helpful, please contact me at my email address.

--
Please respond to sgronski@dewey.ed.brocku.ca
Shelley Gronski
Faculty of Education
Brock University


From gj380@cleveland.Freenet.Edu Wed Jun 21 23:06:59 EDT 1995
Article: 53 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gj380@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Adalbert Goertz)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: books 4sale/trade
Date: 18 Jun 1995 19:15:29 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (USA)
Lines: 161
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  Dr.Adalbert Goertz,12934 Buchanan Trail E.,Waynesboro PA 17268-9329 USA
         ph 717-762-7378 65
  internet email: BE404@yfn.ysu.edu   OR
         BL571@freenet.buffalo.edu
  Shipping extra.Versand extra. Ph 717-762-7378;
                                                             $
  German books:  Umlaute: { = ae; | = oe; } = ue; ~ = ss;

  Trade for insect books/Apple2 computer hardware.
         Ask for my want list.
 Ask for my physics-mathematics or history-religion book listing

Dickinson,R.E.,O.J.R.Howarth:The Making of Geography, Clarendon:Oxford
         1933,264pp. 9.00
Fishbein,M.:Modern Home Medical Adviser,           Garden City, NY
         1964,997pp 6.00
Gesundheits-Brockhaus-Volksbuch vom Menschen u.d.Praktischen Heilkunde,1600
         ^Abbildungen,Wiesbaden 1965,812pp 15.00
 Life Sciences *** Biologische Wissenschaften *********************************
         *******************************************
Arbib,R.:The Lord's Woods,xlibr,  NY
         1971,219pp 6.00
Barash,D.P.:Sociobiology and Behavior, NY
         1977,378pp 5.00
Bavink,B.:The Natural Sciences, New York
         1932, 683pp 4.00
Beebe,W.:Edge of the Jungle,xlib, Garden City NY
         1921,303pp 5.00
Behnke,F.L.:The Changing World of Living Things,xlibr NY
         1972,169pp 4.00
Brooks,Maurice:The Appalachians,xlibr, Boston
         1965,346pp 7.00
Carson,R:Der Stumme Fr}hling(Silent Spring in German), M}nchen
         ^1962,355pp 3.00
Darwin,Charles:The Formation of Vegetable Mould etc.,split spine,  NY
         1896 10.00
Dasman,R.F.:A Different Kind of Country,xlibr, MacMillan NY
         1968,276pp 3.00
Ecological Monographs, vol.18, Nr.4,
               Oct 1948 5.00
Ecological Monographs, vol.40, unbound,
             1970 15.00
Ecological Monographs, vol.41, unbound,
             1971 15.00
Elman,R.:First in the Field-America's Pioneering Naturalists,xlib, NY
         1977,231pp 9.00
Farb,Peter:Living Earth,xlibr, NY
         1959,178pp 6.00
Fischer,Emil(Nobel Laureate,1852-1919): Aus meinem Leben,Berlin-Springer
         ^1922,201pp 25.00
Fisher,G.Clyde:Nature Encyclopedia, NY
         1927,940pp 20.00
Goin,Coleman J.&O.B.Goin:Man and the Natural Worlds., London
         1970,643pp 10.00
Greiling,W.:Mehr Brot f}r mehr Menschen, Kosmos-Stuttgart
         ^1963,64pp 2.00
Haeckel,Ernst: The riddle of the universe, NY/London
         1901,391pp 20.00
Hagen,V.W.von:S}damerika ruft-Entdeckungsreisen, Berlin-Frankfurt
         ^1959,171pp 4.00
Kieran,John:Footnotes on Nature,DJ, Garden City,NY
         1952,279pp 10.00
Kieran,John:Introduction to Nature-Birds/Wildflowers/Trees,Garden City NY
         01966,223pp 10.00
Kieran,John:Treasure of Great Nature Writing, Garden City,NY
         1957,640pp 9.00
Kosmos-Zeitschrift f}r Naturfreunde, bound red volumes, Frankh-Stuttgart
         ^     1946-1971, 25 vols. 250.00
Krutch,Joseph W.:Great American Nature Writing, NY
         1950,369pp 8.00
Krutch,Joseph W.:The Voice of the Desert,paper NY
         1950,369pp 3.00
Mann,P.B.:Out of Doors-a guide to nature,xlib, NY
         1932,352pp 5.00
Peattie,Donald C.:Green Laurels-Lives of Naturalists, NY
         1936,368pp 9.00
Pendergast,D.M.Editor:Ecological Studies of Flora &Fauna of Navajo Reservoir
         Basin,CO and NM,1951,203 pp.,xlibr 12.00
Ratzel,Fr.:Die Erde und das Leben,2 vols., Leipzig
         ^1901,1408pp 20.00
Sanderson,Ivan T.&D.Loth:Book of Great Jungles,xlibr, NY
         1965,480pp 7.00
Schua,L.:Die Reinhaltung unserer Gew{sser, Kosmos-Stuttgart
         ^1962,80pp 2.00
Sherman,C.L.:Nature's wonders in full color,Hanover House,Garden City,NY
         1956,252pp 9.00
Smith,Robert Leo:Ecology and Field Biology,underlinings , NY
         1980,835pp 12.00
Teale,Edwin W.ed.:Green Treasury-A Journey through the World's Great Nature
         Writing,NY 1952, 612 pp.,xlibr 15.00
Terres,John K.:Audubon Book of True Nature Stories,xlib, NY
         1958.307pp 5.00
USDA - Agriculture Yearbook:Water, xlibr, Washington
         1955,751pp 5.00
Will,Robin:Beautiful Yosemite National Park
         1979,78pp 5.00
Winchester,A.M: Modern biological principles, Princeton
         1965,449pp 5.00
 Plants-Botany-Pflanzen-Botanik ********************************************
         ***  planta *********************************** s
Anderson,David A/W.A.Smith:Forests and Forestry,xlibr, Danville IL
         1970,357pp 6.00
Baxter,D.V.:Disease in Forest Plantations,xlibr, Bloomfield Hills
         1967,251pp 5.00
Bergen.J.Y; B.M.Davis: Principles of Botany, NY
         1906,555pp 10.00
Boyce,John S.:Forest Pathology , McGraw-Hill NY
         1948,550pp 7.00
Brown,A.et al.:Growing Trees on Australian Farms,xlib, Canberra
         1968,397pp 15.00
Cain,S.A.:Foundations of Plant Geography, xlibr, NY
         1944,556pp 15.00
Cater,Ruth C:Tree Trails and Hobbies,s.l.
         1950,324pp 5.00
Collingwood,G.H.:Knowing your trees,51 Tree ed.,Washington DC
         1964,105pp 3.00
Dawson,E.Y.:Marine Botany,xlib, NY
         1966,371pp 10.00
Diels,L.,F.Mattick:Pflanzengeographie,Sammlung G|schen,Berlin
         ^1958,196pp 5.00
Ferris,Roxana S.:Flowers of Point Reyes National Seashores
         1970,119pp 7.00
Fischer,W.:\lpflanzen-Pflanzen|le, Kosmos-Stuttgart
         ^1948,80pp 2.00
Hepting.G.H.:Diseases of Forest and Shade Trees of the US,xlib,USDA-FS
         1971,658pp 25.00
Huntington,Harriet E.:Let's go to the woods,xlibr
         1968,95pp 5.00
Illick,J.S.:Pennsylvania Trees, Harrisburg PA 1915, 231 pp.
         slightly disbound 9.00
Lemmon,Robert S.&C.C.Johnson:Wildflowers of North America
         1961,280pp 10.00
MacMillan,C.:Minnesota Plant Life, St.Paul,MN
         1899,568pp 20.00
Neger,F.W./E.Muench:Die Nadelh|lzer(conifers),Sammlung G|schen-Berlin
         ^1952,140pp 3.00
Oosting,Henry J.:The Study of Plant Communities,Freeman,underlinings
         1956,440pp 8.00
Platt,R.:The Great American Forest,xlibr, Prentice-Hall
         1965,271pp 6.00
Porter,C.L.:Taxonomy of Flowering Plants,hc,underlinings,San Francisco
         1967,471pp 12.00
Reader's Digest:Practical Guide  to home landscaping, NY
         1972,479pp 10.00
Schmid,J.A.:Urban Vegetation,xlib, Chicago
         1975,266pp 7.00
Sudworth,G.B.:Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope,xlib,USDA-FS Washington
         1908,441pp 15.00
USDA - Agriculture Yearbook:Grass, xlibr Washington
         1948,892pp 5.00
USDA - Agriculture Yearbook:Trees, xlibr, Washington
         1949,944pp 5.00
USDA: Forest Statistics for Florida, Asheville NC
         1981,38pp 3.00
USDI-Fish &Wildlife S.:N.List of Plant Species in Wetlands,Centr.Plains
         1988,73pp 4.00
Walker,Laurence C.:Ecology and our Forests, NY
         1972,175pp 6.00



From zhoujun@charlie Wed Jun 21 23:07:00 EDT 1995
Article: 54 of sci.bio.botany
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From: zhoujun@charlie (Jun Zhou)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Seeking assitantships for graduate study in biology
Date: 19 Jun 1995 05:22:46 GMT
Organization: Illinois Institute of Technology, Academic Computing. (inn)
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From p01135@psilink.com Wed Jun 21 23:07:01 EDT 1995
Article: 55 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Beryl Gorbman" <p01135@psilink.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: sansivera fibre available
Date: Sun, 18 Jun 95 07:16:10 -0800
Organization: THE WRITE STUFF
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A friend of mine in Yucatan raises sansivera (aka mother-in-law's tongue, 
bowstring hemp, snake plant) and can process it into thread using the 
machinery in her turn-of-the-century hacienda.  This extremely strong 
fibre can be used in upholstery or other very strong fabrics.  If 
anyone is interested in crude thread, please contact me by email.
Beryl Gorbman
p01135@psilink.com  


From una.smith@yale.edu Wed Jun 21 23:07:02 EDT 1995
Article: 56 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: scale on ficus trees
Date: 13 Jun 1995 22:47:57 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 10
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References: <3rktf6$oer@nova.avid.com>
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John_Guineau@avid.com (W. John Guineau) writes:

>I have several ficus trees inside my house that have been attacked by
>scale (so I'm told). ...
>If this is not the appropriate place, I'd appreciate pointers...

This is a FAQ-type question that's treated in most books about routine
care of houseplants.  If you don't have access to books like this, you
might try rec.gardens.



From itschua@slip.technet.sg Wed Jun 21 23:07:03 EDT 1995
Article: 57 of sci.bio.botany
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From: itschua@slip.technet.sg
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Growth Chambers
Date: 19 Jun 1995 11:00:08 GMT
Organization: ITS Science & Medical Pte Ltd
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I would be grateful if anyone can provide me a list of manufacturers
that makes  Walk-in Plant Growth Chambers and their fax numbers.

Any suggestion or recommendation would be appreciated.


Regards
Teck Mean

e-mail :itschua@technet.sg
Fax No : 65-2730810


From elarson@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu Wed Jun 21 23:07:04 EDT 1995
Article: 58 of sci.bio.botany
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From: elarson@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu (larson eric)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Rubisco
Date: 19 Jun 1995 14:07:48 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
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biobjt@aau.dk (Jakob Teglskov) writes:

>Does anyone have references on methods (later than 1993) to determine 
>Rubisco activity?
==============
 
Why the focus on later than 1993?
 
Just curious.

-- 
Eric Larson                  | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
USDA/Agronomy                | 190 PABL; 1201 W. Gregory; Urbana, IL 61801
elarson@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu     | Voice 217.244.3079  Fax 217.244.4419
Fidonet: 1:233/4.1           | My opinions are my own, but correct :-) 


From Casalegn@citi2.fr Wed Jun 21 23:07:05 EDT 1995
Article: 59 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Casalegn@citi2.fr (Federico Casalegno)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: CD-Rom wanted
Date: Mon, 19 Jun 1995 19:15:11 +0100
Organization: Citi 2
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NNTP-Posting-Host: rpc0.citi2.fr

Iam interested in a CD-Rom about plants.

I am searching for a detailled CD-Rom concerning systematics of plants  in
mediterranean or temperate forest of central europe. If anyone knows some
application of this type or any other similar program of plants in other
regions of the world ,please give me the information.

Thanks in advace


From moths@Glue.umd.edu Wed Jun 21 23:07:06 EDT 1995
Article: 60 of sci.bio.botany
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From: moths@Glue.umd.edu (Andrew Mitchell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: FACULTY PSTNS IN PLANT PATH AT U KENTUCKY
Date: 13 Jun 1995 10:28:19 -0400
Organization: Project Glue, University of Maryland, College Park
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <3rk7a3$5b4@phelix.umd.edu>
References: <3rhu8f$81c@service1.uky.edu> <3rk0oj$ctk@terrazzo.lm.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: phelix.umd.edu

In article <3rk0oj$ctk@terrazzo.lm.com>, manus <manus@telerama.lm.com> wrote:

>Christopher L. Schardl (clscha00@ukcc.uky.edu) wrote:
>> Assistant/Associate Professor(s) of Plant Pathology.......
>> University of Kentucky is an equal opportunity employer.  Women 
>> and minorities are encouraged to apply.
>
>Why do you have to be such a prejudiced bastard?
>What about white men? Are you ..... (REST DELETED TO AVOID GIVING MORE 
 EXPOSURE TO THIS FILTHY-MINDED BIGOT) 
>manus


Lets hope we can keep delinquents off this news group, otherwise it won't be
worth subscribing to. Hopefully people will clutter his mail box with 
replies.



From mlynch@mitre.org Wed Jun 21 23:07:07 EDT 1995
Article: 61 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mlynch@mitre.org (michael lynch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: fraxinus ornus/flowering ash
Date: 20 Jun 1995 14:39:45 GMT
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Greetings:
 I am looking for a source of manna. This is a commercial product produced
at one time by growers in Sicily and shipped from Palermo. It is a water
soluble gum resin from the bark of fraxinus ornus, the flowering, or
manna, ash. I have located five trees in the Arnold Arboretum in Brookline
Mass. however they are not about to let me score the bark just so I can
extract the sap for myself. Does anyone know of a supplier, either in the
U.S.A. or in Europe? The trees themselves are native to the southern
Mediterranean region including some river valleys in France. A botanical
URL or e-mail address in Sicily would do; or the address of a supplier of
out of the way or unusual herbal products, perhaps.
Thanks for any help.


From vulpia@sonic.net Wed Jun 21 23:07:08 EDT 1995
Article: 62 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Calif. Flora - Jepson or Munz?
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 1995 06:08:45
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Lines: 39
Message-ID: <vulpia.2.0006258F@sonic.net>
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In article <1995Jun20.130357@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com> trkni@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com (Ron Nixon) writes:
>From: trkni@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com (Ron Nixon)
>Subject: Re: Calif. Flora - Jepson or Munz?
>Date: Tue, 20 Jun 1995 20:03:57 GMT

>In article <1995Jun15.085122.1@cgsvax.claremont.edu>, goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu writes:
>|> Might someone provide an opinion on the comparison of Willis Linn Jepson's
>|> "The Jepson Manual:  Higher plants of California" (Berkeley: Univ. of
>|> California Press, 1993) and Philip A. Munz's "A California Flora"  (Date
>|> unknown)?
>|> 
>|> Both appear to be comprehensive treatments of native California flora.
>|> What are the differences and strong points of each?
>|> 
>|> Thanks very much in advance.
>|> 
>|> George Goldsmith
>Both Jepson and Munz are excellent floras of California.  The main
>differences that I have seen are.  Munz uses somewhat more technical
>terminology, Jepson being designed to be usefull for the non-botanist.
>Jepson includes wonderfull sketches of all genera while Munz only
>includes selected sketches of genera.  The Jepson flora is quite a bit more 
>recent of a work and includes many name changes, Munz's Southern
>California Flora being compiled in 1974 and "A California Flora" in
>maybe 1959.  For the most part the dichotomous key in Jepson requires
>a bit more wading through to get to species.  Hope this helps.
>                                Ron

I find that I use both.  I trained myself in botany with Munz, doing field 
work in Sonoma Co. When Jepson came out, I started using it, but found that I 
was too "set in my ways" to give up Munz!  One problem with Jepson is:  hard 
to find synonyms when plant names were changed (and a whole lot have been!) 
Another problem:  the distribution codes are hard to figure out; I liked the 
more verbose system in Munz for listing distributions; these are often of 
primary importance when using a key.  You look there first, and if the plant 
grows only in the Mojave Desert and you are in Humboldt Co, you can eliminate 
right away!  Also note:  there are some errors in Jepson that are in the 
process of being corrected now, for a "supplement" or whatever to be published 
soon.  -Nan in Calif


From briere@ensat.fr Wed Jun 21 23:07:10 EDT 1995
Article: 63 of sci.bio.botany
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From: briere@ensat.fr (Christian Brière)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 1995 16:06:52 UNDEFINED
Organization: ENSAT
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:6976 sci.bio.botany:63

In article <3rn67d$1ai@news.ycc.yale.edu> una@aplysia.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith) writes:
>From: una@aplysia.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
>Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
>Date: 14 Jun 1995 17:28:13 GMT

><goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu> wrote:

>>Can anyone direct me to literature dealing with the analysis of botanical
>>phenomena (e.g., growth, shape, motion and movement, etc.) based on the
>>geometry involved?

>Do a citation search on Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth's "On Growth and Form"
>and/or read the portions of that book relating to plants.  It's still in
>print, through both Dover and Cambridge University presses, and perhaps
>also the abridged edition from Princeton University Press.

Here are a few other references :

 D.R. Causton & J.C. Venus : The Biometry of Plant Growth. Ed. Arnold 
(Publisher) Ltd (1981)

 R. Hunt : Plant Growth Curves. Ed. Arnold Ltd (1982)

 P.H. Todd : Intrinsic Geometry of Biological Surface Growth. Lect. Notes in 
Biomathematics, Vol. 67, Springer Verlag (1980)

F. L. Bookstein : The Measurement of Biological Shape and Shape Change. Lect. 
Notes in Biomathemetics, Vol. 24, Springer Verlag (1978)


Christian



From ecoscoll@ux4.cso.uiuc.edu Thu Jun 22 23:04:53 EDT 1995
Article: 64 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ecoscoll@ux4.cso.uiuc.edu (Coscolluela Eileene)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Herbarium press...
Date: 22 Jun 1995 01:40:29 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
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X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

Hello!

I'm a student interesting in purchasing a small portable
herbarium press.  If anyone has information on this subject,
it would be highly appreciated.  Thank you very much!


Eileene Coscolluela		  |  "All our science, measured against 
University of Illinois		  |   reality, is primitive and childlike --
ecoscoll@ux4.cso.uiuc.edu	  |   and yet it is the most precious thing
http://ux4.cso.uiuc.edu/~ecoscoll/|   we have."  --Albert Einstein


From Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov Thu Jun 22 23:04:55 EDT 1995
Article: 65 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov (Sean Furniss)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Purple Loosestrife Biological Control EA
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 1995 15:23:07 -0400
Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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Message-ID: <Sean_Furniss-2006951523070001@leatherback.arw.r9.fws.gov>
NNTP-Posting-Host: leatherback.arw.r9.fws.gov

Availability of an Environmental Assessment

AGENCY:  Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:  Notice of the Availability of an Environmental Assessment;
Request for Comments

SUMMARY:  The purpose of this Notice is to make available to the public an
environmental assessment regarding the release in the United States of
three nonindigeneous insects Galerucella calmariensis, Galerucella
pusilla, and Hylobius tansversovittatus. The purpose of the release is to
reduce and control Lythrum salicaria on Service-managed wetlands and to
assist the States to reduce and control purple loosestrife on non-Service
wetlands.  These insects are not native to North America.

The Service proposes to release these three insect species on Service and
other lands in the United States so they can contribute to the biological
control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an introduced weed.

DATES: Written comments on the Environmental Assessment should be received
on or before July 12, 1995

HOW TO OBTAIN A COPY OF THE EA: The document is available on the Fish and
Wildlife Service world wide server at
http://bluegoose.arw.r9.fws.gov/nwrsfiles/habitatmgmt/pestmgmt/loosestrifemgmt.html/.

You may also obtain a copy by sending an email message to Meredith Cabillo
at Meredith_Cabillo@mail.fws.gov. Please include your name and mailing
address in the message.

-- 
Sean Furniss
Refuge Program Specialist
Division of Refuges
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Department of the Interior

Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov
(703) 358-2043
Division of Refuges, MS 670 ARLSQ
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4401 North Fairfax Drive
Arlington, VA 22203

<a href="http://bluegoose.arw.r9.fws.gov/">National Wildlife Refuge System</a>

***********************************************************

The opinions expressed are those of the writer and not those of the Fish and Wildlife Service nor the Department of the Interior
___________________________________________________________

Information on Service data servers (including WAIS, WWW, etc.) can be retrieved from the Service Library Server. Send a message to R9IRMLIB@mail.fws.gov with SEND HELP as the subject (no text in the body of the message) for instructions and an index.


From wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov Thu Jun 22 23:04:56 EDT 1995
Article: 66 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newshost.marcam.com!usc!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!lll-winken.llnl.gov!osi-east2.es.net!oracle.pnl.gov!bbs.pnl.gov!wh_reid.pnl.gov!user
From: wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov (Willaim H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants and history: a question
Date: 22 Jun 1995 04:38:13 GMT
Organization: Terrestrial Ecology, EESC, Battelle PNL
Lines: 24
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <wh_reid-2106952132560001@wh_reid.pnl.gov>
References: <3rob9h$1ens@usenetw1.news.prodigy.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: wh_reid.pnl.gov

In article <3rob9h$1ens@usenetw1.news.prodigy.com>, FTAD05A@prodigy.com
(Lloyd Simmons) wrote:

> I would appreciate it if anyone in this newsgroup could direct me where I 
> might be able to go on the internet to discuss with others the use of 
> plants historically speaking.  For example, I live in Florida and have 
> recently learned that the fruit of the Persimmons tree was used by Native 
> North Americans as a pudding and in bread.  I am also interested in any 
> literature you might be able to suggest.  Thank you!
> 
> Lloyd 

I don't know the right group but I'm interested.  You probably know that much of
the library material is under Ethnobotany, and there are monograpphs for
many cultural groups worldwide. There is a nice, general book I once used
for a sophomore level class for non-botnay majors called This Green World
by someone at the University of Vermont. (I have it somewhere but it's
been seven years).
Did you learn the recipe for persimmon bread? I may pass on the pudding.
Incidentally, take different recipes and cures with (tritely) a grain of
salt. In Juarez, Mexico a Senecio called Gordo Lobo (fat wolf I guess) is
widely used for stomach problems. However, I was told it also gradually
destroys the liver.
Bill Reid in Richland, Washington


From mckee@starbase.neosoft.com Thu Jun 22 23:04:57 EDT 1995
Article: 67 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mckee@starbase.neosoft.com (George McKee)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
Followup-To: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Date: 22 Jun 1995 05:29:10 GMT
Organization: NeoSoft Internet Services   +1 713 968 5800
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <3sav36$l3s@uuneo.neosoft.com>
References: <1995Jun14.080037.1@cgsvax.claremont.edu> <3rn67d$1ai@news.ycc.yale.edu> <briere.1.01B12BA4@ensat.fr>
NNTP-Posting-Host: starbase.neosoft.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:6994 sci.bio.botany:67

: >>Can anyone direct me to literature dealing with the analysis of botanical
: >>phenomena (e.g., growth, shape, motion and movement, etc.) based on the
: >>geometry involved?

Don't forget Prusinkiewicz & Lindenmayer's "The Algorithmic Beauty
of Plants" (Springer-Verlag, 1990) for some startlingly realistic
computer graphics grounded in Lindenmayer's L-systems: a rule-based
mathematics of cellular development and differentiation.

--
Internet: mckee@neosoft.com               Voice: +1 713 890 8122
Disclaimer: neosoft is just an access provider.
Evolution: Selective replication from a population with heritable variation.
Evolution of Complexity: Like with size, there's always room at the top,
           if the infrastructure can handle the load.


From blakes@govonca.gov.on.ca Thu Jun 22 23:04:58 EDT 1995
Article: 68 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!ra.nrl.navy.mil!news.pop.psu.edu!hudson.lm.com!newsfeed.pitt.edu!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!govonca!blakes
From: blakes@govonca.gov.on.ca (Stewart Blake)
Subject: Re: Plant Growth Chambers
Message-ID: <1995Jun21.120347.17369@govonca.gov.on.ca>
Organization: Government of Ontario
References: <3s3lbo$ar0@raffles.technet.sg>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 1995 12:03:47 GMT
Lines: 29

In <3s3lbo$ar0@raffles.technet.sg> itschua@slip.technet.sg writes:


>I would be grateful if anyone can provide me a list of manufacturers
>that makes  Walk-in Plant Growth Chambers and their fax numbers.

>Any suggestion or recommendation would be appreciated.


>Regards
>Teck Mean

>e-mail :itschua@technet.sg
>Fax No : 65-2730810

Try CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS LIMITED
    590 Berry Street,
    Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3H 0S1
    Ph. (204) 786-6451 or 1-800-363-6451
    Fax (204) 786-7736
    E-mail: info@conviron.mb.ca
    Web: http://www.conviron.mb.ca/home

We have a few of their reach-in growth chambers at the Ontario Forest
Research Institute and are pleased with their performance.  I can't speak
about their walk-in growth chambers.

Stew Blake
blakes@mnr.gov.on.ca


From trkni@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com Fri Jun 23 05:29:22 EDT 1995
Article: 69 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!news.lahabra.chevron.com!nntpserver.chevron.com!usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com!trkni
From: trkni@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com (Ron Nixon)
Subject: Re: Calif. Flora - Jepson or Munz?
Message-ID: <1995Jun20.130357@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com>
Sender: news@nntpserver.chevron.com (Chevron USENET News System)
Organization: Chevron
References:  <1995Jun15.085122.1@cgsvax.claremont.edu>
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 1995 20:03:57 GMT
Lines: 22

In article <1995Jun15.085122.1@cgsvax.claremont.edu>, goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu writes:
|> Might someone provide an opinion on the comparison of Willis Linn Jepson's
|> "The Jepson Manual:  Higher plants of California" (Berkeley: Univ. of
|> California Press, 1993) and Philip A. Munz's "A California Flora"  (Date
|> unknown)?
|> 
|> Both appear to be comprehensive treatments of native California flora.
|> What are the differences and strong points of each?
|> 
|> Thanks very much in advance.
|> 
|> George Goldsmith
Both Jepson and Munz are excellent floras of California.  The main
differences that I have seen are.  Munz uses somewhat more technical
terminology, Jepson being designed to be usefull for the non-botanist.
Jepson includes wonderfull sketches of all genera while Munz only
includes selected sketches of genera.  The Jepson flora is quite a bit more 
recent of a work and includes many name changes, Munz's Southern
California Flora being compiled in 1974 and "A California Flora" in
maybe 1959.  For the most part the dichotomous key in Jepson requires
a bit more wading through to get to species.  Hope this helps.
				Ron


From trkni@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com Fri Jun 23 22:45:02 EDT 1995
Article: 69 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!news.lahabra.chevron.com!nntpserver.chevron.com!usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com!trkni
From: trkni@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com (Ron Nixon)
Subject: Re: Calif. Flora - Jepson or Munz?
Message-ID: <1995Jun20.130357@usbk03.bk5001.chevron.com>
Sender: news@nntpserver.chevron.com (Chevron USENET News System)
Organization: Chevron
References:  <1995Jun15.085122.1@cgsvax.claremont.edu>
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 1995 20:03:57 GMT
Lines: 22

In article <1995Jun15.085122.1@cgsvax.claremont.edu>, goldsmig@cgsvax.claremont.edu writes:
|> Might someone provide an opinion on the comparison of Willis Linn Jepson's
|> "The Jepson Manual:  Higher plants of California" (Berkeley: Univ. of
|> California Press, 1993) and Philip A. Munz's "A California Flora"  (Date
|> unknown)?
|> 
|> Both appear to be comprehensive treatments of native California flora.
|> What are the differences and strong points of each?
|> 
|> Thanks very much in advance.
|> 
|> George Goldsmith
Both Jepson and Munz are excellent floras of California.  The main
differences that I have seen are.  Munz uses somewhat more technical
terminology, Jepson being designed to be usefull for the non-botanist.
Jepson includes wonderfull sketches of all genera while Munz only
includes selected sketches of genera.  The Jepson flora is quite a bit more 
recent of a work and includes many name changes, Munz's Southern
California Flora being compiled in 1974 and "A California Flora" in
maybe 1959.  For the most part the dichotomous key in Jepson requires
a bit more wading through to get to species.  Hope this helps.
				Ron


From fredr@cc.wwu.edu Fri Jun 23 22:45:05 EDT 1995
Article: 70 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.ultranet.com!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!news.moneng.mei.com!uwm.edu!reuter.cse.ogi.edu!netnews.cc.wwu.edu!not-for-mail
From: fredr@cc.wwu.edu (Fred Rhoades)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Lichens
Date: 22 Jun 1995 07:52:01 -0700
Organization: Western Washington University
Lines: 18
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <3sc02h$a06@henson.cc.wwu.edu>
References: <3s9e9b$ne@tahoma.cwu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: henson.cc.wwu.edu

The Northwest Lichen Guild mailing list and newsletter is currently 
maintained by Sherry Pittam.  To get on the list contact her,

pittams@bcc.orst.edu
Shery K. Pittam
Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331-2902

Fred Rhoades
Biology Department, WWU
Bellingham, WA  98225
USA
FAX: (360) 650-3148
Voice: (360) 733-9149

email: fredr@henson.cc.wwu.edu



From Henk Beentje Fri Jun 23 22:45:08 EDT 1995
Article: 71 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
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From: Henk Beentje
Subject: Re: Help:  Botany & Geometry
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: hbeentje-pc
Message-ID: <DAKyAz.360@news.rbgkew.org.uk>
Sender: usenet@news.rbgkew.org.uk (News Daemon)
Organization: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, England
X-Newsreader: <WinQVT/Net v3.9>
Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:13:47 GMT
Lines: 12
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:7005 sci.bio.botany:71

>: >>Can anyone direct me to literature dealing with the analysis of botanical
>: >>phenomena (e.g., growth, shape, motion and movement, etc.) based on the
>: >>geometry involved?

Stevens P.S. 1974. Patterns in nature. Little Brown & Co
	(appeared in 1976 in Perigrine Books)

                               h.beentje@lion.rbgkew.org.uk
Henk	        *                   *
                 *   *           *        Timelessness
                                       began where time began
                      *       *    (Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, 659-712)


From mdo4@le.ac.uk Thu Jul  6 11:45:27 EDT 1995
Article: 130 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mdo4@le.ac.uk (M.D. O'Leary)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Auxin, hairy roots
Date: 29 Jun 1995 12:27:27 +0100
Organization: University of Leicester, UK
Lines: 31
Sender: Mark O'Leary
Message-ID: <3su2mv$jr1@hawk.le.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: irix.le.ac.uk


Bear with me while I sketch out the background to my question:

Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection of plant roots leads to a 'hairy root'
tumour - the roots proliferate and the root cells are altered by the bacterial
infection (DNA is transferred from the bacteria into the plant genome) in such
a way that they secrete nutrients that only the bacteria can utilise.

Part of the mechanism for turning normal root into proliferating 'hairy' root
involves altering the auxin production of the infected cells. Auxin 'is' a
fundamental plant hormone involved in growth and developmental responses, and
incidentally the only plant hormone for which some details of _how_ it works
are starting to come out: a possible auxin receptor has been isolated.

The 'hairy root' tumour is being exploited as a way of keeping plant tissue in
artificial culture. Samples of root on their own keep growing if supplied with
the appropriate nutrients, and occaisionally, shoots form from the root mass,
allowing recovery of 'conventional' plants from the root culture.

Now my question. If a particular strain of plant has modified auxin sensitivity,
will rhizogenes be able to infect it? Will it be possible to maintain a hairy
root culture of such a strain? Would such a culture produce shoots? 

I've tried to keep my description in laymans terms for general interest, but
perhaps for answers I'll need to talk to a botanist who is doing this sort of
work, or working with these cultures. Anybody out there who can help?

Many thanks,
M.
-- 
.sig test: nearing completion.


From goertzen@unixg.ubc.ca Thu Jul  6 11:45:32 EDT 1995
Article: 131 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.mindlink.net!vanbc.wimsey.com!unixg.ubc.ca!ganders.botany.ubc.ca!user
From: goertzen@unixg.ubc.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Shamrocks
Date: 29 Jun 1995 21:04:19 GMT
Organization: The University of British Columbia
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <goertzen-2906951405100001@ganders.botany.ubc.ca>
References: <DArM6y.rAp@ns1.nodak.edu> <3ss0qh$gg@netaxs.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ganders.botany.ubc.ca

In article <3ss0qh$gg@netaxs.com>, younger@unix3.netaxs.com (Charles
Younger) wrote:

> Troy S Nies (tnies@badlands.NoDak.edu) wrote:
> 
> : My wife and I are having a hard time find what the scientific name and, 
> : habitat,growing instructions, etc. are for Shamrocks.  We would like the 
> : true shamrocks from Ireland (small ones) and also the North American 
> : version you can get in greenhouses.
> 
The one species which I've seen touted as the "emblam of Ireland" is
Trifolium dubium,  a little plant which strongly resembles black medick
(Medicago lupulina), except for its seed pods.  

Les Goertzen


From cradle@wam.umd.edu Thu Jul  6 11:45:39 EDT 1995
Article: 132 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!ra.nrl.navy.mil!cs.umd.edu!mojo.eng.umd.edu!hecate.umd.edu!cville-srv.wam.umd.edu!cradle
From: cradle@wam.umd.edu (cradle)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Bleaching agents in Moss ?
Date: 1 Jul 1995 15:09:30 GMT
Organization: University of Maryland, College Park
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <3t3ofa$6ij@cville-srv.wam.umd.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: rac2.wam.umd.edu


The other day I sat upon a moss covered brick bench for approximately 
40 minutes.  When I stood, I discovered that portions of my clothing,
those that came in contact with the bench, appeared as if they
had been sprinkled with bleach!   

I was wearing a black T-shirt, and the bleaching agent had turned 
portions of the shirt quite white. 

Are there moss plants which produce bleaching agents? 

Oh, I have considered the possibility that pesticides were sprayed on 
the bench to rid it of moss.  The grounds keepers tell me this isn't
so, but I'm not sure how trustworthy the information is.

Thanks in advance for any information you might have!

David Eisner
cradle@wam.umd.edu


From syyoon@ced.postech.ac.kr Thu Jul  6 11:45:43 EDT 1995
Article: 133 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: syyoon@ced.postech.ac.kr (Sung-Yong Yoon)
Subject: [HELP]Plant Cell Culture?
Message-ID: <syyoon.21.2FF1133E@ced.postech.ac.kr>
Keywords: plant cell, taxol
Lines: 8
Sender: usenet@news.snu.ac.kr (NEWS POSTER)
Nntp-Posting-Host: 141.223.50.215
Organization: SNU,KOREA
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 95 07:37:44 GMT
Lines:        9

I want to know the ftp, gopher, web site relating the plant cell culture.
I have searched them for many days but I got some.
So, give me the information, please.
Especially I have studied the taxol and Taxus spp. cell culture.
If anyone have informations related them, I want to discuss about them.
My e-mail address is syyoon@ced.postech.ac.kr.
Be happy!!!!!



From duncanm@ingres.com Thu Jul  6 11:45:50 EDT 1995
Article: 134 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!cam.news.pipex.net!pipex!edi.news.pipex.net!pipex!ingres.co.uk!duncanm
From: duncanm@ingres.com (Duncan Mackinder)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: royal botanic garden edinburgh
Date: 30 Jun 1995 10:04:23 GMT
Organization: Computer Associates
Lines: 9
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <3t0i78$k13@zebedee.ingres.co.uk>
References: <3srj5e$ea2@elna.ethz.ch>
NNTP-Posting-Host: bigblue.ingres.com

Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh email address is:
     rbge.org.uk

-- 
Duncan Mackinder
CA-INGRES UK Technical Support.

The ideas may be mine, I make no claim that Computer Associates agrees with
them.


From una.smith@yale.edu Thu Jul  6 11:45:57 EDT 1995
Article: 135 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!bigboote.WPI.EDU!news3.near.net!yale!yale.edu!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: royal botanic garden edinburgh
Date: 30 Jun 1995 16:05:23 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <3t17c3$r3h@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <3srj5e$ea2@elna.ethz.ch> <3t0i78$k13@zebedee.ingres.co.uk>
Reply-To: una.smith@yale.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: doliolum.biology.yale.edu

duncanm@ingres.com (Duncan Mackinder) wrote:

>Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh email address is:
>     rbge.org.uk

No, rbge.org.uk is the name of either a single computer at RBGE,
or a domain name and alias.  It is *not* a valid e-mail address.
In reply to the original question, which I forwarded to him, the
postmaster at RBGE sent me this to post here:

	The nearest thing we have to a general email address is 

		    herbarium@rbge.org.uk

	We do not have an address that is set up to forward
	messages to everyone, but the above address will reach
	someone who deals with general herbarium queries and
	who will pass the incoming messages onto the relevant
	persons.

I visited RBGE in April, on a research trip, and I found that a
fairly substantial fraction of the staff there read e-mail, and
that it was possible to arrange for workspace in the herbarium
and to request information from their collections databases and
other materials, entirely via e-mail to the appropriate offices.




From mbhsl@s-crim1.dl.ac.uk Thu Jul  6 11:46:24 EDT 1995
Article: 136 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbhsl@s-crim1.dl.ac.uk (H.J. Sluiman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: royal botanic garden edinburgh
Date: 30 Jun 1995 17:01:00 GMT
Organization: SERC Daresbury Lab, Warrington, U.K.
Lines: 33
Sender: mbhsl@s-crim1 (H.J. Sluiman)
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <3t1akc$ran@mserv1.dl.ac.uk>
References: <3srj5e$ea2@elna.ethz.ch> <3t0i78$k13@zebedee.ingres.co.uk> <3t17c3$r3h@news.ycc.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: s-crim1.dl.ac.uk

In article <3t17c3$r3h@news.ycc.yale.edu>, una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith) writes:
|> duncanm@ingres.com (Duncan Mackinder) wrote:
|> 
|> >Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh email address is:
|> >     rbge.org.uk
|> 
|> No, rbge.org.uk is the name of either a single computer at RBGE,
|> or a domain name and alias.  It is *not* a valid e-mail address.
|> In reply to the original question, which I forwarded to him, the
|> postmaster at RBGE sent me this to post here:
|> 
|> 	The nearest thing we have to a general email address is 
|> 
|> 		    herbarium@rbge.org.uk
|> 
|> 	We do not have an address that is set up to forward
|> 	messages to everyone, but the above address will reach
|> 	someone who deals with general herbarium queries and
|> 	who will pass the incoming messages onto the relevant
|> 	persons.
|> 
|> I visited RBGE in April, on a research trip, and I found that a
|> fairly substantial fraction of the staff there read e-mail, and
|> that it was possible to arrange for workspace in the herbarium
|> and to request information from their collections databases and
|> other materials, entirely via e-mail to the appropriate offices.
|> 
|> 
If you know the first initial and surname of a person at RBGE any email will be
delivered (not necessarily read.....) if you use the following format:
a.botanist@rbge.org.uk
Every member of the scientific staff has an email account.
Hans Sluiman (h.sluiman@rbge.org.uk)


From mcrutherford@lbl.gov Thu Jul  6 11:46:29 EDT 1995
Article: 137 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!emf.emf.net!overload.lbl.gov!news
From: Mateo Rutherford <mcrutherford@lbl.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botany in ecosystem creation?
Date: 30 Jun 1995 19:52:03 GMT
Organization: University of California Berkeley
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <3t1kl4$j97@overload.lbl.gov>
References: <pweihe-1406951423210001@stolen-13.ag.ohio-state.edu>
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What a fascinating topic.  I will enjoy reading future responses and 
please keep me posted.  I am about to embarc on a doctoral project which 
I believe will take me into the question of how can we recreate a 
tropical cloud forest ecsystem in (hopefully contingent) abandoned 
agricultural or deforested lands.  I will probably be looking 
specifically at the role or potential role of tree ferns (Cyathaceae in 
particular) in achieving these goals.  I am interested to find out if 
these plants can create conditions adecuate for regeneration or 
introduction and survival of "climax species" in the cloud forests.  It 
should be interesting.  I'll keep you posted.

mateo_rutherford@macmail.lbl.gov




From mcrutherford@lbl.gov Thu Jul  6 11:46:38 EDT 1995
Article: 138 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!emf.emf.net!overload.lbl.gov!news
From: Mateo Rutherford <mcrutherford@lbl.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Flora of Cuba??
Date: 30 Jun 1995 19:54:39 GMT
Organization: University of California Berkeley
Lines: 8
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Does anyone out there know anything about the extension and condition of 
cloud forests in Cuba.  Also I am interested in the tree fern family 
Cyathaceae in Cuba.  Which genera exist there in the wild, anything 
actually.

Thanks, mateo_rutherford@macmail.lbl.gov




From brucerae@iafrica.com Thu Jul  6 11:46:40 EDT 1995
Article: 139 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!psgrain!iafrica.com!ticsa.com!cstatd.cstat.co.za!slipper119231
From: brucerae@iafrica.com (Dr Bruce Rae)
Newsgroups: sci.chem.analytical,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Visit to USA, November 1995
Date: Sun, 02 Jul 95 08:40:50 GMT
Organization: Umgeni Water
Lines: 70
Message-ID: <3t58fl$9am@grovel.iafrica.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: slipper119223.iaccess.za
Summary: Dr Rae and Dr Dickens request contacts before or after AWWA Conference in New Orleans, Louisiana
Keywords: Algal Toxins, Bio-monitoring, Algal Identification, Chemistry, Biology, Aquatic
To: All
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #3
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.chem.analytical:174 sci.bio.misc:69 sci.bio.botany:139

Greetings
Dr Dickens is Principal Hydrobiologist and I manage the Analytical 
Services Department with Umgeni Water which is a large water supply 
company (24 000 aq. km) serving a population of 6 million in the 
province of Natal in South Africa.

This mail note is as request to those persons working with toxicity
testing, toxin analysis and also with rapid bioassessments in the USA to 
receive visitors.

In November Dr Dickens and I will be in the USA to attend the AWWA 
conference in New Orleans and we are looking to visit colleagues in the 
USA to share ideas and experience.  

Currently our Hydrobiology section has a well developed biomonitoring 
programme including rapid assessments and phytoplankton counts and are 
investigating starting up toxicity testing on effluents.  Dr Dickens 
would appreciate hearing from people who are actively working in this 
field, particularly on the applied side, and who would be prepared to 
show me around.  This first hand experience would be invaluable in 
planning the way ahead back in South Africa.  

Our Analytical Chemistry section is responsible for the analysis of 
water and wastewater for the operational area of Umgeni Water.  The 
laboratory recently was accredited in terms of the ISO standards by the 
South African Bureau of Standards for some 80 different tests 
(determinands).  I am an Organic Chemist also with Analytical Chemistry 
training.  My present position involves managing a department 
undertaking chemical, microbiological, public health and biological 
determinations in water and wastewater.

My particular research interest is the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins 
and we are currently funded (in this area only) by the South African 
Water Research Commission.  We have developed a method, based on 
literature methods for the isolation and identification of a series of 
microcystin toxins and have been investigating the occurrence of such 
toxins within our oprational area.  One of the main problems with the 
analysis of microcystin toxins is the non-availability of toxin 
standards on the commercial market.

At present we have no fixed plans other than 12-16 November 1995 which 
are the conference dates.  We are prepared to travel as this opportunity 
is so valuable.

Please direct all responses to me (I will forward messages to Dr 
Dickens) at:     brucerae@iafrica.com

Regards 
Bruce Rae

                 Pegasus Mail Electronic Mail System,
        Copyright (c) 1990-94 David Harris, all rights reserved

        Pegasus Mail - Local Delivery System Interface Services


Starting with version 3.2 for DOS and 1.2 for Windows, Pegasus Mail
provides a programmatic mechanism for setting the following internal
system information required for local delivery at runtime:

   A: The name of the user at the current workstation
   B: The path to a specified user's new mail directory
   C: The delivery path for outgoing mail to a specified user

A mechanism is also provided which allows Pegasus Mail's local user list
to be substituted with any programmatic service appropriate to a site.

For the path lookup functions (B and C), two methods are provided - the
first simply involves the use of simple static paths which Pegasus Mail
will use in preference to its default paths. The strings specifying these


From microbe@PEAK.ORG Thu Jul  6 11:46:43 EDT 1995
Article: 142 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!uwm.edu!reuter.cse.ogi.edu!engr.orst.edu!news.PEAK.ORG!microbe
From: microbe@PEAK.ORG (Steven Carpenter)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: looking for pictures
Date: 2 Jul 1995 14:30:45 GMT
Organization: CS Outreach Services, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Lines: 9
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And then he can have TWO pictures of you so that they can be used
for the illegal passport and cedulat market!  Don't fall for this.
I worked in Colombia enough years as a botanist to know!

-Steve Carpenter
 Cascade Research Associates
  & Abbey Lane Laboratory



From stud0869@edv1.boku.ac.at Thu Jul  6 11:46:53 EDT 1995
Article: 143 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!news.sprintlink.net!EU.net!Austria.EU.net!newsfeed.ACO.net!mail.boku.ac.at!slip7-21.boku.ac.at!stud0869
From: stud0869@edv1.boku.ac.at (Bernhard Snizek)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Student Project Kartause Gaming
Date: Sun, 2 Jul 1995 17:52:37
Organization: Universität für Bodenkultur
Lines: 8
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]


We would like to announce a homepage we just installed.

   URL: http://stud1.tuwien.ac.at/~e9325630/sni/gaming.html

It´s about a garden we are creating in Gaming, Lower Austria.

    Berni


From 71052.3315@compuserve.com Thu Jul  6 11:46:54 EDT 1995
Article: 144 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!newsmaster
From: 71052.3315@compuserve.com (Jack Sanders)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Shamrocks
Date: Sun, 02 Jul 1995 00:00:37 GMT
Organization: CompuServe Incorporated
Lines: 14
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent v0.56

tnies@badlands.NoDak.edu (Troy S Nies) wrote:

>My wife and I are having a hard time find what the scientific name and, 
>habitat,growing instructions, etc. are for Shamrocks.  We would like the 
>true shamrocks from Ireland (small ones) and also the North American 
>version you can get in greenhouses.

There has long been debate as to just what the "true" shamrock is.
Some say it's the least hop clover, Trifolium dubium. Others say it is
the white wood-sorrel, Oxalis acetosella. A half dozen other plants in
Europe and North America have been called shamrocks.

--Jack Sanders, Ridgefield, Conn.



From sibajc@upe.ac.za Thu Jul  6 11:46:58 EDT 1995
Article: 145 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!agate!library.ucla.edu!psgrain!iafrica.com!ticsa.com!cstatd.cstat.co.za!ucthpx!wabe.csir.co.za!marlin.upe.ac.za!ops80.upe.ac.za!sibajc
From: sibajc@upe.ac.za (Magic)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Looking for pictures
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 1995 16:23:04 GMT
Organization: upe
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <sibajc.5.2FF81968@upe.ac.za>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ops80.upe.ac.za
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

I agree with Steve carpenter. The idea sounds novel enough. But what is behind 
it all, really.

Is it legit or not?

Magic


From drexel@iinet.net.au Thu Jul  6 11:47:02 EDT 1995
Article: 146 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!simtel!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!news.uwa.edu.au!classic.iinet.com.au!jazz90.dy.iinet.net.au!user
From: drexel@iinet.net.au (Damn Right)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help: interesting Botany Web Pages
Date: Mon, 03 Jul 1995 16:54:43 +0800
Organization: Frank Herbert Appreciation Society
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <drexel-0307951654430001@jazz90.dy.iinet.net.au>
References: <Pine.SGI.3.91.950625154851.10704C-100000@server.uwindsor.ca> <3srj4b$2bv@oravannahka.Helsinki.FI>
NNTP-Posting-Host: jazz90.dy.iinet.net.au
X-Newsreader: Value-Added NewsWatcher 2.0b24.0+

In article <Pine.SGI.3.91.950625154851.10704C-100000@server.uwindsor.ca>, 
ing3@server.uwindsor.ca says...

>Howdy All
>
>I am compiling a list of Botany Web Pages.  Please e-mail any you find to me.
>Thanks.
>
>Nelson Ing                                                


Here's one for the Australian National Botanic Gardens
http://155.187.10.12:80/

In particular, the Acacia index - pictures of Eastern Australian Acacia spp.
http://155.187.10.12:80/acacia/index.html

Glad to be a help,
Ben Richardson

-- 
drexel@iinet.net.au



From ppr93@aber.ac.uk Thu Jul  6 11:47:05 EDT 1995
Article: 147 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newshost.marcam.com!zip.eecs.umich.edu!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!howland.reston.ans.net!cam.news.pipex.net!pipex!soap.news.pipex.net!pipex!edi.news.pipex.net!pipex!warwick!niss!gdt!aber!innews
From: ppr93@aber.ac.uk
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help !
Date: 3 Jul 1995 16:30:45 GMT
Organization: University of Wales, Aberystwyth
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <3t95vl$5b8@fileserv.aber.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pchbdh.agr.aber.ac.uk
X-Disclaimer: Warning - Sender not verifiable

In my research project, I am looking for Relationship between plant structure
and Digestibility of Forage species.  If anyone has got some information about
this subject and the time staying of particles in the rumen, please send them to
my e-mail adress:

     ppr93@aber.ac.uk

        Thanks a lot,

         Parviz


From pilutti@mozart.srl.ford.com Thu Jul  6 11:47:08 EDT 1995
Article: 148 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!usc!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!jobone!fiesta.srl.ford.com!mozart.srl.ford.com!pilutti
From: pilutti@mozart.srl.ford.com (Tom Pilutti)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Looking for tree dichotomy reference
Date: 3 Jul 1995 20:42:31 GMT
Organization: Ford Motor Research Labs
Lines: 13
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <3t9knn$pi1@fiesta.srl.ford.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mozart.srl.ford.com

i'm looking for a reference (book, etc.) on tree dichotomy.  
does such a thing exist?  i used one way back when i was
in high school, and now i have a renewed interest - a daughter
with lots of questions.  

much obliged,
  
-- 
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
|   __ o  Tom Pilutti, Control Systems Department              |
|   _`\<, Ford Research Labs                     313.337.1128v |
| ( )/( ) pilutti@fmsrlw.srl.ford.com            313.323.8239f |
|______________________________________________________________|


From benton@uhunix.uhcc.hawaii.edu Thu Jul  6 11:47:12 EDT 1995
Article: 149 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!agate!ames!news.hawaii.edu!news
From: "Benton KealiÔi Pang" <benton@uhunix.uhcc.hawaii.edu>
Subject: Re: Help: interesting Botany Web Pages
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: nts180.dialup.hawaii.edu
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To: ing3@server.uwindsor.ca
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Organization: Kulanui o HawaiÔi ma Manoa
References: <Pine.SGI.3.91.950625154851.10704C-100000@server.uwindsor.ca> <3srj4b$2bv@oravannahka.Helsinki.FI> <drexel-0307951654430001@jazz90.dy.iinet.net.au>
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Lines: 14

Aloha,

Check out:
<http://biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr/Ecology-WWW.html#BotaWWW>
*List of WWW sites of interest to botanists*
*List of WWW sites of interest to ecologists*
Maintained by Anthony R. Brach <brach@oeb.harvard.edu> 

------
Benton Kealii Pang
Department of Botany
University of Hawai'i at Manoa




From wjoranje@inter.nl.net Thu Jul  6 11:47:13 EDT 1995
Article: 150 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!udel!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!sun4nl!news
From: wjoranje@inter.nl.net (Willem Oranje)
Subject: H. Kishore, University of Allahabad, article
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: solair1.inter.nl.net
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We are looking for an article written by Mr. H. Kishore in Studies in
Botany, year 1940, vol. 5 page 23-71, of which there only is a mention
in SCIN database as a reference. The University could not help and neither
any other botanical library. Any suggestions are wellcomed. 

Willem Oranje


From ing3@server.uwindsor.ca Thu Jul  6 11:47:15 EDT 1995
Article: 151 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!spool.mu.edu!torn!news!server.uwindsor.ca!ing3
From: Nelson Ing <ing3@server.uwindsor.ca>
Subject: Help:ASPP Meetings 1995??
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: server.uwindsor.ca
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Date: Tue, 4 Jul 1995 15:34:28 GMT
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Would anyone happen to know where and when this year's ASPP meetings are?

Please respond via e-mail to dthomas@uwindsor.ca

Thanks a bunch.

Nelson Ing					          
ing3@server.uwindsor.ca                               \_@_/ 
am015@detroit.freenet.org        ||=====================J====||
                                 ||-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-/\+-+||
	                         ||=====================\=\==||
			         ||        o                 ||
			         || \_am@_/                  ||
				      ^^^



From FG1@bolton.ac.uk Thu Jul  6 11:47:17 EDT 1995
Article: 152 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!demon!not-for-mail
From: Frank Goodridge <FG1@bolton.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re:Shamrock
Date: Wed, 05 Jul 95 09:42:46 -0700
Organization: Bolton Institute
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>tnies@badlands.NoDak.edu (Troy S Nies) wrote:
>
>>My wife and I are having a hard time find what the scientific name and, 
>>habitat,growing instructions, etc. are for Shamrocks.  We would like the 
>>true shamrocks from Ireland (small ones) and also the North American 
>>version you can get in greenhouses.
>
>There has long been debate as to just what the "true" shamrock is.
>Some say it's the least hop clover, Trifolium dubium. Others say it is
>the white wood-sorrel, Oxalis acetosella. A half dozen other plants in
>Europe and North America have been called shamrocks.
>
>--Jack Sanders, Ridgefield, Conn.
>

'The Englishman's Flora' Geoffrey Grigson (1958) is very thorough on 
common/latin names.  He identifies T.dubium as the Irish Shamrock, 
deriving its name as 'seamrog' -little clover or cloverlet.  He also 
comments:

"There has always been arguement, rather pointlessly, about the identity 
of shamrock.....  It was a clover first and foremost.... though in a free 
world there is nothing to stop you picking the triple leaf of wood-sorrel 
and calling it shamrock, and using it as if it were."

But I'll still insist on my students using latin names first :-)
-- 
Frank Goodridge         Internet: FG1@Bolton.ac.uk
Bolton Institute             Tel: 01204 528851
Deane Road
Bolton
LANCASHIRE
BL3  5AB
UK





From hlehto@sara.cc.utu.fi Thu Jul  6 11:47:18 EDT 1995
Article: 153 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: hlehto@sara.cc.utu.fi
Subject: Clover leaves (Was: Re: Shamrock)
Message-ID: <1995Jul5.124233.1@sara.cc.utu.fi>
Lines: 32
Sender: news@utu.fi (Usenet News admin)
Nntp-Posting-Host: sara.cc.utu.fi
Organization: University of Turku, Finland
References: <9507050941.aa11735@dispatch.demon.co.uk>
Date: Wed, 5 Jul 1995 10:42:33 GMT

In article <9507050941.aa11735@dispatch.demon.co.uk>, Frank Goodridge <FG1@bolton.ac.uk> writes:
> 
> 
> 'The Englishman's Flora' Geoffrey Grigson (1958) is very thorough on 
> common/latin names.  He identifies T.dubium as the Irish Shamrock, 
> deriving its name as 'seamrog' -little clover or cloverlet. ...
> 

A couple evenings ago our whole family was crawling in our backyard in 
search of a four-leaved (white)clover.. In half an hour we found 2 five leaved 
clovers, and 3 four-leaved clovers. Two of which were growing on the opposite 
sides of the same "stem". No two-leaved ones were identified..

A couple of weeks ago, at my in-laws we were much more succesful. Between
rows of Black currant bushes I and my four-year old daugther found in less than
10 minutes more than twenty 4 leaved clovers, about the same number of 
5 leaved clovers, a dozen 6 leaved ones, a couple of 7 leaved ones and 1 
eight leaved one. These multileaved variations were obviously abundant.
In this case insecticides used for the black-currant may have caused the 
extra leave growth.

Now to my questions. Can the sensitivity to grow 4 leaflets be hereditery ? 
Do other clover species grow 4 leaflet leaves as commonly as white clover ?
Is there any other way to simulate growth of 4 leaflet versions other than 
insecticides?

Regards
Harry J Lehto
Kaarina, Finland

 



From hhubbard@csulb.edu Thu Jul  6 22:08:36 EDT 1995
Article: 154 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!usc!nic-nac.CSU.net!csulb.edu!hhubbard
From: hhubbard@csulb.edu (Hal Hubbard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: sick chinese elm
Date: 6 Jul 1995 23:01:19 GMT
Organization: Cal State Long Beach
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NNTP-Posting-Host: beach.csulb.edu
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My Chinese Elm tree seems to be sapping from an old knot near the
trunk. What will stop this "bleeding" or the disease causing this
leakage as the bark seems to be discoloring.

Does anyone have an idea about this?
Thanks.
Stafford Cox
Long Beach, California


From manuel@ac.dal.ca Wed Jul 12 16:59:14 EDT 1995
Article: 157 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!hookup!nstn.ns.ca!ac.dal.ca!manuel
From: manuel@ac.dal.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: red maples
Message-ID: <1995Jul7.132157.39605@ac.dal.ca>
Date: 7 Jul 95 13:21:56 -0300
Organization: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Lines: 15

Can anyone out there tell me whether the fall color of the leaves 
of the red (or swamp) maple (Acer rubrum) is under genetic 
or environmental control?  If it is environmental, what are the
principle factors? I ask because several maples at my present 
home all turn a rather pedestrian yellow in the fall, where as
those at my previous abode were a beautiful riot of red/yellow/
orange (yes I am sure these ones are Acer rubrum).  I know where
there is a source of beautifull deep red trees, but the RsoilS there is 
mixture of slate (mostly), sand(a little) and presumably some 
organic matter, although it is not readily visible (i. e. an 
unimaginably difficult medium from which to extract the roots of
 said trees).  Is it worth the effort, or will these trees also turn 
yellow once transplanted?  thanks in advance, Joan Manuel.
manuel@ac.dal.ca



From jallard@merlin.magic.mb.ca Wed Jul 12 16:59:16 EDT 1995
Article: 158 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news.bc.net!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!tribune.usask.ca!news.sasknet.sk.ca!canopus.cc.umanitoba.ca!news.magic.mb.ca!ttyc13ip.magic.mb.ca!user
From: jallard@merlin.magic.mb.ca (Jean Allard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: VIRGIN LAND: A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY
Date: 7 Jul 1995 17:11:32 GMT
Organization: Magic Online Services Winnipeg.
Lines: 37
Message-ID: <jallard-0707951216040001@ttyc13ip.magic.mb.ca>
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PRISTINE LAKESIDE LAND - 200 acres (80.9 hectares) - easily accessible,
located 60km north of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada - close to absolute
center of Canada.

Offers the following features:
* channel to lake
* anchorage
* lovely sand beach
* original prairie
* oak forest
* living marsh
* treed sand ridge

This ecological rarity contains original prairie flowers and native
animals; including over 200 varieties of birds such as swans, geese,
warblers, marsh birds as well as beavers, muskrats, mink, and deer.

The property is situated on Lake Manitoba, a 50 by 200 km unpolluted
freshwater lake.

The owner is interested in contact regarding joint ventures, leases,
buyouts, economic development, or any possible idea for development,
preservation, or...

Please visit the site's World Wide Web Page for further information and
beautiful aerial and surface photos and diagrams:

http://www.magic.mb.ca/~jallard

or call directly:

Mr. Jean Allard,
Box 51,
St. Laurent,
Manitoba, Canada ROC 2Z0
Tel: 204 646 2690
Fax: 204 989 7581


From tc@stour.net.au Wed Jul 12 16:59:17 EDT 1995
Article: 159 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tc@stour.net.au (Trevis C. Lawton)
Newsgroups: alt.agriculture.misc,rec.gardens,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Permaculture sources???
Date: 8 Jul 1995 15:15:44 GMT
Organization: Stour System Services
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu alt.agriculture.misc:3445 rec.gardens:80378 sci.agriculture:5542 sci.bio.botany:159

Could anyone who knows of net sources of permaculture info. (eg. web
sites, mailing lists, newsgroups...) please email me.

stour@stour.net.au

TIA

T.C. Lawton
System Administrator
Stour System Services (http://www.stour.net.au/)
Bullsbrook, West Australia

It's hard to sleep at night when you know that a 10 pound frog from
Southern Cameroon might come and jump on your stomach.
                                        Chas. M. Schultz "Snoopy"


From klier@cobra.uni.edu Wed Jul 12 16:59:18 EDT 1995
Article: 160 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!hookup!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!hobbes.physics.uiowa.edu!cobra.uni.edu!klier
From: klier@cobra.uni.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <1995Jul8.220456.45926@cobra.uni.edu>
Date: 8 Jul 95 22:04:56 -0500
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Distribution: na
Organization: University of Northern Iowa
Lines: 49

In article <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>, mod@world.std.com (Michael O'Donnell) writes:
> 
> I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
> related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
> pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
> so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
> it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
> plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)  Anyway,
> would anybody care to opine as to whether I might safely chew on one
> of these roots next time I'm out for a walk?
> 
> My region-specific follow-on question would be the more general "What
> common, easily identifiable roadside plants can be safely nibbled while
> on a walk in, say, Massachusetts?"

Yes, you're absolutely right, but I hesitate to begin to identify the
plant you picked over the net.  There are too many really poisonous 
members of the Apiaceae (aka Umbelliferae) to take chances with.

If you're interested in "wild food plants", talk to folks at your
local botanical gardens, parks departments, adult education department,
etc., and ask about guided walks and classes.  Unless you know something
about what you're about to put in your mouth (and what it might be
confused with that you most definitely DON'T want to eat), it's probably
best not to "do it yourself".

If you've "gotta try something", get someone to show you how to identify
the mint family, the Labiatae or Lamiaceae.  With the exception of pennyroyal,
Mentha pulegium, that's a pretty safe family for "tasters".  (Notice that
I said "taste" not "make a meal of it").  Dandelion greens are usually
easy for most people to identify, and they're edible in the early spring,
though a bit acrid for most people.   Cattail (Typha) rhizomes are
edible, and pretty good, but a major messy digging project to find.
If you know sweet birch, Betula lenta, the twigs have a pleasant
wintergreen flavor when chewed.

There are a number of good field guides to common edible plants... I think
I recall one in the Peterson field guide series... that's usually a reliable
series.  However, it's really best to know what you're doing, and compare
the plant with a good field guide before munching.  That way you avoid
the problems like the "mountain guide" about 10 years ago who decided to
teach his clients to forage for wild foods; he mistook poison hemlock for
wild parsnip, and killed the whole party.   :-(

And yes, you're right, the nightshade family, Solanaceae, is another
good family for beginners to avoid eating.

Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu



From mod@world.std.com Wed Jul 12 16:59:19 EDT 1995
Article: 161 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!world!mod
From: mod@world.std.com (Michael O'Donnell)
Subject: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA
Distribution: na
Date: Sun, 9 Jul 1995 00:29:58 GMT
Lines: 19


I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)  Anyway,
would anybody care to opine as to whether I might safely chew on one
of these roots next time I'm out for a walk?

My region-specific follow-on question would be the more general "What
common, easily identifiable roadside plants can be safely nibbled while
on a walk in, say, Massachusetts?"

Regards,
 ---------------------------------
 Michael O'Donnell     mod@std.com
 ---------------------------------



From hinchman@anl.gov Wed Jul 12 16:59:20 EDT 1995
Article: 162 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!milo.mcs.anl.gov!hinchman.es.anl.gov!user
From: hinchman@anl.gov (Ray R. Hinchman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 9 Jul 1995 06:28:41 GMT
Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Lines: 31
Distribution: na
Message-ID: <hinchman-090795010320@hinchman.es.anl.gov>
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: hinchman.es.anl.gov

In article <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>, mod@world.std.com (Michael
O'Donnell) wrote: 
> 
> I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
> related to carrots, <stuff deleted>

Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu then wrote:

>Yes, you're absolutely right, but I hesitate to begin to identify the
>plant you picked over the net.  There are too many really poisonous 
>members of the Apiaceae (aka Umbelliferae) to take chances with.

Good advice! Including all the info Kay provided on edible wild plants. If
the plant you picked was indeed Queen Ann's Lace, it is not only related to
carrots, they are the same species (Daucus carota).  The garden carrot is a
"domesticated" variety of the species.  Queen Ann's Lace roots are very
tough and stringy, but I have used them to give a "carrot" flavor to soup
or stew cooked over a campfire. I remove the roots and discard after
cooking & before eating. Lots of plants that we eat *parts* of have other
parts that are toxic. A couple of examples: The leaves and stems of tomato
plants (we eat the fruit) and the leaves of rhubarb plants (we eat the
large, fleshy petioles) are toxic.

+-----------------------------------------------+
| Ray R. Hinchman                               |
| Energy Systems Division - Bldg. 372           |
| Argonne National Laboratory                   |
| Argonne, IL   60439-4816                      |
| Voice: (708) 252-3391  FAX: (708) 252-6407    |
| Internet: hinchman@anl.gov                    |
+-----------------------------------------------+


From graul@netcom.com Wed Jul 12 16:59:22 EDT 1995
Article: 163 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: graul@netcom.com (Rick Graul)
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <graulDBIG0E.IB2@netcom.com>
Sender: graul@netcom17.netcom.com
Reply-To: graul@netcom.com (Rick Graul)
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Distribution: na
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 1995 17:17:01 GMT
Lines: 20

mod@world.std.com (Michael O'Donnell) writes:

>I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
>related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
>pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
>so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
>it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
>plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)

Michael,

I wouldn't eat Queen Anne's Lace unless I was certain that I could
distinguish it from hemlock, which it resembles.  I don't know about
Massachusetts, but here in the SF Bay Area, hemlock is quite common.

Rick
-- 
**********************************************************************
* Rick Graul                              internet: graul@netcom.com *
**********************************************************************


From mcalvert@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA Wed Jul 12 16:59:23 EDT 1995
Article: 164 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mcalvert@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA (Murray Brain Calvert)
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <1995Jul10.140838.10838@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA>
Organization: Brock University, St. Catharines Ontario
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL9]
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Distribution: na
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 1995 14:08:38 GMT
Lines: 21

Michael O'Donnell (mod@world.std.com) wrote:

: I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
: related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
: pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
: so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
: it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
: plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)  Anyway,
: would anybody care to opine as to whether I might safely chew on one
: of these roots next time I'm out for a walk?

	Hemlock (that poisoned Socrates) looks a lot like Q.A.L. Just
recently I found Cowbane, or Water Parsnip, on my neighbours land. Many
children and cows have died from eating the leaves or roots. So any
plant with an umbel (flower head like Q.A.L.) should be as suspect as an
unknown mushroom. If I recall, the domestic carrot is biennial. The root
stores energy from the first year of growth, to put up the lacy flower
the second year. The next generation of a hybrid carrot will revert to
the wild Q.A.L. since it is the same species.

Brian Calvert


From p01135@psilink.com Wed Jul 12 16:59:25 EDT 1995
Article: 165 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!dish.news.pipex.net!pipex!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in1.uu.net!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!news.worldlink.com!usenet
From: "Beryl Gorbman" <p01135@psilink.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: NEEM TREE SEEDS
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 95 19:10:44 -0800
Organization: THE WRITE STUFF
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X-Mailer: PSILink-DOS (3.5.1)
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:165 bionet.plants:7193

Looking for Neem seeds to plant in arid region of Yucatan.  If you know 
anyone willing to sell them, please contact me by email:p01135@psilink.com
Thanks.
bg


From vprasad@chat.carleton.ca Wed Jul 12 16:59:26 EDT 1995
Article: 166 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: vprasad@chat.carleton.ca (Victor Prasad)
Subject: Medicinal Herbs
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: agora.carleton.ca
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Sender: news@cunews.carleton.ca (News Administrator)
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 1995 04:51:31 GMT
Lines: 14


	hi!  does anyone know of any recent studies done on medicinal
herbs (such as ginseng, garlic, garcina etx) that are not supported by
the supplement industry?

	has anyone actual done any study on them - if so, i would like
to hear from you.  please reply to me personally..thanx




		"Obscurity often brings security" - Aesop

			(In other words: shut up)


From virginie.michils@rug.ac.be Wed Jul 12 16:59:27 EDT 1995
Article: 167 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!news.sprintlink.net!EU.net!Belgium.EU.net!chaos.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be!idefix.CS.kuleuven.ac.be!infoserv.rug.ac.be!news
From: virginie.michils@rug.ac.be (V. Michils/ F. Goossens)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: info on botanical gardens wanted ...
Date: Tue, 11 Jul 1995 11:05:13 GMT
Organization: University of Ghent, Belgium
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <3ttlsh$5h1@infoserv.rug.ac.be>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dlup1p03.rug.ac.be
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

As a last year history student at the university of Ghent (Belgium) i am doing
my thesis on the history of the botanical (university) garden of Ghent (1797 up
to now) ... Things are getting on as they should, but there are two questions I
would like to get answers to from the net. I would primaraly expect these
answers to come from people working in/ for botanical gardens all over the
world, but would of course appreciate any input ! (my thesis has to be ready by
5th august, so please reply a.s.a.p., sorry for the rush ...)

1. As the botanical gardens of ghent did not keep an archive of contact with
other hortus: which gardens have been in contact (e.g. seed exchange) with the
Ghent garden ? What did these contacts consist of ? When did they take place ?
Any info on such contacts is welcome ...

2. I plan to end my thesis with a chapter on the actual problems of botanical
gardens. I am under the impression that, whereas in the past those gardens were
considered to be scientificully important, nowadays the same gardens are looking
for new "reasons of being", such as tourism, conservation of species, ... What
are the goals of "your" botanical garden ? How do you consider that shift in
importance ? Any info or insight on this subject is welcome ....

PLEASE REPLY TO E-MAIL ADRESS: virginie.michils@rug.ac.be

AS I AM NOT FAMILIAR WITH NEWSGROUPS ON BOTANY, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO REDISTRIBUTE
THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER RELEVANT NEWSGROUPS, OR TO FORWARD IT TO BOTANICAL GARDENS
YOU NOW ...



From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Wed Jul 12 16:59:29 EDT 1995
Article: 168 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.ultranet.com!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!laberge.inhs.uiuc.edu!user
From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Date: 11 Jul 1995 15:57:24 GMT
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
Lines: 35
Distribution: na
Message-ID: <dyanega-1107951056290001@laberge.inhs.uiuc.edu>
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com> <hinchman-090795010320@hinchman.es.anl.gov>
NNTP-Posting-Host: laberge.inhs.uiuc.edu

In article <hinchman-090795010320@hinchman.es.anl.gov>, hinchman@anl.gov
(Ray R. Hinchman) wrote:

> In article <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>, mod@world.std.com (Michael
> O'Donnell) wrote: 
> > 
> > I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
> > related to carrots, <stuff deleted>
> 
> Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu then wrote:
> 
> >Yes, you're absolutely right, but I hesitate to begin to identify the
> >plant you picked over the net.  There are too many really poisonous 
> >members of the Apiaceae (aka Umbelliferae) to take chances with.
> 
> Good advice! Including all the info Kay provided on edible wild plants. If
> the plant you picked was indeed Queen Ann's Lace, it is not only related to
> carrots, they are the same species (Daucus carota).  The garden carrot is a
> "domesticated" variety of the species.  Queen Ann's Lace roots are very
> tough and stringy, but I have used them to give a "carrot" flavor to soup
> or stew cooked over a campfire. I remove the roots and discard after
> cooking & before eating. Lots of plants that we eat *parts* of have other
> parts that are toxic. A couple of examples: The leaves and stems of tomato
> plants (we eat the fruit) and the leaves of rhubarb plants (we eat the
> large, fleshy petioles) are toxic.

In the case of Queen Anne's Lace, cultural and clinical evidence exists
that some chemical in the seeds may prevent embryo implantation -
apparently a potent natural contraceptive.
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From conrad@richters.com Wed Jul 12 16:59:30 EDT 1995
Article: 169 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!uunet.ca!news.uunet.ca!richtr!conrad
From: conrad@richters.com (Conrad Richter)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: NEEM TREE SEEDS
Message-ID: <7Vs38c4w165w@richters.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Jul 95 09:05:41 EDT
References: <3014503734.8.p01135@psilink.com>
Distribution: world
Organization: Richters Herbs
Lines: 16
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:169 bionet.plants:7204

"Beryl Gorbman" <p01135@psilink.com> writes:

> Looking for Neem seeds to plant in arid region of Yucatan.  If you know 
> anyone willing to sell them, please contact me by email:p01135@psilink.com

We are expecting a shipment of fresh seeds in the next few weeks.  It is 
important to realize that neem seeds are very short-lived.  By the time 
they are delivered to you they may have only 10% germination or less.  
The longevity of neem is rated at about 30 days.  This is why neem seeds 
are so rarely offered by seed companies. 

Conrad Richter

RICHTERS HERBS                     | Info:                 info@richters.com
Goodwood, ON  L0C 1A0, Canada      | Catalog Requests:  catalog@richters.com
Tel +1-905-640-6677  Fax 640-6641  | What's New for '95:    new@richters.com


From gpeterso@gpu2.srv.ualberta.ca Wed Jul 12 16:59:32 EDT 1995
Article: 170 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.uoregon.edu!news.bc.net!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!gpu2!gpeterso
From: gpeterso@gpu2.srv.ualberta.ca (Greg Peterson)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: REQ: Books on Cereal Biology
Date: 12 Jul 1995 18:04:21 GMT
Organization: University of Alberta
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <3u12r5$1aec@rover.ucs.ualberta.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: gpu2.srv.ualberta.ca
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:7206 sci.bio.botany:170

I would like to know if anyone can suggest a book(s) dealing with cereal 
biology. I'm primarily dealing with wheat (_Triticum_aestivum_) and would 
like to find some information on cultivar types and characteristics, 
flowering times, ripening times, disease, pest, and environmental 
resistance, etc. Any literature comparing wheat biology with 
other cereals would also be appreaciated.

Depending on the number of responses I'll post a summary of books suggested.

Thanks in advance,
                                                  V
Greg Peterson                                     V  /\
CW-315 Biological Sciences Building               v /  \
University of Alberta                         /\  |/
Edmonton AB  T6G 2E9                            \ |
                                                 \| 
gpeterso@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                     -|-



From klier@cobra.uni.edu Fri Jul 14 00:54:26 EDT 1995
Article: 160 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!hookup!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!hobbes.physics.uiowa.edu!cobra.uni.edu!klier
From: klier@cobra.uni.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <1995Jul8.220456.45926@cobra.uni.edu>
Date: 8 Jul 95 22:04:56 -0500
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Distribution: na
Organization: University of Northern Iowa
Lines: 49

In article <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>, mod@world.std.com (Michael O'Donnell) writes:
> 
> I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
> related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
> pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
> so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
> it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
> plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)  Anyway,
> would anybody care to opine as to whether I might safely chew on one
> of these roots next time I'm out for a walk?
> 
> My region-specific follow-on question would be the more general "What
> common, easily identifiable roadside plants can be safely nibbled while
> on a walk in, say, Massachusetts?"

Yes, you're absolutely right, but I hesitate to begin to identify the
plant you picked over the net.  There are too many really poisonous 
members of the Apiaceae (aka Umbelliferae) to take chances with.

If you're interested in "wild food plants", talk to folks at your
local botanical gardens, parks departments, adult education department,
etc., and ask about guided walks and classes.  Unless you know something
about what you're about to put in your mouth (and what it might be
confused with that you most definitely DON'T want to eat), it's probably
best not to "do it yourself".

If you've "gotta try something", get someone to show you how to identify
the mint family, the Labiatae or Lamiaceae.  With the exception of pennyroyal,
Mentha pulegium, that's a pretty safe family for "tasters".  (Notice that
I said "taste" not "make a meal of it").  Dandelion greens are usually
easy for most people to identify, and they're edible in the early spring,
though a bit acrid for most people.   Cattail (Typha) rhizomes are
edible, and pretty good, but a major messy digging project to find.
If you know sweet birch, Betula lenta, the twigs have a pleasant
wintergreen flavor when chewed.

There are a number of good field guides to common edible plants... I think
I recall one in the Peterson field guide series... that's usually a reliable
series.  However, it's really best to know what you're doing, and compare
the plant with a good field guide before munching.  That way you avoid
the problems like the "mountain guide" about 10 years ago who decided to
teach his clients to forage for wild foods; he mistook poison hemlock for
wild parsnip, and killed the whole party.   :-(

And yes, you're right, the nightshade family, Solanaceae, is another
good family for beginners to avoid eating.

Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu



From mod@world.std.com Fri Jul 14 00:54:27 EDT 1995
Article: 161 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!world!mod
From: mod@world.std.com (Michael O'Donnell)
Subject: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA
Distribution: na
Date: Sun, 9 Jul 1995 00:29:58 GMT
Lines: 19


I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)  Anyway,
would anybody care to opine as to whether I might safely chew on one
of these roots next time I'm out for a walk?

My region-specific follow-on question would be the more general "What
common, easily identifiable roadside plants can be safely nibbled while
on a walk in, say, Massachusetts?"

Regards,
 ---------------------------------
 Michael O'Donnell     mod@std.com
 ---------------------------------



From hinchman@anl.gov Fri Jul 14 00:54:28 EDT 1995
Article: 162 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!milo.mcs.anl.gov!hinchman.es.anl.gov!user
From: hinchman@anl.gov (Ray R. Hinchman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 9 Jul 1995 06:28:41 GMT
Organization: Argonne National Laboratory
Lines: 31
Distribution: na
Message-ID: <hinchman-090795010320@hinchman.es.anl.gov>
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: hinchman.es.anl.gov

In article <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>, mod@world.std.com (Michael
O'Donnell) wrote: 
> 
> I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
> related to carrots, <stuff deleted>

Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu then wrote:

>Yes, you're absolutely right, but I hesitate to begin to identify the
>plant you picked over the net.  There are too many really poisonous 
>members of the Apiaceae (aka Umbelliferae) to take chances with.

Good advice! Including all the info Kay provided on edible wild plants. If
the plant you picked was indeed Queen Ann's Lace, it is not only related to
carrots, they are the same species (Daucus carota).  The garden carrot is a
"domesticated" variety of the species.  Queen Ann's Lace roots are very
tough and stringy, but I have used them to give a "carrot" flavor to soup
or stew cooked over a campfire. I remove the roots and discard after
cooking & before eating. Lots of plants that we eat *parts* of have other
parts that are toxic. A couple of examples: The leaves and stems of tomato
plants (we eat the fruit) and the leaves of rhubarb plants (we eat the
large, fleshy petioles) are toxic.

+-----------------------------------------------+
| Ray R. Hinchman                               |
| Energy Systems Division - Bldg. 372           |
| Argonne National Laboratory                   |
| Argonne, IL   60439-4816                      |
| Voice: (708) 252-3391  FAX: (708) 252-6407    |
| Internet: hinchman@anl.gov                    |
+-----------------------------------------------+


From graul@netcom.com Fri Jul 14 00:54:30 EDT 1995
Article: 163 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!emf.emf.net!overload.lbl.gov!lll-winken.llnl.gov!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!graul
From: graul@netcom.com (Rick Graul)
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <graulDBIG0E.IB2@netcom.com>
Sender: graul@netcom17.netcom.com
Reply-To: graul@netcom.com (Rick Graul)
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Distribution: na
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 1995 17:17:01 GMT
Lines: 20

mod@world.std.com (Michael O'Donnell) writes:

>I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
>related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
>pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
>so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
>it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
>plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)

Michael,

I wouldn't eat Queen Anne's Lace unless I was certain that I could
distinguish it from hemlock, which it resembles.  I don't know about
Massachusetts, but here in the SF Bay Area, hemlock is quite common.

Rick
-- 
**********************************************************************
* Rick Graul                              internet: graul@netcom.com *
**********************************************************************


From mcalvert@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA Fri Jul 14 00:54:30 EDT 1995
Article: 164 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!spartan.ac.BrockU.CA!mcalvert
From: mcalvert@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA (Murray Brain Calvert)
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Message-ID: <1995Jul10.140838.10838@spartan.ac.BrockU.CA>
Organization: Brock University, St. Catharines Ontario
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL9]
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>
Distribution: na
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 1995 14:08:38 GMT
Lines: 21

Michael O'Donnell (mod@world.std.com) wrote:

: I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
: related to carrots, so I pulled one up and shredded its root with my
: pocket knife.  Sure enough it smelled VERY much like a carrot - so much
: so that I was temped to eat some, but didn't.  My reluctance to taste
: it was at least partly due to my remembering that another common edible
: plant (tomato) is supposedly related to deadly nightshade(!)  Anyway,
: would anybody care to opine as to whether I might safely chew on one
: of these roots next time I'm out for a walk?

	Hemlock (that poisoned Socrates) looks a lot like Q.A.L. Just
recently I found Cowbane, or Water Parsnip, on my neighbours land. Many
children and cows have died from eating the leaves or roots. So any
plant with an umbel (flower head like Q.A.L.) should be as suspect as an
unknown mushroom. If I recall, the domestic carrot is biennial. The root
stores energy from the first year of growth, to put up the lacy flower
the second year. The next generation of a hybrid carrot will revert to
the wild Q.A.L. since it is the same species.

Brian Calvert


From p01135@psilink.com Fri Jul 14 00:54:32 EDT 1995
Article: 165 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!dish.news.pipex.net!pipex!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in1.uu.net!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!news.worldlink.com!usenet
From: "Beryl Gorbman" <p01135@psilink.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: NEEM TREE SEEDS
Date: Mon, 10 Jul 95 19:10:44 -0800
Organization: THE WRITE STUFF
Lines: 4
Message-ID: <3014503734.8.p01135@psilink.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: worldlink.com
X-Mailer: PSILink-DOS (3.5.1)
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:165 bionet.plants:7193

Looking for Neem seeds to plant in arid region of Yucatan.  If you know 
anyone willing to sell them, please contact me by email:p01135@psilink.com
Thanks.
bg


From vprasad@chat.carleton.ca Fri Jul 14 00:54:33 EDT 1995
Article: 166 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!cs.utexas.edu!utnut!nott!cunews!agora!vprasad
From: vprasad@chat.carleton.ca (Victor Prasad)
Subject: Medicinal Herbs
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: agora.carleton.ca
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Sender: news@cunews.carleton.ca (News Administrator)
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Date: Tue, 11 Jul 1995 04:51:31 GMT
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	hi!  does anyone know of any recent studies done on medicinal
herbs (such as ginseng, garlic, garcina etx) that are not supported by
the supplement industry?

	has anyone actual done any study on them - if so, i would like
to hear from you.  please reply to me personally..thanx




		"Obscurity often brings security" - Aesop

			(In other words: shut up)


From virginie.michils@rug.ac.be Fri Jul 14 00:54:34 EDT 1995
Article: 167 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!news.sprintlink.net!EU.net!Belgium.EU.net!chaos.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be!idefix.CS.kuleuven.ac.be!infoserv.rug.ac.be!news
From: virginie.michils@rug.ac.be (V. Michils/ F. Goossens)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: info on botanical gardens wanted ...
Date: Tue, 11 Jul 1995 11:05:13 GMT
Organization: University of Ghent, Belgium
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <3ttlsh$5h1@infoserv.rug.ac.be>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dlup1p03.rug.ac.be
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

As a last year history student at the university of Ghent (Belgium) i am doing
my thesis on the history of the botanical (university) garden of Ghent (1797 up
to now) ... Things are getting on as they should, but there are two questions I
would like to get answers to from the net. I would primaraly expect these
answers to come from people working in/ for botanical gardens all over the
world, but would of course appreciate any input ! (my thesis has to be ready by
5th august, so please reply a.s.a.p., sorry for the rush ...)

1. As the botanical gardens of ghent did not keep an archive of contact with
other hortus: which gardens have been in contact (e.g. seed exchange) with the
Ghent garden ? What did these contacts consist of ? When did they take place ?
Any info on such contacts is welcome ...

2. I plan to end my thesis with a chapter on the actual problems of botanical
gardens. I am under the impression that, whereas in the past those gardens were
considered to be scientificully important, nowadays the same gardens are looking
for new "reasons of being", such as tourism, conservation of species, ... What
are the goals of "your" botanical garden ? How do you consider that shift in
importance ? Any info or insight on this subject is welcome ....

PLEASE REPLY TO E-MAIL ADRESS: virginie.michils@rug.ac.be

AS I AM NOT FAMILIAR WITH NEWSGROUPS ON BOTANY, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO REDISTRIBUTE
THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER RELEVANT NEWSGROUPS, OR TO FORWARD IT TO BOTANICAL GARDENS
YOU NOW ...



From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Fri Jul 14 00:54:35 EDT 1995
Article: 168 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.ultranet.com!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!laberge.inhs.uiuc.edu!user
From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Queen Anne's Lace, carrots & edible MA wild plants
Date: 11 Jul 1995 15:57:24 GMT
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
Lines: 35
Distribution: na
Message-ID: <dyanega-1107951056290001@laberge.inhs.uiuc.edu>
References: <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com> <hinchman-090795010320@hinchman.es.anl.gov>
NNTP-Posting-Host: laberge.inhs.uiuc.edu

In article <hinchman-090795010320@hinchman.es.anl.gov>, hinchman@anl.gov
(Ray R. Hinchman) wrote:

> In article <DBFApy.39E@world.std.com>, mod@world.std.com (Michael
> O'Donnell) wrote: 
> > 
> > I heard recently (I cannot remember where) that Queen Anne's Lace is
> > related to carrots, <stuff deleted>
> 
> Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu then wrote:
> 
> >Yes, you're absolutely right, but I hesitate to begin to identify the
> >plant you picked over the net.  There are too many really poisonous 
> >members of the Apiaceae (aka Umbelliferae) to take chances with.
> 
> Good advice! Including all the info Kay provided on edible wild plants. If
> the plant you picked was indeed Queen Ann's Lace, it is not only related to
> carrots, they are the same species (Daucus carota).  The garden carrot is a
> "domesticated" variety of the species.  Queen Ann's Lace roots are very
> tough and stringy, but I have used them to give a "carrot" flavor to soup
> or stew cooked over a campfire. I remove the roots and discard after
> cooking & before eating. Lots of plants that we eat *parts* of have other
> parts that are toxic. A couple of examples: The leaves and stems of tomato
> plants (we eat the fruit) and the leaves of rhubarb plants (we eat the
> large, fleshy petioles) are toxic.

In the case of Queen Anne's Lace, cultural and clinical evidence exists
that some chemical in the seeds may prevent embryo implantation -
apparently a potent natural contraceptive.
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From conrad@richters.com Fri Jul 14 00:54:37 EDT 1995
Article: 169 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!uunet.ca!news.uunet.ca!richtr!conrad
From: conrad@richters.com (Conrad Richter)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: NEEM TREE SEEDS
Message-ID: <7Vs38c4w165w@richters.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Jul 95 09:05:41 EDT
References: <3014503734.8.p01135@psilink.com>
Distribution: world
Organization: Richters Herbs
Lines: 16
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:169 bionet.plants:7204

"Beryl Gorbman" <p01135@psilink.com> writes:

> Looking for Neem seeds to plant in arid region of Yucatan.  If you know 
> anyone willing to sell them, please contact me by email:p01135@psilink.com

We are expecting a shipment of fresh seeds in the next few weeks.  It is 
important to realize that neem seeds are very short-lived.  By the time 
they are delivered to you they may have only 10% germination or less.  
The longevity of neem is rated at about 30 days.  This is why neem seeds 
are so rarely offered by seed companies. 

Conrad Richter

RICHTERS HERBS                     | Info:                 info@richters.com
Goodwood, ON  L0C 1A0, Canada      | Catalog Requests:  catalog@richters.com
Tel +1-905-640-6677  Fax 640-6641  | What's New for '95:    new@richters.com


From gpeterso@gpu2.srv.ualberta.ca Fri Jul 14 00:54:39 EDT 1995
Article: 170 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.uoregon.edu!news.bc.net!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!gpu2!gpeterso
From: gpeterso@gpu2.srv.ualberta.ca (Greg Peterson)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: REQ: Books on Cereal Biology
Date: 12 Jul 1995 18:04:21 GMT
Organization: University of Alberta
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <3u12r5$1aec@rover.ucs.ualberta.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: gpu2.srv.ualberta.ca
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:7206 sci.bio.botany:170

I would like to know if anyone can suggest a book(s) dealing with cereal 
biology. I'm primarily dealing with wheat (_Triticum_aestivum_) and would 
like to find some information on cultivar types and characteristics, 
flowering times, ripening times, disease, pest, and environmental 
resistance, etc. Any literature comparing wheat biology with 
other cereals would also be appreaciated.

Depending on the number of responses I'll post a summary of books suggested.

Thanks in advance,
                                                  V
Greg Peterson                                     V  /\
CW-315 Biological Sciences Building               v /  \
University of Alberta                         /\  |/
Edmonton AB  T6G 2E9                            \ |
                                                 \| 
gpeterso@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                     -|-



From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Fri Jul 14 00:54:40 EDT 1995
Article: 171 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp.et.byu.edu!news.kei.com!simtel!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples)
Subject: Re: NEEM TREE SEEDS
Message-ID: <DBLLq8.GqM@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <3014503734.8.p01135@psilink.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Jul 1995 10:13:19 GMT
Lines: 15
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:171 bionet.plants:7207

"Beryl Gorbman" <p01135@psilink.com> writes:

>Looking for Neem seeds to plant in arid region of Yucatan.  If you know 
>anyone willing to sell them, please contact me by email:p01135@psilink.com

Make very sure you get fresh seed.  Neem seed does not live long after
maturing in our experience (maybe a month or two).

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 921 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From villafan@chuma.cas.usf.edu Fri Jul 14 00:54:41 EDT 1995
Article: 172 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!darwin.sura.net!mother.usf.edu!chuma!villafan
From: villafan@chuma.cas.usf.edu (Eric Villafane (CHE))
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help: interesting Botany Web Pages
Date: 13 Jul 1995 00:19:44 GMT
Organization: University of South Florida
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <3u1or0$fa9@mother.usf.edu>
References: <Pine.SGI.3.91.950625154851.10704C-100000@server.uwindsor.ca> <3srj4b$2bv@oravannahka.Helsinki.FI> <drexel-0307951654430001@jazz90.dy.iinet.net.au> <DB6CKI.90@news.hawaii.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chuma.cas.usf.edu
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

   The Virtual Mirror's Garden Patch section has quite a few things that 
you might enjoy:

     http://mirror.wwa.com/mirror/index.html
--
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

        Some men give up their designs
        when they have almost reached the goal,
        while others, on the contrary, obtain a victory
        by exerting at the last moment more vigorous efforts than before.
 
                                      -Polybius
Eric Villafane					villafane@chuma.cas.usf.edu
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@


From lwiegard@uoguelph.ca Fri Jul 14 00:54:43 EDT 1995
Article: 173 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!ccshst05.cs.uoguelph.ca!ccshst01.cs.uoguelph.ca!lwiegard
From: lwiegard@uoguelph.ca (Lynn M Wiegard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: NEEM TREE SEEDS
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Date: 12 Jul 1995 20:10:45 GMT
Organization: University of Guelph
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <3u1a85$rj3@ccshst05.cs.uoguelph.ca>
References: <3014503734.8.p01135@psilink.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ccshst01.cs.uoguelph.ca
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:173 bionet.plants:7210

Beryl Gorbman wrote:
: Looking for Neem seeds to plant in arid region of Yucatan.  If you know 
: anyone willing to sell them, please contact me by email:p01135@psilink.com
: Thanks.
: bg

Azadirachta indica:

Available for CDN$15.00/pkt (fresh, July thru September) from Richter's
here in Canada;  info via email:  richter@gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca  Worldwide 
shipping available. 

also:

Hurov's Tropical Seeds, (US) (619) 426-0091
B&T Associates (UK) (278) 733-209
Ellison Horticultural (AUS) 6144-214255

(three random suppliers of about a dozen I culled from _Cornucopia:  A 
Source Book of Edible Plants_, Steven Facciola, Kampong Publications: 
Vista, 1990.  ISBN:  0-9628087-0-9).

------------------------------------------------------------------------
lwiegard@uoguelph.ca                       lynn@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca
------------------------------------------------------------------------


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Fri Jul 14 00:54:44 EDT 1995
Article: 174 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: NEEM TREE SEEDS
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
Message-ID: <DBMt2G.AAD@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
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References: <3014503734.8.p01135@psilink.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 1995 01:49:28 GMT
Lines: 11
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:174 bionet.plants:7213

"Beryl Gorbman"  writes:
> Looking for Neem seeds to plant in arid region of Yucatan.  If you know 
> anyone willing to sell them, please contact me by email:p01135@psilink.com
> Thanks.
> bg

What are Neem seeds?
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From swatkins@taranaki.ac.nz Fri Jul 14 00:54:45 EDT 1995
Article: 175 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.duke.edu!convex!cs.utexas.edu!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!news.starnet.net!wupost!waikato!taranaki!usenet
From: Stephen Watkins <swatkins@taranaki.ac.nz>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Orhizopsis rigida
Date: 13 Jul 1995 08:06:41 GMT
Organization: New Plymouth Online.
Lines: 8
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.1N (Windows; I; 16bit)

Would appreciate any information regarding Orhizopsis rigida commonly 
known as " Rainbow Grass ", Have been unable to secure references either 
in text or WWW searchs. I presume it is a synonym.  Any help would be of 
great help thanks.

Roger Watkins
swatkins@taranaki.ac.nz



From ceng@smtp.spd.usace.army.mil Fri Jul 14 00:54:46 EDT 1995
Article: 176 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!nntp.crl.com!pacbell.com!nntp-hub2.barrnet.net!nntp-hub.barrnet.net!spk41.usace.mil!usenet
From: ceng@smtp.spd.usace.army.mil
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need help with planting native willows
Date: Wed, 12 Jul 1995 22:10:29 GMT
Organization: US Army Corps of Engineers, CESPK
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I would like to know any information on willows (not the weeping ones)
native to Sonoma County.

I am trying to find out how deep the soil they are being transplanted
in needs to be, and how far apart I should plant them.

Any info would be appreciated.

my e-mail is -->  ceng@smtp.spd.usace.army.mil





From guerin@portos.cea.fr Fri Jul 14 00:54:48 EDT 1995
Article: 177 of sci.bio.botany
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From: guerin@portos.cea.fr (GUERIN Gilles)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Thiourea
Date: 13 Jul 1995 15:38:28 GMT
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This chemical is supposed to break some seed dormancies. Is it true? Any
information on how must it be used? what kind of dormancy are concerned?


From thilo@asciel.deceiver.org Fri Jul 14 00:54:49 EDT 1995
Article: 178 of sci.bio.botany
From: thilo@asciel.deceiver.org (Thilo Pfennig)
Subject: Re: Permaculture sources???
Message-ID: <950712aa00594e189600@asciel.deceiver.org>
References: <3tm7f0$c3h@classic.iinet.com.au>   
Organization: asciel, priv.mailbox, Kiel, Germany
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In article <3tm7f0$c3h@classic.iinet.com.au>, Trevis C. Lawton writes:

> 
> Could anyone who knows of net sources of permaculture info. (eg. web
> sites, mailing lists, newsgroups...) please email me.

There is a mailing-list at almanac@ces.ncsu.edu called "permaculture-mg". 
To subscribe only send subscribe permaculture-mg to the above address. I 
fpound out, that  if you write tpo this list you get alot of error-messages 
of non-functionating mail-servers. :-( I think I am not the only one with 
this problem, but it stopped me from writing more. i hope thios errors are 
soon repaired...


From richowen@nando.net Fri Jul 14 12:22:12 EDT 1995
Article: 179 of sci.bio.botany
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From: richowen <richowen@nando.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sonic Bloom
Date: Fri, 14 Jul 1995 04:27:47 -0400
Organization: News & Observer Public Access
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Has anyone heard of a Technique called Sonic Bloom?


suposedly the researcher used ultrasonic frequencys to stimulate
plant growth.
anyone with any info on this would be much apreciated.


         Thanx,
                 Richowen@Merlin.Nando.Net



From 100346,1267@compuserve.com Fri Jul 14 12:22:14 EDT 1995
Article: 180 of sci.bio.botany
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From: 100346,1267@compuserve.com (Eric Rowe)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help: interesting Botany Web Pages
Date: Fri, 14 Jul 1995 13:23:19 GMT
Organization: Garden design
Lines: 3
Message-ID: <3u5d3r$36o@dub-news-svc-6.compuserve.com>
References: <Pine.SGI.3.91.950625154851.10704C-100000@server.uwindsor.ca> <3srj4b$2bv@oravannahka.Helsinki.FI> <drexel-0307951654430001@jazz90.dy.iinet.net.au>
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Kew Gardens at:
http//www.rbgkew.org.uk  also gives a list of other web sites.



From tkeenan@uoguelph.ca Sat Jul 15 12:53:02 EDT 1995
Article: 181 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tkeenan@uoguelph.ca (Timothy J Keenan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Orhizopsis rigida
Date: 14 Jul 1995 15:41:00 GMT
Organization: University of Guelph
Lines: 23
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Stephen Watkins (swatkins@taranaki.ac.nz) wrote:
: Would appreciate any information regarding Orhizopsis rigida commonly 
: known as " Rainbow Grass ", Have been unable to secure references either 
: in text or WWW searchs. I presume it is a synonym.  Any help would be of 
: great help thanks.

I think the problem may be spelling.  I have never heard of 
"_Orhizopsis_", but the suffix -opsis means "similar to", and I suspect 
that the genus you are looking for would be called "_Oryzopsis_", which 
would mean "a genus similar to _Oryza_".  _Oryza_ _sativa_ is the cereal 
grain known as rice.  This guess is based on my knowledge of the genus 
"_Zizaniopsis_", another aquatic grass which resembles the genus 
"_Zizania_", whose North American species are known as "wild rice".

Hope this is of some use--

Tim Keenan

Cliff Ecology Research Group
Botany Department
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario



From g_mccullocca@titan.sfasu.edu Sun Jul 16 00:51:21 EDT 1995
Article: 182 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Designing butterfly garden
Message-ID: <1995Jul15.014944@titan.sfasu.edu>
From: g_mccullocca@titan.sfasu.edu
Date: 15 Jul 95 01:49:44 CST
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Butterfly Garden project to be added to Lanana CreeK Trail which is part of 
Stephen F. Austin State University Arboretum located Nacogdoches Texas 
(East Texas)

I am looking for books, magazines, articles on subject of butterfly gardens.

Details of my project:
site: slope greater than 15% bottomland could flood north end is main road to 
campus south end vegetable garden plot(for intro to Hort)
soil: Sandy by a river
has to have: a structure on the trail or by the trail 
wheelchair accessable(problem one slope)

more on structure it cannot be cookie cutter and must be built my college 
student

can have soil brought in, rocks, rail road ties

What is this for you should be wondering?  I am taking Advanced AutoCAD for 
graduate credit and I have to do a project and the prof would like this to be 
done.  I want to put a lot of it in 3D since I have problems with 3D.

If you give me something really great and helpful I will be willing to 
reference you on my project and send you a copy of the end project.

Since I am an overcheve it should turn out great and be really cool.
I hope to have a yard one day and put in my own butterfly garden.

Thanks in advance for any help
Christine McCulloch


From vulpia@sonic.net Sun Jul 16 00:51:22 EDT 1995
Article: 183 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mulberry spp.
Date: Sat, 15 Jul 1995 07:00:45
Organization: Sonoma Interconnect,707.522.1001,ppp$12/mo,Santa Rosa,CA(us)
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On a trip to Manchester, New Hampshire, I found some small Mulberry trees 
growing in cracks in a retaining wall along the Merrimack River.  Using my 
handy Peterson field guide to eastern shrubs & trees, I figured out that they 
were in fact Morus spp.  My question is:  one little tree had immature white 
fruits, blackberry-shaped.  Another had mature fruits, deep red-black in 
color. The leaves on both were deeply lobed, like Oak leaves.  Were these the 
same Morus species?  My field guide was not explicit on immature fruit color. 
Since I am from California, these plants were totally unknown to me.  Can 
someone help?   -Nan from Calif.


From larry@toppoint.de Tue Jul 18 23:08:39 EDT 1995
Article: 184 of sci.bio.botany
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From: larry@toppoint.de (Lars Freymark)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: guarana seeds
Date: 16 Jul 1995 20:11:00 +0200
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Keywords: guarana
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #7

Hi!

I have contact several seedbanks for guarana seeds, without success. Do you
have an idea where I could ask for them? I would like to grow guarana in a
greenhouse, in soil, in the north of Germany. Do you have any information if
this is practical? Should I better try to use a hydrosystem, for exampel
rockwool, under metal-halide lamps until the plants are old enough.
Any help is welcome.

Greetings and thanks


                       Lars Freymark
-- 
Lars Freymark, 24143 Kiel
e-Mail: larry@toppoint.de


From larry@toppoint.de Tue Jul 18 23:08:41 EDT 1995
Article: 185 of sci.bio.botany
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From: larry@toppoint.de (Lars Freymark)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: guarana seeds
Date: 16 Jul 1995 20:34:05 +0200
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Keywords: guarana
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Hi!

I want to grow guarana plants in the north of Germany. I have asked several
companys for guarana seeds, but without success. Do you have an idea where I
could get them?
Is it possibel to grow guarana outside in germany? I am undecided whether I
should grow in soil in a greenhouse or under metalhalid lamps (52t lmn) in
an hydrophonic system, if the plants should not stay outside. Do you have
some ideas?
Any help is very welcome.


Greetingsand thanks  


                       Lars
-- 
Lars Freymark, 24143 Kiel
e-Mail: larry@toppoint.de


From sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu Tue Jul 18 23:08:42 EDT 1995
Article: 186 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mulberry spp.
Date: 16 Jul 1995 04:00:16 GMT
Organization: ST. CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY, ST. CLOUD, MN
Lines: 16
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References: <vulpia.6.0007036D@sonic.net>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: tigger.stcloud.msus.edu

In article <vulpia.6.0007036D@sonic.net>, vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison) writes:
>On a trip to Manchester, New Hampshire, I found some small Mulberry trees 
>growing in cracks in a retaining wall along the Merrimack River.  Using my 
>handy Peterson field guide to eastern shrubs & trees, I figured out that they 
>were in fact Morus spp.  My question is:  one little tree had immature white 
>fruits, blackberry-shaped.  Another had mature fruits, deep red-black in 
>color. The leaves on both were deeply lobed, like Oak leaves.  Were these the 
>same Morus species?  My field guide was not explicit on immature fruit color. 
>Since I am from California, these plants were totally unknown to me.  Can 
>someone help?   -Nan from Calif.
The white ones sound like young fruits to me - the mulberry fruits, at least in
MN start white, go through a red/purple stage and finally turn the color of a
blackberry.  Depending on the amount of light, the fruits may be at different
stages of maturity on different trees.
Stephanie



From schwalbe@mbl.edu Tue Jul 18 23:08:43 EDT 1995
Article: 187 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!bigboote.WPI.EDU!news3.near.net!netnews.whoi.edu!ppp4.mbl.edu!user
From: schwalbe@mbl.edu (Karen Schwalbe)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mulberry spp.
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: Mon, 17 Jul 1995 14:13:09 -0400
Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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References: <vulpia.6.0007036D@sonic.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp4.mbl.edu

In article <vulpia.6.0007036D@sonic.net>, vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
wrote:

<snip>
> were in fact Morus spp.  My question is:  one little tree had immature white 
> fruits, blackberry-shaped.  Another had mature fruits, deep red-black in 
> color. The leaves on both were deeply lobed, like Oak leaves.  Were these the 
> same Morus species? <snip>
 -Nan from Calif.

We have several Mulberry trees on our farm.  The white berried trees are
_Morus alba_ and the red berried trees are _Morus rubra_.  

-Karen


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Tue Jul 18 23:08:45 EDT 1995
Article: 188 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: inexpensive high-quality m'scopes for sale
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
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Date: Mon, 17 Jul 1995 04:35:06 GMT
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-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Tue Jul 18 23:08:47 EDT 1995
Article: 189 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: inexpensive high-quality m'scopes for sale
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
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Date: Mon, 17 Jul 1995 04:37:24 GMT
Lines: 39

I have some Russian microscopes for sale at very low prices. This 
is a deal that I lucked into, and I hope to pass on.

Although this might seem a commercial post, and it is in the 
sense that I will make some money, I hope that it is acceptable 
because it may solve problems for some people, the same problems 
I suffered with for many years regarding microscopes

I found that in my teaching and research I was always frustrated 
with the microscopes I used simply because we could never quite 
afford the quality that was needed. The compromises always kept 
the students from seeing what I would have wished, and I could 
never quite afford what I needed in the research (phase contrast 
and water immersion lenses, for example).

These scopes are of top quality. While the Soviets made shoddy 
consumer goods, their scientific establishment got the best. The 
student scope is better than anything I taught intro courses 
with, and is $350. The top grade research scope is $950, and is 
equivalent (or better than) house brands from the major supply 
houses selling for $3000 to $4000; in fact I just got rid of my 
Wild that I was finally able to buy and replaced it with one of 
these. A phase contrast unit with 4 objectives and a top-quality 
condensor is $250. There's a scope suitable for a pre-med or 
physician for $550.

Email me, and I can email you descriptions. Or give me your 
snail-mail address and I can send you a brochure with pictures 
and more info. If you are not sure about selecting microscopes I 
have written a manual that discusses what to look for in quality 
and in various applications. I can email it or send a hard copy 
(the hard copy is a bit easier to use because it has some 
illustrations.) 

mgk@virginia.edu
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Tue Jul 18 23:08:49 EDT 1995
Article: 190 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: Mulberry spp.
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
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Organization: uva
References: <vulpia.6.0007036D@sonic.net>
Date: Mon, 17 Jul 1995 17:43:28 GMT
Lines: 22

vulpia@sonic.net  writes:
> On a trip to Manchester, New Hampshire, I found some small Mulberry trees 
> growing in cracks in a retaining wall along the Merrimack River.  Using my 
> handy Peterson field guide to eastern shrubs & trees, I figured out that they 
> were in fact Morus spp.  My question is:  one little tree had immature white 
> fruits, blackberry-shaped.  Another had mature fruits, deep red-black in 
> color. The leaves on both were deeply lobed, like Oak leaves.  Were these the 
> same Morus species?  My field guide was not explicit on immature fruit color. 
> Since I am from California, these plants were totally unknown to me.  Can 
> someone help?   -Nan from Calif.

We have a 30' tall Morus tree above our parking area. I can
tell you in no uncertain terms that those red fruits are d.....
hard to remove (stains, that is) from a white car. And the
immature fruits are white. I'm surprised that you found then in
NH; that's where I am from and I've not seen Mulberry there. We
have a lot here because there was an attempt at growing silk
worms, probably originated by Jefferson, ca. 1790.
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From bbarmore@epix.net Thu Jul 20 23:25:54 EDT 1995
Article: 191 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bbarmore@epix.net (Brent Barmore)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Virus Identification
Date: 19 Jul 1995 17:10:07 GMT
Organization: Your Organization
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Reply-To: bbarmore@epix.net
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X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.2

Does anyone know of a lab source to idendify virus in plant material?
I would appreciate any info you may have. Please e-mail me at: 
bbarmore@epix.net


From k.blasse@botany.uq.oz.au Thu Jul 20 23:25:56 EDT 1995
Article: 192 of sci.bio.botany
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From: k.blasse@botany.uq.oz.au (Karen Blasse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: seek PhD in UK
Date: 18 Jul 1995 11:31:54 GMT
Organization: Botany Dept, Uni of Queensland
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Reply-To: k.blasse@botany.uq.oz.au
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X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.6+

I have recently been awarded a first class Honours in Botany 
at University of Queensland (Australia) and I wish to apply for 
a PhD position in the UK. I have a permanent residency visa and 
expect to arrive in Edinburgh in early September 1995.

My Honours project revolved around the investigation of the 
physiology of an insect/plant interaction. I am not necessarily
seeking the same sort of topic for a PhD project however I am very
interested in areas of entomological and botanical overlap.

If you can be of assistance (either directly or indirectly) please
contact me on:

k.blasse@botany.uq.edu.au

Thanks

Karen Blasse.


From nat@doc.cc.utexas.edu Thu Jul 20 23:25:57 EDT 1995
Article: 193 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nat@doc.cc.utexas.edu (Nathan Bays)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,bionet.microbiology,bionet.general,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Citation Request: Killing of Microbes by H2O2
Followup-To: bionet.plants
Date: 20 Jul 1995 15:48:40 -0500
Organization: The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, Texas
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Summary: Information on killing of Microbes
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:7303 bionet.microbiology:2594 bionet.general:15135 sci.bio.botany:193

I am writing a review article on the role of active oxygen species
in the plant defense response. I would be very grateful if someone
could cite references describing the toxic effects of hydrogen 
peroxide on bacteria or fungi. I am especially interested in data
concerning plant-microbe interaction. The literature is quite sparse
in the latter area, so I would appreciate any help you may provide.

Please respond to nat@ccwf.cc.utexas.edu. Thank you.


-- 
----------------------------------------------------------------
Nathan W. Bays
The University of Texas at Austin
Molecular Biology


From ranger@america.net Fri Jul 21 11:02:07 EDT 1995
Article: 194 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in1.uu.net!peach!root
From: Scott Ranger <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mulberry spp.
Date: 18 Jul 1995 18:08:19 GMT
Organization: Access America, P.O. Box 1222, Alpharetta, GA 30239-1222
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To: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU

Red Mulberry (Morus rubra L.) is our native North American species, with 
a range in rich woods from FL to TX north to sw VT, NW, southern Ontario, 
Minnesota and SD. It can always be told from the alien white mulberry 
because its leave feel rough and look leathery, with deep lines running 
throughout the upper side.  It is not shiny, and up to 10 inches long.  
The fruits start white and change to red or purple when ripe.  Ripe 
fruits permanently stain anything.

White Mulberry (M. alba L.) is an alien that has escaped from cultivation 
(for silk) starting mostly from NY and moving south and west.  The fruits 
start white and can end just about any color, so don't make your ID based 
upon fruit color.  White mulberry leaves are shiny, and generally 
somewhat smaller than red.

Both mulberries have leaves in various shapes, ovate. lobed left, lobed 
right, many lobes, uneven, even.  They are more variable than sassafras.
Our native red becomes more and more uncommon toward the northern end of 
its range.  White mulberry can be found virtually anywhere, as at the 
turn of the century, a myriad of people thought they could get rich by 
cultivating silkworms on mulberry trees, and chose the Asian species.



From jdm@osprey.csrv.uidaho.edu Sun Jul 30 10:32:30 EDT 1995
Article: 211 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John Marshall <jdm@osprey.csrv.uidaho.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Graduate research assistantship
Date: 24 Jul 1995 22:41:39 GMT
Organization: University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
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Graduate Research Assistantship::::Plant Ecophysiology in the Miocene::::University of Idaho 

A graduate research assistantship is available to study the stomatal densities and isotopic composition of Miocene fossil leaves from Clarkia, Idaho, USA.  The fossils, deposited in an anoxic lakebed, retain organelles, flavonoids, and perhaps DNA.  The vegetation was dominated by the following genera: Taxodium, Nyssa, Metasequoia, Liriodendron, and Persea.  Their carbon isotope ratios and stomatal densities will be compared to those of herbarium specimens and the comparison used to estimate atmospheric CO2  concentrations and isotopic composition 15.3 My ago.  These measurements will also provide insight into paleophysiology of Miocene forests and will help to constrain predictions of the response of future vegetation to increased atmospheric CO2.  

Training or experience with plant microscopy is required; knowledge of plant ecophysiology or paleoecology would be helpful.   For more information please call or email me at the address below.

John D. Marshall (jdm@osprey.csrv.uidaho.edu)
Department of Forest Resources
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83844-1133 
USA
(208) 885-6695


From FINNR@bot.ku.dk Sun Jul 30 10:32:32 EDT 1995
Article: 212 of sci.bio.botany
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From: FINNR@bot.ku.dk (Finn N Rasmussen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: is there a CITES discussion list?
Date: Tue, 25 Jul 1995 10:52:58
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Does anybody know of a CI TES-L discussion list, newsgroup or web-page? I have 
seen a reference to "CITES-L" somewhere, but one has to know the location of 
the listserver to get in contact with it.

Finn N Rasmussen, Botanical Laboratory, University of Copenhagen.
FinnR@bot.ku.dk


PS: CITES is an acronym for Convention on International Trade in Endangered 
Species of wild fauna and flora.


From brucerae@iafrica.com Sun Jul 30 10:32:32 EDT 1995
Article: 213 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brucerae@iafrica.com (Dr Bruce Rae)
Newsgroups: sci.chem.analytical,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany,bionet.general
Subject: Water/Wastewater Laboratories: USA
Date: Tue, 25 Jul 95 16:29:50 GMT
Organization: Analytical Services Dept, Umgeni Water
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Summary: Drs Rae and Dickens (Natal, South Africa) plan to visit USA in early November and would like to visit Water/Wastewater Analytical Laboratories.
Keywords: Visit, South Africa, Analytical Laboratories, Hydrobiology
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Greetings
I manage the Analytical Service Department of a water utility company 
(Umgeni Water; 26 000 sq. km operating area) in  the province of Natal 
in the Republic of South Africa.  The department comprises 65 members of 
staff ranging in qualification from doctorates to diplomas.  The 
laboratories of the department handle the analysis of water, wastewater 
and sewage for a range of determinands. The major sections of the 
department are: analytical chemistry, microbiology and public health, 
and hydrobiology.
Dr Dickens (Principal Hydrobiologist) and I will be attending the AWWA 
Water Quality Technology Conference in Louisiana (New Orleans) 12 - 16 
November 1995 and would like, in the two weeks prior to the Conference, 
to visit a few water/wastewater laboratories.  

We are prepared to travel within the USA in order to visit a range of 
water/wastewater labs.

If anyone could point us in the right direction or possibly offer us a 
visit to a laboratory (private or public) could they please contact me 
urgently as I am trying to put together an itinerary.

My particular interests include trace organic analysis, mass 
spectrometry, algal toxins, metals analyses and Dr Dickens is 
responsible for a section that deals with algae enumeration and 
identification, biotic indices, bio-toxicology and environmental issues.
We are looking for new ways of doing things and new ideas.

I can provide further details if requested.

Many thanks in anticipation.

Bruce Rae
Manager, Analytical Services Department
Umgeni Water

Many thanks


From fieldworker@fieldworker.com Sun Jul 30 10:32:33 EDT 1995
Article: 214 of sci.bio.botany
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From: FieldWorker <fieldworker@fieldworker.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: GPS Tagged Hand Held Digital Data Collection
Date: 25 Jul 1995 21:55:10 GMT
Organization: FieldWorker Products Limited
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To: fieldworker@fieldworker.com
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

New Product Announcement

FieldWorker links GPS receiver, hand held computer and PC running DOS 
Windows or Mac operating system for data collection and compilation.

Field equipment the size of a paperback can weigh less than 1 kg, cost 
less than $US1,500.  For more information ask us to send a brochure or 
see our web site:

http://www.fieldworker.com/fieldworker/




From vburach@cc.umanitoba.ca Sun Jul 30 10:32:34 EDT 1995
Article: 215 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vburach@cc.umanitoba.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: preserving aquatic plants
Date: 26 Jul 1995 20:26:06 GMT
Organization: The University of Manitoba
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Please help us if you can . We  are trying to find a method of preserving  typical 
examples of aquatic plants for a travelling museum display on wetland ecology.
We would like to mount the realistic specimens in a transparent polymer so that the
public can examine the specimens. Someone suggested Polyethylene glycol but we
have no information regarding the procedure or its compatibility with epoxy or acrylic resins.

Any help would be greatly appreciated.

vburach@cc.umanitoba.ca

Vladimyr Burachynsky and Richard Osen



From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sun Jul 30 10:32:35 EDT 1995
Article: 216 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Double fecondation
Date: 28 Jul 1995 12:53:15 GMT
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What is the meaning (or your opinion), in terms of plant evolution,
of double fecondation "invention" ?


From ederonde@auckland.ac.nz Sun Jul 30 10:32:36 EDT 1995
Article: 217 of sci.bio.botany
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From: you@auckland.ac.nz (ederonde@auckland.ac.nz)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: [Q?] plant pychophysics
Date: 28 Jul 1995 22:40:42 GMT
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does anyone know of any reputable studies on just what stimuli plants
can actually discriminate? i'd like to do some research on plant
psychophysics, although being an experimental psychology laboratory,
we know lots about the experimental methodology for doing this
but ZIP about what's available in the botanic literature. any 
suggestions greatfully received.


From dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov Sun Jul 30 10:32:37 EDT 1995
Article: 218 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov (David P. Adam)
Subject: Re: Botanical name sources
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Date: Fri, 28 Jul 1995 19:20:31 GMT
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horticom@megatoon.com (Larry Hodgson) wrote:

>Does anyone know of an online site where I can check botanical names? 

You might try   http://www.isc.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplinks.html  as a
starting point.  I haven't used it, but it seems to have a lot of
useful links.  Good Luck!
Branch of Paleontology & Stratigraphy
U.S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California 94025
dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov



From klier@cobra.uni.edu Sun Jul 30 10:32:39 EDT 1995
Article: 219 of sci.bio.botany
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From: klier@cobra.uni.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: [Q] Correct classification of FABACEAE and related (sub)
Message-ID: <1995Jul28.141743.46890@cobra.uni.edu>
Date: 28 Jul 95 14:17:43 -0500
References: <07-27-1995.13523@mabell>
Organization: University of Northern Iowa
Lines: 20

In article <07-27-1995.13523@mabell>, mabell@mhs.oz.au (Mark A. Abell) writes:
> What is the _current_ correct classification of this group of families?
> 
> is it :-
>   FABACEAE subf. FABOIDEAE
>   FABACEAE subf. CAESALPINOIDEAE
>   FABACEAE subf. MIMOSOIDAE
> 
> or is it :-
>   FABACEAE
>   CAESALPINIACEAE
>   MIMOSACEAE

Both classifications are correct, and both are current.  Pick the one
you like.  Also, the name Leguminosae is a legal substitute for
Fabaceae.  Pick up any plant taxonomy text and read the section on
family names, synonomy, and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

Kay Klier  klier@cobra.uni.edu



From Daniel.Wong@ping.be Sun Jul 30 10:32:40 EDT 1995
Article: 220 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Daniel.Wong@ping.be (Daniel Wong)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: air layering max
Date: Thu, 27 Jul 1995 17:58:34 GMT
Organization: PING Belgium
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Maybe this isn't the place to post but apparently most landscapers
lack the technical expertise to answer my questions:

What is the maximum diameter of  branch that can be air-layered
and what is the maximum diameter of trunk that can be transplanted
with rootball ? 

Thanks in advance,
Dan



From Spark@fytqm.uafadm.alaska.edu Sun Jul 30 10:32:41 EDT 1995
Article: 221 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Spark Estes <Spark@fytqm.uafadm.alaska.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Dandelion Science Fair Project
Date: 27 Jul 1995 01:18:46 GMT
Organization: 2nd grade student
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I am working on a dandelion project for the science fair next year. I am 
looking information on dandelions.  I have a web pages of my project. 
The page for question 2 asks you How many seeds in a dandelion?
Please visit my site and give me your guess. here is the address
http://fytqm.uafadm.alaska.edu/family/dandelion.html
please write and please tell other people to send me a message
Spark Estes




From horticom@megatoon.com Sun Jul 30 10:32:41 EDT 1995
Article: 222 of sci.bio.botany
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From: horticom@megatoon.com (Larry Hodgson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: A Question. Difference between a fern and other plants.
Date: Thu, 27 Jul 1995 19:49:18 -0400
Organization: HortiCom
Lines: 16
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <horticom-2707951949190001@0.0.0.0>
References: <3uq4g8$7mc@lantana.singnet.com.sg>
NNTP-Posting-Host: line50.megatoon.com

The major difference is that ferns produce spores and not flowers, while
higher plants produce seeds AND flowers. Spores can be borne on the
undersides of the leaves or on special fronds. Most (but not all) ferns
have highly divided leaves. That's about all I can think of for now!
Larry Hodgson

In article (Dans l'article) <3uq4g8$7mc@lantana.singnet.com.sg>,
titus@singnet.com.sg (Tay Thiam Yeow, Titus) wrote (écrivait) :

> Can someone explain the difference between a fern and other plants with
respect to their identification and etc..
> 
> 
> 
> Tay Titus
> titus@singnet.com.sg


From horticom@megatoon.com Sun Jul 30 10:32:42 EDT 1995
Article: 223 of sci.bio.botany
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From: horticom@megatoon.com (Larry Hodgson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botanical name sources
Date: Thu, 27 Jul 1995 19:53:13 -0400
Organization: HortiCom
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <horticom-2707951953130001@0.0.0.0>
NNTP-Posting-Host: line50.megatoon.com

Does anyone know of an online site where I can check botanical names? A
sort of Internet Hortus III, perhaps, but one which is updated regularly? 

Failing that, does anyone know what genus the annual chrysanthemums
(Chrysanthemum carinatum and others) have been placed in? I understand
that Chrysanthemum as a genus as almost been eliminated and I have managed
to find the new names of most of the perennial species I know of, but not
the annual ones.

Thanks for helping,

Larry Hodgson


From mabell@mhs.oz.au Sun Jul 30 10:32:43 EDT 1995
Article: 224 of sci.bio.botany
Organization: Practical Solutions
Subject: [Q] Correct classification of FABACEAE and related (sub)families.
Date: Thu, 27 Jul 95 09:40:27 +1000     
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From: mabell@mhs.oz.au (Mark A. Abell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Message-ID: <07-27-1995.13523@mabell>
X-MKSIA-SN: 3990308869
Lines: 23

What is the _current_ correct classification of this group of families?

is it :-
  FABACEAE subf. FABOIDEAE
  FABACEAE subf. CAESALPINOIDEAE
  FABACEAE subf. MIMOSOIDAE

or is it :-
  FABACEAE
  CAESALPINIACEAE
  MIMOSACEAE

They are refered to differently in some of the books that I have seen
lately and I was wondering what was the correct grouping.

Also is the plant that was prevoiusly known of as Cassia artemisoides
now called Senna artemisoides ?

Thanks,
Mark A. Abell   - SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA    mabell@tmx.mhs.oz.au
Mark A. Abell
Practical Solutions.



From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Sun Jul 30 10:32:44 EDT 1995
Article: 225 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: HIGH QUALITY, INEXPENSIVE MICROSCOPES
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Message-ID: <DCIJ51.82r@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
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Date: Sun, 30 Jul 1995 04:58:13 GMT
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This is a repeated post. I apologize if some of you have seen it 
before, but others missed it and have asked about it.

I personally hate repeated commercial ads on the serious news 
groups. But, so far, no-one has objected to the following. If 
there is an objection I will stop posting this. But until someone 
says "no" I will assume that it is seen as a service, not an 
annoyance.  

I have some Russian microscopes for sale at very low prices. This 
is a deal that I lucked into, and I hope to pass on.

Although this might seem a commercial post, and it is, in the 
sense that I will make some money, I hope that it is acceptable 
because it may solve problems for some people, the same problems 
I suffered with for many years regarding microscopes

I found that in my teaching and research I was always frustrated 
with the microscopes I used simply because we could never quite 
afford the quality that was needed. The compromises always kept 
the students from seeing what I would have wished, and I could 
never quite afford what I needed in the research (phase contrast 
and water immersion lenses, for example).

These scopes are of top quality. While the Soviets made shoddy 
consumer goods, their scientific establishment got the best. The 
student scope is better than anything I taught intro courses 
with, and is $300. The top grade research scope is $950, and is 
equivalent (or better than) house brands from the major supply 
houses selling for $3000 to $4000; in fact I just got rid of my 
Wild that I was finally able to buy and replaced it with one of 
these. A phase contrast unit with 4 objectives and a top-quality 
condensor is $250. There's a scope suitable for a pre-med or 
physician for $550.

Email me, and I can email you descriptions. Or give me your 
snail-mail address and I can send you a brochure with pictures 
and more info. If you are not sure about selecting microscopes I 
have written a manual that discusses what to look for in quality 
and in various applications. I can email it or send a hard copy 
(the hard copy is a bit easier to use because it has some 
illustrations.) 

mgk@virginia.edu
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From nanharrison@delphi.com Sun Jul 30 10:32:45 EDT 1995
Article: 226 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Nancy Harrison <nanharrison@delphi.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: A Question. Difference between a fern and other plants.
Date: Sat, 29 Jul 95 11:29:55 -0500
Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice)
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X-To: Tay Thiam Yeow, Titus <titus@singnet.com.sg>

Tay Thiam Yeow, Titus <titus@singnet.com.sg> writes:
 
>Can someone explain the difference between a fern and other plants with respect to their identification and etc..
>
>
 
To identify ferns, you need to use leaf shape and compounding (the leaflet
divisions), the shape and placement of the spore containers (usually sporangia
are
collected into groups called sori), and the habitat. Leaf shape is more
important in ferns than in flowering plants. Hope this helps..Nan in Calif


From irishg@io.org Sun Jul 30 10:32:45 EDT 1995
Article: 227 of sci.bio.botany
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From: irishg@io.org (George Irish)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Earth Quest is looking to film challenging field research in Canada
Date: 28 Jul 1995 12:49:01 GMT
Organization: Internex Online, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (416 363 3783)
Lines: 46
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Earth Quest is a new half-hour documentary series, being produced for The 
Discovery Channel, Canada, by Owl TV (Toronto) and Marathon Productions 
(France), about scientists whose discoveries may help us understand and perhaps 
better protect our planet.  

Earth Quest will follow these researchers as they set out on different journeys 
of discovery - whether it be climbing glaciers, hovering over rain forests or 
exploring the ocean depths.

Earth Quest is not a doom and gloom environmental series, but one that exudes 
wonder, adventure and hope.


We are looking for new and interesting field projects in the natural sciences 
or environmental studies that are ongoing or planned for the next 12 months 
(until summer 96) within Canada.

The kinds of research projects we would like to film will involve:

an expedition, or team project 

using new and innovative technology / techniques

a remote/visually interesting location

gaining new knowledge of a previously little-known subject or area

physical, mental or emotional challenges on the part of the researchers

cross-disciplinary research studying different aspects of a single environment 
or broader context

implications for ecological/environmental concerns

To discuss a planned or ongoing project, or for further information,  please 
contact:

George Irish
Researcher, Earth Quest
Tel:  (416) 533-9658
Fax: (416) 588-7156
E-mail:  irishg@io.org 



From lunar@uclink.berkeley.edu Sun Jul 30 22:49:59 EDT 1995
Article: 228 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lunar@uclink.berkeley.edu (Monkey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need Info or Bib-refs on coffee botany
Date: 29 Jul 1995 19:07:45 GMT
Organization: University of California, Berkeley
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <3ve0u1$hhi@agate.berkeley.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: uclink.berkeley.edu
Keywords: Natural history of coffee
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]


Stuck with a quick assignment for work -- I need to find some information 
on coffee (C. Arabica, especially) by Monday.

I would appreciate answers or staements about the following information or 
reference to any readily-available books in print which would cover 
these areas:

1. How is it pollinated (bee, bird, bat, air, self, moth, fly, etc.)

2. How are seeds dispersed in wild?

3. What animals eat the berries (birds, mammals, bats)

4. What role does caffeine play in the plant's natural history? 
(protective, attractant, etc.)

Your help, answers and/or suggestions for references will be greatly 
appreciated.  Post here or e-mail directly.

Thanks, Jane Walsh

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 


Lunar@uclink.berkeley.edu


* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 



From koeltz@shout.net Sun Jul 30 22:50:01 EDT 1995
Article: 229 of sci.bio.botany
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From: koeltz <koeltz@shout.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: new botany catalog-Koeltz Scientific Books
Date: 29 Jul 1995 19:04:37 GMT
Organization: koeltz Scientific Books USA
Lines: 2
Message-ID: <3ve0o5$7s3@treflan.shout.net>
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X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.1N (Windows; I; 16bit)

http://www.shout.net/~koeltz/



From ranger@america.net Sun Jul 30 22:50:02 EDT 1995
Article: 230 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Scott Ranger <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: [Q] Correct classification of FABACEAE and related (sub)families.
Date: 30 Jul 1995 00:41:54 GMT
Organization: Access America, P.O. Box 1222, Alpharetta, GA 30239-1222
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <3vekgi$47u@peach.america.net>
References: <07-27-1995.13523@mabell>
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To: mabell@mhs.oz.au

Kartez, John.  1994.  A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of 
the United States, Canada, and Greenland, second edition, volume 
1-checklist.  Timber Press, Portland, OR.

This reference is the most ambitious attempt to date for NA, and Kartesz 
went to a huge list of specialists to get the best and latest thinking.

His volume continues to lump the three subfamilies into a large and 
floristically diverse Fabaceae.

Cassia artemisiodes Gaud. ex DC.   

is now considered

Senna artemisioides (Gaud. ex DC.) Randell



From t9556457@minyos.xx.rmit.EDU.AU Tue Aug  1 09:08:38 EDT 1995
Article: 231 of sci.bio.botany
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From: t9556457@minyos.xx.rmit.EDU.AU (Chun Ming Chan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Engineered Tomatoes
Date: 31 Jul 1995 13:08:14 GMT
Organization: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <3vikju$gre@aggedor.rmit.EDU.AU>
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Subject: Engineered Tomatoes
Newsgroups: aus.education.bio-newtech
Summary: 
Keywords: 

Hi!

Anyone knows the antisese gene and othere genes that are being engineered 
in the Flavr Tomatoes? Does the engineering  process only involve the DNA 
Recombinant technique?

thanks
Ben



From mhevey@skypoint.com Tue Aug  1 09:08:40 EDT 1995
Article: 232 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mhevey@skypoint.com (Maurice Hevey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WWW Resource for Cosmetic Scientist
Date: 31 Jul 1995 18:25:04 GMT
Organization: SkyPoint Communications, Inc.
Lines: 36
Message-ID: <3vj760$qbv@stratus.skypoint.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mirage.skypoint.com
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The Virtual Lab Bench has been created for the advancement of the art
and science of cosmetics and as a virtual meeting place for Cosmetic
Scientists to exchange information and access Internet resources.
 
Once at The Virtual Lab Bench, with the click of your mouse, you can;
 
(1) access The Virtual Formulary which has a growing list of formulas
    where key ingredients are linked by hypertext to their ICID
    Nomenclature and vendor,
 
(2) search, retrieve and download recent U.S. Patents,
	
(3) access links to numerous chemistry and bioscience sites located
    around the world,
 
(4) search, retrieve and download full text copies of OSHA Standards,
    29 CFR - Parts 1900 to 1999, or log onto the FDA's own web page.
    Several other government sites are available.
 
(5) search the databases of Material Data Safety Sheets that are
    maintained by Oregon State University, University of Utah and
    Tachyon Communications.
 
This an much more at The Virtual Lab Bench
 
<URL: http://www.skypoint.com/members/mhevey/vitrtual_lab.html>


--
         * Maurice O. Hevey                     TEL 1.612.474.3235 *
         * Convergent Cosmetics                 FAX 1.612.474.5081 *
         * The Virtual Lab Bench               mhevey@skypoint.com *
         * http://www.skypoint.com/members/mhevey/virtual_lab.html *
 




From rlprice@ka.reg.uci.edu Tue Aug  1 09:08:41 EDT 1995
Article: 233 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rlprice@ka.reg.uci.edu (Ray Price)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rare plant and bulb sale
Date: 31 Jul 1995 19:05:16 GMT
Organization: University of California, Irvine
Lines: 31
Message-ID: <3vj9hc$839@news.service.uci.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ka.reg.uci.edu

 MARK YOUR CALENDAR:  UCI RARE PLANT AND BULB SALE RETURNS

 ***Mail Orders being accepted.  Contact Brad Carter ( bcarter@uci.edu) for
    details.   Sorry, no overseas orders accepted.
 
 A UC Irvine tradition continues on Saturday, August 5, from 10 a.m. to 
 2 p.m. when the UCI Arboretum hosts its annual Summer Bulb Sale.  The 
 Arboretum is located on the UCI North Campus, near the corner of Campus 
 Drive and Jamboree Road in Orange County, California
 
 A large number of choice plants and bulbs, many of which are not available 
 elsewhere, will be offered this year including: rare African orchids, and 
 many different wild species of South African flowering bulbs such as 
 Babiana, Gladiolus, Watsonia, Ixia, Lachenalia and others.  There will also 
 be a large selection of hard-to-find flowering perennial plants.
 
 This sale is the UCI Arboretum's biggest fundraiser.  By attending this and 
 other plant sales, you can obtain rare and unusual plants for your garden 
 and help to insure the future of the Arboretum.
 
 If you would like to be notified on a monthly basis of upcoming events at 
 the Arboretum, which include plant sales, lectures, demonstrations and field 
 trips, please send your E-mail address to: RLPRICE@UCI.EDU with the word 
 ARBORETUM in the subject line.
 
 If you would like a complete list of the scientific names (most do not have 
 common names) of the plants which will be available at the Summer Bulb Sale, 
 send your request to: DOCUMENT@KA.REG.UCI.EDU with the word ARBORETUM in the 
 subject line.

 Also see the Arboretum web page: http://www.reg.uci.edu/UCI/ARBORETUM/


From doug.terry@saskanet.sk.ca Wed Aug  2 22:34:52 EDT 1995
Article: 234 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!spool.mu.edu!torn!news.bc.net!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!tribune.usask.ca!news.sasknet.sk.ca!news
From: doug.terry@saskanet.sk.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Information Request- Downy brome
Date: 1 Aug 1995 15:16:59 GMT
Organization: Your Organization
Lines: 4
Message-ID: <3vlghb$4mk@tomcat.sasknet.sk.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: sabre2.sasknet.sk.ca
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.90.3

I am requesting information on Downy brome (Bromus tectorum). This species
is rapidly spreading throughout SE Alberta and SW Saskatchewan and is 
becoming a problem with farmers and ranchers in those areas. Is there 
any safe, effective way of controlling Downy brome? 


From jhotra@mit.edu Wed Aug  2 22:34:53 EDT 1995
Article: 235 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jhotra@mit.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Venus Flytrap questions
Date: Mon, 31 Jul 1995 21:42:40
Organization: Massachvsetts Institvte of Technology
Lines: 22
Message-ID: <jhotra.31.0015B6B6@mit.edu>
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

Thanks in advance for any help...

I recently bought a little venus flytrap for the fun of it...  I'm not having 
much success with it.  It came in a little pot, and the guy told me that I 
just had to make sure it got one fly a week, or else I should feed it a little 
piece of chopmeat.  Well, there were 4 or so big "mouths" on the plant, and a 
bunch of tiny ones.  

I killed a housefly and dropped it in one of the big mouths.  It promptly 
closed and I assume it is now digesting...  I tried to feed a small fruit fly 
into one of the smaller mouths, but it would not close.  I also tried it in 4 
other "mouths" to no avail.  Do all of the "mouths" stop working when one is 
digesting?  Or are they all crippled?  Some have turned brown and I was told 
to cut them off.  Is this little plant going to make it?

It came in a little pot, about 10 fl. oz. or so...  Should I change the dirt, 
perhaps put it in spaghnum moss?  One last thing... how much water should I 
give it? 

Thanks very much

Jason Hotra 


From u3605154@mucc.mahidol.ac.th Wed Aug  2 22:34:54 EDT 1995
Article: 236 of sci.bio.botany
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From: u3605154@mucc.mahidol.ac.th (Attasit Thipsongkhroh - SCBI - 3605154)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cryopreservation in Plant
Date: 1 Aug 1995 08:35:54 GMT
Organization: Mahidol University, Thailand
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X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

HI all.
 	I live in Thailand and I interesting in cryopreservation.I think 
it can help about genetic conservation.because in Thailand have mutation 
in plant very much .IF have someone know about it. Please e-mail to me
or write to this broad and I want know about In vitro conservation in 
plant  too.

Thank you for you information.

|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
    u3605154@mucc.mahidol.ac.th
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|    


From dmacron@mail1.sas.upenn.edu Wed Aug  2 22:34:55 EDT 1995
Article: 237 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dmacron@mail1.sas.upenn.edu (Donald Scott Macron)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Vaccinium problems
Date: 1 Aug 1995 12:52:54 GMT
Organization: University of Pennsylvania
Lines: 5
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If anyone has any experience with Vaccinium spp. (particularly wild 
blueberry -- V. angustifolium -- and lingonberry), I'd appreciate you
making contact.  I am having problems with leaf necrosis and propagation.
Thanks.



From mhevey@skypoint.com Wed Aug  2 22:34:56 EDT 1995
Article: 238 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mhevey@skypoint.com (Maurice Hevey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Resource for Cosmetic Scientist - Correction
Date: 1 Aug 1995 12:51:15 GMT
Organization: SkyPoint Communications, Inc.
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <3vl803$ooj@stratus.skypoint.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mirage.skypoint.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

I misspelled my URL in a previous post.  I apologize for any
inconvenience this may have caused.
 
The correct URL for The Virtual Lab Bench is:
 
<URL: http://www.skypoint.com/members/mhevey/virtual_lab.html>


--
         * Maurice O. Hevey                     TEL 1.612.474.3235 *
         * Convergent Cosmetics                 FAX 1.612.474.5081 *
         * The Virtual Lab Bench               mhevey@skypoint.com *
         * http://www.skypoint.com/members/mhevey/virtual_lab.html *
 




From Diane.Caney@english.utas.edu.au Wed Aug  2 22:34:57 EDT 1995
Article: 239 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Diane.Caney@english.utas.edu.au (Diane Caney)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wasp-Orchids?
Date: 2 Aug 1995 05:34:54 GMT
Organization: English Department, University of Tasmania
Lines: 11
Message-ID: <Diane.Caney-0208951538060001@mg1_79.human.utas.edu.au>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mg1_79.human.utas.edu.au

Dear All,

   Does anyone know of any colour photographs of orchids that have adapted
themselves to look like wasps????? Photos in books I mean, not on the
'net.
Any and all replies gratefully received.

Please mail me, as I don't read this group very often.

Thankyou,
Diane


From lhorvath@badlands.NoDak.edu Wed Aug  2 22:34:58 EDT 1995
Article: 240 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: lhorvath@badlands.NoDak.edu (Lorine S Horvath)
Subject: IAA quantitation?
Sender: usenet@ns1.nodak.edu (Usenet login)
Message-ID: <DCnB74.BsM@ns1.nodak.edu>
Date: Tue, 1 Aug 1995 18:54:40 GMT
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Does anyone know of any reasonably simple methods for determining the 
concentration of IAA in isolated meristems.  I would prefer a kit if any 
have been developed, but a simple protocol would be OK as well.  Any help 
here would be appreciated.

Dave Horvath
USDA/ARS/BRL
Fargo, ND


From geoffbe@ids.net Wed Aug  2 22:35:00 EDT 1995
Article: 241 of sci.bio.botany
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From: geoffbe@ids.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: mycology
Date: Tue,  1 Aug 95 19:34:55 +500
Organization: IDS World Network Internet Access Service, (800)IDS-1680
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <3vmdon$oqa@paperboy.ids.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ids.net

Any mycology folks out there?
 
I've only had one course and became an avid muchroom nut
does anyone know if the NAMA is online?
 
thanks!


From t9556457@minyos.xx.rmit.EDU.AU Wed Aug  2 22:35:01 EDT 1995
Article: 242 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!news.gmi.edu!msunews!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!aggedor.rmit.EDU.AU!minyos.xx.rmit.EDU.AU!t9556457
From: t9556457@minyos.xx.rmit.EDU.AU (Chun Ming Chan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Engineering Tomatoes
Date: 1 Aug 1995 23:54:57 GMT
Organization: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <3vmesh$qbm@aggedor.rmit.EDU.AU>
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Hi all,

The process of preventing the tomatoes from softening is to introducing 
an antisense gene against polygalactronase into the nucleus? I am very 
unclear on a few points, is 
the antisense gene genetically engineered into the DNA of the tomatoes by 
using the Agrobacterium method? How is the gene then "switch off"? As 
refered by the books --- " ... by switching the gene on and off..."


Puzzled
Ben




From swatkins@taranaki.ac.nz Wed Aug  2 22:35:02 EDT 1995
Article: 243 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stephen Watkins <swatkins@taranaki.ac.nz>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant physiology tutorials
Date: 1 Aug 1995 23:55:52 GMT
Organization: New Plymouth Online.
Lines: 8
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I would appreciate any information regarding the availability of tutorial 
programmes in plant physiology suitable for undergraduates at 
intermediate and advanced levels.  Particularly in relation to plant 
water relationships.

Thanks in advance
Roger Watkins 



From h9492010@hkusua Wed Aug  2 22:35:05 EDT 1995
Article: 244 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: h9492010@hkusua (Wright Jacqueline Gilda)
Subject: Citriculture Conferences?
Message-ID: <DCo1qE.3A6@hkuxb.hku.hk>
Sender: usenet@hkuxb.hku.hk (USENET News System)
Nntp-Posting-Host: hkusua.hku.hk
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Date: Wed, 2 Aug 1995 04:27:50 GMT
Lines: 12

[ Article crossposted from sci.agriculture ]
[ Author was Wright Jacqueline Gilda ]
[ Posted on Mon, 31 Jul 1995 09:18:31 GMT ]

 Does anyone know of any international or national citriculture
 conferences to be held in the near future?  I believe there is an
 International Citriculture Society, does anyone know how I can contact
 them?  I would like to contact any societies for citriculture whether
 they be local or international bodies.  I am doing my PhD at Hong Kong
 U. studying citrus stem end rot and am doing international surveys and
 it would be handy to have contacts with a view to sampling.  Thankyou
 in advance. Jacqui Wright E-mail: h9492010@hkusua.hku.hk  


From stephenf@netspace.net.au Wed Aug  2 22:35:07 EDT 1995
Article: 245 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stephen fitzgerald <stephenf@netspace.net.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: air layering max
Date: 1 Aug 1995 15:38:58 GMT
Organization: NetSpace Online Systems
Lines: 33
Message-ID: <3vlhqi$n1@otis.netspace.net.au>
References: <3v8k0a$7mu@ping1.ping.be>
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Daniel.Wong@ping.be (Daniel Wong) wrote:
>Maybe this isn't the place to post but apparently most landscapers
>lack the technical expertise to answer my questions:
>
>What is the maximum diameter of  branch that can be air-layered
>and what is the maximum diameter of trunk that can be transplanted
>with rootball ? 
>
>Thanks in advance,
>Dan
>
Maximum diam for arial layering and transplanting is probably about 3 
feet (1 metre) because after that it just becames too awkward!
The point being that it is highly species and budget specific. A willow 
branch can be lopped off and stuck in the ground  and if conditions are 
right then ... Instant tree! but an oak or Elm won't do the same. It 
depends on the species ability to generate specialised tissues - a large 
ficus branch of a 100 y.o. tree can be arial layered but a small 1 inch 
thick Eucalypt branch won't ever layer (well maybe in the lab). As for 
transplanting it is also fairly specific to species but trees with trunk 
diam. up to about 10 inches are commonly transplanted when they are young 
and vigourous but every so often somebody has enough money to hire a big 
enough crane to move a tree with a 2 foot diam trunk (pretty silly 
really!) and providing they take a large enough root ball and the rest 
(aftercare etc.)then it will survive.

Sorry I could'nt offer a simpler explanation!
If you want to move something call a qualified experienced arborist.

Bye

Stephen Fitzgerald



From sthomas@twain.oit.umass.edu Thu Aug  3 22:36:32 EDT 1995
Article: 246 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sthomas@twain.oit.umass.edu (Stephen R Thomas)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need info on Kudzu
Date: 3 Aug 1995 18:32:02 GMT
Organization: University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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I am gathering information on Kudzu for a possible thesis topic.  I would 
appreciate any information on its natural history, experiments conducted 
with it, or any other sources that might be helpful.  Thanks in advance 
for your help.  Stephen Thomas

--
Stephen Thomas
Organismal & Evol. Bio. and Entomology
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA  01003


From mspear@telerama.lm.com Thu Aug  3 22:36:33 EDT 1995
Article: 247 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mspear@telerama.lm.com (mspear)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: mycology
Date: 2 Aug 1995 17:50:07 -0400
Organization: Telerama Public Access Internet, Pittsburgh, PA
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geoffbe@ids.net wrote:
> Any mycology folks out there?
>  
> I've only had one course and became an avid muchroom nut
> does anyone know if the NAMA is online?
>  
> thanks!
Try Bionet.Mycology.  There are also several email publications all
mentioned on Bionet.Mycology.

You'll find a mixture of researchers and hobbyists, a worthwhile
group.

   ---- Mark


From bear@helium.gas.uug.arizona.edu Thu Aug  3 22:36:34 EDT 1995
Article: 248 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bear@helium.gas.uug.arizona.edu (Soaring  Bear)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Information Request- Downy brome
Date: 2 Aug 1995 21:45:25 GMT
Organization: University of Arizona, Unix Users Group
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <3vorll$bfc@news.ccit.arizona.edu>
References: <3vlghb$4mk@tomcat.sasknet.sk.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: helium.gas.uug.arizona.edu

In article <3vlghb$4mk@tomcat.sasknet.sk.ca>,
 <doug.terry@saskanet.sk.ca> wrote:
>I am requesting information on Downy brome (Bromus tectorum). This species
>is rapidly spreading throughout SE Alberta and SW Saskatchewan and is 
>becoming a problem with farmers and ranchers in those areas. Is there 
>any safe, effective way of controlling Downy brome? 

	How about finding some new uses for it so it
	will be harvested rather than controlled.


--
 topo-O      O-topo               URL http://copsg2.pharm.arizona.edu/~bear
5'**. :      : .***.   ___         __     Cyber-Chemist: cancer drug design
  | | *.    .* | | |* (___        l .)    Molecular & Nutritional Biochemist
  | | | *. * | | | *   ___)OARING |__)EAR Herbs, Nutrition, Natural Dentistry


From n-choe@mail.bsd.uchicago.edu Mon Aug 14 13:21:40 EDT 1995
Article: 270 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: n-choe@mail.bsd.uchicago.edu (Daniel Rosenblatt)
Subject: plants in space
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: bio-3.bsd.uchicago.edu
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Sender: news@midway.uchicago.edu (News Administrator)
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Date: Wed, 9 Aug 1995 03:23:37 GMT
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Cc: 
Since plants send roots downwards and shoots upward based on the earth's gravitational pull, how do plants grow in space?

(I assume that astronauts have done experiments with plants in space.  I'm not talking about alien plants, indigenous to the inky void)

Any info would be appreciated.

-Dan
dj-rosenblatt@uchicago.edu



From widodp@lincoln.ac.nz Mon Aug 14 13:21:42 EDT 1995
Article: 271 of sci.bio.botany
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From: widodp@lincoln.ac.nz (Pudji Widodo)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: need info pineapple guava
Date: Wed, 9 Aug 1995 21:51:20
Organization: Lincoln University, New Zealand
Lines: 35
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References: <408gv5$bia@wilbur.hhisland.com>
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In article <408gv5$bia@wilbur.hhisland.com> bb0ss@sccoast.net (Shelley Bell) writes:
>From: bb0ss@sccoast.net (Shelley Bell)
>Subject: need info pineapple guava
>Date: 8 Aug 1995 20:20:53 GMT

>If you can give me any info about pineapple guava (size, water, sunlight, 
>space, would it make a good hedge, etc.), it would be appreciated.

>Thanks
>Shelley Bell

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
Dear Shelley,

Do you mean one or two kinds of fruit?  I know pineapple and guava two kinds 
of fruit.  Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is included in the Fam. Bromeliaceae 
with leaves like swords.  It can reach 1.5 m tall with the fruit on top. It 
does not need much water. But needs enough sunlight.  The space between each 
plant 1.5 m.  While guava (Psidium guajava) of Fam. Myrtaceae with stem 
diameter can reach 20 cm, and 10 m tall with big canopy (can be 10 m in 
diameter).  It does not need much water.  Both types of plants are distributed 
a lot in tropical countries.  They are very popular fruits in my country 
(Indonesia), either as table fruits or as juice fruits.  There are some big 
companies which produce pineapple juice and guava juice.

Thanks,
PUDJI WIDODO
Department of Plant Science
Lincoln University
CANTERBURY
NEW ZEALAND

Email:  widodp@whio.lincoln.ac.nz
8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
  


From sojda@handel.cs.colostate.edu Mon Aug 14 13:21:44 EDT 1995
Article: 272 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sojda@handel.cs.colostate.edu (rick sojda)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Ecosystem Mgmt. Bibliography - Correction
Date: 9 Aug 1995 16:18:26 -0600
Organization: Colorado State University -- Computer Science Department
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****************************************************************
*  ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY                        *
*     Diana Cross, Dawn Jennings, Rick Sojda, & Chuck Solomon  *
*     Information Transfer Center                              *
*     National Biological Service                              *
*     United States Department of the Interior                 *
*     Fort Collins, CO  80525-5589                             *
****************************************************************

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING CORRECTION IN THE FTP ADDRESS FOR
DOWNLOADING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY:   ftp.its.nbs.gov

THE URL WAS/IS CORRECT:   http://teal.itc.nbs.gov
 
NOTE THAT THEY ARE ON DIFFERENT SERVERS AND ARE SLIGHTLY 
DIFFERENT.

FROM THE ORIGINAL POST:
For those of you who already own ProCite and would like a copy 
of the seven database files in binary format (ecosys.dat, 
ecosys.pmt, ecosys.set, ecosys.rec, ecosys.srt, ecosys.key, and 
ecosys.sor), you can download these using anonymous file 
transfer protocol (ftp) from ftp.its.nbs.gov.  The files are in the 
directory:  /pub/nbs-series/ecosystem.management.bibliography.  
A copy of the database in ASCII file format is also available at 
the same location in the file, ecosys.txt.  Please download and 
read the file, README.  These files can also be downloaded using 
world wide web browsers with capabilities for downloading files 
at the URL:  http://teal.itc.nbs.gov

****************************************************************


From Joerg.Folckers@Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE Mon Aug 14 13:21:45 EDT 1995
Article: 273 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Joerg Folckers <Joerg.Folckers@Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE>
Subject: Question about Tree
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Organization: University of Oldenburg, Learning Systems
Date: Thu, 10 Aug 1995 00:05:33 GMT
Message-ID: <1995Aug10.000533.25171@arbi.Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE>
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Hello,

   can anyone of you help me and tell me about the MPINGO-Tree
   which is native to africa ?
   I heard it is in danger of extinction due to burning.
   Please let us know what you may know about this tree, 
   or where I can more Informations about it.
   Please send as mail.

                                           Thanks,
                                                    Joerg.






_______________________________________________________________________
Joerg Folckers
Abteilung Lehr&Lernsysteme |  Intelligent Tutoring and Learning Systems
FB Informatik              |  Department of Computational Science
Universitaet Oldenburg     |  University of Oldenburg
Postfach 2503              |  P.O.Box 2503
26111 Oldenburg            |  26111 Oldenburg, Germany

WWW:   http://Mac-Absynt-1.Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE/
EMail: Joerg.Folckers@Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE
_______________________________________________________________________




From popllama@u.washington.edu Mon Aug 14 13:21:46 EDT 1995
Article: 274 of sci.bio.botany
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From: popllama@u.washington.edu ('PopLlama' K. G. Giambrone)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botany as a career
Date: 10 Aug 1995 06:04:56 GMT
Organization: University of Washington, Seattle
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NNTP-Posting-User: popllama

This fall I will begin the last two years of my BS in biology.  I want to
specialize in botany, however I have some concerns.  I am very curious 
about what kind of a job I can get with a specialization of Botany.

Now, I realize that a BS in biology is quite common.  And I plan on 
continuing to my Masters, and probably to my Doctorate.  I'm wondering 
what kinds of directions I can go with a degree in Botany, and if it is
a good idea.

There seem to be many more positions open for Cellular/Molecular Biology and
Biochemistry than Botany.  Would this be a better path to take?  

I find botany (and mycology) very interesting, but that's not a whole lot
if I can't make a living off of it.  :)

popllama@u.washington.edu
 
-- 
"You're dangerous, crazed and wacko."
"Of course!  I'm an artist."			-Gonzo, The Muppet Show



From explore@u.washington.edu Mon Aug 14 13:21:48 EDT 1995
Article: 275 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael Gorsuch <explore@u.washington.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: monocot hormones
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 1995 02:16:45 -0700
Organization: University of Washington
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Could anyone give me some information about hormone sinks and wells in a 
monocot such as grass.  Also where exactly is the shoot meristem located 
in grass?


From koeltz@shout.net Mon Aug 14 13:21:49 EDT 1995
Article: 276 of sci.bio.botany
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From: koeltz <koeltz@shout.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: (no subject)
Date: 11 Aug 1995 21:15:50 GMT
Organization: koeltz Scientific Books USA
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new books are reviewed at our web site for those interested
http://www.shout.net/~koeltz/
Pamela Burns-Balogh
Koeltz Scientific Books USA



From guirey@servtech.com Mon Aug 14 13:21:50 EDT 1995
Article: 277 of sci.bio.botany
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From: guirey@servtech.com (Bernie Guirey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: wildflower identification
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 1995 17:45:11 -0400
Organization: BioFile
Lines: 10
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NNTP-Posting-Host: biofile.ceh.servtech.com

In article <SaulysER.10.000E4F4C@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU>,
SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU (Eleanor "Sam" Saulys) wrote:

** There are 5 pale pink or lavendar petals on each flower with a deep purple 

Try <Hibiscus palustris>

Bernie<guirey@servtech.com>
"ninety percent of everything is crap" 
                                         Sturgeons Law


From R.J.Hayes@ncl.ac.uk Mon Aug 14 13:21:52 EDT 1995
Article: 278 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Roger Hayes <R.J.Hayes@ncl.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Monkey Puzzle Tree (ARAUCARIA)
Date: 11 Aug 1995 08:48:53 GMT
Organization: university of newcastle
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Hi. Does anyone know where i can get a monkey puzzle tree to start 
growing in the U.K.? Also any growing tips would be very welcome.
Thanks,Roger.



From R.J.Hayes@ncl.ac.uk Mon Aug 14 13:21:55 EDT 1995
Article: 279 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Roger Hayes <R.J.Hayes@ncl.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about Tree
Date: 11 Aug 1995 09:04:27 GMT
Organization: university of newcastle
Lines: 3
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References: <1995Aug10.000533.25171@arbi.Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE>
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To: Joerg.Folckers@Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE

While we are are the subject of trees,can anyone help me locate a Monkey 
Puzzle seedling? Cheers,Roger.



From greany@calvin.stemnet.nf.ca Mon Aug 14 13:21:57 EDT 1995
Article: 280 of sci.bio.botany
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From: greany@calvin.stemnet.nf.ca (Gary Reany)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Scale insect
Date: 11 Aug 1995 16:22:30 GMT
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I have a number of house plants with scale insect infestations.  I've 
been picking them off but I find I'm falling behind.  Can anyone suggest 
a nontoxic method of removing these pests?  I'm aware that I can dab them 
with alcohol, but picking them off is just as easy.  Is it necessary 
to remove the soil and wash the roots?
Please explain the life cycle of this insect to me!  
Please email or post.
--
Gary Reany                              #####     ?????    .!!!.    SSSSS
greany@calvin.stemnet.nf.ca           <( - o )>  {(@ @)}  : b b :  [ a a ]
Eastport School Complex, Eastport NF    (. .)     [---]    : = :    \ ^ /
(709) 677-3121  (3289 home)               @        WWW      :.:       v

Skunk Philosophy....I STINK...THEREFORE I AM!


From MJO1354@acs.tamu.edu Mon Aug 14 13:21:59 EDT 1995
Article: 281 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Marianne Oprisko <MJO1354@acs.tamu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: monocot hormones
Date: 12 Aug 1995 05:34:09 GMT
Organization: Texas A&M University
Lines: 25
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Michael Gorsuch <explore@u.washington.edu> wrote:
>Could anyone give me some information about hormone sinks and wells in a 
>monocot such as grass.  Also where exactly is the shoot meristem located 
>in grass?

While I don't have the information about hormone 'sinks' and 'sources'
(a more proper term unless you mean storage area) right on hand, I can 
give you a quick answer to the shoot meristem location.  Monocot shoot 
meristems are located at the *BASE* of the leaf *NOT* the tip.  This
is very different than dicots used as examples in most 
botany/horticulture classes.  This is why you must cut your turfgrass 
(lawn) several times during a week to keep it at the same length.  Even
though you cut the tips of the leaves off the plant still lives and 
grows.  

A word of warning from someone who has spent the last seven years studing
monocot perennial turfgrasses. If it works one way in dicots never, 
Never, NEVER assume it works the same way in monocots.  

Marianne Oprisko
Work:MOprisko@tamu.edu
Home:MJO1354@acs.tamu.edu
Voice Mail/Fax (409) 690-0738




From sean@gandalf.otago.ac.nz Mon Aug 14 13:22:00 EDT 1995
Article: 282 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sean@gandalf.otago.ac.nz (Sean Francis Clarke)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cucurbic Acid
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 1995 05:33:34 GMT
Organization: University of Otago
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NNTP-Posting-Host: ou134006.otago.ac.nz

Hi!

I have been synthesising cucurbic acid to test cross reactivity with 
antibodies to jasmonic acid I have produced.  However, the methodologies 
which I have been following do not give the UV extinction coefficients for 
cucurbic acid (raecemic and/or (+) (-) isomers), I have therefore been 
unable to determine the concentration of the acid I have synthesised.  Does 
anyone out there know the extinction coefficient for cucurbic acid.

Please either re-post to this news group, or email me at

Sean@phyton.otago.ac.nz

Thankyou


From SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU Mon Aug 14 13:22:01 EDT 1995
Article: 283 of sci.bio.botany
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From: SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU (Eleanor "Sam" Saulys)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: wildflower identification
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 1995 14:18:29
Organization: Yale School of Medicine
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There are 5 pale pink or lavendar petals on each flower with a deep purple 
center. The flower spike is mullen-like, and two or three flowers at a time 
are open on the spike. Plant itself is about 1.5 feet tall. Leaves are not 
paired, are thick and velvety in texture. They are maple leaf shaped, 
numerous and tend to. I cannot locate it in my Peterson's or in the Audubon 
field guide, probably because I can't decide on the color and am looking in 
the wrong place.

This plant grows abundantly by a road that circles a salt marsh here in 
Guilford, CT.


From cyborg@PROBLEM_WITH_INEWS_GATEWAY_FILE Mon Aug 14 13:22:03 EDT 1995
Article: 284 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cyborg@PROBLEM_WITH_INEWS_GATEWAY_FILE (Barsi Claudio)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Euphorbia Resinifera
Date: 11 Aug 1995 05:59:12 GMT
Organization: Politecnico di Torino - Italy
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--
--------------------------------------
|  CSELT             Via Borgaro 21   
|  Claudio Barsi     10148 TORINO
|                    ITALIA    
| 
|  Claudio.Barsi@CSELT.STET.IT
|-------------------------------------  


From jtrust@huey.csun.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:05 EDT 1995
Article: 285 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!gatech!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!uunet!bounce-back
From: Jeffrey Trust <jtrust@huey.csun.edu>
Newsgroups: news.announce.newgroups,news.groups,sci.geo.geology,sci.geo.hydrology,sci.geo.meteorology,sci.geo.oceanography,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.engr.civil
Subject: RFD: sci.geo.rivers
Followup-To: news.groups
Date: 11 Aug 1995 18:41:45 -0000
Organization: .
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu news.announce.newgroups:6318 news.groups:138592 sci.geo.geology:22396 sci.geo.hydrology:2364 sci.geo.meteorology:17933 sci.geo.oceanography:2256 sci.bio.misc:254 sci.bio.botany:285 sci.bio.ecology:13651 sci.bio.fisheries:570 sci.engr.civil:10172

                     REQUEST FOR DISCUSSION (RFD)
                   unmoderated group sci.geo.rivers

Summary:  Discusssion of geologic, climatologic, biologic, and engineering
          issues relating to rivers

Proponent:  Jeffrey Trust <jtrust@huey.csun.edu>
Mentor:     Ilana Stern <ilana@niwot.scd.ucar.edu>

This is a formal Request For Discussion on the creation of the newsgroup
sci.geo.rivers.  This is not a call for votes; do not vote now.

RATIONALE:

Studies of rivers involve many fields of study- work in this field is
done by fish biologists, civil engineers, geologists, hydrologists,
foresters, and many others.  It is desirable for those involved in
river studies to have an efficient and informal way to discuss issues
relating to rivers.  Other relevant Usenet newsgroups include
sci.geo.hydrology, sci.bio.ecology, and sci.engr.civil.  It is, in
part, the purpose of this proposed newsgroup to provide an
interdisciplinary discussion of river issues that is frequently absent
>from  each of these newsgroups.  Discussion of rivers takes place in
each of the three newsgroups listed above, but the discussion in each
group often focuses only on those aspects of river studies relevant to
that particular group.

The sci.geo.* hierarchy was chosen because it includes many Earth
science-related groups, not just those of geologic interest.  The
scope of this newsgroup is intended to be interdisciplinary, and the
sci.geo.* hierarchy is the best choice (short of creating a new sci.*
hierarchy).

CHARTER:  sci.geo.rivers

sci.geo.rivers is an unmoderated Usenet newsgroup for the discussion
of the geology, biology, and other aspects of the scientific study of
rivers.  This newsgroup will serve as a place for members of the
scientific community, and others interested, to discuss: 1) the
geologic processes related to rivers, 2) climatology, as it is related
to rivers, to include such topics as water supply and flooding, 3)
biologic issues, as they relate to rivers, to include such topics as
wildlife, forest, and human ecology, 4) engineering issues, as related
to rivers, to include such topics as the effects of human modification
(e.g., dams, revetments, and channelization), 6) drainage basin
management, including such topics as stream, estuary, and wetlands
protection and restoration, and 7) other topics not mentioned above,
but that have scientific relevance to rivers.

PROCEDURE:

This RFD has been posted in accordance with the Guidelines for Newsgroup
Creation.  Its language is based on previously submitted RFDs.

After a discussion period of 21 to 30 days, if there are no major
objections, an independent votetaker will post a Call For Votes (CFV)
to the same groups as this RFD.  The voting period will be at least 21
days.  If the proposed group passes by receiving 100 more YES votes
than NO votes, and at least twice as many YES votes as NO votes, it
will be created.

DISTRIBUTION:

The RFD is being cross-posted to the following relevant news groups:

news.announce.newgroups, news.groups, sci.geo.geology,
sci.geo.hydrology, sci.geo.meteorology, sci.geo.oceanography,
sci.bio.misc, sci.bio.botany, sci.bio.ecology, sci.bio.fisheries,
sci.engr.civil

Followup posts should be directed to news.groups.


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Mon Aug 14 13:22:07 EDT 1995
Article: 286 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples)
Subject: Re: need info pineapple guava
Message-ID: <DD74up.1x0@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <408gv5$bia@wilbur.hhisland.com> <widodp.13.0015DBA9@lincoln.ac.nz>
Date: Sat, 12 Aug 1995 11:49:37 GMT
Lines: 30

widodp@lincoln.ac.nz (Pudji Widodo) writes:

>      ....m.  While guava (Psidium guajava) of Fam. Myrtaceae with stem 
>diameter can reach 20 cm, and 10 m tall with big canopy (can be 10 m in 
>diameter).  It does not need much water.  

I'm not sure what you mean by "much water".  I've seen guava growing like
a woody weed in parts of Madagascar, and also here in Australia on the
lower slopes of the Palmerston Range near Innisfail.

In both cases on reasonably good loamy soils (basaltic in the local case)
and moderate to *high* (3,000 mm ) annual rainfall.  It's a long time
since I was in Madagascar, so I'm not too sure now what the rainfall amount
or distribution was there where I saw the guavas growing wild.  But Innisfail
is very definitely in the hot wet tropics, with rain all year round.

I have a couple of guava trees growing here in Mareeba, on rather poor soil.
Our rainfall is only around 1,000 mm/year and very seasonal (>80% falls in
the six months Oct-Mar) and my trees suffer badly from drought if I don't
water them regularly during the dry season.  They also suffer badly from
fruit-fly infestation here in the tropics -- you have to eat them a bit
on the green side, before the grubs are big enough to see easily.  ;-)

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:08 EDT 1995
Article: 287 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!news.cyberstore.ca!vanbc.wimsey.com!unixg.ubc.ca!info.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!csus.edu!news.ucdavis.edu!chip!fzyenath
From: fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu (Geeta Bharathan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: monocot hormones
Date: 12 Aug 1995 13:27:50 GMT
Organization: University of California, Davis
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <40ia8m$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu>
References: <Pine.A32.3.91j.950811021501.45232B-100000@homer16.u.washington.edu> <40hegh$mbj@news.tamu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chip.ucdavis.edu
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Marianne Oprisko (MJO1354@acs.tamu.edu) wrote:

: While I don't have the information about hormone 'sinks' and 'sources'
: (a more proper term unless you mean storage area) right on hand, I can 
: give you a quick answer to the shoot meristem location.  Monocot shoot 
: meristems are located at the *BASE* of the leaf *NOT* the tip.  This

I assume you mean the intercalary meristem at the base of the grass leaf. 
The shoot apical meristem of the monocot is, as may be expected, at the 
apex of the shoot: the stem tip.

And I'd like to add also that not all monocots have the "typical" linear 
leaves with a basal intercalary meristem. In other words, all monocots 
are not grasses, or even lilies. There are aroids and alismatids and yams 
that are organized rather differently.


-- Geeta


From fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:10 EDT 1995
Article: 288 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu (Geeta Bharathan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: 12 Aug 1995 13:34:16 GMT
Organization: University of California, Davis
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <40iako$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu>
References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chip.ucdavis.edu
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

Doug Yanega (dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu) wrote:
: The proprietor of a local "chinese food" restaurant today shared with me a
: few freshly-acquired longan fruit, and I couldn't even begin to guess at
: what plant family it belongs to. Thin, easily-removed leathery rind,
: almost gelatinous flesh (is it an aril?), and a single large seed. Tasted
: remarkably similar to a sweet melon (like a honeydew), a flavor which I
: had not noticed eating lychees, which I was told are closely related
: (certainly the fruit morphology matches). So, anyone know what these are,
: what they're related to, and what pollinates them?
: -- 

Litchi = Litchi sinensis (Sapindaceae)

Longan = Dimocarpus longan (Sapindaceae)
         (used to be Litchi longan, according to Mabberley)


From fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:11 EDT 1995
Article: 289 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu (Geeta Bharathan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: 12 Aug 1995 13:38:29 GMT
Organization: University of California, Davis
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu>
References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chip.ucdavis.edu
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

Daan Sandee (sandee@think.com) wrote:

: Look no further than the online dictionary ...

: longan (lon gan; long g <x2> n) n. 
: 1 n.
:         the small, one - seeded, greenish - brown, pleasant - tasting
:         fruit of the large, evergreen, sapindaceous tree, Euphorbia
:         longan, native to China and allied to the litchi.

Not sure in what sense Euphorbia is allied to litchi. 
I believe that longan is actually Dimerocarpus longan, also of Sapindaceae. 


--Geeta


From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:12 EDT 1995
Article: 290 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 1995 17:46:47 -0600
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu

The proprietor of a local "chinese food" restaurant today shared with me a
few freshly-acquired longan fruit, and I couldn't even begin to guess at
what plant family it belongs to. Thin, easily-removed leathery rind,
almost gelatinous flesh (is it an aril?), and a single large seed. Tasted
remarkably similar to a sweet melon (like a honeydew), a flavor which I
had not noticed eating lychees, which I was told are closely related
(certainly the fruit morphology matches). So, anyone know what these are,
what they're related to, and what pollinates them?
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:14 EDT 1995
Article: 291 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.duke.edu!phoenix5!mturner
From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: Sat, 12 Aug 1995 16:17:04
Organization: botany dept. duke univ.
Lines: 18
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In article <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu (Geeta Bharathan) writes:
>Daan Sandee (sandee@think.com) wrote:
>: Look no further than the online dictionary ...
>: longan (lon gan; long g <x2> n) n. 
>: 1 n.
>:         the small, one - seeded, greenish - brown, pleasant - tasting
>:         fruit of the large, evergreen, sapindaceous tree, Euphorbia
>:         longan, native to China and allied to the litchi.
>Not sure in what sense Euphorbia is allied to litchi. 
>I believe that longan is actually Dimerocarpus longan, also of Sapindaceae. 
>--Geeta

    That was probably a typo-- that name should have been spelled  _Euphoria_ 
(like the happy feeling), not _Euphorbia_, which is an unrelated genus.    
I've seen  _Euphoria longan_  used in some older books; it  must have been 
renamed for some taxonomic or nomenclatural reason.    The 8th edition of 
Willis' Dictionary lists _Euphoria_ as a synonym of Litchi.
mdt


From rafiusa@harlan.pdial.interpath.net Mon Aug 14 13:22:15 EDT 1995
Article: 292 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!redstone.interpath.net!harlan.pdial.interpath.net!user
From: rafiusa@harlan.pdial.interpath.net (RAFI-USA)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: RAFI's New WWW Site
Date: Fri, 11 Aug 1995 15:50:38 -0500
Organization: Rural Advancement Foundation International - USA
Lines: 32
Message-ID: <rafiusa-1108951550380001@harlan.pdial.interpath.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: harlan.pdial.interpath.net

*RAFI's New Internet Home*
--------------------------

The Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI) is happy to announce
our new WWW site.   At our site, you'll find a growing archive of RAFI
materials, including internet editions of our newsletter (RAFI
Communique), information about RAFI's staff and funders, our Occasional
Paper series, works in progress, and much more.  Our site aims to go well
beyond the usual "online brochure" approach to WWW.  Point your browser to
the following URL:

http://www.charm.net/~rafi/rafihome.html

Here's a sampling of subjects from recent publications available at our site:

*Companies Staking Claim to the Human Genome
*BioPiracy:  Theft of Indigenous Peoples' Knowledge and Medicinal Plants
*100+ Examples of the Contributions of the South to the North's
Biotechnology Industries
*Use and Control of Microbial Genetic Resources
*Patents, Indigenous Peoples, and Human Genetic Diversity
*The Dangers and Morality of New "Species Patents"
*Impacts of New Transgenic Crops on Southern Farmers

RAFI is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in
Ottawa, Ontario (Canada) and with offices in Pittsboro, North Carolina
(USA).  RAFI is dedicated to the conservation and sustainable improvement
of agricultural biodiversity, and to the socially responsible development
of technologies useful to rural societies.  RAFI is concerned about the
loss of genetic diversity - especially in agriculture - and about the
impact of intellectual property rights on agriculture and world food
security.


From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:16 EDT 1995
Article: 293 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu!user
From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: Sat, 12 Aug 1995 21:21:54 -0600
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
Lines: 31
Message-ID: <dyanega-1208952121540001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu

In article <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>,
dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega) wrote:

> The proprietor of a local "chinese food" restaurant today shared with me a
> few freshly-acquired longan fruit, and I couldn't even begin to guess at
> what plant family it belongs to. Thin, easily-removed leathery rind,
> almost gelatinous flesh (is it an aril?), and a single large seed. Tasted
> remarkably similar to a sweet melon (like a honeydew), a flavor which I
> had not noticed eating lychees, which I was told are closely related
> (certainly the fruit morphology matches). So, anyone know what these are,
> what they're related to, and what pollinates them?

Thanks for the pointers, to those who responded - with that starting
point, I was able to find out the following additional tidbits about the
lychee, which probably hold for the longan, as well:

The fleshy part *is* indeed an aril

The flowers are pollinated by honeybees (Apis) and Stingless honeybees
(Melipona, Trigona), which are native to Asia, and make up the bulk of
floral visitors. Bagged flowers do not produce fruit, but trees are
self-compatible. When grown in the US (Florida), where wild honeybees are
rare, most of the visitors are flies.

Cheers,
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From sandee@think.com Mon Aug 14 13:22:17 EDT 1995
Article: 294 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!paperboy.osf.org!bone.think.com!sandee
From: sandee@think.com (Daan Sandee)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: 12 Aug 1995 02:19:27 GMT
Organization: Thinking Machines Corporation
Lines: 40
Message-ID: <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com>
References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: antelope.think.com

In article <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega) writes:
>The proprietor of a local "chinese food" restaurant today shared with me a
>few freshly-acquired longan fruit, and I couldn't even begin to guess at
>what plant family it belongs to. Thin, easily-removed leathery rind,
>almost gelatinous flesh (is it an aril?), and a single large seed. Tasted
>remarkably similar to a sweet melon (like a honeydew), a flavor which I
>had not noticed eating lychees, which I was told are closely related
>(certainly the fruit morphology matches). So, anyone know what these are,
>what they're related to, and what pollinates them?

Look no further than the online dictionary ...

longan (lon gan; long g <x2> n) n. 
1 n.
        the small, one - seeded, greenish - brown, pleasant - tasting
        fruit of the large, evergreen, sapindaceous tree, Euphorbia
        longan, native to China and allied to the litchi.
2 n.
        the tree itself.
        lungan. 
Etymology:
        f.  NL longan(^B um) f.  Chin lung - yen dragon's eye

litchi (li tchi; l <y3> ch <y3>) n., pl. - tchis. 
1 n.
        the fruit of a Chinese, sapindaceous tree, Litchi chinensis, consisting
        of a thin, brittle shell enclosing a sweet, jellylike pulp
        and a single seed.
2 n.
        the tree itself.
        lichee, lichi. 
Etymology:
        f.  Chin li chih 


Can't help you with pollination, sorry.
(Sapindaceous = belonging to the Sapindaceae, or soapberry family.)

Daan Sandee                                           sandee@think.com
Cambridge, MA 02142


From KJRN90F@prodigy.com Mon Aug 14 13:22:19 EDT 1995
Article: 295 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KJRN90F@prodigy.com (Tom Stuart)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: john bartram
Date: 12 Aug 1995 02:36:39 GMT
Organization: Prodigy Services Company  1-800-PRODIGY
Lines: 16
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X-Newsreader: Version 1.2

Todd,
You are not likely to find any contemporary drawings. His biographers, 
Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley ("The Life and Travels of John Bartram",
 Florida State University, Tallahasee, 1982), were only able to come up 
with two cartoons, one of which adorns the cover of the 1990 paperback.

The cartoons came from a February, 1880 article in Harper's "New Monthly 
magazine" titled "Bartram and his Garden."

Technically, Bartram was a British citizen, but this is the first time I 
have seen him so tagged. He is usually regarded as the first American 
botanist and horticulturalist.

Tom Stuart, New York




From sandee@Think.COM Mon Aug 14 13:22:20 EDT 1995
Article: 296 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!paperboy.osf.org!bone.think.com!Think.COM!sandee
From: sandee@Think.COM (Daan Sandee)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: 12 Aug 1995 23:09:27 GMT
Organization: TMC
Lines: 35
Message-ID: <40jcb7$1q8@bone.think.com>
References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com> <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> <mturner.335.0010494B@acpub.duke.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: delphi.think.com

In article <mturner.335.0010494B@acpub.duke.edu>, mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner) writes:
|> In article <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> fzyenath@chip.ucdavis.edu (Geeta Bharathan) writes:
|> >Daan Sandee (sandee@think.com) wrote:
|> >: Look no further than the online dictionary ...
|> >: longan (lon gan; long g <x2> n) n. 
|> >: 1 n.
|> >:         the small, one - seeded, greenish - brown, pleasant - tasting
|> >:         fruit of the large, evergreen, sapindaceous tree, Euphorbia
|> >:         longan, native to China and allied to the litchi.
|> >Not sure in what sense Euphorbia is allied to litchi. 
|> >I believe that longan is actually Dimerocarpus longan, also of Sapindaceae. 
|> >--Geeta
|> 
|> That was probably a typo-- that name should have been spelled  _Euphoria_ 
|> (like the happy feeling), not _Euphorbia_, which is an unrelated genus.    
|> I've seen  _Euphoria longan_  used in some older books; it  must have been 
|> renamed for some taxonomic or nomenclatural reason.    The 8th edition of 
|> Willis' Dictionary lists _Euphoria_ as a synonym of Litchi.
|> mdt

Thanks. That solves my problem. Only after posting about Euphorbia - and
I didn't type it, I used cut-n-paste ; the typo is Random House's - did
I realize that it was really odd to describe a spurge as a large, evergreen,
sapindaceous tree. Never trust a dictionary.
A long time ago, I found the following in the same dictionary :

    asparagus (as par a gus; <x2> <en> spar <x2> <en> g <x2> s) n.
    1 n.
            any liliaceous plant of the genus Asparagus, esp. A. officianalis,
            cultivated for its edible shoots.
    
Puzzle : spot the typo. Apparently they didn't use a knowledgeable editor.

Daan Sandee                                           sandee@think.com
Cambridge, MA 02142


From XPHD000@MUSICB.MCGILL.CA Mon Aug 14 13:22:22 EDT 1995
Article: 297 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!in1.uu.net!newsflash.concordia.ca!news.mcgill.ca!VM1.MCGILL.CA
From: "SOROOSHZADEH,ALI,MR" <XPHD000@MUSICB.MCGILL.CA>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: interaction effect of calcium and cytokinin on leaf senescence
Date: 13 AUG 95 11:29:39 EST
Organization: McGill University
Lines: 8
Sender: usenet@MUSICB.MCGILL.CA
Message-ID: <13AUG95.12413836.0307@VM1.MCGILL.CA>
NNTP-Posting-Host: vm1.mcgill.ca

Hi,
I am looking for information about the ineraction effect of calcium
 and cytokinin on leaf senescence. Can anyone give me a list of article
 or address that can help me. Thank you.

Ali sorooshzadeh




From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Mon Aug 14 13:22:23 EDT 1995
Article: 298 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newshost.marcam.com!usc!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!lll-winken.llnl.gov!simtel!zombie.ncsc.mil!news.duke.edu!phoenix5!mturner
From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?
Date: Sun, 13 Aug 1995 11:49:47
Organization: botany dept. duke univ.
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu>
References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com> <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> <mturner.335.0010494B@acpub.duke.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: phoenix5.botany.duke.edu
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]


I wrote:
>    That was probably a typo-- that name should have been spelled  _Euphoria_ 
>(like the happy feeling), not _Euphorbia_, which is an unrelated genus.    
>I've seen  _Euphoria longan_  used in some older books;  it  must have been 
>renamed for some taxonomic or nomenclatural reason.    The 8th edition of 
>Willis' Dictionary lists _Euphoria_ as a synonym of Litchi.

It is perhaps regrettable that this generic name was changed-- it might have 
allowed for some amusing titles  to agricultural research papers:

" Improved Methods for Producing Euphoria in Southern Florida"

 (of course the agricultural extension folks would have used "longan" 
instead, anyway...)



From gene@thunder.nynexst.com Sat Aug 19 15:17:25 EDT 1995
Article: 299 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!news.nynexst.com!gene
From: gene@thunder.nynexst.com (Gene Miller)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: : Edible wild mushrooms
Date: 14 Aug 1995 19:41:31 GMT
Organization: Nynex Science & Technology, Inc.
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <40o8tb$hc3@news.nynexst.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: thunder.nynexst.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

My wife and I are trying to identify edible wild mushrooms, but
we don't have the confidence to start eating them. Please let
me know if you know any good information sources, or if you know
someone with the right experience who lives in the Catskills or
Hudson Valley region of New York.


Thanks,

Gene Miller
Phone:  914 644 2834
Fax:    914 997 4997, 914 644 2260
Email:  gene@nynexst.com


From reesespieces@delphi.com Sat Aug 19 15:17:28 EDT 1995
Article: 300 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.uoregon.edu!news.delphi.com!usenet
From: Don Reese <reesespieces@delphi.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Calimondin
Date: Mon, 14 Aug 95 20:45:10 -0500
Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice)
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <5vCjyr+.reesespieces@delphi.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: bos1f.delphi.com

I am looking for nay information that might be useful to me in growing
the calimondin plant.  I am trying to grow it in South Carolina.  this plant
normally grows in the Philipppines.  Please help with any information on
feeding, watering, sunlight exposure fruit propogation.  I will have to grow
this indoors duriw
this indoors during the winter, so any tips there would also be greatly app
appreciated.  We have fruit now, but the plants were purchsed this way.
Thanks in advance.


From dschmierer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz Sat Aug 19 15:17:30 EDT 1995
Article: 301 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!usc!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!lll-winken.llnl.gov!ames!waikato!celebrian.otago.ac.nz!ou140004.otago.ac.nz!dschmierer
From: dschmierer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cotton Lavender
Date: Tue, 15 Aug 1995 04:33:07 GMT
Organization: University of Otago
Lines: 39
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Hi,

I would appreciate any information available on the Cotton Lavender (Santolina 
chamaecyparissus). For example, country of origin, folk-lore associated with 
the plant, any commercial uses (e.g. medicinal, aromatic oils). I have tried 
several books on pharmacognosy and also Medline with only one reference being 
found.

Regards,

David


D.M. Schmierer
School of Pharmacy
University of Otago
Dunedin, NEW ZEALAND

Voice:          0064 03 479 7289 (Office)
                0064 03 479 7262 (Lab)
                0064 03 453 6939 (A/H)
Fax:            0064 03 479 7034
E-mail:         dschmierer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
Snail mail:     As above, P.O. Box 913
--------------------------------------------------------

D.M. Schmierer
School of Pharmacy
University of Otago
Dunedin, NEW ZEALAND

Voice:		0064 03 479 7289 (Office)
		0064 03 479 7262 (Lab)
		0064 03 453 6939 (A/H)
Fax:		0064 03 479 7034
E-mail:		dschmierer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
Snail mail:	As above, P.O. Box 913
--------------------------------------------------------
Backup my hard-drive? ... Hell! I can't even find reverse gear ...


From zieglet8612@cobra.uni.edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:32 EDT 1995
Article: 302 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newshost.marcam.com!usc!math.ohio-state.edu!hobbes.physics.uiowa.edu!cobra.uni.edu!zieglet8612
From: zieglet8612@cobra.uni.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Viburnums
Message-ID: <1995Aug15.004624.47598@cobra.uni.edu>
Date: 15 Aug 95 00:46:24 -0500
Organization: University of Northern Iowa
Lines: 7

Hello,
	I am in search for any information or archives about Viburnums.
Pleas e-mail me at:  Zieglet8612@cobra.uni.con
	Thank-you,
	Todd Ziegler
	University of Northern Iowa
	Zieglet8612@cobra.uni.edu


From vasile@murray.fordham.edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:33 EDT 1995
Article: 303 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.pitt.edu!uunet!in1.uu.net!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!ida.fordham.edu!murray.fordham.edu!vasile
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: edible sea weed
Message-ID: <1995Aug15.025456@murray.fordham.edu>
From: vasile@murray.fordham.edu (James-Laurent Vasile, TGMO)
Date: 15 Aug 95 02:54:56 EDT
Organization: Fordham University
Nntp-Posting-Host: murray.fordham.edu
Lines: 6

I am interested in growing edible sea weed. Any help (other newsgroups, books,
urls etc.) would be appreciated. Thanks for the help.

Please cross post as appropriate.

-James-Laurent Vasile


From hecksel Sat Aug 19 15:17:38 EDT 1995
Article: 304 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Joe Hecksel <hecksel>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Information Request- Downy brome
Date: 15 Aug 1995 15:47:45 GMT
Organization: Somewhere in EDS...
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <40qfj1$ccr@maverick.tad.eds.com>
References: <3vlghb$4mk@tomcat.sasknet.sk.ca> <4073v0$54r@dewey.csun.edu>
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mmeyer@huey.csun.edu (marc meyer) wrote:
>doug.terry@saskanet.sk.ca wrote:
>> I am requesting information on Downy brome (Bromus tectorum). This species
>> is rapidly spreading throughout SE Alberta and SW Saskatchewan and is 
>> becoming a problem with farmers and ranchers in those areas. Is there 
>> any safe, effective way of controlling Downy brome? 

If memory serves, B. tectorum is disliked by grazing animals due to (probably)
the wiry nature of the seed heads.  

One strategy that you might consider is to aggressively seed a species that 
occupies the same ecological niche but has more desirable properties.  I
seeded "Red River" crabgrass in my pasture for that reason.  I paid $7/lb of
seed but one pound of seed goes a long way.  Especially if you restrict the
seeding to lanes, around feeders and waters, by gates and fences.

Annual rye grass would be another alternative (very palatable) but you would
have to reseed every year.


				-Joe Hecksel
				Eaton Rapids Michigan



From zojmvr@mail.bris.ac.uk Sat Aug 19 15:17:39 EDT 1995
Article: 305 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: zojmvr@mail.bris.ac.uk (J M V Rayner)
Subject: Flying seeds: wanted
Message-ID: <DDD0K7.Lx7@uns.bris.ac.uk>
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Date: Tue, 15 Aug 1995 16:02:30 GMT
Lines: 39


As part of a study of their aerodynamics, I am trying to collect specimens
of some of the more unusual flying seeds. These are seeds with aerodynamic
surfaces which slow their descent and in some way improve dispersion.

Most of the interesting species are tropical and either are not grown in
Britain, or rarely set seed here. There is no difficulty finding the
obvious (conifers, Acer, ash, etc.), but I have had no success with the
following or any relatives:

Liriodendron chinense and tulipifera
Buckleya (Borya) distichophylla          Santalaceae
Firmiana                                 Sterculiaceae
Caconia trifoliatum    (?)
Cavanillesia                             Bombacaceae
Alsomitra (=Zanonia) macrocarpa          Cucurbitaceae

Taxonomy is from varied sources and may not be reliable. 

If anyone can collect seeds from trees in their collection I would much
appreciate a few samples of each. Otherwise, any pointers to the above
(e.g. to collections which have living specimens) would be very welcome.

Jeremy Rayner


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Professor Jeremy M. V. Rayner 
School of Biological Sciences
University of Bristol
Woodland Road
Bristol BS8 1UG   UK

tel. +44 117 928 8111, messages +44 117 928 7476, fax +44 117 925 7374

e-mail J.M.V.Rayner@bristol.ac.uk




From dkirscht@moose.uvm.edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:40 EDT 1995
Article: 306 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dkirscht@moose.uvm.edu (David Kirschtel)
Subject: Re: edible sea weed
Message-ID: <1995Aug15.160624.18778@emba.uvm.edu>
Sender: news@emba.uvm.edu
Organization: EMBA Computer Facility, University of Vermont
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
References: <1995Aug15.025456@murray.fordham.edu>
Date: Tue, 15 Aug 1995 16:06:24 GMT
Lines: 24

James-Laurent Vasile, TGMO (vasile@murray.fordham.edu) wrote:
>I am interested in growing edible sea weed. Any help (other newsgroups, books,
>urls etc.) would be appreciated. Thanks for the help.

>Please cross post as appropriate.

>-James-Laurent Vasile

you might try subscribing to the algae list (ALGAE-L@IRLEARN.UCD.IE)

 Send a mail message to  LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE  [please note that it
is NOT "LISTSERVER" but "LISTSERV"] with no subject heading and the
single line: SUB ALGAE-L followed, on the same line by your first
name and your second name [please note that it is NOT "ALGAL-L"]. Please 
put a <return> after this line, particularly if you use a mail "signature".

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
David Kirschtel               |
Dept. of Botany               |     What if the 'invisible hand' is 
Univ. of Vermont              |
Burlington, VT 05405-0086     |         guided by myopic eyes.
                              |
tel   802.656.0429            |
email dkirscht@moose.uvm.edu  |


From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:41 EDT 1995
Article: 307 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu!user
From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: Mon, 14 Aug 1995 18:35:12 -0600
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
Lines: 37
Message-ID: <dyanega-1408951835120001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com> <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> <mturner.335.0010494B@acpub.duke.edu> <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu

In article <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu>, mturner@acpub.duke.edu
(mel turner) wrote:

> I wrote:
> >    That was probably a typo-- that name should have been spelled 
_Euphoria_ 
> >(like the happy feeling), not _Euphorbia_, which is an unrelated genus.    
> >I've seen  _Euphoria longan_  used in some older books;  it  must have been 
> >renamed for some taxonomic or nomenclatural reason.    The 8th edition of 
> >Willis' Dictionary lists _Euphoria_ as a synonym of Litchi.
> 
> It is perhaps regrettable that this generic name was changed-- it might have 
> allowed for some amusing titles  to agricultural research papers:
> 
> " Improved Methods for Producing Euphoria in Southern Florida"

It's too bad the plant genus name is lost, but _Euphoria_ is still a valid
name for a common genus of North American scarab beetles, some of which
are quite striking iridescent green and/or orange. It isn't too hard to
find plant and animals sharing a generic name, either, though to those
familiar with one, the other may seem very odd (like the genus _Cannabis_,
which is a bird).
   While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
_Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
_Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
Cheers,
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From reesespieces@delphi.com Sat Aug 19 15:17:43 EDT 1995
Article: 308 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!in2.uu.net!news.delphi.com!usenet
From: Don Reese <reesespieces@delphi.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: South pacific type guava
Date: Mon, 14 Aug 95 20:47:04 -0500
Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice)
Lines: 2
Message-ID: <5tDASlw.reesespieces@delphi.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: bos1f.delphi.com

Anyone know were I can get any seeds for the guava that grow in the Philippines
  uld be greatly appreciated.  thanks in advance once again.


From ranger@america.net Sat Aug 19 15:17:44 EDT 1995
Article: 309 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!in1.uu.net!peach!root
From: Scott Ranger <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Two Wildflower id problems
Date: 15 Aug 1995 23:53:15 GMT
Organization: Access America, P.O. Box 1222, Alpharetta, GA 30239-1222
Lines: 3
Message-ID: <40rc1b$4hn@peach.america.net>
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To: dm354@cleveland.Freenet.Edu

On mystery plant number two, try looking up meadow beauties, in the genus 
Rhexia.  The S curve you describe is pretty diagnostic.



From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Sat Aug 19 15:17:45 EDT 1995
Article: 310 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: (REPOST) Inexpensive research grade microscopes
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
Message-ID: <DDE31A.8x1@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
Organization: uva
Date: Wed, 16 Aug 1995 05:53:34 GMT
Lines: 49

The following is an offer of microscopes at prices far below 
anything else available. I am posting it not to make money but to 
make these units available to schools and researchers that cannot 
afford more expensive instruments. If this is seen as a 
commercial post, so be it. It is intended to provide instruments 
that would not otherwise be affordable. Yes, we will make some 
money. But we are also offering the best available values in 
microscopes. The units that we are offering are 1/2 to 1/3 the 
cost of equivalent "house-brands".

Yes, this message is being sent from a .edu account. I have 
checked with our administrators. They see it as a public service, 
that in no way conflicts with the non-commercial nature of the 
net. I hope that readers will see it in the same way.

When the Soviet Union dissolved there was one factory making 
high-quality microscopes. They have lost their market with the 
Soviet client-states, and with the loss of funding for Russian 
science, that market is gone as well. Thus the microscopes are 
available at extremely low prices.

I found that in my teaching and research I was always frustrated 
with the microscopes I used simply because we could never quite 
afford the quality that was needed. The compromises always kept 
the students from seeing what I would have wished, and I could 
never quite afford what I needed for research (phase contrast 
and water immersion lenses, for example).

These scopes are of top quality. While the Soviets made shoddy 
consumer goods, their scientific establishment got the best. The 
student scope is better than anything I taught intro courses 
with, and it is $350. The top grade research scope is $950, and 
is equivalent to (or better than) house brands from the major 
supply houses selling for $2000 to $3000. It has apochromatic 
objectives, Koehler illumination, and 5 sets of eyepieces.

Email me, and I can email you descriptions. Or give me your 
postal address and I can send you a brochure with pictures and 
more info. If you are not sure about selecting microscopes I have 
written a manual that discusses what to look for in quality and 
in various applications. I can email it or send a hard copy (the 
hard copy is easier to understand because it has illustrations.) 

mgk@virginia.edu

-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From bednarek@picard.med.ge.com Sat Aug 19 15:17:46 EDT 1995
Article: 311 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!uwm.edu!news.mr.med.ge.com!bednarek
From: bednarek@picard.med.ge.com (Dennis Bednarek Mfg 4-6971 ~BHOSVWZ#097)
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Message-ID: <1995Aug16.073956.26574@mr.med.ge.com>
Sender: news@mr.med.ge.com
Nntp-Posting-Host: salamander
Organization: GE Medical Systems, Magnetic Resonance
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References: <40o8tb$hc3@news.nynexst.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Aug 95 07:39:56 GMT
Lines: 29

Gene Miller (gene@thunder.nynexst.com) wrote:
My wife and I are trying to identify edible wild mushrooms, but
we don't have the confidence to start eating them. Please let
me know if you know any good information sources, or if you know
someone with the right experience who lives in the Catskills or
Hudson Valley region of New York.

Gene:

I know where your comming from.  My dad every fall used to bring home
bushel baskekets full of mushrooms, and then my parents would boil them
with onions prior to canning them.  We would have that great mushroom
sause for months to come.  Wish I could still get the suff.

They always went by some premise that if the onions turned black there
was some poison in the mushrooms.  I'm not sure if there is any truth
to this.  But I remember going with my  dad when I was young and him
explaining the best ones were the buttons as he called them and explaining
how to tell a button mushroom.

If you find any good refrences please forward them to me as well.


return address:                                  bednarekd@picard.med.ge.com
						 mleather@tbdmil.com

Recommended WWW sites:     http://blake.oit.unc.edu:80/~fish/aga/
                           http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~aquaria/Krib/index.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------


From dm354@cleveland.Freenet.Edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:47 EDT 1995
Article: 312 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dm354@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (David Cox)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Two Wildflower id problems
Date: 15 Aug 1995 14:37:31 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (USA)
Lines: 45
Message-ID: <40qbfb$ljj@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu>
Reply-To: dm354@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (David Cox)
NNTP-Posting-Host: kanga.ins.cwru.edu


 I went on a nice wildflower hike last Wednesday on the banks of Motts
Run Reservoir, near Fredericksburg, Virginia. I was so proud of myself
for spotting a lone cranefly orchis (Tipularia discolor) in an unlikely
place, and also a slender ladies-tresses (Spiranthes gracilis, although
apparently the species name has changed since my edition of Newcomb's
Wildflower Guide). Both of these orchids were new to me, and I always
get a special treat from finding and identifying new ones. Since that
hike, I found another slender ladies-tresses along my jogging path.
It's funny how once you "meet" a species, you are more likely to pick
it out when not specifically looking for stuff.

  But there were two wildflowers that I could not identify on this hike,
and in both cases, the mystery plant apparently belonged to a known family
or genus of flowers, which should have led to their id, but didn't.

 The first was up on the edge of the parking lot, up the hill from the
reservoir. This looked to be a member of the Vervain (Verbena) family.
It had the tubular flowers, 5-lobed at the end, that closely resembled
the flowers of blue vervain (Verbena hastata) that I have seen before,
but rather than arranged in a slender spike or raceme, they were massed
in a head at the top of the plant. The leaves were opposite, 1 to 3 inches
long, only about 1/3 inch wide, and perfoliate. The plant was about 2
feet tall. This does not match any Verbena in any book I could find.
It sure has me puzzled. Any ideas?

  The other mystery looked like a 4-petaled Rose Pink (Sabatia angularis).
Which, of course, it couldn't be. There was a normal 5-petaled Rose Pink
nearby (50 feet away), so I was very familiar with what a Rose Pink is
supposed to look like, and this mystery looked just like one, except with
4 petals. It was not a case of the fifth petal being plucked off by some
human or insect or whatever agency. Where the 4 symmetrical petals were
joined was the same distinctive yellow interior of the Rose Pink. The
egg-shaped, opposite leaves were identical to the Rose Pink. Except that
this guy had 4 petals. The stigmata (if I am naming this part correctly)
formed a sort of "S", one curling one way, the other curling the opposite
way (can there be two stigmata in one flower? What else to call those
little pieces at the tip of the pistil?) This "S" did look somewhat
different from the Rose Pink, but that could surely be just individual
or maturity differences.

 Anyway, those are my two mysteries, I will be grateful if anyone has
any idea what they are.

-David Cox


From ez041089@rocky.ucdavis.edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:48 EDT 1995
Article: 313 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ez041089@rocky.ucdavis.edu (Mitchell Baker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: South Africa
Date: 15 Aug 1995 18:20:42 GMT
Organization: University of California, Davis
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I am writing to ask if anyone has an e-mail address for the botany department
of Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg , SA.  Please respond via email 
to 
shimrit@bgumail.bgu.ac.il



Many Thanks
Shimrit Lahav Ginott



From cdn@nsun2.hmi.de Sat Aug 19 15:17:49 EDT 1995
Article: 314 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cdn@nsun2.hmi.de (Hammel_Christian)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Date: 16 Aug 1995 15:27:39 +0200
Organization: Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <40srob$hct@nsun2.hmi.de>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: nsun2.hmi.de

bednarek@picard.med.ge.com (Dennis Bednarek Mfg 4-6971 ~BHOSVWZ#097) writes:


>They always went by some premise that if the onions turned black there
>was some poison in the mushrooms.  I'm not sure if there is any truth
>to this.  But I remember going with my  dad when I was young and him
>explaining the best ones were the buttons as he called them and explaining
>how to tell a button mushroom.


WARNING !

I hope youre still alive. The trick with the onions is definitely wrong 
and it is very dangerous to take such methods for serious. There is a
lot of similar methods like this which are not better. The worst book
about mushroom identification is better than trusting into stories like
that of the onions. There is definitely no method for identification
of poisons by onions nor by taste or colour. It is a better idea to
look for an expert living in the region where you found the mushrooms
and ask him about edibility.

Christian Hammel
hammel@hmi.de



From carolj@NREL.ColoState.EDU Sat Aug 19 15:17:50 EDT 1995
Article: 315 of sci.bio.botany
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From: carolj@NREL.ColoState.EDU (Carol Jacobs-Carre)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Date: 16 Aug 1995 14:08:52 GMT
Organization: Natural Resource Ecology Lab, Colo. State Univ.
Lines: 45
Message-ID: <40su5k$1s6n@yuma.ACNS.ColoState.EDU>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: eleocharis.nrel.colostate.edu

In article <1995Aug16.073956.26574@mr.med.ge.com> bednarek@picard.med.ge.com (Dennis Bednarek Mfg 4-6971 ~BHOSVWZ#097) writes:
>Gene Miller (gene@thunder.nynexst.com) wrote:
>My wife and I are trying to identify edible wild mushrooms, but
>we don't have the confidence to start eating them. Please let
>me know if you know any good information sources, or if you know
>someone with the right experience who lives in the Catskills or
>Hudson Valley region of New York.
>
>Gene:
>
>I know where your comming from.  My dad every fall used to bring home
>bushel baskekets full of mushrooms, and then my parents would boil them
>with onions prior to canning them.  We would have that great mushroom
>sause for months to come.  Wish I could still get the suff.
>
>They always went by some premise that if the onions turned black there
>was some poison in the mushrooms.  I'm not sure if there is any truth
>to this.  But I remember going with my  dad when I was young and him
>explaining the best ones were the buttons as he called them and explaining
>how to tell a button mushroom.
>
>If you find any good refrences please forward them to me as well.
>
>
>return address:                                  bednarekd@picard.med.ge.com
>						 mleather@tbdmil.com
>
>Recommended WWW sites:     http://blake.oit.unc.edu:80/~fish/aga/
>                           http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~aquaria/Krib/index.html
>---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dear folks:  Please, please, whatever you do, do not rely on folklore like
this.  Your parents obviously had more knowledge about mushrooms than you
remember.  Try contacting a mycological society in your state:  they
usually include avid mushroom hunters who will gladly teach you about
mushrooms.  ven the best books cannot be as good as you would like.  A
good mushroom hunter will show you the various phases of a few easily
recognized fungi, so that you too can find edible mushrooms.  Most toxic
msuhrooms won't kill you, but will make you extrememly sick.  Those that
will kill you are so nasty you don't even want to chance making a mistake.
 So once again, get a knowledgeable guide connected with a mycological
society to start you off.  If you can't easily track down a mycological
society, contact the biology department at a nearby college or university.
 There is frequently a faculty member whose avocation is mushrooms.  Best
regards, Carol


From ajbrewer@leland.Stanford.EDU Sat Aug 19 15:17:52 EDT 1995
Article: 316 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ajbrewer@leland.Stanford.EDU (Andrew John Brewer)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants.education,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: bog plants
Date: 15 Aug 1995 14:55:24 -0700
Organization: Stanford University
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:316 bionet.plants:7684


 
 
Does anyone have an inexpensive source for large quantities of bog plants
that can grow in Zone 6 in relative shade; produce flowers; rapid growers
etc?
 
Will pay.
 


From raharjo@sfu.ca Sat Aug 19 15:17:53 EDT 1995
Article: 317 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Simon <raharjo@sfu.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: (no subject)
Date: 15 Aug 1995 21:02:58 GMT
Organization: Dept.of Biosciences, SFU, BC, Canada
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To: raharjo
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

I wonder if anybody in this group has any info about yams 
(Dioscorea spp.), especially in the aspects of taxonomy, 
germplansm maintenance and tissue culture, or of any expert in 
those areas who I can can make contact with? I appreciate it 
very much if you can provide the info (via E-mail).
Sincerely,
Simon





From raharjo@sfu.ca Sat Aug 19 15:17:54 EDT 1995
Article: 318 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Simon <raharjo@sfu.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: (no subject)
Date: 15 Aug 1995 21:03:43 GMT
Organization: Dept.of Biosciences, SFU, BC, Canada
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To: raharjo
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

I wonder if anybody in this group has any info about yams 
(Dioscorea spp.), especially in the aspects of taxonomy, 
germplansm maintenance and tissue culture, or of any expert in 
those areas who I can can make contact with? I appreciate it 
very much if you can provide the info (via E-mail).
Sincerely,
Simon





From SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU Sat Aug 19 15:17:55 EDT 1995
Article: 319 of sci.bio.botany
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From: SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU (Eleanor "Sam" Saulys)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: wildflower identification
Date: Tue, 15 Aug 1995 09:19:44
Organization: Yale School of Medicine
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <SaulysER.11.00095481@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU>
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In article <guirey-1108951745110001@biofile.ceh.servtech.com> guirey@servtech.com (Bernie Guirey) writes:

>** There are 5 pale pink or lavendar petals on each flower with a deep purple 

>Try <Hibiscus palustris>

>Bernie<guirey@servtech.com>

Close, no cigar. I'd guess it's the same family, and will require more than a 
simple field guide for identification.

The palustris in my book is a plant about 5 ft tall, with blossoms 4" across.

The one I'm trying to identify is around 1 to 1.5 feet tall, and the flowers 
are perhaps an inch across. The petals aren't separate, but joined at their 
bases. The most prominent feature is the deep purple stamen cluster. The 
velvet leaves are distinctive as well.  H. trionum sounded close, but was 
described as yellow rather than lavendar.  H. moscheutos also sounded good, 
but no height was given and it was in the same descriptive paragraph as 
palustris at 5'.

Swamp Mallows were abundant in the area, so these little guys weren't freaks 
due to soil conditions. Any other suggestions? Thanks!




From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Sat Aug 19 15:17:56 EDT 1995
Article: 320 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
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Date: Wed, 16 Aug 1995 21:05:55 GMT
Lines: 46

dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu  writes:
> In article <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu>, mturner@acpub.duke.edu
> (mel turner) wrote:
> 
> > I wrote:
> > >    That was probably a typo-- that name should have been spelled 
> _Euphoria_ 
> > >(like the happy feeling), not _Euphorbia_, which is an unrelated genus.    
> > >I've seen  _Euphoria longan_  used in some older books;  it  must have been 
> > >renamed for some taxonomic or nomenclatural reason.    The 8th edition of 
> > >Willis' Dictionary lists _Euphoria_ as a synonym of Litchi.
> > 
> > It is perhaps regrettable that this generic name was changed-- it might have 
> > allowed for some amusing titles  to agricultural research papers:
> > 
> > " Improved Methods for Producing Euphoria in Southern Florida"
> 
> It's too bad the plant genus name is lost, but _Euphoria_ is still a valid
> name for a common genus of North American scarab beetles, some of which
> are quite striking iridescent green and/or orange. It isn't too hard to
> find plant and animals sharing a generic name, either, though to those
> familiar with one, the other may seem very odd (like the genus _Cannabis_,
> which is a bird).
>    While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
> species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
> rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
> _Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
> entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
> be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
> name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
> _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).

Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
which I have been told is the longest scientific name.

> Cheers,
> -- 
> Doug Yanega
> Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
> 607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
> "There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
>     the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From cgrier@picea.cnr.colostate.edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:58 EDT 1995
Article: 321 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris Grier <cgrier@picea.cnr.colostate.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Epipactis helleborine in E Canada?
Date: 16 Aug 1995 21:40:16 GMT
Organization: CEMML
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To: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca

In response to your posting, we collected a specimen of Epipactis 
helleborine (L.) Craantz in Lewis County, New York July of 1992.



From cgrier@picea.cnr.colostate.edu Sat Aug 19 15:17:59 EDT 1995
Article: 322 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris Grier <cgrier@picea.cnr.colostate.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Epipactis helleborine in E Canada?
Date: 16 Aug 1995 21:41:04 GMT
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To: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca

In response to your posting, we collected a specimen of Epipactis 
helleborine (L.) Craantz in Lewis County, New York July of 1992.



From cgrier@picea.cnr.colostate.edu Sat Aug 19 15:18:00 EDT 1995
Article: 323 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris Grier <cgrier@picea.cnr.colostate.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Epipactis helleborine in E Canada?
Date: 16 Aug 1995 21:42:17 GMT
Organization: CEMML
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To: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca

In response to your posting, we collected a specimen of Epipactis 
helleborine (L.) Craantz in Lewis County, New York July of 1992.



From Chris.Read@agsci.utas.edu.au Sat Aug 19 15:18:02 EDT 1995
Article: 324 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris.Read@agsci.utas.edu.au (Chris Read)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Polygodial in the antipodes
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 17 Aug 1995 00:09:24 GMT
Organization: University of Tasmania
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For any that are interested, there is a group in Tasmania researching and
producing commercial quantities of the leaf and extract of Tasmannia
lanceolata (Winteraceae), rich in polygodial (up to 30% in the extract) as
a culinary speciality and food flavouring respectively.  The compound is
found in oil cells in the leaf and seed of the plant, and levels vary
widely in the natural population. I'd be interested in any comment on the
compound, the family, the storage system, the foodstuff.

Chris.Read@agsci.utas.edu.au


From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Sat Aug 19 15:18:03 EDT 1995
Article: 325 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Epipactis helleborine in E Canada?
Date: 16 Aug 1995 14:22:32 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
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NNTP-Posting-Host: plato.ucs.mun.ca

	I should be interested to hear of any discoveries of the european
orchid Epipactis helleborine - the Broad-leaved Helleborine - outside of the
established areas of Quebec and Ontario, particularly from Altantic Canada.
Please e-mail me at: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca

	Howard Clase



From mark_jh@postoffice.utas.edu.au Sat Aug 19 15:18:04 EDT 1995
Article: 326 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mark_jh@postoffice.utas.edu.au (Mark Hovenden)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Flying seeds: wanted
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 1995 02:40:14 GMT
Organization: Physics Dept
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Why not get in contact with Kew gardens.  As Darwin (or was it Hooker or 
Huxley) said you can get anything to grow anywhere, just take a look at Kew 
gardens!

Mark Hovenden
Uni of Tasmania


From bednarek@picard.med.ge.com Sat Aug 19 15:18:06 EDT 1995
Article: 327 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bednarek@picard.med.ge.com (Dennis Bednarek Mfg 4-6971 ~BHOSVWZ#097)
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Message-ID: <1995Aug17.105052.3405@mr.med.ge.com>
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Date: Thu, 17 Aug 95 10:50:52 GMT
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Hammel_Christian (cdn@nsun2.hmi.de) wrote:
bednarek@picard.med.ge.com (Dennis Bednarek Mfg 4-6971 ~BHOSVWZ#097) writes:


>They always went by some premise that if the onions turned black there
>was some poison in the mushrooms.  I'm not sure if there is any truth
>to this.  But I remember going with my  dad when I was young and him
>explaining the best ones were the buttons as he called them and explaining
>how to tell a button mushroom.


WARNING !

I hope youre still alive. The trick with the onions is definitely wrong 
and it is very dangerous to take such methods for serious. There is a
lot of similar methods like this which are not better. The worst book
about mushroom identification is better than trusting into stories like
that of the onions. There is definitely no method for identification
of poisons by onions nor by taste or colour. It is a better idea to
look for an expert living in the region where you found the mushrooms
and ask him about edibility.

Christian Hammel


Precisely why I limit my mushroom intake now to those store bought cans.
They certainly do not have the taste but I feel a lot safer with them.

dennis

hammel@hmi.de


--
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

return address:                                  bednarekd@picard.med.ge.com
						 mleather@tbdmil.com

Recommended WWW sites:     http://blake.oit.unc.edu:80/~fish/aga/
                           http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~aquaria/Krib/index.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------


From J.Morley@rbgkew.org.uk Sat Aug 19 15:18:07 EDT 1995
Article: 328 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: J.Morley@rbgkew.org.uk (James Morley)
Subject: Re: Flying seeds: wanted
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References: <DDD0K7.Lx7@uns.bris.ac.uk> <mark_jh.20.3032AC0E@postoffice.utas.edu.au>
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 1995 12:57:11 GMT
Lines: 24

In article <mark_jh.20.3032AC0E@postoffice.utas.edu.au>, mark_jh@postoffice.utas.edu.au (Mark Hovenden) says:
>
>Why not get in contact with Kew gardens.  As Darwin (or was it Hooker or 
>Huxley) said you can get anything to grow anywhere, just take a look at Kew 
>gardens!
>
>Mark Hovenden
>Uni of Tasmania

I have already responded to the posting and offered our assistance - we will have suitable material of most of the species, although it is unclear what Caconia trifoliatum is.  It is certainly *not * a valid plant name - anyone have any ideas?

James Morley

Centre for Economic Botany
Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew 
Richmond 
Surrey
UK
TW9 3AE
UK

J.Morley@rbgkew.org.uk
WWW - http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/ceb/


From g91i0480@warthog.ru.ac.za Sat Aug 19 15:18:09 EDT 1995
Article: 329 of sci.bio.botany
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From: g91i0480@warthog.ru.ac.za
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Phenology - National Weather Service
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 1995 07:04:20 GMT
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Hi!

I believe the national weather service in places like Germany and Spain keep 
records of flowering phenology. Does anyone out there have a contact address 
for anyone of these facilities? I would like to find out if any data is kept 
for Africa.

Thanks
Pete


From koeltz@shout.net Sat Aug 19 15:18:10 EDT 1995
Article: 330 of sci.bio.botany
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From: koeltz <koeltz@shout.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: botany books-Koeltz USA
Date: 17 Aug 1995 10:57:10 GMT
Organization: koeltz Scientific Books USA
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our catalogs  are available for download at
http://www.shout.net/~koeltz/



From isaak@aurora.com Sat Aug 19 15:18:11 EDT 1995
Article: 331 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
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From: isaak@aurora.com (Mark Isaak)
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Message-ID: <DDGvA4.20y@aurora.com>
Reply-To: isaak@aurora.com (Mark Isaak)
Organization: The Aurora Group
References: <dyanega-1408951835120001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <DDF99v.Eyp@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 1995 17:58:49 GMT
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:331 sci.bio.entomology.misc:826 sci.bio.misc:270

In article <DDF99v.Eyp@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) writes:
>dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu  writes:
>>    While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
>> species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
>> rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
>> _Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
>> entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
>> be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
>> name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
>> _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
>
>Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
>which I have been told is the longest scientific name.

I understand there is a fossil (dinoflagellate, I think) with the genus name
_Archaeohystrichosphaeridium_.

Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?

Also of note in the category of consecutive letters is the Hawaiian
troglobitic water strider _Speovelia aaa_.
-- 
Mark Isaak                "It is impossible for anyone to learn that
isaak@aurora.com           which he thinks he already knows." - Plutarch


From berntson@oeb.harvard.edu Sat Aug 19 15:18:12 EDT 1995
Article: 332 of sci.bio.botany
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From: berntson@oeb.harvard.edu (Glenn M. Berntson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 1995 08:30:22 -0500
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In article <DDF99v.Eyp@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>,
mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) wrote:

> dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu  writes:
> > In article <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu>, mturner@acpub.duke.edu
> > (mel turner) wrote:
> > 
> > > I wrote:
> > > >    That was probably a typo-- that name should have been spelled 
> > _Euphoria_ 
> > > >(like the happy feeling), not _Euphorbia_, which is an unrelated
genus.    
> > > >I've seen  _Euphoria longan_  used in some older books;  it  must
have been 
> > > >renamed for some taxonomic or nomenclatural reason.    The 8th
edition of 
> > > >Willis' Dictionary lists _Euphoria_ as a synonym of Litchi.
> > > 
> > > It is perhaps regrettable that this generic name was changed-- it
might have 
> > > allowed for some amusing titles  to agricultural research papers:
> > > 
> > > " Improved Methods for Producing Euphoria in Southern Florida"
> > 
> > It's too bad the plant genus name is lost, but _Euphoria_ is still a valid
> > name for a common genus of North American scarab beetles, some of which
> > are quite striking iridescent green and/or orange. It isn't too hard to
> > find plant and animals sharing a generic name, either, though to those
> > familiar with one, the other may seem very odd (like the genus _Cannabis_,
> > which is a bird).
> >    While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
> > species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
> > rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
> > _Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
> > entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
> > be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
> > name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
> > _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
> 
> Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
> which I have been told is the longest scientific name.
> 
> > Cheers,
> > -- 
> > Doug Yanega
> > Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
> > 607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
> > "There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
> >     the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick
> -- 
> Associate Professor (Emeritus)
> University of Virginia
> mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu

I hope the humor is not too basal - but I have found the scientific name
for pitch pine to be most amusing:  Pinus rigida


From VITT@UConnVM.UConn.Edu Sat Aug 19 15:18:13 EDT 1995
Article: 333 of sci.bio.botany
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From: VITT@UConnVM.UConn.Edu (Pati)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botany as a career
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 95 15:25:01 EDT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 61
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In article <40c7i8$it4@nntp5.u.washington.edu>
popllama@u.washington.edu ('PopLlama' K. G. Giambrone) writes:
 
>
>This fall I will begin the last two years of my BS in biology.  I want to
>specialize in botany, however I have some concerns.  I am very curious
>about what kind of a job I can get with a specialization of Botany.
>
>
>There seem to be many more positions open for Cellular/Molecular Biology and
>Biochemistry than Botany.  Would this be a better path to take?
>
>I find botany (and mycology) very interesting, but that's not a whole lot
>if I can't make a living off of it.  :)
>
Yes, it *is* a whole lot, because you are much more likely to make a
living (happily) doing something that you love!  And if you are planning
on getting a PhD, you better love it!  Alot...your whole self goes into
getting that degree...do you even like Mol. Bio.?  If not, who cares
that there are many more job...there are also many more people *doing*
it and who would be competeing with you for those jobs.
I am a botanist.  I will be finishing up a PhD in Botany in a year.  And
I *love* what I am doing!!!!  Will I get a job?  You bet!!  I'm smart,
I'm well trained, and I'm very flexible.  I'm willing to move.  And I'm
willing to go either on an academic or a private sector track.  I'm
trained in plant demography, as well as plant morphology, and I could
apply for a job as an assistant prof (given a good post doc, of course
;-)  )  or as a teaching professor at a small liberal arts college.  I
could work for the park service, the Nature Conservancy or numerous
state agencies.  The opportunities are broad, though rare.  But I
believe that the right place will come at the right time.
I have lamented the host of jobs I see advertised in Mol. Bio.  But I
would not be happy being a molecular biologist!  But that is something
you have to answer for yourself.  Can you stand to be in a lab 14-16
hours a day (that's what I see among the grad students in mol. bio.)?
Working with highly toxic chemicals?  or are you more interested in
being outside, working hands on with plants?  The other thing, what kind
of botany do you want to do?  Once you answer these qustions honestly,
you'll have a much better idea which direction *you* should take!
The best way to find out is to get a work study job insomeone's lab.
You have two years left.  Why not work in a molecular lab, and a botany
lab for a year each?  Let your interest be your guide.  If it sounds
boring from the get go, it *will* bore you!  The actual work of science
is quite tedious, so it's only the facination of the ideas that
sometimes keeeps you going!!
Good luck!!!
Pati Vitt
VITT@UCONNVM            (BITNET)
vitt@uconnvm.uconn.edu  (Internet)
"...the seeds of evolution...
 Have we forgotten we're all children?
 Children of a family tree that's longer than a centipede,
 that started long ago, when you and I were only love."
 
  -- The Moody Blues
>popllama@u.washington.edu
>
>--
>"You're dangerous, crazed and wacko."
>"Of course!  I'm an artist."                    -Gonzo, The Muppet Show
>


From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Sat Aug 19 15:18:15 EDT 1995
Article: 334 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 1995 17:13:24 -0600
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
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In article <DDGvA4.20y@aurora.com>, isaak@aurora.com (Mark Isaak) wrote:

>Even a genus
> >> name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
> >> _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
> >
> >Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
> >which I have been told is the longest scientific name.

I would say that _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus
(Loveninsuskytodermogammarus) loveni_ is longer, even if you exclude the
subgeneric name. But if you're going to be a stickler, the sea urchin (at
32 letters) doesn't even come close to the 42 letters in
_Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides_ (a Stratiomyid fly). That is
the longest binomial I know of. Whoever told you that obviously was
unfamiliar with the insect literature (another fly, _Prolasioptera
aeschynanthusperottetii_ also outdoes the urchin)

> I understand there is a fossil (dinoflagellate, I think) with the genus name
> _Archaeohystrichosphaeridium_.
> 
> Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?

Yes. There's _Ia io_ and _Aha ha_, both shorter.

> Also of note in the category of consecutive letters is the Hawaiian
> troglobitic water strider _Speovelia aaa_.

I have that one on my list as _Cavaticovelia aaa_ ; probably a synonym.
There is also a genus _Aa_ and another, _Aaadonta_, plus a genus _Ba_
(with a species _humbugi_; all three are mollusks). Lots of nutty stuff
out there, but I still haven't gotten ONE botanical name to add to my
list.
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From donald_davis@stubbs.woodsworth.utoronto.ca,internet Sat Aug 19 15:18:16 EDT 1995
Article: 335 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: donald_davis@stubbs.woodsworth.utoronto.ca,internet (Donald Davis)
Subject: Help Preserve Presqu'ile Park
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Sender: news@utcc.utoronto.ca (News)
Organization: The Friends of Presqu'ile Park
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 1995 22:49:35 GMT
Lines: 51

Presqu'ile Provincial Park is located about 150 km. east of Toronto on the
north shore of Lake Ontario, near Brighton, Ontario and directly opposite
Rochester, New York.  It is our fourth oldest and fourth most heavily used
park. 

After three years of lobbying, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources is
completing the park management plan for this proposed Ramsar site.
Presqu'ile is very unique, sometimes described as one of Ontario's most
significant endangered spaces. 

It is noted for its biodiversity in terms of habitat, flora and fauna. The
peninsula juts out into Lake Ontario, and hence is strategically situated
to funnel bird and butterfly migrations. 

However, from a botanical standpoint, Presqu'ile has been described as a
"gem, and significant on a national scale". Nationally and provincially
rare plants are found in the park, including a number of orchid species.
High Bluff Island has a remarkable stand of black maple. Striped maple are
found in the park! It seems that the park has a mixture of northern and
carolinian species.

The issues are many and complex. If you feel that preserving such a unique
park for future generations, I would appreciate your support. Perhaps you
already know about Presqu'ile, or have an appreciation for the need to
preserve our rapidly disappearing habitat. Presqu'ile marsh is one of the
last large marshes on the north shore of Lake Ontario.

As of today, I lose my access to e-mail as the computer lab is shutting
down for a few weeks.

You may send a letter, with a copy to myself, to: Hon. Chris Hodgson,
Minister of Natural Resources, room 6301, Whitney Block, 99 Wellesley St.
W., Toronto, Ontario M7A 1W3.

My address is: 3815 Bathurst St., Apt. #2, Downsview, Ontario M3H 3N1

Your support is greatly appreciated.



Donald A. Davis

Life Member
Federation of Ontario Naturalists

Member
Presqu'ile-Brighton Naturalists

Member
Board of Directors
The Friends of Presqu'ile Park


From J.Morley@rbgkew.org.uk Sat Aug 19 15:18:17 EDT 1995
Article: 336 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants
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From: J.Morley@rbgkew.org.uk (James Morley)
Subject: Eichhornia crassipes - control and uses
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I would be grateful for any information anyone can provide on the *current* status of research into the control, both mechanical/chemical and biological, of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. 

Does anyone know of the addresses of experts on the subject in Mexico?

Many thanks

James Morley

Centre for Economic Botany
Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew 
Richmond
Surrey
TW9 3AE

J.Morley@rbgkew.org.uk
WWW - http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/ceb


From hexis@netcom.com Sat Aug 19 15:18:18 EDT 1995
Article: 337 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hexis@netcom.com (James C. Harrison)
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Message-ID: <hexisDDHG3q.40I@netcom.com>
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Mark Isaak (isaak@aurora.com) wrote:
: In article <DDF99v.Eyp@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) writes:
: >dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu  writes:
: >>    While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
: >> species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
: >> rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
: >> _Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
: >> entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
: >> be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
: >> name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
: >> _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
: >
: >Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
: >which I have been told is the longest scientific name.

: I understand there is a fossil (dinoflagellate, I think) with the genus name
: _Archaeohystrichosphaeridium_.

: Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?

: Also of note in the category of consecutive letters is the Hawaiian
: troglobitic water strider _Speovelia aaa_.
: -- 
: Mark Isaak                "It is impossible for anyone to learn that
: isaak@aurora.com           which he thinks he already knows." - Plutarch

How about the bolo spider, Mastagophora dizzydeani?

hexis


From sandee@Think.COM Sat Aug 19 15:18:19 EDT 1995
Article: 338 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sandee@Think.COM (Daan Sandee)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: 17 Aug 1995 22:48:19 GMT
Organization: TMC
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In article <DDGvA4.20y@aurora.com>, isaak@aurora.com (Mark Isaak) writes:
|> In article <DDF99v.Eyp@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) writes:
|> >Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
|> >which I have been told is the longest scientific name.
|> 
|> I understand there is a fossil (dinoflagellate, I think) with the genus name
|> _Archaeohystrichosphaeridium_.
|> 
|> Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?

Bos bos ? And is there a Mus mus ?
There are, of course, lots of 4+4s, such as Tyto alba, and both Asio otus
and Otus asio.  That kind of thing is much more common in zoology than in 
botany.
|> 
|> Also of note in the category of consecutive letters is the Hawaiian
|> troglobitic water strider _Speovelia aaa_.

Note also the genus Haliaeetus - actually a 19th-century screwup, it
should have been Haliaetus.

P.S. What's troglobitic ? Do you mean troglodytic ? Seriously.

Daan Sandee                                           sandee@think.com
Cambridge, MA 02142


From bbarmore@epix.net Sat Aug 19 15:18:20 EDT 1995
Article: 339 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!grape.epix.net!usenet
From: bbarmore@epix.net (Brent)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pythium Problem...HELP??
Date: 18 Aug 1995 12:06:55 GMT
Organization: Your Organization
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I have a problem with Pythium attacking my Geranium cuttings actually
Pelargoniums. I believe the Pythium is in the soiless (Farfard #2) mix.
My question is does anyone know of a Systemic Pesticide that will kill 
Pythium in a Sphagnum Peat based Mix. The Pythium attackes the cuttings
about 1 to 2 weeks after they have been stuck. Any help in this matter
will be "Greatly" appreciated.  Please reply to bbarmore@epix.net. 
Thank you very much for your time and consideration Brent.


From jcpaul@nyc.pipeline.com Sat Aug 19 15:18:22 EDT 1995
Article: 340 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!in1.uu.net!pipeline!not-for-mail
From: jcpaul@nyc.pipeline.com (Judith Paulson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Does anyone know the name of this scientist?
Date: 17 Aug 1995 22:26:47 -0400
Organization: The Pipeline
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Does anyone know the name of this scientist or his theory...? Or where I 
can find additional information.... Or the name/episode of the television 
nature show that aired it? Thanks in advance!  
  
  
There was a nature show that had a description of an ice-age to ice-age 
theory (or earth cycle that takes thousands of years to enact). The 
scientist (works in Europe, but I can't remember his name) who proposed 
this theory was a botanist or meteorologist, if I am remembering correctly.

  
  
The theory ran something like (I knew I should have taped that show): a 
deciduous forest depletes its soil whereupon different trees (which likes 
the depleted ash-tree-soil) gradually take over the deciduous trees' until 
they deplete their soil; and so on, etc., until finally pine takes over... 
until the pine depletes its soil; whereupon the pine trees die off and 
leave scrub behind. As this process happens to more and more forests, less 
CO2 is made into oxygen and thus CO2 begins building up in the earth's 
atmosphere. Eventually, the CO2 build-up becomes significant enough to 
cause the greenhouse effect to kick-in and the climate begins warming up 
(causing droughts in some places, increased rain in other places). As the 
equator is where the higher temperatures are, there arises an increasingly 
disparity in temperatures between the hot equator and the colder poles. 
This temperature disparity causes more frequent storms and storms that are
more severe. Anyway, the increased lightening, earthquake activity, and 
global warming causes a higher frequency and severity of forest fires which

works to further increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, by further 
decreasing the number of trees. The increasing temperature disparity 
results in more severe winters which causes polar ice cap to build and 
grow. Eventually the ice ceases to melt in the spring and the polar caps 
begin to grow which eventually causes an ice age. What is unknown is the 
trigger mechanism that finally sets off the ice age or at what point, 
descent into an ice ceases to be reversible.  
  
If I'm remembering correctly, the cooling effect of the ice age coupled 
with all the ash from forests burning (from lightening, earthquakes, global

warming) and the ash from volcanos restores the balance and deciduous 
forests begin to grow again gradually pushing the ice cover back and 
gradually getting us back to an interglacial period.   
  
In other words, this scientist thought that a build up of CO2 was a natural

occurance in this ice-age to ice-age planetary cycle. And he said that what

we've done in the 20th century is to speed up this cycle with air 
pollution. The last thing in the show I remember seeing is the scientist 
spreading a specific kind of ash around the bases of trees in a forest in 
Europe somewhere in a controlled experiment...  
  
  
  
_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_  
  
May your road rise to meet you  
May the wind be always at your back  
May the sun shine warm upon your face  
May the rain fall soft upon all that you plant  
And until we meet again,  
May your God cradle you in the palm of his hand... 


From dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov Sat Aug 19 15:18:23 EDT 1995
Article: 341 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov (David P. Adam)
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Message-ID: <1995Aug18.161605.13960@rsg1.er.usgs.gov>
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References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com> <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> <mturner.335.0010494B@acpub.duke.edu> <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu> <dyanega-1408951835120001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
Date: Fri, 18 Aug 1995 16:15:34 GMT
Lines: 12

dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega) wrote:

> Surely there must be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness?

I have always admired the name _Tribulus terrestris_ L., aka puncture
vine or goathead, as an inspired description of a plant whose seeds
can make a pair of tennis shoes feel like hobnailed boots.
Branch of Paleontology & Stratigraphy
U.S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California 94025
dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov



From panzar@clpgh.org Sat Aug 19 15:18:24 EDT 1995
Article: 342 of sci.bio.botany
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From: panzar@clpgh.org (Robin Panza)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of 
Message-ID: <1995Aug18.094418.3961@clp2>
Date: 18 Aug 95 09:44:18 -5
References: <dyanega-1408951835120001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>  <DDGvA4.20y@aurora.com>
Organization: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:342 sci.bio.entomology.misc:842 sci.bio.misc:278

> Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?
> 
> -- 
> Mark Isaak                "It is impossible for anyone to learn that
> isaak@aurora.com           which he thinks he already knows." - Plutarch

_Aha ha_, a species of sphecid wasp.

Robin Panza          panzar@clp2.clpgh.org
Section of Birds
Carnegie MNH



From Collett@biology.und.ac.za Sat Aug 19 15:18:25 EDT 1995
Article: 343 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Roderick Collett <Collett@biology.und.ac.za>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: (no subject)
Date: 18 Aug 1995 13:50:31 GMT
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Could someone put me onto some references regarding population biology of bulbous plants. I am new 
to the field and am battling to find references.

Thanks



From smtc271@uoft02.utoledo.edu Sat Aug 19 15:18:26 EDT 1995
Article: 344 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: smtc271@uoft02.utoledo.edu
Subject: Diagnosing plant problems
Message-ID: <DDIDvE.Bov@utnetw.utoledo.edu>
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Organization: University of Toledo
Date: Fri, 18 Aug 1995 04:38:50 GMT

	I am growing some American Chestnut trees.  They prefer a soil
with a pH of 6.2 to 6.4.  My soil is about a pH of 7.2.  Consequently,
I add a little hydrochloric acid to the water that I water the trees with.
I also add a small amount of soluble fertilizer to the water.  In mid-
July, the leaves of the younger smaller trees began to turn brown along
the edges.  Does anyone know of a book that describes the causes of specific
problems, such as the one I am describing.  Also, in the past, a few of 
my trees had leaves that were not the typical dark green leaves.  They had
a strong yellow tint. It would be interesting to find a source that could
interpret these signs of plant stress.

			Charley Sweeney, S.J.
			St. John's H.S.
			5901 Airport Hwy.
			Toledo, OH 43615 
 			SMTC271@uoft02.utoledo.edu



From synner@coho.halcyon.com Sat Aug 19 15:18:27 EDT 1995
Article: 345 of sci.bio.botany
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From: synner@coho.halcyon.com (Ben Lincoln)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: What do the different flowers mean?
Date: 19 Aug 1995 01:33:56 GMT
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	Hello... I couldn't find a more appropriate newsgroup, so here's 
my question:
	Does anyone have (or know where there is) a list of what 
different flowers mean? Like sunflowers being for happiness, etc...
	Any help is appreciated.

--
             Ben Lincoln        +/\s      Synner@Halcyon.com
	 "All the kids'll eat it up, if it's packaged properly."
			---Nirvana, "Aero Zeppelin"
   Wow! Even I have a web page now--http://www.halcyon.com/synner/syn.html
	Microsoft Network is prohibited from redistributing this work in any
form, in whole or in part. Distribution licenses available to Microsoft for 
US$400. Redistribution constitutes agreement to these terms. Send notices 
of violation to: synner@halcyon.com, root@justice.usdoj.gov, 
postmaster@microsoft.com.


From u29770@uic.edu Sat Aug 19 15:18:28 EDT 1995
Article: 346 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jim faliszek <u29770@uic.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Black Walnut trees
Date: 19 Aug 1995 03:50:01 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Chicago
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I recently moved into a new house (actually 2 yrs ago) with a black 
walnut tree.  (Identified by the local tree service and myself).  The 
tree is young, (10 inch diameter trunk, >20 feet tall) and I have yet to 
see any nuts. (although 2 yrs ago I found two walnuts on the ground with 
no other trees in the vicinity)  Why won't my tree give nuts?  Are black 
walnut trees "sexed"?  Thanks in advance for any help. 

                                        Jim Faliszek
                                        Faliszek@uic.edu




From deshe@netvision.net.il Sat Aug 19 15:18:30 EDT 1995
Article: 347 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hovav <deshe@netvision.net.il>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: monocot hormones
Date: Sat, 19 Aug 95 12:30:13 PDT
Organization: NetVision LTD.
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pleas give summery here or in biosci.grasses group.
If you get too little info 
come back to me for discussion.
hovav



From Marie.Svenson@fysbot.uu.se Sat Aug 19 15:18:31 EDT 1995
Article: 348 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Marie.Svenson@fysbot.uu.se (Dept of Physiological Botany)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Lycopodium
Date: Sat, 19 Aug 1995 17:43:39 +0200
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I like to know if anyone knows a normtable for Lycopodium annotium (or
related species). I am also interested in any info on development,
systematics and genetics of lycopods.
// Mats Svensson
Mats.Svensson@fysbot.uu.se


From royg@dagwood Sat Aug 19 15:18:32 EDT 1995
Article: 349 of sci.bio.botany
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From: royg@dagwood (Roy Garringer)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need field guide recommendations
Date: 18 Aug 1995 20:25:40 GMT
Organization: Abbott Laboratories
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NNTP-Posting-Host: dagwood.add.abbott.com

Can someone recommend a good field guide for trees and other plants  
(probably separate guides) for a beginner?


From dff@mindspring.com Fri Aug 25 22:20:09 EDT 1995
Article: 354 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "David F. Fischer" <dff@mindspring.com>
Newsgroups: rec.travel.usa-canada,rec.video,rec.video.cable-tv,rec.video.desktop,rec.video.production,rec.video.releases,rec.video.satellite.dbs,rec.video.satellite.europe,rec.video.satellite.misc,rec.video.satellite.tvro,rec.windsurfing,rec.woodworking,sci.agriculture,sci.agriculture.beekeeping,sci.anthropology,sci.anthropology.paleo,sci.aquaria,sci.archaeology,sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.astro,sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.fits,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Request for assistance from the internet community
Date: 21 Aug 1995 00:30:56 GMT
Organization: Home
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To: jdeaver@u.washington.edu
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu rec.travel.usa-canada:27891 rec.video:72356 rec.video.cable-tv:14290 rec.video.desktop:8556 rec.video.production:26421 rec.video.releases:17657 rec.video.satellite.dbs:13165 rec.video.satellite.europe:2350 rec.video.satellite.misc:2470 rec.video.satellite.tvro:13570 rec.windsurfing:33606 rec.woodworking:87262 sci.agriculture:6326 sci.agriculture.beekeeping:2492 sci.anthropology:17462 sci.anthropology.paleo:4787 sci.aquaria:16233 sci.archaeology:28114 sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:2006 sci.astro:89019 sci.astro.amateur:15735 sci.astro.fits:630 sci.astro.planetarium:2306 sci.bio.botany:354

You should be ashamed of what you did.  If there is karma, your business will fail.



From pmullin@ix.netcom.com Fri Aug 25 22:20:11 EDT 1995
Article: 355 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pmullin@ix.netcom.com (Paul Mullin )
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Subject: Re: Request for assistance from the internet community
Date: 21 Aug 1995 02:57:18 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 8
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <418sme$lmn@ixnews4.ix.netcom.com>
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In <418k40$r3s@firehose.mindspring.com> "David F. Fischer"
<dff@mindspring.com> writes: 
>
>You should be ashamed of what you did.  If there is karma, your
business will fail.
>
Don't waste our time on this airhead...just drop a line to
"postmaster@u.washington.edu" with a copy of the spam attached.


From adamtfg@ozemail.com.au Fri Aug 25 22:20:12 EDT 1995
Article: 356 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Adam Van Wirdum <adamtfg@ozemail.com.au>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants.education,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: bog plants
Date: 20 Aug 1995 06:31:44 GMT
Organization: OzEmail Pty Ltd - Australia
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:356 bionet.plants:7771

ajbrewer@leland.Stanford.EDU (Andrew John Brewer) wrote:
>
> 
>  
>  
> Does anyone have an inexpensive source for large quantities of bog plants
> that can grow in Zone 6 in relative shade; produce flowers; rapid growers
> etc?
>  
> Will pay.
>  
One chopped up comfrey plant will fill afair sized bog.


From wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov Fri Aug 25 22:20:13 EDT 1995
Article: 357 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov (Willaim H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Does anyone know the name of this scientist?
Date: 20 Aug 1995 21:07:29 GMT
Organization: Terrestrial Ecology, EESC, Battelle PNL
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In article <410tp7$97e@pipe4.nyc.pipeline.com>, jcpaul@nyc.pipeline.com
(Judith Paulson) wrote:

> Does anyone know the name of this scientist or his theory...? Or where I 
> can find additional information.... Or the name/episode of the television 

Why not check with the people at UCAR/NCAR or CIESIN or the Global Change
Master Directory? All have www pages.


From meier@software.mitel.com Fri Aug 25 22:20:14 EDT 1995
Article: 358 of sci.bio.botany
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From: meier@software.mitel.com (Rolf Meier)
Newsgroups: rec.travel.usa-canada,rec.video,rec.video.cable-tv,rec.video.desktop,rec.video.production,rec.video.releases,rec.video.satellite.dbs,rec.video.satellite.europe,rec.video.satellite.misc,rec.video.satellite.tvro,rec.windsurfing,rec.woodworking,sci.agriculture,sci.agriculture.beekeeping,sci.anthropology,sci.anthropology.paleo,sci.aquaria,sci.archaeology,sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.astro,sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.fits,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Request for assistance from the internet community
Followup-To: alt.flame
Date: 21 Aug 1995 09:15:45 -0400
Organization: Mitel. Kanata (Ontario). Canada.
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In article <415r0e$16v@nntp4.u.washington.edu> jdeaver@u.washington.edu (Judd Deaver) writes:

>I have a digital publishing company that delivers fully formatted magazines 
>directly to subscribers e-mail boxes. These magazines include all the text, 
>graphics, and layout of paper magazines with the benefits of a digital format. 

May God have mercy on your soul.

____________________________________________________________________________
Rolf Meier					usual disclaimer applies


From dsulman@facstaff.wisc.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:16 EDT 1995
Article: 359 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <dsulman@facstaff.wisc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need field guide recommendations
Date: 21 Aug 1995 19:04:38 GMT
Organization: University of Wisconsin, Madison
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To: royg@dagwood
X-URL: news:412t04$l5k@kelso.pprd.abbott.com

royg@dagwood (Roy Garringer) wrote:
>Can someone recommend a good field guide for trees and other plants  
>(probably separate guides) for a beginner?



I don't know where you live, but the Golden Guide tree guide is good for 
beginners and covers the whole US. Also, look for Master Tree Finder.

	For herbs, I use the Peterson guide to Wildflowers, and a field guide 
of wildflowers and weeds by James H. Zimmerman and Booth Courtenay. 
These are only usable for th Midwest and Noortheast regions of the US.




From woodwork@ronan.net Fri Aug 25 22:20:17 EDT 1995
Article: 360 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Joseph Johns <woodwork@ronan.net>
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Subject: Re: Request for assistance from the internet community
Date: 21 Aug 1995 14:55:37 GMT
Organization: Internet Services Montana, Inc.
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jdeaver@u.washington.edu (Judd Deaver) wrote:
>This is a request for help from the Internet community.
>
>I first off want to apologize for spamming on a massive scale. I will accept 
>all flames like a man. I have been involved with Internet since 1989 so I know 
> the extent of my trespass by posting to all newsgroups.

      other trivial garbage deleted

First off, your apology is, at least as far as this USER is 
concerned, NOT accepted.  Your request for assistance was a 
blatant disregard of generally accepted standards for the 
proper use of the Internet.

Second, your "request" was nothing more than a business 
advertisment - from which only you stood to gain.  This 
should have been advertised in the "MISC" section.  If I 
was remotely interested in your product, I would have begun 
my search in that section.

In my case, your intrusion in "my" rec.woodworking 
newsgroup was, an annoyance, time-consuming and a list of 
other adjectives.

Good day to you Sir.

Joe Johns 



From gregglns@ix.netcom.com Fri Aug 25 22:20:19 EDT 1995
Article: 361 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gregglns@ix.netcom.com (Gregg Lansley )
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Subject: Re: Request for assistance from the internet community
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In <41a6p9$gg5@news.ism.net> Joseph Johns <woodwork@ronan.net> writes: 
>
>jdeaver@u.washington.edu (Judd Deaver) wrote:
>>This is a request for help from the Internet community.
>>
>>I first off want to apologize for spamming on a massive scale. I will
>>accept all flames like a man. I have been involved with Internet
>>since 1989 so I know  the extent of my trespass by posting to all
>>newsgroups.
>
>      other trivial garbage deleted
>
>First off, your apology is, at least as far as this USER is 
>concerned, NOT accepted.  Your request for assistance was a 
>blatant disregard of generally accepted standards for the 
>proper use of the Internet.
>
>Second, your "request" was nothing more than a business 
>advertisment - from which only you stood to gain.  This 
>should have been advertised in the "MISC" section.  If I 
>was remotely interested in your product, I would have begun 
>my search in that section.
>
>In my case, your intrusion in "my" rec.woodworking 
>newsgroup was, an annoyance, time-consuming and a list of 
>other adjectives.
>
>Good day to you Sir.
>
>Joe Johns 
>
To the original poster;  To sum it all up:



			_                         _
		       |_|                       |_|
		       | |         /^^^\         | |
		      _| |_      (| "o" |)      _| |_
		    _| | | | _    (_---_)    _ | | | |_
		   | | | | |' |    _| |_    | `| | | | |
		   |          |   /     \   |          |
		    \        /  / /(. .)\ \  \        /
		      \    /  / /  | . |  \ \  \    /
			\  \/ /     || ||    \ \/  /
			 \__/       || ||      \__/
				    ooO Ooo






From krrobert@uiuc.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:20 EDT 1995
Article: 362 of sci.bio.botany
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From: krrobert@uiuc.edu (K. R. Robertson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Black Walnut trees
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: Mon, 21 Aug 1995 16:45:23 -0600
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
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In article <413n19$3l5o@tigger.cc.uic.edu>, jim faliszek <u29770@uic.edu>
wrote:

> I recently moved into a new house (actually 2 yrs ago) with a black 
> walnut tree.  (Identified by the local tree service and myself).  The 
> tree is young, (10 inch diameter trunk, >20 feet tall) and I have yet to 
> see any nuts. (although 2 yrs ago I found two walnuts on the ground with 
> no other trees in the vicinity)  Why won't my tree give nuts?  Are black 
> walnut trees "sexed"?  Thanks in advance for any help. 
> 
>                                         Jim Faliszek
>                                         Faliszek@uic.edu


Be patient, it takes a number of years for walnut trees to become
established and produce fruit.  Black walnut trees have separate male and
female flowers on the SAME plant, and there are not separate male and
female trees.  The plants are wind pollinated, and I don't know if they
require pollination from another tree, but the pollen can be carried a long
ways by the wind.  Black walnut trees do occur wild in woods in the Chicago
area.

By the way, when you do get mature fruits, don't try to peel off the green
skin without using gloves, otherwise your hands will be stained by the
pigments in the fruits, and the stain will just have to wear off! The
actual nut is very hard.  I grew up in the Missouri Ozarks, and we used to
put the whole black walnut fruits on our gravel driveway for a few weeks to
remove the husks.  Cracking the nuts to get to the meat is also difficult
as the shells are MUCH harder than English walnuts.  I use vice-grips.

Ken Robertson
krrobert@uiuc.edu


From dkirscht@moose.uvm.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:22 EDT 1995
Article: 363 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dkirscht@moose.uvm.edu (David Kirschtel)
Subject: Re: Botany as a career
Message-ID: <1995Aug21.174128.18810@emba.uvm.edu>
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Date: Mon, 21 Aug 1995 17:41:28 GMT
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>popllama@u.washington.edu ('PopLlama' K. G. Giambrone) writes:
> 
>
>This fall I will begin the last two years of my BS in biology.  I want to
>specialize in botany, however I have some concerns.  I am very curious
>about what kind of a job I can get with a specialization of Botany.
>

>
>There seem to be many more positions open for Cellular/Molecular Biology and
>Biochemistry than Botany.  Would this be a better path to take?
>

It doesn't have to be an either/or situation you can do molecular biology 
with plants. Plants are fantastic biochemical factories, orders of 
magnitude more advanced than animal systems. Most of the drugs we use 
(legal and otherwise) are ultimately derived from plant biochemicals 
(which are generally fabricated _de novo_ by the plants). 

All too often people perceive botany as single edifice... walking around 
in the woods collecting flowers and pressing them. There's a lot more to 
botany than systematics/taxonomy. In our dept faculty research runs the 
gamut from purely theoretical ecologists (who spend a good portion of 
their time doing computer modelling/simulation) to molecular biology.
As well as a good deal of "applied" research.
 

>I find botany (and mycology) very interesting, but that's not a whole lot
>if I can't make a living off of it.  :)
>

there's plenty of room in the field to make a career, it just takes a 
little more creativity and imagination than most other career paths. But, 
hey, if you didn't have that creativity and imagination you wouldn't be 
doing science in the first place.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
David Kirschtel               |
Dept. of Botany               |     What if the 'invisible hand' is 
Univ. of Vermont              |
Burlington, VT 05405-0086     |         guided by myopic eyes.
                              |
tel   802.656.0429            |
email dkirscht@moose.uvm.edu  |
http://www.uvm.edu/~dkirscht/biovol.html



From krrobert@uiuc.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:23 EDT 1995
Article: 364 of sci.bio.botany
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From: krrobert@uiuc.edu (K. R. Robertson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need field guide recommendations
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: Mon, 21 Aug 1995 17:17:13 -0600
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
Lines: 43
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In article <412t04$l5k@kelso.pprd.abbott.com>, royg@dagwood (Roy Garringer)
wrote:

> Can someone recommend a good field guide for trees and other plants  
> (probably separate guides) for a beginner?

Field guides for plants generally apply to specific geographical regions. 
I am a professional botanist and normally use technical guides, but the
following guides seem to work well for beginners.  There are many others
that are pretty good in most large bookstores.

Trees
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees (there are separate
books for the Eastern Region and the Western Region). Alfred A. Knopf
Publishers. 1980.  [Lots of good photographs.]

Peterson Field Guide Series. A Field Guide to Eastern Trees, by George A.
Petrides. Houghton Mifflin. 1988.

A Photographic Guide to More than 500 Trees of North America and Europe, by
Roger Phillips. Random House. 1978.  [Includes both native and cultivated
trees; in spite of the title, most photos were taken in England, but it is
still a good book]

The Trees of North America, by Alan Mitchell. Facts On File Publications.
1987. [Also includes cultivated and native trees.]


Wildflowers
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers (there are
separate books for the Eastern Region and the Western Region).  Alfred A.
Knopf Publishers. 1979.  [Lots of good photographs.]

NewcombÕs Wildflower Guide, by Lawrence Newcomb.  Good for the northeastern
United States and adjacent Canada (despite the fact that the photograph on
the cover was taken in California!).  Little, Brown and Co. 1977.

Field guides for trees and wildflowers are available for many individual
states.  If  you are located in the Midwest, let me know and maybe I can
help you with some more local to your area.

Ken Robertson, Illinois Natural History Survey
krrobert@uiuc.edu


From Andre_E_Paquet@uqtr.uquebec.ca Fri Aug 25 22:20:24 EDT 1995
Article: 365 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Andre_E_Paquet@uqtr.uquebec.ca (André E Paquet)
Subject: Growing mushrooms at home?
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Hello!

I would like to grow mushrooms at home.  Does anyone know where I can get info 
about that and where I can buy spores?

Thank you very much.


André E Paquet
Email : Andre_E_Paquet@uqtr.uquebec.ca
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
Québec, Canada


From burleigh@tcg.anl.gov Fri Aug 25 22:20:26 EDT 1995
Article: 366 of sci.bio.botany
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From: burleigh@tcg.anl.gov (darin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 22 Aug 1995 00:36:54 GMT
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In article <40o8tb$hc3@news.nynexst.com>, gene@thunder.nynexst.com (Gene
Miller) wrote:

> My wife and I are trying to identify edible wild mushrooms, but
> we don't have the confidence to start eating them. Please let
> me know if you know any good information sources, or if you know
> someone with the right experience who lives in the Catskills or
> Hudson Valley region of New York.
> 

as in the previous posts, i strongly discourage 'experiments'. 
get a good book on mushrooms and get familiar with identification
first.  i like 'Mushrooms Demystified ' by David Arora; but i 
usually have several other books for comparison.
its tempting sometimes. i brought home a beautiful 'Lepiota' one time
and was almost ready to melt the butter ... then i double checked the
spore print which was light green - it was the poisonous 'green-spored
lepiota', Chlorophyllum something. 
-- 
 darin
burleigh@tcg.anl.gov
"cogito cogito ergo cogito sum" - ambrose bierce


From burleigh@tcg.anl.gov Fri Aug 25 22:20:27 EDT 1995
Article: 367 of sci.bio.botany
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From: burleigh@tcg.anl.gov (darin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 22 Aug 1995 00:44:38 GMT
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References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com> <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> <mturner.335.0010494B@acpub.duke.edu> <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu> <dyanega-1408951835120001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
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In article <dyanega-1408951835120001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>,
dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega) wrote:

> 
> It's too bad the plant genus name is lost, but _Euphoria_ is still a valid
> name for a common genus of North American scarab beetles, some of which
> are quite striking iridescent green and/or orange. It isn't too hard to
> find plant and animals sharing a generic name, either, though to those
> familiar with one, the other may seem very odd (like the genus _Cannabis_,
> which is a bird).
>    While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
> species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
> rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
> _Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
> entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
> be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
> name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
> _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
> Cheers,
> -- 
> Doug Yanega
> Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
> 607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
> "There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
>     the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick

 
 I'm sure most people who suffer from hayfever will find it 
 incongruous that the genus name for ragweed, the cause of their
suffering, is 'Ambrosia'.
-- 
 darin
burleigh@tcg.anl.gov
"cogito cogito ergo cogito sum" - ambrose bierce


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Fri Aug 25 22:20:28 EDT 1995
Article: 368 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples)
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Message-ID: <DDpn7D.MEI@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
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burleigh@tcg.anl.gov (darin) writes:

>In article <40o8tb$hc3@news.nynexst.com>, gene@thunder.nynexst.com (Gene
>Miller) wrote:

>> My wife and I are trying to identify edible wild mushrooms, but
>> we don't have the confidence to start eating them. Please let
>> me know if you know any good information sources, or if you know
[...]
>as in the previous posts, i strongly discourage 'experiments'. 
>get a good book on mushrooms and get familiar with identification
[...]

Yes, I've heard of one species which can be eaten *apparently* with
no ill-effects, but which does permanent, often (usually?) fatal
damage to the liver.  You just don't know you're dead for a day or
two it seems.

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From fis9402@pinon.ccu.uniovi.es Fri Aug 25 22:20:31 EDT 1995
Article: 369 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!simtel!swidir.switch.ch!scsing.switch.ch!news.rediris.es!opalo.etsiig.uniovi.es!pinon.ccu.uniovi.es!fis9402
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Request Infor. about Rafflesia
Message-ID: <41ceag$ejk@pinon.ccu.uniovi.es>
From: fis9402@pinon.ccu.uniovi.es (Helena Fernandez Boveda)
Date: 22 Aug 1995 11:16:32 GMT
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  I would like to know what is the exact date in which Raffles and Arnold
discover the biggest flower on Earth, known as th Rafflessia. 
  If it were possible I'm interested in the exact day and month in which
it was discover.

  If you know this information, please mail it to the address below.
  E-mail:: err@dwarf1.quimica.uniovi.es

  Thank you in advance.


From cawiah@garnet.berkeley.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:32 EDT 1995
Article: 370 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cawiah@garnet.berkeley.edu (MC^2)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botany as a career
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 1995 10:21:34 -0800
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> popllama@u.washington.edu writes:
>  
> There seem to be many more positions open for Cellular/Molecular Biology and
> Biochemistry than Botany.  Would this be a better path to take?  
> I find botany (and mycology) very interesting, but that's not a whole lot
> if I can't make a living off of it.  :)

At UC Berkeley, Botany and fragments of genetics and some other dept were
amalgamted into the "Plant Biology" dept, named cellular and molecular
plant bio when I arrived but changed that year. The department is pretty
much focused on molecular biology and development at the moment, and all
the academic universe seems obsessed by Arabidopsis research. Most of the
post-docs I know are finding it very difficult to get academic jobs, jobs
at all in fact. Depresses even the faculty I think, as I saw a comic cut
>from  the journal of higher education displayed on a wall with the caption:
I figure I can retire after 5 more post-docs, or som'n to that effect.
The pep talk is usually if you are good enough you'll get a job. I am not
so sure. I think you need to be mighty lucky, mighty willing to live
someplace you like less than, say, the Bay Area. I've seen quite a few
folks who wanted research labs go off to jobs with teaching duties only.
Many are scrambling now to reinforce those aspect of their cv. Of course
I've seen quite a few go on to great jobs too. 
My view is that graduate skool has gotta be a labor of love, and not a
vocational training process. It isn't worth it unless you really love the
process. As an apprenticeship for financial security it's a bit foolish in
this generation. 6 years (realistic) to get the PhD, 6 of post-docs, 5 of
pre-tenure. That's a long time befor eyou can set down roots, ain't it ?

Just my thoughts,

M


From cawiah@garnet.berkeley.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:34 EDT 1995
Article: 371 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cawiah@garnet.berkeley.edu (MC^2)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: monocot hormones
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 1995 10:36:19 -0800
Organization: University of California, Berkeley
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 Michael Gorsuch <explore@u.washington.edu> wrote:

> Could anyone give me some information about hormone sinks and wells in a 
> monocot such as grass.  Also where exactly is the shoot meristem located 
> in grass?

Meristems and young leaves are indeed presumed auxin source sites. The
shoot meristem is wrapped by existing leaves, and can be found by peeling
them away from the stalk.

As for leaf meristems, the books that propose that dicot leaves grow
meristematically at the edges are wrong, as is pretty definitively shown by
any clonal analysis experiment published to date.


From mathew@aztec.co.za Fri Aug 25 22:20:35 EDT 1995
Article: 372 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mathew Price <mathew@aztec.co.za>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Proteas
Date: 22 Aug 1995 17:12:33 GMT
Organization: Aztec Information Management
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Hi,
My sister is doing a research project on proteas and can't find 
any info anywhere.

If anyone would like to contribute could they mail me the info.
Any help would be much appreciated.

Thanks, Mathew.



From ttyler@wheel.ucdavis.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:36 EDT 1995
Article: 373 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ttyler@wheel.ucdavis.edu (Timothy Tyler)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Date: 23 Aug 1995 00:02:50 GMT
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Mark Isaak (isaak@aurora.com) wrote:
: In article <DDF99v.Eyp@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) writes:
: >dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu  writes:
: >>    While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
: >> species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
: >> rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
: >> _Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
: >> entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
: >> be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
: >> name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
: >> _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
: >
: >Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
: >which I have been told is the longest scientific name.

: I understand there is a fossil (dinoflagellate, I think) with the genus name
: _Archaeohystrichosphaeridium_.

: Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?

: Also of note in the category of consecutive letters is the Hawaiian
: troglobitic water strider _Speovelia aaa_.
: -- 
: Mark Isaak                "It is impossible for anyone to learn that
: isaak@aurora.com           which he thinks he already knows." - Plutarch

There is a Sphecid wasp Aha ha, named by Howard Evans who was a Professor 
of Entomology at Harvard and later at Colorado State University.


Tim Tyler, 

My opinions are my own, not those of DCN or CDFA.


From Jan_Forbes@quickmail.macnet2.gbrmpa.gov.au Fri Aug 25 22:20:38 EDT 1995
Article: 374 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jan Forbes <Jan_Forbes@quickmail.macnet2.gbrmpa.gov.au>
Subject: Re: need info pineapple guava
Message-ID: <1995Aug22.233348.5492@marlin.jcu.edu.au>
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In article Shelley wrote
>>If you can give me any info about pineapple guava (size, water,
sunlight, 
>>space, would it make a good hedge, etc.), it would be appreciated.

Shelley - the white or 'strawberry' guava is quite different from the
pineapple guava or "Feijoa" as it is known. There is also another small
red guava known as a cherry guava. I don't know the scientific names but
thought this may help!


From JCULTER@marinelab.sarasota.fl.us Fri Aug 25 22:20:40 EDT 1995
Article: 375 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jim Culter <JCULTER@marinelab.sarasota.fl.us>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Eichhornia crassipes - control and uses
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 1995 08:48:49 -0900
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Dear James,

I do not have information on Mexico, but you should contact the 
South Florida Water Management District, 3301 Gun Club Road, P.O. 
Box V, West Palm Beach, Florida 33402.  The District has a very 
large data base on aquatic weed control, particularly hyacinths and 
hydrila.  They may have E-mail through the net, although I haven't
tried to contact them lately.

Good Luck.

Jim Culter                         jculter@marinelab.sarasota.fl.us
Mote Marine Laboratory             voice (813) 388-4441
1600 Thompson Parkway              fax   (813) 388-4312
Sarasota, FL  34236

MML is a private non-profit marine/estuarine research and
education laboratory.  All opinions herein are my own 
(not MML policy) unless noted as otherwise.
Invertebrates rule!  See the Mote Marine Laboratory Home Page.

On Thu, 17 Aug 1995, James Morley wrote:

> I would be grateful for any information anyone can provide on the *current* status of research into the control, both mechanical/chemical and biological, of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. 
> 
> Does anyone know of the addresses of experts on the subject in Mexico?
> 
> Many thanks
> 
> James Morley
> 
> Centre for Economic Botany
> Royal Botanic Gardens
> Kew 
> Richmond
> Surrey
> TW9 3AE
> 
> J.Morley@rbgkew.org.uk
> WWW - http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/ceb
> 
> 


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Fri Aug 25 22:20:42 EDT 1995
Article: 376 of sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples)
Subject: Psidium spp. [Was: need info pineapple guava]
Message-ID: <DDrM34.8v2@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
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Jan Forbes <Jan_Forbes@quickmail.macnet2.gbrmpa.gov.au> writes:

>In article Shelley wrote
>>>If you can give me any info about pineapple guava (size, water,
>>>sunlight, 
>>>space, would it make a good hedge, etc.), it would be appreciated.

>Shelley - the white or 'strawberry' guava is quite different from the
>pineapple guava or "Feijoa" as it is known. There is also another small
>red guava known as a cherry guava. I don't know the scientific names ..

Nothing is as simple as you expect when you start.  :-(
(Maybe I should stick to fishing -- but you can't be too careful
when people from gbrmpa are around  ;-)

According to Willis (6th ed.) the genus _Psidium_ (Myrtaceae) contains
about 110 species from trop. America and the West Indies, many with
edible fruit.

Terrell (USDA Agriculture Handbook 505) mentions 5 species and some
synonyms.  In particular:

_P. cattleianum_	= strawberry guava, purple guava.
_P. friedrichsthalianum_= wild guava
_P. guajava_		= common guava
_P. guineense_		= Guinea guava
_P. montanum_		= mountain guava (surprising, that :)

In a similar sort of publication here in Oz, Hartley ("A Checklist of
Economic Plants in Australia" CSIRO: Melbourne 1979) calls _cattleianum_
the cherry guava, and agrees that _guajava_ is just "guava".

The pommie guru of all things tropical, the inimitable J.W. Purseglove
("Tropical Crops: Dicotyledons" Longman: London 3rd imp. 1974) agrees
w.r.t. _guajava_, largely ignores _guineense_ and _freid..._, and claims
that _P. littorale_ is the strawberry guava and its var. _lucidum_ is
the yellow form of the same.  He also introduces us to _P. microphyllum_
and calls _montanum_ the wild guava.

Purseglove regards _cattleianum_ as a synonym of _littorale_, Terrell
would have it the other way around.  As the latter dates from 1977,
perhaps opinion had swung back by then?

Cheers,  Ian S.

(God it's a long time since I caught a coral trout.)
-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From jari@ibg.uit.no Fri Aug 25 22:20:44 EDT 1995
Article: 377 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 1995 15:12:41
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In article <41dr7a$nmd@mark.ucdavis.edu> ttyler@wheel.ucdavis.edu (Timothy Tyler) writes:

>Mark Isaak (isaak@aurora.com) wrote:
>: In article <DDF99v.Eyp@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) writes:
>: >dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu  writes:
>: >>    While on the topic, another good scarab genus is _Enema_ (including the
>: >> species _Enema pan_), and there are many stranger animal names. I have a
>: >> rather large list of odd animal names, from _Abra cadabra_ (a snail) to
>: >> _Ytu brutus_ (a beetle), and would be interested if anyone has similarly
>: >> entertaining plant names (whether intentional or not). Surely there must
>: >> be some botanical taxonomists with a sense of playfulness? Even a genus
>: >> name over, say, 25 letters would be noteworthy (e.g.,
>: >> _Cancelloidokytodermogammarus_, a crustacean).
>: >
>: >Well, there is Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, a sea urchin,
>: >which I have been told is the longest scientific name.

>: I understand there is a fossil (dinoflagellate, I think) with the genus name
>: _Archaeohystrichosphaeridium_.

>: Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?

>: Also of note in the category of consecutive letters is the Hawaiian
>: troglobitic water strider _Speovelia aaa_.

>There is a Sphecid wasp Aha ha, named by Howard Evans who was a Professor 
>of Entomology at Harvard and later at Colorado State University.

Is there anything interesting (namewise) in the genus Aa (Orchidaceae)?

--- Jari Oksanen, Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From scicomm@pond.com Fri Aug 25 22:20:45 EDT 1995
Article: 378 of sci.bio.botany
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From: scicomm@pond.com (Gwenne F Lally)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Black Walnut trees
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 1995 12:55:41 -0400
Organization: SciComm
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NNTP-Posting-Host: sucker.pond.com


 In article <413n19$3l5o@tigger.cc.uic.edu>, jim faliszek <u29770@uic.edu>
 wrote:


> Why won't my [black walnut] tree give nuts?  

 Ken Robertson
<krrobert@uiuc.edu> responded:

> Be patient.

Jim ­­ 

Warning! We have several mature black walnut trees on our property. The
nuts are a real nuisance! They stain everything they touch with an
indelible greasy brown-black dye. (This includes cars, lawn furniture,
clothing, dogs etc.) They're terribly difficult to rake up, but _rake you
must_. Otherwise, you'll have seedling black walnuts with their deep,
hard-to-pull tap roots _everywhere_ come spring. That's due, in part, to
the squirrels. They leave a nasty mess of dye-laden "crumbs" when they eat
the nuts in fall. They also bury and then forget them, "planting" a crop
of seedlings. The nuts are also downright dangerous ­­ easy to slip on
underfoot and enough to give you a bump when they fall on your head.

I've never succeeded in cracking one.

In addition, black walnut trees are allelopathic, limiting the kind of
plants you can grown beneath them.

So why don't I just cut them down?  Because they're large, handsome trees
and it would take decades for replacements to reach their size. However,
if yours is still young, you might seriously consider replacing it with a
more congenial garden citizen.

Good luck,

Gwenne Lally
scicomm@pond.com


From jse2y@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Fri Aug 25 22:20:48 EDT 1995
Article: 379 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: jse2y@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Jeffrey S. Ertel)
Subject: Re: What do the different flowers mean?
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synner@coho.halcyon.com  writes:
> 	Does anyone have (or know where there is) a list of what 
> different flowers mean? Like sunflowers being for happiness, etc...


Find a copy of "The Language of Flowers, a history" by Beverly
Seaton. 1995. University of Virginia Press

Jeff


From barkdoll@dolphin.upenn.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:49 EDT 1995
Article: 380 of sci.bio.botany
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From: barkdoll@dolphin.upenn.edu (Edwin Barkdoll)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: 23 Aug 1995 19:06:49 GMT
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Timothy Tyler (ttyler@wheel.ucdavis.edu) wrote:
: Mark Isaak (isaak@aurora.com) wrote:
: : Are there any species with shorter names than _Ips piri_ or _Zea mays_?


: There is a Sphecid wasp Aha ha, named by Howard Evans who was a Professor 
: of Entomology at Harvard and later at Colorado State University.


There is also a Vespertilionid bat _Ia io_.

--
Edwin Barkdoll
barkdoll@dolphin.upenn.edu
barkdoll@lepomis.psych.upenn.edu



From chend@ucs.orst.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:51 EDT 1995
Article: 381 of sci.bio.botany
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From: chend@ucs.orst.edu (Don Chen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Actinorhizal plants
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 1995 18:34:15 GMT
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Hi:

I was wondering if someone could tell me if there are references to
plant-derived compounds which stimulate the colonization of
actinorhizal plants by Frankia.  In particular, I have been talking
with a friend who says that Frankia which have been isolated from
infected plants are rarely/never (?) able to recolonize naive plants.
Is this true?  Also, have there been experiments which use plant
callus tissue derived from roots instead of whole plants as the
target?
I'm not in the field, just curious.

Don
**************************************************************
Sleeping we image what awake we wish,
         Dogs dream of bones, fishermen of fish. - Theocritus
Impoundments are another way of saying,
    "Dam the rivers, damn the fish, and goddamn you."
**************************************************************



From mhevey@skypoint.com Fri Aug 25 22:20:52 EDT 1995
Article: 382 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mhevey@skypoint.com (Maurice Hevey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Meadowfoam Seed Oil
Date: 23 Aug 1995 17:35:39 GMT
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Hello,
 
I am trying to identify a source for commercial quantities of
Meadowfoam Seed Oil. Initial demand is approx. 2000 lbs.
Any leads are welcomed.
 
Regards,
 


--
        Maurice O. Hevey  mhevey@skypoint.com   Convergent Cosmetics
        The Virtual Lab Bench - WWW Resource for Cosmetic Scientists
        URL: http://www.skypoint.com/members/mhevey/virtual_lab.html
 




From curryk@cnwl.igs.net Fri Aug 25 22:20:53 EDT 1995
Article: 383 of sci.bio.botany
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From: curryk@cnwl.igs.net (kevin curry)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: What is >> Boswellia <<?
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 1995 04:23:14 GMT
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	I'm looking for any (and all) information about a plant named,
"Boswellia Serratta", or "Boswellia Sevvatta". (Not sure of correct
spelling.) Any infomation will be greatfully received.
ie: Correct name(s) Common or otherwise, medicinal uses, cultivation,
general appearance etc.. etc..

Post or email at your discretion. Thanks.
ttyl




From dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov Fri Aug 25 22:20:54 EDT 1995
Article: 384 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!ukma!rsg1.er.usgs.gov!news
From: dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov (David P. Adam)
Subject: Re: What is >> Boswellia <<?
Message-ID: <1995Aug24.145901.9568@rsg1.er.usgs.gov>
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curryk@cnwl.igs.net (kevin curry) wrote:

>	I'm looking for any (and all) information about a plant named,
>"Boswellia Serratta"

According to the Jepson Manual, _Boswellia_ is the genus for
frankincense.  Proper spelling for your species is probably serrata.
To get more information, check out works on the floras and ethnobotany
of the mideast.


Branch of Paleontology & Stratigraphy
U.S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California 94025
dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov



From dsulman@facstaff.wisc.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:55 EDT 1995
Article: 385 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <dsulman@facstaff.wisc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: 24 Aug 1995 15:25:10 GMT
Organization: University of Wisconsin, Madison
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	In response to your question about interesting names:

	The genus Dyaria is named after a student of moths and mosquitoes.  
However, its effect wasn't very honoring to Mr. Dyar.

	The genus Townesilitus was named after Henry Townes, an authority on 
wasps.  There is another wasp named Mozartella beethoveni!

	I'm sure there are many more of these funny latin names.  




From rzebell@sfsu.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:58 EDT 1995
Article: 386 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rzebell@sfsu.edu (Randy K. Zebell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Eichhornia crassipes - control and uses
Date: 24 Aug 1995 19:49:45 GMT
Organization: San Francisco State University
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> On Thu, 17 Aug 1995, James Morley wrote:
> 
> > I would be grateful for any information anyone can provide on the
*current* status of research into the control, both mechanical/chemical
and biological, of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. 
> > 
> > Does anyone know of the addresses of experts on the subject in Mexico?
> > 


I don't have any information on Eichhornia in Mexico but I do know of Dr.
Lars Anderson who currently is involved in a biological control experiment
of Eichhornia in California using weevils.  His address is:

Dr. Lars Anderson
U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS
Botany Department
University of California - Davis
Davis, CA  95616
(916) 752-6260

Good luck,


Randy Zebell
San Francisco State University
Department of Biology
1600 Holloway Ave. 
San Francisco, CA 94132

Phone: 415.338.6270
Email: rzebell@sfsu.edu


From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Fri Aug 25 22:20:59 EDT 1995
Article: 387 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 1995 16:54:47 -0600
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
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In article <jari.134.000F3697@ibg.uit.no>, jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen) wrote:
> 
> Is there anything interesting (namewise) in the genus Aa (Orchidaceae)?

I don't know, but there is also a genus of mollusks by the same name, _Aa_.
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Fri Aug 25 22:21:01 EDT 1995
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From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 1995 17:06:02 -0600
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In article <41iima$rva@gap.cco.caltech.edu>, chaos@off.ugcs.caltech.edu
(Tien-Yee Chiu) wrote:

> Gary Larson reported some species of bloodsucking mite named after him by an
> entomologist fan; don't remember the genus, but the species was apparently
> "garylarsonii".  The choice of insect was particularly apropos, considering
> his sense of humor!
> 
> Does anyone know anything about the persistent rumors of a _Python montiensis_
> (Monty Python)??

These names have come up elsewhere in this thread;
Strigiphilus garylarsoni (an owl louse, not a  mite)
Montypythonoides riversleighensis (a fossil snake, named in 1985)

I've found a few more to contribute myself, these all different fly
genera, which are valid words in other contexts;

Acadia
Anthrax
Apolysis
Oestrus
Prolepsis
Prorates
Sepsis
Villa

and some which are not but are amusing or unusual in some way;

Cinderella
Glutops
Leia (another one for Star Wars fans)
Pnyxia ("PNYX" has gotta be unique)

and among moths there are

Balsa
Trachea

and a skipper genus

Problema
-- 
Doug Yanega
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity
607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820  USA
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From php@rhi.hi.is Fri Aug 25 22:21:02 EDT 1995
Article: 389 of sci.bio.botany
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From: php@rhi.hi.is (Petur Henry Petersen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: vorticella
Date: 24 Aug 1995 22:13:35 GMT
Organization: University of Iceland
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Keywords: vorticella

can anyone tell me where to get Vorticella.
I think "it" is an algae but at least a waterplant of some kind.
sorry about my ignorance.

petur henry
php@lif.hi.is
University of Iceland
Deptm.Biology


From isaak@aurora.com Fri Aug 25 22:21:04 EDT 1995
Article: 390 of sci.bio.botany
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From: isaak@aurora.com (Mark Isaak)
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names
Message-ID: <DDtrpr.13t@aurora.com>
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Organization: The Aurora Group
References: <DDGvA4.20y@aurora.com> <41dr7a$nmd@mark.ucdavis.edu> <41fu89$5mr@netnews.upenn.edu>
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 1995 17:10:34 GMT
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How about palindomes?  I have seen Aa (Orchidaceae), Aha (sphecid wasp), and
Atta (leafcutter ant).  Surely there are longer ones?

_Aha ha_ provides an example where the binomial is palindromic.  Any others?
-- 
Mark Isaak                "It is impossible for anyone to learn that
isaak@aurora.com           which he thinks he already knows." - Plutarch


From chaos@off.ugcs.caltech.edu Fri Aug 25 22:21:06 EDT 1995
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From: chaos@off.ugcs.caltech.edu (Tien-Yee Chiu)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
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<dsulman@facstaff.wisc.edu> writes:

>	I'm sure there are many more of these funny latin names.  

Gary Larson reported some species of bloodsucking mite named after him by an
entomologist fan; don't remember the genus, but the species was apparently
"garylarsonii".  The choice of insect was particularly apropos, considering
his sense of humor!

Does anyone know anything about the persistent rumors of a _Python montiensis_
(Monty Python)??

Tien Chiu
chaos@ugcs.caltech.edu


From kjbrown@u.washington.edu Fri Aug 25 22:21:07 EDT 1995
Article: 392 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kim Brown <kjbrown@u.washington.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Eichhornia crassipes - control and uses
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 1995 14:36:48 -0700
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As an undergraduate (1988), I was a field assistant for the Weed Control
Technology Team, Corps of ENgineers Research Station in Vicksburg
Mississippi. Evidently the C of E has many problems with aquatic weed
management in the waterways they manage (man-made, shallow, warm water =
big loads of exotic weeds). 

Anyway, I helped in research efforts on Water Hyacinth, milfoil, and
Hydrilla verticillata. I would try to do a lit search w/ the US Corps of
Engineers. Good luck,

Kim Brown		  
College of Forest Resources
Univ. of Washington, Seattle
kjbrown@u.washington.edu       

On Thu, 17 Aug 1995, James Morley wrote:

> I would be grateful for any information anyone can provide on the
>*current* status of research into the control, both mechanical/chemical
>and biological, of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes.  > > Does anyone
>know of the addresses of experts on the subject in Mexico? > > Many thanks


From jtietjen@computime.bc.ca Fri Aug 25 22:21:10 EDT 1995
Article: 393 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jtietjen@computime.bc.ca (Johann Tietjen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Info needed on "Devils Club"(Oplopanax horridus)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 1995 05:08:22 GMT
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I would appreciate if anyone would share information on "Devils Club"
(Oplopanax horridus) . It has been and still used in native medicines
for a wide variety of illnesses. I would especially interested in any
recipes for preparations of those medicines.
If possible, please E-mail any responses to: jtietjen@pris.bc.ca
jtietjen@pris.bc.ca



From hessel@stud.uni-frankfurt.de Fri Aug 25 22:21:12 EDT 1995
Article: 394 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hessel@stud.uni-frankfurt.de (Karin Hessel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: BAOBAB; Stories about BAOBABs ???
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 1995 12:40:39 GMT
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Hi,
i am looking for Stories and Myths about this ancient Tree.

Please, give me a Reply on any Sources about this Tree !!!!

THANX

K.H.

hessel@stud.uni-frankfurt.de



From jkiernan@julian.uwo.ca Fri Aug 25 22:21:14 EDT 1995
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From: jkiernan@julian.uwo.ca (J. A. Kiernan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 1995 15:20:18 GMT
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In article <41i5km$r34@news.doit.wisc.edu> <dsulman@facstaff.wisc.edu> writes:
>From: <dsulman@facstaff.wisc.edu>
>Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of
>lychees/longans?)
>Date: 24 Aug 1995 15:25:10 GMT

>        In response to your question about interesting names:

    The fungus Phallus impudicus (stinkhorn) has a
    name that's interestingly descriptive.





From Piers@indhort.demon.co.uk Fri Sep  1 01:03:10 EDT 1995
Article: 405 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Piers Trehane <Piers@indhort.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: What is >> Boswellia <<?
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 95 09:41:08 GMT
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In article <41guva$poo@nntp.igs.net> curryk@cnwl.igs.net "kevin curry" writes:

>         I'm looking for any (and all) information about a plant named,
> "Boswellia Serratta", or "Boswellia Sevvatta". (Not sure of correct
> spelling.) Any infomation will be greatfully received.
> ie: Correct name(s) Common or otherwise, medicinal uses, cultivation,
> general appearance etc.. etc..
> 
> Post or email at your discretion. Thanks.
> ttyl
 
You mean _Boswellia serrata_ from India.  There are about 24 species of
_Boswellia_ in the Old World but the only use for this species that I have
recorded is for charcoal burning and for light timber.  Deciduous trees
with papery bark in the family Burseraceae.
-- 
________________________________________________
 Piers Trehane  -  Editor of "INDEX HORTENSIS"
 Hampreston Manor, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 7LX, UK
 piers@indhort.demon.co.uk


From kmcgrew@halcyon.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:14 EDT 1995
Article: 406 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kelly McGrew <kmcgrew@halcyon.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: Info needed on "Devils Club"(Oplopanax horridus)
Date: 27 Aug 1995 14:23:07 GMT
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You may also want to consult the title "Plants of Coastal British 
Columbia including Washington, Oregon & Alaska" by Jim Pojar and 
Andy MacKinnon (Vancouver:  Lone Pine Publishing, 1994) where the 
plant is dicussed on page 82.

Kelly McGrew
Olympia, WA




From kmcgrew@halcyon.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:15 EDT 1995
Article: 407 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kelly McGrew <kmcgrew@halcyon.com>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: What is >> Boswellia <<?
Date: 27 Aug 1995 14:30:28 GMT
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The only reference I can find to Boswellia is in the Encyclopedia 
Britannica (15th ed., copyright 1987), vol. 4, page 940.  The article 
there indicates that Boswellia is the genus of trees from which 
frankincense is obtained.  The source is especially B. frereana, B. 
bhaw-dajiana, and B. carteri.  Incisions are made in the trunk of the 
tree and the frankincense is the juice which exudes from the tree, 
hardening upon exposure to air.

There may be other species with medicinal uses, but I've not found 
them.




From kmcgrew@halcyon.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:16 EDT 1995
Article: 408 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kelly McGrew <kmcgrew@halcyon.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: BryoNet still active?
Date: 27 Aug 1995 14:36:14 GMT
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X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany#41guva$poo@nntp.igs.net

Is the bryology network still active?  I've changed email addresses 
and haven't received any posts in several months.  Are there any 
on-line sources of information or anonymous FTP servers that deal 
with bryology?

Thanks.

Kelly McGrew
Olympia, WA




From kmcgrew@halcyon.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:17 EDT 1995
Article: 409 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kelly McGrew <kmcgrew@halcyon.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: BryoNet still active?
Date: 27 Aug 1995 14:36:36 GMT
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X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany#41guva$poo@nntp.igs.net

Is the bryology network still active?  I've changed email addresses 
and haven't received any posts in several months.  Are there any 
on-line sources of information or anonymous FTP servers that deal 
with bryology?

Thanks.

Kelly McGrew
Olympia, WA




From kmcgrew@halcyon.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:18 EDT 1995
Article: 410 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kelly McGrew <kmcgrew@halcyon.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botany as a career
Date: 27 Aug 1995 14:48:59 GMT
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As an amateur botanist (bryology is my specialty) I can attest to the 
fact of a labor of love.  Having forsaken my love (of botany) for 
several years while in the military, followed by undergraduate school 
and then work, I've returned to her in the last few years.  I thought of 
making a career change, but would need to get a new graduate degree 
followed by a PhD, which would require a minimum of 6 years,--more 
likely 8 including some TA'ing.  The result would be eligibility for a 
job making anywhere from $10,000 to $15,000 less than I do now.  
Were it not for a family, mortgage, etc. I'd do it.  As a computer 
specialist, the irony is I am one of the most educated in my 
workgroup, although many make as much as I do and some with far 
less education make more.

If you don't have any of those accoutraments of life (family, etc.) and 
don't mind several years of being in the lower middle class then by 
all means, go for the PhD.  The only way the salaries for pure science 
professionals will increase is for the supply to decrease and demand 
to remain constant (or supply remain constant and demand increase).  
With so many people willing to sacrifice to be in the field they enjoy, 
don't look for wages to increase significantly in the near future.

An alternative is to do what I've done and select a career which will 
finance your avocation.  Several important contributions to science 
have been made by amateurs and there is every reason to believe that 
amateurs will continue to provide significant contributions to basic 
research.  Pick up a few different keys and you'll see yourself that 
there are "field taxonomists" and "herbarium taxonomists" depending 
upon where they spend their professional life.  Amateurs can provide 
a wealth of field research for the professionals to agaonize over in 
their labs and offices!

Good luck!




From jari@ibg.uit.no Fri Sep  1 01:03:19 EDT 1995
Article: 411 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: vorticella
Date: Sun, 27 Aug 1995 17:34:38
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In article <41m89v$ljb@newsbf02.news.aol.com> mcnolan@aol.com (MCNolan) writes:

>>php@rhi.hi.is (Petur Henry Petersen) writes:
>>can anyone tell me where to get Vorticella.
>>I think "it" is an algae but at least a waterplant of some kind.
>>sorry about my ignorance.

>_Vorticella_ is a protozoan, not an alga.  A symbiotic algae, _Chlorella_,
>resides within the vacuoles of the _Vorticella_ and gives it its green
>color.  The botany textbook, "Biology of Plants" by Raven, Evert and
>Eichhorn, 5th edition, has a picture of both of them on page 246.

>Sorry, I do not know where you can get either organism!

Try the nearest home aquarium. In lack of microscope, get a piece of some 
water plant and put it in a slide frame (with glasses, naturally) and project 
to the wall. Vorticella is very common in aquaria, and relatively big, so it 
is easy to spot. Slide project is not enough to see what are the granules 
within Vorticellae, but you can see the granulese, though.
--- Jari Oksanen, Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From kmcgrew@halcyon.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:21 EDT 1995
Article: 412 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kelly McGrew <kmcgrew@halcyon.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: pine needles
Date: 27 Aug 1995 14:38:49 GMT
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By reducing the surface area of the leaf, the amount of area in which 
transpiration occurs is minimized.  Compare to the cycads, many of 
which also have narrow leaves and grow in mesic conditions.




From rfritz@spiff.carleton.ca Fri Sep  1 01:03:21 EDT 1995
Article: 413 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rfritz@spiff.carleton.ca (Ron Fritz)
Subject: Re: Botany as a career
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MC^2 (cawiah@garnet.berkeley.edu) wrote:
[....]
: My view is that graduate skool has gotta be a labor of love, and not a
: vocational training process. It isn't worth it unless you really love the
: process. As an apprenticeship for financial security it's a bit foolish in
: this generation. 6 years (realistic) to get the PhD, 6 of post-docs, 5 of
: pre-tenure. That's a long time befor eyou can set down roots, ain't it ?

: Just my thoughts,

...and akin to mine own. Well put MC^2.
rf
--
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From ruxton@agc.bio.ns.ca Fri Sep  1 01:03:23 EDT 1995
Article: 414 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ruxton@agc.bio.ns.ca (Mike Ruxton (CHS))
Subject: Re: BAOBAB; Stories about BAOBABs ???
Message-ID: <DDzupv.9wo@agc.bio.ns.ca>
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 1995 00:01:07 GMT
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thomas.schlacher.1@nd.edu (Thomas) writes:

>Laurens van der Post's writings always contain numerous references to this tree. 
>Start by "Journey into the interior" or something like that.

>P.S. Even if Baobabs don't feature in a particular novel it is literature worth 
>reading in any case.

Can't find my copy at the moment, but if memory serves, The Little Prince mentions
the baobab. Certainly not botanical reference, but definitely literature.

-- 
Michael Ruxton   - Canadian Hydrographic Service -   ruxton@agcux.bio.ns.ca
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
		So many men, so many opinions. - Terence



From perovsekeng@delphi.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:24 EDT 1995
Article: 415 of sci.bio.botany
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From: PEROVSEK <perovsekeng@delphi.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: hornets boring into peaches
Date: Mon, 28 Aug 95 05:09:32 -0500
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does anyone out there know about a strain of large hornets
capable of eating a peach down to the pit.?  What if anything
can be done about them?  My crop is destroyed...!!!


From guerin@portos.cea.fr Fri Sep  1 01:03:25 EDT 1995
Article: 416 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Proboscidea - Unicorn Plant - How to eat?
Date: 28 Aug 1995 11:43:20 GMT
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I read young fruits can be eaten as a pickle, I never did because I 
never succeed in getting fruits... -:) (maybe I'll try this year because 
the two plants I'm growing are in full bloom) Nevertheless regarding to 
the plant odor, one may be skeptical about the taste of the fruit.




From kmcgrew@halcyon.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:26 EDT 1995
Article: 418 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kelly McGrew <kmcgrew@halcyon.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: why are some trees evergreen?
Date: 29 Aug 1995 01:20:46 GMT
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>>1. Why are some trees and bushes evergreen and why are some deciduous?

Because God made them that way.

Seriously, it has to do with the conditions under which they evolved, etc. I don't know that there is a hard and fast rule to use to=
 segregate one from the other as far as the evolutionary process goes.  It is most likely an evoutionary adaptation to meet the chan=
ging climate.

>>2. What mechansim allows some trees to stay green all year?

"Mechanism?"  The evergreens don't 'drop' their leaves but the deciduous do.  A better question might be "Why do some trees loose th=
ier leaves?"  In temperate climates these deciduous plants seem to have evolved a protective feature which drops the leaves when the=
 temperature declines and the days shorten.  By doing so, the tree saves it's energy for the more productive time of the year.  Ever=
greens have evolved a short, needle-like leaf which is more resistent to freezing, thereby being able to photosynthesize throughout =
the year.  The needle-like leaf could also be an adaptation to prevent consumption of the leaves & stems by large herbivores.  Sever=
al cycads, some ferns, and some palms are poisonous, another example of protective adaptation.

3. Can evergreens be found in all climates?

Yes, except for the most extreme climates in the polar regions and in arid areas.

4. Do evergreens reproduce the same way that deciduous trees do?

Yes and no.  Which evergeens:  angiosperms or gymnosperms?   There are (true) flowering trees (angiosperms) which have different spe=
cies that are either evergreen or deciduous; there are non-flowering trees (gymnosperms) which have different species that are eithe=
r evergreen or deciduous.  Here is a table to provide examples:

                    Angiosperm              Gymnosperm
Deciduous    Maple, Oak, etc.         Tamarisk, tamarack or larch
Evergreen    Madrona, Chinquapin   Pine, Fir, Hemlock

The gymnosperms (naked seeds) are the oldest of the two .  They include cycads, conifers, and ginkoes, among others.  They evolved i=
n the Devonian period and gave way to the flowering plants/trees in the late Cretaceous period.  The great conifer forests of the we=
stern U.S. are ancient relics of these gymnosperm forests, although several flowering plants have also found niches within the fores=
ts.

The forests of the eastern U.S. are mostly angiosperm (oak, maple, chestnut, etc.).  This may be due to the age of the landform comp=
ared to the much younger western U.S. landform.

You should also note that there are ferns (non-flowering, non-seed bearing plants) which are deciduous and others which are evergree=
n.  The sword fern common in the western U.S. is an example of an evergreen fern, while the lady fern is an example of a deciduous f=
ern.  Mosses and liverworts are generally all evergreen, some even photosynthesizing under several inches of snow during the winter =
(at a slow rate though).

I know that Encyclopedia Britannica has a good section on both Angiosperms and Gymnosperms, you may want to look at it so you can 
offer it as a reference to the students.



From delvecch@cesdp.nmhu.edu Fri Sep  1 01:03:27 EDT 1995
Article: 419 of sci.bio.botany
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From: delvecch@cesdp.nmhu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: why are some trees evergreen?
Date: 28 Aug 1995 20:32:26 GMT
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Please e-mail any answers to the following evergreen questions.  I am working on a problem for a 9th grade biology class.

1. Why are some trees and bushes evergreen and why are some deciduous?

2. What mechansim allows some trees to stay green all year?

3. Can evergreens be found in all climates?

4. Do evergreens reproduce the same way that deciduous trees do?


Ann Del Vecchio, PhD
Senior Research Associate
Evaluation Assistance Center-West
New Mexico Highlands University
e-mail: delvecch@cesdp.nmhu.edu



From wblanier@aol.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:30 EDT 1995
Article: 420 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wblanier@aol.com (WBLanier)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Reference information on Indigofera sp. (Indigo)?
Date: 29 Aug 1995 01:22:34 -0400
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I am interested in information and references about the culture of
Indigofera suffruticosa and other species of Indigo.

Specifically:
(1) General techniques to enhance germination;
(2) Pathogens which attack Indigofera sp.;
(3) Assays for indoxyl or other indigo precursors;
(4) The physiology of indigo biosynthesis;
(5) Harvest techniques of Indigofera sp.;
(6) Techniques for indigo extraction and purification; and,
(7) Crossing of different "species" of Indigofera.

So far, digging through biological and agricultural abstracts has not been
very helpful.  Likely this is because large-scale culture of I.
suffruticosa for indigo production has not been common for around a
century.

If you have any information, I would greatly appreciate a reply by e-mail
or news.
Wayne Lanier, PhD


From sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk Fri Sep  1 01:03:31 EDT 1995
Article: 421 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stephen J Bungard <sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: BRC Codes
Date: Tue, 29 Aug 95 08:37:02 GMT
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Please can somebody point me towards an on-line source of BRC codes for 
vascular plants?  (BRC = Biological Records Centre, Monkswood, UK.)

Many thanks,

-- 
Stephen J Bungard      aka  sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk       |   DO NOT   |
 If there are opinions in the above, they are mine, all mine..  |THROW STONES|
 .. unless, of course, they are yours...or someone else's...    |  AT THIS   |
            Also available in the North Ebudes.                 |   NOTICE   |


From dholiday@unlinfo.unl.edu Fri Sep  1 01:03:32 EDT 1995
Article: 422 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dholiday@unlinfo.unl.edu (dan holiday)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: vorticella
Date: 29 Aug 1995 02:34:32 GMT
Organization: University of Nebraska--Lincoln	
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Jari Oksanen (jari@ibg.uit.no) wrote:
: In article <41m89v$ljb@newsbf02.news.aol.com> mcnolan@aol.com (MCNolan) writes:

: >>php@rhi.hi.is (Petur Henry Petersen) writes:
: >>can anyone tell me where to get Vorticella.
: >>I think "it" is an algae but at least a waterplant of some kind.
: >>sorry about my ignorance.

: >_Vorticella_ is a protozoan, not an alga.  A symbiotic algae, _Chlorella_,
: >resides within the vacuoles of the _Vorticella_ and gives it its green
: >color.  The botany textbook, "Biology of Plants" by Raven, Evert and
: >Eichhorn, 5th edition, has a picture of both of them on page 246.

: >Sorry, I do not know where you can get either organism!

: Try the nearest home aquarium. 

Another way to "find" them is by beginning your own infusion culture.  
These are easily created by taking a handfull of hay or other such dry
grass and adding it to a glass jar 3/4 filled with water, then waiting
for a week or two.  The jar should hold at least one litre of water, 
preferably two or more.  Keep it in a well lit room, but away from direct 
sunlight.  These and other protozoans of a seemingly infinite 
variety (included will be a good many small metazoans) will amaze you 
with their diversity and numbers.  The _Vorticella_ attach themselves 
to a substrate by a stalk, to find them faster be certain to get a 
small piece of the organic matter used as starter material on the 
slide when viewing.  Inspect the culture at intervals of a few days, 
or a week, and you will see a succession of life that will fascinate 
you for a long time if cared for properly and not allowed to dessicate.  

They also may be found living symbiotically on the appendages of small
aquatic crustaceans, such as amphipods, in quiet freshwaters.   

Happy hunting.

Dan


: --- Jari Oksanen, Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From M.Kovacs@botany.uq.oz.au Fri Sep  1 01:03:34 EDT 1995
Article: 423 of sci.bio.botany
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From: M.Kovacs@botany.uq.oz.au (Matt Kovacs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Bactris gasipaes
Date: 29 Aug 1995 23:02:54 GMT
Organization: Dept of Botany, Uni of Queensland
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I am after seeds of Bactris gasipaes. I want to trial them in Northern Australia, and am also looking for land. THis is 
a palm which grows well with >1000mm rainfall and high humidity.


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Fri Sep  1 01:03:35 EDT 1995
Article: 424 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: why are some trees evergreen?
Date: Wed, 30 Aug 1995 02:36:10
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>1. Why are some trees and bushes evergreen and why are some deciduous?

Evergreen may best be considered as the "normal" or "initial" condition.  The 
seasonal shedding of leaves is an adaptation to draught. The water-household 
is very essential in plants. Leaves evaporate water, but when there is no 
water available to the roots, the plant will dry out. Shedding of the leaves 
in a dry  period is an (evolutionary) answer to this problem.

Cold, in a way, is exactly the same problem. When the water in the ground 
freezes, it becomes inaccessable for the plant, and it is in fact the same as 
draught.

Another answer to this problem is having very small leaves, like needles, that 
don't evaporate much.

>2. What mechansim allows some trees to stay green all year?
Wrong question. You should ask what the mechanism is to shed leaves. This is 
very complex. What would happen when you place a deciduous tree in a climate 
with no seasonal differences, an all-year-round optimal climate?  I think it 
would still shed it's leaves in October. It is probably a genetically 
programmed phenomenon. Temperature and draught help to determine the exact 
moment. It is not just that the leaves die and fall off, but it is an active 
process: first some of the nutricious substances of the leaves are retrieved 
>from  them (causing autumn colors), then a scar tissue is formed at a precise 
place at the leave base.

>3. Can evergreens be found in all climates?
Yes. There are also other ways to adapt to draught. Except of course on the 
North Pole and in the Sahara [the Date Palm is evergreen tho... but that's an 
oasis].

>4. Do evergreens reproduce the same way that deciduous trees do?
Evergreen is not the same as Coniferous. A Conifer like Larix is a deciduous 
tree (with spectacular aurumn colors). Reproduction has not much to do with 
the topic of evergreen/deciduous.

Hope this helpes, bye, Marco


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
>-------------<Plants, Programs, Primitive creatures>------------------<
<Marco Bleeker>------------<nl-en-de-fr>------------<Amsterdam, Holland>


From neomastino@aol.com Fri Sep  1 01:03:36 EDT 1995
Article: 425 of sci.bio.botany
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From: neomastino@aol.com (NEOMASTINO)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Growing Echinacea HELP!
Date: 29 Aug 1995 21:42:44 -0400
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Can anyone give me some information on the needs of Echinacea purpurea?
Water needs, weed control, insect control anything!!!!
Thanks!


From rsm@infi.net Fri Sep  1 01:03:37 EDT 1995
Article: 426 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rsm@infi.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: why are some trees evergreen?
Date: Tue, 29 Aug 1995 19:25:50 -0400
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In article <41tq1e$9oh@news.halcyon.com>, Kelly McGrew
<kmcgrew@halcyon.com> wrote:


> >>2. What mechansim allows some trees to stay green all year?
> 
> "Mechanism?"  The evergreens don't 'drop' their leaves but the deciduous
do.  >A better question might be "Why do some trees loose their leaves?" 
In >temperate climates these deciduous plants seem to have evolved a
protective >feature which drops the leaves when the temperature declines
and the days >shorten.  

Just to clarify a point that may be obvious to most: evergreens also lose
their leaves. They don't lose them en masse as desciduous plants do, but
rather they shed and replace them all year long.


Robert S. Mowbray
Continuing Student of Biology


From dhpatt1@ozemail.com.au Fri Sep  1 01:03:38 EDT 1995
Article: 427 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dhpatt1@ozemail.com.au (Don)
Newsgroups: rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany,triangle.gardens
Subject: Plant Breeding Book Sought
Date: Wed, 30 Aug 95 03:06:24 GMT
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Could someone please recommend a good reference book for the amature gardener 
who would like to dabble in plant breeding, (Taller sunflowers, bigger 
tomatoes), Etc.?  Thanks very much!
                        
                                -don



From kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu Fri Sep  1 01:03:39 EDT 1995
Article: 428 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Keith <kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu>
Newsgroups: rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany,triangle.gardens
Subject: Re: Plant Breeding Book Sought
Date: 30 Aug 1995 06:58:43 GMT
Organization: North Carolina State University
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu rec.gardens:89153 sci.bio.botany:428 triangle.gardens:2157

Breed you Own Vegetable Varieties
by
Carol Deppe
Little, Brown and Company (Boston, London, Toronto)
ISBN 0-316-18104-8

Good for amatuer breeders. Good sources for germplasm (US and Canada)



From kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu Fri Sep  1 01:03:40 EDT 1995
Article: 429 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Keith <kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu>
Newsgroups: rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany,triangle.gardens
Subject: Re: Plant Breeding Book Sought
Date: 30 Aug 1995 06:59:08 GMT
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu rec.gardens:89154 sci.bio.botany:429 triangle.gardens:2158

Breed you Own Vegetable Varieties
by
Carol Deppe
Little, Brown and Company (Boston, London, Toronto)
ISBN 0-316-18104-8

Good for amatuer breeders. Good sources for germplasm (US and Canada)



From kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu Fri Sep  1 01:03:42 EDT 1995
Article: 430 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Keith <kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu>
Newsgroups: rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany,triangle.gardens
Subject: Re: Plant Breeding Book Sought
Date: 30 Aug 1995 07:00:26 GMT
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu rec.gardens:89155 sci.bio.botany:430 triangle.gardens:2159

Breed your own Vegetable Varieties

by Carol Deppe
Little, Brown and Company

ISBN 0-316-18104-8



From binyf@gamgee.cc.flinders.edu.au Fri Sep  1 01:03:43 EDT 1995
Article: 431 of sci.bio.botany
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From: binyf@gamgee.cc.flinders.edu.au (N.Y.Fidler)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Date: 30 Aug 1995 07:50:53 GMT
Organization: Flinders University
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References: <40o8tb$hc3@news.nynexst.com> <burleigh-210895193432@mac108.tcg.anl.gov> <DDpn7D.MEI@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
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In article <DDpn7D.MEI@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au> staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples) writes:
>Yes, I've heard of one species which can be eaten *apparently* with
>no ill-effects, but which does permanent, often (usually?) fatal
>damage to the liver.  You just don't know you're dead for a day or
>two it seems.

Hi Ian,
As Dr Val Boughton (UQ mycology lecturer) used to say, if you must expt.
leave a sample in the fridge with a dated note.
Nicki



From MARKETING@wkap.nl Fri Sep  1 01:03:44 EDT 1995
Article: 432 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.misc
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From: Peter S <MARKETING@wkap.nl>
Subject: NEW PUBLICATION: Plant Analysis Manual
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This is a cross posting to several news groups and mailing lists. Please
accept our apologies if you have read this message before.

                        -o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-

This is an announcement of a new publication by Kluwer Academic 
Publishers:

                        Plant Analysis Manual 
 
by 
I. Walinga, J.J. van der Lee, V.J.G. Houba, W. van Vark, I. Novozamsky 
(Wageningen Agricultural University, Dept. of Soil Science and Plant 
Nutrition, the Netherlands)

Information on the 'Plant Analysis Manual' and the table of contents can 
be obtained from the following sites:

- gopher:  gopher.wkap.nl
- www:  gopher://gopher.wkap.nl:70/00gopher_root1:[looselea]32201032.txt

Information can also be obtained via:

E-mail from North America: kluwer@wkap.com 
E-mail from Rest of World: services@wkap.nl



From jeremy@spheroid.otago.ac.nz Fri Sep  1 01:03:45 EDT 1995
Article: 433 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeremy Cook <jeremy@spheroid.otago.ac.nz>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: hornets boring into peaches
Date: 30 Aug 1995 07:08:59 GMT
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PEROVSEK <perovsekeng@delphi.com> wrote:
>does anyone out there know about a strain of large hornets
>capable of eating a peach down to the pit.?  What if anything
>can be done about them?  My crop is destroyed...!!!

Follow the hornets and find out where their nest is. Pour an insecticide into
the nest (at night so they're not so active!)

Dr B.R. Cook



From ranger@america.net Fri Sep  1 01:03:46 EDT 1995
Article: 434 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Scott Ranger <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Growing Echinacea HELP!
Date: 30 Aug 1995 13:36:08 GMT
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To: neomastino@aol.com

The seven or so species of Echinacea are all strictly American and 
restricted to the eastern US.  They are prairie/grasslands plants that 
like plenty of sunshine and don't do well even in filtered sun.  They 
normally like circumneutral to basic soil, so don't try them on acid soil 
unless you modify it before planting.

The seeds readily germinate, often at a 50% rate, and several species are 
available commercially.  Two species are federally listed, E. 
tennesseensis, the Tennessee Coneflower, very rare from the Cumberland 
Plateau area, and E. laevigata, smooth purple coneflower from Georgia and 
the Carolinas into southern Virginia.  Some records show it once was 
found in the serpentine barrens of Pennsylvania.



From gpadam@worldgrp.ocbbs.gen.nz Fri Sep  1 01:03:48 EDT 1995
Article: 435 of sci.bio.botany
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Subject: why are some trees evergreen?
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
From: gpadam@worldgrp.ocbbs.gen.nz
Date: Thu, 31 Aug 95 15:41:52 WST
Message-ID: <7967320583404@worldgrp.ocbbs.gen.nz>
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For your information from the Botany News Group[

MB>>1. Why are some trees and bushes evergreen and why are some deciduous?

MB>Evergreen may best be considered as the "normal" or "initial" condition.  Th
MB>seasonal shedding of leaves is an adaptation to draught. The water-household
MB>is very essential in plants. Leaves evaporate water, but when there is no 
MB>water available to the roots, the plant will dry out. Shedding of the leaves
MB>in a dry  period is an (evolutionary) answer to this problem.

MB>Cold, in a way, is exactly the same problem. When the water in the ground 
MB>freezes, it becomes inaccessable for the plant, and it is in fact the same a
MB>draught.

MB>Another answer to this problem is having very small leaves, like needles, th

MB>don't evaporate much.

MB>>2. What mechansim allows some trees to stay green all year?
MB>Wrong question. You should ask what the mechanism is to shed leaves. This is
MB>very complex. What would happen when you place a deciduous tree in a climate
MB>with no seasonal differences, an all-year-round optimal climate?  I think it
MB>would still shed it's leaves in October. It is probably a genetically 
MB>programmed phenomenon. Temperature and draught help to determine the exact 
MB>moment. It is not just that the leaves die and fall off, but it is an active
MB>process: first some of the nutricious substances of the leaves are retrieved
MB>from them (causing autumn colors), then a scar tissue is formed at a precise
MB>place at the leave base.

MB>>3. Can evergreens be found in all climates?
MB>Yes. There are also other ways to adapt to draught. Except of course on the 
MB>North Pole and in the Sahara [the Date Palm is evergreen tho... but that's a
MB>oasis].

MB>>4. Do evergreens reproduce the same way that deciduous trees do?
MB>Evergreen is not the same as Coniferous. A Conifer like Larix is a deciduous
MB>tree (with spectacular aurumn colors). Reproduction has not much to do with 
MB>the topic of evergreen/deciduous.

MB>Hope this helpes, bye, Marco


MB><mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
MB>>-------------<Plants, Programs, Primitive creatures>------------------<
MB><Marco Bleeker>------------<nl-en-de-fr>------------<Amsterdam, Holland>

--
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From m7469@oden.abc.se Fri Sep  1 01:03:50 EDT 1995
Article: 436 of sci.bio.botany
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From: m7469@oden.abc.se (Erik Westlin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: : Edible wild mushrooms
Date: 31 Aug 1995 22:05:40 GMT
Organization: ABC-Klubben
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Is there any publicly available data on edible/(nonedible) mushrooms
I mean data in electronic form of course.

Erik


From reikirk@ksu.ksu.edu Fri Sep  1 01:03:51 EDT 1995
Article: 437 of sci.bio.botany
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From: reikirk@ksu.ksu.edu (Bob Kirk)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: why are some trees evergreen?
Date: 31 Aug 1995 22:47:09 -0500
Organization: Kansas State University
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At least for montane-alpine species, it would seem logical
that at some elevation (varying of course with latitude etc), 
the "growing season" simply becomes too short and the mean
temperature too low to allow a tree to grow a complete new
complement of leaves every year.



From cmayor@ix.netcom.com Mon Sep  4 00:47:47 EDT 1995
Article: 438 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cmayor@ix.netcom.com
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plants and Pb
Date: Fri, 01 Sep 1995 02:41:37 GMT
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	I recently saw a journal or magazine or something that had a story on
the use of plants to absorb heavy metals from soil.  Unfortuneately, I
don't recall the plants, or the journal, or anything in particular.
so if any one could point towards any information on this subject it
would be greatly appreciated.


Chris Mayor




From bednarek@picard.med.ge.com Mon Sep  4 00:47:48 EDT 1995
Article: 439 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bednarek@picard.med.ge.com (Dennis Bednarek Mfg 4-6971 ~BHOSVWZ#097)
Subject: fresh water plants
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	Can someone recommend a good book on the proper identification
of tropical and sub tropical fresh water plants?  I'm looking at something
a bit more detailed in identification than the standard aquarium type book.

dennis

--
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From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Mon Sep  4 00:47:49 EDT 1995
Article: 440 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: TO THOSE WHO ASKED ABOUT THE RUSSIAN MICROSCOPES
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The Russian microscopes have arrived. They are much better than 
we expected. They are made with the quality control of Jena in 
the 1930s. If you were waiting for word of the arrival, or for 
more details, please send me an email.

We have produced a much more detailed and better illustrated 
catalog. Email me, and I will send a copy.

The quality far surpasses our expectations. These are instruments 
with the mechanical and optical quality of Jena instruments of 
the 1930s, with many of the best Zeiss Jena features. They are 
all of steel, bronze, and brass, with almost no plastic. The 
optics include features that haven't been available for 30 years, 
just because they were too expensive for the major manufacturers 
to produce. 

To the three people who objected to our original message as being 
too commercial: Please forgive me for posting this, but I believe 
that the 200+ people who contacted us deserve a reply. And if a 
few classes have better teaching scopes because of this, I will 
not feel even a small bit of guilt. 

Mahlon G. Kelly
GEK, Inc.
268 Turkey Ridge Rd.
Charlottesville, VA 22903
(804) 293-9061 (voice)
(804) 293-8867 (fax)
mgk@virginia.edu    (email)
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From jari@ibg.uit.no Mon Sep  4 00:47:50 EDT 1995
Article: 441 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: why are some trees evergreen?
Date: Fri, 1 Sep 1995 10:13:19
Organization: IBG, Uni of Tromsø
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In article <mbleeker.354.00029A69@euronet.nl> mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker) writes:

>>2. What mechansim allows some trees to stay green all year?
>Wrong question. You should ask what the mechanism is to shed leaves. This is 
>very complex. What would happen when you place a deciduous tree in a climate 
>with no seasonal differences, an all-year-round optimal climate?  I think it 
>would still shed it's leaves in October. It is probably a genetically 
>programmed phenomenon. Temperature and draught help to determine the exact 
>moment. It is not just that the leaves die and fall off, but it is an active 
>process: first some of the nutricious substances of the leaves are retrieved 
>from them (causing autumn colors), then a scar tissue is formed at a precise 
>place at the leave base.

Some old information that I cannot check just now since I don't have the book: 
Walter writes in his small and nice "Vegetation of the Earth" that some 
deciduous fruit trees planted in the tropics still shed their leaves, but in 
"wrong" month, and finally the synchronizing may collapse so that different 
branches shed their leaves independently. If there are always branches with 
leaves, the tree could be called "evergreen", since evergreens shed their 
leaves as well, but not all in one time. 

The shedding of leaves is genetically controlled, but it still needs some 
timing device. Here in the North it is for many species the day length. The 
triggering time varies with geographic areas, and this may cause problems in 
planting trees long outside their original area. I saw a funny example of 
confused timing when I spent a year in Canberra, Australia. The people down 
there had planted all kind of trees of the old continent. Birch was among 
them. In the North it is one of the first to get leaves in summer, and sheds 
them relatively late. However, the trees were probably fairly northern in 
origin and so the triggering day length was long, and so birch was the 
last with leaves and the first shedding them. 

A tiny information on day length: Here in Tromsoe it is 24hrs from mid May to 
the end of July. Now it 15hrs30min and it so short that birches are turning 
yellow, and the autumn storm will reap the leaves within some weeks.
--- Jari Oksanen, Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From thoma457@buzzard.csrv.uidaho.edu Mon Sep  4 00:47:52 EDT 1995
Article: 442 of sci.bio.botany
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From: thoma457@buzzard.csrv.uidaho.edu (David Thomas)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants and Pb
Followup-To: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Date: 2 Sep 1995 03:23:38 GMT
Organization: University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
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cmayor@ix.netcom.com wrote:
> 	I recently saw a journal or magazine or something that had a story on
> the use of plants to absorb heavy metals from soil.  Unfortuneately, I
> don't recall the plants, or the journal, or anything in particular.
> so if any one could point towards any information on this subject it
> would be greatly appreciated.


> Chris Mayor

I don't know about a specific article, but I do know that Lupines 
concentrate heavy metals in their tissues--they can be a problem for 
ranchers.

--Dave 



From williams@stargazer.netshop.net Mon Sep  4 00:47:53 EDT 1995
Article: 443 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gary Williams <williams@stargazer.netshop.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Growing mushrooms at home?
Date: 2 Sep 1995 04:37:06 GMT
Organization: The Internet Shop Inc.
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To: Andre_E_Paquet@uqtr.uquebec.ca

Paul Stamets and Jeff Chilton have an excellent book out on the 
subject.The book is called "The Mushroom Cultivator". It should contain
everything you need. As for the spores---- well, your on your own.
zzzorry.



From williams@stargazer.netshop.net Mon Sep  4 00:47:54 EDT 1995
Article: 444 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gary Williams <williams@stargazer.netshop.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: _Euphoria_ and other catchy names (was Re: taxonomy of lychees/longans?)
Date: 2 Sep 1995 04:54:02 GMT
Organization: The Internet Shop Inc.
Lines: 3
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References: <dyanega-1108951746470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <40h33f$7hc@bone.think.com> <40iasl$6un@mark.ucdavis.edu> <mturner.335.0010494B@acpub.duke.edu> <mturner.337.000BD4C8@acpub.duke.edu> <dyanega-1408951835120001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu> <burleigh-210895194812@mac108.tcg.anl.gov>
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To: burleigh@tcg.anl.gov

How about the genus Lycoperdon (wolf-fart). A genus of very common 
puffballs.



From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Mon Sep  4 00:47:56 EDT 1995
Article: 445 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples)
Subject: Re: Reference information on Indigofera sp. (Indigo)?
Message-ID: <DEA1Kq.MJ9@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
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wblanier@aol.com (WBLanier) writes:

>I am interested in information and references about the culture of
>Indigofera suffruticosa and other species of Indigo.

>Specifically:
>(1) General techniques to enhance germination;

For small samples of seed I find treatment with conc. H2SO4 to
be very effective for breaking hardseededness.  Usually 10 to
15 mins immersion (as a slurry of seed plus acid) is okay.
Some very tough hard seeds may need 20 to 30 minutes, and those
which are barely hard at all will respond to only 3 to 5 min, to
ensure rapid even germination of the entire sample.

The acid *must* be very dry as even small amounts of previously
absorbed moisture reduce the effectiveness dramatically (check 
that the specific gravity is up near 1.83 g/ml, if it's below
1.82 things don't work well).  And be careful with this stuff!

Oh yes, and make sure the seed to be treated is very dry before 
you start too.

The slurry should be drained (small stainless steel kitchen
sieves are good) before washing as you need to get rid of as 
much acid as possible to make the operation a bit safer and keep 
the sample cooler (diluting H2SO4 is exothermic).  The draining 
time counts as treatment time. Wash in a *large* volume of water
and immerse the sample quickly.  Rinse well under running water.

>(2) Pathogens which attack Indigofera sp.;
>(3) Assays for indoxyl or other indigo precursors;
>(4) The physiology of indigo biosynthesis;
>(5) Harvest techniques of Indigofera sp.;
>(6) Techniques for indigo extraction and purification; and,

Most of the literature I've seen relates to the toxicology of
_I. spicata_ (syn. _endecaphylla_) which at one time was
investigated as a potential sown pasture legume in the tropics,
but the problem of indospicine could not be overcome.
The one reference in Julia Morton's paper (_Economic Botany_
43(3): 314-327, 1989) that may interest you is pretty old:
Perkin, A.G. & Everist, A.E. (1918) "The natural organic
colouring matters." (Longmans, Green & Co., Bombay).

>(7) Crossing of different "species" of Indigofera.

I suspect many species are outcrossing naturally.  We have had
trouble with seed set in the glasshouse because the flowers
don't get tripped by insects in there.  In most cases the
plants I've tried are self-fertile, but the flowers need to
be tripped even for self-fertilisation.  They are easy to
"spring" manually.  Unfortunately, I can't recall if
_suffruticosa_ was one that gave us problems or not.  It
certainly set seed prolifically in the field nursery -- to the
extent that we became concerned about its weed potential.


Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From michaelm@netspace.net.au Mon Sep  4 00:47:57 EDT 1995
Article: 446 of sci.bio.botany
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From: michaelm@netspace.net.au (Michael Minter)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: hibiscus stipules?
Date: Sat, 2 Sep 1995 00:46:02 UNDEFINED
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If any body knows Hibiscus 'Ruby Rose', could you please tell me if the very 
small, narrow shoots at the outside base of the leaf stalk are stipules?

Thanks in advance.

Karen Harvey


From cwrowlan@ix.netcom.com Mon Sep  4 00:47:58 EDT 1995
Article: 447 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cwrowlan@ix.netcom.com (Charles Rowland )
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants and Pb
Date: 2 Sep 1995 04:53:09 GMT
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In <428inq$7mc@newshound.uidaho.edu> thoma457@buzzard.csrv.uidaho.edu
(David Thomas) writes: 
>
>cmayor@ix.netcom.com wrote:
>> 	I recently saw a journal or magazine or something that had a
story on
>> the use of plants to absorb heavy metals from soil.  Unfortuneately,
I
>> don't recall the plants, or the journal, or anything in particular.
>> so if any one could point towards any information on this subject it
>> would be greatly appreciated.
>
>
>> Chris Mayor
>
>I don't know about a specific article, but I do know that Lupines 
>concentrate heavy metals in their tissues--they can be a problem for 
>ranchers.
>
>--Dave 
>
OK, Lupines concentrate heavy metal, i read once that some type of
aquatic plants do the same thing.  The question then becomes, what do
you do with the lupines or aquatic plants---haul them to the local land
fill?  Not a smart question, i really don't know--how do we dispose of
them responsibly???


From cpurvis@merlin.nando.net Mon Sep  4 00:47:59 EDT 1995
Article: 448 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Cpurvis <cpurvis@merlin.nando.net>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants and Pb
Date: Sat, 2 Sep 1995 16:26:51 -0400 (EDT)
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On Fri, 1 Sep 1995 cmayor@ix.netcom.com wrote:

> 
> 	I recently saw a journal or magazine or something that had a story on
> the use of plants to absorb heavy metals from soil.  Unfortuneately, I
> don't recall the plants, or the journal, or anything in particular.
> so if any one could point towards any information on this subject it
> would be greatly appreciated.
> 
> 
> Chris Mayor
> 
> 
> 
Dear Chris,

	I read an article in _Popular Science_, Nov. 94 about
 hyperaccumulators--those plants that absorb heavy metals from the soil.  
The name of the article was "The Art of Bioremediation."  Maybe this was 
the one you read?   

				--  Cpurvis



From o9930727@wsunix.wsu.edu Mon Sep  4 00:48:05 EDT 1995
Article: 449 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Terry Hardig <o9930727@wsunix.wsu.edu>
Subject: Re: pine needles 
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Pine needle leaves have several modifications that reduce 
moisture loss:

1)	A double epidermis
2)	A hypodermis
3)	Relatively thick cuticle
4)	Sunken stomata


From dhpatt1@ozemail.com.au Mon Sep  4 00:48:06 EDT 1995
Article: 450 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dhpatt1@ozemail.com.au (Don)
Newsgroups: rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany,triangle.gardens
Subject: Re: Plant Breeding Book Sought
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Thanks very much for your reply!  I'll get onto the bookstore right away!

> Breed your own Vegetable Varieties
> 
> by Carol Deppe
> Little, Brown and Company
> 
> ISBN 0-316-18104-8
> 




From kingke@perkin-elmer.com Mon Sep  4 00:48:07 EDT 1995
Article: 451 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Karl King <kingke@perkin-elmer.com>
Subject: Re: Plant Breeding Book Sought
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I've read a lot of such books.
If your local library (or university library) has it, check out Luther 
Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application. 
What a title. This is a 12 volume set which covers much of the work of 
the "World's Greatest Plantbreeder" (unless you know about the Russian 
Ivan Michuran). Burbank was the first to breed many plants, so developed 
methods of his own. And has much good advice for experimenters. Eg., if 
you want to breed for disease resistance, be sure to keep some disease 
prone plants around.

Another is Prof. Hugh Devries' aptly named Plant Breeding. Here he 
discusses Burbank's work, as well as that of Nilsson, the Swedish 
agronomist. Nilsson's discovery of "unit species" was revolutionary, and 
undermined some of Darwin's assumptions about how evolution proceeds. In 
fact, Burbank's worked seriously undermined some Darwinian assumptions. 
As did Devries' own research (he is best known for his Mutation Theory, 
and for his "discovery" of Mendel). So, this is a politely 
anti-Darwinian book by an evolutionist.

Darwin's book, Variations of Plants and Animals Under Domestication 
(another overbearing title), outlines what Darwin discovered -- though 
Darwin would not have liked Mendel at all.

Heredity is much the same in plants and animals. Textbooks try to 
simplify the subject, suggesting that all is mechanical and 
mathematical. In fact, the world is far more interesting than our 
academics would have us believe.

According to any text you are likely to encounter, a red rose mated to a 
white rose will produce only pink progeny. Not necessarily so. The rose 
'Chevy Chase' _should_ be pink, but is actually crimson (I'm growing 
it). Such cases are rare, but when you plant hundreds or thousands or 
millions of seeds, even the rare events become common.

One would think that pollination would be the simplest thing since even 
bees can accomplish it. But there is the matter of timing. I raised 40 
or so seedlings from Blush Noisette, all of which proved to be hybrids 
>from  my pollinatings. Not one was self-pollinated, even though I didn't 
touch the great majority of flowers.

In other cases, I have pollinated and pollinated, but can't get the 
cross to take. Then, for no apparent reason, I get a fruit from the same 
cross.

Plant breeding is a fine and relaxing and exciting hobby. I can't 
express the happiness I've had from contemplating the results from my 
crosses, and the even greater joy of finding a "baby" that is really 
great (even if only in my own eyes). Currently I have seedling from 
Blush Noisette pollinated by a polyantha-mini. The plant is like a 
mini-noisette, but the flowers are _much_ larger than those of its mini 
father. And it is fragrant.

I wish you good luck.






From una.smith@yale.edu Mon Sep  4 00:48:08 EDT 1995
Article: 452 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.systematics,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Taxonomists Online
Date: 3 Sep 1995 16:39:44 GMT
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Plant Taxonomists Online, a directory that includes e-mail addresses of
researchers and institutions around the world, is available on several
Internet archives (via anonymous FTP, gopher and WWW), including the
MUSE archive at Cornell University, Harvard University, the Smithsonian,
and the University of New Mexico.

Begun in 1990, it now lists more than 800 individuals and institutions,
mostly herbaria.  It is organized into sections for researchers, herbaria,
collections management projects, and a few journals and newsletters.

I encourage readers of sci.bio.botany and sci.bio.systematics to get a
copy of this directory, and to consider adding their own names to it.

If you are already listed, please take a moment to review your entry to
ensure that it is (still) correct.



From mstern@cnw.com Mon Sep  4 00:48:09 EDT 1995
Article: 453 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael Sternberg <mstern@cnw.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Paleobotany Resources
Date: 3 Sep 1995 21:27:55 GMT
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I am interested in finding Internet and mail list sources of information 
related to paleobotany and palynology.  Are there any suggestions?

Michael (no I'm not related ) Sternberg



From smurthy@uoguelph.ca Sun Sep 10 23:34:42 EDT 1995
Article: 465 of sci.bio.botany
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From: smurthy@uoguelph.ca (Srinivasa B Murthy)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Postdoc positions available
Date: 5 Sep 1995 23:14:47 GMT
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    Two positions are immediately available in the Plant Cell 
Technology Laboratory at the University of Guelph to conduct research 
for developing disease-resistant geranium cultivars and 
micropropagation methods, particularly via somatic embryogenesis and 
artificial seeds. One position will involve the development of 
protocols for regeneration and transformation of geranium cells with 
the goal of isolating cells resistant to bacterial infection. The 
ideal candidate will have experience with plant tissue culture 
techniques, protoplast culture, transformation, molecular analysis 
and assessment of disease.
    The second position will involve characterization of metabolic 
pathways for disease resistance and will encompass the isolation and 
purification of the bacterial toxin to be used in screening of 
cultures for resistance to disease development.  For this position, 
preference will be given to candidates with a strong background in 
biochemistry, HPLC and GC analysis, maintenance of a stable bacterial 
culture and isolation of metabolites as well as tissue culture 
techniques.  
    All applicants must possess a Ph.D. in either biochemistry, plant 
physiology, molecular biology or a related field and have a 
demonstrated ability to design and conduct research independently.  
Starting salary is $26,000 plus a comprehensive benefits package. 
Interested applicants should send a Curriculum vitae to:

Dr. P.K. Saxena
Department of Horticultural Science
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ont., Canada
N1G 2W1
email: psaxena@evbhort.uoguelph.ca
Fax: 519-767 0755 
Phone 519 824 4120 Ext 2495 





From gswsa@sccoast.net Sun Sep 10 23:34:44 EDT 1995
Article: 466 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gswsa@sccoast.net (Sharon)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Family Ericaceae - Lyonia lucida
Date: 5 Sep 1995 15:41:27 GMT
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Does anyone have information regarding their affinity for metals? 
sodium? etc.  How about Pocosin Bays and nutrient uptake?

Thanks,
Sharon



From alibaba@elele.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu Sun Sep 10 23:34:46 EDT 1995
Article: 468 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: alibaba@elele.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu (Allan Izen -- DOH - Food and Drug Branch)
Subject: Re: Seeds From Coleus
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Jeff:  It's best to propigate vegitatively (i.e., make cuttings of the 
stems, put them in water for a few days to root, then plant) if you want 
to preserve the leafe patterns.  If you grow from seeds, you'll get a mix 
of leaf patterns.


From andre@vub.vub.ac.be Sun Sep 10 23:34:48 EDT 1995
Article: 469 of sci.bio.botany
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From: andre@vub.vub.ac.be (Andre Foriers)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: USED EQUIPMENT FOR AFRICAN HIGH SCHOOL
Date: Wed, 06 Sep 1995 09:29:06 +0100
Organization: VUB - Toxicology
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In article <1995Sep5.144601.28128@es.dupont.com>,
nwankweo@esvax.dnet.dupont.com (Emeka Nwankwo) wrote:

> Hi:
> 
> I just received a rather urgent request from a high school principal
> in Africa for USED science equipment, OLD computers, and USED books.
> Does anyone know where to start looking? Any leads? Thanks a million.
> 
> Emeka

I am convinced that a lot of universities have OLD computers, and USED
books that can be given away but I am afraid the main problem will be the
costs of transport; they also will need more info on the type of PC and
the field of interest for the books.

André Foriers
Professor in Pharmacognosy
Vrije Universiteit Brussel 
Belgium
e-mail : andre@vub.vub.ac.be


From Mats.Svenson@fysbot.uu.se Sun Sep 10 23:34:49 EDT 1995
Article: 470 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mats.Svenson@fysbot.uu.se (Dept of Physiological Botany)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Lycopods
Date: Wed, 06 Sep 1995 16:57:35 +0200
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I am interested in the development of lycopods, and wonder if anyone knows
of good referencelitterature.


From jeffo@execpc.com Sun Sep 10 23:34:52 EDT 1995
Article: 471 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeff Oien <jeffo@execpc.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Seeds From Coleus
Date: 6 Sep 1995 15:52:02 GMT
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alibaba@elele.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu (Allan Izen -- DOH - Food and Drug Branch) 
wrote:
>Jeff:  It's best to propigate vegitatively (i.e., make cuttings of the 
>stems, put them in water for a few days to root, then plant) if you want 
>to preserve the leafe patterns.  If you grow from seeds, you'll get a mix 
>of leaf patterns.

I think I would like to do both. How can I get seeds from them?
Thanks
Jeff



From rmw@jpl.nasa.gov Sun Sep 10 23:34:53 EDT 1995
Article: 472 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: rmw@jpl.nasa.gov (Robert Woodhouse)
Subject: Kombucha mushrooms
Message-ID: <1995Sep6.180716.28836@llyene.jpl.nasa.gov>
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"I just inherited a baby Kombucha from my friend.  I am interested in finding out
any information that you might have regarding what this could do for me.  I know
how to prepare the tea and I have started drinking it.  I'd just like to hear
>from  others who have had experience with it."

Above is from a person in my organization who is using this "mushroom".
Does anyone out there have info on what this criter is scientifically
and does it have any nasty side effects or interesting chemical constituents?
Thanks for any info that is forth coming.






From itex@nando.net Sun Sep 10 23:34:56 EDT 1995
Article: 473 of sci.bio.botany
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From: itex@nando.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: moss
Date: 7 Sep 1995 18:47:32 GMT
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 I want to do a moss garden and need any info out there. I remember a couple of articles awhile back but 
not where the were. Any moss heads out there?????


From alec@aec.env.gov.ab.ca Sun Sep 10 23:34:57 EDT 1995
Article: 474 of sci.bio.botany
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From: alec@aec.env.gov.ab.ca (Alexander S. MCCLAY)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Seeds of Matricaria and Erigeron
Date: 7 Sep 1995 22:54:15 GMT
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I would like to obtain some seeds of these species:

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. - occurs in dry open areas and disturbed
ground from British Columbia to Newfoundland [and presumably northern US]

Matricaria ambigua (Ledeb.) Kryl. (=Tripleurospermum phaeocephalum,
Matricaria phaeocephala) - moist sandy seashores, transcontinental in
arctic and subarctic regions, Alaska, NWT, N. Quebec, Labrador.

Please contact me directly if you are able to provide seeds of these 
species, or if you can suggest possible sources. Your help will be very
much appreciated.


From hortus@ix.netcom.com Sun Sep 10 23:34:59 EDT 1995
Article: 475 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hortus@ix.netcom.com (Joel Kroin )
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants and Pb
Date: 7 Sep 1995 23:58:05 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <42cvci$jlm@news1.ucsd.edu> "Gordon A. Fox" <gfox@ucsd.edu> writes: 
>
>cmayor@ix.netcom.com wrote:
>>	I recently saw a journal or magazine or something that had a
story on
>>the use of plants to absorb heavy metals from soil.
>
>The article was a newsy article in the front portion of Science a
couple 
>of weeks ago, reporting on a meeting on this topic.
>
>
>-- 
>Gordon A. Fox * Dept. of Biology 0116 * Univ. of Calif., San Diego
>9500 Gilman Dr. * La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 * USA
>Fax: (619) 534-7108 * Voice: (619) 534-0796
>
>
Many years ago some researchers found some plants which have an
affinity to absorb gold from soil over gold mine trailings. The process
was not economically feasible. I doubt if further work was done.

Regards
Hortus



From gfox@ucsd.edu Sun Sep 10 23:35:00 EDT 1995
Article: 476 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gordon A. Fox" <gfox@ucsd.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants and Pb
Date: 8 Sep 1995 04:11:52 GMT
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hortus@ix.netcom.com (Joel Kroin ) wrote:

>Many years ago some researchers found some plants which have an
>affinity to absorb gold from soil over gold mine trailings. The process
>was not economically feasible. I doubt if further work was done.
>
>Regards
>Hortus
>

I don't know about anyone being foolish enough to try to make money this 
way, but I do know that (1) a lot of mineral exploration has been done 
based on plants w/ known tolerances for particular minerals, and that did 
pay off, at least some of the time, and (2) there's now a growing body of 
experience in which plants are used for remediating contaminated soils. 
There are obviously limitations and problems, but I don't think the idea 
is one that should be scoffed at.

-- 
Gordon A. Fox * Dept. of Biology 0116 * Univ. of Calif., San Diego
9500 Gilman Dr. * La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 * USA
Fax: (619) 534-7108 * Voice: (619) 534-0796




From Soeren.Doeygaard@imf.kvl.dk Sun Sep 10 23:35:02 EDT 1995
Article: 477 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Soeren.Doeygaard@imf.kvl.dk (Søren Døygaard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tuberous legumes
Date: 8 Sep 1995 12:29:00 GMT
Organization: KVL
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Keywords: Pachyrhizus, Sphenostylis, Psophocarpus, Apios, Vigna, Bauhinia, Pediomelum
To: Marten.Soerensen@botge.kvl.dk
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #3

The Second International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes is scheduled to take 
place during the second week of August 1996 at the INIFAP-CIR CENTRO 
Experimental Station at Celaya, State of Guanajuato, MEXICO.

Please contact Dr Marten Soerensen, Botanical Section, Department of Botany, 
Dendrology and Forest Genetics, Royal Veterinaty and Agricultural University. 
Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, DENMARK. Fax +45 35 28 28 21; e-mail 
"marten.soerensen@botge.kvl.dk"


From Bryan_Frazer@mindlink.bc.ca Sun Sep 10 23:35:03 EDT 1995
Article: 478 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bryan_Frazer@mindlink.bc.ca (Bryan Frazer)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Musical wood (mpingo/ebony)
Date: Fri, 8 Sep 1995 16:57:34 GMT
Organization: MIND LINK! - British Columbia, Canada
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I have been unsuccessful in finding any discussions or any other netinfo on 
the rapidly decreasing numbers of this tree in Africa.  Farming, fire and 
development threaten this species.  The wood is essential for wind instruments 
like clarinets and oboes.  More importantly the tree's plight is symptomatic 
of of our species ongoing overabundance and plundering.  I would appreciate 
any info on this tree and would be even more appreciative of info on programs 
aimed at protecting it.  bryan_frazer@mindlink.bc.ca


From econolab@magic.mb.ca Sun Sep 10 23:35:05 EDT 1995
Article: 479 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bob MacPherson <econolab@magic.mb.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio,sci.bio.technology,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.foodscience,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Used Laboratory Equipment
Date: 8 Sep 1995 17:25:10 GMT
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.technology:4193 sci.bio.microbiology:1488 sci.bio.botany:479

The Laboratory Equipment Exchange provides free internet advertising 
services for the scientific community.  You can post used equipment 
wanted, and you can look at used equipment for sale or trade.

Save big bucks when buying equipment.  Or get some funding for your lab 
by selling those antiques you have sitting under the bench collecting 
dust.  That equipment could be very important to someone else.

We have a charitable page as well, if you would like to donate some 
hardware to schools or to other underpriveledged labs and regions.

Bob

http://www.magic.mb.ca/~econolab



From serstad@acc.jc.edu Sun Sep 10 23:35:07 EDT 1995
Article: 480 of sci.bio.botany
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From: serstad@acc.jc.edu (Sped Erstad)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WWW Announce:  NBS's Northern Prairie Science Center
Date: Fri, 08 Sep 1995 23:37:14 GMT
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NNTP-Posting-Host: 164.159.215.45
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Below you will find a press release from the Northern Prairie Science
Center of the National Biological Service concerning their new WWW
site at http://164.159.215.66/  

We feel this might be of interest to the members of this group. Please
accept our apologies if this is an inappropriate forum for 
such an announcement.

Thank you,
Northern Prairie Webmaster
npscweb@nbs.gov

======================================== 
PRESS RELEASE (September 8, 1995)

The Northern Prairie Science Center today announced a World Wide Web
home page that offers a variety of information on
the biotic resources of the Great Plains. Currently 25 information
resources can easily be browsed, ranging from the distribution
of breeding birds in North Dakota, to the predators of the Prairie
Pothole Region, to a glossary of terms used in ornithology.
The effort is intended to make information that has already been
gathered more widely accessible to resource managers,
scientists, educators, and the public.

By connecting to http://www.npsc.nbs.gov/ [Note: this address will
become operational in mid September; until then the home
page can be accessed at http://164.159.215.66/], one can examine
distributional maps of butterflies, view photographs of
reptiles and amphibians, find out which birds live in North Dakota,
survey literature on grassland birds, learn about prairie
wildflowers, obtain a waterfowl population model, and much more.
Visitors to the home page can view, and print if desired,
more than 4000 maps showing distribution patterns of animals.

The home page was developed in cooperation with the University of
North Dakota, North Dakota State University, Minot
State University, North Dakota Natural Heritage Program, Illinois
Endangered Species Protection Board, North Dakota Game
and Fish Department, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, North
Dakota Herpetological Society, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, National Biological Service, and other contributors.
The initial emphasis of the home page is on North
Dakota, but information from elsewhere in the Great Plains is
included, with more being added regularly.

For information about the home page, contact Terry Shaffer. To suggest
other sources of information to include, contact
Douglas H. Johnson. Both are at the Northern Prairie Science Center,
Jamestown, North Dakota. Phone: 701-252-5363, fax:
701-252-4217. Email addresses are Terry_Shaffer@nbs.gov and
Douglas_H_Johnson@nbs.gov. 

CURRENT BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES:
Distribution Data
     Breeding Birds of North Dakota 
     Breeding Bird Ranges of North America
     Butterflies of North Dakota
     Butterflies of North America 
     Earthworms of North Dakota
     Mammals of Southwestern North Dakota
     Mollusks of North Dakota 
     Moths of the United States 
     Predators that Affect Duck Production -- Prairie Pothole Region
     Reptiles and Amphibians of North Dakota
     Reptiles and Amphibians of Southwestern North Dakota
     Waterfowl Breeding Pairs in the Dakotas and Montana 
Other Biological Data
     Duck Nesting in the Northern Great Plains 
     Native Wildflowers of the North Dakota Grasslands 
     Northern Prairie Science Center Herbarium Holdings 
     Revised Checklist of North Dakota Birds 
Literature and Bibliographies
     Search the Northern Prairie Publications Database 
     Bibliography of Fire Effects and Related Literature 
     Glossary of Terms used in Avian Conservation Biology 
     Grassland Mgmt and Restoration for Breeding Birds: Bibliography
Tools and Software
     Collecting and Analyzing Data from Duck Nesting Studies 
     DualData -- A Double Entry Program 
     Mallard Model Software 
     Prefer -- Resource Selection Software 
=============================================




From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sun Sep 10 23:35:09 EDT 1995
Article: 481 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.food-science,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.skeptic,sci.agriculture,aus.general
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples)
Subject: "Bush medicine" [Was: Kombucha mushrooms]
Message-ID: <DEMy29.5n5@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
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In sci.bio.botany rmw@jpl.nasa.gov (Robert Woodhouse) quotes & writes:

>"I just inherited a baby Kombucha from my friend.
[ ... ]
>"I know how to prepare the tea and I have started drinking it. ... " 

>Above is from a person in my organization who is using this "mushroom".
>Does anyone out there have info on what this criter is scientifically
>and does it have any nasty side effects or interesting chemical constituents?

This whole modern(?) trend to swallowing "traditional" plant foods
and medicines is intriguing.  People go off their brain over vanishingly
small probabilities of side effects from synthetic drugs, pesticides, etc.
yet happily quaff down virtually untested potents and other "natural"
products.  It costs a 100 million dollars to put a new aspro on the market,
but toxicity tests on natural products are done for peanuts, if at all.

It seems to be accepted that if it's "traditional" (i.e. consumed by some
ethnic group somewhere in the world) then it's safe.  No one seems concerned
by the fact that people in many of these groups die before they are old,
or suffer from chronic liver disease or oesophageal cancer or whatever -- at
least some of which problems have already been traced to the plants they eat.

Oh well, guess we're only human.

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From mikedon@interaccess.com Sun Sep 10 23:35:10 EDT 1995
Article: 482 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Donna, Michael" <mikedon@interaccess.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Seed Selection, Storage
Date: 9 Sep 1995 13:34:45 GMT
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This season, we grew some "heritage" tomato plants.  We can't locate the 
person who gave us the seeds, so we want to preserve some from this 
year's fruit.

What is the ideal point in the growth cycle to pick fruit for next year's 
seeds?  How should these seeds be dried and stored?



From drpietsc@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca Sun Sep 10 23:35:12 EDT 1995
Article: 483 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: drpietsc@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca (L'homme de Stallionne!)
Subject: Re: biology jokes
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Date: Sat, 9 Sep 1995 18:51:12 GMT
Lines: 16


Re: Bio jokes.  There were two trees growing up in a forest, one was  
a birch the other was a beech. They got along well together until one
year a sappling grew up between them. One said it was a son of a birch
the other said it was a son of a beech. They couldn't agree, so they
decided to ask an expert. This woodpecker flew by and they decided to
ask it if the sappling was a son of a birch or a son of a beech. The
woodpecker flew down and came back up so they asked it if it was a s of 
a birch or a s of a beech. Well the woodpecker said it isn't a son of 
a birch and it isn't a son of a beech, it's the hardest ash I ever stuck 
my pecker into.
-- 
Eventually, Dans parents learned to deal with their sons mental deficiency
and accepted that he would probably never amount to anything more than a 
bus driver or CS major at the University of Waterloo.
.........................................................................


From ctrine@olympus.net Sun Sep 10 23:35:14 EDT 1995
Article: 484 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!panix!news.eecs.umich.edu!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!in1.uu.net!nwfocus.wa.com!olympus.net!ptpm026.olympus.net!ctrine
From: ctrine@olympus.net (Cheryl Trine)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WWW announce:  The Ardent Gardener
Date: Sat, 9 Sep 1995 17:09:19 UNDEFINED
Organization: Internet for the Olympic Peninsula
Lines: 44
Message-ID: <ctrine.118.00667CC5@olympus.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ptpm026.olympus.net
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev B final beta #1]

GardenNet is pleased to announce a new online gardening publication:

	The Ardent Gardener

The Ardent Gardener is for the seriously nutty gardener, beginning to advanced.  
We plan a new issue each week (usually around Monday).

The direct address for The Ardent Gardener is:
     http://www.olympus.net/gardens/ArdentGardener.htm

To begin, there are five sections in The Ardent Gardener:

     A.   Over The Fence: a column with tips on new plant introductions, 
garden events,  and more.

     B.   Book Reviews:  the first review is of "A Patchwork Garden"

     C.   Ask The Ardent Gardener:  GardenNet's first question and answer forum.  
Let the Ardent Gardener help you with your gardening concerns and read the 
responses to other queries.

     D.   Gardener Gallery:  excerpts from articles by fine garden writers from the yet to be published magazine
 for the ardent gardener, Gardeners Magazine.

     E.   The AG Archive:  nothing there yet, but as we build up information, the best will be archived here for future reference.

Use the form in the Ask The Ardent Gardener section to post your questions to 
The Ardent Gardener.  Or send me email (GardenNet@olympus.net) and I'll pass 
them on.

Next week's edition will also include the beginning of several information exchanges.  

The Ardent Gardener  can also be found in GardenNet Magazine.  The address is 
	http://www.olympus.net/gardens/gardmag.htm

Or come to GardenNet directly and use the icons to navigate to The Ardent Gardener.  GardenNet's address is:
	http://www.olympus.net/gardens/welcome.html


Thank you!
Cheryl Trine
GardenNet@olympus.net
GardenNet's address:  http://www.olympus.net/gardens/welcome.html



From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sun Sep 10 23:35:16 EDT 1995
Article: 485 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!cs.utexas.edu!news.sprintlink.net!simtel!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples)
Subject: Biogeology [Was: Plants and Pb]
Message-ID: <DEoo2C.AKx@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <42o0ud$9m7@ixnews7.ix.netcom.com> <42ofq8$aq9@news1.ucsd.edu>
Date: Sun, 10 Sep 1995 09:37:23 GMT
Lines: 32
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:8016 sci.bio.botany:485

"Gordon A. Fox" <gfox@ucsd.edu> writes:
>hortus@ix.netcom.com (Joel Kroin ) wrote:
>>Many years ago some researchers found some plants which have an
>>affinity to absorb gold from soil over gold mine trailings. The process
>>was not economically feasible. I doubt if further work was done.

>I don't know about anyone being foolish enough to try to make money this 
>way, but I do know that (1) a lot of mineral exploration has been done 
>based on plants w/ known tolerances for particular minerals, and that did 
>pay off, at least some of the time, and (2) there's now a growing body of 
>experience in which plants are used for remediating contaminated soils. 
>There are obviously limitations and problems, but I don't think the idea 
>is one that should be scoffed at.

A couple of (rather old) references for those interested in this topic:

BROOKS, R.R. (1968).  Biogeochemical prospecting in New Zealand.
	_NZ Sci. Review_ v.26(1): 9-12

ANTONOVICS, J., BRADSHAW, A.D., and TURNER, R.G. (1971). Heavy metal
	tolerance in plants.  _Advances in Ecological Research_ v.7: 1-85.

The former refers, for example, to "... species such as _Viola calamina_,
which grow only over zinc deposits in Western and Central Europe."

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us Sun Sep 10 23:35:19 EDT 1995
Article: 486 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!news.moneng.mei.com!uwm.edu!msunews!news.dnr.state.mi.us!news
From: mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us (Whitey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.food-science,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.skeptic,sci.agriculture,aus.general
Subject: Re: "Bush medicine" [Was: Kombucha mushrooms]
Date: 10 Sep 1995 14:44:47 GMT
Organization: ultimayhem
Lines: 41
Message-ID: <42utkv$o8v@dnrserver1.dnr.state.mi.us>
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In article <DEMy29.5n5@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>, 
staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au says...
>
>In sci.bio.botany rmw@jpl.nasa.gov (Robert Woodhouse) quotes & writes:
>
>>"I just inherited a baby Kombucha from my friend.
>[ ... ]
>>"I know how to prepare the tea and I have started drinking it. ... " 
>
>>Above is from a person in my organization who is using this "mushroom".
>>Does anyone out there have info on what this criter is scientifically
>>and does it have any nasty side effects or interesting chemical 
constituents?
>
>This whole modern(?) trend to swallowing "traditional" plant foods
>and medicines is intriguing.  People go off their brain over vanishingly
>small probabilities of side effects from synthetic drugs, pesticides, etc.
>yet happily quaff down virtually untested potents and other "natural"
>products.  It costs a 100 million dollars to put a new aspro on the market,
>but toxicity tests on natural products are done for peanuts, if at all.

One of the reasons "traditional" plant foods and medicines don't get tested is 
that they contain a pharmacopia of chemicals that likely interect to achieve 
any medicinal affect.  Drug companies aren't going to test them because they 
can't patent a natural compound and it is even more expensive and time 
consuming to test suites of chemicals, which would then be more difficult to 
synthetically produce, than the great western, golden bullet, single chemical, 
cure all.  So, there are probably many, many traditional treatments that are 
valuble and undescribed because they don't conform to normal western testing 
practices.  Of course, because diffrent groups and individuals have different 
sensitivities they are more likely to react negativly to some part of the 
plants pharmacopia then they are to a tab of asprin (another traditional 
drug!).  
I hope this thread does not deteriorate much farther from s.b.botany! so I 
won't comment on the other social, economic, political, and personal aspects 
of your comments, good or bad.
Captain Cook's crew seem to have enjoyed their "spurce beer" brewed from some 
of your Aurucarias or Podocarps. (you happen to know for sure what they used, 
would you?)




From john01@ic.ac.uk Mon Sep 11 10:31:15 EDT 1995
Article: 487 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk!news.cc.ic.ac.uk!cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk!user
From: john01@ic.ac.uk (John Sargeant)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: biology jokes
Date: Sun, 10 Sep 1995 20:25:49 +0000
Organization: Imperial College, London, UK
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <john01-1009952025490001@cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk>
References: <mjenson.24.000A2E9D@silver.ucs.indiana.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk

In article <mjenson.24.000A2E9D@silver.ucs.indiana.edu>,
mjenson@silver.ucs.indiana.edu (Mike Jenson) wrote:

> Hello all,
> 
> I'm giving a speech to a group of incoming graduate students soon and was 
> hoping to use some jokes that involve biology/biologists.  Anyone out there 
> have any good ones?
> 
> Thanks,
> Mike

Here is one that I half invented myself, but I can't find a puchline for

"what is the difference between a plant scientist and a vegetable scientist..."

There must be a great punchline if only we can think of one.  Mike W.

m.witty@ic.ac.uk


From john11@mdx.ac.uk Mon Sep 11 10:31:16 EDT 1995
Article: 488 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!in2.uu.net!news.compuserve.com!newsmaster
From: john wilkinson <john11@mdx.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: phytopharmacognosy
Date: 10 Sep 1995 21:14:02 GMT
Organization: middlesex university
Lines: 5
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X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany#42d6kr$i14@lassen.cnw.com

new mailing list on pharmacognosy. 
see:gopher://nisp.ncl.ac.uk:70/11/lists-p-t/phytopharmacognosy
for details on subscription process




From thorburn@.xyplex.com Tue Sep 12 00:57:59 EDT 1995
Article: 489 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!lard.ftp.com!news2.near.net!xap!usenet
From: thorburn@.xyplex.com (Gary Thorburn)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: biology jokes
Date: 11 Sep 1995 15:58:13 GMT
Organization: Xyplex, Inc., Littleton, Massachusetts USA
Lines: 15
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <431mal$fe5@xap.xyplex.com>
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Reply-To: thorburn@.xyplex.com
NNTP-Posting-Host: gwt.xyplex.com

Q:  What do you call it when someone tries to take a dead animal
    onto a plane?

A:  Carrion luggage.  

---
/****
*  Gary W. Thorburn
*  reply address:  gthorburn@eng.xyplex.com
****/







From dhwaber@interaccess.com Tue Sep 12 00:58:00 EDT 1995
Article: 490 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!newsjunkie.ans.net!interaccess!d140.w.interaccess.com!dhwaber
From: dhwaber@interaccess.com (waber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: biology jokes
Date: Mon, 11 Sep 1995 00:15:45 -0600
Organization: InterAccess,Chicagoland's Full Service Internet Provider
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <dhwaber.354.0009FCCD@interaccess.com>
References: <mjenson.24.000A2E9D@silver.ucs.indiana.edu> <john01-1009952025490001@cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: d140.w.interaccess.com
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev B final beta #4]

>Here is one that I half invented myself, but I can't find a puchline for

>"what is the difference between a plant scientist and a vegetable scientist..."

>There must be a great punchline if only we can think of one.  Mike W.

>m.witty@ic.ac.uk

Interesting, but might it be more interesting to say a fruit scientist 
and a vegetable scientist?:)

peace, love, happiness, imagination
Mona


From jtrust@huey.csun.edu Tue Sep 12 00:58:01 EDT 1995
Article: 491 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!uunet!bounce-back
From: Jeffrey Trust <jtrust@huey.csun.edu>
Newsgroups: news.announce.newgroups,news.groups,sci.geo.geology,sci.geo.hydrology,sci.geo.meteorology,sci.geo.oceanography,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.engr.civil
Subject: 2nd RFD: sci.geo.rivers+lakes
Followup-To: news.groups
Date: 11 Sep 1995 22:50:31 -0000
Organization: .
Lines: 77
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                     REQUEST FOR DISCUSSION (RFD)
                         unmoderated group sci.geo.rivers+lakes

Summary:  Science of rivers and lakes.

Proponent:  Jeffrey Trust <jtrust@huey.csun.edu>
Mentor:     Ilana Stern <ilana@niwot.scd.ucar.edu>

This is a second Request For Discussion on the creation of the newsgroup
sci.geo.rivers+lakes.

Changes from the first RFD:  Based on discussion, the proposed name was
changed from sci.geo.rivers to sci.geo.rivers+lakes, and the charter was
modified to include as relevant issues rivers, lakes, and other inland
freshwater bodies.

RATIONALE:

Studies of rivers and lakes involve many fields of study- work in this
field is done by fish biologists, civil engineers, geologists,
hydrologists, foresters, and many others.  It is desirable for those
involved in river and lacustrine studies to have an efficient and informal
way to discuss issues relating to rivers and lakes.  Other relevant Usenet
newsgroups include sci.geo.hydrology, sci.bio.ecology, and sci.engr.civil.
It is, in part, the purpose of this proposed newsgroup to provide an
interdisciplinary discussion of river and lake issues that is frequently
absent from each of these newsgroups. Discussion of rivers and lakes takes
place in each of the three newsgroups listed above, but the discussion in
each group often focuses only on those aspects of river and lake studies
relevant to that particular group.

The sci.geo.* hierarchy was chosen because it includes many Earth
science-related groups, not just those of geologic interest.  The scope of
this newsgroup is intended to be interdisciplinary, and the sci.geo.*
hierarchy is the best choice (short of creating a new sci.* hierarchy).


CHARTER: sci.geo.rivers+lakes

sci.geo.rivers+lakes is an unmoderated Usenet newsgroup for the
discussion of the geology, biology, and other aspects of the
scientific study of rivers, lakes, and other inland freshwater bodies.
This newsgroup will serve as a place for members of the scientific
community, and others interested, to discuss: 1) the geologic
processes related to rivers and lakes, 2) climatology, as it is
related to rivers and lakes, to include such topics as water supply
and flooding, 3) biologic issues, as they relate to rivers and lakes,
to include such topics as wildlife, forest, and human ecology, 4)
engineering issues, as related to rivers and lakes, to include such
topics as the effects of human modification (e.g., dams, revetments,
and channelization), 6) drainage basin management, to include such
topics as stream, estuary, and wetlands protection and restoration,
and 7) other topics not mentioned above, but that have scientific
relevance to rivers, lakes, and other inland freshwater bodies.

END CHARTER.

PROCEDURE:

After a discussion period of 21 to 30 days, if there are no major objections,
an independent votetaker will post a Call For Votes (CFV) to the same
groups as this RFD.  The voting period will be at least 21 days.  If the
proposed group passes by receiving 100 more YES votes than NO votes, and at
least twice as many YES votes as NO votes, it will be created.

DISTRIBUTION:

This RFD has been posted in accordance with the Guidelines for Newsgroup
Creation.  Its language is based on previously submitted RFDs.  The RFD is
being cross-posted to the following relevant news groups:

news.announce.newgroups, news.groups, sci.geo.geology,
sci.geo.hydrology, sci.geo.meteorology, sci.geo.oceanography,
sci.bio.misc, sci.bio.botany, sci.bio.ecology, sci.bio.fisheries,
sci.engr.civil, rec.birds, rec.boats.paddle

Followup posts should be directed to news.groups


From ballen1@frontier.canrem.com Tue Sep 12 00:58:03 EDT 1995
Article: 492 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!news.cyberstore.ca!van-bc!fonorola!portnoy!scratchy!ballen1
From: Bill Allen <ballen1@frontier.canrem.com>
Organization: CRS Online's Frontier
Subject: Dye Plants
Message-ID: <120995.0135163585.n@frontier.canrem.com>
Date: 12 Sep 1995 01:35:16 GMT
Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,sci.bio.botany
Lines: 3
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu alt.folklore.herbs:17548 sci.bio.botany:492

Hi: This summer I grew a few madder and indigo plants to see how they would 
colour cotton tee-shirts. Does anyone know the proper way to extract the dye 
>from  these plants, how much is needed and the best time to harvest? Thank you. 


From g_mccullocca@titan.sfasu.edu Tue Sep 12 00:58:04 EDT 1995
Article: 493 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.sprintlink.net!cs.utexas.edu!natinst.com!news.dell.com!swrinde!news.uh.edu!titan.sfasu.edu!titan.sfasu.edu!g_mccullocca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: residual N testing
Message-ID: <1995Sep11.204027@titan.sfasu.edu>
From: g_mccullocca@titan.sfasu.edu
Date: 11 Sep 95 20:40:27 CST
Organization: Stephen F. Austin State University
Nntp-Posting-Host: titan.sfasu.edu
Lines: 5

Looking for information on Residual N testing
please email me
thanks in advance
Christine McCulloch



From curtiss@asdi.com Tue Sep 12 21:55:47 EDT 1995
Article: 494 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!ddsw1!news.mcs.net!van-bc!news.cyberstore.ca!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!csn!news-1a.csn.net!p37.boulder-2.dialup.csn.net!user
From: curtiss@asdi.com (Brian Curtiss)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Biogeology [Was: Plants and Pb]
Date: Mon, 11 Sep 1995 22:20:26 -0700
Organization: Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc.
Lines: 57
Message-ID: <curtiss-1109952220260001@p37.boulder-2.dialup.csn.net>
References: <42o0ud$9m7@ixnews7.ix.netcom.com> <42ofq8$aq9@news1.ucsd.edu> <DEoo2C.AKx@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 199.117.100.37
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:8030 sci.bio.botany:494

In article <DEoo2C.AKx@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>,
staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian B Staples) wrote:

> "Gordon A. Fox" <gfox@ucsd.edu> writes:
> >hortus@ix.netcom.com (Joel Kroin ) wrote:
> >>Many years ago some researchers found some plants which have an
> >>affinity to absorb gold from soil over gold mine trailings. The process
> >>was not economically feasible. I doubt if further work was done.
> 
> >I don't know about anyone being foolish enough to try to make money this 
> >way, but I do know that (1) a lot of mineral exploration has been done 
> >based on plants w/ known tolerances for particular minerals, and that did 
> >pay off, at least some of the time, and (2) there's now a growing body of 
> >experience in which plants are used for remediating contaminated soils. 
> >There are obviously limitations and problems, but I don't think the idea 
> >is one that should be scoffed at.
> 
> A couple of (rather old) references for those interested in this topic:
> 
> BROOKS, R.R. (1968).  Biogeochemical prospecting in New Zealand.
>         _NZ Sci. Review_ v.26(1): 9-12
> 
> ANTONOVICS, J., BRADSHAW, A.D., and TURNER, R.G. (1971). Heavy metal
>         tolerance in plants.  _Advances in Ecological Research_ v.7: 1-85.
> 
> The former refers, for example, to "... species such as _Viola calamina_,
> which grow only over zinc deposits in Western and Central Europe."
> 
several other references on this topic:

Levinson, A.A. (1974) Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry. Applied
Publishing Ltd., Wilmette, Illinois, U.S.A.

    --- this book has a section on the use of vegetation surveys (that is
where veg. samples are analyzed for their chemical content).  The idea is
that some plants concentrate particular elements above what would be found
in the soil.  Also, a tree's root system "samples" to a greater depth than
could be done by digging a soil pit.

A book by Brooks that might be a bit easier to find than the article
listed by the previous poster:

Brooks, R.R. (1972) Geobotany and Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration.
Harper and Row.

Hope this helps.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                           Brian Curtiss  curtiss@asdi.com
                /\        
               /  \        Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc.
              /    \       4760 Walnut Street, Suite 105
         /\/\/\/\/  \      Boulder, Colorado 80301 U.S.A.
            /        \     303-444-6522   FAX: 303-444-6825
           /__________\   
                           WWW --- http://www.asdi.com/asd
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


From dihoyer@ozemail.com.au Tue Sep 12 21:55:48 EDT 1995
Article: 495 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!simtel!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!news.cs.su.oz.au!metro!OzEmail!usenet
From: David Hoyer <dihoyer@ozemail.com.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Curve fitting, simulation, diff calculus etc.
Date: 12 Sep 1995 10:08:29 GMT
Organization: A Soft Answer
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <433m6t$9pr@oznet07.ozemail.com.au>
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Curve fitting, simulation, diff calculus etc.
My Web site contains software for scientists and engineers:
  DataFit  - Fit any math function through data points;
  Cynosure - Fitting parameters to simulation models;
  Cyclops  - Monitoring Dos screen text;
  EdGraph  - Programmable scientific graphs;
  Diff     - Differential calculus.
More details and demo versions can be downloaded from...
  http://www.ozemail.com.au/~dihoyer





From finkcr1@jhuapl.edu Tue Sep 12 21:55:49 EDT 1995
Article: 496 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.sprintlink.net!alfa02.medio.net!netnews.nwnet.net!serval.net.wsu.edu!news
From: finkcr1@jhuapl.edu
Subject: Re: biology jokes 
Sender: news@serval.net.wsu.edu (News)
Message-ID: <DEsJ0p.Epn@serval.net.wsu.edu>
Date: Tue, 12 Sep 1995 14:34:39 GMT
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My apologies if anyone is offended by this:

What does the "H" in Jesus H. Christ stand for?  Haploid.

In article <john01-1009952025490001@cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk>, <john01@ic.ac.uk> 
writes:
> Path: 
serval.net.wsu.edu!news.clark.edu!spool.mu.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathwork
s.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk!news.cc.ic.ac.uk!cplm1.bc.
ic.ac.uk!user
> From: john01@ic.ac.uk (John Sargeant)
> Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
> Subject: Re: biology jokes
> Date: Sun, 10 Sep 1995 20:25:49 +0000
> Organization: Imperial College, London, UK
> Lines: 19
> Message-ID: <john01-1009952025490001@cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk>
> References: <mjenson.24.000A2E9D@silver.ucs.indiana.edu>
> NNTP-Posting-Host: cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk
> 
> In article <mjenson.24.000A2E9D@silver.ucs.indiana.edu>,
> mjenson@silver.ucs.indiana.edu (Mike Jenson) wrote:
> 
> > Hello all,
> > 
> > I'm giving a speech to a group of incoming graduate students soon and was 
> > hoping to use some jokes that involve biology/biologists.  Anyone out there 
> > have any good ones?
> > 
> > Thanks,
> > Mike
> 
> Here is one that I half invented myself, but I can't find a puchline for
> 
> "what is the difference between a plant scientist and a vegetable 
scientist..."
> 
> There must be a great punchline if only we can think of one.  Mike W.
> 
> m.witty@ic.ac.uk



From conradr@gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca Tue Sep 12 23:04:14 EDT 1995
Article: 497 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: conradr@gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca (c. richter)
Subject: Re: biology jokes 
Message-ID: <DEtFp6.M4u@gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca>
Organization: UTCC Public Access
References: <john01-1009952025490001@cplm1.bc.ic.ac.uk> <DEsJ0p.Epn@serval.net.wsu.edu>
Date: Tue, 12 Sep 1995 23:24:42 GMT
Lines: 7

In article <DEsJ0p.Epn@serval.net.wsu.edu>,  <finkcr1@jhuapl.edu> wrote:
>
>My apologies if anyone is offended by this:
>
>What does the "H" in Jesus H. Christ stand for?  Haploid.

Why is parsley like pubic hair?   You set it aside and eat.


From conradr@gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca Fri Sep 15 10:47:35 EDT 1995
Article: 498 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,sci.bio.botany
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From: conradr@gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca (c. richter)
Subject: Re: Dye Plants
Message-ID: <DEtFH7.LwL@gpu.utcc.utoronto.ca>
Organization: UTCC Public Access
References: <120995.0135163585.n@frontier.canrem.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Sep 1995 23:19:54 GMT
Lines: 14
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu alt.folklore.herbs:17604 sci.bio.botany:498

In article <120995.0135163585.n@frontier.canrem.com>,
Bill Allen  <ballen1@frontier.canrem.com> wrote:
>Hi: This summer I grew a few madder and indigo plants to see how they would 
>colour cotton tee-shirts. Does anyone know the proper way to extract the dye 
>from these plants, how much is needed and the best time to harvest? Thank you. 

The directions for use are a bit involved.  You may want to consult 
some books, e.g., 

    Colours From Nature by Bobbi McRae
    A Weaver's Garden by Rita Buchanan

Both are available from Richters (request catalogue from catalog@richters.com)



From mckee@starbase.neosoft.com Fri Sep 15 10:47:36 EDT 1995
Article: 499 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mckee@starbase.neosoft.com (George McKee)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Biogeology [Was: Plants and Pb]
Followup-To: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Date: 13 Sep 1995 02:52:31 GMT
Organization: NeoSoft Internet Services   +1 713 968 5800
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <435h1f$3pj@uuneo.neosoft.com>
References: <42o0ud$9m7@ixnews7.ix.netcom.com> <42ofq8$aq9@news1.ucsd.edu> <DEoo2C.AKx@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au> <curtiss-1109952220260001@p37.boulder-2.dialup.csn.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: starbase.neosoft.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:8043 sci.bio.botany:499

Don't know if someone has already mentioned this, but the 21 July
issue of Science had a "Research News" article by Anne Moffatt
titled "Plants proving their worth in toxic metal cleanup".
(vol.269: pp.302-303)
Like most of Science's news articles, there are no citations,
but it mentions a lot of researchers' names.  Should be easy
to track down their publications...

--
Internet: mckee@neosoft.com               Voice: +1 713 890 8122
Disclaimer: neosoft is just an access provider.
Evolution: Selective replication from a population with heritable variation.
Evolution of Complexity: Like with size, there's always room at the top,
           if the infrastructure can handle the load.


From MS@kvl.dk Fri Sep 15 10:47:37 EDT 1995
Article: 500 of sci.bio.botany
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From: MS@kvl.dk (Marten Sørensen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: test
Date: 13 Sep 1995 12:09:32 GMT
Organization: KVL
Lines: 1
Message-ID: <436hls$ng5@ssv2.dina.kvl.dk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 130.225.42.65
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #3

test


From MS@kvl.dk Fri Sep 15 10:47:38 EDT 1995
Article: 501 of sci.bio.botany
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From: MS@kvl.dk (Marten Sørensen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Second International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes
Date: 13 Sep 1995 12:19:46 GMT
Organization: KVL
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <436i92$nk5@ssv2.dina.kvl.dk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 130.225.42.65
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #3

The Second International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes is scheduled to be held 
at the INIFAP-CIR CENTRO Experimental Station at Celaya, State of Guanajuato, 
MEXICO. Dates: 5th-8th August 1996. Persons interested in participating and/or 
presenting relevant papers covering any subject related to tuberous legumes, 
please contact Dr Marten Soerensen, Botanical Section, Department of Botany, 
Dendrology and Forest Genetics, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, 
DENMARK, e-mail: "marten.soerensen@botge.kvl.dk" for further details.


From derwil@orbonline.net Fri Sep 15 10:47:40 EDT 1995
Article: 502 of sci.bio.botany
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From: derwil@orbonline.net (Derek Wilson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.misc
Subject: WANTED! Info on - leaf adaptations to altitude.
Date: Wed, 13 Sep 1995 05:31:01 GMT
Organization: Orb Research
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Message-ID: <435ga2$u8u@george.orbonline.net>
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:502 sci.bio.ecology:14435 sci.bio.misc:596

Hi there!

	I'm conducting a study on leaf adaptaions to altitude (from 4000 ft to
8000 ft), dealing specifically with the genus Dryas, of which there
are three species.  Would appreciate any related info on this topic or
where to find journal articles, web/ftp sites, research studies,
books, etc.
	



From chaos@mince.ugcs.caltech.edu Fri Sep 15 10:47:41 EDT 1995
Article: 503 of sci.bio.botany
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From: chaos@mince.ugcs.caltech.edu (Tien-Yee Chiu)
Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Dye Plants
Date: 13 Sep 1995 16:38:53 GMT
Organization: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <4371et$230@gap.cco.caltech.edu>
References: <120995.0135163585.n@frontier.canrem.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mince.ugcs.caltech.edu
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu alt.folklore.herbs:17625 sci.bio.botany:503

Bill Allen <ballen1@frontier.canrem.com> writes:

>Hi: This summer I grew a few madder and indigo plants to see how they would 
>colour cotton tee-shirts. Does anyone know the proper way to extract the dye 
>from these plants, how much is needed and the best time to harvest? Thank you. 
_Nature's Colors_ by Ida Grae is an excellent book on dyeplants, and I
believe includes instructions on how to process from dried indigo leaves.
_Spin-Off_ (a magazine for handspinners) also had an article on indigo
processing two or three years ago, but I honestly can't remember the date
of the issue.

If you find out anything useful about harvesting and/or processing madder,
please let me know; I planted three plants in my garden two or three years
ago and lovingly tended them for an entire year before realizing my horrible
mistake.  Now I'm trying to dig out this monster that's taken over my
garden, and would like to know how to harvest and/or process the roots
to maximize the dye return.

Btw, I've noticed that madder tops stain my hands yellow-orange and am curious
whether anyone has tried using them as a dye.  Anyone know?

Tien Chiu
chaos@ugcs.caltech.edu


From ad850@ccn.cs.dal.ca Fri Sep 15 10:47:42 EDT 1995
Article: 504 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: ad850@ccn.cs.dal.ca (EVAN PAUL ROY)
Subject: !!!!Bamboo??????
Message-ID: <DEuxt0.9J7@cs.dal.ca>
Sender: usenet@cs.dal.ca (USENET News)
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Date: Wed, 13 Sep 1995 18:53:23 GMT
Lines: 11

I had to cut down a bunch of vegetation the other day at work.It was 
bamboolike ,hollow,had heart shaped leaves and was at least 7 or 8 ft. 
tall.Any one have any names Latin or otherwise.thanx in advance!!

--
       xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 
        NO AMOUNT OF PLANNING CAN REPLACE DUMB LUCK!
       xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx        
           
        
                  


From rmartin@cc.umanitoba.ca Fri Sep 15 10:47:43 EDT 1995
Article: 505 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rmartin@cc.umanitoba.ca (Richard Martin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: !!!!Bamboo??????
Date: 13 Sep 95 22:37:48 GMT
Organization: The University of Manitoba
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <rmartin.811031868@mira>
References: <DEuxt0.9J7@cs.dal.ca>
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X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)

In <DEuxt0.9J7@cs.dal.ca> ad850@ccn.cs.dal.ca (EVAN PAUL ROY) writes:

>I had to cut down a bunch of vegetation the other day at work.It was 
>bamboolike ,hollow,had heart shaped leaves and was at least 7 or 8 ft. 
>tall.Any one have any names Latin or otherwise.thanx in advance!!

I got a bit-o-root of the stuff a while back. Although i cannot think of 
the name right now (I will post it when I get home), I can fill you in on 
some other details. Its great because in the spring (here in Winnipeg, 
anyways) it grows up to six inches a day from the soil until it reaches 
8-12 feet (or higher!). From one little pieice of root (rhyzome) it 
started taking over my whole front yard! BUT, the best thing about it is 
becuase it is hollow in the centre, and it dies every year, I cut it off, 
dry it out, and use it as stakes in my garden the next year. 

Also, if you really hate a neighbor, plant a bit of root in his/her yard, 
and watch it take over their yard too  :) 

Just a bit of trivia from the Saskatoon Berry King.

Richard
NOiSE
-- 
"the Moog 900 system is a remarkable synthesis of the best features of the
classical electronic music tehnique, the RCA Sound Synthesizer, and 
computer-generated sound programming, with great convenience and 'cybernetic
engineering.'"  Walter Carlos, Composer, New York City


From @unbc.edu Fri Sep 15 10:47:44 EDT 1995
Article: 506 of sci.bio.botany
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From: @unbc.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: !!!!Bamboo??????
Date: 13 Sep 1995 20:13:16 GMT
Organization: University of Northern B.C.
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <437e0s$6qt@unbc.edu>
References: <DEuxt0.9J7@cs.dal.ca>
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To: ad850@ccn.cs.dal.ca

Ah!  I know the stuff.. but, the name is not in my memory banks... when the stems 
are dry, you can engineer a recorder-like instrument... you should try it... 
can't think of the darned name... will try to find it...





From andre@vub.vub.ac.be Fri Sep 15 10:47:45 EDT 1995
Article: 507 of sci.bio.botany
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From: andre@vub.vub.ac.be (Andre Foriers)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Limnathes alba
Date: Mon, 11 Sep 1995 10:41:57 +0100
Organization: VUB - Toxicology
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <andre-1109951041570001@fafymc4.vub.ac.be>
NNTP-Posting-Host: fafymc4.vub.ac.be.

HELP !!!

Is there anybody who can give me more information on a plant called
Limnathes alba ? It can not be found in the phytochemical databases but it
is also possible that the orthography is not correct.
Thanks for your help !


Dr. Andre Foriers
Dept. of Toxicology and Pharmacognosy
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Laarbeeklaan 103
B-1090 Brussel (Belgium)
Tel.: 32-2-477.45.93    Fax: 32-2-477.45.82
email : andre@vub.vub.ac.be


From dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov Fri Sep 15 10:47:46 EDT 1995
Article: 508 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov (David P. Adam)
Subject: Re: Limnathes alba
Message-ID: <1995Sep14.152625.6339@rsg1.er.usgs.gov>
Sender: news@rsg1.er.usgs.gov
Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston VA
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Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 15:26:11 GMT
Lines: 15

andre@vub.vub.ac.be (Andre Foriers) wrote:

>Is there anybody who can give me more information on a plant called
>Limnathes alba ? It can not be found in the phytochemical databases but it
>is also possible that the orthography is not correct.

Limnanthes alba is in the Limnanthaceae (meadowfoam family).  The
Jepson  Manual (Higher Plants of California) gives a reference for the
genus to H.L. Mason (1952), University of California Publications in
Botany, vol. 25, P. 455-512.  Hope this helps.
Branch of Paleontology & Stratigraphy
U.S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California 94025
dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov



From jan.wesenberg@ibnf.nlh.no Fri Sep 15 10:47:47 EDT 1995
Article: 509 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jan.wesenberg@ibnf.nlh.no (Jan Wesenberg)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: dna-data on Psilotum?
Date: 14 Sep 1995 15:06:12 GMT
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NNTP-Posting-Host: ibf-jsp.nlh.no
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.6+


I wonder if there has been done any DNA (e.g. rbcL) work on the basis of 
the land plants, especially on the affinities of groups like 
Anthocerotales, Psilotales, Ophioglossales etc. 

Jan Wesenberg
Agricultural University of Norway
Dept. of Biology and Nature Conservation


From rose@alf1.ngate.uni-regensburg.de Fri Sep 15 10:47:48 EDT 1995
Article: 510 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rose@alf1.ngate.uni-regensburg.de (Andreas Rose        t3077)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: [Q] essential oil of *Lippia graveolens*
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 13:54:55 GMT
Organization: University of Regensburg
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Does anybody know a reference that gives the components of the essential oil 
of *Lippia graveolens* (Verbenaceae), which is sometimes called Mexican 
Oregano?

Thanks a million,

---<---@ (a rose)

Andreas.Rose@Biologie.Uni-Regensburg.De




From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Fri Sep 15 10:47:49 EDT 1995
Article: 511 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Trying to contact a Finnish botanist called Erkki.
Date: 14 Sep 1995 18:34:29 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <439sjl$9d4@coranto.ucs.mun.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: plato.ucs.mun.ca

	A few years ago I was in electronic contact with a botanist in Helsinki
called Erkki, his surname was short, possibly Aho?  He was interested in
Sarrecenia seeds and sent us some seeds too.  I would like to get in touch
with him again, but have lost his address.   If he or anyone who has a
suspect could get in touch by e-mail to hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca I'd appreciate
it.

	Howard Clase



From sl6lj@cc.usu.edu Fri Sep 15 10:47:50 EDT 1995
Article: 512 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Never fertilize your plants again!
Message-ID: <1995Sep14.062046.61272@cc.usu.edu>
From: sl6lj@cc.usu.edu
Date: 14 Sep 95 06:20:45 MDT
Nntp-Posting-Host: slip1.nb1.usu.edu
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Lines: 44

Never fertilize your plants again!

Use MAKE IT GROW!

This is the name of a revolutionary new product produced from 100% 
natural elements.  It is highly environmentally friendly, and easy to 
use.

Where to use MAKE IT GROW-
 Trees           House plants
 Shrubs          Vegetables
 Flowers         Gardens

How MAKE IT GROW works-
It is NOT a fertilizer.  It is a carrier or a holder, that becomes a 
nutrient bank for the nutrients that are in liquid fertilizers.
 
How MAKE IT GROW is used-
1.  You soak MAKE IT GROW in any liquid fertilizer (i.e. Miracle Grow) 
For 48 hours.
2.  Drain the MAKE IT GROW.
3.  Mix the MAKE IT GROW with soil and place it around the root zone.
Follow these three simple steps; stand back and watch as your plants take 
off.

Now the important nutrients are always within reach of the plants roots, 
all summer, all winter, and all of the time through the use of a unique 
ionic process.

Use it to plant seeds, or when you are transplanting your plants.  It is 
great for rejuvenating plants that are dying.  It helps your plants in 
almost any situation.  All it takes is just one simple application of 
MAKE IT GROW.
 
For more information on pricing or questions, please write to:
 
        Natural Zeolite Products
        P.O. Box 3859
        Logan, Utah  84321-3859
 
          - Anyone can have a 'green thumb' with MAKE IT GROW -





From ballen1@frontier.canrem.com Fri Sep 15 10:47:51 EDT 1995
Article: 513 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!in2.uu.net!fonorola!portnoy!news.crso.com!ballen1
From: Bill Allen <ballen1@frontier.canrem.com>
Organization: CRS Online's Frontier
Subject: Re: !!!!Bamboo??????
Message-ID: <140995.21413077673.n@frontier.canrem.com>
Date: 14 Sep 1995 21:41:30 GMT
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Lines: 32

 Sounds like Japanese knotweed.I had a patch of it in downtown Toronto that 
would send rhysomes 15-20 feet away from the main cluster and they'd be 
forever popping up in the middle of my garden. The tiny little flowers 
attracted hundreds of bees which sounded kinda nice. 

>In <DEuxt0.9J7@cs.dal.ca> ad850@ccn.cs.dal.ca (EVAN PAUL ROY) writes:
>
>>I had to cut down a bunch of vegetation the other day at work.It was 
>>bamboolike ,hollow,had heart shaped leaves and was at least 7 or 8 ft. 
>>tall.Any one have any names Latin or otherwise.thanx in advance!!
>
>I got a bit-o-root of the stuff a while back. Although i cannot think of 
>the name right now (I will post it when I get home), I can fill you in on 
>some other details. Its great because in the spring (here in Winnipeg, 
>anyways) it grows up to six inches a day from the soil until it reaches 
>8-12 feet (or higher!). From one little pieice of root (rhyzome) it 
>started taking over my whole front yard! BUT, the best thing about it is 
>becuase it is hollow in the centre, and it dies every year, I cut it off, 
>dry it out, and use it as stakes in my garden the next year. 
>
>Also, if you really hate a neighbor, plant a bit of root in his/her yard, 
>and watch it take over their yard too  :) 
>
>Just a bit of trivia from the Saskatoon Berry King.
>
>Richard
>NOiSE
>-- 
>"the Moog 900 system is a remarkable synthesis of the best features of the
>classical electronic music tehnique, the RCA Sound Synthesizer, and 
>computer-generated sound programming, with great convenience and 'cybernetic
>engineering.'"  Walter Carlos, Composer, New York City


From newcombg@bcc.orst.edu Fri Sep 15 10:47:53 EDT 1995
Article: 514 of sci.bio.botany
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From: newcombg@bcc.orst.edu (Gene Newcomb)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: !!!!Bamboo??????
Date: 14 Sep 1995 15:07:16 GMT
Organization: Oregon State University
Lines: 24
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In article <DEuxt0.9J7@cs.dal.ca>, ad850@ccn.cs.dal.ca says...
>
>I had to cut down a bunch of vegetation the other day at work.It was 
>bamboolike ,hollow,had heart shaped leaves and was at least 7 or 8 ft. 
>tall.Any one have any names Latin or otherwise.thanx in advance!!
>
>--
>       xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 
>        NO AMOUNT OF PLANNING CAN REPLACE DUMB LUCK!
>       xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx        
>           
>        
>                  
	Your description isn't too precise, but I would guess that you 
are fighting Polygonum cuspidatum or Japanese knotweed or Mexican bamboo. 
'Hortus Third' describes it as:
	Per., fro vigorous rhizome to 8 ft.; lvs. elliptic to nearly 
	orbicular, to 5 in. long, abruptly pointed;... Japan; often 
becomes weedy.
	It will die down in the winter, but come up with full vigor next 
spring.
- gene (Gene Newcomb - Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon 
State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA)



From c3005113@net2.hkbu.edu.hk Fri Sep 15 10:47:54 EDT 1995
Article: 515 of sci.bio.botany
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From: c3005113@net2.hkbu.edu.hk (SHUM CHIN KEI)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: DOMOIC acid Production (Diatoms)
Date: 14 Sep 1995 16:54:08 GMT
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Dear all expert,

I am trying my best now with my honor degree project titled:
"Studies of Domoic acid production by Diatoms"

Diatoms, esp. in penate forms, are known to produce certain kinds
of chemicals which are thought to be detrimetal to living organisms
in aquatic ecosystems.  This proposed project focuses on the factor(s).
-Physical  -Chemical & Biological that would initiate the production of 
a major chemical component -DOMOIC acid, which is found to be related
to many fish-kills in countries along the Pacific coasts.

Please give helps and any ideas if you have any.
It is important for me in my final year research project!

Thanks!

Robin Shum
Department of Applied Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University
C3005113@net2.hkbu.edu.hk



From heiderc@bcc.orst.edu Fri Sep 15 22:34:59 EDT 1995
Article: 516 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris Heider <heiderc@bcc.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Seed Selection, Storage
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 18:25:52 -0700
Organization: University Computing Services - Oregon State University
Lines: 18
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I would pick them now, when they're ripe (being September here in Oregon),
and allow the seeds to FERMENT in a cup for a while..i.e. until they're 
dry and don't change very much.  If you want the variety, 'Heritage', you 
should contact Territorial Seed Company in, I think, Eugene, Oregon.

Good luck!

On 9 Sep 1995, Donna, Michael wrote:

> This season, we grew some "heritage" tomato plants.  We can't locate the 
> person who gave us the seeds, so we want to preserve some from this 
> year's fruit.
> 
> What is the ideal point in the growth cycle to pick fruit for next year's 
> seeds?  How should these seeds be dried and stored?
> 
> 
> 


From ing3@server.uwindsor.ca Fri Sep 15 22:35:00 EDT 1995
Article: 517 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Nelson Ing <ing3@server.uwindsor.ca>
Subject: Re: biology jokes 
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Q: Did you hear about the biologist who had twins?

A: He used one as a control...




From botteau@ensta.fr Fri Sep 15 22:35:02 EDT 1995
Article: 518 of sci.bio.botany
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From: botteau@ensta.fr (Frederic )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: { Moringua ??}
Date: 15 Sep 1995 16:44:01 GMT
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I need information about a tree call ( MORINGUA), coming from the North of
India. I am not sure about the spelling.
I would like to know if we can find it in France.


From dhwaber@interaccess.com Fri Sep 15 22:35:03 EDT 1995
Article: 519 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dhwaber@interaccess.com (waber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: biology jokes
Date: Fri, 15 Sep 1995 18:56:54 -0600
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In article <Pine.SGI.3.91.950915190120.25013B-100000@server.uwindsor.ca> Nelson Ing <ing3@server.uwindsor.ca> writes:

>Q: Did you hear about the biologist who had twins?

>A: He used one as a control...

Oooh.  That's nasty.:)  Has this one already been done?

Why out of so many million sperm does only one make it to the egg?

None of them will stop to ask directions.

peace, love, happiness, imagination
Mona




From nbhoja@inforamp.net Sun Oct  8 00:33:36 EDT 1995
Article: 627 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nbhoja@inforamp.net (Nahid Bhoja)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help Again!!!
Date: Wed, 04 Oct 1995 00:53:04 GMT
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Could anyone help me find any sites that may contain ANYTHING on
mycotoxins. 

Thank-you.

Guess anyone trying to answer would need my e-mail address... sorry!

nbhoja@inforamp.net



From koeltz@shout.net Sun Oct  8 00:33:37 EDT 1995
Article: 628 of sci.bio.botany
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From: koeltz <koeltz@shout.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: botany web sites
Date: 2 Oct 1995 12:30:32 GMT
Organization: koeltz Scientific Books USA
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check out http://www.shout.net/~koeltz/



From nbhoja@inforamp.net Sun Oct  8 00:33:38 EDT 1995
Article: 629 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nbhoja@inforamp.net (Nahid Bhoja)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help a student PLEASE!!!
Date: Mon, 02 Oct 1995 23:42:31 GMT
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Could anyone help me find any sites that may contain ANYTHING on
mycotoxins. 

Thank-you.



From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sun Oct  8 00:33:39 EDT 1995
Article: 630 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: (no subject)
Date: 4 Oct 1995 09:55:34 GMT
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I can't determine which plant it is (see what.jpg - 1O K). It is a 
tropical malvacae, probably one of the so many species of hibiscus. 
(fruit contains 5 seeds and is not a "real" pod as it is made from 
sepals that enlarge and join together after blooming.


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---------------------------------321942888726474--


From egilding@lava.net Sun Oct  8 00:33:40 EDT 1995
Article: 631 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!news.lava.net!usenet
From: egilding@lava.net (Edward K. Gilding)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Nepenthes Habitat Data
Date: Mon, 02 Oct 95 21:18:03 PST
Organization: Test-Tube Tropicals
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <44qnj5$cp2@malasada.lava.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dialup057.lava.net
Mime-Version: 1.0
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.93.9

Does anyone know where I could find data on the various locales of 
Nepenthes in The Phillipines?

thank you,
egilding@lava.net



From wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com Sun Oct  8 00:33:41 EDT 1995
Article: 632 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!jobone!fiesta.srl.ford.com!eccdb1.pms.ford.com!pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com!wojcik
From: wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com (wojcik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Euphoria Tape...Try it with a Lover!
Date: 4 Oct 1995 15:26:26 GMT
Organization: ECC at Ford Motor Company, Dearborn Michigan
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <44u932$155@eccdb1.pms.ford.com>
References: <44u5nv$jj3@globe.indirect.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

Estascy@euphoria.com wrote:
: I.C.P., Suite 578-101, 5360 E. Bay Dr., Clwr., FL 34624

: The Euphoria Tape

: Do The Euphoria Tape alone the first time, and then 
: with a lover. It's a phenomenon you will feel within
: the first 3 minutes of use -- what you feel the rest of
: the time is unbelievable.

================================================================================
	Gee ... I didn't know euphorbias could produce such incredible
results! And here I thought they were mostly known for their milky sap and
colorful, unusual flowers. Huh. Learn something every day!
	(Sarcasm mode off) Why do these people have to post this crap
on nearly EVERY news group?


From stephenf@netspace.net.au Sun Oct  8 00:33:41 EDT 1995
Article: 633 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!simtel!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!yarrina.connect.com.au!news.netspace.net.au!usenet
From: stephen fitzgerald <stephenf@netspace.net.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Oldest tree.
Date: 3 Oct 1995 03:33:33 GMT
Organization: NetSpace Online Systems
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <44qaud$b63@otis.netspace.net.au>
References: <EjihfDAYtnZwEwjj@ilaman.mcb.net>
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X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.22 (Windows; I; 16bit)

I'm not sure what the 'previous oldest' tree was but I have a report 
(newspaper clipping) of a Houn Pine in Tasmania that is at least 10,500 
y.o and possibly as old as 40,000 y.o
"It represents the entire recorded history of humanity. The rise of 
cities and agriculture. It spans all of human history."

Steve

Bill Hay <bhay@ilaman.mcb.net> wrote:
>Could anyone tell me if there has recently been a
>discovery of a tree older than the one previously
>thought to be the oldest. 
>-- 
>Bill Hay




From thorburn@.xyplex.com Sun Oct  8 00:33:42 EDT 1995
Article: 634 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!panix!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!satisfied.apocalypse.org!news2.near.net!xap!usenet
From: thorburn@.xyplex.com (Gary Thorburn)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plants' respiratory system
Date: 4 Oct 1995 17:11:29 GMT
Organization: Xyplex, Inc., Littleton, Massachusetts USA
Lines: 27
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <44uf81$5ib@xap.xyplex.com>
References: <stefanv-0310952109390001@204.147.232.19>
Reply-To: thorburn@.xyplex.com
NNTP-Posting-Host: gwt.xyplex.com

Yes indeed, when a plant is not photosynthesizing, (and even when it
is), it is respiring Oxygen into CO2 just like everybody else.  But I
doubt that the oxygen depletion at night is enough to warrant removing
plants, although I have heard that its sometimes done.

More interesting is the dubious assertion that Forests Produce Oxygen.  Not 
only do they produce it, but they consume it.  And the fauna consuming the
plant material as food -- including the soil fungi, bacteria and insects
consuming the litter, will consume ALL the net oxygen produced by the forest
UNLESS there is biomass accumulating.  So, a mature forest typically 
produces no oxygen, but a young forest, such as an abandoned field, or a 
forest recovering from a harvest, is accumulating biomass (wood) and is 
producing a net positive amount of oxygen.

So, if at one time our planet had less oxygen than it does now, perhaps 
some of that is related to the presence of extant biomass, including fossil 
fuels.  That is, fossil fuels in the ground, wood in buildings, and standing
biomass in forests may be related directly to just how much oxygen we have
to burn.

/****
*  Gary W. Thorburn
*  reply address:  gthorburn@eng.xyplex.com
****/





From macrakis@osf.org Sun Oct  8 00:33:43 EDT 1995
Article: 635 of sci.bio.botany
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From: macrakis@osf.org (Stavros Macrakis)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Hardiness and cultural needs of ornamentals
Date: 03 Oct 1995 14:00:02 GMT
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Plant hardiness is (in the US) usually expressed in terms of USDA
Zones (based on earlier Arnold Arboretum Zones), which correspond to
average annual minimum temperatures.  Clearly there are other relevant
macroclimatic factors, such as continental vs. oceanic climate
(cf. RHS Dict'y), summer stress (temperatures, humidity), etc. as well
as microclimatic factors (wind exposure, ...).

For that matter, I would have thought that the relevant issue is not
the _average_ minimum temperature, but some percentile minimum
temperature.  For long-lived trees, you would want to know a
low-percentile temperature (a 1st percentile minimum would give you an
average hardiness expectancy of 100 years); while for perennials, you
might want a much higher percentile (a 25th percentile minimum would
give you an average hardiness expectancy of 4 years, which might well
be acceptable).  And then, unseasonal frosts are apparently far worse
than minima in mid-winter.

The Sunset publishing companies defines a system of 20+ zones for
California alone based on several factors.  Has it been done for other
areas of the country?  How thoroughly have plants been classified as
to hardiness in these various zones?  Is it in fact useful?

Then of course there are cultural requirements such as drainage,
shade, soil chemistry, and so on....

Most plant references (RHS Dict'y, RHS/AHS Encyclopaedia, Hortus,
Dirr, ...)  and commercial catalogues give indications on plants'
preferences but these references often seem to disagree on winter
hardiness, on shade tolerance, on required soil acidity, etc.  For
that matter, they usually don't mention whether they're referring to
bud hardiness, wood hardiness, or root hardiness, and it is rare to
see all three given, although they are relevant to plants which can be
grown either as woody plants or as herbaceous perennials.

So, in a nutshell, what is the state of the art in understanding
ornamental plants' climatic and cultural requirements?  What are
considered definitive sources?

Thanks,

	-s



From kes@cco.caltech.edu Sun Oct  8 00:33:44 EDT 1995
Article: 636 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kes@cco.caltech.edu (Katherine Sedwick)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Hardiness and cultural needs of ornamentals
Date: 4 Oct 1995 21:44:42 GMT
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The Sunset zone system covers ~40% of the USA, the Western 
portion.  For anyone living in that region, the _Sunset
Western Garden Book_ is THE gardening book to buy.  Not
perfect, but invaluable.  Mine is falling apart from use.

Kate Sedwick



From chuckc@albury.net.au Sun Oct  8 00:33:45 EDT 1995
Article: 637 of sci.bio.botany
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From: chuckc@albury.net.au (Stephen Chalmers)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mistletoe and Ulmus
Date: Tue, 03 Oct 1995 10:32:10 GMT
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mproctor@uoknor.edu wrote:

>chuckc@albury.net.au (Stephen Chalmers) wrote:

>>A colleague and I were musing today on the frequency of mistletoe on
>>the trees in our fair town, and he observed that he hadn't seen any on
>>the Elms about the place.

>>By crikey, he's right! He's the aboriculturist, and I'm only a dumb
>>gardener :-) so I thought I would ask here to see if anyone knew any
>>reason for this.



>Mistletoe loves Ulmus here in Oklahoma.  It's abundance seems to be
>influenced by the abundance of house sparrows (or other species in
>towns)   When I've tried to collect specimens in the field it's been a
>major undertaking to find it on Ulmus or any other species.  It's
>rarely on Quercus here but does like Celtis, Populus, Gleditsia and
>Robinia.

Thanks for that. I'll have to be a little more observant and see if I
can narrow down the cause. Maybe it is the possums, or perhaps as you
have found, some bird species.

Regards
Stephen Chalmers         |"Bother!" said Pooh as he realised
Lavington NSW            |that his leg cutter had failed to
Australia                |lure the cunning Piglet into a
chuckc@albury.net.au     |false stroke.



From stefanv@altura.com Sun Oct  8 00:33:46 EDT 1995
Article: 638 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stefanv@altura.com (Stefan van der Bijl)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: plants' respiratory system
Date: Tue, 03 Oct 1995 21:09:39 -0700
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Can someone please tell me if I am correct or not? I have always been
under the impression that plants use the CO2 that animals exhale to
perform photosynthesis.  One of the major by-products is O2 that humans
inhale.  At night, what happens?  I would think that they slow down in
their production of O2.  Someone has recently informed me that plants
reverse the process at night and take in the very same O2 that we breathe,
and emit CO2. And that is why many hospitals in France and all over the
rest of the world remove the plants from patients rooms at night. 
HEELLLLPPPP!!!!

-- 
Stefan van der Bijl
Altura Software, Inc
stefanv@altura.com


From geralds@iafrica.com Sun Oct  8 00:33:47 EDT 1995
Article: 639 of sci.bio.botany
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From: geralds@iafrica.com (A White Chemist)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: medicinal herbs
Date: Wed, 4 Oct 1995 11:30:22
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I am seeking suppliers in U.S.A., EUROPE etc of dried medicinal herbs

Gerald Schaffer



From vulpia@sonic.net Sun Oct  8 00:33:48 EDT 1995
Article: 640 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plants' respiratory system
Date: Wed, 4 Oct 1995 18:44:03
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>Can someone please tell me if I am correct or not? I have always been
>under the impression that plants use the CO2 that animals exhale to
>perform photosynthesis.  One of the major by-products is O2 that humans
>inhale.  At night, what happens?  I would think that they slow down in
>their production of O2.  Someone has recently informed me that plants
>reverse the process at night and take in the very same O2 that we breathe,
>and emit CO2. And that is why many hospitals in France and all over the
>rest of the world remove the plants from patients rooms at night. 
>HEELLLLPPPP!!!!

Yes, that is correct...plants emit CO2 at night when they respire the energy 
they created during the day.


From macrakis@osf.org Sun Oct  8 00:33:49 EDT 1995
Article: 641 of sci.bio.botany
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From: macrakis@osf.org (Stavros Macrakis)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Predicting flowering times
Date: 05 Oct 1995 16:24:08 GMT
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In reference works and catalogues, flowering times are usually given
either as a particular calendar interval ("mid-May to mid-June") or as
a season ("early summer").  These times usually refer to the "home
territory" of the reference work or nursery.

Is there any reasonable way to predict flowering times as a function
of microclimate?  I would think that most plants would fit into one of
a small number of schemata, e.g.:

  -- 20 days after a period of 10 days over 40 F
  -- 200 degree-days (base 40 F)
  -- 10 days after day length reaches 10 hours
  -- 60 days after ground temperature reaches 45 F

and there are surely enough data in the arboreta and botanical
collections to calculate such things.

Is flowering time in fact easily predictable from microclimate?

If so, where can I go to find this information for a given plant?

	-s


From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sun Oct  8 00:33:50 EDT 1995
Article: 642 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Predicting flowering times
Date: 5 Oct 1995 17:27:53 GMT
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I'm not sure you'll find this kind of information easily. There is some 
data of this type for large industrial plants as corn, wheat, etc. and 
you may find some information in specialized books on industrial 
agriculture. Anyway for many plants (flowering ones eg) I don't think 
you'll find anything besides some unprecise indications as this is part 
of the "Art" of horticulture (close to industrial secret indeed). Maybe 
some thesis exist on this subject for botanical species. good luck.




From ray@garnet.berkeley.edu Sun Oct  8 00:33:51 EDT 1995
Article: 643 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ray@garnet.berkeley.edu (Ray Baxter)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plants' respiratory system
Date: 5 Oct 1995 17:54:21 GMT
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In article <stefanv-0310952109390001@204.147.232.19>, stefanv@altura.com
(Stefan van der Bijl) wrote:

> Can someone please tell me if I am correct or not? I have always been
> under the impression that plants use the CO2 that animals exhale to
> perform photosynthesis.  One of the major by-products is O2 that humans
> inhale.  

In photosynthesis, plants convert CO2, water, and the energy of sunlight 
into carbohydrates and O2. The O2 can come from any source.

At the same time, and at all other times, plants respire, using O2 to produce
energy from carbon compounds. These are the same reactions that are performed
by humans and all other aerobic organisms.

> At night, what happens?  I would think that they slow down in
> their production of O2.  

That is correct.

> Someone has recently informed me that plants
> reverse the process at night and take in the very same O2 that we breathe,
> and emit CO2. 

No, this is wrong. They continue to respire and they stop photosynthesizing.
There are two separate processes that work in opposite directions, not one
process that goes in reverse. If nothing else, photosynthesis and respiration
occur in different sub-cellular organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria, 
respectively).

> And that is why many hospitals in France and all over the
> rest of the world remove the plants from patients rooms at night. 

Who can explain the French? 

Or doctors?

-- 
Ray Baxter                                Department of Plant Biology
ray@garnet.berkeley.edu                   University of California
(510) 642-8064                            Berkeley CA 94720


From drewruns@aol.com Sun Oct  8 00:33:52 EDT 1995
Article: 644 of sci.bio.botany
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From: drewruns@aol.com (Drew runs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PHYTOALEXINS ANYONE?
Date: 5 Oct 1995 20:32:22 -0400
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Reply-To: drewruns@aol.com (Drew runs)

I NEED HELP FINDING INFORMATION ON THE RESEARCH OF PHYTOALEXINS IN PLANT
DEFENSE.  ANYONE WHO CAN HELP, I WOULD SURE APPRECIATED IT?


From stddct@pip.shsu.edu Sun Oct  8 00:33:54 EDT 1995
Article: 645 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "David C. Taylor" <stddct@pip.shsu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mistletoe and Ulmus
Date: Thu, 5 Oct 1995 00:00:58 -0500
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i
Down here in the Big Thicket of East Texas (Pine Forests dominated by 
Pinus taeda and spp.) the Mistletoe seems to grow in all non-Pinus spp., 
ie all deciduous trees.   Big thicket ecology is broken up by oak 
savannahs naturally, and oaks thrive at roadsides and there seems to be 
pleny of mistletoe there.  Pardon the syntax of this post as this editor 
is very klugy.


From D.J.Hodkinson@shef.ac.uk Sun Oct  8 00:33:55 EDT 1995
Article: 646 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dunmail <D.J.Hodkinson@shef.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Predicting flowering times
Date: 6 Oct 1995 08:42:11 GMT
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macrakis@osf.org (Stavros Macrakis) wrote:

>Is flowering time in fact easily predictable from microclimate?

In some plants flowering is controlled by temperature, however, in others 
it is related to daylength.  I guess that in some it is related to both.

Dunmail





From jari@ibg.uit.no Sun Oct  8 00:33:56 EDT 1995
Article: 647 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Predicting flowering times
Date: Fri, 6 Oct 1995 09:35:39
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In article <4514ip$bbk@news.cea.fr> Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr> writes:
>From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
>Subject: Re: Predicting flowering times
>Date: 5 Oct 1995 17:27:53 GMT

>I'm not sure you'll find this kind of information easily. There is some 
>data of this type for large industrial plants as corn, wheat, etc. and 
>you may find some information in specialized books on industrial 
>agriculture. Anyway for many plants (flowering ones eg) I don't think 
>you'll find anything besides some unprecise indications as this is part 
>of the "Art" of horticulture (close to industrial secret indeed). Maybe 
>some thesis exist on this subject for botanical species. good luck.

Pollen scientists and medicine persons interested in allergic reactions have 
this information for many plants producing abundant airborne pollen. This is 
not only timing of onset, but intensity of flowering (= pollen production). 
There are monitoring networks in many countries, in some cases for several 
years. I've seen pollen forecasts for allergetic persons in tv news both in my 
native Finland and in my current residence Norway. I'm sure you can have this 
information for any western country. I don't know much about modelling 
(predicting) the flowering time. Traditionally, degree-day thresholds are 
used, and they are known for many plants. I know that there are some attempts 
to develop more precise predictive models combined with weather forecasts. I 
don't know whether these are available or have been published. However, I 
suggest you browse some botany web sites with palynological information (see 
lists of botany related URLs, pointers are reported regularly in this group). 
Naturally, you will have trouble finding any information on wild plants that 
are not wind pollinated. Cheers, 

--- Jari Oksanen, Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sun Oct  8 00:33:57 EDT 1995
Article: 648 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: 6 Oct 1995 12:40:28 GMT
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You are right and field guides are not...




From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sun Oct  8 00:33:58 EDT 1995
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Predicting flowering times
Date: 6 Oct 1995 12:43:31 GMT
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And some (a lot) are sensitive to day/night temperature difference...




From aalund@unlgrad1.unl.edu Sun Oct  8 00:33:59 EDT 1995
Article: 650 of sci.bio.botany
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From: aalund@unlgrad1.unl.edu (Adrian Lund)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plants' respiratory system
Date: 6 Oct 1995 16:41:18 GMT
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Stefan van der Bijl (stefanv@altura.com) wrote:
: Can someone please tell me if I am correct or not? I have always been
: under the impression that plants use the CO2 that animals exhale to
: perform photosynthesis.  One of the major by-products is O2 that humans
: inhale.  At night, what happens?  I would think that they slow down in
: their production of O2.  
You are correct.  There is a specific light intensity required for plants 
to balance their O2 consumption and O2 production.  this is Called the 
light compensation point.


: Someone has recently informed me that plants
: reverse the process at night and take in the very same O2 that we breathe,
: and emit CO2. 
Surprise, Like the bad little eukaryotic cells that they are, plants do 
contain mitochondria.  The are customized to do some interesting things 
that only plants need, they oxidize glycolate formed from 
photo-respiration, and they can also produce heat through a 
cyanide-resitant oxidase in the electron transport chain.  They can also 
oxidise cytosolic NAD(P)H produced by the chloroplast and glycolysis.

: And that is why many hospitals in France and all over the
: rest of the world remove the plants from patients rooms at night. 
: HEELLLLPPPP!!!!

I doubt this is the real reason.  Air is 20% O2, to consume any more than 
a miniscule amount of the oxygen (assuming a hermetically sealed room) 
imagine th amount of plant material (sugars and starches) that would have 
to be consumed by the plant.  Not to mention the heat produced.
Maybe the nurses take them out to water them?

: -- : Stefan 
van der Bijl : Altura Software, Inc : stefanv@altura.com
--
Adrian Lund   (I know my .sig is a piece of shit, but it's short.)


From ctrine@olympus.net Sun Oct  8 00:34:01 EDT 1995
Article: 651 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ctrine@olympus.net (Cheryl Trine)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wayside Gardens
Date: Thu, 5 Oct 1995 14:22:22 UNDEFINED
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  Wayside Gardens now has a home page on GardenNet.


GardenNet is proud to welcome Wayside Gardens to GardenNet. 

Wayside Gardens has offered unique and unusual plants to American gardeners 
for 75 years -- many not found anywhere else.  

As a GardenNet sponsor, you can find Wayside's home page very easily:  

their logo is a clickable link from GardenNet's home page.  

>From  their home page you can order their full color catalog.  

There is also a monthly feature -- this month is peonies with a picture of a 
Mrs Franklin Roosevelt peony.  WelcomeWayside!

GardenNet's address on the World Wide Web is:

	http://www.olympus.net/gardens/welcome.html

Thank you!
Cheryl Trine


From nwinter@crash.cts.com Sun Oct  8 00:34:02 EDT 1995
Article: 652 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nwinter@crash.cts.com (Jack Nilch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Datura Inoxia
Date: 6 Oct 1995 01:21:52 GMT
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Can someone tell me why the Datura plants growing in the west (Southern 
California) are referred to, even by field guides, as "Thorn Apple?"

Thorn Apple is Datura Strammonium. What seems to be growing here is 
Datura Inoxia. The only name ive ever heard of for D. Inoxia is "Devil's 
Weed."

thanks a bunch,

Alex



From alexc@calm.wa.gov.au Sun Oct  8 00:34:03 EDT 1995
Article: 653 of sci.bio.botany
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From: alexc@calm.wa.gov.au (Alex R. Chapman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Oldest tree.
Date: Fri, 06 Oct 1995 00:41:56 GMT
Organization: WA Herbarium - CALM
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That's correct - it was discovered (or at least reported) in early
January this year and covers the size of a city block!  
BTW its is spelt Huon.  Apparently (according to the article I saw)
the previous oldest plant was a fungus!

It was another great botanical event for Australia, following as it
did close on the heels of the announcement of the discovery of the
Wollemi Pine, a relic from the Jurassic previously known only from
fossil material.

Alex

stephen fitzgerald <stephenf@netspace.net.au> wrote:

>I'm not sure what the 'previous oldest' tree was but I have a report 
>(newspaper clipping) of a Houn Pine in Tasmania that is at least 10,500 
>y.o and possibly as old as 40,000 y.o
>"It represents the entire recorded history of humanity. The rise of 
>cities and agriculture. It spans all of human history."

>Steve

>Bill Hay <bhay@ilaman.mcb.net> wrote:
>>Could anyone tell me if there has recently been a
>>discovery of a tree older than the one previously
>>thought to be the oldest. 
>>-- 
>>Bill Hay






From mkummel@rain.org Sun Oct  8 00:34:07 EDT 1995
Article: 654 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mkummel@rain.org (Marc Kummel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: 7 Oct 1995 02:05:45 GMT
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Jack Nilch (nwinter@crash.cts.com) wrote:

: Thorn Apple is Datura Strammonium. What seems to be growing here is 
: Datura Inoxia. The only name ive ever heard of for D. Inoxia is "Devil's 
: Weed."

Interesting plants often have confusing names.  Munz lists it as D. 
meteloides, but the new Jepson calls it D. wrightii, and suggests it may
be introduced.  (I thought California Indian use was documented?) 
D. inoxia is another alias.  

I know it by the Indian/Mexican name "Toloache", but that may be from Don 
Juan. 

Marc


From 100437.116@compuserve.com Sun Oct  8 00:34:08 EDT 1995
Article: 655 of sci.bio.botany
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From: 100437.116@compuserve.com (Robert Perkins)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mealy Bug Predators
Date: Sat, 07 Oct 1995 13:18:43 GMT
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This subject has probably been discussed before, however I am seeking
information on the biological control of Mealy Bug infestation. 
Using insecticides on some of my plants, even in low concentrations
causes defoliation or burning.  
 Dilute soap solution does give some control on certain plants but on
others no effect is seen. It is these latter types that succomb to
being killed or never growing above their juvenille state.
I have used the Black Australian Ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri,
with no real effect. This control has been said to be poor by several
people.
I have just heard of a parasitic wasp (?) which operates like Encarsia
for controlling White Fly. It is known as Leptomastrix.
Does anyone know if this is a better predator than Cryptolaemus ?
Are there any other controls?
Thanks in advance

Newbury, Berks. U.K



From nwinter@crash.cts.com Sun Oct  8 00:34:09 EDT 1995
Article: 656 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nwinter@crash.cts.com (Jack Nilch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: 7 Oct 1995 02:30:42 GMT
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who is don juan?



From vulpia@sonic.net Sun Oct  8 00:34:09 EDT 1995
Article: 657 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cholesterol in Plants
Date: Sat, 7 Oct 1995 06:45:19
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>isnt cholesterol one of the major compenents of cell walls?

Cell membranes, maybe?  I think cholesterol is a necessary compound for 
controlling solubility of the lipid portion of cell membranes, so would be in 
both plants and animals..n'est pas?


From nwinter@crash.cts.com Sun Oct  8 00:34:10 EDT 1995
Article: 658 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nwinter@crash.cts.com (Jack Nilch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cholesterol in Plants
Date: 7 Oct 1995 05:50:53 GMT
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isnt cholesterol one of the major compenents of cell walls?




From mkummel@rain.org Sun Oct  8 00:34:11 EDT 1995
Article: 659 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mkummel@rain.org (Marc Kummel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: 7 Oct 1995 18:48:49 GMT
Organization: RAIN Public Access Internet (805) 967-RAIN
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Jack Nilch (nwinter@crash.cts.com) wrote:
: who is don juan?

Literary reference to Carlos Castenada's book _The Teachings of Don Juan: 
a Yaqui Way of Knowledge_ published back in the late 60's or early 70's
and widely influential, with several sequels.  The book describes
Castenada's apprenticeship to a Yaqui indian shaman in Mexico, and datura
use is central.  The rumor was that the whole thing was a fiction, even
though the "research" was part of Castenada's PhD work in anthropology at
UCLA.  Maybe someone else knows the details? 

It's a good read, but don't trust this book.  There have been incidents
of datura use requiring hospitalization here in Santa Barbara.

Marc


From nealscomp@aol.com Sun Oct  8 00:34:12 EDT 1995
Article: 660 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nealscomp@aol.com (NEALSCOMP)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Post-doctoral Position / Plant Transformation
Date: 7 Oct 1995 15:38:03 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Post-doctoral Position / Plant Transformation

DNA Plant Technology Corporation has  an immediate opening in their
Vegetable
Tissue Culture Group for an experienced scientist to work on  dicot
transformation.   Current research is in the development of transformation
systems in a variety of vegetable crops and the production of new
transgenic
lines for commercial release.   Candidates must have transformation
experience
using Agrobacterium, preferably in the development or trouble shooting of
transformation protocols.  Experience with the tissue culture and
transformation
of tomato and/or strawberry would be valuable.  
DNAP offers an excellent compensation and benefits package which includes
stock incentives.  Candidates should send a resume with three references
to:  Dr
Alison Morgan, DNA Plant Technology Corp., 6701 San Pablo Avenue, Oakland,
CA 94608.
 An EOE.

FAX:    510-547-2817 
e-mail:  morgan@dnap.com


From kampoyak.singnet.com.sg@kampoyak.singnet.com.sg Sun Oct  8 00:34:13 EDT 1995
Article: 661 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kampoyak.singnet.com.sg@kampoyak.singnet.com.sg
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ethnobotany
Date: Sat, 07 Oct 95 18:40:13 PDT
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In Article<44ah2h$ehv@bud.shadow.net>, <heruka@shadow.net> write:
> Path: 
merlion.singnet.com.sg!newsjunkie.ans.net!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!news.kreonet.r
e.kr!news.dacom.co.kr!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.
net!bud.shadow.net!news
> From: heruka@shadow.net (heruka)
> Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
> Subject: Re: ethnobotany
> Date: 27 Sep 1995 03:40:01 GMT
> Organization: Shadow Information Services Inc.
> Lines: 16
> Message-ID: <44ah2h$ehv@bud.shadow.net>
> References: <xxx9-2509951517060001@meds20598.meds.cwru.edu>
> NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp-mia-51.shadow.net
> X-Newsreader: WinVN version 0.82
> 
> In article <xxx9-2509951517060001@meds20598.meds.cwru.edu>, xxx9@po.cwru.edu 
(Medical Student) says:>Dear whomever can help me,SUBJECT:
ETHNOBOTANY/ SANJAY MEHTA 
> >srm@po.cwru.edu     
> >

Dear Sanjay Mehta

I am a phytochemist with ethnobotanical post-doctoral work
in Amazon and South East Asia rainforest.
Can you kindly send to me a copy of the Ethnobotanical seed catalog.
My address: Dr Balasubramaniam M, Ph.D
	    Level 36, Hong Leong Bldg.
            16 Raffles Quay, Singapore 0104
	    Tel: (65)-7653292 Direct
	    Fax: (65)-7653293
Please kindly advice the cost of the postage and list.
Thank you in advance.



From nwinter@crash.cts.com Sun Oct  8 00:34:14 EDT 1995
Article: 662 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nwinter@crash.cts.com (Jack Nilch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: 7 Oct 1995 23:19:40 GMT
Organization: CTS Network Services (CTSNET), San Diego, CA
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yes, and cases of death here in san diego. 

i was interested first, in what plant this actually was, and second, what 
caused those deaths.




From nwinter@crash.cts.com Sun Oct  8 00:34:16 EDT 1995
Article: 663 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nwinter@crash.cts.com (Jack Nilch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cholesterol in Plants
Date: 7 Oct 1995 23:21:12 GMT
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yes. its kinda foggy for me (i dont remember *everything* from high 
school)... but i recall hearing about phosoplipid bilayers, which were 
phosphates, lipids, and cholesterol. 

so i think the answer to the original question is yes, there is 
cholesterol in plants.




From egilding@lava.net Wed Oct 11 00:41:36 EDT 1995
Article: 664 of sci.bio.botany
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From: egilding@lava.net (Edward K. Gilding)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sugar Plant...
Date: Sat, 07 Oct 95 22:10:13 PST
Organization: Test-Tube Tropicals
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In article <atahualpa-0710952147490001@cate0-18.reshall.uoknor.edu>, 
atahualpa@eworld.com says...
>
>This past summer I went on a tour of the Crystal Bridge Conservatory 
here
>in Oklahoma City and I was introduced to a very interesting plant.  It 
was
>a large bush/tree with cherry sized black berries and white flesh.  The
>guide plucked a few off for us to try and told us that they were very 
high
>in sugar content and if you ate three or four then whatever you ate for
>the next hour would be affected by the sugar and taste sweet.  I only 
ate
>one, so I didn't notice this effect, but they were delicious berries.  
>
>The guide also told us that some private investors had attempted to 
market
>this as a sugar substitute for diabetics but their efforts were 
sabotaged
>by the sugar industry.  How sad.  Anyway, if anyone has any idea as to
>what this plant is, let me know.  Even better, let me know where to get
>the plant or seeds.  The guide wasn't sure because there was some kind 
of
>discrepancy in the placard labeling the plant.

The plant you're describing sounds like "Miracle Fruit".  A bushy/tree 
like plant that has ovoid shaped berries, reddish or purplish in color 
with one large seed.  Flowers ar small creamy colored with russet haired 
sepals.  It was found in tropical Africa and brought into cultivation by 
David Fairchild in 1919 when he tasted it for the first time and didn't 
think much about them but when he noticed the effect he sent seeds back 
to the US.

The fruit numbs or "masks" to sour taste-buds so it leaves you to taste 
only sweet things.  Its called Synsepalum dulcificum.  Full size 15 ft.
I dont have any specific cultivation information as it is rather rare 
here too (Hawaii).  I see it for sale on certain occaisions but never 
bother to plant one because I dont have room for some big bush.  I'd like 
to try a berry first.

You could obtain seeds from:

The Banana Tree, Inc.
715 Northampton St.
Easton, PA  18042

seeds are sold one per a packet.  I say get at least two because they 
might need to pollenate each other.



From sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu Wed Oct 11 00:41:37 EDT 1995
Article: 665 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plants' respiratory system
Date: 8 Oct 1995 02:28:38 GMT
Organization: ST. CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY, ST. CLOUD, MN
Lines: 39
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Message-ID: <457d0m$cgs@urvile.MSUS.EDU>
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In article <44uf81$5ib@xap.xyplex.com>, thorburn@.xyplex.com (Gary Thorburn) writes:
>Yes indeed, when a plant is not photosynthesizing, (and even when it
>is), it is respiring Oxygen into CO2 just like everybody else.  But I
>doubt that the oxygen depletion at night is enough to warrant removing
>plants, although I have heard that its sometimes done.
>
>More interesting is the dubious assertion that Forests Produce Oxygen.  Not 
>only do they produce it, but they consume it.  

>And the fauna consuming the
I thought people were fauna too

>plant material as food -- including the soil fungi, bacteria and insects
>consuming the litter, will consume ALL the net oxygen produced by the forest
>UNLESS there is biomass accumulating.  

Could you post a reference for this please.

So, a mature forest typically 
>produces no oxygen, but a young forest, such as an abandoned field, or a 
>forest recovering from a harvest, is accumulating biomass (wood) and is 
>producing a net positive amount of oxygen.
>
>So, if at one time our planet had less oxygen than it does now, perhaps 
>some of that is related to the presence of extant biomass, including fossil 
>fuels.  That is, fossil fuels in the ground, wood in buildings, and standing
>biomass in forests may be related directly to just how much oxygen we have
>to burn.
>
>/****
>*  Gary W. Thorburn
>*  reply address:  gthorburn@eng.xyplex.com
>****/
>
>
>
 
sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu



From atahualpa@eworld.com Wed Oct 11 00:41:38 EDT 1995
Article: 666 of sci.bio.botany
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From: atahualpa@eworld.com
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sugar Plant...
Date: 8 Oct 1995 02:47:11 GMT
Organization: University of Oklahoma
Lines: 14
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:8374 sci.bio.botany:666

This past summer I went on a tour of the Crystal Bridge Conservatory here
in Oklahoma City and I was introduced to a very interesting plant.  It was
a large bush/tree with cherry sized black berries and white flesh.  The
guide plucked a few off for us to try and told us that they were very high
in sugar content and if you ate three or four then whatever you ate for
the next hour would be affected by the sugar and taste sweet.  I only ate
one, so I didn't notice this effect, but they were delicious berries.  

The guide also told us that some private investors had attempted to market
this as a sugar substitute for diabetics but their efforts were sabotaged
by the sugar industry.  How sad.  Anyway, if anyone has any idea as to
what this plant is, let me know.  Even better, let me know where to get
the plant or seeds.  The guide wasn't sure because there was some kind of
discrepancy in the placard labeling the plant.


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Wed Oct 11 00:41:40 EDT 1995
Article: 667 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: Cholesterol in Plants
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Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 05:51:15 GMT
Lines: 15

vulpia@sonic.net  writes:
> 
> 
> >isnt cholesterol one of the major compenents of cell walls?
> 
> Cell membranes, maybe?  I think cholesterol is a necessary compound for 
> controlling solubility of the lipid portion of cell membranes, so would be in 
> both plants and animals..n'est pas?

NOPE!!!

-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From d_micro@ix.netcom.com Wed Oct 11 00:41:41 EDT 1995
Article: 668 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netnews
From: d_micro@ix.netcom.com (Michael L Roginsky )
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sugar Plant...
Date: 8 Oct 1995 16:50:47 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <atahualpa-0710952147490001@cate0-18.reshall.uoknor.edu>
atahualpa@eworld.com writes: 
>
>This past summer I went on a tour of the Crystal Bridge Conservatory
here
>in Oklahoma City and I was introduced to a very interesting plant.  It
was
>a large bush/tree with cherry sized black berries and white flesh. 
The
>guide plucked a few off for us to try and told us that they were very
high
>in sugar content and if you ate three or four then whatever you ate
for
>the next hour would be affected by the sugar and taste sweet.  I only
ate
>one, so I didn't notice this effect, but they were delicious berries. 

>
>The guide also told us that some private investors had attempted to
market
>this as a sugar substitute for diabetics but their efforts were
sabotaged
>by the sugar industry.  How sad.  Anyway, if anyone has any idea as to
>what this plant is, let me know.  Even better, let me know where to
get
>the plant or seeds.  The guide wasn't sure because there was some kind
of
>discrepancy in the placard labeling the plant.

>>>Sounds like "gurumichama", a tree that grows in the Amazon. I
>>>have no idea that its sugar content is other than plain fructose.
>>>If you can look-up a guide on native plants of the Amazon, you
>>>might get the info you are looking for. They are (fruit) DELICIOUS!


From fspr@aurora.alaska.edu Wed Oct 11 00:41:43 EDT 1995
Article: 669 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Amanda Stossel <fspr@aurora.alaska.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botany as a degree
Date: Fri, 6 Oct 1995 08:21:50 -0800
Organization: University of Alaska Computer Network
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Hi there...
I'm going back to school after having been out for quite a while.  I'm 
contemplating a degree in Botany or Ethnobotany and would love any advise 
people could give me as to what schools are the best, what I should look 
for in an education, etc.  Anything you all can tell me would be greatly 
appreciated!

		Mandy

"And James made the huffle of a snail in danger and came to the end of 
his brick" A.A.Milne


From pschwal@orion.it.luc.edu Wed Oct 11 00:41:45 EDT 1995
Article: 670 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pschwalm@cantor.math.luc.edu (Patricia Schwalm)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cholesterol in Plants
Date: 8 Oct 1995 20:00:38 GMT
Organization: Loyola University of Chicago
Lines: 24
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Mahlon G. Kelly (mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU) wrote:
: vulpia@sonic.net  writes:
: > 
: > Cell membranes, maybe?  I think cholesterol is a necessary compound for 
: > controlling solubility of the lipid portion of cell membranes, so would be in 
: > both plants and animals..n'est pas?

: NOPE!!!

I started this thread, then cancelled my post because I had
cross-posted something from misc.rural and decided it wasn't
proper netiquette. Someone in that newsgroup misquoted a
medical dictionary and claimed it stated there was cholesterol
in the seeds of plants. I looked this reference up, and he was
wrong, but he's being a complete jerk about it. Then, of course,
someone else claimed to have real references proving there
*is* cholesterol (actually he used the term "sterols") in 
plants (he has yet to provide these references). 

I'm being flamed to death, and receiving nasty emails, so if
anyone would care to provide hard facts, one way or another,
I'd appreciate it.

Patty


From pharvey@quack.kfu.com Wed Oct 11 00:41:46 EDT 1995
Article: 671 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
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From: pharvey@quack.kfu.com (Paul Harvey)
Subject: Re: Sugar Plant...
Message-ID: <m7piHAw@quack.kfu.com>
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References: <atahualpa-0710952147490001@cate0-18.reshall.uoknor.edu> 
	<4580h5$7av@malasada.lava.net>
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 02:42:48 UTC
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:8392 sci.bio.botany:671 rec.gardens:94456

In article <4580h5$7av@malasada.lava.net>,
Edward K. Gilding <egilding@lava.net> wrote:
>In article <atahualpa-0710952147490001@cate0-18.reshall.uoknor.edu>, 
>atahualpa@eworld.com says...
>>This past summer I went on a tour of the Crystal Bridge Conservatory 
>here
>>in Oklahoma City and I was introduced to a very interesting plant.  It 
>The plant you're describing sounds like "Miracle Fruit".  A bushy/tree 
>...
>The fruit numbs or "masks" to sour taste-buds so it leaves you to taste 
>only sweet things.  Its called Synsepalum dulcificum.  Full size 15 ft.

Limes taste sweet, etc. May have potential against cancer, as it
restores appetite which many drugs take away. ...

>I dont have any specific cultivation information as it is rather rare 
>here too (Hawaii).

Grows slowly, likes part shade similar to coffee bean, frost sensitive.
Makes an excellent container plant.

>I see it for sale on certain occaisions but never 
>bother to plant one because I dont have room for some big bush.  I'd like 
>to try a berry first.
>You could obtain seeds from:
>The Banana Tree, Inc.
>715 Northampton St.
>Easton, PA  18042
>seeds are sold one per a packet.  I say get at least two because they 
>might need to pollenate each other.

Banana Tree is a good source of fresh seed, there are other sources of
old seed but old seed is dead. Even then, germination is tricky and
initial growth slow. I'd recommend instead:

3-year in gallon pot, ready to flower and bear fruit: $22.95
  Hartmann's Plantation, Inc., 310 60th Street, P.O. Box E, Grand
  Junction, Michigan, 49056. Shipping to Alaska, Hawaii, Foreign
  available. See Ad and Article in Tropical Fruit News, Mar 95.


From bsu416@bangor.ac.uk Wed Oct 11 00:41:48 EDT 1995
Article: 672 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "J.J.Luck" <bsu416@bangor.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Oldest tree.
Date: 9 Oct 1995 15:17:57 GMT
Organization: University of Wales, Bangor
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <45bef5$rhq@geriatrix.bangor.ac.uk>
References: <EjihfDAYtnZwEwjj@ilaman.mcb.net> <44qaud$b63@otis.netspace.net.au> <45214h$6fv@swing.iinet.net.au>
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

---------------------------------72061452318314
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Does anybody know what the oldest tree in 
the UK is?

Jason.

---------------------------------72061452318314
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From bsu416@bangor.ac.uk Wed Oct 11 00:41:50 EDT 1995
Article: 673 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "J.J.Luck" <bsu416@bangor.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Oldest tree.
Date: 9 Oct 1995 15:19:58 GMT
Organization: University of Wales, Bangor
Lines: 4
Message-ID: <45beiu$rhq@geriatrix.bangor.ac.uk>
References: <EjihfDAYtnZwEwjj@ilaman.mcb.net> <44qaud$b63@otis.netspace.net.au> <45214h$6fv@swing.iinet.net.au>
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To: alexc@calm.wa.gov.au

I haven`t used the internet before, so I hope I`m doing this correctly. 
Please excuse me if I`m not.
Anyway, does anyone know of the oldest tree in the UK?



From mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us Wed Oct 11 00:41:52 EDT 1995
Article: 674 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us (Whitey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botany as a degree
Date: 9 Oct 1995 13:30:09 GMT
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In article <Pine.OSF.3.91.951006081317.16971A-100000@aurora.alaska.edu>, 
fspr@aurora.alaska.edu says...
>
>Hi there...
>I'm going back to school after having been out for quite a while.  I'm 
>contemplating a degree in Botany or Ethnobotany and would love any advise 
>people could give me as to what schools are the best, what I should look 
>for in an education, etc.  Anything you all can tell me would be greatly 
>appreciated!
>
If you've been out of school for a while you, hopefully, have developed a 
slightly more specific view of what you want to do.  Take the time to research 
invidiual professors that you may work with.  The ability to work with someone 
with similar interests may be much more valuble than the stucture of the 
program the professor is teaching in.  In a field as small as botany I believe 
that no matter what school you go to, if you, as an individual, do quality 
work you have the potential to make a serious impact.

(I'm currently in the same process, Good Luck!)

Whitey 



From guerin@portos.cea.fr Wed Oct 11 00:41:54 EDT 1995
Article: 675 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: 9 Oct 1995 18:10:12 GMT
Organization: CEA
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Are you sure it's Datura? instead of Brugmansia? In Columbia and Ecuador 
it's Brugmansia (also call tree Datura) which still used by indians.
In western medicine, it is D. metel which was of current use, for asthma 
and related diseases (cigarettes and D. mixed with different other 
plants I can't remember, I would certainly say eucalyptus. To get 
"quantum satis potio"  you were requested to smoke the cigarette and 
stop when you just begin to be a little "stone", being not a physician I 
don't know if it's still in use as D. lethal dose is very small).




From ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu Wed Oct 11 00:41:55 EDT 1995
Article: 676 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!in2.uu.net!news.sandia.gov!tesuque.cs.sandia.gov!lynx.unm.edu!bubba.NMSU.Edu!alamo-temp-08.NMSU.Edu!ifjed
From: ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu (Jed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cholesterol in Plants
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:51:00 GMT
Organization: Alamogordo Branch Community College
Lines: 37
Message-ID: <ifjed.1298.30796104@nmsua.nmsu.edu>
References: <vulpia.30.0006C19A@sonic.net> <DG489F.61z@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> <459al6$djr@artemis.it.luc.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: alamo-temp-08.nmsu.edu

>I started this thread, then cancelled my post because I had
>cross-posted something from misc.rural and decided it wasn't
>proper netiquette. Someone in that newsgroup misquoted a
>medical dictionary and claimed it stated there was cholesterol
>in the seeds of plants. I looked this reference up, and he was
>wrong, but he's being a complete jerk about it. Then, of course,
>someone else claimed to have real references proving there
>*is* cholesterol (actually he used the term "sterols") in 
>plants (he has yet to provide these references). 

No cholesterol in plants.  Other types of sterols?  I don't know.

The Botanist


  
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      / \ 
    í// \\  
   */// \\\*
   //// \\\\*
  ///// \\\\\
      | |
      | |
      | |
      | |
"Stay in your own cubicle, please."

Some historians attribute this remark to Mark Twain, however, it's 
actually from Matt Groenig.


From ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu Wed Oct 11 00:41:57 EDT 1995
Article: 677 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu (Jed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botany as a degree
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:54:37 GMT
Organization: Alamogordo Branch Community College
Lines: 41
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>From: Amanda Stossel <fspr@aurora.alaska.edu>
>Subject: Botany as a degree

>I'm going back to school after having been out for quite a while.  I'm 
>contemplating a degree in Botany or Ethnobotany and would love any advise 
>people could give me as to what schools are the best, what I should look 
>for in an education, etc.  Anything you all can tell me would be greatly 
>appreciated!

>                Mandy

University of Alaska-Fairbanks!!! is good for arctic and boreal plant 
ecology.  Although Anchorage is developing a quite good group in northern 
ecology of plants as well.  As far as which schools are the best for 
ethnobotany, there really aren't that many programs specifically in 
ethnobotany.  Does it matter if it's arctic or tropical to you?  Usually you 
just have to search around and find a school that has a good ethnobotanist.


  
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      / \ 
    í// \\  
   */// \\\*
   //// \\\\*
  ///// \\\\\
      | |
      | |
      | |
      | |
"Stay in your own cubicle, please."

Some historians attribute this remark to Mark Twain, however, it's 
actually from Matt Groenig.


From Pedro.Tytgat@ping.be Wed Oct 11 00:41:59 EDT 1995
Article: 678 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!Belgium.EU.net!ping.be!news
From: Pedro.Tytgat@ping.be (Pedro Tytgat)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: Mon, 09 Oct 1995 19:02:45 GMT
Organization: PING Belgium
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nwinter@crash.cts.com (Jack Nilch) wrote:

>Can someone tell me why the Datura plants growing in the west (Southern 
>California) are referred to, even by field guides, as "Thorn Apple?"

>Thorn Apple is Datura Strammonium. What seems to be growing here is 
>Datura Inoxia. The only name ive ever heard of for D. Inoxia is "Devil's 
>Weed."

>thanks a bunch,

Datura fruit is spiny. This is believed to be for protection, hence
"Thorn apple". Devils weed could refer to the toxicity of the plant.




From Pedro.Tytgat@ping.be Wed Oct 11 00:42:00 EDT 1995
Article: 679 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!Belgium.EU.net!ping.be!news
From: Pedro.Tytgat@ping.be (Pedro Tytgat)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Relocating magnolia tree
Date: Mon, 09 Oct 1995 19:11:18 GMT
Organization: PING Belgium
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I suggest you start by pushing a spade deep in the ground all around
the circumference of the tree, 1-3 feet from the stem.This should be
done several months before the actual transplantation. You will severe
several roots but this will enable the tree to form new rootlets
within the soil ball. It will be easier for the tree to get
established on the new location. Succes 



From scicomm@pond.com Wed Oct 11 00:42:02 EDT 1995
Article: 680 of sci.bio.botany
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From: scicomm@pond.com (Gwenne F Lally)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sugar Plant...
Date: Mon, 09 Oct 1995 12:22:52 -0400
Organization: SciComm
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:8398 sci.bio.botany:680

In article <atahualpa-0710952147490001@cate0-18.reshall.uoknor.edu>,
atahualpa@eworld.com wrote:

>The guide ... told us ... if you ate three or four then whatever you ate for
> the next hour would be affected by the sugar and taste sweet. 

I'm unfamilar with the plant but not with the phenomenon, which I do not
think is due to sugar content. Artichokes have the same effect. For a
while after you've eaten one, even water will taste "sweet".

Does anyone know what accounts for this, and whether there is a potential
commercial application?

-- Gwenne Lally
scicomm@pond.com


From jari@ibg.uit.no Wed Oct 11 00:42:04 EDT 1995
Article: 681 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plants' respiratory system
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 15:45:02
Organization: IBG, Uni of Tromsø
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In article <453m7f$8gh@crcnis3.unl.edu> aalund@unlgrad1.unl.edu (Adrian Lund) writes:

>Stefan van der Bijl (stefanv@altura.com) wrote:
>: And that is why many hospitals in France and all over the
>: rest of the world remove the plants from patients rooms at night. 
>: HEELLLLPPPP!!!!

>I doubt this is the real reason.  Air is 20% O2, to consume any more than 
>a miniscule amount of the oxygen (assuming a hermetically sealed room) 
>imagine th amount of plant material (sugars and starches) that would have 
>to be consumed by the plant.  Not to mention the heat produced.
>Maybe the nurses take them out to water them?

I think that is the real reason, since I have heard that claim from several 
sources, e.g., warnings that you should not have pot plants in your bedroom. 
Naturally, this is non-sense like Adrian Lund explains, but that does not 
prevent people from believing so. One of the myths, partly based on reality, 
but non-sense if you think about mass balance of gas exchange in plants. 
--- Jari Oksanen, Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From cwrowlan@ix.netcom.com Wed Oct 11 00:42:06 EDT 1995
Article: 682 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netnews
From: cwrowlan@ix.netcom.com (Charles Rowland )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants' respiratory system
Date: 10 Oct 1995 00:29:18 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 30
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X-NETCOM-Date: Mon Oct 09  5:29:18 PM PDT 1995

In <Rik.Palmans-0910952319430001@dialup05.leuven.eunet.be>
Rik.Palmans@ping.be (Rik Palmans) writes: 
>
>> And that is why many hospitals in France and all over the
>> rest of the world remove the plants from patients rooms at night.
>
>They still do? (And what about the US? Didn't they?)
>
>I have known the time they removed flowers from patient rooms in
Belgian
>hospitals for the reason of "taking away oxygen". But things seem to
have
>changed know: most people know that's the amount of oxygen taken away
by
>the plants is neglectible, compared with what the patients themselves
use
>by breathing. Nevertheless I still hear from time to time from people
the
>undestroyable misbelief that it's necessary to take plant away from
>sleeping rooms.
>
>Rik Palmans (Rik.Palmans@ping.be)
>Provinciale Secundaire School
>Berneauweg 163e, 378 's-Gravenvoeren (Belgium)

Well, geewhiz.  First time I've ever heard of this practice.  May be in
over my head on a newsgroup primarilly for botanists and biologists
(i'm neither), but have always thought that plants used mostly carbon
dioxide from the air and left the air higher (as a percentage of the
total) in oxygen.  Am I all wet here??  Chuck


From Rik.Palmans@ping.be Wed Oct 11 00:42:07 EDT 1995
Article: 683 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!EU.net!Belgium.EU.net!ping.be!dialup05.leuven.eunet.be!user
From: Rik.Palmans@ping.be (Rik Palmans)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants' respiratory system
Date: 9 Oct 1995 22:18:49 GMT
Organization: Provinciale School Voeren
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <Rik.Palmans-0910952319430001@dialup05.leuven.eunet.be>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dialup05.leuven.eunet.be

> And that is why many hospitals in France and all over the
> rest of the world remove the plants from patients rooms at night.

They still do? (And what about the US? Didn't they?)

I have known the time they removed flowers from patient rooms in Belgian
hospitals for the reason of "taking away oxygen". But things seem to have
changed know: most people know that's the amount of oxygen taken away by
the plants is neglectible, compared with what the patients themselves use
by breathing. Nevertheless I still hear from time to time from people the
undestroyable misbelief that it's necessary to take plant away from
sleeping rooms.

Rik Palmans (Rik.Palmans@ping.be)
Provinciale Secundaire School
Berneauweg 163e, 378 's-Gravenvoeren (Belgium)


From nwinter@crash.cts.com Wed Oct 11 00:42:09 EDT 1995
Article: 684 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!simtel!chi-news.cic.net!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!usc!newshub.cts.com!crash!nwinter
From: nwinter@crash.cts.com (Jack Nilch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Datura Inoxia
Date: 9 Oct 1995 22:45:36 GMT
Organization: CTS Network Services (CTSNET), San Diego, CA
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <45c8mg$k96@news2.cts.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: crash-i2.cts.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

>Are you sure it's Datura? instead of Brugmansia? In Columbia and Ecuador
>it's Brugmansia (also call tree Datura) which still used by indians.

yes, im pretty sure. the tree daturas (to the best of my knowledge,) do 
not grow in the united states naturally. They also have rather LARGE 
flowers, compared to the 4-6" inoxia (or perhaps it *is* strammonium) 
flowers. 

one might also think that a tree datura would grow in trees. the daturas 
i am referring to grow next to the road at a ranch near my house.

alex



From gmlane@ix.netcom.com Wed Oct 11 00:42:11 EDT 1995
Article: 685 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netnews
From: gmlane@ix.netcom.com (Gary Lane )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM
Date: 11 Oct 1995 01:51:39 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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NNTP-Posting-Host: ix-oma1-13.ix.netcom.com
X-NETCOM-Date: Tue Oct 10  6:51:39 PM PDT 1995

I am looking for information on the fungus named trichophyton rubrum.
As I have had an intimate relationship of 20 years duration with it, I
want to know all I can about it before I terminate it. 


From ostaffe@wpb.nuwc.navy.mil Wed Oct 11 00:42:13 EDT 1995
Article: 686 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!uunet!in1.uu.net!nctuccca.edu.tw!news.cc.nctu.edu.tw!news.cis.nctu.edu.tw!usenet
From: ostaffe@wpb.nuwc.navy.mil (Jay Ostaffe)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sugar Plant...
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 1995 11:43:53 GMT
Organization: Dept. of Computer & Information Science, NCTU, Taiwan
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <45dm2f$55j@news.cis.nctu.edu.tw>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: @129.190.228.37
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:8412 sci.bio.botany:686

Beware of The Banana Tree, INC.  I have had very bad experience with
them.  I have received shipments of tropical seeds in the middle of
winter when freezing temperatures were blanketing the east coast.
Needles to say that I had a 0% germination rate of that batch.  I
would be happy to share a letter that I received from The Banana Tree
(saying it is OK to ship tropical seeds in freezing temperatures) with
any who are interested.



egilding@lava.net (Edward K. Gilding) wrote:

>You could obtain seeds from:

>The Banana Tree, Inc.
>715 Northampton St.
>Easton, PA  18042

>seeds are sold one per a packet.  I say get at least two because they 
>might need to pollenate each other.





From kursic@uoguelph.ca Fri Oct 20 23:15:47 EDT 1995
Article: 733 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!simtel!news.sprintlink.net!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!ccshst05.cs.uoguelph.ca!news	
From: Ken Ursic <kursic@uoguelph.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: CD-ROM VASCULAR PLANT KEYS
Date: Sun, 15 Oct 1995 23:04:10 -0400
Organization: University of Guelph
Lines: 5
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Does anyone know if any major floral keys such as Gleason & Cronquist have been made available in 
a CD-ROM format? If so could you get back to me.
Thanks
Ken Ursic
kursic@uoguelph.ca


From qjiang@myhost.subdomain.domain Fri Oct 20 23:15:48 EDT 1995
Article: 734 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!stallion.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news.emf.net!overload.lbl.gov!lll-winken.llnl.gov!ames!hpg30a.csc.cuhk.hk!sunrise.pku.edu.cn!myhost.subdomain.domain!qjiang
From: qjiang@myhost.subdomain.domain (Qinhua Jiang)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pollen Flora of China
Date: 16 Oct 1995 00:18:46 GMT
Organization: String to put in the Organization Header
Lines: 2
Message-ID: <45s8d6$bb@sunrise.pku.edu.cn>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 162.105.180.150
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This book is just released, with 460 pages of texts and 201 photo plates
of pollen pictures. 


From vulpia@sonic.net Fri Oct 20 23:15:49 EDT 1995
Article: 735 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!howland.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!miwok!ultra.sonic.net!pm06.sonic.net!vulpia
From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: dandelion jr high project
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 1995 05:44:36
Organization: Sonoma Interconnect,707.522.1001,ppp$12/mo,Santa Rosa,CA(us)
Lines: 15
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Summary: 12 yr old needs info
Keywords: dandelion
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]



>My 12 year old daughter needs info on the common dandelion. 
>How long it takes for the seed to germinate?
>How long it takes to grow to maturity?
>How long  it lives until it dies?
>        WE have search the library but this information is pretty hard to come by for 
>city people. She has also E-mailed some of the edu groups but with no result 
>in over a week. Thank you for helping her.
>kward@omni.voicenet.com

Try the US Govt (USDA) which has published weed info for many years.  Their 
paperback weed book is one I use all the time (pub. by Dover Press).  You 
might be able to get to them over the Internet and ask a direct question.  
Good luck! - Nan in CA


From chuckc@albury.net.au Fri Oct 20 23:15:50 EDT 1995
Article: 736 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!stallion.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.mel.aone.net.au!inferno.mpx.com.au!metro!wabbit.cc.uow.edu.au!news.ci.com.au!orac.albury.net.au!usenet
From: chuckc@albury.net.au (Stephen Chalmers)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mistletoe and Ulmus
Date: Sun, 15 Oct 1995 10:10:48 GMT
Organization: Allnet Pty Ltd
Lines: 39
Message-ID: <45qq8o$g2d@orac.albury.net.au>
References: <446535$jom@orac.albury.net.au> <44juvp$gvl@tiber.uoknor.edu> <44r6vq$880@orac.albury.net.au> <Pine.HPP.3.91.951004235341.7529B-100000@pip.shsu.edu> <813420439snz@zenecabp.demon.co.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chuckc.albury.net.au
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Stephen J Bungard <sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk> wrote:

>In article <Pine.HPP.3.91.951004235341.7529B-100000@pip.shsu.edu>
>           stddct@pip.shsu.edu "David C. Taylor" writes:


>> Down here in the Big Thicket of East Texas (Pine Forests dominated by 
>> Pinus taeda and spp.) the Mistletoe seems to grow in all non-Pinus spp., 
>> ie all deciduous trees.   Big thicket ecology is broken up by oak 
>> savannahs naturally, and oaks thrive at roadsides and there seems to be 
>> pleny of mistletoe there.  


>Seems to me that we need to be careful here - there are many different 
>species of mistletoe (60+, at least).  Our UK native grows mostly on apples
>(Malus domestica and less commonly M sylvestris), but also on hawthorn 
>(Crataegus monogyna), lime/linden (Tilia spp) and poplars (Populus sp).
>There is also a recent report of it on a low shrubby Cotoneaster.

>I think one of the N American species is known as the cypress mistletoe 
>which I assume means that it grows on a conifer...

>-- 
>Stephen J Bungard      aka  sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk       |   DO NOT   |
> If there are opinions in the above, they are mine, all mine..  |THROW STONES|
> .. unless, of course, they are yours...or someone else's...    |  AT THIS   |
>            Also available in the North Ebudes.                 |   NOTICE   |

Yeah, my fault. I started this, but didn't qualify my original
statement. The mistletoe around here seems to be a species that is
partial to Quercus spp. but not the 'ol Ulmus.



Stephen Chalmers         |"Bother!" said Pooh as he realised
Lavington NSW            |that his leg cutter had failed to
Australia                |lure the cunning Piglet into a
chuckc@albury.net.au     |false stroke.



From SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU Fri Oct 20 23:15:51 EDT 1995
Article: 737 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!howland.reston.ans.net!news5.ner.bbnplanet.net!news3.near.net!yale!news.ycc.yale.edu!saulys2.med.yale.edu!SaulysER
From: SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU (Eleanor "Sam" Saulys)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fringed Gentian
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 1995 11:02:50
Organization: Yale School of Medicine
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NNTP-Posting-Host: saulys2.med.yale.edu
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

A general question: when you come across a flower that is listed as 
endangered, what do you do to ensure its survival?

This weekend, I spotted a fringed gentian and a foot away, another. Those were 
the sole specimens in the area and were growing at the edge of a ditch on 
water company property. It appeared that the water company was filling in the 
drainage ditch with crushed rock, and the next fill will cover the gentian.

What should I do? Gather the plant flower and pray for seed? Transplant the 
thing to the drainage area opposite where I found it that's not threatened to 
be filled in? Forget it because the plant's not as uncommon as I think?

Thanks!


From dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov Fri Oct 20 23:15:52 EDT 1995
Article: 738 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!ukma!rsg1.er.usgs.gov!news
From: dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov (David P. Adam)
Subject: Re: Pollen Flora of China
Message-ID: <1995Oct16.165732.13235@rsg1.er.usgs.gov>
Sender: news@rsg1.er.usgs.gov
Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston VA
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References: <45s8d6$bb@sunrise.pku.edu.cn>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 1995 16:59:25 GMT
Lines: 7

qjiang@myhost.subdomain.domain (Qinhua Jiang) wrote:

>This book is just released, with 460 pages of texts and 201 photo plates
>of pollen pictures. 

At our local bookstores?



From una.smith@yale.edu Fri Oct 20 23:15:53 EDT 1995
Article: 739 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!psuvax1!news.eecs.nwu.edu!newsfeed.acns.nwu.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!uwm.edu!chi-news.cic.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news5.ner.bbnplanet.net!news3.near.net!yale!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: CD-ROM VASCULAR PLANT KEYS
Date: 16 Oct 1995 17:19:25 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <45u46t$c7r@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <3081CBAA.3A8C@uoguelph.ca>
Reply-To: una.smith@yale.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: doliolum.biology.yale.edu

Ken Ursic <kursic@uoguelph.ca> wrote:

>Does anyone know if any major floral keys such as Gleason & Cronquist have
>been made available in a CD-ROM format?

See the ANGIO key package in INTKEY format!  Here's an URL to the top of the
package tree here in North America:

	http://muse.bio.cornell.edu/delta/



From TRJG95C@prodigy.com Fri Oct 20 23:15:54 EDT 1995
Article: 740 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!solaris.cc.vt.edu!swiss.ans.net!prodigy.com!usenet
From: TRJG95C@prodigy.com (Molly Mccollom)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rhizobium, anyone?
Date: 16 Oct 1995 19:22:44 GMT
Organization: Prodigy Services Company  1-800-PRODIGY
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Distribution: world
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Salutations.  I am in desperate need of your assistance.  I have an 
honors biology project on rhizobium, and my extremely silly biology 
teacher just moved up the deadline, thus curbing my much needed research 
time.  Every place I have looked has refused to even admit the existance 
of rhizobium, so please answer my desperate plea!  Save my GPA! Tell me 
where I can find more information!  
                                                                          
   Much love,
                                                                          
   Molly 



From deshe@netvision.net.il Fri Oct 20 23:15:55 EDT 1995
Article: 741 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hovav <deshe@netvision.net.il>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: cholesterol in nutrition was Re: Cholesterol in Plants
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 95 21:31:56 PDT
Organization: NetVision LTD.
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to my knoladge (meager) cholesterol is digested in the intestine and reproduced 
in the blude or something if tri glicerids are high?.
hovav



From trout@ACM.ORG Fri Oct 20 23:15:56 EDT 1995
Article: 742 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!world!news.mtholyoke.edu!hopper.acm.org!ACM.ORG!TROUT
From: trout@ACM.ORG
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tree identification
Date: 15 Oct 1995 19:50:22 GMT
Organization: ACM Network Services
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <45rolu$n25@hopper.acm.org>
Reply-To: trout@ACM.ORG
NNTP-Posting-Host: acm.org

I have an acorn which I would like to know what is.  I do not know where
it came from.  It is very large -- maybe two inches (4-6 cm) across and
has a very thick cup-part.  I had two and planted one which has grown into
a "regular" looking oak tree with about 10 inch (20 cm) long leaves.  I'd 
appreciate it if someone could identify what this species is or direct my to 
a likely reference.  I want to bring it inside if it is a tropical species   
before it frosts.  Thanks!


From sbennett@acpub.duke.edu Fri Oct 20 23:15:57 EDT 1995
Article: 743 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!news.duke.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!paperboy.wellfleet.com!news3.near.net!yale!news.ycc.yale.edu!minerva.cis.yale.edu!una
From: una.smith@yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.systematics
Subject: OTS summer teaching jobs
Followup-To: poster
Date: 17 Oct 1995 16:28:01 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 70
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <460lih$d3m@news.ycc.yale.edu>
Reply-To: sbennett@acpub.duke.edu (Shaun Bennett)
NNTP-Posting-Host: morpheus.cis.yale.edu
Originator: una@morpheus
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:743 sci.bio.systematics:376

Posted on behalf of OTS, by request.  Please mention where you saw this ad!

	Una Smith

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEACHING POSITIONS OPEN IN THE ORGANIZATION FOR TROPICAL STUDIES

The Organization for Tropical Studies has openings for faculty leaders
in four summer 1996 courses in Costa Rica.  All are graduate courses for 
competitively selected students from the OTS consortium institutions.  
A Ph.D. is required for all coordinator positions and most 
co-coordinator openings. Knowledge of Costa Rica, Spanish, and OTS are 
important pluses. Successful candidates receive an honorarium (varies 
according to course length and experience) and OTS covers all travel 
and lodging costs associated with the course.


A Co-coordinator is sought for Tropical Conservation Biology, a 4-week
introduction to principles and issues in the conservation of biological
resources in developing countries.  Participants undertake field projects at
each of three sites where OTS has field stations in Costa Rica: a tropical
dry forest and National Park (Palo Verde), a lowland rain forest (La Selva),
and a mid-elevation wet forest (Las Cruces).

A Coordinator and co-coordinator are sought for Tropical Biodiversity
(3-weeks).  This course visits three contrasting sites and introduces
participants to the ecosystem characteristic of each.  Field problems
address the factors that have produced each site's biological diversity, the
identification and quantification of biological diversity, and phenomena
which maintain or reduce it.  This course is also open to qualified students
>from  non-OTS member institutions.

A Coordinator and Co-coordinator are needed for Tropical Plant Systematics,
an 8-week course that introduces students to principles of phylogenetics as
they apply to tropical taxa.  Collecting, identification, and other field
work fill most days.  Innovative techniques such as electrophoretic studies
and construction of cladistic trees using advanced computer models are
learned.  The course begins with fundamentals of systematics taught at the
Wilson Botanical Garden and Las Cruces Biological Station, and then travels
throughout Costa Rica to a widely varying set of ecosystems. Students study
taxa of their own choosing in appropriate areas of the country and then
regroup for concluding work at the Wilson Botanical Garden.

There is an opening for a Co-coordinator for Tropical Biology: An Ecological
Approach, an 8-week course in the fundamentals of tropical biology.  Offered
continuously for over 30 years, this is OTS' best known course.  It includes
field work at half a dozen sites ranging from coastal mangroves to
high-elevation paramo. The course is offered twice annually, beginning in
mid-January and mid-June.  There are Co-coordinator openings in both periods.

A Co-coordinator is needed for Ecologia Tropical y Conservacion, a 7-week
course for students from throughout Latin America (not limited to OTS-member
institutions). The course is similar to Tropical Biology, described above.
Students visit a set of ecologically contrasting sites and conduct field
work under the direction of course faculty and guest scientists. The course
is conducted in Spanish and full fluency is required of the faculty.

Inquire or submit cv, detailed letter, and reference names and phone numbers
to OTS Faculty Search, Box 90633, Durham, NC 27708-0633, tel.: 919-684-5774,
<sbennett@acpub.duke.edu>.   Applications will be reviewed immediately and
each position will be filled when an appropriate candidate is found.

---------------------------------------------------------END OF ANNOUNCEMENT


-- 
	Una Smith			smith-una@yale.edu

Dept. of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT  06520-8104  USA


From lee1959@delphi.com Fri Oct 20 23:15:58 EDT 1995
Article: 744 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!gt-news!nntp.ipst.edu!news.Gsu.EDU!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!news.netins.net!solaris.cc.vt.edu!enterprise!news.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!elvis.delphi.com!news.delphi.com!usenet
From: Lee Evans <lee1959@delphi.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: LAB JOBS
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 95 22:07:01 -0500
Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice)
Lines: 315
Message-ID: <R1LHogV.lee1959@delphi.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: bos1d.delphi.com

*********************************TECH.JOB*************************
KANSAS CITY ANALYTICAL SERVICES
 12700 JOHNSON DRIVE
 SHAWNEE MISSION, KANSAS  66216
   Positions: Chemists (Analytical, Pharmaceutical, 
   Toxicology)
     Pharmaceutical analytical company seeking individuals
     with experience with  HPLC & GC/MS for analysis of
     drugs for the pharmaceutical industry.
     Please send resume.
------------------------------------------------------------
Pti Personnel
1871 NW Gilman Blvd.
Issaquah, WA 98027
Position: Manager
     Requires a B.S. in chemistry, biochemistry or
biology and five years experience in laboratory setting.
Must possess leadership skills and computer literacy in
MS applications. Job duties include all management
aspects of production testing laboratory with diverse
product line.
     Please submit resume.
------------------------------------------------------------

Analytical Technologies, Inc
17400 SW Upper Boones Ferry Road
Suit 270, Durham, OR 97224
Position: Chemist (entry level)
     B.S. in chemistry preferred and computer skills a
must. ATI is a network of environmental testing
laboratories and offers a competitive salary and
comprehensive benefits package which includes a
401(k) plan.
     Please submit resume. EOE.
------------------------------------------------------------

PPG Industries, Inc.
Employee Service Department
PO Box 1000
Lake Charles, LA 70602-1000
Position: GC/MS Industrial Chemist
     A B.S. in chemistry and five years experience in
industrial chemical or analytical laboratory required.
This job carries title of Advanced Research Chemist
and responsibilities include support of operation of
industrial chemical plant; implementation of routine
environmental analytical procedures, including
documentation and training of analysts; using
sophisticated instrumentation, especially GC/MS;
strong data skills; ability to work independently and
within groups with mixed academic and skill
backgrounds.
     PPG Industries is a Nationwide Fortune 100
Corporation and positions offer excellent benefits and
above average compensation package. Please send
resume.
-------------------------------------------------------------

PPG Industries, Inc
Employee Services Department
P.O. Box 1000
Lake Charles, LA 70602-1000
Position: Industrial Chemist
     B.S. in chemistry and two years experience in a
industrial chemical laboratory. PPG Industries a
Nationwide Fortune 100 Corporation is seeking
chemist to perform experimental laboratory work on
projects originating with Engineering, Production
Department and Technical Service. Must be capable of
developing new and improved analytical methods and
assist in training analysts on company procedures when
necessary.
     Please send resume.
-------------------------------------------------------------

Advanced Medical Laboratories
Private Pathology Lab in Riyadh Saudi Arabia needs
highly qualified Medical Technologist M/F.
     Contact at (503) 669-6428 or Fax 
(503) 661-6450.
-------------------------------------------------------------

Ross Analytical Services, Inc
Human Resources
16433 Foltz Industrial Parkway
Strongsville, Ohio 44136
Fax: (216) 572-7620
Position: Chemist 
     Environmental testing company has openings for
full-time temporary and part-time temporary chemist
or other physical science with BS degree and two years
sample preparation experience. Job involves wet
chemistry, GC or GC/MS, Finnigan, Hewlett-Packard
and Varian instrumentation and Target/Envision data
processing software
     Please reply in confidence. EOE.
------------------------------------------------------------

Ribi ImmunoChem Research Inc.
Human Resources
553 Old Corvallis Road
Hamilton, MT 59840
Phone:  (406) 363-6214, Ext. 140
Fax:  (406) 363-6129
Position:  Research Specialist
     Requires M.S. in biochemistry, chemistry, or
microbiology with strong background in chemical lab
work.  Practical experience with isolation , purification,
and structure elucidation of  low molecular weight
natural products desirable; identification and
characterization of new immunomodulators from
microbial sources; provide technical support to the
development of products from natural sources.
     Please send cover letter, CV, and transcripts with
experience.  EOE.
-------------------------------------------------------------

Ribi ImmunoChem Research Inc.
Human Resources
553 Old Corvallis Road
Hamilton, MT 59840        
Phone:   (406) 363-6214, Ext. 140
Fax:  (406) 363-6129
Position:  Tech III (pharmaceutical lab position)
     Requires M.S. in chemistry, biology or pharmacy
or a B.S. with 5+ years' experience.  Position includes
preparation and development of emulsions; problem
solving capabilities; written and verbal communication
skills; supervisory experience preferred as will
supervise one tech.
     Please send cover letter, CV, and transcripts/
references.  EOE.
-----------------------------------------------------------

National Institute of Health
Att.:   Alan Kimmel, Ph.D.
Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology
(OE-95), NIDDK, Building 6, Room B1-22, 
6 CENTER DR MSC 2715
Bethesda, MD 20892-2715
Position:  Research training opportunities (signal
transduction and pattern formation)
     The role of the cAMP receptors and downstream
pathways in control of Dictyostelium development and
regulated gene expression is being studied. 
Approaches include knock-out transformation,
two-hybrid screens, transcription factors analysis, and
positional cloning.  Experience in molecular biology,
protein chemistry, or receptor biochemistry is essential. 
Applicants must have less than 5 years of postdoctoral
experience.
     Please send cover letter, CV, bibliography, and
statement of research interests and three letters of
recommendation from scientists who can provide an
evaluation of your qualifications.  EOE.
--------------------------------------------------------------

University of Kentucky Medical Center
V. Mankad, Chairman, Department. of Pediatrics
800 Rose Street
Lexington, KY 40536-0284
Position:  Pediatricians, Physician Scientist (M.D., or
M.D., Ph.D.)
     Candidates should have experience and
commitment to laboratory investigation in areas of
oncology, neuroscience, endocrinology, infectious
diseases, or pulmonary diseases as  applied to
pediatrics.  Clinical areas of interest should be related
to one of the above or in neonatology or critical care.
Modern laboratory space, protected time, joint
clinical/basic science appointment,  collaboration or
membership by senior investigators, and substantial
intramural funding is available.  Junior investigators
with potential for extramural funding or senior
investigators with active funding are encouraged to
apply.  Interactions with other faculty in the clinical
basic science departments, as well as the Sanders-Brown 
Center on Aging, Markey Cancer Center,
School of Biological Science and College of
Agriculture, provide a particularly stimulating clinical
and research environment.
     Interested candidates should send curriculum vitae
and statement of past experience and future plans.
---------------------------------------------------------------

Research Associates in Space Biology
Dr. Gerald Sonnenfield
Department of General Surgery Research
Carolinas Medical Center
P.O. Box 32861
Charlotte, NC 28232
Phone:  (704) 355-2639
Fax:  (704) 355-7203
     The current Space Shuttle Program has allowed
the development of Space Biology Science that offers
exceptional opportunities for research.  NASA is
offering Research Associate Awards at the post-doctoral 
level for scientists to conduct space biology
research in a university laboratory or nongovernmental
research institute  of your choice that can provide the
necessary facilities and research environment.  Projects
should be in gravitational  and space biology discipline. 
The awards are:  $20,000 for the first year and $22,000
for the second year.  Funding will begin July 1 to
October 1, 1996.  U.S. citizens and permanent
resident aliens with Ph.D., M.D., D.V.M., D.M.D., or
equivalent degrees  are eligible to apply.   Proposals
are due February 15, 1996.)   For information and
application booklet, contact the above.
-------------------------------------------------------------

Oregon Regional Primate Research Center
505 Northwest 185 Avenue
Beaverton, OR 97006
Position:  Research Assistant
     Requirements include degree in Biology or
Biochemistry preferred and previous experience with
histological procedures and small animal surgery
helpful.  This is a full-time position that includes
immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization
techniques; acquisition and preparation of tissue for
histological processing; preparation and application of
antibody and RNA probes to sections; preparation of
solutions.
     Please send resume or apply in person.
--------------------------------------------------------------

Diversified Biotech
1208 VFW Parkway
West Roxbury, MA 02132
Position:  Biology Technician with biochemistry
background
     Requires a degree in biology with lab experience. 
Wanted for inside sales and customer service.
     Resume only please.
--------------------------------------------------------------

Atlantic Sciences 
Cambridge, MA
Fax:  (617) 876-4120 
Position:  Analytical Chemist, QC Lab
     Pharmaceutical firm seeks chemist with
experience with HPLC spectro and wet chem.
     Please fax resume.
--------------------------------------------------------------

Antietam Health Services, Inc.
Mike Talhelm, Director of Human Resources
Suite 107, 1850 Dual Highway
Hagerstown, MD 21740
Ph. (301) 582-3301
Position: Cytotechnologist
     Full time day shift position at the Robinwood
Medical Center in Hagerstown, MD. ASCP
certification required and previous experience
preferred. Competitive salary with continuing
education opportunities, and excellent fringe benefits
including paid leave time, health/life insurance and
401(k) plan.
     Please submit resume or call for info. 
-------------------------------------------------------------

Henry Ford Cottage Hospital
Human Resources
Grosse Point Farms, MI 48236
Fax: (313) 884-8722
Position: Medical Technologist
     Part time positions available for register MT to
work in a generalist capacity. Knowledge of sunquest
LIS and Blood Banking preferred.
     Qualified applicants please mail/fax resume. EOE.
--------------------------------------------------------------
**************************************************************
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THE ORDER RATE IS $6.00 AN ISSUE, ONE EVERY MONTH & WILL 
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INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS. UPDATED WEEKLY. 100-PLUS POSITIONS.
	    SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO:                     
	    "TECH-JOBS"    
	    6032 HARRISON
	    KANSAS CITY, MO. 64110  
PLEASE SEND YOUR MAILING ADDRESS AND LIST IF YOU WANT 
1.44MB FLOPPY OR TEXT. AND ALLOW SIX TO TEN DAYS FOR DELIVERY.
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
			      "TECH-JOBS"          No.951016A
Name: _________________________________________
Address:________________________________________ 
City:________________________  State:_______________ 
Zip Code:___________ 
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 BIOTECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL FIELDS
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  MICROBIOLOGISTS
  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
  MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS (MT)/<MLT>
  LABORATORY MANAGERS
  PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNICIANS
  PATHOLOGY TECHNICANS/TECHNOLOGIST <HT>/<CT>
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 THESE POSITIONS ARE IN HOSPITALS, PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS, AND 
 REFERENCE, FORENSIC, DRUG AND SPECIMEN TESTING, RESEARCH, 
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 SCIENCE-RELATED DEGREE. POSITIONS RANGE FROM ENTRY LEVEL TO 
 SPECIALIZED WITH ADVANCED DEGREE'S.
***************************************************************


From una.smith@yale.edu Fri Oct 20 23:15:59 EDT 1995
Article: 745 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!simtel!news.sprintlink.net!in1.uu.net!noc.near.net!news3.near.net!yale!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Pollen Flora of China
Date: 17 Oct 1995 16:06:58 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <460kb2$ci9@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <45s8d6$bb@sunrise.pku.edu.cn> <1995Oct16.165732.13235@rsg1.er.usgs.gov>
Reply-To: una.smith@yale.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: doliolum.biology.yale.edu

qjiang@myhost.subdomain.domain (Qinhua Jiang) wrote:

>>This book is just released, with 460 pages of texts and 201 photo plates
>>of pollen pictures. 

dadam@mojave.wr.usgs.gov (David P. Adam) wrote:

>At our local bookstores?

According to a review of the book in TAXON last February (?), the book
can be purchased by mail from a US publisher.  Yale University now has
a copy:  I consider this to be a very important resource for botanical
research, both systematic and paleobotanical.



From pa@mail.njcc.com Fri Oct 20 23:15:59 EDT 1995
Article: 746 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!stallion.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news.sprintlink.net!news00.sunet.se!sunic!sunic!news99.sunet.se!mn6.swip.net!plug.news.pipex.net!pipex!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!chi-news.cic.net!news.wctc.net!spcuna!earth.njcc.com!usenet
From: PA Consulting Group <pa@mail.njcc.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: cutting grass physics
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 95 19:19:17 PDT
Organization: New Jersey Computer Connection, Lawrenceville, NJ
Lines: 13
Distribution: inet
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.technology:4481 sci.bio.botany:746



I'm interested in cutting grass (garden variety) with alternative energy 
sources.  Does anyone have information on previous work on grass cutting with 
lasers, masers, ultrasonic blades or water jets.  Also any information on the 
absorption spectra of grass (leaves), the physics of any of the above cutting 
processes and the possibility of enhanced cutting by ultrasound (cell 
disruption etc.)

Reply to gwaite@pana.attmail.com

Many thanks, Geoff Waite



From goldg@uluru.NoSubdomain.NoDomain Fri Oct 20 23:16:00 EDT 1995
Article: 747 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!tandem!uluru!goldg
From: goldg@uluru.NoSubdomain.NoDomain (gold_gerard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens,bionet.plants
Subject: Indoor vegetable growing: Question
Date: 18 Oct 1995 00:11:01 GMT
Organization: Tandem Computers Inc., Cupertino, CA
Lines: 10
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Distribution: world
Message-ID: <461gml$ir7@gazette.tandem.com>
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Keywords: Vegetables, Indoor
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:747 rec.gardens:95368 bionet.plants:8512


	Which vegetables grow well indoors. Due to the light factor, gardeners from
 	Alaska (or the tropical rain forest :) ) may have good pointers.

	And, if I do use indoor lighting, which brandnames and vendors in the
	South San Francisco Bay should I look for?

	Thanks.

	Gerard		goldg@posix.tandem.com


From edickg@rpi.edu Fri Oct 20 23:16:01 EDT 1995
Article: 748 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!ub!newserve!rebecca!rpi!usenet!edickg
From: edickg@rpi.edu (George F Edick)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: RE: Books on raising carnivorous plants
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 95 16:27:05 GMT
Organization: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy NY, USA
Lines: 41
Message-ID: <edickg.1164334865C@usenet.rpi.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: bio22.bio.rpi.edu
X-Newsreader: VersaTerm Link v1.1.1

Hello,

The following books provide a wide range of info on the biology, growth, and
care of carnivorous plants:

1."Carnivorous Plants"
   by Adrian Slack
   The MIT Press
   1979
   ISBN: 0-262-19186-5

2."Carnivorous Plants"
   by Randall Schwartz
   Avon
   1974
   ISBN: 0-380-00518-2

3."Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada"
   by Donald E. Schnell
   John F. Blair, Publisher
   1976
   ISBN: 0-910244-90-1

4."The World of Carnivorous Plants"
   by James and Patricia Ann Pietropaolo
   Publisher: R.J. Stoneridge, Shortsville, NY 14548
   1974
   ISBN: not given, but Library of Congress Catalog Number is 74-78287

Carolina Biological Supply Co. sells these plants and probably has care
instructions. They can be reached at:
Phone: 919-584-0381    Fax: 919-584-3399

Hope this helps. Good luck.

George

George Edick
RPI - Dept. Biology
Troy, NY  12180
edickg@rpi.edu  


From rarnold@center.colgate.edu Fri Oct 20 23:16:02 EDT 1995
Article: 750 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.uoregon.edu!premier3.premier.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!news.sprintlink.net!news.colgate.edu!center.colgate.edu!RARNOLD
From: rarnold@center.colgate.edu (Rob Arnold)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: dandelion jr high project
Date: 17 Oct 1995 15:57:44 GMT
Organization: Colgate University
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <460jpo$8i8@inet01.colgate.edu>
References: <kward.2.00219EB4@omni.voicenet.com>
Reply-To: rarnold@center.colgate.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: center.colgate.edu

In article <kward.2.00219EB4@omni.voicenet.com>, kward@omni.voicenet.com (Kevin J Ward) writes:
>My 12 year old daughter needs info on the common dandelion. 
>How long it takes for the seed to germinate?
>How long it takes to grow to maturity?
>How long  it lives until it dies?
>	WE have search the library but this information is pretty hard to come by for 
>city people. She has also E-mailed some of the edu groups but with no result 
>in over a week. Thank you for helping her.
>kward@omni.voicenet.com

See if you can get hold of a copy of "Dandelion" by Ladislav Svatos, published
by Doubleday, Garden City, NY in 1976.  It was  written expressly for children
and in about 30 pages described the life of a dandelion from seed to mature
plant.  Unfortunately, it may be out of print--the on-line bookstore I just
accessed via TELNET BOOKS.COM does not list it, which is a bad sign--but you
might enquire from a good bookstore or the publisher.  Your local library might
be able to get it on interlibrary loan (I know the New York Public Library has
it in their catalogue).

Hope that helps

Rob Arnold



From david@miro.demon.co.uk Fri Oct 20 23:16:03 EDT 1995
Article: 751 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!user
From: david@miro.demon.co.uk (David Baker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: cutting grass physics
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 1995 19:44:51 +0100
Organization: David Baker
Lines: 24
Distribution: inet
Message-ID: <ACAB09B396681F6F26@miro.demon.co.uk>
References: <NEWTNews.813896691.16715.pa@pa.njcc.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: miro.demon.co.uk
X-NNTP-Posting-Host: miro.demon.co.uk
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.technology:4492 sci.bio.botany:751

In article <NEWTNews.813896691.16715.pa@pa.njcc.com>,
PA Consulting Group <pa@mail.njcc.com> wrote:

>
>I'm interested in cutting grass (garden variety) with alternative energy 
>sources.  Does anyone have information on previous work on grass cutting with 
>lasers, masers, ultrasonic blades or water jets.  Also any information on the 
>absorption spectra of grass (leaves), the physics of any of the above cutting 
>processes and the possibility of enhanced cutting by ultrasound (cell 
>disruption etc.)
>
>Reply to gwaite@pana.attmail.com
>
>Many thanks, Geoff Waite
>

Please also reply to the group.

Many thanks.

David




From ES051377@orion.yorku.ca Fri Oct 20 23:16:04 EDT 1995
Article: 752 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.uoregon.edu!news.sprintlink.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!newshub.ccs.yorku.ca!cousin_it11.slip.yorku.ca!user
From: ES051377@orion.yorku.ca (Lee Herrin & Laurie Miller)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fire Ecology and Oak Savannahs
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 1995 22:35:17 -0400
Organization: York University
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <ES051377-1710952235170001@cousin_it11.slip.yorku.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: cousin_it11.slip.yorku.ca
X-Newsreader: Yet Another NewsWatcher 2.0b30

Here is a query for any information, current studies or other useful
tidbits which might relate to the fire ecology of oak savannahs in
Southern Ontario and related parts of the U.S.

What studies are people aware of?  What, if any, restoration attempts
involving the re-introduction of fire into such landscapes have been
conducted?  Is there a good, overall, *current* text on the subject of
fire ecology which makes explicit reference to North America (vs the
tropics say)...

and finally, what sorts of information and/or studies are people aware of
that relate specifically to the reconstruction of fire histories (in any
ecosystem) using palynological data or any other technique...

Specific articles with journal titles and contact names of people engaged
in this research would be most relevant...I am also interested to see some
discussion of the effects of attempting to reintroduce fire into
disturbance dependent landscapes.


(I have also posted this in sci.bio.ecology)

-- 
Laurie Miller
Graduate Student
Faculty of Environmental Studies
York University


From ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu Fri Oct 20 23:16:05 EDT 1995
Article: 753 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!in1.uu.net!news.sandia.gov!tesuque.cs.sandia.gov!lynx.unm.edu!bubba.NMSU.Edu!alamo-temp-08.NMSU.Edu!ifjed
From: ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu (Jed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Tree identification
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 1995 15:34:51 GMT
Organization: Alamogordo Branch Community College
Lines: 41
Message-ID: <ifjed.1396.30851E9B@nmsua.nmsu.edu>
References: <45rolu$n25@hopper.acm.org>
NNTP-Posting-Host: alamo-temp-08.nmsu.edu

In article <45rolu$n25@hopper.acm.org> trout@ACM.ORG writes:
>From: trout@ACM.ORG
>Subject: Tree identification
>Date: 15 Oct 1995 19:50:22 GMT

>I have an acorn which I would like to know what is.  I do not know where
>it came from.  It is very large -- maybe two inches (4-6 cm) across and
>has a very thick cup-part.  I had two and planted one which has grown into
>a "regular" looking oak tree with about 10 inch (20 cm) long leaves.  I'd 
>appreciate it if someone could identify what this species is or direct my to 
>a likely reference.  I want to bring it inside if it is a tropical species   
>before it frosts.  Thanks!

A tropical species?  Why would you suspect that?

As for identification by e-mail, forget it.  Oaks are a very complex group 
with lots of hybridization.


  
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      / \ 
    í// \\  
   */// \\\*
   //// \\\\*
  ///// \\\\\
      | |
      | |
      | |
      | |
"Stay in your own cubicle, please."

Some historians attribute this remark to Mark Twain, however, it's 
actually from Matt Groenig.


From wshih@vanbc.wimsey.com Fri Oct 20 23:16:07 EDT 1995
Article: 754 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.sprintlink.net!in2.uu.net!van-bc!vanbc.wimsey.com!not-for-mail
From: wshih@vanbc.wimsey.com (Wesley Shih)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Research on "lotus", need help!
Date: 18 Oct 1995 14:33:48 -0700
Organization: Online at Wimsey Information Services Inc - Vancouver, Canada
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <463rrs$fih@vanbc.wimsey.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: vanbc.wimsey.com


     I am writing some paper about the "lotus", relative topics  can be
     how many parts for the lotus plant, how it can be used to be food or
     medicine..etc, also what kind position or symbol it stands for in
     different cultures, ex Chinese or India...

     If anyone can give me some hints relating to lotus, including papers,
     books, articles or even info on internet are welcome.

     thanks!
-- 
_________________________________________
Wesley Shih
wshih@wimsey.com
------------------------------------------


From wdg@cvax3.cdrh.fda.gov Fri Oct 20 23:16:08 EDT 1995
Article: 755 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!news.netins.net!solaris.cc.vt.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!simtel!news3.noc.netcom.net!zdc!zippo!NewsWatcher!user
From: wdg@cvax3.cdrh.fda.gov (Don Galloway)
Subject: Re: Fringed Gentian
Sender: usenet@news.zippo.com
Nntp-Posting-Host: 150.148.37.64
Organization: FDA
Message-ID: <wdg-1810951434510001@150.148.37.64>
References: <SaulysER.15.000B0C76@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 1995 18:34:51 GMT
Lines: 12

In article <SaulysER.15.000B0C76@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU>,
SaulysER@MASPO2.MAS.YALE.EDU (Eleanor "Sam" Saulys) wrote:

> A general question: when you come across a flower that is listed as 
> endangered, what do you do to ensure its survival?
>
Contact your state Natural Herritage Program and report the incidence. 
They may already know about it, and they will surely know what action to
take.  In some states, they are the action agency.

It probably isn't as uncommon as you think.  Depends on where you are, and
what kind of soil prevails in your region.


From ut835@freenet.Victoria.BC.CA Fri Oct 20 23:16:09 EDT 1995
Article: 756 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.bctel.net!holly.softwords.bc.ca!freenet.victoria.bc.ca!freenet.Victoria.BC.CA!ut835
From: ut835@freenet.Victoria.BC.CA (Ruthanne Edward)
Subject: Re: Botany as a degree
Message-ID: <1995Oct19.033913.847@freenet.victoria.bc.ca>
Sender: news@freenet.victoria.bc.ca (News Manager)
Organization: Victoria Freenet Association
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 1995 03:39:13 GMT
Lines: 16


As far as botany at UVic goes, don't kid yourself! I know. 

All plant pathology courses were dropped this year, physiology
has been reduced to 1 basic and 1 stress etc, etc.

This area is not a priority for the biology department.

Dr. Nancy Turner is indeed a world expert in her field and an 
excellent teacher to boot.

While I am here, I would appreciate hearing from anyone who knows
about possible study/work programs in rainforest ecology, 
tropical or temperate. Email me directly please.

Ruthanne Edward


From london@calypso-2.oit.unc.edu Fri Oct 20 23:16:10 EDT 1995
Article: 757 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!calypso-2.oit.unc.edu!london
From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." <london@calypso-2.oit.unc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,alt.agriculture.misc,alt.agriculture.fruit,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,misc.rural,rec.gardens
Subject: THE SOIL AND THE SEED - BF&G Association 1995 National Conference
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 1995 22:50:34 -0400
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---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 1995 18:51:50 -0500
From: Intergalactic Garage <igg@intrepid.net>


THE SOIL AND THE SEED
The 1995 Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Assoc. 1995 National Conference
=========================================================================

WHEN: November 17-19, 1995

EVENT: The Soil And The Seed:  An Agenda for the Future
       The Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening Association 1995 National
        Conference

WHERE:  La Fonda Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico

Contact:                Charles Beedy, Director
                        The Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening Association
                        Post Office Box 550
                        Kimberton, PA, U.S.A 19442
                        1-800-516-7797
                        FAX: 610.983.3196

THEME STATEMENT:

How Can We Nourish the Kingdoms of Nature
and Foster Healthy Evolution in Soil, Plant,
Animal and Human?

It is likely that the theme for this conference has chosen us.
Increasing corporate and technological control in the seed industry
raises alarming questions about future (and present) access to the most
fundamental gentic pool of plant breeding and seed stock. Not only
access to, but the right to freely use, trade, give and grow seed.

In many cases the solutions offered us in this situation are vague at
best. We need to develop our own coherent strategy on how to ensure the
future continuity of Biodynamic Seed  -- and Soil.

The soil into which our seed is placed is obviously of no less
importance to us than the seed itself. The interplay and weaving be
tween these two create the plants upon which our nutrition is based.
Again, observing the treatment of the soil today as dirt raises serious
questions about the future of this living element that forms the basis
of agriculture and human development. We will present the importance of
the use of Biodynamic Preparations, Biodynamic Compost and Compost
Teas.

In Biodynamics, the questions of seed and soil do not arise without an
even greater context. Biodynamics rests upon working with more than
good organic practices and the renewal of agriculture depends upon our
in creasing our understanding of true dynamic causative forces and in
our successful applications of this understanding.

Join us in Santa Fe as we explore what spiritual insight can bring to
good husbandry.

-- Charles Beedy


========================================================================

The B-D Association is not on-line presently.
If you have any questions (or suggestions!) and feel you must use email,
please route them through me at igg@his.com.

Thanks!

-Allan Balliett





From thegonz@delphi.com Sat Nov  4 20:15:58 EST 1995
Article: 812 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jason Gonzalez <thegonz@delphi.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need Phragmites control info
Date: Sat, 28 Oct 95 18:09:42 -0500
Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice)
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NNTP-Posting-Host: bos1e.delphi.com

Help with Phragmites control and destruction?
 
I am looking for information on the control of the dreaded PHRAGMITES.  As a
prairie and wetland steward at our local county parks in Northwest Indiana, I
am looking for information that will assist in the removal of phragmites, an
invasive, alien species plant.  Please give me information about books,
articles and studies concerning effective control.  Please send me E-Mail to -
thegonz@delphi.com
 
Thanks,
Donna Gonzalez


From awillia@midway.uchicago.edu Sat Nov  4 20:15:59 EST 1995
Article: 813 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: awillia@woodlawn.uchicago.edu (alan williams)
Subject: WTD:(used) Katsaros, "Ill. Guide to Common Slime Molds"
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Hello all,
   
I'm looking for "Illustrated guide to common slime molds", by Peter 
Katsaros (Mad River Press, 1989), a short but beautifully photographed
guide to these interesting creatures.  :-)  (I'm not a mycologist; I just
stumbled across this book about five years ago in the McGill University
Library.)
  
I realize this book is still in print (available for $24.95), but since
I'm a penniless grad student who has long since depleted his book budget,
I'm hoping some kind soul out there has a used copy they'd be willing to
give up for $10 or so. 
   
This is a long shot, but it's such a beautiful book I thought I'd give it
a try.   :-)
 
Thanks in advance,
  
Alan Williams  
       


From fspr@aurora.alaska.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:00 EST 1995
Article: 814 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Amanda Stossel <fspr@aurora.alaska.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.agroforestry,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Re: samples wanted (repost)
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 1995 09:35:23 -0800
Organization: University of Alaska Computer Network
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On Thu, 26 Oct 1995, Robert L Sanders wrote:

> K.Scott@botany.uq.edu.au (Kirsten Scott) wrote:
> 
> >I am a PhD student studying the genetic diversity of Flindersia and 
> >Acronychia (Rutaceae) at the University of Queensland.  I require samples 
> >from a world-wide distribution.  If you can help can you contact me directly 
> >at K.Scott@botany.uq.edu.au.  Thank-you
> >Kirsten Scott
> 
> We are not botonists and are not familiar with the specie name.
> However, if you think it might be found in Guyana we will be happy to
> look for it on our 25,000 acre timber concesison.
> 
> Robert Sanders
> 
> 
> 
Likewise, I haven't a clue what you need, but any common names may help.  
I'd be glad to send you something from Alaska, but you may have to wait 
until spring.  All our plants here are "Just settled down for their long 
winters nap"

Cheers,

			Mandy Stossel














From deshe@netvision.net.il Sat Nov  4 20:16:01 EST 1995
Article: 815 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hovav <deshe@netvision.net.il>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants,bionet.agroforestry,alt.agriculture.fruit
Subject: bombax
Date: Sun, 29 Oct 95 10:11:01 PDT
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I have some bombax trees. In the litrature I find out that they like deep 
irrigation. (large amounts of water at long intervals).
problem is that when you buy a tree you get it with it's root cut at 40-50 cm.
(bombax has carot like root). 
The Q is: are the secondary roots going as deap and does the tree still likes 
deep Irrigation .
I will appriciate posts to me directly and will post a summery.

thanks, 
hovav



From skilton@ssnet.com Sat Nov  4 20:16:02 EST 1995
Article: 816 of sci.bio.botany
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From: skilton@ssnet.com (John Skilton)
Newsgroups: bionet.general,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Wood Worms?
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 1995 04:01:09 GMT
Organization: SSNet, Inc.
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I just noticed some little creatures living in my firewood pile.  They look
like tiny worms - no more than 1/2 inch in length - and they've bored little
holes in the pieces of wood.  Someone told me they may be "wood worms", but
I've never heard of such a thing.

Does anyone know anything about the existence of wood worms?  Is there a
product on the market that will kill them without making my firewood toxic
when it burns?  Will the upcoming cold weather and frost kill them?  Any
insights would be appreciated.



 J O H N   S K I L T O N                     Bear, Delaware
===========================================================
E-Mail:                                   skilton@ssnet.com
Personal WWW:        http://www.ssnet.com/~skilton/jms.html
Baseball Links: http://www.ssnet.com/~skilton/baseball.html



From tancc@hntp2.hinet.net Sat Nov  4 20:16:06 EST 1995
Article: 817 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tancc@hntp2.hinet.net (tancc)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,alt.agriculture.misc,alt.agriculture.fruit,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,misc.rural,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: THE SOIL AND THE SEED - BF&G Association 1995 National Conference
Date: 29 Oct 1995 13:20:22 GMT
Organization: tancc
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In article 
<Pine.SOL.3.91.951020224143.3299C-100000@calypso-2.oit.unc.edu>, 
london@calypso-2.oit.unc.edu says...
>
>---------- Forwarded message ----------
>Date: Tue, 17 Oct 1995 18:51:50 -0500
>From: Intergalactic Garage <igg@intrepid.net>
>
>
>THE SOIL AND THE SEED
>The 1995 Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Assoc. 1995 National 
Conference
>======================================================================
===
>
>WHEN: November 17-19, 1995
>
>EVENT: The Soil And The Seed:  An Agenda for the Future
>       The Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening Association 1995 National
>        Conference
>
>WHERE:  La Fonda Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico
>
>Contact:                Charles Beedy, Director
>                        The Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening 
Association
>                        Post Office Box 550
>                        Kimberton, PA, U.S.A 19442
>                        1-800-516-7797
>                        FAX: 610.983.3196
>
>THEME STATEMENT:
>
>How Can We Nourish the Kingdoms of Nature
>and Foster Healthy Evolution in Soil, Plant,
>Animal and Human?
>
>It is likely that the theme for this conference has chosen us.
>Increasing corporate and technological control in the seed industry
>raises alarming questions about future (and present) access to the 
most
>fundamental gentic pool of plant breeding and seed stock. Not only
>access to, but the right to freely use, trade, give and grow seed.
>
>In many cases the solutions offered us in this situation are vague at
>best. We need to develop our own coherent strategy on how to ensure 
the
>future continuity of Biodynamic Seed  -- and Soil.
>
>The soil into which our seed is placed is obviously of no less
>importance to us than the seed itself. The interplay and weaving be
>tween these two create the plants upon which our nutrition is based.
>Again, observing the treatment of the soil today as dirt raises 
serious
>questions about the future of this living element that forms the basis
>of agriculture and human development. We will present the importance 
of
>the use of Biodynamic Preparations, Biodynamic Compost and Compost
>Teas.
>
>In Biodynamics, the questions of seed and soil do not arise without an
>even greater context. Biodynamics rests upon working with more than
>good organic practices and the renewal of agriculture depends upon our
>in creasing our understanding of true dynamic causative forces and in
>our successful applications of this understanding.
>
>Join us in Santa Fe as we explore what spiritual insight can bring to
>good husbandry.
>
>-- Charles Beedy
>
>
>======================================================================
==
>
>The B-D Association is not on-line presently.
>If you have any questions (or suggestions!) and feel you must use 
email,
>please route them through me at igg@his.com.
>
>Thanks!
>
>-Allan Balliett
>
>
>
kl;glkj/;gu'i; vogu



From Michael_Baker@Brown.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:07 EST 1995
Article: 818 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael_Baker@Brown.edu (Michael Baker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Phragmites control info
Date: 30 Oct 1995 15:29:32 GMT
Organization: Brown University
Lines: 23
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References: <BdAlxyW.thegonz@delphi.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 128.148.105.231

In article <BdAlxyW.thegonz@delphi.com>, Jason Gonzalez
<thegonz@delphi.com> wrote:

> Help with Phragmites control and destruction?
>  
> I am looking for information on the control of the dreaded PHRAGMITES.  As a
> prairie and wetland steward at our local county parks in Northwest Indiana, I
> am looking for information that will assist in the removal of phragmites, an
> invasive, alien species plant.  Please give me information about books,
> articles and studies concerning effective control.  Please send me E-Mail to -
> thegonz@delphi.com
>  
> Thanks,
> Donna Gonzalez

Please post this info to the newsgroup as I'm sure that many people out
there are interested in this problem.  Thanks.

*********************************************************************
Michael Baker                         *  "In wildness lies the 
Department of Ecology and Evolution   *  preservation of the world."
Brown University                      *             -Hank D. Thoreau
Providence, RI 02912                  *


From kruegerj@ruf.uni-freiburg.de Sat Nov  4 20:16:08 EST 1995
Article: 819 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kruegerj@ruf.uni-freiburg.de (Jochen Krueger)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Flower translation
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 1995 18:29:32 +0100
Organization: Gogodot Systems/2
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Sender: kruegerj@ruf.uni-freiburg.de (Jochen Krueger)
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References: <EkWPXWu00iWWA8aFEz@andrew.cmu.edu> <46jt2a$bsl@news.ycc.yale.edu> 
 <46qi2n$3if@coranto.ucs.mun.ca>
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X-To: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)

                                        Monday October 30 1995 [03:23]

Salut,

Quote from hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase):

 HC>  I have already e-mailed my solutions to this problem.  They are not
 HC> obscure plants but fairly common weeds and/or rockgarden plants; two
 HC> do have direct translations: Fat Hen is Chenopodium album and Wall
 HC> Pepper is Sedum acre (also known as Biting Stonecrop).

Sorry, that's not right. "Fetthenne" aka "Mauerpfeffer" are just two different
german names for the genus Sedum. For example "Scharfer Mauerpfeffer" is Sedum
acre, while "Milder Mauerpfeffer" is Sedum sexangulare. "Rötliche Fetthenne" is
Sedum rubens, "Weiße Fetthenne" is Sedum album, "Behaarte Fetthenne" is Sedum
villosum, etc.

                        Ade aus Freiburg,

                                       Jochen Krüger

            eMail: kruegerj@ruf.uni-freiburg.de  IRC-Handle: joltan


From mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us Sat Nov  4 20:16:09 EST 1995
Article: 820 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us (Whitey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Phragmites control info
Date: 30 Oct 1995 18:47:54 GMT
Organization: ultimayhem
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In article <BdAlxyW.thegonz@delphi.com>, thegonz@delphi.com says...
>
>Help with Phragmites control and destruction?
> 
>I am looking for information on the control of the dreaded PHRAGMITES.  As a
>prairie and wetland steward at our local county parks in Northwest Indiana, I
>am looking for information that will assist in the removal of phragmites, an
>invasive, alien species plant.  Please give me information about books,
>articles and studies concerning effective control.  Please send me E-Mail to 
-
While working on a sanctuary in Mass. the only hopeful refrence I found 
involved covering the site with thick black plastic untill the sun burned the 
stuff dead.  Sorry, I no longer have the referance with me.  This would be 
effective if your problem is small.  The other accepted management concern I 
found was that vigor was increased by cutting or burning, supposedly because 
of an increased supply of oxygen to the roots through the hollow stems.

Whitey



From patton@ike.ucdavis.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:10 EST 1995
Article: 821 of sci.bio.botany
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From: patton@ike.ucdavis.edu (Erik Patton)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Data on HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS
Date: 30 Oct 1995 09:19:31 GMT
Organization: UCD Department of Mathematics, Davis CA
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <4725b3$5dc@mark.ucdavis.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ike.ucdavis.edu

I am posting for a friend, so please excuse if this is not the correct
place.

My friend is doing some research on HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS in its natual
habitat, i.e. animal communities associated with it, (especially
insects), animals that feed on it, its effect on surrounding plant
communities, etc.

If you can and are willing to help, please respond to me via e-mail or
to fax 49-06221-840392.

Thanks in advance for your help. 

Erik Patton
patton@ike.ucdavis.edu


From swpubl@ix.netcom.com Sat Nov  4 20:16:10 EST 1995
Article: 822 of sci.bio.botany
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From: swpubl@ix.netcom.com (S&W )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.technology,bionet.jobs,bionet.plants,bionet.microbiology,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: RE:Education
Date: 30 Oct 1995 21:30:58 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 26
Distribution: inet
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References: <S3SkwUYrGVvB084yn@datashopper.dk>
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In <S3SkwUYrGVvB084yn@datashopper.dk> ilytting@datashopper.dk (Isak
Sebastian Lytting) writes: 
>
>Hello.
>
>I was wondering if anyone could tell me of any university that
>awards Ph.D's or similar university degrees in scientific
>subjects by mail. I would like to get a job in the biochemical
>or pharmaceutical industry, but I do not have the inclination to
>spend the next 8 years of my life studying for a university
>degree, especially since I already possess a very extensive
>knowledge in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry.
>
>I hope someone can help.
>
>--
>Isak Lytting
>ilytting@datashopper.dk
>2:238/197.13
Hey -- We can work together.
You send me $2000 American I will send you what ever degree you want.
I have a great deal of hands-on tech experience. without having worked
for another company, and no degree to show my expertise, the experience
and 2 bucks might buy some dog food.
So maybe we can trade. I worked for your company as a great computer
network analyst and you get a degree off my best publisher!!!


From tg2@axe.humboldt.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:11 EST 1995
Article: 823 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Tamara Gedik <tg2@axe.humboldt.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about ethnobotany
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 1995 16:21:49 -0800
Organization: Information Resources and Technology
Lines: 25
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Which issue of Sci. American did you see the article in?  I'm interested 
in ethnobotany as well, and would be curious to see what they had to say 
of it.  To answer your question, there are some excellent books on the 
subject... Schultes (ret'd) has many books on the subject, all at 
different levels, and is probably one of the top ethnobotanists around 
right now that I know of. There are a few schools that offer grad work in 
this field, but they are few in number, as this is a relatively new 
professional field of study (it used to be more of a hobby).  If you're 
interested in the schools, I can probably get names for you.  I'd be curious 
as to any other info you hear of as well.  Thank you too!

Sincerely,
Tamara Gedik

On Thu, 26 Oct 1995, Jacek Rybka wrote:

> Hello,
> I just read an article in "Scientific American" about ethnobotany.
> I am very interested in such a kind of investigation. Do you know
> where could I get more information about it?
> Thank you in advance
> Jacek Rybka
> 
> 
> 


From dschmierer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz Sat Nov  4 20:16:12 EST 1995
Article: 824 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dschmierer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about ethnobotany
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 1995 01:38:54 GMT
Organization: University of Otago
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>Hello,
>I just read an article in "Scientific American" about ethnobotany.
>I am very interested in such a kind of investigation. Do you know
>where could I get more information about it?
>Thank you in advance
>Jacek Rybka

Hi,

A cheap and introductory reference on ethnobotany is:

Given, D.R. (1994), "Techniques and Methods of Ethnobotany", published by the 
Commonwealth Secretariat, ISBN 0 85092 405 7.

Regards,

David




D.M. Schmierer		Voice:	0064 03 479 7289 (Office)
School of Pharmacy		0064 03 479 7262 (Lab)
University of Otago		0064 03 453 6939 (A/H)
Dunedin, NEW ZEALAND	Fax:	0064 03 479 7034


E-mail:		dschmierer@gandalf.otago.ac.nz
Snail mail:	As above, P.O. Box 913
--------------------------------------------------------
Backup my hard-drive? ... Hell! I can't even find reverse gear ...


From warrenv@ihug.co.nz Sat Nov  4 20:16:13 EST 1995
Article: 825 of sci.bio.botany
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From: warrenv@ihug.co.nz (Warren de Villiers)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Heating in hot-houses
Date: 1 Nov 1995 19:45:24 GMT
Organization: The Internet Group
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <478iok$nhb@newsource.ihug.co.nz>
NNTP-Posting-Host: warrenv.ihug.co.nz
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.1

I would like to know how many watts it would take to raise the 
temperature of 1 cubic meter of air by 1 degree celcius. This is in
an insulated hot-house in New Zealand (North Island). I'm not sure I,m
in the right newsgroup for this, but any suggestions to solve my problem
are welcome. If any more information is neeeded, please e-mail me or write
to the newsgroup.

Thanks


From taguebw@wfu.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:13 EST 1995
Article: 826 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.wfu.edu!usenet
From: taguebw@wfu.edu (Brian W. Tague)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: REQ: e-mail address for Andre Steinmetz, Strasbourg
Date: 31 Oct 1995 14:20:40 GMT
Organization: Wake Forest University
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <475bbo$foh@eis.wfunet.wfu.edu>
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Dear Folks,
Could anyone supply me with the e-mail address of:
Andre Steinmetz
Inst. Plant. Mol. Biol.
CNRS Strasbourg France
NB: the e-mail address in the 95 ASPP directory bounces
Thanks in advance,
Brian W. Tague
taguebw@wfu.edu


From nhanssen@inter.NL.net Sat Nov  4 20:16:14 EST 1995
Article: 827 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.agroforestry,sci.bio.botany
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From: nhanssen@inter.NL.net (Niels Hanssens)
Subject: Question on Moringa oleifera
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Hello,

I am looking for information on Moringa oleifera also known as
Drumstick tree or Horseradish tree. I am particularly interested in
research done on the water purifying qualities of the seeds . If you
happen to know any addresses of people with expertise in that field, I
would be most grateful to hear from you.

With regards,
Niels Hanssens



From bsp031@bangor.ac.uk Sat Nov  4 20:16:15 EST 1995
Article: 828 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gerhard Buck-Sorlin <bsp031@bangor.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: mosses
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 1995 13:20:52 +0000 (GMT)
Organization: University of Wales, Bangor.
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I have heard about a web-site, where there are colour plates with 
illustrations and text from an old book on bryophytes, available for 
downloading. Allegedly, it is at an Edinburgh site (Botanic Gardens?), 
but I couldn't find anything.
Does anybody out there know more about it? Then please let me know.

Gerhard Buck-Sorlin
School of Biological Sciences
e-mail:bsp031@bangor.ac.uk


From rfrank@umr.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:16 EST 1995
Article: 829 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ron Frank <rfrank@umr.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Crimson Glory Rose
Date: 31 Oct 1995 19:30:02 GMT
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X-XXDate: Tue, 31 Oct 1995 19:28:49 GMT

Could anyone tell me the natural range of the Crimson Glory Rose?  A
student of mine needs to know.  

rlf
rfrank@umr.edu


From bear Sat Nov  4 20:16:17 EST 1995
Article: 830 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Soaring Bear <bear>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about ethnobotany
Date: 31 Oct 1995 21:19:59 GMT
Organization: The University of Arizona
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To: rybka@immuno.pan.wroc.pl
X-URL: news:46nufd$5fo@sun1000.ci.pwr.wroc.pl

Hiya:
	For some net links to relevant sites try:

http://ellington.pharm.arizona.edu/~bear/sci.html#botany

-- 
 _____         ____
*  ___)       *  _ \   http://ellington.pharm.arizona.edu/~bear
: (___        : |_) :  Cyber-Chemist: cancer drug design   topo-O      O-topo
\___  \       |  _ <   Molecular & Nutritional Biochemist  5'*. :      : .***.
 ___)  :      | |_) :  Herbs, Nutrition, Natural Dentistry    | *.    .* | | |
(_____/oaring |____/ear@ellington.pharm.arizona.edu           | | *. * | | | *
                       UA New Pharmacy 404, Tucson 85721   3'.| DNA helix| *
                                                                '***'  '***'



From afghans@aol.com Sat Nov  4 20:16:17 EST 1995
Article: 831 of sci.bio.botany
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From: afghans@aol.com (Afghans)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Crimson Glory Rose
Date: 31 Oct 1995 21:15:20 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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It is hard to say what the distribution range is without a proper
scientific binomial.  Do you know it's scientific range?


From mbhsl@s-crim1.dl.ac.uk Sat Nov  4 20:16:18 EST 1995
Article: 832 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbhsl@s-crim1.dl.ac.uk (H.J. Sluiman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: mosses
Date: 1 Nov 1995 09:57:21 GMT
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In article <Pine.OSF.3.90.951031131700.10373A-100000@thunder>, Gerhard Buck-Sorlin <bsp031@bangor.ac.uk> writes:
|> 
|> I have heard about a web-site, where there are colour plates with 
|> illustrations and text from an old book on bryophytes, available for 
|> downloading. Allegedly, it is at an Edinburgh site (Botanic Gardens?), 
|> but I couldn't find anything.
|> Does anybody out there know more about it? Then please let me know.
|> 
|> Gerhard Buck-Sorlin
|> School of Biological Sciences
|> e-mail:bsp031@bangor.ac.uk

I do not know about this web site, but it is definitely not our Royal Botanic
Garden Edinburgh server. Our www server is still under construction and its
official launch on the Internet (most likely at http://www.rbge.org.uk) is
expected in the near future.

Hans Sluiman (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh)


From jgc3@aber.ac.uk Sat Nov  4 20:16:19 EST 1995
Article: 833 of sci.bio.botany
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From: James Cracknell <jgc3@aber.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Metal Toxicity and Plants
Date: Sun, 29 Oct 1995 21:42:41 +0000
Organization: Sefydliad y Biolegol - Institute of Biological Sciences - Prifysgol Cymru - Aberystwyth - University of Wales
Lines: 20
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I am conducting a literature research into Toxic Metals in Plants - If 
anyone can offer me any help eg. references - Sources on the Net etc - 
I'd be extremley grateful.

Please reply via e-mail straight to me,

cheers

James

James - <jgc3@aber.ac.uk>                Finger Info: jgc3@fileserv.aber.ac.uk

     | James Cracknell - http://www.aber.ac.uk/~jgc3 - jgc3@aber.ac.uk
     |  _` | __ `__ \   _ \  __|       No. 7 Pentre Jane Morgan
 \   | (   | |   |   |  __/\__ \      Prifysgol Cymru, Aberystwyth
\___/ \__,_|_|  _|  _|\___|____/  Penglais, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3JJ UK
  Dept: Sefydliad y Gwyddorau Biolegol/Institute of Biological Sciences




From casper@scripps.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:20 EST 1995
Article: 834 of sci.bio.botany
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From: casper@scripps.edu (Steven Casper)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about ethnobotany
Date: Wed, 01 Nov 1995 14:23:51 -0100
Organization: TSRI
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In article <Pine.PMDF.3.91.951030161433.22998B-100000@axe.humboldt.edu>,
Tamara Gedik <tg2@axe.humboldt.edu> wrote:

> Which issue of Sci. American did you see the article in?  I'm interested 
> in ethnobotany as well, and would be curious to see what they had to say 
> of it.  To answer your question, there are some excellent books on the 
> subject... Schultes (ret'd) has many books on the subject, all at 
> different levels, and is probably one of the top ethnobotanists around 
> right now that I know of. There are a few schools that offer grad work in 
> this field, but they are few in number, as this is a relatively new 
> professional field of study (it used to be more of a hobby).  If you're 
> interested in the schools, I can probably get names for you.  I'd be curious 
> as to any other info you hear of as well.  Thank you too!
> 
> Sincerely,
> Tamara Gedik


   Just to toss in a little more information, there is a book recently
published by Chapman& Hall called "Ethnobotany- Evolution of a
Discipline"; edited by Schultes and von Reis.  Also, a very interesting
personal account of this profession can be found in Mark Plotkin's "The
Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice".  Dr. Plotkin was taught by Richard Evans
Schultes and now works at Conservation International; an organization with
admirable ideals.
   I, too, would be appreciative to know in which issue of Scientific
American this article was printed.  
   Salud,

   Steve


From gregory@ldgo.columbia.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:20 EST 1995
Article: 835 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
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From: gregory@ldgo.columbia.edu (kate gregory)
Subject: Wanted: Info on vegetation near HOT SPRINGS
Message-ID: <1995Nov1.191510.27564@lamont.ldgo.columbia.edu>
Keywords: angiosperms, microenvironment
Sender: news@lamont.ldgo.columbia.edu (USENET News System)
Organization: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 1995 19:15:10 GMT
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	I am studying a fossil angiosperm flora which was preserved 
in a carbonate hot spring deposit, with the goal of reconstructing 
the paleoclimate.  However, I am concerned that the 
microenvironment immediately adjacent to the spring might have 
been quite different than the surrounding area.  
	Does anyone know of any research on hot spring-associated 
vegetation?  I have checked Biosys, but no luck.

Thanks very much for the help,
Kate Gregory




From nextug@ac.dal.ca Sat Nov  4 20:16:21 EST 1995
Article: 836 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nextug@ac.dal.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: A FREE 1 YR. MAGAZINE SUB SENT WORLDWIDE
Date: 2 Nov 1995 04:02:29 GMT
Organization: Chebucto Community Net
Lines: 28
Message-ID: <479fsl$sle@ra.isisnet.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ccn.cs.dal.ca

All forgeries:

Send your complaints to:  <postmaster@kjl.com>

This is what I wrote:
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I draw your attention to the following post made by your user 
<krazykev@kjl.com>.

This post is blantantly commercial and was made to a
non-commercial newsgroup, sci.bio.botany. It is completely
off-topic since sci.bio.botany concerns itself solely with
Botany and not with magazine subscriptions.

You will also note that it was prolificaly cross-posted to many other
newsgroups for which it is also off-topic.

I trust you will take appropriate disciplinary action and that you will
inform me as to the results of this.
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Christopher Majka

--
Christopher Majka  --  Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Internet: <nextug@ac.dal.ca> & <aa051@ccn.cs.dal.ca>
Home Page: URL = http://www.ccn.cs.dal.ca/~aa051/Profile.html



From ut835@freenet.Victoria.BC.CA Sat Nov  4 20:16:22 EST 1995
Article: 837 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: ut835@freenet.Victoria.BC.CA (Ruthanne Edward)
Subject: Re: Question about ethnobotany
Message-ID: <1995Nov2.034314.6229@freenet.victoria.bc.ca>
Sender: news@freenet.victoria.bc.ca (News Manager)
Organization: Victoria Freenet Association
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 1995 03:43:14 GMT
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If you are interested in a good read about tropical ethnobotany,
a book called The Shaman's Apprentice by Mark J Plotkin is worth
while.

Ruthanne Edward


From ut835@freenet.Victoria.BC.CA Sat Nov  4 20:16:23 EST 1995
Article: 838 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: ut835@freenet.Victoria.BC.CA (Ruthanne Edward)
Subject: Re: Question about ethnobotany
Message-ID: <1995Nov2.035111.6366@freenet.victoria.bc.ca>
Sender: news@freenet.victoria.bc.ca (News Manager)
Organization: Victoria Freenet Association
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 1995 03:51:11 GMT
Lines: 2


Oops! I got the title wrong. It is Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice.


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Sat Nov  4 20:16:23 EST 1995
Article: 839 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Phytoplankton web site (and microscopes).
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
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Date: Thu, 2 Nov 1995 08:37:26 GMT
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I have finally put up our web site on phytoplankton and 
microscopes. Visitors, and their comments would be greatly 
appreciated. 

This is a commercial site, in that we are selling high quality 
Russian microscopes at very low prices. However, if that is not 
of interest to you, the phytoplankton stuff comes up first, with 
some very nice images of diatoms and dinoflagellates. You can 
skip the microscope stuff if you wish. However, we do have a 
pamphlet describing scopes and what to look for when buying one, 
not just our catalog and sales pitch. 

Mahlon Kelly,

GEK, Inc.

-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From macrakis@osf.org Sat Nov  4 20:16:24 EST 1995
Article: 840 of sci.bio.botany
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From: macrakis@osf.org (Stavros Macrakis)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Heating in hot-houses
Date: 02 Nov 1995 15:17:51 GMT
Organization: OSF Research Institute
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References: <478iok$nhb@newsource.ihug.co.nz>
NNTP-Posting-Host: app3.osf.org
In-reply-to: warrenv@ihug.co.nz's message of 1 Nov 1995 19:45:24 GMT

In article <478iok$nhb@newsource.ihug.co.nz> warrenv@ihug.co.nz (Warren de Villiers) writes:

   I would like to know how many watts it would take to raise the 
   temperature of 1 cubic meter of air by 1 degree celcius. This is in
   an insulated hot-house in New Zealand (North Island)....

The amount of _energy_ (watt-hours, joules, calories, therms)
necessary to raise the temperature of 1 m3 of air by 1 degree is
small, something like .2-.3 watt-hour/m3/degC, depending on humidity
etc.

But what you probably care about is how much _power_ (watts,
therms/day) is necessary to _maintain_ a given temperature.  This is
not a function of volume, but a function of heat gain and loss by
convection (air movement), conduction (heat transmission through
material), and radiation (heat transmission as electromagnetic waves,
e.g. light, infrared, etc.).

Convection and conduction losses are proportional to the heat
difference between the inside and the outside.  Convection is
proportional to the air leaks in your building, wind speed, etc.
Conduction is inversely proportional to the insulating capacity of
your outside surfaces, and proportional to their area.  Radiation is
proportional to the area of radiation-transmitting surfaces (such as
glass).

I would think any book on greenhouse engineering would discuss all
this in detail.

	-s



From tremblay@bio1.lan.mcgill.ca Sat Nov  4 20:16:25 EST 1995
Article: 841 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!newsflash.concordia.ca!news.mcgill.ca!NewsWatcher!user
From: tremblay@bio1.lan.mcgill.ca (Nicholas Tremblay)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WANTED: Pollen and Macrofossil data for Dryas integrifolia.
Date: 3 Nov 1995 01:36:42 GMT
Organization: McGill University Computing Centre
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <tremblay-0211952044350001@132.206.226.91>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 132.206.226.91

I am a graduate student at McGill University in Montreal, working on
post-glacial arctic plant migration.  I am posting this request because I
need to retrieve pollen or macrofossils data for Dryas integrifolia
(Rosaceae) in order to reconstruct its past range during the Quaternary.

I have already consulted the following sources: Biological Abstract,
Georef and the North American Pollen Database.  They provided good, but
fragmentary results: as Dryas is not the focus of interest in most
studies, it is not always reported in the sources mentioned above.  This
is why I am making a public announcement to those familiar with Quaternary
research: could you let me know about any encounter of Dryas you have seen
in the literature (e.g. in pollen diagrams) or in you own work?  If you
know of some published data, please send me the reference ; if you have
unpublished data that you are willing to share, please let me know.

Any help or suggestions will be greatly appreciated.  Please respond
directly to me.  Thank you very much! 

Nicolas Tremblay

====================================================

E-Mail : Tremblay@bio1.lan.mcgill.ca

Nicolas Tremblay              Tel : (514) 398-4084
Department of Biology            Fax: (514) 398-5069
McGill University
1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue        
Montreal, QC
H3A 1B1


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Sat Nov  4 20:16:26 EST 1995
Article: 842 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: CORRECTION: Web site on phytoplankton and microscopes
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
Message-ID: <DHGHvF.Hz@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
Organization: uva
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 1995 07:23:39 GMT
Lines: 27

I see that I stupidly posted the following last night, and then 
did not give the address of the web site. It is

http://www.comet.net/gek

Sorry.

I have finally put up our web site on phytoplankton and 
microscopes. Visitors, and their comments would be greatly 
appreciated. 

This is a commercial site, in that we are selling high quality 
Russian microscopes at very low prices. However, if that is not 
of interest to you, the phytoplankton stuff comes up first, with 
some very nice images of diatoms and dinoflagellates. You can 
skip the microscope stuff if you wish. However, we do have a 
pamphlet describing scopes and what to look for when buying one, 
not just our catalog and sales pitch. 

Mahlon Kelly,

GEK, Inc.

-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From njclark@acs1.acs.ucalgary.ca Sat Nov  4 20:16:26 EST 1995
Article: 843 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!genmagic!sgigate.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!lll-winken.llnl.gov!decwrl!tribune.usask.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news.ucalgary.ca!acs1.acs.ucalgary.ca!njclark
From: njclark@acs1.acs.ucalgary.ca (Nathan John Clark)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Catharadin
Date: 3 Nov 1995 03:27:00 GMT
Organization: The University of Calgary
Lines: 2
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X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

If you have heard of this compound and have information on it i
would love to hear back from you. Thanks for your help.


From sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk Sat Nov  4 20:16:29 EST 1995
Article: 844 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!mail2news.demon.co.uk!zenecabp.demon.co.uk
From: Stephen J Bungard <sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maythorn?
Date: Fri, 03 Nov 95 15:57:59 GMT
Organization: ZENECA Specialties
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <815414279snz@zenecabp.demon.co.uk>
References: <Pine.OSF.3.91.951101094432.9546H-100000@aurora.alaska.edu>
Reply-To: sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk
X-NNTP-Posting-Host: zenecabp.demon.co.uk
X-Newsreader: Demon Internet Simple News v1.29

In article <Pine.OSF.3.91.951101094432.9546H-100000@aurora.alaska.edu>
           fspr@aurora.alaska.edu "Amanda Stossel" writes:

> 
> someone over in alt.folklore.herbs is trying to find out what "maythorn" 
> is.  everyone is coming up with related common names (i.e. mayweed, 
> mayapple, etc) but no one seems to know WHAT it accually is.  if anyone 
> knows, and has the latin name, I'd appreciate it.  None of my Bot books 
> have it.
> 
Only a guess but here we call Crataegus monogyna both May and Hawthorn...
	
-- 
Stephen J Bungard      aka  sbungard@zenecabp.demon.co.uk       |   DO NOT   |
 If there are opinions in the above, they are mine, all mine..  |THROW STONES|
 .. unless, of course, they are yours...or someone else's...    |  AT THIS   |
            Also available in the North Ebudes.                 |   NOTICE   |


From voting@f10.facts.uky.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:30 EST 1995
Article: 845 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!uunet!bounce-back
From: Kenneth Herron <votetaker@f10.facts.uky.edu>
Newsgroups: news.announce.newgroups,news.groups,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.misc,sci.engr.civil,sci.geo.geology,sci.geo.hydrology,sci.geo.meteorology,sci.geo.oceanography
Subject: 2nd CFV: sci.geo.rivers+lakes
Supersedes: <12429.10078.431536@uunet.uu.net>
Followup-To: poster
Date: 3 Nov 1995 22:09:59 -0000
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Archive-Name: sci.geo.rivers+lakes
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                      LAST CALL FOR VOTES (of 2)
                unmoderated group sci.geo.rivers+lakes

Newsgroups line:
sci.geo.rivers+lakes	Science of rivers and lakes.

Votes must be received by 23:59:59 UTC, 14 Nov 1995.

This vote is being conducted by a neutral third party.  Questions about
this proposal should be directed to the proponent.

Proponent: Jeffrey Trust <jtrust@csun.edu>
Mentor:    Ilana Stern <ilana@niwot.scd.ucar.edu>
Votetaker: Kenneth Herron <votetaker@f10.facts.uky.edu>


RATIONALE: sci.geo.rivers+lakes

Studies of rivers and lakes involve many fields of study- work in this
field is done by fish biologists, civil engineers, geologists,
hydrologists, foresters, and many others.  It is desirable for those
involved in river and lacustrine studies to have an efficient and
informal way to discuss issues relating to rivers and lakes.  Other
relevant Usenet newsgroups include sci.geo.hydrology, sci.bio.ecology,
and sci.engr.civil.  It is, in part, the purpose of this proposed
newsgroup to provide an interdisciplinary discussion of river and lake
issues that is frequently absent from each of these newsgroups.
Discussion of rivers and lakes takes place in each of the three
newsgroups listed above, but the discussion in each group often focuses
only on those aspects of river and lake studies relevant to that
particular group.

The sci.geo.* hierarchy was chosen because it includes many Earth
science-related groups, not just those of geologic interest.  The scope
of this newsgroup is intended to be interdisciplinary, and the sci.geo.*
hierarchy is the best choice (short of creating a new sci.* hierarchy).


CHARTER: sci.geo.rivers+lakes

sci.geo.rivers+lakes is an unmoderated Usenet newsgroup for the
discussion of the geology, biology, and other aspects of the scientific
study of rivers, lakes, and other inland freshwater bodies.  This
newsgroup will serve as a place for members of the scientific community,
and others interested, to discuss:  1) the geologic processes related to
rivers and lakes, 2) climatology, as it is related to rivers and lakes,
to include such topics as water supply and flooding, 3) biologic issues,
as they relate to rivers and lakes, to include such topics as wildlife,
forest, and human ecology, 4) engineering issues, as related to rivers
and lakes, to include such topics as the effects of human modification
(e.g., dams, revetments, and channelization), 6) drainage basin
management, to include such topics as stream, estuary, and wetlands
protection and restoration, and 7) other topics not mentioned above, but
that have scientific relevance to rivers, lakes, and other inland
freshwater bodies.

END CHARTER.


HOW TO VOTE

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VOTING PROCEDURE NOTES:

Standard Guidelines for voting apply.  One person, one vote.  Votes must
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doubt, ask the votetaker.

sci.geo.rivers+lakes Acknowledgement Bounce List
No need to revote
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chauncey@usgs.gov                                          Chauncey W. Anderson
mmartini@usgs.gov                                               Marinna Martini

Invalid ballots
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/home/manly/waters@manly.civeng.unsw.EDU.AU
    ! Invalid address
tblake@tibalt.supernet.ab.ca                                         Tony Blake
    ! No vote statement in message
ssinha@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu                                             S. Sinha
    ! No vote statement in message
schroder@usgs.gov             LeRoy J Schroder II, Supv Hydrologist, Denver, CO
    ! No vote statement in message


From heiderc@bcc.orst.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:30 EST 1995
Article: 846 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!gt-news!gatech2!sdd.hp.com!swrinde!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.dacom.co.kr!news.uoregon.edu!news.orst.edu!ava.bcc.orst.edu!heiderc
From: Chris Heider <heiderc@bcc.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.general,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Re: Wood Worms?
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 1995 13:45:26 -0800
Organization: University Computing Services - Oregon State University
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.3.91.951103134338.27313C-100000@ava.bcc.orst.edu>
References: <471inm$7s5@stingray.ssnet.com>
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.general:17176 sci.bio.botany:846 sci.bio.ecology:15736

I know there is a thing in the Amazon called a "grub" that lives in rotting 
palm wood...Delicious!  

I wouldn't worry about it.

On Mon, 30 Oct 1995, John Skilton wrote:

> I just noticed some little creatures living in my firewood pile.  They look
> like tiny worms - no more than 1/2 inch in length - and they've bored little
> holes in the pieces of wood.  Someone told me they may be "wood worms", but
> I've never heard of such a thing.
> 
> Does anyone know anything about the existence of wood worms?  Is there a
> product on the market that will kill them without making my firewood toxic
> when it burns?  Will the upcoming cold weather and frost kill them?  Any
> insights would be appreciated.
> 
> 
> 
>  J O H N   S K I L T O N                     Bear, Delaware
> ===========================================================
> E-Mail:                                   skilton@ssnet.com
> Personal WWW:        http://www.ssnet.com/~skilton/jms.html
> Baseball Links: http://www.ssnet.com/~skilton/baseball.html
> 
> 
> 


From jseales@aztec.co.za Sat Nov  4 20:16:31 EST 1995
Article: 847 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!quagga.ru.ac.za!ucthpx!iafrica.com!ticsa.com!cstatd.cstat.co.za!aztec.co.za!usenet
From: jseales@aztec.co.za (Julian Eales)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Hydrophytes and Xerophytes ?
Date: Fri, 03 Nov 1995 19:51:52 GMT
Organization: NDS
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <47drs6$jkl@aztec.co.za>
Reply-To: jseales@aztec.co.za
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent v0.46

My daughter has to do a school project about these two topics.  She
desperately needs information, particularly examples (preferably South
African).  I would much appreciate any help.  Please post reply here.

Don.Roos@SouthAfrica.ATTGIS.COM
Don.Roos@SouthAfrica.ATTGIS.COM
P.O. Box 896, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa     Tel (27)(21) 418-4830
                                                FAX (27)(21) 419-1789



From fspr@aurora.alaska.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:32 EST 1995
Article: 848 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!chi-news.cic.net!uwm.edu!lll-winken.llnl.gov!enews.sgi.com!decwrl!news.alaska.edu!aurora.alaska.edu!fspr
From: Amanda Stossel <fspr@aurora.alaska.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: maythorn?
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 1995 09:48:31 -0900
Organization: University of Alaska Computer Network
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Message-ID: <Pine.OSF.3.91.951101094432.9546H-100000@aurora.alaska.edu>
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Mime-Version: 1.0
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hello all,

someone over in alt.folklore.herbs is trying to find out what "maythorn" 
is.  everyone is coming up with related common names (i.e. mayweed, 
mayapple, etc) but no one seems to know WHAT it accually is.  if anyone 
knows, and has the latin name, I'd appreciate it.  None of my Bot books 
have it.

thanks lots...

Mandy


From panek@an.hp.com Sat Nov  4 20:16:33 EST 1995
Article: 849 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!col.hp.com!cello.hpl.hp.com!hplntx!hpscit.sc.hp.com!panek
From: panek@an.hp.com (Jon Panek)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need pointer to ref mat'l or articles
Date: 3 Nov 1995 16:52:15 GMT
Organization: HP Imaging Systems Division
Lines: 33
Message-ID: <47dhbv$2tt@hpscit.sc.hp.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: hpanvi.an.hp.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL1.4]


My wife is working on a term paper and has had great difficulty
finding any articles or books in area libraries which address her
topic.  She is researching two plants, Rhamnus Frangula (Alder
Buckthorn) and Polygonum Cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed) and wants
to discuss the following issues:

  Are there any historic landscapes in which this plant was
     significantly planted?

  How do you eliminate this plant from a forest when it escapes?

  What habitat does this plant prefer?

  How common is this plant in Europe, where it is a native?

If you know of any reference materials, articles or books which
might shed light on these questions, could you please tell me?

Thank you very much!

--
Jonathan Panek
Hewlett-Packard Imaging Systems Division
3000 Minuteman Road
Andover, MA     01810
(508) 681-2866

           ==================================================
              Delivered by Electronic Sled dogs......WOOF!
                INTERNET ADDRESS: panek@hpanvi.an.hp.com
           ==================================================



From cgcp@lut.ac.uk Sat Nov  4 20:16:34 EST 1995
Article: 850 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk!lut.ac.uk!cgcp
From: cgcp@lut.ac.uk (C Peppiatt)
Subject: Re: maythorn?
Sender: usenet@lut.ac.uk (Usenet-News)
Message-ID: <DHH9Cp.30o@lut.ac.uk>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 1995 17:17:13 GMT
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: hpc.lut.ac.uk
References: <Pine.OSF.3.91.951101094432.9546H-100000@aurora.alaska.edu>
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X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Lines: 25

Amanda Stossel (fspr@aurora.alaska.edu) wrote:
: hello all,

: someone over in alt.folklore.herbs is trying to find out what "maythorn" 
: is.  everyone is coming up with related common names (i.e. mayweed, 
: mayapple, etc) but no one seems to know WHAT it accually is.  if anyone 
: knows, and has the latin name, I'd appreciate it.  None of my Bot books 
: have it.

: thanks lots...

: Mandy

I don't know about Alaska, but as a Briton the name "maythorn"
immediately makes me think of the hawthorn *Crataegus monogyna*
(a very common tree/tall shrub over here).
Since it usually has its white flowers at the begining
of May,  it is also called the "maytree", or "mayflower",
that's why your "maythorn" sounds so much like it.
We also have a very similar related species here called the 
Midlands Thorn *Crataegus laevigata*.

Regards,

Chris Peppiatt


From ladyhawk@abiogenesis.com Sat Nov  4 20:16:35 EST 1995
Article: 851 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!gt-news!gatech2!sdd.hp.com!svc.portal.com!usenet
From: Abiogenesis Software <ladyhawk@abiogenesis.com>
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology,sci.aquaria,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.misc,sci.cognitive,sci.comp-aided,sci.edu.sci.electronics,sci.lang,sci.materials,sci.med,sci.misc,sci.philosophy,sci.physics,sci.psychology.misc,sci.research
Subject: Call for Beta Testers (Reference Authors)
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 1995 14:07:18 -0800 (PST)
Organization: Portal Communications (service)
Lines: 50
Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.3.90.951103134558.9095E-100000@jobe.shell.portal.com>
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.anthropology:19149 sci.aquaria:17933 sci.bio.botany:851 sci.bio.misc:1069 sci.cognitive:10145 sci.comp-aided:1101 sci.lang:37453 sci.materials:13503 sci.med:131326 sci.misc:10955 sci.philosophy:151 sci.physics:135819 sci.psychology.misc:2146 sci.research:9350


Product to be Tested

Mac-based software for transforming ASCII or RTF reference materials 
(primarily dictionaries and biographies) into microcomputer dictionaries.

Qualifications Sought

  - good computer literacy required
  - previous beta testing experience preferred
  - access to macintosh computer (preferably color) with word processor
    or text editor
  - previous reference development experience (priority will be
    given to testers who have authored print or online  dictionaries, but
    we may fill a couple of slots to good applicants who have not
    done this)
  - ability to provide verbose, articulate feedback
  - email contact address

How to Apply

Send email to betatest@abiogenesis.com including:

     1.  name & email address
     2.  phone number
     3.  previous reference publications (if applicable)
     4.  statement of why you are interested in beta testing
     5.  previous testing experience, if applicable
     6.  statement of approx. how much time you can devote to
         testing
     7.  estimate of how often you are able to provide feedback

Beta testing does not include any monetary compensation, however you will 
receive free copies of the software, and, if you author materials to 
accompany the software, you have the option of self-publishing, 
publishing through a publisher of your choice, or approaching us about 
publishing your materials - in other words, you may be able to make some 
money selling anything you produce in the process of beta testing, at 
your discretion.  For more information, contact betatest@abiogenesis.com.

J. Petersen  <jpetersen@abiogenesis.com>

   /| /_ '__ __ _  __ _ _  ' _ tm                           
  /-|/_///_//_//_ / //_ \ / \      _________________________________
 ____  ___  _/                                                       
\\   \/   \   The opinions expressed here are my own, and do not neces-
 \\   \    \   sarily represent the opinions of Abiogenesis Software.  
  \\   \    \   Abiogenesis provides tools for creating professional   
   \\___\____\   level digital reference books.<info@abiogenesis.com>



From heiderc@bcc.orst.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:36 EST 1995
Article: 852 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris Heider <heiderc@bcc.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about ethnobotany
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 1995 13:50:47 -0800
Organization: University Computing Services - Oregon State University
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You all should check out the article about Moi and the Waorani (Haorani) 
peoples in the Ecuadorian Amazon...New Yorker mag, sometime in 93 or 
94...Cover story.

Rumimaki



On Wed, 1 Nov 1995, Steven Casper wrote:

> In article <Pine.PMDF.3.91.951030161433.22998B-100000@axe.humboldt.edu>,
> Tamara Gedik <tg2@axe.humboldt.edu> wrote:
> 
> > Which issue of Sci. American did you see the article in?  I'm interested 
> > in ethnobotany as well, and would be curious to see what they had to say 
> > of it.  To answer your question, there are some excellent books on the 
> > subject... Schultes (ret'd) has many books on the subject, all at 
> > different levels, and is probably one of the top ethnobotanists around 
> > right now that I know of. There are a few schools that offer grad work in 
> > this field, but they are few in number, as this is a relatively new 
> > professional field of study (it used to be more of a hobby).  If you're 
> > interested in the schools, I can probably get names for you.  I'd be curious 
> > as to any other info you hear of as well.  Thank you too!
> > 
> > Sincerely,
> > Tamara Gedik
> 
> 
>    Just to toss in a little more information, there is a book recently
> published by Chapman& Hall called "Ethnobotany- Evolution of a
> Discipline"; edited by Schultes and von Reis.  Also, a very interesting
> personal account of this profession can be found in Mark Plotkin's "The
> Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice".  Dr. Plotkin was taught by Richard Evans
> Schultes and now works at Conservation International; an organization with
> admirable ideals.
>    I, too, would be appreciative to know in which issue of Scientific
> American this article was printed.  
>    Salud,
> 
>    Steve
> 
> 


From kjp2@dana.ucc.nau.edu Sat Nov  4 20:16:36 EST 1995
Article: 853 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kjp2@dana.ucc.nau.edu (Kevin James Price)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Question about ethnobotany
Date: 4 Nov 1995 00:45:17 GMT
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Hello,
  One article on Ethnobotany appeared in the June 1994 issue of 
Scientific American.(vol. 270, no.6 pp.82-87) 
Entitled "The Ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery",by Paul A. Cox
and Michael J. Balick. A very interesting read, check it out. 

-- Kevin
--

  " Curious how the universe would seem to be
           more a mystery to be experienced,    
                than a riddle to be solved."


From pnbooth@aol.com Wed Nov  8 09:35:20 EST 1995
Article: 854 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pnbooth@aol.com (PN Booth)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Primula
Date: 4 Nov 1995 00:40:52 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I'm looking for sites with information on Primula.  All leads are welcome.


From bignh@cc.newcastle.edu.au Wed Nov  8 09:35:21 EST 1995
Article: 855 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Greg Harrington <bignh@cc.newcastle.edu.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botanical information & lunar/solar cycles ...
Date: 4 Nov 1995 04:57:27 GMT
Organization: University of Newcastle
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Try the lunar planting calendar available from bookstores like Adyar 
(Sydney City).  There is also supposedly a meteorological jounal, the 
name of which I am not sure, which lists this stuff.

Best of luck,
Greg.




From bignh@cc.newcastle.edu.au Wed Nov  8 09:35:22 EST 1995
Article: 856 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Greg Harrington <bignh@cc.newcastle.edu.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botanical information & lunar/solar cycles ...
Date: 4 Nov 1995 04:57:51 GMT
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Try the lunar planting calendar available from bookstores like Adyar 
(Sydney City).  There is also supposedly a meteorological jounal, the 
name of which I am not sure, which lists this stuff.

Best of luck,
Greg.




From smtc271@uoft02.utoledo.edu Wed Nov  8 09:35:23 EST 1995
Article: 857 of sci.bio.botany
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From: smtc271@uoft02.utoledo.edu
Subject: Sea Turtles
Message-ID: <DHF56E.AF5@utnetw.utoledo.edu>
Keywords: Turtles
Lines: 12
Sender: news@utnetw.utoledo.edu (News Manager)
Organization: University of Toledo
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 1995 03:51:32 GMT

	I have a student who is interested in doing a science project using
sea turtles.  He has assumed that he must order them from a pet store in
Florida.  Does anyone know of an inexpensive supplier of sea turtles?  The 
information would be greatly appreciated.

			Thanks,

			Charley Sweeney, S.J.
			Smtc271@uoft02.utoledo.edu 





From mbleeker@euronet.nl Wed Nov  8 09:35:24 EST 1995
Article: 858 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maythorn?
Date: Sat, 4 Nov 1995 23:01:23
Organization: Euronet Internet
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>I don't know about Alaska, but as a Briton the name "maythorn"
>immediately makes me think of the hawthorn *Crataegus monogyna*

Ah! Poetry did it again!

In Holland we call Crataegus monogyna.... Meidoorn. Maythorn that is: not 
Mayflower, not Maytree, but Maythorn.

I saw it in Ireland "behave" like a savanna tree or shrub: standing solitary 
(scattered) in the field, the only larger plant left alone by the goats - 
because of the thorns no doubt.

Bye, Marco


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
>-------------<Plants, Programs, Primitive creatures>------------------<
<Marco Bleeker>------------<nl-en-de-fr>------------<Amsterdam, Holland>


From jdderosa@ix.netcom.com Wed Nov  8 09:35:25 EST 1995
Article: 859 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jdderosa@ix.netcom.com (James DeRosa )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: looking for a book
Date: 5 Nov 1995 05:49:54 GMT
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I would like to purchase a copy of the 1937 USDA YEARBOOK OF
AGRICULTURE. Any readable copy is acceptable. Any one have a copy they
would part with? Please state condition and price (postpaid).
Thanks,
Jim D



From mbleeker@euronet.nl Wed Nov  8 09:35:28 EST 1995
Article: 860 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help w. terminology translation
Date: Sun, 5 Nov 1995 15:48:45
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   Hi,
   I am in need of a Dutch-English botany/ecology dictionary, but I don't think it exists. 
Some of the most simple notions elude me, perhaps you can help me here with a few
of them. I'll give the Dutch word and a description of it's meaning.

[] natuurliefhebber
      "Nature lover" sounds a bit profane to me. "Naturalist" - aren't those the people 
      who walk naked :-) ?

[] natuurgebied
      An area of free nature. As opposed to cultivated land or urbanised areas. 
     "nature reservation" comes close, only it does not have to be reserved to always
     stay nature. 

[] opname
     The dictionary says "record" or "recording". But I am looking for a specific ecology 
     meaning. It is the basic unit when you study a certain vegetation. For instance the 
     square meter of a grassland. You count all the species in it, and process lots of 
     those square meters ('opnames') statistically to be able to say something about 
     that grassland.
     
[] vindplaats
      "Finding place", as opposed to and often used in conjunction with the next one 
      ('standplaats'). 'Vindplaats' is the human-centered point of view, the place on the 
      map, in coordinates or "5 km south-east of ...."

[] standplaats
      "Habitat" I think, but is there an other word?  This is the point of view from the 
      species: vegetation type, exposition, climate, soil, altitude above sealevel, etc.

[] vegetatiekunde
      The knowledge and study of vegetations. Just like "botany" or "ecology": is there 
      something like "vegetationy" :-) ?

Well, hmmm. Now you know just how ignorant I am...  Anyway, I knew this before you 
did, so what the ... :-).  Any help will be appreciated. Since I am in Europe, I am also 
interested what those words would be in French and German...

Thanks in advance, bye, Marco


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
>-------------<Plants, Programs, Primitive creatures>------------------<
<Marco Bleeker>------------<nl-en-de-fr>------------<Amsterdam, Holland>


From Rik.Palmans@ping.be Wed Nov  8 09:35:29 EST 1995
Article: 861 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Rik.Palmans@ping.be (Rik Palmans)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maythorn?
Date: 5 Nov 1995 15:16:57 GMT
Organization: Provinciale School Voeren
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Amanda Stossel:
What is MAYTHORN?

In Dutch, the common name for diverse Crataegus species is 'meidoorn'.
Translated in English it means 'maythorn'.

Rik Palmans, Voeren (Belgium)

Rik Palmans (Rik.Palmans@ping.be)
Provinciale Secundaire School
Berneauweg 163e, 378 's-Gravenvoeren (Belgium)


From isaac@maggie.cs.mcgill.ca Wed Nov  8 09:35:30 EST 1995
Article: 862 of sci.bio.botany
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From: isaac@maggie.cs.mcgill.ca (Isaac Adams MURCHIE)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maythorn?
Date: 5 Nov 1995 15:06:08 GMT
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Amanda Stossel (fspr@aurora.alaska.edu) wrote:
> hello all,

> someone over in alt.folklore.herbs is trying to find out what "maythorn" 
> is.  everyone is coming up with related common names (i.e. mayweed, 
> mayapple, etc) but no one seems to know WHAT it accually is.  if anyone 
> knows, and has the latin name, I'd appreciate it.  None of my Bot books 
> have it.

> thanks lots...

> Mandy

if may-apple is really a synonym for it then according to Gleason
and Cronquist (_Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United
States and Adjacent Canada_), the species is Podophylum peltatum L.
in the berberidaceae. also called the mandrake.

isaac.


From jhansen@snowcrest.net Wed Nov  8 09:35:31 EST 1995
Article: 863 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jhansen@snowcrest.net (John Hansen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Request for Scientific Data Bases locations
Date: 5 Nov 1995 16:31:49 GMT
Organization: SnowCrest Net
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I am a physics/physical science teacher and would like to create a final
exam that involves the Internet.  Specifically, I would like to be able to
find numerous scientific data bases that have been posted on the Net.  For
example, I found a data base that involved ice core drilling from Vostok
Antarctica last year.  I had my physics class graph one of the data bases
and we ended up having a picture of the climate of Earth over the last
160,000 years.  From the data we saw patterns of temperature rise and fall
over this time period.  
Using the data  found on the net I would assign students to find the data
base, download the data base and graph the data.  After this was done I
would have the student work backwards to establish a suitable hypothesis
based upon any patterns that emerged from the data.  Eventually the
students would work backwards still and do the necessary background
research to support their stated hypothesis.   This entire exercise would
be a wonderful way to have the students prove their abilities to take
data, make sense of the data and do research.  
What I am asking from you is any places on the net where I can bookmark to
find actual, real, scientific data.   I am not picky as long as the data
was collected by scientists doing research.  If you can help would you
please send to me the location (URL address) on the net of where I can
find the data.  If you aren't exactly sure of the address perhaps you can
at least point me in the general direction and I will find the data base
>from  there.  
I appreciate your time and assistance.  Thank you.
John Hansen,    jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us or jhansen@snowcrest.net


From dagger@usa1.com Wed Nov  8 09:35:32 EST 1995
Article: 864 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dagger@usa1.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: japanese bamboo
Date: 5 Nov 1995 22:31:37 GMT
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looking for ways to get rid of the hideous looking plant have 
been able to find ways of growing it but nothing on { getting 
rid of the blasted plant}



From p.vangardingen@ed.ac.uk Wed Nov  8 09:35:32 EST 1995
Article: 865 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Paul van Gardingen <p.vangardingen@ed.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Wanted: Info on vegetation near HOT SPRINGS
Date: 6 Nov 1995 12:53:56 GMT
Organization: Edinburgh University
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gregory@ldgo.columbia.edu (kate gregory) wrote:
>
>	I am studying a fossil angiosperm flora which was preserved 
>in a carbonate hot spring deposit, with the goal of reconstructing 
>the paleoclimate.  However, I am concerned that the 
>microenvironment immediately adjacent to the spring might have 
>been quite different than the surrounding area.  
>	Does anyone know of any research on hot spring-associated 
>vegetation?  I have checked Biosys, but no luck.
>
>Thanks very much for the help,
>Kate Gregory
>
>


There have been a number of recent studies on vegetation near hot or mineral 
springs.  Recent interest has been generated from the observation that such springs 
are usually associated with enhanced atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.  A number 
of sites have been investigated mainly looking at the effects of long-term exposure 
to enhanced CO2.
The high CO2 levels are often associated with pollutants such as SO2 and H2S.  These 
are phytotoxic and influence vegetation processes. The vegetation near mineral 
springs can be quite different from that growing nearby away from the spring.  
Differences include species composition, morphological characteristics and perhaps 
genetics.

There was a conference held on this topic in Italy last year organised by the 
British Ecological Society and Society for Experimental Biology.  The papers are 
being edited and will be published by Cambridge Univ. Press in 1996.

There are a number of other papers already in the literature.


Paul van Gardingen
The University of Edinburgh









From Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov Wed Nov  8 09:35:34 EST 1995
Article: 866 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov (Sean Furniss)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sea Turtles
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 1995 08:39:45 -0500
Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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In article <DHF56E.AF5@utnetw.utoledo.edu>, smtc271@uoft02.utoledo.edu wrote:

>         I have a student who is interested in doing a science project using
> sea turtles.  He has assumed that he must order them from a pet store in
> Florida.  Does anyone know of an inexpensive supplier of sea turtles?  The 
> information would be greatly appreciated.

Sea turtles are protected under the Endangered Species Act. They are not
legally for sale any where in the United States. Research on or possession
of sea turtles is prohibited except by permit. Your student probably needs
to work on some other species.

-- 
Sean Furniss
Refuge Program Specialist
Division of Refuges
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Department of the Interior

Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov
(703) 358-2043
Division of Refuges, MS 670 ARLSQ
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4401 North Fairfax Drive
Arlington, VA 22203

<a href="http://bluegoose.arw.r9.fws.gov/">National Wildlife Refuge System</a>

***********************************************************

The opinions expressed are those of the writer and not those of the Fish and Wildlife Service nor the Department of the Interior
___________________________________________________________

Information on Service data servers (including WAIS, WWW, etc.) can be retrieved from the Service Library Server. Send a message to R9IRMLIB@mail.fws.gov with SEND HELP as the subject (no text in the body of the message) for instructions and an index.


From SPLIMC@leeds.ac.uk Wed Nov  8 09:35:35 EST 1995
Article: 867 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.agroforestry,sci.bio.botany
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From: SPLIMC@leeds.ac.uk (I.M. Carter)
Subject: Re: Question on Moringa oleifera
Keywords: Moringa oleifera
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.agroforestry:2133 sci.bio.botany:867

Dear Neils

Footsteps newsletter has a two page article about Moringa giving details of 
how to use it at grassroots level.  If you send your address I will send a 
copy (Footsteps is not yet available on Email). It also has the address of 
researchers in UK. My E mail address is imc@tearfund.dircon.co.uk.

Isabel Carter
Editor of Footsteps


I


From rdennis@beothuk.swgc.mun.ca Wed Nov  8 09:35:36 EST 1995
Article: 868 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rdennis@beothuk.swgc.mun.ca (Richard Dennis)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: plants and cfc's
Date: 6 Nov 1995 14:37:09 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
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I've heard there are 9 or so plants which produce cfc's, can anyone tell 
me which ones they are?
								Thanks
				  				 rdennis



From isaac@maggie.cs.mcgill.ca Wed Nov  8 09:35:36 EST 1995
Article: 869 of sci.bio.botany
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From: isaac@maggie.cs.mcgill.ca (Isaac Adams MURCHIE)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maythorn?
Date: 6 Nov 1995 14:55:24 GMT
Organization: School of Computer Science, McGill U, Montreal
Lines: 20
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Amanda Stossel (fspr@aurora.alaska.edu) wrote:
> hello all,

> someone over in alt.folklore.herbs is trying to find out what "maythorn" 
> is.  everyone is coming up with related common names (i.e. mayweed, 
> mayapple, etc) but no one seems to know WHAT it accually is.  if anyone 
> knows, and has the latin name, I'd appreciate it.  None of my Bot books 
> have it.

> thanks lots...

> Mandy

another thought i had last night... craetegus monogyna is not very 
hardy even here in montreal where the weather is quite a bit warmer
than in alaska, so i don't think that is what it is. a few years ago 
6 were planted and this summer i saw that only 3 were still alive.
two of the three which died did so this year.

bye. isaac.


From critual@aol.com Wed Nov  8 09:35:37 EST 1995
Article: 870 of sci.bio.botany
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From: critual@aol.com (CRitual)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Science By Mail Volunteer Scientists Needed
Date: 6 Nov 1995 16:49:01 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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SCIENCE-BY-MAIL PROGRAM SEEKING VOLUNTEER SCIENTISTS

Science-By-Mail is a pen-pal program from the Museum of Science in Boston,
Massachusetts that teams scientists with children in grades 4 through  9. 
  Due to an increase in membership this year we need additional scientists
for the 1995-96 program year.  All of the scientists in our program act as
pen-pal mentors and correspond with up to five groups of 1-4 children or
with one classroom of seven groups of 1-4 children.  We mail out two
activity packets per year (once in December and once in March) for you to
review, and then correspond with your pen-pals about the activities in the
packets.  

The commitment requires approximately 20 hours per program year (November
through June).  Our topics this year are the Science of Sports and
Planetary Science.  Volunteers do not need to be experts in the fields of
the topics, we provide information on each topic to the scientists, for
each activity.  

In order to be a Volunteer Scientist you need to have a bachelors degree
in a science or technology related field.  You also need to have the
desire to inspire scientific curiosity in children.

If you are interested in volunteering for Science-By-Mail please call
1-800-729 3300 or 617-589-0437 and ask for Melissa Cotter or Monica
Parker.  If you get our voice mail just leave your name, phone number and
fax number and we will send you information right away. Thank you in
advance for your help!


From brit@access.mountain.net Wed Nov  8 09:35:39 EST 1995
Article: 871 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brit@access.mountain.net (Chris Britton)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ankistrodesmus and Selenastrum
Date: Tue, 07 Nov 1995 00:11:13 GMT
Organization: MountainNet, Inc. Morgantown WV 800.444.1458
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   I am looking for information on these two species of green algae.
Basically all I need is general information, nothing real specific. I
need the info for a lab report about competition between the two
species. If you could email me with any internet sites that have this
information, or can provide me with some info I'd really appreciate
it. Thanks in advance.
					Chris






From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Wed Nov  8 09:35:40 EST 1995
Article: 872 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: Metal Toxicity and Plants
Message-ID: <DHnxpM.Koy@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <Pine.OSF.3.91.951029214145.5726A-100000@osfa.aber.ac.uk>
Date: Tue, 7 Nov 1995 07:48:57 GMT
Lines: 24

James Cracknell <jgc3@aber.ac.uk> writes:

>I am conducting a literature research into Toxic Metals in Plants - If 
>anyone can offer me any help eg. references - Sources on the Net etc - 
>I'd be extremley grateful.

Can't offer much in the way of refs, but I did just happen to see
a news-type article in _Science_ (Vol. 269, No. 5222, 21 Jul 95) by one
Anne Simon Moffat, "Plants proving their worth in toxic metal cleanup".
(Pp. 302-303.)

The thing that really got to me was the photo of "_Arabidopsis_ plants
[that] carry a bacterial gene that enables them to grow on a mercuric
chloride solution"!  Anything that can grow on corrosive sublimate
deserves respect.  :-) 


Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From jclp100@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk Wed Nov  8 09:35:41 EST 1995
Article: 873 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeremy Packer <jclp100@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maythorn?
Date: 7 Nov 1995 09:39:23 GMT
Organization: biochemistry department, Cambridge University
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <47n9gb$g@lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk>
References: <Pine.OSF.3.91.951101094432.9546H-100000@aurora.alaska.edu> <47l7ks$rm7@lisa.cs.mcgill.ca>
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I've checked the original post, and they seemed to think the name had a 
uk origin. That being the case the plant is almost certainly C. 
monogyna. One of its common names is Mayflower, and it is very thorny!

Jeremy




From chan@pointcom.com Wed Nov  8 09:35:42 EST 1995
Article: 874 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "T.C." <chan@pointcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Top Biology & Botany Related Sites
Date: 7 Nov 1995 15:05:33 GMT
Organization: Point Communications
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Dear Friends:

We¹d like to invite you to check out our reviews of Biology & 
Botany-related sites.  Point reviews and rates thousands of the very 
best sites on the Web, including sites in this area of interest.

There¹s no charge and no catch.  We hope our lively, independent reviews 
will prove valuable to members of newsgroups like this one.  We hope 
you¹ll stop by at http://www.pointcom.com.  Thanks for your time.

The sites are rated from 0-50, in: Content, Presentation and 
Experience(sorted).

The Mouse and Rat Research Home Page	42	30	45
Global Entomology Agriculture Research Server: GEARS	45	43	45
Whole Frog Project	44	32	40
Chez Marco Thuispagina	45	40	40
CELLS alive!	42	40	40
Arachnology	40	25	38
Irises	39	28	37
Hydroponics, Hydroponics, Hydroponics!	34	30	35
The A.S.U. Photosynthesis Center	38	32	34
Virology World Wide Web Server	41	30	33




From rswhitaker@pplant.ucdavis.edu Wed Nov  8 09:35:43 EST 1995
Article: 875 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rswhitaker@pplant.ucdavis.edu (Robert Whitaker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sea Turtles
Date: 6 Nov 1995 22:43:05 GMT
Organization: UCD
Lines: 12
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Keywords: Turtles
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>        I have a student who is interested in doing a science project using
>sea turtles.  He has assumed that he must order them from a pet store in
>Florida.  Does anyone know of an inexpensive supplier of sea turtles?  The 
>information would be greatly appreciated.

You must be kidding! You cannot legally buy sea turtles anywhere in the U.S. I 
suggest your student change to something a little easier to obtain. . . like 
bald eagles :)

							-RSW



From rlprice@ka.reg.uci.edu Tue Jan 16 11:30:45 EST 1996
Article: 1244 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rlprice@ka.reg.uci.edu (Ray Price)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help finding bulb
Date: 11 Jan 1996 01:04:02 GMT
Organization: University of California, Irvine
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NNTP-Posting-Host: ka.reg.uci.edu

Does anybody know where I can purchase Gethyllis bulbs?

Ray Price



From pcdejeu@knoware.nl Tue Jan 16 11:30:46 EST 1996
Article: 1245 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pcdejeu@knoware.nl (P.C. de Jeu)
Newsgroups: alt.business,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tropical medical plants
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 1996 15:21:45 GMT
Organization: Knoware Internet
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu alt.business:34611 bionet.biology.tropical:1235 bionet.plants:9490 sci.bio.botany:1245

Can anybody help me to find the name and address of companies in
Europe which use tropical medical plants as rough material for their
products ?

By tropical medical plants I mean plants which can not grow in Europe
during the summer, but plants which have to be imported from countries
with a tropical climate.

Please answer by Email: pcdejeu@knoware.nl

Thanks,

Peter de Jeu
The Netherlands



From 36GWXXJ@cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu Tue Jan 16 11:30:47 EST 1996
Article: 1246 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mary Ann Clifford <36GWXXJ@cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Extracting Chlorophyll ?s
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 1996 15:12:09 EST
Organization: Central Michigan University
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <96011.15120936GWXXJ@cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu
Disclaimer: Author bears full responsibility for this post

Looking for cheap and simple procedure for extracting chlorophyll from plant
material.  Need to be able to separate from solvent used so that a non-toxic
mixture of chlorophyll and fixed oil can be made.
 
Thanks for any suggestions and/or directions.


From wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov Tue Jan 16 11:30:48 EST 1996
Article: 1247 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov (Willaim H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Someone please explain this?!
Date: 12 Jan 1996 03:46:48 GMT
Organization: Terrestrial Ecology, EESC, Battelle PNL
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <wh_reid-1101961946480001@wh_reid.pnl.gov>
References: <4d3kbt$42t@axe.netdoor.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: wh_reid.pnl.gov

In article <4d3kbt$42t@axe.netdoor.com>, hboswell@netdoor.com (Harry
Boswell) wrote:

> I read this article in my local paper - the article is datelined Stockton, CA.
> I'll leave out the girl's name:
> 
> "{16-year-old girl} will breathe more comfortably this holiday season now that
> a one-inch sprig of fir tree is gone from her right lung.
>   And the 16-year-old won't inhale too deeply around CHristmas trees.  Her
> family thinks she inhaled the bit of Yule cheer as a toddler."
> 
> The aricle goes on to say that as toddler, she suffered a choking fit near
> the family's Christmas tree, and during the 15 years since she suffered from
> shortness of breath, coughing fits, and bad breath.  Last year, she went to
> see Dr. Isam Felahy, who examined her expecting to find a birth defect.
> Instead, he found the fir sprig and removed it.  Now, here's what I don't
> understand - the sprig was still green!  How did it stay green for 15 years?
> Sure it had a moist environment, but shouldn't it have needed light?
> 
> --
> Harry Boswell                 hboswell@netdoor.com  
> Home Page:  http://www2.netdoor.com/~hboswell

She spent a lot of time on the beach at Bimini I was told. Any kid with a
flashlight knows light will penetrate flesh a little. Do you suppose it
had growth rings?
Bill Reid


From wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov Tue Jan 16 11:30:48 EST 1996
Article: 1248 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov (Willaim H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Extracting Chlorophyll ?s
Date: 12 Jan 1996 03:49:35 GMT
Organization: Terrestrial Ecology, EESC, Battelle PNL
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <wh_reid-1101961949360001@wh_reid.pnl.gov>
References: <96011.15120936GWXXJ@cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: wh_reid.pnl.gov

In article <96011.15120936GWXXJ@cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu>, Mary Ann Clifford
<36GWXXJ@cmuvm.csv.cmich.edu> wrote:

> Looking for cheap and simple procedure for extracting chlorophyll from plant
> material.  Need to be able to separate from solvent used so that a non-toxic
> mixture of chlorophyll and fixed oil can be made.
>  
> Thanks for any suggestions and/or directions.

Suggest you extract in ethyl alcohol, then dehydrate. Be cautious: you
will get more than the chlorophyll. Use only fully edible plants if you're
planning 
to consume the stuff.


From darren@wsu.edu Tue Jan 16 11:30:49 EST 1996
Article: 1249 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!netnews.nwnet.net!serval.net.wsu.edu!news
From: Darren Strenge <darren@wsu.edu>
Subject: Re: Help with Chromosome counts
Sender: news@serval.net.wsu.edu (News)
Message-ID: <DL1zJ8.Gss@serval.net.wsu.edu>
Date: Fri, 12 Jan 1996 05:35:31 GMT
To: J.Holman@botany.uq.edu.au
X-Url: news:4chogi$fcq@dingo.cc.uq.oz.au
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
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Organization: WA St. Univ.,  Dept. Genetics
Lines: 32

James Holman <J.Holman@botany.uq.edu.au> wrote:

>Hi everyone,
>I currently trying to carry out chromosome counts on Senna (small shrub) 
>but have encountered problems.  I am doing root tip squashes.  One 
>problem is that the roots are very fibrous and thin thus causing it to be 
>difficult to macerate.
>The method I have employed entails
>1.  Put root tip in colchicine for 3 hrs.
>2.  Put in acetic alcohol for 24 hrs to fix.
>3.  Add drop of actic acid and macerate.  Subject to low heat (stew).
>4.  Add drop of aceto orcin and further macerate. Subject to low heat    
>5.  Blot off aceto orcin and replace with actic acid.
>6.  Squash the root tip under the coverslip.
>
>This has presently yeilded no results.  I am considering trying young 
>leaf material.
>I would greatly appreciate any suggestions (ie ideas, new methods.) that 
>may aid in my search for these chromosomes.
>
>Thanks for your help 
>Cheers
>James Holman.
>

Hello,
	I'm no expert in chromosome counts, but in a graduate systematics course I took a few years back, we did karyotypes on Lilium and s=
ome fern.  We treated the root tips with a cellulase to break down the cell walls, leaving just the protoplasts.  There is a referen=
ce for this procedure, but unfortunately I do not remember what it was.  I do believe that this particular cellulase is called "glus=
ulase" (spelling?) and is produced by some gastropod.  I hope this may be of some help to you.
-- Darren Strenge.



From eacorbe@rs6000.cmp.ilstu.edu Tue Jan 16 11:30:50 EST 1996
Article: 1250 of sci.bio.botany
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From: eacorbe@rs6000.cmp.ilstu.edu (Erica A. Corbett)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Use of Ecotypes
Date: 11 Jan 1996 17:30:29 GMT
Organization: Illinois State University
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <4d3hfl$oe9@thor.cmp.ilstu.edu>
References: <25500.slztt@cc.usu.edu>
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Javad Torabinejad (slztt@cc.usu.edu) wrote:
: I'd like to know the benefits and the ill effects of using different
: ecotypes of the same species in management plans. Your reply is very much
: appreciated.
:
: J. Torabinejad
:

Well, I'm not as much an expert as some who will reply, but I can
think of one advantage and one disadvantage right off the top of
my head.

The advantage is that there is increased genetic diversity and possibly
better adaptive capacity.

But, a big disadvantage is that there could be "outbreeding depression" -
if the plants from different ecotypes cross, coadapted gene
complexes could get broken up and decrease fitness.

Like I said, I'm not an expert on plant conservation genetics,
just a Plant Ecology grad student who's looked into it a little.

Erica Corbett


From hboswell@netdoor.com Tue Jan 16 11:30:51 EST 1996
Article: 1251 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hboswell@netdoor.com (Harry Boswell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Someone please explain this?!
Date: 11 Jan 1996 18:19:41 GMT
Organization: Internet Doorway, Inc.
Lines: 19
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I read this article in my local paper - the article is datelined Stockton, CA.
I'll leave out the girl's name:

"{16-year-old girl} will breathe more comfortably this holiday season now that
a one-inch sprig of fir tree is gone from her right lung.
  And the 16-year-old won't inhale too deeply around CHristmas trees.  Her
family thinks she inhaled the bit of Yule cheer as a toddler."

The aricle goes on to say that as toddler, she suffered a choking fit near
the family's Christmas tree, and during the 15 years since she suffered from
shortness of breath, coughing fits, and bad breath.  Last year, she went to
see Dr. Isam Felahy, who examined her expecting to find a birth defect.
Instead, he found the fir sprig and removed it.  Now, here's what I don't
understand - the sprig was still green!  How did it stay green for 15 years?
Sure it had a moist environment, but shouldn't it have needed light?

--
Harry Boswell                 hboswell@netdoor.com  
Home Page:  http://www2.netdoor.com/~hboswell


From otterbrook@aol.com Tue Jan 16 11:30:52 EST 1996
Article: 1252 of sci.bio.botany
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From: otterbrook@aol.com (Otterbrook)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: <ad>botany & forestry books FS
Date: 12 Jan 1996 02:58:57 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 7
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
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Reply-To: otterbrook@aol.com (Otterbrook)
NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com

I have nearly 200 used, out-of-print & rare books for sale.  They all deal
with some aspect of forestry and botany.  This is a new & major revision
of my earlier catalog & includes about 80 additional titles, and reduced
prices on most of the unsold titles from the first list.
The list is in Text format, and downloads in less than a minute.  Complete
ordering instructions, and ID info about me are included.  If you are
interested, Email for a copy to:  <otterbrook@aol.com>


From woodlab@u.washington.edu Tue Jan 16 11:30:52 EST 1996
Article: 1253 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news.u.washington.edu!root
From: Steve Shook <woodlab@u.washington.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ***** Forest Products WWW Page *****
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 1996 16:57:10 -0800
Organization: Center for International Trade in Forest Products
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <30F5B1E6.24CF@u.washington.edu>
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Looking for information on forest products, wood science, or forest 
products marketing?  Then check out the following WWW site, which 
contains over 450 unique links to forest products-related WWW sites:

http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/fpm.htm

This page is the jumper page to several other pages within the "~esw" 
page system.  All links have been carefully categorized to save you time 
in searching for the information you want to obtain or browse.


From daleyl@bcc.orst.edu Tue Jan 16 11:30:54 EST 1996
Article: 1254 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news.orst.edu!ava.bcc.orst.edu!daleyl
From: Larry Daley <daleyl@bcc.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: alt.business,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Tropical medical plants
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 1996 17:06:09 -0800
Organization: University Computing Services - Oregon State University
Lines: 29
Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.3.91.960111170312.2002H-100000@ava.bcc.orst.edu>
References: <4d39v9$a9h@news.knoware.nl>
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu alt.business:34764 bionet.biology.tropical:1238 bionet.plants:9509 sci.bio.botany:1254

Peter:

 try  Prof. Andrea Sinz at sinz@Mailer.Uni-Marburg.DE
but spare his time he is a busy important scientist

best wishes

Larry


On Thu, 11 Jan 1996, P.C. de Jeu wrote:

> Can anybody help me to find the name and address of companies in
> Europe which use tropical medical plants as rough material for their
> products ?
> 
> By tropical medical plants I mean plants which can not grow in Europe
> during the summer, but plants which have to be imported from countries
> with a tropical climate.
> 
> Please answer by Email: pcdejeu@knoware.nl
> 
> Thanks,
> 
> Peter de Jeu
> The Netherlands
> 
> 
> 


From wimmas@pi.net Tue Jan 16 11:30:54 EST 1996
Article: 1255 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!udel!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!news.nic.surfnet.nl!news.sara.nl!news.pi.net!news
From: Wim Masman <wimmas@pi.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Bamboo blooming
Date: 12 Jan 1996 22:47:42 GMT
Organization: Planet Internet
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <4d6oee$a2g@neptunus.pi.net>
References: <4cf49q$lan@gazette.omnilink.net>
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To: Peter.Rieg@frankfurt.netsurf.de

Look at http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/users/djh/ebs

Greetings,

Wim Masman.



From 73513.2656@compuserve.com Tue Jan 16 11:30:55 EST 1996
Article: 1256 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!newsmaster
From: <73513.2656@compuserve.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help Me
Date: 13 Jan 1996 03:49:51 GMT
Organization: CompuServe Incorporated
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Plants are COOL!!!!

Just kidding, what kind of information do you need - can you be more specific?



From dhine@rapidramp.com Tue Jan 16 11:30:56 EST 1996
Article: 1257 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!alterdial.uu.net!not-for-mail
From: Douglas Hine <dhine@rapidramp.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: <ad>botany & forestry books FS
Date: Fri, 12 Jan 1996 23:40:01 -0600
Organization: Biological Services
Lines: 2
Message-ID: <30F745B1.4D64@rapidramp.com>
References: <4d54c1$55p@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
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To: otterbrook@aol.com

Please send me a copy of your Botany book list to:dhine@aol.com or 
hine@rapidramp.com


From fdleupp@rain.org Tue Jan 16 11:30:57 EST 1996
Article: 1258 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!news.rain.org!fdleupp
From: fdleupp@rain.org (Frank Leupp)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Silver dollar eucalyptus
Date: 13 Jan 1996 05:35:22 GMT
Organization: RAIN Public Access Internet (805) 967-RAIN
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I need help in preserving silver dollar eucalyptus.  I believe
glycerine is used, but how?  Any help will be appreciated.
Frank Leupp



From ranger@america.net Tue Jan 16 11:30:58 EST 1996
Article: 1259 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!peach!root
From: Scott Ranger <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: persimmon fruit is a ???
Date: 12 Jan 1996 14:51:13 GMT
Organization: America.Net, P.O. Box 1222, Alpharetta, GA 30239-1222
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <4d5sh1$29p@peach.america.net>
References: <mikalineDKosCp.9w3@netcom.com> <mturner.573.0003DA68@acpub.duke.edu> <4cm43m$28o@peach.america.net> <mikalineDKrpuL.Bzt@netcom.com>
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To: mikaline@netcom.com

Source of berry for persimmon fruit:

1)  Fernald. M.L.  1950.  Gray's manual of Botany, 8th ed.  
American Book Co., New York.  p.1145 where it gives the fruit 
of the family Ebenaceae as a fruit.

2)  Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles & C.R. Bell.  1968.  Manual of 
the vascular fora of the Carolinas.  The University of North 
Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.  p.845 in the species description 
for Diospyros virginiana L.

3)  Smith, Jr., J.P.  1977.  Vascular plant families, an 
introduction to the families of vascular plants native to North 
America and selected families of ornamental or economic 
importance.  Mad River Press, Eureka, CA.  p.116 in synopsis of 
the Ebenaceae.

And it will be in any flora of an area where persimmon grows, 
such as Britton and Brown, Cronquists revision of it, etc.  Any 
treatment of the phylogeny of vascular plants that has a 
synopsis of the families will include the various fruit types 
found in that family.  The sources are legion.  Take your pick.



From musicman@multi-medias.ca Tue Jan 16 11:30:58 EST 1996
Article: 1260 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.pe.net!news.corpcomm.net!newspeak.ultratech.net!worldlinx.com!news.worldlinx.com!news
From: Daniel Ouellette <musicman@multi-medias.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info about Purple Loosestrife. Help!
Date: 12 Jan 1996 23:41:52 GMT
Organization: Multi-Medias Quebec
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <4d6rk0$hsf@news.worldlinx.com>
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Hi,

I'm doing a research on Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.). So, I need some info about
this plant.

I want to know if low nitrogen concentration in the environment can be a limiting factor in
order to slow its growth in small ponds.

If someone has any info about this plant, please E-mail me at the adress below.

Thanks,


Daniel Ouellette
musicman@multi-medias.ca
Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
"God, it's God, I see God" (E. Clapton)




From geospec@fox.nstn.ca Tue Jan 16 11:30:59 EST 1996
Article: 1261 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!fnnews.fnal.gov!gw1.att.com!news.cs.indiana.edu!news.nstn.ca!news
From: Bruce Armstrong <geospec@fox.nstn.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Light & Temperature Affecting Growth of Basil Plant!
Date: Sat, 13 Jan 1996 14:42:00 -0400
Organization: GeoSpectrum Technologies
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <30F7FCF8.253F@fox.nstn.ca>
Reply-To: geospec@fox.nstn.ca
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Hi All!

	How is everybody? I was wondering, for a Science project I am 
conducting an experiment having to do with how light and temperature 
affect the rate of growth of a basil plant... now, the question: Can 
anybody direct me to any information which might give me some sort 
of background info on this subject? (subject being: light and 
temperature affecting growth of plants, not necessary basil).  These 
sources could be anything available on the net, but preferable http. 
Thanx alot for your help people!

	Shea Armstrong


From rlh115@aol.com Tue Jan 16 11:31:00 EST 1996
Article: 1262 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e1a.megaweb.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: rlh115@aol.com (RLH115)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PLEASE HELP! WITH RESEARCH PROJECT
Date: 12 Jan 1996 22:26:57 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 98
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
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I am presently a student (with a biological research background) in a
masters degree program in business administration.  I am conducting a
market survey to be used for a research paper to complete my degree
requirements.  This short questionaire examines the use of antibodies in
all of the biological science fields.  I would greatly appreciate the help
of any individual who currently uses antibodies for any reason to quickly
take my survey.  Since I am a student, I am unable to compensate anyone
for their response.  All individual information will be confidential. 
However, I am willing to provide any participant who requests it with a
summary of the results upon completion of the project.

If you are willing to assist me on my project, please complete the
following survey and e-mail the response to me at rlh115@aol.com

Thank you for your time.

 


1) What best describes the type of institution you are employed at? 

____ educational
____ clinical
____ pharmaceutical
____ biotechnology
____ government
____ other

2) Does your work involve the use of antibodies? (Y/N) ___ 

3) If no, skip to question 12. How often do you use antibodies? 
___daily ___weekly ___monthly ___rarely

4) Are the antibodies used for clinical or research applications?
____clinical ____ research

5) Does your laboratory use monoclonals, polyclonals or both? 
___mono ____poly ___both

6) If you prefer one type over the other, Why? (ex. cost, quality,
specificity.) 



7) Do you purchase commercial antibodies or produce them in the lab?
___com ___prod ___ both 

8) Have you ever contracted to have antibodies custom made to a particular
antigen which you supplied? (Y/N) ___ 

9) If yes, what type, who supplied them, and how much did you pay? ___mono
____poly ______supplier _______cost 

10) If you currently produce your own antibodies or contract to have them
custom made, How much, if at all, would you be willing to pay to have
antibodies custom made to an antigen that you provide? (In the case of
monoclonals this would include all of the immunizations and development.
You would receive up to 30 mls of ascites fluid and any cell lines which
may be produced. In the case of polyclonals this would include the
immunizations and you would receive several bleeds from one rabbit) 

Polyclonals                                          Monoclonals

None ____                                            None ____

$100-175 ____                                   $1500-$2500 ____

$176-250 ____                                   $2501-$4000 ____

$251-325 ____                                   $4001-$6500 ____

$326-400 ____                                   $6501-$8000 ____

>$401       ____                                    >$8001          ____

11) What procedures do you use antibodies for?



12) What is your present title? _______________________ 


13) Residence _______U.S.  ________elsewhere

14) Please include any comments and suggestions: 




Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Please e-mail to
RLH115@aol.com 

R. Henderson
The Pennsylvania State University

R. Henderson
The Pennsylvania State University


From rafergus@ibl.bm Tue Jan 16 11:31:01 EST 1996
Article: 1263 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!longtail.ibl.bm!usenet
From: Roderick Ferguson <rafergus@ibl.bm>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info on transpiration
Date: Sat, 13 Jan 1996 21:47:44 -0400
Organization: Internet (Bermuda) Limited
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <30F860C0.17CF@ibl.bm>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dial6.ibl.bm
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Hi, I'd appreciate as much information as possible on the effects of wind 
speed and surface area on the rate of transpiration.  I am carrying out an 
investigation into transpiration for educational purposes in my GCSE.
Please e-mail me with any information you have, or if you could answer any of 
my questions.


From levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu Tue Jan 16 11:31:02 EST 1996
Article: 1264 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!news.cyberstore.ca!skypoint.com!umn.edu!newsstand.tc.umn.edu!usenet
From: levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu (Chuck Levine)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Talk Botany on IRC
Date: Sat, 13 Jan 1996 22:11:39 GMT
Organization: University of MN
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <4d93hs$hrm@epx.cis.umn.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dialup-4-28.gw.umn.edu
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Botany live chat with the plant people on Internet Relay Chat channel
#garden. Botanists always welcome. We stand corrected on Latin names.
Help us out. Be there!
Thanx



From abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca Tue Jan 16 11:31:03 EST 1996
Article: 1265 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!info.ucla.edu!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news
From: abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca (Alwynne Beaudoin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tracking down a book
Date: 14 Jan 1996 02:22:28 GMT
Organization: University of Alberta
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <4d9pd4$a1c@pulp.ucs.ualberta.ca>
References: <mikalineDKosCp.9w3@netcom.com> <mturner.573.0003DA68@acpub.duke.edu> <4cm43m$28o@peach.america.net> <mikalineDKrpuL.Bzt@netcom.com> <4d5sh1$29p@peach.america.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: async12-12.remote.ualberta.ca
Mime-Version: 1.0
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.99.2

A long time ago in, I believe, this newsgroup, someone posted a reference 
to a book identified as: "Flood's Seed Identification Manual Handbook, 
Cambridge, UK"  I have been trying without success to track down this 
volume. Can anyone reading this supply me with a more complete 
bibliographic citation (and possibly an ISBN)?

I would be grateful for any leads or assistance.

Many thanks,
      Alwynne


-- 
Alwynne B. Beaudoin                                  | My opinions do not
Palaeoenvironmentalist, Archaeological Survey        | represent my
Provincial Museum of Alberta                         | employers
12845-102nd Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T5N 0M6, Canada 
abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                         



From LoginName@mcn.org Tue Jan 16 11:31:04 EST 1996
Article: 1266 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!lll-winken.llnl.gov!ames!usenet
From: LoginName <LoginName@mcn.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: MITES on maples
Date: 14 Jan 1996 16:38:24 GMT
Organization: Mendocino Community Network
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <4dbbi0$b9a@news.arc.nasa.gov>
NNTP-Posting-Host: cs1-men-a16.mcn.org
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To: rjamgoch@mcn.org
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

I have a small maple nursery (japanese and numerous other varieties) and 
am experiencing green mite problems on some of my trees.  I am looking 
for a safe and effective way to get rid of these sap sucking pests.




From srselby@hk.super.net Tue Jan 16 11:31:05 EST 1996
Article: 1267 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!nntp.hk.super.net!tst.hk.super.net!usenet
From: Stephen Selby <srselby@hk.super.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Osage Orange and something Chinese
Date: 15 Jan 1996 04:51:42 GMT
Organization: Intellectual Property Department, Hong Kong
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <4dcmgu$euu@tst.hk.super.net>
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I am researching Chinese bow-making. The preferred wood for making Chinese bows is 
known as "Zhe" in Chinese which, according to one dictionary, has the scientific 
name "Cudrania tricuspidata". The dictionary description mentions that this species 
is also the source of a yellow dye. Its leaves can be used to feed silkworms in 
place of mulberry leaves.

Osage Orange is "Maclura Pomifera", which is also used to make bows and is also the 
source of an orange dye.

Can anyone provide advice as to whether these are varieties of the same tree, or how 
they are related, if at all? Please e-mail your reply to -

srselby@hk.super.net
-- 
Stephen Selby
=================================================================
|    (Intellectual Property (IP) Department, Hong Kong (HK))    |
|              See our WWW Information Centre at -              |
|                http://www.houston.com.hk/hkgipd/              |
| Please, ALWAYS, use licensed and registered computer software |
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From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Tue Jan 16 11:31:06 EST 1996
Article: 1268 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.duke.edu!phoenix5!mturner
From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Osage Orange and something Chinese
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 1996 23:48:57
Organization: botany dept., duke univ.
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <mturner.589.0017D18F@acpub.duke.edu>
References: <4dcmgu$euu@tst.hk.super.net>
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

In article <4dcmgu$euu@tst.hk.super.net> Stephen Selby <srselby@hk.super.net> writes:
>I am researching Chinese bow-making. The preferred wood for making Chinese 
bows>is 
>known as "Zhe" in Chinese which, according to one dictionary, has the scientific
>name "Cudrania tricuspidata". The dictionary description mentions that this
>species 
>is also the source of a yellow dye. Its leaves can be used to feed silkworms in 
>place of mulberry leaves.
>Osage Orange is "Maclura Pomifera", which is also used to make bows and is 
also>the 
>source of an orange dye.
>Can anyone provide advice as to whether these are varieties of the same tree, 
or>how 

They are very closely related to one another, probably might reasonably be put 
in one genus  but different species  [but  I seem to recall that they 
will hybridize].   They are in the mulberry  family Moraceae, which explains 
the silkworm bit...
mdt


From johndreid@aol.com Tue Jan 16 11:31:06 EST 1996
Article: 1269 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: johndreid@aol.com (JohnDReid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: information on olives
Date: 15 Jan 1996 01:19:33 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
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Reply-To: johndreid@aol.com (JohnDReid)
NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com


Hi:

I'm looking for some information on olives.  Specifically the bitter
substance in raw olives.  Is there someone growing olives that would know
if the bitter compound in olives "oleuropein" is toxic.  I would like to
learn more about it and have a couple of questions.

Thanks 



From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Tue Jan 16 11:31:07 EST 1996
Article: 1270 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,aus.jokes
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: A plant by any other name
Message-ID: <DL7ts6.33E@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Keywords: Centranthus_ruber,Valeriana_officinalis
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
Date: Mon, 15 Jan 1996 09:16:53 GMT
Lines: 19

There has recently been some confusion over plant names in _New
Scientist_.  One John Etherington of Llanhowell, Pembrokeshire,
offered a clarification by pointing out that both _C. ruber_ (red
valarian) and _V. officinalis_ (common valarian) belong to the 
family Valerianaceae.

He concluded "Might it be relevant that red valarian is also called
'drunken sailor', presumably from its habit of clinging to walls?"


						(_NS_ 9 Dec 95: 58)

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From stjg@ocserv.uni-hamburg.de Tue Jan 16 11:31:08 EST 1996
Article: 1271 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!news.dfn.de!news.dkrz.de!news.rrz.uni-hamburg.de!ocserv!stjg
From: stjg@ocserv.uni-hamburg.de (Stefan Jung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Source for Aristolochia indica oil
Date: 15 Jan 1996 14:17:30 GMT
Organization: University of Hamburg -- Germany
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <4ddnlq$jmd@rzsun02.rrz.uni-hamburg.de>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ocserv.chemie.uni-hamburg.de
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

Hi All,

does somebody know a source for the essential oil of
Aristolochia indica?

--
Stefan Jung


From mikaline@netcom.com Tue Jan 16 11:31:09 EST 1996
Article: 1272 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!mikaline
From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Tracking down a book
Message-ID: <mikalineDL8Iyz.LK8@netcom.com>
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL1]
References: <mikalineDKosCp.9w3@netcom.com> <mturner.573.0003DA68@acpub.duke.edu> <4cm43m$28o@peach.america.net> <mikalineDKrpuL.Bzt@netcom.com> <4d5sh1$29p@peach.america.net> <4d9pd4$a1c@pulp.ucs.ualberta.ca>
Date: Mon, 15 Jan 1996 18:20:59 GMT
Lines: 24
Sender: mikaline@netcom15.netcom.com

Gonna watch this one since I couldn't find it in any US library!

ml

Alwynne Beaudoin (abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca) wrote:
: A long time ago in, I believe, this newsgroup, someone posted a reference 
: to a book identified as: "Flood's Seed Identification Manual Handbook, 
: Cambridge, UK"  I have been trying without success to track down this 
: volume. Can anyone reading this supply me with a more complete 
: bibliographic citation (and possibly an ISBN)?

: I would be grateful for any leads or assistance.

: Many thanks,
:       Alwynne


: -- 
: Alwynne B. Beaudoin                                  | My opinions do not
: Palaeoenvironmentalist, Archaeological Survey        | represent my
: Provincial Museum of Alberta                         | employers
: 12845-102nd Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T5N 0M6, Canada 
: abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                         



From mikaline@netcom.com Tue Jan 16 11:31:10 EST 1996
Article: 1273 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!mikaline
From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Tracking down a book
Message-ID: <mikalineDL8MJK.LFM@netcom.com>
Sender: mikaline@netcom5.netcom.com
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.6+
References: <mikalineDKosCp.9w3@netcom.com> <mturner.573.0003DA68@acpub.duke.edu> <4cm43m$28o@peach.america.net> <mikalineDKrpuL.Bzt@netcom.com> <4d5sh1$2 <4d9pd4$a1c@pulp.ucs.ualberta.ca>
Date: Mon, 15 Jan 1996 19:38:08 GMT
Lines: 30

Ok, I finally got into the catalog of The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology - is this it?

	National Institute of Agricultural Botany
	  Seed identification handbook.  Cambridge, 1986. 72 p. x-78-037201-7

no Flood, no where, so far.  Are there archives for this group?

ml

In article <4d9pd4$a1c@pulp.ucs.ualberta.ca>, abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca (Alwynne Beaudoin) says:
>
>A long time ago in, I believe, this newsgroup, someone posted a reference 
>to a book identified as: "Flood's Seed Identification Manual Handbook, 
>Cambridge, UK"  I have been trying without success to track down this 
>volume. Can anyone reading this supply me with a more complete 
>bibliographic citation (and possibly an ISBN)?
>
>I would be grateful for any leads or assistance.
>
>Many thanks,
>      Alwynne
>
>
>-- 
>Alwynne B. Beaudoin                                  | My opinions do not
>Palaeoenvironmentalist, Archaeological Survey        | represent my
>Provincial Museum of Alberta                         | employers
>12845-102nd Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T5N 0M6, Canada 
>abeaudoi@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                         
>


From rjamgoch@mcn.org Tue Jan 16 11:31:10 EST 1996
Article: 1274 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!lll-winken.llnl.gov!ames!usenet
From: Rob Jamgochian <rjamgoch@mcn.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mites on Maples
Date: 16 Jan 1996 00:14:15 GMT
Organization: Mendocino Community Network
Lines: 4
Message-ID: <4deqkn$l7b@news.arc.nasa.gov>
NNTP-Posting-Host: cs1-men-a16.mcn.org
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.1N (Macintosh; I; 68K)
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

I need to find a safe and effective way to rid a few of my Japanese maples of 
green mites.  Thanks for your input.




From dchippin@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu Tue Jan 16 11:31:11 EST 1996
Article: 1275 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!gatech!sdd.hp.com!usc!news.cerf.net!newsserver.sdsc.edu!newshub.csu.net!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!waldorf.csc.calpoly.edu!isnews.csc.calpoly.edu!tuba.aix.calpoly.edu!not-for-mail
From: dchippin@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu (David Chipping)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: California Native Plant Society Web Page
Date: 15 Jan 1996 15:29:52 -0800
Organization: California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <4deo1g$1mqr@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu>
NNTP-Posting-User: dchippin@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu

The California Native Plant Society is pleased to announce
their Web Page.  There you will find information about the
Society, CNPS Conservation Policies, the conservation of
rare plants and plant communities, plant conservation news
and information, biological pollution (exotic pests), CNPS
books and publications, and many links to other botanic and
conservation sites.

There is also an introduction to the plant communities of
California by region, a taxonomic quiz and the beginnings
of a picture gallery. The URL is

http://www.calpoly.edu/~dchippin/cnps_main.html

We hope you enjoy it, and do not experience too many bugs.
Our WWW strategy is to NOT include all of the latest HTML
tweaks that cannot be read by the majority of viewers.  If
you have problems or comments please mail
dchippin@oboe.calpoly.edu



From populus@pc.jaring.my Tue Jan 16 11:31:12 EST 1996
Article: 1276 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!udel!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!jaring.my!usenet
From: "Thomas W. Kimmerer" <populus@pc.jaring.my>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Osage Orange and something Chinese
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 1996 19:52:16 +0800
Organization: University of Kentucky
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <30FB9170.2765@pc.jaring.my>
References: <4dcmgu$euu@tst.hk.super.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: j1.brf55.jaring.my
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.0b5 (Win95; I)
To: Stephen Selby <srselby@hk.super.net>

Stephen Selby wrote:
> 
> I am researching Chinese bow-making. The preferred wood for making Chinese bows is
> known as "Zhe" in Chinese which, according to one dictionary, has the scientific
> name "Cudrania tricuspidata". 

Sorry, I don't have my taxonomy books at home.  I'll try and look it up 
tomorrow. "Maclura pomifera" is native to Texas and Oklahoma. It is now 
widely naturalized in the eastern US.  As you point out, it provides 
excellent bow-wood (I'm assuming you are talking about hunting
bows; for violin bows, only pernambuco, a variety of brazilwood, is
used; or are you talking about bows for Chinese stringed instruments?). 
 From your description, it sounds as if "Zhe" may be a member 
of the same family, the Moraceae, from which mulberry and the figs
come.  

I'll try to follow up on this, unless there is a kind taxonomist out 
there who knows the answer.

Cheers,
Thomas W. Kimmerer
University of Kentucky
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


From johnkiwi@hooked.net Tue Jan 16 11:31:13 EST 1996
Article: 1277 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!decwrl!its.hooked.net!get
From: johnkiwi@hooked.net (John Pelzers)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: info on "hydro seeding" needed.
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 96 05:47:34 GMT
Organization: Kiwi Investments Ltd
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <4dfe5m$30k_001@get.hooked.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chum-2.ppp.hooked.net
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #4

Hello all,
            I was wondering if anyone could point me in the right direction to 
learn the details of what I think is called "hydro seeding". What I'm thinking 
of is the grass seed that is sprayed on the side of the highways and such, 
which are encased in a colored (usually green) mixture of nutrients, so as to 
not require an outside water supply for germination.....ie Chem-lawn?

any information would be appreciated
thanks
johnkiwi@hooked.net


From gunkel@snowcrest.net Tue Jan 16 11:31:13 EST 1996
Article: 1278 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.emf.net!overload.lbl.gov!snowcrest!NewsWatcher!user
From: gunkel@snowcrest.net (Bryce Gunkel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Can shrubs the pH of their soil?
Date: Mon, 15 Jan 1996 17:40:56 -0800
Organization: SnowCrest Net
Lines: 28
Message-ID: <gunkel-1501961740560001@204.94.225.34>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp0.mtshasta.snowcrest.net

I am a student at Mt. Shasta High School.  I am researching a physical
science problem as described in the subject line above.  

So far I know shurbs of the family Ericaceae are known as soil
acidifiers.  These plants acidify the soil through a relationship with
Mycorrhizae allowing the plants to grow in nutrient poor soils.  The
presence of these plants and their effect of acidifying the soil makes
them better able to compete woth bigger plants.

I can find very little information on this topic.  I would be grateful for
any information that you may provide me.

You can contact me at:

ngunkel@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us

or

gunkel@snowcrest.net

Thank you.

Sincerely,

Nicole Gunkel

-- 
Catch ya later, Bryce Gunkel


From Berlant@op.net Tue Jan 16 11:31:14 EST 1996
Article: 1279 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.fyionline.com!op.net!d1-06
From: Berlant@op.net (Stephen R. Berlant)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ORIGIN OF LATIN NAMES
Date: 15 Jan 1996 13:05:21 GMT
Organization: Societas Hermeneutica
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <4ddjeh$8cj@picasso.op.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: d1-06.ppp.op.net
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #4

I was wondering if anyone could refer me to a book discussing the 
people, origins, and rationale behind the Latin genus and species names of 
various plants in more detail than the typical dictionary entry. 

My thanks in advance.

Steve Berlant


From tdoster@vnet.ibm.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:05 EST 1996
Article: 1330 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!ausnews.austin.ibm.com!doster.pok.ibm.com
From: tdoster@vnet.ibm.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Norway Maple Problems
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 96 12:31:26
Organization: IBM Austin
Lines: 31
Message-ID: <4e0hlm$17qg@ausnews.austin.ibm.com>
References: None
NNTP-Posting-Host: tisgate.cwp.ibm.com
X-Newsreader: IBM WebExplorer DLL 

As usual my Norway Maples dropped their leaves last fall,
but the leaf stems are still attached to some of the trees.
Is this a bad sign?

I planted these trees a couple years ago when they were
about two to three inches in caliper.  I planted a similar
Norway in my yard before that and two years ago it lost its
leaves but kept the stems.  Now the tree is half dead
because the bark fell off one side of the trunk from the
ground to the branches.  (I had this tree staked at chest
level and thought maybe there was some sort of mechanical
action that loosened the bark but now I am not so sure.)  I
am worried now that some of the newer trees are going to
die.  My local home cooperative extension, and my local home
garden nusery, have not been able to help me.

I have Pin Oaks, White Oaks, Red Maples, Sugar Maples,
Crimson King Maples, and other Norway Maples in the
vicinity.  Though they are unaffected my the trunks of 
my Crimson Kings are under borer attack.

If the problem is not disease or pest, could it be the
stress of being in sandy soil with no shade or wind
protection?  I am in eastern New York, but the trees
might very well have come from Virginia.

Please let me know if this is not the right forum, or if
there is a more suitable forum, for this question.

Thanks,
Tom Doster


From suwilson@earth.usa.net Sat Jan 27 22:40:06 EST 1996
Article: 1331 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.usa.net!earth!suwilson
From: suwilson@earth.usa.net (Susan Wilson/Branson School)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: white flies -- yuk!
Date: 22 Jan 1996 21:01:27 GMT
Organization: Internet Express (800-592-1240 customer service)
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <4e0tv7$9jc@shiva.usa.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: earth.usa.net
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

HI,
	We have a greenhouse here at our school and we have a big problem 
with white flies.  Does anyone have a suggestion as to how we can deal 
with these pests?  We have been spraying with soapy water, but that is 
only a temporary cure.

							Thanks,
							Susan Wilson

--
***************************
Susan Wilson			
Branson School
Box 128
Branson, Colorado   81027

suwilson@usa.net




From CROCKERS@QUCDN.QueensU.CA Sat Jan 27 22:40:07 EST 1996
Article: 1332 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!news.ccs.queensu.ca!qucdn!crockers
Organization: Queen's University at Kingston
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 1996 22:09:09 EST
From: <CROCKERS@QUCDN.QueensU.CA>
Message-ID: <96020.220909CROCKERS@QUCDN.QueensU.CA>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: www pages for growing algae?
Lines: 9

I am interested in communicating with people who are familiar with the growth
and maintenance of fresh-water algae. I am a secondary school science teacher
who has had experience growing algae in the Great Lakes Region and wish to
establish an enrichment unit at a local public school. I have some experiments
in mind (that I believe would be appropriate for elementary-aged children) but
could always use advice.
Thank you.

Malcolm Cunningham.


From wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov Sat Jan 27 22:40:08 EST 1996
Article: 1333 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!lll-winken.llnl.gov!coal.fe.doe.gov!oracle.pnl.gov!bbs.pnl.gov!wh_reid.pnl.gov!user
From: wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov (Willaim H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: white flies -- yuk!
Date: 23 Jan 1996 05:19:33 GMT
Organization: Terrestrial Ecology, EESC, Battelle PNL
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <wh_reid-2201962119330001@wh_reid.pnl.gov>
References: <4e0tv7$9jc@shiva.usa.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: wh_reid.pnl.gov

In article <4e0tv7$9jc@shiva.usa.net>, suwilson@earth.usa.net (Susan
Wilson/Branson School) wrote:

> HI,
>         We have a greenhouse here at our school and we have a big problem 
> with white flies.  Does anyone have a suggestion as to how we can deal 
> with these pests?  We have been spraying with soapy water, but that is 
> only a temporary cure.
><snip>
Susan -
We did good control by adding some dish washing liquid to the water.
Apparently the eggs and larvae are in the soil and the change in surface
tension caused by 
the soap does something disasterous for them. Also wipe the bottoms of the
leaves gently with the same. We also occasionally burnt a smudge of oak
leaves
in the greenhouse. (The floor was concrete so there was no exposed soil there.)

This was all "they say" info but it seemed to work in the warm and rather dry
greenhouse in El Paso. 
Bill Reid


From gunkel@snowcrest.net Sat Jan 27 22:40:09 EST 1996
Article: 1334 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!gatech!news.emf.net!overload.lbl.gov!snowcrest!ppp5.mtshasta.snowcrest.net!user
From: gunkel@snowcrest.net (Gunkel Family)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Organic decomposition and earth organisms
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 1996 19:45:26 -0800
Organization: SnowCrest Net
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <gunkel-2201961945260001@ppp5.mtshasta.snowcrest.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp5.mtshasta.snowcrest.net

I am a student at Mt. Shasta High School.  I am researching a physical
science problem on whether shrubs can change the pH of their soil.

So far I know shrubs of the family Ericaceae are known as soil
acidifiers.  Through a relationship with Mycorrhizae the plants are better
able to grow in nutrient poor soils.  The presence of these plants and
their effect of acidifying the soil makes them better able to compete with
bigger plants.

I can find very little information on this topic. I am especially trying
to find more information on whether organic decomposition or earth
organisms might influence the pH of the soil.  I would be grateful for any
information that you may provide me.   

You can contact me at:

ngunkel@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us

or

gunkel@snowcrest.net

Thank you.

Sincerely,

Nicole Gunkel

-- 
Catch ya later, Bryce Gunkel


From rcpj@panix.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:10 EST 1996
Article: 1335 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!solaris.cc.vt.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!panix!not-for-mail
From: rcpj@panix.com (Pierre Jelenc)
Newsgroups: rec.crafts.brewing,alt.beer,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: iso-alpha acids in hops
Date: 23 Jan 1996 11:05:24 -0500
Organization: <p>
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <4e3104$qs6@panix2.panix.com>
References: <4dp48i$3em@nntp.novia.net> <4dra6f$l4h@panix2.panix.com> <gtinseth-2101961907110001@ip-salem3-17.teleport.com> <4e0b9i$59f@panix2.panix.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: panix2.panix.com
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu rec.crafts.brewing:76350 alt.beer:77266 sci.bio.botany:1335

Pierre Jelenc <rcpj@panix.com> writes:
> Glenn Tinseth <gtinseth@teleport.com> writes:
> > 
> > By the way that should be humulone and lupulone. 
> 
> That's what I thought as well, but the Merck Index spells them without 
> the "e".
> 
> I'll check what Chemical Abstracts has to say later.

Indeed, Chem Abstracts uses "humulone" and "lupulone". Could be one of 
those terminology battles between the IUPAC and the ACS. I thought they 
had been all resolved, but maybe not.

Pierre
-- 
Pierre Jelenc              Know what's weird? Day by day nothing seems to
rcpj@panix.com             change, but pretty soon everything is different.
pierre@nycbeer.org                                         Calvin & Hobbes 
                   http://www.columbia.edu/~pcj1/


From Dr. Franca Guidali Sat Jan 27 22:40:10 EST 1996
Article: 1336 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!Norway.EU.net!oslonett.no!sn.no!newsfeed.tip.net!peroni.ita.tip.net!mikasa.iol.it!news
From: Dr. Franca Guidali (University of Milan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botanical and Zoological Wall Charts
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 1996 17:03:32 GMT
Organization: Italia Online
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <4e0g60$l58@mikasa.iol.it>
NNTP-Posting-Host: biobib.csi.unimi.it
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

We would appreciate to know as soon as possible details of publishers,
artists and scientists who have produced, up to 1950, wall charts for
the study of Botany and Zoology (including also Genetics and
Comparative Anatomy), on paper or canivas, for didactic purposes in
high schools, universities or museums.

Please contact Dr. Franca Guidali
c/o Museo Zoologico, Università degli Studi di Milano
via Celoria 26
20133 Milano (Italy)

Phone: ++39 - 2 - 26604311




From overmind@hooked.net Sat Jan 27 22:40:11 EST 1996
Article: 1337 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!tcsi.tcs.com!agate!usenet
From: Tim Johnson <overmind@hooked.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Overmind Software - Winter 1996 Catalog
Date: 23 Jan 1996 22:32:23 GMT
Organization: University of California, Berkeley
Lines: 150
Message-ID: <4e3nln$3av@agate.berkeley.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 128.32.166.189

                              OVERMIND SOFTWARE 
                             WINTER 1996 CATALOG 
 
                                     --- 
 
                                   HERBWEB 
 
Our latest release. Visit a saturated web of hyperlinks that connects 21,000 
plant species to the ailments they have been used to treat for hundreds of 
years by indigenous people of the earth. Includes chemical content, with 
nutrition information; range distribution world-wide; and highlights 
including a complete botanical inventory of 28 National Parks, and an 
index of indigenous groups worldwide. HerbWeb is a 2300-page illustrated 
herbal of global scope where you can instantly jump to anything listed in 
the index, or click on nearly any word you see, and instantly be transported 
back to another part of the web. It is completely cross-referenced. 
 
HerbWeb was four years in the making. The information comes from the 
oldest and most current sources of ethnobotanical information, with heavy 
integration of information obtained from sources on the Internet, including 
several U.S. government databases. This is the definitive ethnobotanical 
guide. 
 
System Requirements:  
 
1. Web browsing software, such as Netscape or Mosaic 
 
2. A machine that can read IBM-format diskettes 
 
3. 30 megs of free hard disk space  
 
HerbWeb comes on 8 high-density diskettes. 
 
                                     ---
 
                           HERBAGE V2.0 FOR WINDOWS 
 
Herbage v2.0 for Windows is a botanical database system - an application 
that is specifically designed for keeping track and manipulating very large 
amounts of botanical information. Users can add, modify, sort, search & 
replace, and export a subset of data from the database to the printer as a 
fully-formatted illustrated report. 
 
Every copy of Herbage v2.0 for Windows comes with a library of 
ethnobotanical information, focusing on the medicinal uses of over 2600 
plants: common names, medicinal action, ailments the plant is used to 
treat, indigenous use, mail-order sources, range, habitat, and compounds 
the plant is known to contain. 
 
As the number of Herbage users continues to grow, human plant 
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Internet, through e-mail and ftp, as easily as any other text-format file. 
Herbage is the tool for anyone who wants to organize botanical information 
of any sort. Users can create their own libraries, and work with multiple 
libraries at one time. The process of adding or removing libraries, which 
are stored as a text file with an ".hl" extension, is very similar to 
opening and closing a document with a word processor. 
 
System Requirements:  
 
1. 486 or faster 
 
2. Windows 3.x, 95, or NT 
 
3. 20 megs of free hard disk space 
 
4. 6 megs of memory 
 
HerbWeb comes on 6 high-density diskettes. 
 
                                     ---
 
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System Requirements: 
 
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Herbage v1.1 for DOS comes on 1 high density diskette. 
 
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fun - you can compete against other users to see who knows each language  
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System Requirements: 
 
1. 386 or faster 
 
Travel Tutor comes on 1 high density diskette. 
 
                                     ---
 
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Herbage v2.0 for Windows..........................................$89.95 
 
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                                     ---

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            We also accept foreign orders via direct wire transfer.

                           Please inquire via email. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 




From bmm1@freenet3.scri.fsu.edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:12 EST 1996
Article: 1338 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bmm1@freenet3.scri.fsu.edu (Bruce M. Marshall)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,bionet.software,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.electronics.equipment
Subject: Re: Greenhouse Datalogging Advice Sought
Date: 23 Jan 1996 18:44:46 -0500
Organization: Tallahassee Free-Net
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Ed:

Greenhouses and plants are a hobby of mine but for a living (yes one
must make a living) I design, program and integrate computer systems
that control and monitor manufacturing facilities. 

My suggestion is that you use a programmable controller (Allen-Bradley
is my recommendation) to read your thermocouples run your pumps, fans,
lights etc. These units are industrial tough and expandable. I would
use an operator interface software package (recommend Intellutions
DMACS package) to run on your existing 486. You can store years of
data if you wish, draw a graphic of your process with real time data,
alarms, and MUCH more than I will go into here. Historical graphics
are built into the package. Data loging and alarming runs in the
background under Windows allowing you to use your computer for other
things at the same time.

Anyway, I didn't log on here to try and sell my services (I am an
independant consultant though) so e-mail me if you want more info. (or
you could even call me!!)

Bruce.
-- 
Bruce M. Marshall  bmm1@freenet.fsu.edu  voice 423 481 0990  fax 423 481 8039


From jon1040@aol.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:13 EST 1996
Article: 1339 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jon1040@aol.com (Jon1040)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help w/Science Fair Project
Date: 24 Jan 1996 08:39:28 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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My third grade son is doing a science fair project about how freezing
seeds effects germination rates.  We've frozen and planted seeds, along
with unfrozen control seeds, but can't find any prior research on the
subject.  Can anyone explain how freezing effects seed germination or
better yet point us toward some existing research?

Thanks,
Jon1040@aol.com


From pcmiller@aardvark.ucs.uoknor,edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:14 EST 1996
Article: 1340 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pcmiller@aardvark.ucs.uoknor,edu (PCMiller)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Biogeography & Ecology of Aspen in Rockies and Great Basin ?'s...
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 1996 18:21:58 GMT
Organization: The University of Oklahoma (USA)
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I am doing a Senior Capstone paper on The Biogeography and Ecology of
Populus tremuloides (Trembling Aspen) in the Rocky Mountain and Great
Basin regions.  I have one problem...  I live in Oklahoma without any
living representatives.  This will be written from text research.  I
may possibly get a chance for a very limited time of field research,
however it will be insignificant by comparison for the body of the
paper.  If anyone has recommendations on sources for information,
persons to email, or anything you can share that may be relevant,
please email me.

Thanks in advance,
PCMiller
email: pcmiller@aardvark.ucs.uoknor.edu

IRC nick: planted (~sunpower@ppp*.modems.uoknor.edu (*))



From 73734.2200@CompuServe.COM Sat Jan 27 22:40:14 EST 1996
Article: 1341 of sci.bio.botany
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From: liz schmitz <73734.2200@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Anyone know dogfennel?
Date: 24 Jan 1996 04:51:41 GMT
Organization: GA Lyme Disease Association
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Need help, please.  I found an herb I'm interested in.  it was in 
an old book from the 1930's.  It's called dogfennel.  Can anyone 
tell me what this is?  maybe it's called something else now?  
Thanks!


From mikaline@netcom.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:15 EST 1996
Article: 1342 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Anyone know dogfennel?
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liz schmitz (73734.2200@CompuServe.COM) wrote:
: Need help, please.  I found an herb I'm interested in.  it was in 
: an old book from the 1930's.  It's called dogfennel.  Can anyone 
: tell me what this is?  maybe it's called something else now?  
: Thanks!

Grieve calls it mayweed or stinking chamomile - a librarian's secret:  go 
to your unabridged dictionary, the BIG Webster's that so handy for 
pressing plants.  It'll give you a scientific name that can be traced, 
even if out of date.   It's a Eupatorium, an Eastern weed, or was when I 
did my botanical schtick.  I think it's also called joe-pye weed or is 
akin to it.

ml


From metazoan@jax.jaxnet.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:16 EST 1996
Article: 1343 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Cindy Ashy <metazoan@jax.jaxnet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Anyone know dogfennel?
Date: 25 Jan 1996 05:00:04 GMT
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Hi, Liz,
Dogfennel is really common down here in Jacksonville, FL.  I have a park 
down here that I work with that used to raise grain on a quail farm.  
When the quail farm moved out, dogfennel moved in...everywhere.
Dogfennel,Eupatorium cillifolium(Lam.)Small is in the aster family.  It 
grows to 1 - 2 meters tall and usually  looks all dried out.  It does 
great for allergies with all its pollen:-).  Its common in Florida and 
primarily, the coastal areas of southeastern states.  The flowers are 
very tiny but there are many on this feathery looking plant.

Book reference, Florida Wild Flowers and Roadside plants by C. Ritchie 
Bell and Bryan J. Taylor.  

Right offhand I don't know if its edible but if you want I can find out.

BTW This is not my email address that I'm sending from.  If you have 
more questions, I'm at Rbarnovsky@aol.com     I'm Rob Barnovsky the Park 
Naturalist of the City of Jacksonville.


liz schmitz <73734.2200@CompuServe.COM> wrote:
>Need help, please.  I found an herb I'm interested in.  it was in 
>an old book from the 1930's.  It's called dogfennel.  Can anyone 
>tell me what this is?  maybe it's called something else now?  
>Thanks!





From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sat Jan 27 22:40:17 EST 1996
Article: 1344 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: white flies -- yuk!
Date: 24 Jan 1996 16:05:13 GMT
Organization: CEA
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A good class of chemical to control white flies are pyrethenoids. Adults flies are 
very sensitive to it (by contact) but eggs and larvas aren't. You can use it in 
combination with yellow sticks to capture remaining adults. (Fumigations are of no 
use.) There is also a natural predator, a kind of wasp, which is currently in use in 
tomatoes commercial greenhouse agriculture. (sorry I can't remember its name). 
Pyrethrin is almost non phytotoxic and is not toxic to humans. To get rid of eggs you 
could use oily emulsions containing either pyrethrin or dimethoate (in this case 
phytotoxicity is very high).  




From dmartin@cdmas.crc.mcw.edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:18 EST 1996
Article: 1345 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Don Martinson <dmartin@cdmas.crc.mcw.edu>
Newsgroups: rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany,bionet.general
Subject: Longevity of pollen?
Date: 24 Jan 1996 17:45:56 GMT
Organization: Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee Wisconsin
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Is there any information available about the longevity of pollen, 
specifically Hippeastrum?  I am attempting a hybridization experiment, 
but the blooms are out of phase.  I have taken some of the pistils and 
am keeping them in a glass vial at 40F.  Any guesses as to how long the 
pollen might be viable?

E-mail replies preferred.

Don Martinson
Medical College of Wisconsin
dmartin@cdmas.crc.mcw.edu

"Existing order thrives upon ignorance and lies.  Objective truth
 and individual reason are feared above all."




From russell@dogwood.botany.uga.edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:19 EST 1996
Article: 1346 of sci.bio.botany
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From: russell@dogwood.botany.uga.edu (Russell L. Malmberg)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Good U.S. University Botany Programs?
Date: 25 Jan 1996 13:14:08 GMT
Organization: Botany Department, University of Georgia
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I am, of course, highly biased, but I think the Botany Department
at the University of Georgia has a pretty good program for its
graduate students.

A lot of information for prospective graduate students, including
faculty research areas, is on our web page:

http://dogwood.botany.uga.edu/







From ph-birnbaum@magic.fr Sat Jan 27 22:40:20 EST 1996
Article: 1347 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ph-birnbaum@magic.fr (Philippe Birnbaum)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Please I am looking for an abstract...!
Date: 25 Jan 1996 17:10:53 GMT
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Please, 
Since a long time I am looking for a abstract wrote in a Malaysian review :

Wong, Y.K. (1959) - Autoecology of the bertam palm, Eugeissona tristis Griff.
Malayan forester - 22:301-313

Anyone get this paper, please help me to know more about the invaded palms


Philippe BIRNBAUM
Tropical Botany 


From jea1@cornell.edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:21 EST 1996
Article: 1348 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jea1@cornell.edu (John E. Austin)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,bionet.software,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.electronics.equipment
Subject: Re: Greenhouse Datalogging Advice Sought
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 1996 13:25:55 -0500
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To all who've responded-

Thanks for your input!  I've gotten some email as well, and we're going to
crunch things a bit at a meeting today.

I will summmarize and post.

Again, thanks to all.


j.

John E. Austin  (jea1@cornell.edu)
Computer Graphics Specialist / Network Manager
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell
Ithaca, NY


From MRS@pnl.gov Sat Jan 27 22:40:21 EST 1996
Article: 1349 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mr_sackschewsky <MRS@pnl.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Anyone know dogfennel?
Date: 24 Jan 1996 21:36:47 GMT
Organization: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
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I believe that dogfennel is usually more or less synonymous with 
chamomille - here in the Northwest dogfennel is listed under the genus 
Anthemis, with a couple of possible species.  The "stinking dogfennel" 
would be Anthemis cotula L.




From cmjenks@aol.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:22 EST 1996
Article: 1350 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cmjenks@aol.com (Cmjenks)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Good U.S. University Botany Programs?
Date: 24 Jan 1996 19:13:28 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1350 bionet.plants:9690

i am in the program at umass. it was founded as an agricultural school and
they seem to have kept there strong roots in plant science.
check it out.


From lbstarr@aol.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:23 EST 1996
Article: 1351 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lbstarr@aol.com (Lbstarr)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: New web page for Botany in Santa Clara &
Date: 24 Jan 1996 19:08:27 -0500
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Hello.
I am doing some volunteer work for Soldiers Delight Natural Environment
Area, a protected area in Baltimore County, Maryland which is the site of
over 38 rare or endangered plants and animals.  I will be creating a list
of the many plants found in the area and hope I can find somewhere an
on-line list of Latin and common names for the wildflowers of North
America (eastern states).  I would appreciate any leads.
Many thanks.  Lbstarr@aol.com


From dougback@aol.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:24 EST 1996
Article: 1352 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dougback@aol.com (DougBack)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Bear Root-what is this plant?
Date: 24 Jan 1996 22:30:37 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I have a request from a collegue to ask this group if anyone can give us a
scientific name for bear root, a plant that is of some importance to
Native Americans from the central and northern Rocky Mountains. 

Thank you for any help. 


From sojda@handel.cs.colostate.edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:25 EST 1996
Article: 1353 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sojda@handel.cs.colostate.edu (rick sojda)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Anyone know dogfennel?
Date: 25 Jan 1996 07:53:51 -0700
Organization: Colorado State University -- Computer Science Department
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NNTP-Posting-Host: handel.cs.colostate.edu

Liz,

I was stationed on the Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge
for a couple years, and it was everywhere, especially on realtively dry, 
disturbed sites.  That's the extent of my knowledge, however...maybe even 
a bit beyond!

Rick

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   Richard S. Sojda
   Mountain Ecosystems Section
   Midcontinent Ecological Science Center
   USDI - National Biological Service
   4512 McMurry Avenue
   Fort Collins, CO  80525-3400

   TEL: 970-226-9327

sojda@cs.colostate.edu

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^



From faypapag@athena.compulink.gr Sat Jan 27 22:40:25 EST 1996
Article: 1354 of sci.bio.botany
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From: faypapag@athena.compulink.gr (Dr. Fay Papageorgiou)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Starch analysis
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 1996 12:13:11 GMT
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Hello,

I am interesting in routine techniques of measuring the starch
contents of apple and pear fruits. I'm familiar with the iodine test,
but how one can measure appropriatly the starch area?

If somebody has any information, please mail me.

email: faypapag@compulink.gr



From vulpia@sonic.net Sat Jan 27 22:40:26 EST 1996
Article: 1355 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cytoplasmic streaming
Date: 26 Jan 1996 14:01:40 GMT
Organization: Sonoma Interconnect,707.522.1001,ppp$12/mo,Santa Rosa,CA(us)
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Has anyone observed cyclosis - cytoplasmic streaming - in the leaves 
of a _terrestrial_ plant? A student, observing cyclosis in Elodea
in lab yesterday, asked this question, and we were all baffled!
I have never seen it myself, but it may happen! 
-- 
---Nancy Harrison ===SRJC Life Sciences/Botany===Santa Rosa, Calif.



From tjfox@sam.neosoft.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:27 EST 1996
Article: 1356 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sesqui.net!uuneo.neosoft.com!usenet
From: tjfox@sam.neosoft.com (T. Jesse Fox)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Costa Rica Rain Forest Semester Abroad
Date: 26 Jan 1996 19:06:49 GMT
Organization: NeoSoft Internet Services   +1 713 968 5800
Lines: 10
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 To anyone wanting to review the syllabi for the course of study to 
be taught at the University of Costa Rica regarding undergraduate rain 
forest conservation, biodiversity, ecology and natural history,  Please 
send your request to worldc@sam.neosoft.com  These classes are designed 
for a semester abroad program for English speaking students.  Additional 
information can be found a http:/www.neosoft.com/~worldc/learn.html
We would like to establish relationships with institutions that may have 
students and teachers who would wish to participate.




From ethel86@aol.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:28 EST 1996
Article: 1357 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e1a.megaweb.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: ethel86@aol.com (Ethel86)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Slave Labor (intern)
Date: 26 Jan 1996 15:26:50 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 26
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
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Reply-To: ethel86@aol.com (Ethel86)
NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com

    My name is Neil Canavan, a fourth year student here at the Yogi Bera
Institute (aka Brooklyn College), and I would like to offer my services as
an intern in your cutting edge, high tech, revolutionary, ethically sound,
politically correct, toxin soaked lab.  But for you the question comes
immediately to mind :  "Who is this clown?"
    A fair question - and aptly put.  I am one who's ideal interest is in
microbial bioremediation, but who realizes that the vast issue of
environmental integrity is so complex and multi-disciplined, that almost
any area of laboratory experience would be of lasting value, and would,
most importantly, keep me off the street.
    What I can bring to the table with my 3.6 GPA is this:  O chem, P
chem, Micro, Field Botany, Physics, Stamina, Patience, Self-motivation,
and Donuts.  Heed this last ability mentioned - during these difficult
times of mass layoffs of the skilled, and of the pinching of already
frugal budgets, do not underestimate the value of a man who can indentify
and provide good pastry.
    And finally, the details.  I have no problem with long hours/weeks; 
if agreeable to both parties my duties could extend through next fall; 
and I can travel in a 50 mile radius from New York City.  For more
interesting offers I might be willing to relocate, you will, however, be
expected to provide a change of socks and tent. 

I look forward to hearing from you,
sincerely,
Neil Canavan
Ethel86@AOL.com


From gbhat@Newbridge.COM Sat Jan 27 22:40:28 EST 1996
Article: 1358 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.pe.net!news.corpcomm.net!maggie.ionsys.com!newspeak.ultratech.net!worldlinx.com!newbridge.com!pixie!gbhat
From: gbhat@Newbridge.COM (Girish Bhat)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant names starting with 'j'
Date: 25 Jan 1996 17:39:00 GMT
Organization: Newbridge Networks Corporation
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Keywords: Name. Plants

HI,

     I am looking for names of plants that start with 'j', the shorter the better.
     Thanks

Girish
---
gbhat@newbridge.com



From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:29 EST 1996
Article: 1359 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu!user
From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Bear Root-what is this plant?
Date: 25 Jan 1996 18:51:02 GMT
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <dyanega-2501961250470001@catalpa.inhs.uiuc.edu>
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X-Newsreader: Value-Added NewsWatcher 2.0b27.1+

In article <4e6tgt$kl8@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, dougback@aol.com (DougBack)
wrote:

> I have a request from a collegue to ask this group if anyone can give us a
> scientific name for bear root, a plant that is of some importance to
> Native Americans from the central and northern Rocky Mountains. 
> 
> Thank you for any help. 

There's a fern from that area known as "Bear's-paw-root" (from which a
vermifuge is derived), which I have listed here as Dryopteris
[=Polypodium] filix-mas (L.)

Sound like a possibility?
-- 
Doug Yanega     (dyanega@mail.inhs.uiuc.edu)
Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr. 
Champaign, IL 61820  USA  (217) 244-6817 fax:(217) 333-4949
affiliate, University of Illinois Dept. of Entomology
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From fialab@flowinjection.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:30 EST 1996
Article: 1360 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!primus.ac.net!news.serv.net!usenet
From: Alitea USA <fialab@flowinjection.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Alitea USA, Manufacturer of Flow Injection Instruments
Date: 27 Jan 1996 03:12:46 GMT
Organization: Alitea USA
Lines: 12
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Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is a rapidly growing analytical technique with applications in 
various chemical, biological, environmental, agricultural, and medical analyses. The method is 
based on the injection of a liquid sample into a nonsegmented carrier stream. The injection 
sample forms a zone, which is transported into a detector or sensor. The continuous change in 
absorbance, electrical potential or other physical parameter yields a response curve which is 
the basis of an assay or information on a system under study.

Alitea USA is a leading manufacturer of flow injection instruments.

Please see our homepage at http://www.flowinjection.com/flowinjection/




From pcmiller@aardvark.ucs.uoknor,edu Sat Jan 27 22:40:31 EST 1996
Article: 1361 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!primus.ac.net!news.cais.net!nntp.uio.no!fizban.solace.mh.se!news.ecn.uoknor.edu!news.uoknor.edu!news
From: pcmiller@aardvark.ucs.uoknor,edu (PCMiller)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Biogeography & Ecology of Aspen in Rockies and Great Basin ?'s...
Date: Fri, 26 Jan 1996 03:31:42 GMT
Organization: University of Oklahoma
Lines: 15
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Thanks for al the response!

I have a copy of the Januaury BioScience paper by Mitton and Grant (as
well as thier email addresses).  Anything else that I may have not
heard about or thought of is still welcome.  I am grateful for any
input you might have to offer.

Thanks in advance,
PCMiller
email: pcmiller@aardvark.ucs.uoknor.edu

IRC nick: planted (~sunpower@ppp*.modems.uoknor.edu (*))





From Stephan: 100766.3150@compuserve.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:32 EST 1996
Article: 1362 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!newsmaster
From: <Stephan: 100766.3150@compuserve.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Hildegard von Bingen:
Date: 25 Jan 1996 22:50:05 GMT
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As a Botanist I am intersted in Hildegard of Bingen and her books and 
writings about herbs and medicine. If you know something about these topics,
please contact me via E-mail. 
                                              Stephan


From dmermans@innet.be Sat Jan 27 22:40:32 EST 1996
Article: 1363 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!lade.news.pipex.net!pipex!tube.news.pipex.net!pipex!dish.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.be.innet.net!INbe.net!usenet
From: Dirk Mermans <dmermans@innet.be>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,bionet.software,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.electronics.equipment
Subject: Re: Greenhouse Datalogging Advice Sought
Date: 27 Jan 1996 15:45:18 GMT
Organization: innet
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <4edhae$kjj@news.be.innet.net>
References: <4dm6tk$vt8@klein.delphi.com> <4e3rte$6p5@freenet3.scri.fsu.edu> <jea1-2501961325550001@btigrfx2.cit.cornell.edu>
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:9709 bionet.software:13764 sci.bio.botany:1363 sci.bio.technology:5168 sci.electronics.equipment:1407

What we use in our greenhouse are Priva Computers.

These are procescomputers designed for greenhouse controls,
and are expandable.

want more info mail me

Dirk Mermans



From rdk@clihouston.com Sat Jan 27 22:40:33 EST 1996
Article: 1364 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!swrinde!news.uh.edu!lurch.sccsi.com!news.sccsi.com!usenet
From: "Dr. R.D. Kane" <rdk@clihouston.com>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sulphur smoke on vines - long term effects
Date: 27 Jan 1996 17:39:40 GMT
Organization: CLI International, Inc.
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <4edo0s$m57@lurch.sccsi.com>
References: <4eadhm$h6a@venus.agric.za>
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:8818 sci.bio.botany:1364

The most likely consequences would be acidification of the precipitation 
(i.e. rain and dew) on the foliage.  Dew is usually the worst since it 
typically has the lowest pH.  It would also have the eventual effect of 
lowering soil pH if the condition was particularly bad (about the same as 
adding a good dose of sulfur to the soil). This condition could last 
for a long period. For plants that like acid, it would probably do well. 
However, for plants that like more neutral or basic soil it could be 
devistating.  The extent and duration would be related to how severe the 
situation was. pH measurements would be a good way to determine the 
efects.  They sell test kits, meters and litmus papers that will assist 
in this determination.

-- 
Russell D. Kane
CLI International, Inc.
The Materials & Corrosion Specialists
"and amature plant person"

Corrosion & Materials Web Site:
http://www.clihouston.com


InterCorr/96 - The 1st Global Internet & Corrosion Conference at:
http://www.clihouston.com/intercor.html




From theo@nietvoor.agric.za Sat Jan 27 22:40:34 EST 1996
Article: 1365 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!info.ucla.edu!psgrain!iafrica.com!uct.ac.za!venus.agric.za!usenet
From: theo@nietvoor.agric.za
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sulphur smoke on vines - long term effects
Date: 26 Jan 1996 11:22:30 GMT
Organization: Department of Agriculture, WC
Lines: 21
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To: francois@nietvoor.agric.za
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:8820 sci.bio.botany:1365

A sulphur dump in our area caught alight, burning for 18 hours.
The effects of the fumes can be seen in plant-life up to 30 kms
away.

The most damage was caused to vineyards closer to the fire, with
degrees of defoliation depending on the cultivar and topology.

With insurance claims in mind, we would like to know of any studies
which have been done on the long term effects on vines exposed to 
sulphur fumes.
Perhaps on vineyards close to industrial areas.....

The short term effects are crop losses this year. What about next
year? and the year thereafter?

Any help would be appreciated,
THeo Potgieter
Nietvoorbij
Institute for Viticulture and Oenology.




From jari@ibg.uit.no Sat Jan 27 22:40:35 EST 1996
Article: 1366 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant names starting with 'j'
Date: Fri, 26 Jan 1996 08:33:09
Organization: IBG, Uni of Tromsø
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Keywords: Name. Plants
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

In article <4e8f7k$5au@kannews.ca.newbridge.com> gbhat@Newbridge.COM (Girish Bhat) writes:
>From: gbhat@Newbridge.COM (Girish Bhat)
>Subject: Plant names starting with 'j'
>Date: 25 Jan 1996 17:39:00 GMT
>Keywords: Name. Plants

>HI,

>     I am looking for names of plants that start with 'j', the shorter the better.
>     Thanks

Look D.J.Mabberley's Plant book (Cambridge UP), pages 297-302. Some other 
books have alphabetic indices as well. My favourite is Jarilla. Cheers, 
--- Jari Oksanen Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From sandy.wiseman@utoronto.ca Sat Jan 27 22:40:36 EST 1996
Article: 1367 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!newsflash.concordia.ca!news.nstn.ca!inforamp.net!usenet
From: Sandy Wiseman <sandy.wiseman@utoronto.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Global Warming is focus of new PlanetKeepers edition
Date: 27 Jan 1996 22:57:21 GMT
Organization: InfoRamp Inc., Toronto, Ontario (416) 363-9100
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <4eeakh$4s6@sam.inforamp.net>
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X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany


The January/February  issue of PlanetKeepers focusses on global warming.  
It features a fascinating article by Bette Hileman , a few words from 
the  editor on the effects aof global warming on extreme weather,  
archives of all featured readings from the past year, a quiz on global  
warming and many updates to the web directories/nature GIFs.

To access PlanetKeepers, use the URL:
  http://galaxy.tradewave.com/editors/wayne-pendley/plankeep.html

keep dancing...

Sandy Wiseman

for

Wayne Pendley, editor
waynep@tirebiter.com




From inventor@netcom.com Mon Jan 29 11:15:42 EST 1996
Article: 1368 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!inventor
From: inventor@netcom.com (Inventor)
Subject: inventor needs help on raw materials drugs are made of
Message-ID: <inventorDLvLr8.FFH@netcom.com>
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
Date: Sun, 28 Jan 1996 05:25:56 GMT
Lines: 17
Sender: inventor@netcom7.netcom.com



Hello

I'm a pc inventor looking for a www page or book that list
the raw materials drugs are made from and how they are made.

The PDR would be the perfect book if they included what the drug
was made from and how.

please reply to inventor@msn.com

-- 
Name the Nearest 10 Stars to Earth *.* inventor@netcom.com    inventor@msn.com
Alpha Centauri 4.3 light years down range      Gravity Control and Total Recall
Manhattan Projects... A Bombs killed 1,001 moon bases for 1,001 H Bombs $$$$$$$
1,001 THINGS YOU CAN INVENT - ON A CD ROM - WITH TIPS $$ TO GET YOU INVENTING !



From ca359@FreeNet.Carleton.CA Mon Jan 29 11:15:43 EST 1996
Article: 1369 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!torn!nott!cunews!freenet.carleton.ca!FreeNet.Carleton.CA!ca359
From: ca359@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Craig McCaffrey)
Subject: Help with a school project
Message-ID: <DLvnsK.LyA@freenet.carleton.ca>
Sender: ca359@freenet3.carleton.ca (Craig McCaffrey)
Reply-To: ca359@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Craig McCaffrey)
Organization: The National Capital FreeNet
Date: Sun, 28 Jan 1996 06:09:55 GMT
Lines: 17

hi all

My 12 year old has a project on plant physiology & has tried to use the
Web (yahoo) to search out her info..... she ran about 15 different
searches on : plant, plants, botany, phototropism ect..... found lots of
stuff like schools she could attend classes at and the like but no real info
on the subject. She is looking for something like an encylopedia refernce
on plants... any ideas? I would hate to see her "turned off this wonderful
tool" at such an attempt

Thx, a father in need
Craig
--
*************************|******************************
 *  Hi from Craig !!      |          MAY I BE OF         *
  *   Phone: 72 329 75     |              HELP ?           * 
Ottawa, On   PC FAX 75     http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~ca359 *


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Mon Jan 29 11:15:44 EST 1996
Article: 1370 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: PHYTOPLANKTON AND MICROSCOPES
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: darwin.clas.virginia.edu
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Organization: uva
Date: Sun, 28 Jan 1996 07:14:16 GMT
Lines: 14

If you are interested in marine biology, or if you are in the
market for an excellent microscope, I hope you will visit our
web page

http://www.comet.net/gek

Mahlon Kelly
GEK, Inc.
268 Turkey Ridge Rd.
Charlottesville, VA 22903
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From inventor@ix.netcom.com Mon Jan 29 11:15:45 EST 1996
Article: 1371 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netnews
From: greg buell <inventor@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: bionet.biology.tropical,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.med.pharmacy,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: Medicnal PLants Group
Date: 28 Jan 1996 02:45:24 GMT
Organization: light year conquest corp.
Lines: 56
Message-ID: <4eeo04$bm0@cloner2.ix.netcom.com>
References: <4drhg1$80d$1@mhadf.production.compuserve.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ix-den5-08.ix.netcom.com
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To: 100344.12@CompuServe.COM
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.biology.tropical:1287 sci.agriculture:8825 sci.bio.botany:1371 sci.med.pharmacy:22188 alt.folklore.herbs:23725

Hello

  I'm a pc inventor and your discussion about plants and the
raw materials drugs are made from could help me find a cure for
cancer and other diseases.

  Is there a book or www page open to the public where I can get
the info you hold in private ?

thanks

please reply to inventor@msn.com


Greg Buell


-- 
Name the Nearest 10 Stars to Earth... 

inventor@netcom.com    

inventor@msn.com  

inventor@ix.netcom.com

Greg Buell PO Box 1113 Boulder CO 80306
Phone  303 443 6270

Alpha Centauri 4.3 light years down range      

Gravity Control and Total Recall

Manhattan Projects... A Bombs killed 1,001 moon bases for 1,001 H Bombs 

$$$$$$$

"1,001 THINGS YOU CAN INVENT - ON A CD ROM - 

WITH TIPS $$ TO GET YOU INVENTING !" copyright Greg Buell 1995



                       __...---'-----`---...__
                 _===============================
 ______________,/'      `---..._______...---'
(____________LL). .    ,--'
 /    /.---'       `. /
'--------_  - - - - _/
          `~~~~~~~~'


         700 shuttles in the STAR SHIP FLEET VIA SPACE INVENTIONS
             AT THE COST OF WEAPON SYSTEM INVENTIONS... *.*




From ceratias@worldaccess.nl Mon Jan 29 11:15:46 EST 1996
Article: 1372 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ceratias@worldaccess.nl
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wanted: sites/pictures of grass
Date: Sat, 27 Jan 1996 20:09:36 GMT
Organization: World Access, the easy way to Internet
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <4edsu6$j07@easy1.worldaccess.nl>
Reply-To: ceratias@worldaccess.nl
NNTP-Posting-Host: wxs3-14.worldaccess.nl
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Dear botany-experts,

In my homepage (page MedCinInfo) there's a table with different kinds
of (Dutch) grass. I want to link that table to sites with pictures of
'reukgras', beemdgras, struisgras, zachte dravik, timoteegras,
beemdlangbloem, witbol, kamgras, vossestaart, kropaar, Frans Raaigras
and Engels Raaigras (I don't know how you call it in english). Can
anybody help me?
Or if you've got pictures of the grass: send it to my e-mailadress
please.
With kind regards,
Jos van Rooij

************************************************************************
Nieuwe (!!!) HomePage van MedCinMan eindelijk op WWW! 
Wil je nuttig je tijd verdoen kijk dan naar 
http://www.worldaccess.nl/~ceratias/home.htm en 
.....(Vergeet dat kringeltje,uh jawel,de tilde niet).
Nu met een paar aardige medische links.
************************************************************************



From matt@chat.dungeon.com Mon Jan 29 11:15:47 EST 1996
Article: 1373 of sci.bio.botany
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From: matt@chat.dungeon.com (Matthew Chatfield)
Newsgroups: sci,bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc,sci.environment,scot.birds,scot.environment,uk.environment,uk.gov.local,uk.rec.birdwatching
Subject: Naturenet: a new directory of nature reserves, country parks, and other sites
Date: Sat, 27 Jan 1996 18:32:52 GMT
Organization: Naturenet
Lines: 28
Message-ID: <4edree$fcm@news.dungeon.com>
Reply-To: matt@chat.dungeon.com
NNTP-Posting-Host: chat.dungeon.com
Keywords: nature reserve directory conservation
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82
Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci:439 sci.bio.botany:1373 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:3059 sci.bio.entomology.misc:1830 sci.bio.misc:1911 sci.environment:82396

naturenet
========
http://www.dungeon.com/~chat/naturenet/natnet

Nature Reserves, Country Parks, National Parks, protected areas and
special designations...

Now a new WWW directory is being started by conservation professionals
to meet the needs of those wanting to find out more. We want your
opinion on what should be in it... and we want your links!

UK based, naturenet includes the following:
*Listing by county/region of sites and areas of conservation interest
*Contacts for UK and international organisations involved in practical
conservation
*Full descriptions and links describing designations such as SSSI,
NNR, National Park and Ramsar Site
*Links to other UK and international sites

Listings in the main UK directory are FREE. 

Visit us and comment directly. 

========================================
http://www.dungeon.com/~chat/naturenet/natnet





From eoweaver@pacific.telebyte.net Mon Jan 29 11:15:47 EST 1996
Article: 1374 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!news.telebyte.net!NewsWatcher!user
From: eoweaver@pacific.telebyte.net (Erich Weaver)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Leaf Skeletons
Date: Sun, 28 Jan 1996 09:21:48 -0800
Organization: Spasmodic Productions
Lines: 3
Message-ID: <eoweaver-2801960921530001@206.53.162.71>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 206.53.162.71

 We are looking for the formula for making leaf skeletons for a project we
are working on. Have tried several with no success. Help please.
   Thankyou


From ranger@america.net Mon Jan 29 11:15:48 EST 1996
Article: 1375 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!peach!root
From: Scott Ranger <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Anyone know dogfennel?
Date: 28 Jan 1996 20:30:24 GMT
Organization: America.Net, P.O. Box 1222, Alpharetta, GA 30239-1222
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <4egmd0$9ck@peach.america.net>
References: <4e4dst$shj$3@mhadg.production.compuserve.com> <mikalineDLoDzn.57p@netcom.com>
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To: mikaline@netcom.com

The weedy natives of the east called dogfennel are:

Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam) Small
E. compositifolium Walter

Both of these Eupatoriums have leaves so finely dividied they 
look like feathers (filiform).  The first species can reach 2m 
tall, the second rarely more than 1m tall.

They bear little resembleance to the Eupatorium called Joe Pye 
Weed that can reqach 2.5m tall with lanceolate leaves.

The genus Eupatorium is large and visually diverse with over 2 
dozen species in the southeast US, and many,many more over the 
rest of the world.

Scott Ranger



From music.ch Mon Jan 29 11:15:49 EST 1996
Article: 1376 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!news00.sunet.se!sunic!news99.sunet.se!nntp-trd.UNINETT.no!oslonett.no!sn.no!newsfeed.tip.net!peroni.ita.tip.net!mikasa.iol.it!uns10.ethz.ch!user
From: music.ch (Joel Fisler)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tidestromia oblingifolia
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 1996 15:52:16 +0200
Organization: jfisler@music.ch
Lines: 22
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NNTP-Posting-Host: uns10.ethz.ch
X-Newsreader: Value-Added NewsWatcher 2.0b24.0+

Hi,

does anyone know a web site where i can find a picture of Tidestromia
oblingifolia? does anyone have a picture of that desert plant? nobody from
death valley here? :-)

please send me a mail if you happen to have a picture or know where i can
get a picture of Tidestromia oblingifolia.

thanks!

music.chmusic.ch.music.chmusic.ch.music.chm    Joel Fisler
u                                         u    music.ch
s  mmm mmm u  u  sss i  ccc     ccc h     s    Wallikerstrasse 23
i  m  m  m u  u  s   i c       c    hhhh  i    8330 Pfaeffikon
c  m  m  m u  u   s  i c    oo c    h  h  c    Switzerland
.  m  m  m uuu u sss i  ccc oo  ccc h  h  .    fax/fon *41-1-950 04 78
c                                         h    jfisler@music.ch
h.music.chmusic.ch.music.chmusic.ch.music.c

Check out: http://www.music.ch/about/jfisler   (Joel Fisler)
           http://www.music.ch      (Swiss music on the Internet)


From kathleen.kidd@dartmouth.edu Mon Jan 29 11:15:50 EST 1996
Article: 1377 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!lerc.nasa.gov!purdue!news.bu.edu!dartvax.dartmouth.edu!usenet
From: kathleen.kidd@dartmouth.edu (Kathleen G. Kidd)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help: Japanese Knot Weed?
Date: 27 Jan 1996 21:28:15 GMT
Organization: Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
Lines: 3
Sender: Kathleen.G.Kidd@dartmouth.edu
Message-ID: <4ee5df$8ub@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: atgw-ksp-2-30.dartmouth.edu
X-Posted-From: InterNews 1.0.6@dartmouth.edu

I was recently asked for advice on controling a plant know as 'Japanese
knot weed.'  I have not heard of this plant.  I should appreciate it if
anyone could enlighten me.  Thank you.


From L.Scott@ctpm.uq.edu.au Mon Jan 29 11:15:51 EST 1996
Article: 1378 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!news
From: L.Scott@ctpm.uq.edu.au (Leon Scott)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Madagascar Sample Needed
Date: 28 Jan 1996 22:46:33 GMT
Organization: Centre for Tropical Pest Management
Lines: 21
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:9729 sci.bio.botany:1378 sci.bio.ecology:17712

I am currently completeing a study of Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) in 
Australia and desperately require a sample of this species from Madagascar.  
If anyone is Going to Southern Madagascar and would be able to assist me or 
if you know of any herberium samples from Madagascar would you please contact 
me.

All assistance will be greatly appreciated

Leon Scott
-- 
  *********************************************************************
  Leon Scott
  Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Pest Management
  University of Queensland
  Brisbane, 4072, AUSTRALIA
  
  Email: L.Scott@ctpm.uq.edu.au
  Phone: +617 3365 1879
  Fax:     +617 3365 1855
  *********************************************************************



From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Mon Jan 29 11:15:51 EST 1996
Article: 1379 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!news.duke.edu!phoenix5!mturner
From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Leaf Skeletons
Date: Sun, 28 Jan 1996 17:22:06
Organization: botany dept, duke univ.
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <mturner.603.00115ED9@acpub.duke.edu>
References: <eoweaver-2801960921530001@206.53.162.71>
NNTP-Posting-Host: phoenix5.botany.duke.edu
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

In article <eoweaver-2801960921530001@206.53.162.71> eoweaver@pacific.telebyte.net (Erich Weaver) writes:
> We are looking for the formula for making leaf skeletons for a project we
>are working on. Have tried several with no success. Help please.

It is more a matter of finding a plant species that naturally  lends itself to 
it-- leaves of some species will naturally skeletonize if laid on damp soil, 
or perhaps in water.  They then can be rinsed gently to remove debris [I 
remember using a hand- held trigger sprayer] , then  bleached or dyed, dried, 
& finally  mounted under glass, etc..  _Ficus religiosa_ is an especially good 
subject.  It seems to be a  combination of strong, rot-resistant veins and 
easily-rotted soft tissue.  Perhaps look around for examples of 
naturally-skeletonized leaves and use the same species.
mdt


From bhurley@sover.net Mon Jan 29 11:15:52 EST 1996
Article: 1380 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!cdc2.cdc.net!news1.cris.com!lori.albany.net!news.sover.net!pm0a0.bf.sover.net!user
From: bhurley@sover.net (Brad Hurley)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Bear Root-what is this plant?
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 1996 07:07:46 -0500
Organization: Freelance Environmental and Science Writing
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <bhurley-2901960707460001@pm0a0.bf.sover.net>
References: <4e6tgt$kl8@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pm0a0.bf.sover.net

In article <4e6tgt$kl8@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, dougback@aol.com (DougBack)
wrote:

> I have a request from a collegue to ask this group if anyone can give us a
> scientific name for bear root, a plant that is of some importance to
> Native Americans from the central and northern Rocky Mountains. 
> 
> Thank you for any help. 

The plant you are referring to is Ligusticum porterii. It is used as a
medicinal plant by the Navajo; related species in the same genus are used
for similar medicinal purposes in China and New Zealand.

-- 
Brad Hurley
Freelance Environmental and Science Writing
31 Gage Street, Bellows Falls, VT 05101-1616
E-mail: bhurley@sover.net


From jmpii@aol.com Sat Feb 10 00:08:49 EST 1996
Article: 1432 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e1a.megaweb.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: jmpii@aol.com (JMPII)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Tidestromia oblingifolia
Date: 3 Feb 1996 02:06:42 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 2
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
Message-ID: <4ev1i2$asg@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
References: <music.ch-2401961552160001@uns10.ethz.ch>
Reply-To: jmpii@aol.com (JMPII)

There are line drawing in both California Desert Wildflowers by Munz and
in Death Valley Wildflowers by Ferris.


From tmeehan@mascenic1.mv.com Sat Feb 10 00:08:51 EST 1996
Article: 1433 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in1.uu.net!world!mv!usenet
From: Tom Meehan <tmeehan@mascenic1.mv.com>
Subject: Re: Articles on trees "talking to each other" for science project.
Message-ID: <DM5tM8.A4s@mv.mv.com>
Mime-Version: 1.0
X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.1N (Windows; I; 16bit)
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Organization: Mascenic High School
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 1996 17:51:42 GMT
References: <4em1rm$1md@news1.usa.pipeline.com>
To: cjsaft@usa.pipeline.com
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: mascenic1.mv.com
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Lines: 21

cjsaft@usa.pipeline.com(C. J. Saft) wrote:
>Hello,  I am a fifth grade student.  BTW my father is helping me compose
>this message.  I decided to do a science project on "trees talking to each
>other".    I recently saw a news program on this subject.  Can anyone help
>point me to articles on this.  My dad thought he saw something in Newsweek.
> Thanks. 
>-- 
> 
>Allison Saft 
>70 Pine Hill Park 
>Valatie, New York 12184 
>CJSAFT@USA.PIPELINE.COM 
>518-784-2200
Allison,
Have you heard of the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature?  Most 
libraries have them.  They list magazine article on all types of topics. 
 Problem is, you have to go to the library it isn't something you can get 
on the internet





From brady@mail.utexas.edu Sat Feb 10 00:08:51 EST 1996
Article: 1434 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!geraldo.cc.utexas.edu!usenet
From: brady@mail.utexas.edu (Cindy Lay)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tecoma stans
Date: 3 Feb 1996 19:50:57 GMT
Organization: University of Texas at Austin
Lines: 6
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X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.6+

Help!  Send me some info on the Tecoma stans!  I need it for a Botany
project!

E-mail me directly!!

Cindy


From mescioli@ix.netcom.com Sat Feb 10 00:08:52 EST 1996
Article: 1435 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netnews
From: mescioli@ix.netcom.com (Mike Scioli)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Tecoma stans
Date: 3 Feb 1996 23:25:46 GMT
Organization: MSE Consultants
Lines: 39
Message-ID: <4f0qtq$dt6@cloner4.netcom.com>
References: <4f0eb1$sj6@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu>
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In article <4f0eb1$sj6@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu>, brady@mail.utexas.edu says...
>
>Help!  Send me some info on the Tecoma stans!  I need it for a Botany
>project!
>
>E-mail me directly!!
>
>Cindy

Cindy:

        What exactly are you looking for with respect to Tecoma stans?
  
        You might look at the entry in

                Nokes, Jill.  1986.  How to grow native plants of Texas
                and the southwest.  Texas Monthly Press.  ISBN 0-87719-034-8.

Use UTCAT to see where in the U.T. library system this text can be found.  If 
in the Life Sciences Library, Nancy Elder (the Head Librarian there) will be 
of great help.

        I found several entries using WWW search engines.  Images in .JPG 
format are available along with descriptions of the plant as a low 
water-usage candidate in xeriscaping, its place in the family Bignoniaceae, 
etc.

        By the way: What botany course are you taking?  Who is your 
instructor?

	All the best....

m.e.t.s.

-- 
Mike Scioli           email: mescioli@ix.netcom.com
MSE Consultants         fax: 1-512/292-4272
Austin, TX



From heinzel@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de Sat Feb 10 00:08:54 EST 1996
Article: 1436 of sci.bio.botany
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From: heinzel@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de (Frank Heinzel)
Newsgroups: bionet.molbio.proteins.fluorescent,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,bionet.molbio.methds.regnts,bionet.general,sci.research,aus.mbio
Subject: Help wanted: fluorescent reagents
Date: 5 Feb 1996 13:13:54 GMT
Organization: Dresden University of Technology
Lines: 14
Distribution: world
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:9825 sci.bio.botany:1436 bionet.general:18630 sci.research:10022

Hallo everyone,

is anybody able to tell me how to handle FLUOS, AMCA and Fluorescein (all fluorescent
reagents/dyes). There is no notice about in the catalogues of Boehringer, Sigma etc..

Please email to
heinzel@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de  (Frank Heinzel)

Thanks in advance

Frank Heinzel
Dresden University of Technology
Fak. Mathematics and Life Science
Inst. of Botany, Dresden, Germany


From jari@ibg.uit.no Sat Feb 10 00:08:55 EST 1996
Article: 1437 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!xmission!inquo!nntp.uio.no!nntp.uib.no!nntp-bergen.UNINETT.no!nntp-trd.UNINETT.no!news.uit.no!ibg.uit.no!jari
From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant names starting with 'j'
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 1996 09:45:28
Organization: IBG, Uni of Tromsø
Lines: 49
Message-ID: <jari.343.0009C247@ibg.uit.no>
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

In article <4etgoq$ls8@newsbf02.news.aol.com> aagraz@aol.com (AAGRAZ) writes:
>From: aagraz@aol.com (AAGRAZ)
>Subject: Re: Plant names starting with 'j'
>Date: 2 Feb 1996 12:14:02 -0500

>In Mexico we have:
>Jicama
>Jamaica
>jojoba
>jazmin
>juniper
>jitomate

>and maybe hundres more

In Finland we have jaakonvillakko, jalava, jalkasara, jalokiurunkannus, 
jalokuusi, jalokärsämö, jalominttu, japaninhappomarja, japaninkattara, 
japaninkellukka, japaninruttojuuri, japanintatar, jauhoesikko, jauhosavikka, 
jokapaikansara, jokileinikki, jokipaju, jouhiluikka, jouhisara, jouhivihvilä, 
jouhivita, juhannusruusu, juolavehnä, juolukka, juolukkapaju, 
juovakannusruoho, juurikas, juurtokaisla, juurtonurmikka, juurtosara, jäkki, 
jäkkärä, jänönapila, jänönputki, jänönsalaatti, jänönsara, jänönvihma, 
järvikaisla, järvikorte, järviruoko, järvisätkin, jäsenruoho, jättipalsami, 
jättiputki, jättitatar, jäykkänata, jäykkäpitkäpalko, jäykkärölli, 
jääleinikki, jäämerentähtimö and jääruoho.

Or, if you are a Swedish speaking Finn, you have japansk lykta, 
johannesnycklar, jolser, jordklöver, jordgubbe, jordranunkel, jordreva, 
jordrök, judekörs, jungfru Maries nycklar, jämstarr, jättebalsma, jättefloka, 
jätterams, jätterödsvingel, jätteslide and jättesporre.

In Norway they have jamne, japanberberiss, japanlerk, japanpestrot, 
japanspirea, jetmtlandsrapp, jemtlandsstorr, jernurt, jervrapp, 
johannesnøklar, jomfrua i det grøne, jomfrurose, jonsokblom, jonsokkol, 
jordbær, jordbærkløver, jordbærmelde, jordbærmure, jordnøtt, jordrøyk, 
jordskokk, jordskolm, jotunheimvalmue, judaspengar, junisøtmispel, 
junkerbregne, jærlupin, jærsiv, jæarsøte, jærtistel, jødekirsebær, jøkularve, 
jøkulstorr and jåblom.

These were only native or naturalized vascular plants. There are other plants 
as well.

Usenet may be useful in many things, but for this question nothing beats a 
book with an alphabetic index! (Books are a historic things where you have 
sheets of printout bound together and usually with separate cover pages which 
may be of stiffer material than the printouts). Try that next time when you 
need plants starting with some letter. Cheers, 
--- Jari Oksanen Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From FirstName.LastName@u.cc.utah.edu Sat Feb 10 00:08:56 EST 1996
Article: 1438 of sci.bio.botany
Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!agate!dog.ee.lbl.gov!news.cs.utah.edu!news.cc.utah.edu!news
From: FirstName LastName <FirstName.LastName@u.cc.utah.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant names starting with 'j'
Date: 4 Feb 1996 20:37:58 GMT
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Jaltomata




From barrew4l@wfu.edu Sat Feb 10 00:08:58 EST 1996
Article: 1439 of sci.bio.botany
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From: William Barrett <barrew4l@wfu.edu>
Newsgroups: rec.gardens.roses,rec.gardens.orchids,rec.gardens,triangle.gardens,bionet.plants,bionet.molbio.plant,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help!>>>>Ferns<<<<
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 1996 22:33:04 -0500
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I'm having trouble growing some ferns I got out of the woods.  The 
fiddleheads tend to stop growing after they get their little heads above 
the soil surface.  Got any ideas?????

Please E-mail me.
Bill
barrew4l@wfu.edu


From ballen1@frontier.canrem.com Sat Feb 10 00:08:59 EST 1996
Article: 1440 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bill Allen <ballen1@frontier.canrem.com>
Organization: CRS Online's Frontier
Subject: Bird of Paradise
Message-ID: <060296.22462981899.n@frontier.canrem.com>
Date: 06 Feb 1996 22:46:29 GMT
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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Hi All: I have a Bird of Paradise plant that I planted from seed about 12 
years ago. I have it in a pot as I live near Toronto. I keep it near a window 
for the maximum sun and it has grown into a pretty big plant. Last summer I 
went to divide it into three main plants but when I cleaned off all the roots 
I was afraid to cut into it. (it's my baby) Does anyone know the proper way to 
cut the roots to divide such a plant. I realize I'm going to have to cut it 
but I don't know the best way. Thanks in advance.
					Bill  


From BEK@MMF.ruc.dk Sat Feb 10 00:09:00 EST 1996
Article: 1441 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bernd Kuemmel <BEK@MMF.ruc.dk>
Newsgroups: uk.environment,sci.bio.misc,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Re: Trifolium repens/cyanogenesis references.
Date: Wed, 07 Feb 1996 01:46:02 -0800
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From: 
            jon@dax.demon.co.uk (Jon Mallabar)
   Reply-To: 
            jon@dax.demon.co.uk

Jon Mallabar wrote:
> 
> I'm undertaking a study involving the re-evaluation of studies of
> cyanogenesis in Trifolium repens in the light of recent evidence that
> this plant is a tetraploid.
> 
> I would be particularly grateful for details of any recent references
> of cyanogenesis, particularly in Trifolium repens.  I do not have
> access to any databases such as BIDS Ecoflora (available over the
> internet and based at Bath University, UK) and if anyone is able to do
> a search through this I would be eternally in their debt.


This looks interesting

I allowed myself to forward it to a wider audience.

Bernd


From akerne@innet.be Sat Feb 10 00:09:01 EST 1996
Article: 1442 of sci.bio.botany
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From: akerne@innet.be (Bruyninckx)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: looking for North Carolina palm seeds
Date: Mon, 05 Feb 1996 15:40:06 GMT
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I am looking for seeds collected in North Carolina of the following
palms : 

- Rhapidohyllum hystrix
- Sabal minor
- Sabal palmetto

I want to plant these in my garden here in Belgium so they have to be
frost resistant. 

Can anybody help me ? Or do you know a good address ?

regards,

Kenneth Bruyninckx
akerne@innet.be




From baldo@ns.net Sat Feb 10 00:09:02 EST 1996
Article: 1443 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bugman <baldo@ns.net>
Newsgroups: rec.gardens.roses,rec.gardens.orchids,rec.gardens,triangle.gardens,bionet.plants,bionet.molbio.plant,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help!>>>>Ferns<<<<
Date: Wed, 07 Feb 1996 07:22:53 -0800
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William Barrett wrote:
> 
> I'm having trouble growing some ferns I got out of the woods.  The
> fiddleheads tend to stop growing after they get their little heads above
> the soil surface.  Got any ideas?????
> 
> Please E-mail me.
> Bill
> barrew4l@wfu.edu

Try to give those ferns the same ecological conditions that existed in 
the woods from where you got them. That is you should have checked the 
type of soil, soil pH, shade, humidity, etc. Try to give those plants 
the same conditions in the home/greenhouse environment.


From mgoswitz@ix.netcom.com Sat Feb 10 00:09:03 EST 1996
Article: 1444 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mgoswitz@ix.netcom.com(Mark & Victoria)
Newsgroups: rec.gardens.roses,rec.gardens.orchids,rec.gardens,triangle.gardens,bionet.plants,bionet.molbio.plant,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help!>>>>Ferns<<<<
Date: 7 Feb 1996 13:30:58 GMT
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In <Pine.HPP.3.91.960206222053.1174A-100000@acg60.wfunet.wfu.edu>
William Barrett <barrew4l@wfu.edu> writes: 
>
>I'm having trouble growing some ferns I got out of the woods.  The 
>fiddleheads tend to stop growing after they get their little heads
above 
>the soil surface.  Got any ideas?????
>
>Please E-mail me.
>Bill
>barrew4l@wfu.edu


When we take things from the woods, what we do is tear the plant away
>from  the microbial activity of that particular environment.  If the
plant does not have the correct balance of organisms which enhance its
growth pattern, it will most likely either perish, or limp along.  That
is one of the key reasons why we must not disturb plants which are in
nature in the woods.  It is the chance we take when we dig them out of
nature.  Which in most states is illegal unless the forest if our own
personal property.  Even then, if you transplant anything from the
forest, you must take a root ball, which wont fall apart before
transplanting it.  That way, you will be introducing the microbes into
the new growing place.  It also must have very similar conditions
regarding sunlight.  You cannot take a plant out of the forest and put
it into the sun, or even partial sun, if it is more sun than it had in
its original location.  It may survive, but it wont be healthy, it will
always limp along.
Victoria*


From sjw@astrabio.demon.co.uk Sat Feb 10 00:09:04 EST 1996
Article: 1445 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Dr. S.J. Wainwright" <sjw@astrabio.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Hippocrepis comosa seed
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 1996 22:27:46 +0000
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Can anyone help me to obtain seeds of the Horseshoe vetch, Hippocrepis
comosa ?
I am working on aspects of its N metabolism with Dr C.R. Hipkin.
We would be grateful for any seed from any source in the world.
If you can't get any seed now, but know of a population of the plant
that you could visit later in the season, then please let us know.
Please either reply here, or e-mail
s.j.wainwright@swansea.ac.uk
or sjw@astrabio.demon.co.uk
-- 
Dr. S.J. Wainwright


From blewett2@aol.com Sat Feb 10 00:09:06 EST 1996
Article: 1446 of sci.bio.botany
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From: blewett2@aol.com (BLEWETT2)
Newsgroups: rec.gardens.roses,rec.gardens.orchids,rec.gardens,triangle.gardens,bionet.plants,bionet.molbio.plant,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help!>>>>Ferns<<<<
Date: 7 Feb 1996 13:36:41 -0500
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The ferns you can find in nurseries are more ornamental than the more
common natives, anyway. Cinnamon fern, royal fern, maiden fern and
especially japanese painted fern are a few to look for. Planted in masses
and sited properly ferns add charm to a shade garden like few other
plants.

                                                    Evan Blewett
                                                    GARDENWORKS
                                                    Cary,NC


From awalsh@flex.com.au Sat Feb 10 00:09:07 EST 1996
Article: 1447 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Andrew Walsh <awalsh@flex.com.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Trees susceptible to dropping timber/branches
Date: 8 Feb 1996 01:02:07 GMT
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I am looking for information regarding those trees that are susceptible to 
dropping branches.  

I understand that any tress can lose branches as a result of storms and 
disease, but what I am researching is the natural occurence of dropping 
limbs.

One example of such a tree is the Australian River Gum.

This information is important for insurance purposes as I am involved in 
the design of caravan parks.  We must know where we can confidently plant 
tress within sites and know that they will not danger anybody.


Thanks for any information.

Please email me directly.






From rcareaga@pbinet.com Sat Feb 10 00:09:08 EST 1996
Article: 1448 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Richard Careaga <rcareaga@pbinet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Origins of C. limon var. 'Meyer' sought
Date: 8 Feb 1996 03:13:52 GMT
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For a general-interest article on the Meyer lemon, I would appreciate 
receiving sources regarding the origin of this variety. Most California 
(US) sources take it no further back than 1908 as a direct Chinese export 
to America. However, other references to a similar "lemon" occur far 
earlier, in Europe.  Have also heard that a project at the Orangerie at 
the Versailles Palace will include this variety in their reconstruction 
of the gardens at the time of Louis XIV.

Any links or other sources vastly appreciated.



From mklein@uni-bonn.de Sat Feb 10 00:09:09 EST 1996
Article: 1449 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mklein@uni-bonn.de (Matthias Klein)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Trewia nudiflora L.
Date: Tue, 06 Feb 1996 17:25:36 GMT
Organization: University of Bonn, Germany
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Hello everyone,

we are looking for information about Trewia nudiflora.

We would like to get some seeds of this species to do biochemical
investigations.

If anybody knows where and how to get information or plant material we
would be very thankful.

Many thanks in advance

Matthias Klein
Institute of Biology
Department of Pharmacy
University of Bonn
Germany

please mail to MKlein@uni-bonn.de



From bek@MMF.RUC.DK Sat Feb 10 00:09:10 EST 1996
Article: 1450 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bek@MMF.RUC.DK (Bernd Kuemmel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Tree ring growth vs. annual precipitation
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 1996 14:29:32 GMT
Organization: Roskilde Universitetscenter - Denmark
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References: <tmcclure-0602961242200001@mtshasta23.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
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In article <tmcclure-0602961242200001@mtshasta23.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us> tmcclure@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Troy McClure) writes:
>From: tmcclure@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Troy McClure)
>Subject: Tree ring growth vs. annual precipitation
>Date: 6 Feb 1996 20:12:54 GMT

>I am attempting to do a science project that relates tree ring growths to
>annual precipitation and would like some assistance.  Is there a direct
>relationship all the time between these two factors? or does it change
>over time. I appreciate you time.  Thank you.

If nothing else changes you should find some correlations. Departure from 
the requirements that certain tree species have (too wet or too dry) should 
mean less than average tree ring growth. You might even find correlations in 
an optimal range where tree ring growth changes with the precipitation.

But please be aware that temperature also is a major influence factor. Did 
you read the article in Nature last summer on temperature variations showing 
off in tree ring growth? Find it, the last December number of Nature has a 
title index.

Might be helpful


Greetings

Bernd Kuemmel


From KOTNERJS@ctrvx1.Vanderbilt.Edu Sat Feb 10 00:09:11 EST 1996
Article: 1451 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KOTNERJS@ctrvx1.Vanderbilt.Edu (KOTNERJS)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant names starting with 'j'
Date: 6 Feb 1996 02:27:25 GMT
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In a former article we saw...

---begin former article---
From: FirstName LastName <FirstName.LastName@u.cc.utah.edu>
Subject: Re: Plant names starting with 'j'
Date: 4 Feb 1996 20:37:58 GMT



Jaltomata


---end former article---

and KOTNERJS@ctrvx1.Vanderbilt.Edu (KOTNERJS) comments...

Japonicum spp.








From @hursley.ibm.com Sat Feb 10 00:09:14 EST 1996
Article: 1452 of sci.bio.botany
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From: @hursley.ibm.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: pH of soil
Date: 7 Feb 1996 12:35:59 GMT
Organization: IBM UK Laboratories Ltd.
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References: <hrhoades-0602961057480001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
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In <hrhoades-0602961057480001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>, hrhoades@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Harmonie Rhoades) writes:
>   We are biology students from Mt. Shasta High School. We are working on
>a problem concerning the pH of soil and its affects on plants.  For our
>experiment we are changing the pH of three soils and planting equal
>numbers of vegetables, radish, lettuce, dill and carrots in each of the
>pots.  We are going to change the pH to 5 in one pot, 6, and 7 in
>another.  We must have a hypothesis stating what will happen but we are
>having a hard time finding the research to base it on.  If you have any
>information on this subject could you please help us. Thank you.
>
>Mandy Garcia
>Kim Harrison
>Kami Gray
>
>mgarcia@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us

The main effect of a change of pH in the growing medium is to alter the 
availability of the macro/micro nutrients. eg Fe, Zn, Mn are more available
at low pHs whereas Mg Ca are more available at high pHs.
Plants differ in their tolerance to low nutrient levels, so in your case you
might find that the lower levels of available Ca and Mg at low pHs may be	
noticable. Ca is used in the cell walls etc. and therefore when it is deficient
growing points may fail. 



From @hursley.ibm.com Sat Feb 10 00:09:15 EST 1996
Article: 1453 of sci.bio.botany
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From: @hursley.ibm.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: pH of soil
Date: 7 Feb 1996 12:39:39 GMT
Organization: IBM UK Laboratories Ltd.
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X-Newsreader: IBM NewsReader/2 v1.2

In <4fa6bf$ssk@zen.hursley.ibm.com>, @hursley.ibm.com writes:
>In <hrhoades-0602961057480001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>, hrhoades@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Harmonie Rhoades) writes:
>>   We are biology students from Mt. Shasta High School. We are working on
>>a problem concerning the pH of soil and its affects on plants.  For our
>>experiment we are changing the pH of three soils and planting equal
>>numbers of vegetables, radish, lettuce, dill and carrots in each of the
>>pots.  We are going to change the pH to 5 in one pot, 6, and 7 in
>>another.  We must have a hypothesis stating what will happen but we are
>>having a hard time finding the research to base it on.  If you have any
>>information on this subject could you please help us. Thank you.
>>
>>Mandy Garcia
>>Kim Harrison
>>Kami Gray
>>
>>mgarcia@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us
>
>The main effect of a change of pH in the growing medium is to alter the 
>availability of the macro/micro nutrients. eg Fe, Zn, Mn are more available
>at low pHs whereas Mg Ca are more available at high pHs.
>Plants differ in their tolerance to low nutrient levels, so in your case you
>might find that the lower levels of available Ca and Mg at low pHs may be	
>noticable. Ca is used in the cell walls etc. and therefore when it is deficient
>growing points may fail. 
>
Whoops should have added my name ... Barry Edge (barry_edge@hursley.ibm.com)


From una.smith@yale.edu Sat Feb 10 00:09:15 EST 1996
Article: 1454 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.systematics,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Citrus systematic
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 9 Feb 1996 01:44:41 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
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Roland Cottin <cottin@corse.inra.fr> wrote:

>Is there anybody could send me informations on the more official 
>systematics used for citrus and relatives ?

See Arthur Cronquist's 1981 and 1988 books on the systematics of
flowering plants, or similar works, for pointers, or ask your
local reference librarian to help you find sources, or contact
various regulatory agencies.  The United States Department of
Agriculture is sure to have an "official" treatment of Rutaceae,
since this is an economically important family.

Sci.bio.systematics is devoted pretty much to debating methods
of systematic research.  Your question appears to be about the
standard classification scheme for the flowering plant family
Rutaceae.  For questions like this, sci.bio.botany is where to
look.  I have cross-posted this article there, with followups
set there.



From otterbrook@aol.com Sat Feb 10 00:09:16 EST 1996
Article: 1455 of sci.bio.botany
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From: otterbrook@aol.com (Otterbrook)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: <ad>books re:botany, forests,paleobotany,etc
Date: 9 Feb 1996 01:13:19 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Our list of out-of-print Forestry, Lumber & Botany books has been 
COMPLETELY REVISED since our last announcement.  Scores of additional 
titles are available and "shelf veterans" have been discounted.  Now
includes 
paleobotany.

This will be the last announcement of Forestry/Botany books for the
foreseeable 
future.  See our WWW page at  <   http://home.aol.com/otterbrook   > for
info on 
other Natural History lists.

Email for Forestry/Botany list :    otterbrook@aol.com


From mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us Sat Feb 10 00:09:17 EST 1996
Article: 1456 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mackinnw@wildlife.dnr.state.mi.us (Whitey)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Trees susceptible to dropping timber/branches
Date: 8 Feb 1996 19:33:32 GMT
Organization: ultimayhem
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In article <4fbi2f$3r6@holly.flex.com.au>, awalsh@flex.com.au says...
>
>I am looking for information regarding those trees that are susceptible to 
>dropping branches.  
>
>I understand that any tress can lose branches as a result of storms and 
>disease, but what I am researching is the natural occurence of dropping 
>limbs.
>
>One example of such a tree is the Australian River Gum.
>
>This information is important for insurance purposes as I am involved in 
>the design of caravan parks.  We must know where we can confidently plant 
>tress within sites and know that they will not danger anybody.
>
Most hardwoods drop there branches in forest conditions, as branches are 
shaded out it is no longer a wise economical investment for the tree to 
support the limbs and they are lost (unfortunately I don't remember the 
mechanism at all)  most of these trees grown in an open condition will retain 
there branches since light is available from crown to ground.

For something like a caravan park, please plant native species.

Whitey>



From cottin@corse.inra.fr Sat Feb 10 00:09:18 EST 1996
Article: 1457 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Roland Cottin <cottin@corse.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Origins of C. limon var. 'Meyer' sought
Date: Thu, 08 Feb 1996 08:27:39 +0100
Organization: SRA INRA-CIRAD
Lines: 27
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Hello
The "Meyer lemon" is not a lemon !
It's a citrus with an external look of lemon but with an internal quality
that look like more to an orange (high in sigar, low in acidity).
The name 'meyer' came from Frank N. Meyer wich belong to the National
Society of Horticulture (UK Society) witch introduce that species from
china at the very begining of this century.
The Official (!) name,according Swingle classification of rutacae is
Citrus meyerii Y. Tan.

Another current name is "lemonange" for Lemon + orange

Best Regards

By the way, we are working on citrus as our research station, we are
involved to the management of more 1100  citrus varieties, and in the
history of these items.

CLick on the URL below for more informations....
-- 
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Roland COTTIN
SRA INRA-CIRAD				E-Mail : cottin@corse.inra.fr
20230 San Giuliano			Tel    : (33) 95 55 01 10
FRANCE					Fax    : (33) 95 55 01 65
URL : http://www.corse.inra.fr/sra/sra.htm
---------------------------------------------------------------------


From astrand@trillium.nmsu.edu Sat Feb 10 00:09:19 EST 1996
Article: 1458 of sci.bio.botany
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From: astrand@trillium.nmsu.edu (Allan Strand)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,bionet.population-bio,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: seed mass heritabilities in grasses
Date: 06 Feb 1996 10:38:00 -0700
Organization: Biology, New Mexico State University
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Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:9854 bionet.population-bio:1704 sci.bio.botany:1458 sci.bio.ecology:17958

Hi All,

I'm looking for estimates of the heritability (preferably broad and
narrow sense) of seed mass in members of the the following grass
genera: Calamagrostis, Phleum, Alopecurus, Cinna, Lamarkia,
Deschampsia, Anthoxanthum, Lygeum, Elymus, Stipa, Brachypodium,
Melica, Tragus, Tricholaena, Phyllostachys, Arundinaria,
Dendrocalamus, Zizinia, and  Andropogon.

I realize that these data probably do not exist for the majority
(perhaps all) of these taxa.  I'm just at a point where my library
search is stalled, and I thought I'd query net-knowledge.  I'd
appreciate direct sources or any suggestions on where to look for this
kind of information.  
Thanks,
Allan

Allan E. Strand                Internet:   astrand@evolution.nmsu.edu
Department of Biology
New Mexico State University    Phone:      (505) 646-1150
Las Cruces, New Mexico  88003  FAX:        (505) 646-5665
-- 
Allan E. Strand                Internet:   astrand@evolution.nmsu.edu
Department of Biology
New Mexico State University    Phone:      (505) 646-1150
Las Cruces, New Mexico  88003  FAX:        (505) 646-5665


From matt@chat.dungeon.com Sat Feb 10 00:09:20 EST 1996
Article: 1459 of sci.bio.botany
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From: matt@chat.dungeon.com (Matthew Chatfield)
Newsgroups: sci,bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc,sci.environment,scot.birds,scot.environment,uk.environment,uk.gov.local,uk.rec.birdwatching
Subject: Re: Naturenet: a new directory of nature reserves, country parks, and other sites
Date: Tue, 06 Feb 1996 19:17:58 GMT
Organization: naturenet
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <4f89rq$ues@news.dungeon.com>
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matt@chat.dungeon.com (Matthew Chatfield) wrote:

>Jeremy Packer <jclp100@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk> wrote:

>>The hyperlink appears not to work for me. Is the page set up yet?

>Yes it is. Sorry if there have been some delays, these are nothing we
>can do anything about! Please keep trying, it will work, I promise!

>Matthew Chatfield, naturenet

Sorry if I appear to be having a dialogue with myself. 
The address for naturenet below is correct, and seems to work for most
people. Please keep trying if you cannot get through, even if your
browser says we do not exist, I promise we do! 

Many thanks to those numerous people in the UK and beyond who have
visited and commented. Please keep it up! New naturenet pages on their
way as I write.

http://www.dungeon.com/~chat/naturenet/natnet





naturenet
http://www.dungeon.com/~chat/naturenet/natnet
Visit us and comment please!



From hrhoades@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Sat Feb 10 00:09:21 EST 1996
Article: 1460 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hrhoades@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Harmonie Rhoades)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: pH of soil
Date: Tue, 06 Feb 1996 10:57:48 -0700
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
Lines: 14
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   We are biology students from Mt. Shasta High School. We are working on
a problem concerning the pH of soil and its affects on plants.  For our
experiment we are changing the pH of three soils and planting equal
numbers of vegetables, radish, lettuce, dill and carrots in each of the
pots.  We are going to change the pH to 5 in one pot, 6, and 7 in
another.  We must have a hypothesis stating what will happen but we are
having a hard time finding the research to base it on.  If you have any
information on this subject could you please help us. Thank you.

Mandy Garcia
Kim Harrison
Kami Gray

mgarcia@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us


From riclopes@gemini.ci.uc.pt Wed Mar 20 12:17:28 EST 1996
Article: 1585 of sci.bio.botany
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From: riclopes@gemini.ci.uc.pt (Ricardo Jorge Lopes)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help wanted with epidermis
Date: Sat, 9 Mar 1996 00:27:36
Organization: IMAR - Dep. Zoologia - Univ. Coimbra
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Hello

I'm doing my master in Roe deer diet and I'm trying to make a reference 
collection of epidermis of every kind of plant eaten by them, in order to 
analyse their faeces.

I tryed to isolate epidermis using cromic and nitric acid to make an acid 
digestion.

But, I run into some problems. For each kind of plant different times of 
digestion are needed, and for some plants this doesn't work.

I would like to know if someone knows another method to achieve good 
definitive epidermis preparations because I can´t find another in all the 
bibliography I have.

If someone could help, I would appreciate very much,
Thank you for your attention.

Ana Mafalda Faria
Instituto Ambiente e Vida
Universidade de Coimbra
Portugal


From FMFR33A@prodigy.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:28 EST 1996
Article: 1586 of sci.bio.botany
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From: FMFR33A@prodigy.com (Henry Kuska)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Tricotyledon / mutations ?
Date: 7 Mar 1996 13:47:34 GMT
Organization: Prodigy Services Company  1-800-PRODIGY
Lines: 22
Distribution: world
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"G.J.O'Connor" <bsu472@bangor.ac.uk> wrote:
>
>I recently planted some seeds (dicots), and one of the eight that I 
>planted, has produced three cotyledons, and now 3 first leaves arranged 

>radially around the stem, as you would probably expect a tricotyledonous 

>plant to do (if such a thing existed). 
>
>What I would like to know, is how rare are these kind of mutations. Does 

>anybody know of any research that has been done in this area. I would be 

>very grateful for any help. 
>
>NB, I'm aware that I have not named the species in question.
>
   With roses grown from seed I find one every so often.  My usual 
explanation is that it is like finding the 4 leave clover- not as rare as 
you would expect.  I understand it is relatively common in tissue culture 
plants.



From cappinc@cappinc.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:29 EST 1996
Article: 1587 of sci.bio.botany
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From: capp / usa <cappinc@cappinc.com>
Newsgroups: rec.humor,rec.gardens,rec.mag,rec.misc,rec.music.classical,rec.org.mensa,rec.photo.misc,rec.ponds,rec.scouting,rec.sport.basketball.misc,rec.sport.misc,rec.travel.misc,sci.bio.botany,sci.astro
Subject: electric library
Date: Sat, 09 Mar 1996 09:19:36 -0400
Organization: capp / usa
Lines: 11
Message-ID: <31418568.3CB4@cappinc.com>
References: <4f0arl$2ek@nw002.infi.net> <4gggq0$6if@hp5.online.apple.com> <4gj60g$gih@alterdial.UU.NET> <4gpesg$j9s@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <313084E8.6515@flinthills.com> <4grvpv$cjk@newnews.iafrica.com> <31338939.360F@mail.oregon.com> <4h29ht$js4@hrz-ws11.hrz.uni-kassel.de> <4h2v11$p78@homer.taynet.co.uk>
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I would be interested in getting some feedback on the Electric Library 
(http://www.elibrary.com). This site has got to be one of the
most "content-rich" on the Web. There are over 1000 continuously
updated publications, including magazines,
newspapers, reference works, academic journals,
gov. publications, art, literature... 
I'm an intern for them, looking for some feedback.
Thanks very much!
-----------------
chris regan
cappinc@cappinc.com


From uncleal0@ix.netcom.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:30 EST 1996
Article: 1588 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!news
From: Alan \"Uncle Al\" Schwartz <uncleal0@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: rec.humor,rec.gardens,rec.mag,rec.misc,rec.music.classical,rec.photo.misc,rec.ponds,rec.scouting,rec.sport.basketball.misc,rec.sport.misc,rec.travel.misc,sci.bio.botany,sci.astro
Subject: Re: electric library
Date: 9 Mar 1996 16:16:12 GMT
Organization: The Noble Krell
Lines: 40
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References: <4f0arl$2ek@nw002.infi.net> <4gggq0$6if@hp5.online.apple.com> <4gj60g$gih@alterdial.UU.NET> <4gpesg$j9s@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <313084E8.6515@flinthills.com> <4grvpv$cjk@newnews.iafrica.com> <31338939.360F@mail.oregon.com> <4h29ht$js4@hrz-ws11.hrz.uni-kassel.de> <4h2v11$p78@homer.taynet.co.uk> <31418568.3CB4@cappinc.com>
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capp / usa <cappinc@cappinc.com> wrote:
>I would be interested in getting some feedback on the Electric Library 
>(http://www.elibrary.com). This site has got to be one of the
>most "content-rich" on the Web. There are over 1000 continuously
>updated publications, including magazines,
>newspapers, reference works, academic journals,
>gov. publications, art, literature... 
>I'm an intern for them, looking for some feedback.


Unless you offer the Uncle Al collection of 529 essays/1100 pages/400,000 
words, your electronic compendium is incomplete!  The most powerful, 
creative, dangerous, and misaligned mentality on planet Earth has 
extended its hungry and unforgiving tendrils.  We're talking bad 
craziness, eldritch creativity, and a funnybone wielded like a 
sledgehammer.  (Have you heard about the naughty things the elderly do 
with blood pressure cuffs?  Sphygmosexuality!)

Send $(US)18, your snail mail and e-mail address, and whether you need a 
PC or Mac disk set (DS/HD 3.5") to

     Uncle Al Schwartz
     P.O. Box 005
     49 FAbriano
     Irvine, CA  92720-2525

The disk set includes an exhaustive concordance.  The PC disk set has the 
powerful display utility FETCH; Mac doesn't need it.

-- 
Alan "Uncle Al" Schwartz
UncleAl0@ix.netcom.com  ("zero" before "@")
http://vvv.com/adsint/freehand/uncleal/
"Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?"  The Net!

(Uncle Al has been Officially convinced to "voluntarily" shut down his 
homepage.   You can own his complete 529 essay collection.  Surf by 
before it dies!)




From Semper@hermes.bc.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:30 EST 1996
Article: 1589 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news4.ner.bbnplanet.net!news.ner.bbnplanet.net!delphi.bc.edu!onz4.bc.edu!user
From: Semper@hermes.bc.edu (CS)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.arts.tv,rec.arts.tv.uk.misc
Subject: Re: The Private Life of Plants
Date: Sat, 09 Mar 1996 14:46:14 -0500
Organization: BC
Lines: 8
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References: <4hqime$3lb@fmsrlr.srl.ford.com>
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In article <4hqime$3lb@fmsrlr.srl.ford.com>, bwehr@etch08.eld.ford.com (M
B Wehr (Bruce)) wrote:
>>> David Attenborough called "The Private Life of
>   Plants."  >>>>  Can anyone provide a pointer or two as to how we could
track    this series down?
  
FACETS VIDEO in Chicago lists the six volume series for $79.98. Call them
at 1-800-331-6197.


From terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:31 EST 1996
Article: 1590 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Neil R. Terry" <terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Effects of Boron of Grasses
Date: Wed, 06 Mar 1996 21:29:49 -0700
Organization: Brigham Young University
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I'm looking for some information about the toxic effects of 
excess boron on grass.

Neil Terry
terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu


From bwehr@etch08.eld.ford.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:31 EST 1996
Article: 1591 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bwehr@etch08.eld.ford.com (M B Wehr (Bruce))
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.arts.tv,rec.arts.tv.uk.misc
Subject: The Private Life of Plants
Date: 9 Mar 1996 00:17:18 GMT
Organization: APS
Lines: 19
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  Hello,

  My wife has a book by David Attenborough called "The Private Life of
  Plants."  According to notes in the book, it was based on a six part
  BBC series that was to air in the States and Canada on PBS in the fall
  of 1995.  We weren't aware of this and didn't see it come by.  As we
  homeschool, she is very interested in getting copy of these videos.

  Can anyone provide a pointer or two as to how we could track this
  series down?

  Thank you very much.

 +========================================+==================================+
  Bruce Wehr - bwehr@ford.com             | "The country is never safer than
                                          |  when Congress is out of session"
  Ford Motor Company - Dearborn, Michigan |  -- The Home School Court Report
 +========================================+==================================+



From traylin@server.uwindsor.ca Wed Mar 20 12:17:32 EST 1996
Article: 1592 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: rec.humor,rec.gardens,rec.mag,rec.misc,rec.music.classical,rec.org.mensa,rec.photo.misc,rec.ponds,rec.scouting,rec.sport.basketball.misc,rec.sport.misc,rec.travel.misc,sci.bio.botany,sci.astro
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From: Greg Trayling <traylin@server.uwindsor.ca>
Subject: Re: electric library
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capp / usa <cappinc@cappinc.com> wrote:
> ...
>most "content-rich" on the Web. There are over 1000 continuously
>updated publications, including magazines,
>newspapers, reference works, academic journals,
>gov. publications, art, literature... 

I can get 1000 times that much material at any library, and they don't
charge $9.95 a month to browse. Even on the web, I can do a search for 
any piece of information I need. The whole point of the web is it doesn't
have to all be at the same site. If everyone just contributes a little bit
about what they know, everything will be spiffy. People swarming in 
trying to make a bundle by selling information might be disappointed, I hope.
One thumb down.
-- 
   /\*          Greg Trayling   Traylin@server.uwindsor.ca          */\
   \/       http://www.cs.uwindsor.ca/meta-index/people/traylin      \/
         \\\    The views expressed here do not necessarily   ///
          \\\  represent my views at any time in the future. ///



From plants@cstone.net Wed Mar 20 12:17:32 EST 1996
Article: 1593 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
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From: Cheryl Borgman <plants@cstone.net>
Subject: Re: Mosses of the Pacific Northwest nee
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this is a test from ATHOS
news server = news
mail server = cstone



From CPasolini@mail.asianet.it Wed Mar 20 12:17:33 EST 1996
Article: 1594 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Claudio Pasolini <CPasolini@mail.asianet.it>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cenchrus
Date: Mon, 11 Mar 1996 21:32:23 -0800
Organization: Centro Servizi Interbusiness
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I am a student of Natural Science by the university of Bologna. 
I am doing the degree thesis on the coastal vegetation and I look for 
information on CENCHRUS INCERTUS (C. PAUCIFLORUS).
Thanks


From mvlahov@footnet.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:33 EST 1996
Article: 1595 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mvlahov@footnet.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How do seeds really grow?
Date: 11 Mar 1996 17:06:10 -0800
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Hello wonderful plant people

In science at school my class did and experiment with radish seeds under 
different frequncys (frequencies?) of light, Red, Blue, Green.  This experiment 
was done to identify how the plant's growth rate changes depending on the 
frequency of light it is under.  

As part of the lab write-up I'm supposed to look up as much information on 
growth and development of plants.  Why the roots know to go down, why the stem
goes up, etc.  I've been looking on various web search engines, infoseek, lycos,
yahoo, looking for this information.  I can't seem to come up with what I want.
I would be very happy if somebody could direct me in the direction that I want 
to be heading.

Thanks for the help

Michael Vlahovic
mvlahov@footnet.com


From mattie@aloha.net Wed Mar 20 12:17:34 EST 1996
Article: 1596 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mattie@aloha.net (melany chapint)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mosses of the Pacific Northwest nee
Date: 11 Mar 1996 04:13:59 GMT
Organization: Hawaii Online
Lines: 27
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NNTP-Posting-Host: kauai-tcr-2.u.aloha.net
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10171 sci.bio.botany:1596

In article <4hgic3$iod$2@mhafc.production.compuserve.com>, Ken Kellman
<75517.1724@CompuServe.COM> wrote:

> I am looking for a copy of "Mosses of the Pacific Northwest" by 
> E. Lawton, 1971, Hattori Botanical Lab, Nichinan, Japan. Any 
> suggestions?
> Ken Kellman
> 75517.1724@compuserve.com
> Ben Lomond, CA
> 
> -- 
> 
> Ken Kellman 75517.1724@compuserve.com
Dear Ken,

I have a copy I got in 1979 at a class at The Evergreen State College. The
publishing information is:

Dr. Sinske Hattori
The Hattori Botanical Laboratory
Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan

I also suggest to try the University of Washington Botany Department to
see if they have copies or their library does; TESC may also have copies
at their bookstore or library. Best wishes.

mattie


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Wed Mar 20 12:17:35 EST 1996
Article: 1597 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Tricotyledon / mutations ?
Date: Sun, 10 Mar 1996 21:17:16 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <4hvgrj$lfu@news.euro.net>
References: <4hk7vk$b7i@hydraulix.bangor.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: p529.asd.euronet.nl
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

"G.J.O'Connor" <bsu472@bangor.ac.uk> wrote:

>I recently planted some seeds (dicots), and one of the eight that I 
>planted, has produced three cotyledons, and now 3 first leaves arranged 
>radially around the stem, as you would probably expect a tricotyledonous 
>plant to do (if such a thing existed). 

>From  growing different plants from seeds, I discovered that Confers
are pluri-cotyledons (10 I believe). They make nice umbrellas. So your
mutation could be a fall-back. What species were they ?



<mbleeker@euronet.nl>---------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>------<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>----------------------------------<nl-e-de-fr>



From Raino.Lampinen@Helsinki.Fi Wed Mar 20 12:17:35 EST 1996
Article: 1598 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Raino.Lampinen@Helsinki.Fi (Raino Lampinen)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Internet Directory for Botany
Date: 12 Mar 1996 06:43:46 GMT
Organization: Finnish Museum of Natural History
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The Internet Directory for Botany:

Two indexes to botanical information available on the Internet, viz.
the alphabetically arranged 'List of WWW Sites of Interest to
Botanists' and the categorically arranged 'A Collection of Botany Re
lated URLs' have yesterday joined to become 'The Internet Directory
for Botany'. The home page of the Internet Directory for Botany is
in Canada, at 

http://meena.cc.uregina.ca/~liushus/bio/idb.html

'List of WWW Sites of Interest to Botanists' has been renamed
'Internet Directory for Botany - Alphabetical List', and it is
accessible from Canada (home), Finland or France via

http://meena.cc.uregina.ca/~liushus/bio/botany.html
http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/bio/botany.html
http://biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr/botany/botany.html

'A Collection of Botany Related URLs' is now 'Internet Directory for
Botany - Subject Category List', and it can be reached from Finland
(home) or Canada from these addresses:

http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/botmenu.html 
http://meena.cc.uregina.ca/~liushus/bio/subject/botmenu.html

The pages belonging to the 'Alphabetical List' and the 'Subject
Category List' are thus at their old addresses in Canada and Finland
- and these sites have now also mirrors of each other. Both lists
are searchable, frequently updated and there are also pages
indicating the latest changes to the lists. There are now over 1500
links in the Internet Directory for Botany. Suggestions of new links
ar e welcome, as well as corrections of broken links. 

There is additional information about sending additions and
corrections to the 'Internet Directory for Botany', mirroring and
citing it, etc. at

http://meena.cc.uregina.ca/~liushus/bio/info.html


Sincerely,

- Anthony R. Brach (brach@oeb.harvard.edu), Missouri Botanical Garden 
/ Harvard University Herbaria
- Raino Lampinen (raino.lampinen@helsinki.fi), Botanical Museum, 
Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki
- Shunguo Liu (liushus@leroy.cc.uregina.ca), G.F. Ledingham 
Herbarium, University of Regina, Canada








From taguebw@wfu.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:36 EST 1996
Article: 1599 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.wfu.edu!usenet
From: "Brian W. Tague" <taguebw@wfu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do seeds really grow?
Date: 12 Mar 1996 12:04:46 GMT
Organization: Wake Forest
Lines: 18
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References: <4i2im2$3gm@doc.zippo.com>
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To: mvlahov@footnet.com
X-URL: news:4i2im2$3gm@doc.zippo.com

mvlahov@footnet.com wrote:
>Hello wonderful plant people

>As part of the lab write-up I'm supposed to look up as much information on 
>growth and development of plants.  Why the roots know to go down, why the stem
>goes up, etc.  I've been looking on various web search engines, infoseek, lycos,
>yahoo, looking for this information.  I can't seem to come up with what I want.
>I would be very happy if somebody could direct me in the direction that I want 
>to be heading.

Head to the library. Look at the books on plants.

>Thanks for the help

Your welcome,

Brian



From jbryson@richmond.infi.net Wed Mar 20 12:17:36 EST 1996
Article: 1600 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jerry Bryson <jbryson@richmond.infi.net>
Newsgroups: rec.humor,rec.gardens,rec.mag,rec.misc,rec.music.classical,rec.org.mensa,rec.photo.misc,rec.ponds,rec.scouting,rec.sport.basketball.misc,rec.sport.misc,rec.travel.misc,sci.bio.botany,sci.astro
Subject: Re: electric library
Date: 12 Mar 1996 08:38:49 GMT
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Greg Trayling <traylin@server.uwindsor.ca> wrote:

>charge $9.95 a month to browse. Even on the web, I can do a search for 
>any piece of information I need. 
And it isn't here. Maybe someday. Don't cut up your library card

>The whole point of the web is it doesn't
>have to all be at the same site. If everyone just contributes a little bit
>about what they know, everything will be spiffy. 


At the moment, if I have a book with the name of somebody I know, I can be pretty sure he produced it. OTOH, I have no such assuranc=
e about stuff I find on the Web.  Basically, about all you can do to help somebody in cyberspace is to tell them where to look.



From rose Wed Mar 20 12:17:37 EST 1996
Article: 1601 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ROSE D MR <rose>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: What summer after cold winter?
Date: 12 Mar 1996 09:03:44 GMT
Organization: Forestry Commission Research Division
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <4i3elg$3qj@jupiter.fcrd.gov.uk>
References: <313E0B54.541@inet.uni-c.dk>
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X-URL: news:313E0B54.541@inet.uni-c.dk

Peter Møller Christensen <pmc.eb@inet.uni-c.dk> wrote:
>What are the general rules for longterm weather forecast for the
>upcoming summer following such a long and cold winter as we've just had
>- at least in Northern Europe? We've had snow and freezing temperatures
>already in the first part of November - and do still have.
>Will the summer be colder/warmer?
>What about plant and animal life (fewer mosqitos, fewer migrating
>birds)?
>Any web sites explaining these kinds of questions?
>
>Peter Møller Christensen,
>Copenhagen,
>Denmark
Most of the general rules I have seen prove to be very unreliable in predicting
summer weather from winter weather and vica versa. Here in the UK it is
interesting to note that years with summer droughts have come in pairs since
1975/1976 ( 83/84, 89/90). We had a drought last summer so it will be
interesting to see if the 'pairing' continues. The severity of the summer
droughts in 75/76 and 89/90 was exacerbated by abnormally dry intervening
winters. The winter of 95/96 has been anything but dry here in the UK in
general though some parts of the country still have very low water levels in
their reservoirs. Soil moisture deficits in these areas could become critical
again if there is a summer drought and there could be effects on tree growth.

David R Rose
Disease Diagnostic & Advisory Service
Pathology Branch
Forestry Commission Research Division
UK



From david.matusow@gsfc.nasa.gov Wed Mar 20 12:17:37 EST 1996
Article: 1602 of sci.bio.botany
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From: david.matusow@gsfc.nasa.gov (David Matusow)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Apple Tree Pollenation Question (Advice Needed)
Date: Sun, 10 Mar 1996 14:52:44 -0500
Organization: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center -- Greenbelt, Maryland USA
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NNTP-Posting-Host: buddy2.gsfc.nasa.gov
X-Newsreader: Yet Another NewsWatcher 2.0.1

I am interested in planting a "Mutsu" type apple tree, along with another
tree that will pollenate both the Mutsu tree and itself.  I have heard
that only certain trees will accomplish this, and I was wondering if a
Braeburn type apple tree was one of these?

Does anyone out there have any experience or advice in this area?  All
help is very much appreciated.

Thanks in Advance!!!
--David


From freiburg@sirius.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:38 EST 1996
Article: 1603 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!sun.sirius.com!usenet
From: freiburg@sirius.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Buying a stereomicroscope
Date: 13 Mar 1996 16:18:20 GMT
Organization: Sirius Connections
Lines: 36
Message-ID: <4i6sgc$3o3@sun.sirius.com>
References: <4htqhu$bqq@cloner4.netcom.com>
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X-Newsreader: AIR News 3.X (SPRY, Inc.)

>   denmarel@ix.netcom.com (Dennis Marelli) writes:
>  Hi,
>  
>  I am interested in buying a stereomicroscope to use when identifying
>  plants.  I can spend up to about $1250.00 and live in Marin County
>  near San Francisco.  Since I don't work in the scientific community
>  or academia my only resource, so far, has been Carolina Biological
>  Supply.  I suspect, however, that used equipment is available.
>  
>  I would appriciate some guidance:
>  
>  Do Wolfe microscopes have a good reputation?
>  
>  Should I buy a microscope with zoom or tiered magnification?
>  
>  Are there reliable sources for used/reconditioned scopes in Northern
>  California?
>  
>  
>  If you have experiences or opinions that may help me decide on a good
>  scope it would be a great help.
>  
>  Thank You!
>  
>  Dennis Marelli
>  
>  
>>>>
A few years back I found a very nice used AO stereoscope at Technical Instruments Inc. 348 6th St. San Francisco. tel: 431-8231.  
The sell a huge variety of scopes and have a fantastic collection of antique scopes on display.  That alone is worth the trip.  Good 
luck.

Michael K. Wood
Botanical Consulting Services
e-mail: freiburg@sirius.com



From grenard@herpmed.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:38 EST 1996
Article: 1604 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news2.new-york.net!not-for-mail
From: Steve Grenard <grenard@herpmed.com>
Subject: WWW Used Natural History Books
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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Used Natural History but mostly herpetology
books can be found at:

http://www.xmission.com/~gastown/herpmed/phibia.htm

-- 
=================================================
Steve Grenard
e-mail: grenard@herpmed.com

POB 40825 - Staten Island, NY 10304-0825
Tel/Fax: 1-718-447-6144
Web:  http://www.herpmed.com/
Resp: http://www.xmission.com/~gastown/herpmed/respi.htm

=================================================




From mike@mikem.demon.co.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:39 EST 1996
Article: 1605 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mike Morrish <mike@mikem.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Lobb - plants imported to UK
Date: Wed, 13 Mar 1996 19:01:43 +0000
Organization: at home, Truro, Cornwall, England.
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Among the names of plantsmen bringing new varieties in the UK in the
last century was Lobb, a Cornishman.
Can anyone tell me what varieties he was known to have introduced?
Many thanks,
-- 
Mike Morrish  Truro, Cornwall



From jclp100@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:39 EST 1996
Article: 1606 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeremy Packer <jclp100@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: sci project petunias given different liquids ?? and comments
Date: 11 Mar 1996 09:20:49 GMT
Organization: biochemistry department, Cambridge University
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For both the bleach and ammonia tests it is important to know the final 
concentration of the active ingredient. So, how much ammonia was in the 
ammonia solution you diluted? How much sodium hypochlorite was in the 
original bleach solution?




From forbes@ems.psu.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:40 EST 1996
Article: 1607 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gregory S. Forbes" <forbes@ems.psu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PA Academy of Science meeting 12-14 April
Date: 11 Mar 1996 15:19:29 GMT
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The Pennsylvania Academy of Science will hold its 72nd annual meeting at
the Nittany Lion Inn on the campus of the Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA from 12-14 April 1996.

Presentations and poster sessions are on the 13th and 14th.
There will be a Friday night (12th) panel discussion on "The Future of
Graduate Education."

The Saturday night banquet speech is by Dr. Alex Wolszozan of the Penn State
Dept. of Astrophysics:  "Discovery of a Planet Outside Our Solar System."

For session and registration information, go to:

http://www.ems.psu.edu/~forbes/pas/pas.htm



From baron@enterprise.net or baron@crystal.dircon.co.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:40 EST 1996
Article: 1608 of sci.bio.botany
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From: baron@enterprise.net (P. J. Baron)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Science books on a budget
Date: Mon, 11 Mar 1996 18:26:56 GMT
Organization: enterprise plc
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Five or six times a year I produce a catalogue of over 1000 recently
published, reduced price books, on scientific, medical and computing
topics. Most of these are ex review items in excellent condition, a
few are still shrink wrapped. 

If you are into serious science, medicine or computing - on a budget -
get your emailed copy of my catalogue by responding to this notice or
by emailing baron@crystal.dircon.co.uk. Printed copies of the
catalogue willingly sent to UK readers.



From sg@psy.ox.ac.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:40 EST 1996
Article: 1609 of sci.bio.botany
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From: SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc,
Subject: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 14 Mar 1996 15:35:47 GMT
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I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera 
directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need in 
making conventional photographs). 

I have got some manufacturer's prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes
but I would like to hear from the people who actually use those cameras 
whether it is possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of 
biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.

Sergei Gutnikov, D.Phil.
Department of Experimental Psychology
Oxford University
UK                                          sergei.gutnikov@psy.ox.ac.uk






From hamkd@ornl.gov Wed Mar 20 12:17:41 EST 1996
Article: 1610 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "K. D. Ham" <hamkd@ornl.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc,
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 14 Mar 1996 17:39:36 GMT
Organization: Lockheed Martin Energy Systems
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SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk> wrote:
>
>I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
>making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera 
>directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need in 
>making conventional photographs). 
>
>I have got some manufacturer's prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes
>but I would like to hear from the people who actually use those cameras 
>whether it is possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of 
>biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.
>
>Sergei Gutnikov, D.Phil.
>Department of Experimental Psychology
>Oxford University
>UK                                          sergei.gutnikov@psy.ox.ac.uk
>
>
>
>

If you already have a normal video camera that is attached to a microscope, you may 
want to check out a frame grabber from Play Inc. (www.play.com) I think it is called 
Snappy and costs less than $200US. I haven't used it, but you can download a demo 
program that demonstrates picture quality (impressive on screen). By some 
proprietary algorithm, they claim to be able to far exceed the TV resolution you 
expect from such a camera. By printing those images, it should be possible to 
evaluate whether they would be publication quality. I believe they support both PAL 
and NTSC video sources.


I hope this helps.

Kenneth




From Torsten.Seyb@t-online.de Wed Mar 20 12:17:42 EST 1996
Article: 1611 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Torsten.Seyb@t-online.de (Torsten Seyb)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Vegetation on railways
Date: 9 Mar 1996 12:41:57 GMT
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Hello!
I`m looking for informations about plants and vegetation on railways.
Thank you for helping! 
Torsten Seyb



From marcos_miguel@jpmorgan.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:42 EST 1996
Article: 1612 of sci.bio.botany
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From: marcos_miguel@jpmorgan.com (Miguel Marcos)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: non-botanist question-is broccoli a flower?
Date: 14 Mar 1996 21:20:58 GMT
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i have been having a discussion with colleagus about this. i clearly
remember reading somewhere that broccoli is considered a flower. is this
wrong? thanks. sorry for such an ingenuous question.


^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Miguel A. Marcos                                                     J.P. Morgan
e: marcos_miguel@jpmorgan.com                          Emerging Markets Research
v: 212-648-1891                                                   60 Wall Street
f: 212-648-5051                                               New York, NY 10260


From sgage@kear.tdsnet.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:42 EST 1996
Article: 1613 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sgage@kear.tdsnet.com (Steve Gage)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: Thu, 14 Mar 1996 23:19:13 GMT
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SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk> wrote:


>I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
>making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera 
>directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need in 
>making conventional photographs). 

>I have got some manufacturer's prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes
>but I would like to hear from the people who actually use those cameras 
>whether it is possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of 
>biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.

>Sergei Gutnikov, D.Phil.
>Department of Experimental Psychology
>Oxford University
>UK                                          sergei.gutnikov@psy.ox.ac.uk


It is very possible and extremely practical to capture microscope
images from a CCD camera directly to computer. I do it every day! I
have a Cohu CCD camera in a Zeiss inverted microscope connected to a
Mac Quadra 800 running IPLab Spectrum from Signal Analytics. Above and
way beyond generating publication quality images, the image analysis
and manipulation you can do with this program are truly amazing! I'm
sure similar programs exist for Intel-based machines.

My work mostly involves analyzing growth rates, shapes, areas, etc. of
neurite growth cones in vitro, and I use the above-described system
pretty heavily, so if you have any particular questions, I'd be happy
to try and answer them in the newsgroup (I found your msg in
sci.bio.botany) or via email.

Regards,

Steve




From rwadkins@cbmse.nrl.navy.mil Wed Mar 20 12:17:43 EST 1996
Article: 1614 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
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In article <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk>
SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk> writes:

> I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
> making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera 
> directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need in 
> making conventional photographs). 
> 
> I have got some manufacturer's prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes
> but I would like to hear from the people who actually use those cameras 
> whether it is possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of 
> biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.
> 
> Sergei Gutnikov, D.Phil.
> Department of Experimental Psychology
> Oxford University
> UK                                          sergei.gutnikov@psy.ox.ac.uk

Sergei, 
It's done all the time--in fact, there are probably more digital
photos taken these days than film photographs.  You have to have
a computer and a frame-grabber, but that's it.  Well, on second
thought, you also need a photographic-quality printer somewhere
to get a "publication" quality print.  The better the CCD, the 
better quality the image.  Why don't you ask the CCD companies
for a demo?

--Randy
CCD, the better the picture.  Why don't you ask the 


From jerry.clayton@UCHSC.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:44 EST 1996
Article: 1615 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jerry Clayton <jerry.clayton@UCHSC.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc,
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: Thu, 14 Mar 1996 22:30:22 -0700
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I second steves comments!  I too use a Cohu 4900 series camera and my 
frame grabber is a Scion board with expandable memory.  Total price of 
camera and board was approx. $2000 (US). I find that by using Apple 
MacIntosh computers (Good used one are available that will do the job) 
greatly facilitates digital microscopy.  In addition there is FREE 
software available from NIH called "IMAGE" by Wayne Rasband.  You can 
download it from Zippy.nimh.nih.gov.  This level of ccd camera provides 
very good quality for the price!  Unfortunately the next level of 
resolution (i.e. direct digital ccd cameras) are still a lot more 
expensive.  This combination of camera, card and software has served me 
well for several years (Scion even takes old card trade-ins if you 
eventually upgrade to a spiffier frame grabber) and for grabbing and 
analysing images "IMAGE" can't be beat.  Glad to give you more details 
on my experiences, just drop me an e-mail.  I also agree with steve in 
that the limiting factor can be a good quality photo printer (somewhat 
expensive).  Sharing costs amongst several users often works or (if your 
low on resources but still want to start into this type of image 
production) commercial image printing sites will let you send them your 
completed images via the internet and then send you a print.  
-- 
Jerry Clayton
jerry.clayton@UCHSC.edu
Dept. of Neurology
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Denver, Colorado USA


From wjf@iex.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:44 EST 1996
Article: 1616 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wjf@iex.com
Subject: plant wast products
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yes, this is a serious question.....

do plants produce solid waste by-products?  if so, how do they discard them? 
are all wastes disposed of through trasnpiration?

Jesse


From mgk@darwin.clas.Virginia.EDU Wed Mar 20 12:17:44 EST 1996
Article: 1617 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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Subject: Re: plant wast products
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wjf@iex.com writes:
> yes, this is a serious question.....
> 
> do plants produce solid waste by-products?  if so, how do they discard them? 
> are all wastes disposed of through trasnpiration?
> 
> Jesse

Wander through a forest. Or for that matter, under any tree.
You will be walking on the by-products of plants. Plants
produce virtually all of the energy and organic materials used
by other organisms. Some is eaten while the plant is alive. But
most goes to the decomposers. They do a very nice job of taking
care of all of those solid wastes. 
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From Dave@diwalk.demon.co.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:45 EST 1996
Article: 1618 of sci.bio.botany
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From: David W Walker <Dave@diwalk.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: Fri, 15 Mar 1996 11:58:07 +0000
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>SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk> wrote:
>
>I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
>making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera
>directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need
>in making conventional photographs). I have got some manufacturer's
>prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes but I would like to
>hear from the people who actually use those cameras whether it is
>possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of
>biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.
>
>Sergei Gutnikov, D.Phil.
>Department of Experimental Psychology
>Oxford University
>UK
sergei.gutnikov@psy.ox.ac.uk

Hi

May also be worth asking around other Depts at Oxford for on-site
advice. Somebody in another field maybe using a setup similar to the one
you may be interested in, and may be willing to produce printed output
for one of your specimens before you decide on a purchase.

regards

Dave Walker
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 David W Walker    EMail dave@diwalk.demon.co.uk                 
 Micscape - the monthly Microscopy Magazine
 URL < http://www.demon.co.uk/micscape/ >      
----------------------------------------------------------------------------


From crw25d@bnr.ca Wed Mar 20 12:17:45 EST 1996
Article: 1619 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Diane Reid <crw25d@bnr.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Question about genus & species of feverfew
Date: 15 Mar 1996 13:59:45 GMT
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X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany/1481-1489

I am wondering what the genus & species of the herb feverfew is, also the plant
chamomile (camomile).  How closely related are they?  How closely related are
they both to Ambrosia artemisafolia? Is there a WWW site where I can look up
information about the chemical compositions of them?  

I've been taking feverfew to help alleviate my migraines, and it is working
fairly well.  However, I am allergic to ragweed pollen and have had adverse
reactions to chamomile as well.  I am wondering if feverfew is also closely
related to them and thus leading to allergic reactions.

I haven't found them in my botany books (not that I looked very far) and my
knowledge of the plant kingdom is so rusty from non-use! My B.Sc.(Hons) in
Biology was completed in 1979, but I haven't used much of the bio stuff I
learned since then.

  Diane

-- 

employed by Nortel Technology      
            Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
who may or may not agree with my opinions



From afrenchs@epix.net Wed Mar 20 12:17:46 EST 1996
Article: 1620 of sci.bio.botany
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From: afrenchs@epix.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Corylus cornuta source?
Date: Thu, 14 Mar 96 00:26:05 PDT
Organization: epix.net
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Am looking for a mail order source of Corylus cornuta (beaked hazel). Anyone 
able to suggest where I could get a listing of nurseries that specialize in 
wildlife plantings?  



From J-Manhart@tamu.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:46 EST 1996
Article: 1621 of sci.bio.botany
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From: J-Manhart@tamu.edu (Jim Manhart)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New WWW-based mapping system
Date: Wed, 13 Mar 1996 10:43:21 -0600
Organization: Department of Biology, Texas A&M
Lines: 47
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NNTP-Posting-Host: manhart-quadra660.tamu.edu

A new WWW-based diversity/distribution mapping system for the vascular
flora of Arkansas is available at:

http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/arkansas/

This allows mapped visualization of county record summaries for
vascular plant families, genera, and species that include
infraspecific taxa via color coding by county.  While, with current
data, the result often reflects collecting intensity, 'diversity maps'
of some taxa (Polypodiaceae vs. Taxodiaceae) show concordance with
Arkansas landforms (see also Juglandaceae and Crowley's Ridge
counties).  The system also provides distributions for individual
taxa, county-level listings from a family diversity map, full
state-level family checklists, and full vascular plant checklists by
county (links from Table 2).  All listed output carries links to
either diversity or distribution maps.

This experimental system is the result of on-going collaboration among
faculty and students at the University of Arkansas Herbarium, the 
Biota of North America Program, and the Texas A&M Bioinformatics
Working Group. Further development of this, and similar systems under
construction, will be enhanced by input from potential users of
biodiversity data and comments from users would be useful.  Of
special interest is the potential for qualified or registered users of
this type of system to add county records represented by specimens in
local herbaria.  Since all maps are generated 'on the fly', it should
be possible to expand base data via 'real time', on-line interactions.
 Would specimen holdings from national herbaria provide a significant
contribution to data currently at hand for the Arkansas flora?  If so,
would curators be willing or able to 'register' as data providers and
add county records via form-based entry?

Also, recent additions to the 'Flowering Plant Gateway' at:

http://www.isc.tamu.edu/FLORA/cronang.htm

include family-level links to Biota of North America Program
synonymized checklist pages with distribution mapping for Texas taxa
and Cronquist family synonymy pages from the Indices Nominum
Supragenericorum Plantarum Project.

-- 
Jim Manhart 
Dept. of Biology
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3258
email:  J-Manhart@tamu.edu


From lmckirdy@proaxis.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:47 EST 1996
Article: 1622 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Lisa McKirdy <lmckirdy@proaxis.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Parts of beans
Date: 15 Mar 1996 19:28:05 GMT
Organization: ProAxis Communications, Inc.
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <4icgc5$6h6@news.proaxis.com>
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X-URL: news:4i3p8u$csf@eis.wfunet.wfu.edu

I need to do a report for biology on the parts of pinto beans. Where can 
I find a diagram online identifying micropyle, hilum, epicotyl, 
hypocotyl, radicle, and cotyledon? I also need to state the functions of 
each part.

Thanks, 
Lisa McKirdy




From milstone@rascal.med.harvard.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:47 EST 1996
Article: 1623 of sci.bio.botany
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From: milstone <milstone@rascal.med.harvard.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 15 Mar 1996 22:06:27 GMT
Organization: Brigham & Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <4icpl3$cgk@netman-mel.dfci.harvard.edu>
References: <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk> <4ia9em$gpg@madison.tdsnet.com> <4ica58$b92@dfw-ixnews6.ix.netcom.com>
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>>I have been following this thread with great interest.  Does anyone out
>there know of Intel-based imaging software?
>Thanks,

NIH-Image is apparently now available for the PC somewhere at Zippy.nimh.nih.gov.

--dave



From sohlinge@acns.cc.fsu.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:48 EST 1996
Article: 1624 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.fsu.edu!acns!sohlinge
From: sohlinge@acns.cc.fsu.edu (Siobhan-Nichole Ohlinger)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Effects of Echinacea...on immune syst
Date: 15 Mar 1996 22:57:42 GMT
Organization: Florida State University Academic Computing & Network Services
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Hello, I'm writing a paper for an Elementary Botany course.  I need 
cited, scientifice information on how Echinacea, Golden Seal Root, and 
Ginger effect the immune system.  Any information or suggestions would be 
most helpful and much appreciated.		Thanks,  Nichole
						FSU Biology Undergraduate


From bjorn37@aol.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:48 EST 1996
Article: 1625 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bjorn37@aol.com (Bjorn37)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Flora of  peru
Date: 15 Mar 1996 22:45:27 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I an about to go off to Peru to do a study of oil pollution impacts on the
Peruvian coast. Is there any good flora / plant guide to the flora of the
Peruvian desert coast? Any good contacts?


From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:49 EST 1996
Article: 1626 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: non-botanist question-is broccoli a flower?
Date: Thu, 14 Mar 1996 19:40:19
Organization: Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Lines: 14
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In article <marcos_miguel-1403961621150001@mmarcos2.ny.jpmorgan.com> marcos_miguel@jpmorgan.com (Miguel Marcos) writes:
>i have been having a discussion with colleagus about this. i clearly
>remember reading somewhere that broccoli is considered a flower. is this
>wrong? thanks. sorry for such an ingenuous question.

Well, yes, broccoli is largely composed of flower buds [each of the many 
little green bits at the tips is a more-or-less still unopened young flower], 
but much of it is actually just stems.   

The general botanical term for a specialized flowering shoot or branch, 
including ones like this is an "inflorescence".    Cauliflower is closely 
comparable to broccoli;  both are forms of the same species [that also 
includes cabbage, brussels sprouts kohlrabi and several other vegetables].
mdt


From rjweimer@ix.netcom.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:49 EST 1996
Article: 1627 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!venus.sun.com!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!news
From: rjweimer@ix.netcom.com(RAYMOND J. WEIMER )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 15 Mar 1996 17:42:00 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 29
Message-ID: <4ica58$b92@dfw-ixnews6.ix.netcom.com>
References: <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk> <4ia9em$gpg@madison.tdsnet.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ix-dc7-03.ix.netcom.com
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.microbiology:3008 sci.med.pathology:2537 sci.med:147365 sci.bio.botany:1627 sci.image.processing:20319 sci.research:10418 sci.materials:16648

You wrote:
>
>It is very possible and extremely practical to capture microscope
>images from a CCD camera directly to computer. I do it every day! I
>have a Cohu CCD camera in a Zeiss inverted microscope connected to a
>Mac Quadra 800 running IPLab Spectrum from Signal Analytics. Above and
>way beyond generating publication quality images, the image analysis
>and manipulation you can do with this program are truly amazing! I'm
>sure similar programs exist for Intel-based machines.
>
>My work mostly involves analyzing growth rates, shapes, areas, etc. of
>neurite growth cones in vitro, and I use the above-described system
>pretty heavily, so if you have any particular questions, I'd be happy
>to try and answer them in the newsgroup (I found your msg in
>sci.bio.botany) or via email.
>
>Regards,
>
>Steve
>
>

I have been following this thread with great interest.  Does anyone out
there know of Intel-based imaging software?

Thanks,

Ray



From jtausig@bu.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:50 EST 1996
Article: 1628 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jtausig@bu.edu (Jared Tausig)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Seeking White Crepe Myrtle
Date: 15 Mar 1996 16:11:48 GMT
Organization: Boston University
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I am trying to find a White Crepe Myrtle --
mutiple trunks --

any help in locating a nursery that has such
a specimen would be greatly appreciated!!

Thank you!

jared


--
Jared Tausig
jtausig@acs.bu.edu


From kathy@howl.demon.co.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:50 EST 1996
Article: 1629 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KATHERINE WOOLF <kathy@howl.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Old children's book about botany
Date: Sat, 16 Mar 96 15:26:17 GMT
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I'm selling a 1940s children's book called "Botany For Fun".  A
charming little book containing many b & w drawings of plant details
and text with information plus poems,anecdotes.  It would perhaps be
too plain for today's children - more of a curiosity.  Price
$10

Kathy


From car@quartet.mt.att.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:51 EST 1996
Article: 1630 of sci.bio.botany
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From: car@quartet.mt.att.com (Cheryl Rothlisberger-HO-AK077163U(HOH181)T147)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany
Subject: magnetism on plants
Date: 16 Mar 1996 16:10:55 GMT
Organization: AT&T
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Folks,

A neighbor in the 8th grade needs information regarding the effect
that magnetism has on plants. If you can help, please send your
responses to me at:
  car@quartet.ho.att.com
because I don't regularly read all these newsgroups. 

Thanks,
Cheryl


From greg@gkrcc.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:51 EST 1996
Article: 1631 of sci.bio.botany
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From: greg@gkrcc.com (Greg Remington)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 15 Mar 1996 22:39:54 GMT
Organization: GKR Computer Consulting
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In article <4ica58$b92@dfw-ixnews6.ix.netcom.com>, rjweimer@ix.netcom.com(RAYMOND J. WEIMER ) says:

>I have been following this thread with great interest.  Does anyone out
>there know of Intel-based imaging software?

If you are interested in >8 bit monchrome camera control, image display,
and image processing, check out my web site:

http://www.gkrcc.com/gkrcc

48 bit color support will be available soon...

Greg


From MC8036A@american.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:52 EST 1996
Article: 1632 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!paladin.american.edu!news
From: MC8036A@american.edu (Your Full Name)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Question about Orchid
Date: 16 Mar 1996 19:50:37 GMT
Organization: The American University
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I have just resently become interested in growing some orchids from 
spores and I don't know where to start. I live in the Washington D.C. 
area and have been to the National Botanical Garden were I gogt some 
limited information, but need much more. I do know the orchid come from 
spores, which take 6-12 months to germinate, but that is it. Any great 
books to recommend before I go to the library. Where can I get some 
orchid spores? and How do I germinate them. Whats the best soil mixture?
Any infor will be greatly appreciated.
mike carew



From k9ape@eecs.nwu.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:53 EST 1996
Article: 1633 of sci.bio.botany
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From: k9ape@eecs.nwu.edu (Sheldon L. Epstein)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 17 Mar 1996 00:07:04 GMT
Organization: EE/CS Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
Lines: 39
Message-ID: <4ifl38$q0t@news.eecs.nwu.edu>
References: <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk> <4ia9em$gpg@madison.tdsnet.com> <4ica58$b92@dfw-ixnews6.ix.netcom.com>
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In article <4ica58$b92@dfw-ixnews6.ix.netcom.com>,
RAYMOND J. WEIMER  <rjweimer@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
>You wrote:
>>
>>It is very possible and extremely practical to capture microscope
>>images from a CCD camera directly to computer. I do it every day! I
>>have a Cohu CCD camera in a Zeiss inverted microscope connected to a
>>Mac Quadra 800 running IPLab Spectrum from Signal Analytics. Above and
>>way beyond generating publication quality images, the image analysis
>>and manipulation you can do with this program are truly amazing! I'm
>>sure similar programs exist for Intel-based machines.
>>
>>My work mostly involves analyzing growth rates, shapes, areas, etc. of
>>neurite growth cones in vitro, and I use the above-described system
>>pretty heavily, so if you have any particular questions, I'd be happy
>>to try and answer them in the newsgroup (I found your msg in
>>sci.bio.botany) or via email.
>>
>>Regards,
>>
>>Steve
>>
>>
>
>I have been following this thread with great interest.  Does anyone out
>there know of Intel-based imaging software?
>
>Thanks,
>
>Ray
>

Sure do Ray.  I purchased mine at Epix, Inc. at 

			epix@interaccess.com
			847:465-1818  - Suburban Chicago
			       -1919  - FAX

			Shel Epstein, k9ape@eecs.nwu.edu	


From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:53 EST 1996
Article: 1634 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.duke.edu!phoenix5!mturner
From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about Orchid
Date: Sat, 16 Mar 1996 17:48:43
Organization: botany dept., duke univ.
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <mturner.689.0011D06B@acpub.duke.edu>
References: <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: phoenix5.botany.duke.edu
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

In article <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu> MC8036A@american.edu (Your Full Name) writes:
>I have just resently become interested in growing some orchids from 
>spores and I don't know where to start. I live in the Washington D.C. 
>area and have been to the National Botanical Garden were I gogt some 
>limited information, but need much more. I do know the orchid come from 
>spores, which take 6-12 months to germinate, but that is it. Any great 
>books to recommend before I go to the library. Where can I get some 
>orchid spores? and How do I germinate them. Whats the best soil mixture?
>Any infor will be greatly appreciated.
>mike carew

Sorry, but you are just a bit mistaken.  Orchids, like all other flowering 
plants, reproduce by forming seeds not spores. [ The orchid seeds are very 
minute and thus are basically spore-like from a practical standpoint, however. 
Were you thinking of ferns, not orchids?]

Growing orchids from seed is not something that can be easily done by home 
gardeners; in nature the seedlings have a symbiotic relationship with a 
mycorrizal fungus that  nourishes the tiny new plant.   You can't grow orchid 
seeds by simply dusting them over any kind of potting soil; for a long time 
growing them from seed at all was basically considered  impossible.  As I 
understand it,  modern orchid growers use special tissue-culture type 
techniques & enriched, sterile nutrient media to grow the seeds  [seedlings 
are of course the only way to get new hybrids.]   A thorough search of the 
library may find you some recipes.  [I think there is also a newsgroup 
rec.gardens.orchids that you could try posting to]
mdt


From jim.mumm@sasknet.sk.ca Wed Mar 20 12:17:54 EST 1996
Article: 1635 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.iag.net!news.math.psu.edu!psuvax1!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!decwrl!tribune.usask.ca!mongol.sasknet.sk.ca!news@mongol.sasknet.sk.ca
From: jim.mumm@sasknet.sk.ca (Jim Mumm)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of Boron of Grasses
Date: Sun, 17 Mar 1996 01:41:49 GMT
Organization: SaskNet News Distribution
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <4ifqfa$mbp@mongol.sasknet.sk.ca>
References: <313E663D.2BE9@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu>
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"Neil R. Terry" <terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu> wrote:

>I'm looking for some information about the toxic effects of 
>excess boron on grass.

>Neil Terry
>terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu

I would also be interested. We use borax as a boron source for our
alfalfa seed fields, and we seem to have less trouble with quackgrass
(agrypon repens) since we started this practice. I assumed that the
boron was making the alfalfa more competitive, but possibly there is
some toxic effect on the grass. We are applying about 2kg/ha of actual
B every few years.

Jim Mumm
--
jim.mumm@harrier.sasknet.sk.ca
Jim Mumm
Hazelridge Farm
Box 268, Shellbrook, SK, Canada
S0J 2E0



From toms@ymp.mfg.sgi.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:54 EST 1996
Article: 1636 of sci.bio.botany
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From: toms@sgi.com (Tom Stephenson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc,
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Followup-To: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc,
Date: 17 Mar 1996 04:03:13 GMT
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K. D. Ham (hamkd@ornl.gov) wrote:
: SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk> wrote:
: >
: >I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
: >making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera 
: >directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need in 
: >making conventional photographs). 
: >
: >I have got some manufacturer's prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes
: >but I would like to hear from the people who actually use those cameras 
: >whether it is possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of 
: >biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.
: >
: >Sergei Gutnikov, D.Phil.
: >Department of Experimental Psychology
: >Oxford University
: >UK                                          sergei.gutnikov@psy.ox.ac.uk
: >
: >
: >
: >

: If you already have a normal video camera that is attached to a microscope, you may 
: want to check out a frame grabber from Play Inc. (www.play.com) I think it is called 
: Snappy and costs less than $200US. I haven't used it, but you can download a demo 
: program that demonstrates picture quality (impressive on screen). By some 
: proprietary algorithm, they claim to be able to far exceed the TV resolution you 
: expect from such a camera. By printing those images, it should be possible to 
: evaluate whether they would be publication quality. I believe they support both PAL 
: and NTSC video sources.

I bought one of the "Snappy" modules for my son. He's a computer nerd and a video
buff too. He hooked the snappy module up to his pentium and showed me how he could
frame grab from his VCR, Camcorder, etc. The pictures were really impressive.

You can take multiple frames (as in movies) but you can't keep up with 30 frames/
second unless you have a REALLY fast machine.

Tom S.

PS: FWIW, I have a camera on my workstation (SGI Indy) and can take pictures
or movies with it. The camera was really designed for video conference and
doesn't really lend itself to attach to a microscope. My Indy does have video
in features that can record SVGA from some external source.



: I hope this helps.

: Kenneth



--
'You can't roller skate in a Buffalo herd, but you can be happy if you've
a mind to - ' Roger Miller



From tiptonc@ucs.orst.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:55 EST 1996
Article: 1637 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camille Tipton <tiptonc@ucs.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of Echinacea...on immune syst
Date: Sat, 16 Mar 1996 00:47:28 -0800
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I good reference book for this would be one of Michael Moore's books, in 
particular, Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. The native wild ginger 
is written up in his book, Medicinal Plants of the Pacific Northwest but 
I'm not sure where you could find good information on the imported ginger 
that is most often used in cooking and sold in health food stores. 

Good luck with your ethnobotanical search!

Camille Tipton
Oregon State University

On 15 Mar 1996, Siobhan-Nichole Ohlinger wrote:

> Hello, I'm writing a paper for an Elementary Botany course.  I need 
> cited, scientifice information on how Echinacea, Golden Seal Root, and 
> Ginger effect the immune system.  Any information or suggestions would be 
> most helpful and much appreciated.		Thanks,  Nichole
> 						FSU Biology Undergraduate
> 
> 


From Eddy.van_der_Maarel@vaxtbio.uu.se Wed Mar 20 12:17:55 EST 1996
Article: 1638 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Eddy van der Maarel <Eddy.van_der_Maarel@vaxtbio.uu.se>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Journal of Vegetation Science on WWW
Date: 16 Mar 1996 16:42:07 GMT
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Dear members of the newsgroup,
I would like to draw your attention to the new Home page of the Journal 
of Vegetation Science. Its address is: 
http://www2.passagen.se/opulus.com/jvspage/jvshome.htm
The Journal of Vegetation Science publishes original articles, short 
notes and review articles in the field of vegetation science, both 
methodological and theoretical studies, and descriptive and experimental  
studies  of plant communities and plant populations. The journal covers 
all current aspects of vegetation science, including phytosociology, 
vegetation theory, classification and ordination, pattern and process, 
structure and function, succession, palaeoecology, plant geography and 
population ecology. The journal also accepts thorough ecological 
descriptions of vegetation types and plant populations. In addition it 
publishes book reviews and notices of scientific meetings, as well as 
other news regarding the International Association for Vegetation 
Science.


Prof. Eddy van der Maarel
Dept. of Ecological Botany, Uppsala University,Sweden
Email: Eddy.van_der_Maarel@vaxtbio.uu.se




From sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:56 EST 1996
Article: 1639 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Parts of beans
Date: 16 Mar 1996 17:09:33 GMT
Organization: ST. CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY, ST. CLOUD, MN
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In article <4icgc5$6h6@news.proaxis.com>, Lisa McKirdy <lmckirdy@proaxis.com> writes:
>I need to do a report for biology on the parts of pinto beans. Where can 
>I find a diagram online identifying micropyle, hilum, epicotyl, 
>hypocotyl, radicle, and cotyledon? I also need to state the functions of 
>each part.
>
>Thanks, 
>Lisa McKirdy
>
use any introductory botany text book, which you can find in the library.  Look
in the back and use the glossary and index.

>


From johnh@ipg.umds.ac.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:56 EST 1996
Article: 1640 of sci.bio.botany
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From: johnh@ipg.umds.ac.uk (J.Hearns)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc,
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 18 Mar 1996 10:30:24 -0000
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Hi Sergei.
Some suggestions:

A) you could contact Professor McGee who runs the Oxford Telepathology 
   Centre. I've been trying to get in contact with him myself. I sent
   a fax to the telepathology centre on 23 Feb. If anyone there is 
   listening in, I'd appreciate a reply :-)

B) I'm working on telepathology. I recently went to the IPOT 96 conference
   in Birmingham, and saw some nice CCD cameras like you describe.
   
As far as I can see things, there are 3 main ways of doing this

1) use a conventional video camera plus frame grabber. We have a PC,
   plus a frame grabber. I'll be happy to give you more details.
   The quality of this approach is obviously dependent on the particular
   camera you have on the microscope. We have a single-CCD JVC camera
   at the moment.
   Software can then save the images in popular graphics formats.

2) use a high quality 'still' CCD scanning camera. I saw threee nice
   models at IPOT. The Sony one comes to mind. Good quality, to
   my eye.

3) We are also looking into using video codecs for direct transmission
   of video from the microscopes. I have two 'Cellstack' boxes
   on loan from K-Net (http://www.k-net.co.uk). These boxes allow 
   both transmission and reception of PAL (or NTSC) video and DAT qaulity
   stereo sound on an ATM network. They seem to perform very well, though
   I've only just received them. I'll be happy to tell anyone about our
   progress. Though, these boxes probably won't suit Sergei.


Please drop me an email if I can help further.

Dr. John Hearns
AMInet Project
Guys and St. Thomas' Hospitals
j.hearns@umds.ac.uk


   
-- 
================================================================
| Dr. John Hearns : Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London    |
| email : j.hearns@umds.ac.uk  Tel: +44 171 922 8072           |
| www   : http://www-ipg.umds.ac.uk/~johnh/                    |


From Oz@upthorpe.demon.co.uk Wed Mar 20 12:17:57 EST 1996
Article: 1641 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Oz <Oz@upthorpe.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of Boron of Grasses
Date: Sun, 17 Mar 1996 22:29:31 +0000
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In article <4ifqfa$mbp@mongol.sasknet.sk.ca>, Jim Mumm
<jim.mumm@sasknet.sk.ca> writes
>"Neil R. Terry" <terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu> wrote:
>
>>I'm looking for some information about the toxic effects of 
>>excess boron on grass.
>
>>Neil Terry
>>terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu
>
>I would also be interested. We use borax as a boron source for our
>alfalfa seed fields, and we seem to have less trouble with quackgrass
>(agrypon repens) since we started this practice. I assumed that the
>boron was making the alfalfa more competitive, but possibly there is
>some toxic effect on the grass. We are applying about 2kg/ha of actual
>B every few years.

Do you have any information on the Boron req. of Alfalfa. Is it
particularly sensitive to deficiency? What plant levels are considered
satisfactory, and what levels deficient?

I am interested because I have a small plot, and I am trying to keep it
going as long as possible.


------------------------------- 
'Oz     "When I knew little, all was certain. The more I learnt,
        the less sure I was. Is this the uncertainty principle?"


From as332@FreeNet.Carleton.CA Wed Mar 20 12:17:57 EST 1996
Article: 1642 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.misc
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From: as332@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Kevin Conlin)
Subject: Control of algae in planted aquaria
Message-ID: <DoHFvC.M4y@freenet.carleton.ca>
Sender: as332@freenet2.carleton.ca (Kevin Conlin)
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A friend and I have been running experiments on our planted aquaria in
an effort to get good plant growth while minimizing algae.  We've been
fairly successful, and our observations are consistent with the
following hypothesis:

  When light, CO2, N, K, and all micronutrients and trace
  elements are present in slight excess relative to the amount of
  phosphate available for plant growth, certain higher plants in the
  aquaria are able to out-compete algae and cyanobacteria for the
  phosphate in the water column, starving them of this essential
  nutrient.

("Certain higher plants" refer to fast-growing aquarium species such as
Hygrophila polysperma and Lemna minor.)

What we'd like is some theoretical or experimental evidence for the
hypothesis.  If we could get a reference that shows that (for example)
duckweed can utilize phosphate concentrations as low as (say) 10ppb but
most species of green algae require at least 20ppb and blue-green
cyanobacteria need 50ppb we'd have strong support.  Any explanations or
references would be greatly appreciated.  I'll e-mail a draft of a
paper we're writing to anyone who's interested in our results (it's
kitchen science, not the usual rigorous stuff, so it's not too painful
to read).  Thanks
--
Kevin Conlin                          "We're Canadians.  We HAVE to be polite"


From jonesv.wave.co.nz Wed Mar 20 12:17:58 EST 1996
Article: 1643 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jonesv.wave.co.nz (Vaughan Jones)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of Boron of Grasses
Date: Tue, 19 Mar 1996 11:48:51 +1200
Organization: Vaughan Jones
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In article <4ifqfa$mbp@mongol.sasknet.sk.ca>, jim.mumm@sasknet.sk.ca (Jim
Mumm) wrote:

> "Neil R. Terry" <terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu> wrote:
> 
> >I'm looking for some information about the toxic effects of 
> >excess boron on grass.
> 
> >Neil Terry
> >terry@cs-labs.cs.byu.edu
> 
> I would also be interested. We use borax as a boron source for our
> alfalfa seed fields, and we seem to have less trouble with quackgrass
> (agrypon repens) since we started this practice. I assumed that the
> boron was making the alfalfa more competitive, but possibly there is
> some toxic effect on the grass. We are applying about 2kg/ha of actual
> B every few years.
> 
> Jim Mumm
> --
> jim.mumm@harrier.sasknet.sk.ca
> Jim Mumm
> Hazelridge Farm
> Box 268, Shellbrook, SK, Canada
> S0J 2E0

The following is what I've collected on B over the years. I'm writing a
book on farming and will include chapters on each element. Comments would
be appreciated. 

Vaughan Jones

Boron (B)

Not enough attention is given to this very important element, which is
sometimes required in only small amounts of as little as one kg/ha, but
when it and calcium are deficient, soil, pasture and animal health can
suffer. Considerable research has been done on B use in some countries,
but not always in conjunction with correcting calcium levels and observing
animal health improvements in deficient areas. When farmers, after
fertilising with B, report improved animal health with fewer bone
problems, some people ignore the evidence. It was identified as an
essential nutrient in 1920, but some researchers still seem unable to
recognise its benefits in pasture. 
Pasture may remove as little as 100 grams/ha (1.4 oz/acre) per annum which
some soils can replace naturally, while other soils may need regular
applications. After applying as little as 10 kg/ha (9 lbs/acre) of Borax
(fertiliser boron which contains 11% B) to deficient soils, clover yields
have doubled and pasture drought tolerance has improved. Trials have shown
that frost damage is lessened when B is applied to soils growing apples,
grapes, eucalyptus and Pinus Radiata trees. In some soil types and areas,
frost, disease and fungi resistance in plants are improved. Do your own
comparative trial and compare clover damage after prolonged frosts. 
B differs from trace minerals in that it is not a metal, however it is
important in aiding  the uptake of moisture, sugars and cations,
especially calcium. Lucerne, clovers, maize and brassicas show marked
improvement when B is applied to deficient soils, in fact some of these
plants can fail without it. Ten kg/ha (9 lbs/acre) of borax can increase
the yield of maize grain in B deficient soils, while 20 kg (18 lbs/acre)
on the same soils can decrease yields, so avoid excesses. 
B slows excess moisture uptake by plant roots, so reduces the "thin soup"
sappy pasture problem. B hastens maturity, which encourages the clover to
flower, and some say that you get less bloat when clover is flowering.
Applying as little as 8 kg/ha (7 lbs/acre) of Borax to deficient soils in
Eastern Waikato made the latest clover species (Kopu and Tahora) grow
leaves and stems four times bigger than previously. The new higher
producing more vigorous clovers are more likely to respond than old low
producing resident clovers. 
B can increase the availability of some amino acids which are the bases of
protein. 
 After applying B to a paddock, clover leaves increased in size
dramamtically and after a year the farmer noticed fewer weeds in the
paddock because clovers grew better and covered the bare patches. 
B also helps pasture take up sugars (energy), calcium and magnesium, and
helps keep pasture potassium levels down. The following UK clover figures
show this. 

   No Boron Applied
   B  K  Ca Mg
   11 ppm   2.1%  0.7%  0.4%

Boron Applied
   B  K  Ca Mg 
   50 ppm   1.6%  1.1%  0.7%

All the above changes are beneficial to livestock health. 


Photo #  Clover (anywhere in boron section)
Caption: Kopu white clover, prolific after getting 10 kg/ha (9 lbs/acre)
of Borax with balanced fertiliser on deficient soil. 


Animal Deficiencies
Symptoms include - 
€  Slightly reduced digestion. US trials have shown lucerne low in B has
higher levels of lignin which is fibre. 
€  Rumen bacteria growth is slower. 
€  Bone development is poorer.
€  Cows are slightly more prone to milk fever and grass tetany, due to
their inability to retain calcium and magnesium, and their lower blood
sugars. The treatment for milk fever is calcium boroglucenate (the boro is
short for boron).  Calcium on its own can adversely affect a cow. 
€  Calving when B is deficient can cause pelvic bones to crack and bones
can be heard rasping against each other when affected cows walk. Cows cast
after calving are sometimes diagnosed as being affected by nerve damage.
It could be that bones have cracked. Ask someone who has cracked a rib or
other bone about the pain. In the high rainfall areas of the South
Island¹s West Coast where up to 3 metres (120²) fall per annum), low B has
caused dairy cows to suffer these problems and even die. After applying B
with fertiliser, problems ceased. 
€  Low B can adversely affect bone development in animals, sometimes
causing slow growth and hunch backs. 
€  In humans, painful distorted joints, arthritis and osteoporosis have
been associated with low B. Animals may suffer the same, but how would we
know?

Animal Excesses
Symptoms include - 
€  Diarrhoea. 

Soil & Plant Deficiencies
Symptoms include -
€  Clovers don¹t grow as well. Seedling root depth is poor. B reduces
aluminium toxicity so clover roots go deeper in high aluminium soils
reducing drought effects. 
€  Clover leaves become reddened and edges become hard almost like steel
and brittle to the touch. New leaves can remain a healthy green. High B
levels and low potassium and drought effects can look similar, so use a
herbage test to be certain. 
€  Lucerne is very sensitive to deficiencies. Its leaves go yellow,
flowers fail to form, and buds appears as white or light brown dead
tissue. It has higher levels of lignin. 
€  Turnips and swedes can have rotten centres (Brown Heart).
€  Maize can have up to 25% fewer cobs which have irregular distribution
of kernels, shrivelled on the side adjacent to the stem, with fewer on the
tips. The leaves of young deficient plants don't unroll. Wide white
stripes can develop between the leaf veins. High lysine maize needs even
more B. In deficient soils 2 kg of pure B/ha has increased maize yields by
15% in Florida. 
€  Grass growing tips die. 
€  Citrus can be sour. Applying B, where deficient, can make citrus fruit
taste sweeter. 
€  Pine trees have browning and die back of their growing tips. 
€  Uneven grazing by stock can be another symptom. Lignin (fibre) levels
are higher in low boron plants, so could be a cause. High potassium can
accentuate the problem. 
B is less available in low and high pH soils. Between 6 and 7 is best. 
Deficiencies are more prevalent in sandy low organic matter soils in high
rainfall areas after long dry periods when B is not taken up by the plant
because low soil moisture decreases root growth and the movement of
elements towards roots, and after prolonged wet periods because of
leaching. Cold weather can slow organic matter decomposition which then
slows B release. Symptoms may disappear under normal conditions, however,
clover growth can be retarded in both cases. 
Clovers can sometimes show adequate levels in an analysis because the leaf
has grown with B, but then show B deficiency symptoms in dry conditions
when roots are not growing to new areas in the soil. 
Plants vary in their requirement for B. Levels of 22 ppm in pasture
herbage (80% perennial ryegrass and 20% clover) are considered adequate.
This means that a yield of 3 tonnes/ha (2,700 lbs/acre) of hay uses only
66 grams/ha (0.9 oz/acre), but, without it, clover in particular, and
grasses subsequently, will yield less dry matter. 
Lucerne herbage should contain about 40 ppm. If below 30 ppm B should be
applied. 
Excess lime and/or potash can lower B, so one should analyse pastures at
least annually, and if below 15 ppm apply Borax or equivalent where
necessary at about 10 kg/ha (9 lb/acre). This equates to about one kg/ha
(1 lb/a) of pure boron. 
Analyse pasture again six months later and apply as required. As with many
elements, B leaches faster out of sandy soils. 
Crops such as brassicas need more B, so up to double the above rates may
be necessary in deficient soils, especially where sown more than once.
Maize also needs 
Pasture tissue levels can double within a month of applying boron, then
return to previous levels in about  a year, or faster in light low organic
matter soils and high rainfall. 
Spreading must be even over the whole paddock. Because such small
quantities are required, thorough mixing is imperative and other fine
material such as rock phosphate must be included to hold it, or shake down
(settling in transport) will occur resulting in uneven spreading.
Granulated fertilizers are a problem in this respect, whereas rock
phosphates are not. 

Soil & Plant Excesses
Symptoms are similar to those of B and potassium deficiency, i.e., the
tips of clover and lucerne leaves turn yellow then brown and appear
scorched, but with high B leaves can fall off. 
Borax has been used as a weed and grass killer. It can adversely affect
seed germination, so fertilisers with B should not be mixed with seeds.
Excesses in irrigation water can injure plants. 

Sources
Borax (11% B). One kg (2.2 lbs) of Borax provides 110 grams (3.8 oz) of
pure B. There are other sources such as the highly soluble Solubor fast
release for foliar spray application which must not exceed 0.5 kg/ha (0.5
lb/a) of B per application. 
Ulexite (13% B) slow release chips are used in forestry to reduce frost
damage to saplings. 
B should not be applied unless a herbage test shows that a deficiency
exists. As with other elements, visual deficiency symptoms can also
indicate high levels. 
Although animal manure and compost contains B, there is insufficient to
increase low levels.
Some irrigation water can be high in B. It should be below 0.5 ppm. Above
0.5 ppm can kill some plants. 

Further Information
US Borax, 6250 River Rd, Suite 7020, Rosemont, Illinois, 60018-4288, USA.
Borax Holdings Ltd, Borax House, Carlisle Place, London SW1P1HT, UK. 
Both supply excellent info on B, backed by photos. 

Good luck,
Vaughan Jones


From bayers@kaiwan009.kaiwan.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:58 EST 1996
Article: 1644 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bayers@kaiwan009.kaiwan.com (Jim)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Keyout Beta
Date: 18 Mar 1996 17:23:41 -0800
Organization: KAIWAN Internet (310-527-4279,818-756-0180,909-785-9712,714-638-4133,805-294-9338)
Lines: 69
Message-ID: <4il2at$oqg@kaiwan009.kaiwan.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: kaiwan009.kaiwan.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

Looking for some brave souls willing to beta test some
automated dichotomous key software I've written.  It's
called Keyout and it is in the beta stage of development.

Features:

* Designers can include graphics and text to explain what
they mean.
* Since all the data is stored in a database, the size of
the key is limited only by the space on your harddrive.
* Has algorythm to determine the best question to ask.
* Has algorythm to rapidly eliminate choices.
* Easily edited, updated, and modified.
* Takes full advantage of the Windows GUI environment.
* Code is available.
* You get me for tech support: bayers@kaiwan.com
* Comes with a sample database key to adult insect orders.

Downside:

* It's big, 3 meg zipped.  Hey! Blame Microsoft.
* Since the key is on a database, I relied on SQL
statements to manipulate the data.  It's a little slow.
* I built the graphics editor myself, it's no Correl Draw;
however, you can use the Windows clipboard to import
graphics from other programs.

The deal:

You test the software and report back to me any changes
you'd like to see or bugs you found.  I make changes and
release new beta versions.  When the product is refined
enough, I release the final version.

Requirements:

You'll need a PC capable of running Windows 3.1.

It was tested on a 486DX/66 with 16 meg of RAM, a P100 with
16 meg of RAM and a 486SX/33 with 8 meg of RAM.  The first
two were running Win95, the last one had Windows 3.1.  It
ran best on the Pentium.  :)


Installation:

1. FTP it from ftp.kaiwan.com  It's in the /user/bayers
directory.  Download it to your PC's root directory.
2. Unzip it with the -d switch to make a temporty directory.  
For example:

	pkunzip -d ko_beta.zip

3. Start Windows.  Click on the FILE menu item. Then click
on the RUN menu item.  Browse for \kotemp\setup.exe.  Run
it.  Follow the prompts.

NOTE! If you're using 3.1 you'll have to exit then restart
Windows to enable the share driver.  If you don't, you'll
get an error.

4. Start Keyout and read HELP by pressing the F1 key.

- Jim

-- 


- Jim


From mc8036a@american.edu Wed Mar 20 12:17:59 EST 1996
Article: 1645 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mike carew <mc8036a@american.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about Orchid
Date: 19 Mar 1996 01:40:10 GMT
Organization: American University, Washington DC
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <4il39q$s1q@paladin.american.edu>
References: <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu> <mturner.689.0011D06B@acpub.duke.edu> <4ihq8e$3mq@paladin.american.edu> <mturner.696.0009F9AC@acpub.duke.edu>
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mel, thanks so much for your time, I posted to the other news group rec.garden.orchids and 
got some useful info and a possible connection to purchase some seeds. I will continue to 
learn more about this in the library (if you could recommand a book for beginners). Thats 
where I need to start. 
thanks 
mike carew




From deturley@ahoynet.com Wed Mar 20 12:17:59 EST 1996
Article: 1646 of sci.bio.botany
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From: deturley@ahoynet.com (David Turley)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: gesneriads in public gardens
Date: 19 Mar 1996 01:52:27 GMT
Organization: Capital Area Internet Service info@cais.com 703-448-4470
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <deturley-1803962054180001@pin58.ahoynet.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pin58.ahoynet.com

I am compiling a list of public gardens and arboreta were plants of the
family gesneriaceae (gesneriads) can be seen. I would appreciate any
input.

The compilation will be posted on the American Gloxinia and Gesneriad
Society web site at
<http://www.forthrt.com/~aggs>

Thank you,

David Turley
Fredericksburg, VA USA
deturley@ahoynet.com


From curtiss@asdi.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:00 EST 1996
Article: 1647 of sci.bio.botany
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From: curtiss@asdi.com (Brian Curtiss)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Announce: Hyperspectral Imaging & Data Analysis Short Course
Date: Mon, 18 Mar 1996 20:55:25 -0700
Organization: Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc.
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <curtiss-1803962055250001@p58.denver1.dialup.csn.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 204.131.233.58

This summer, the University of Colorado, Boulder, is offering a short
course on hyperspectral imaging and data analysis.  Participants in this
course will gain an understanding of the basic concepts of imaging
spectrometry, will acquire experience in field spectral data collection,
and learn image processing techniques applicable to hyperspectral data. 
For more information, point your web browser at:

http://www.asdi.com/prod/whats_new.html

   or, contact Gretchen Richards at:

gretchen@cses.colorado.edu

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                 Brian Curtiss    curtiss@asdi.com
        /\ 
       /  \      Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc.
      /    \     4760 Walnut Street, Suite 105
 /\/\/\/\/  \    Boulder, Colorado 80301 U.S.A.
    /        \   303-444-6522   FAX: 303-444-6825
   /__________\
                 WWW - http://www.asdi.com/asd/ - updated 3/96
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


From curtiss@asdi.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:00 EST 1996
Article: 1648 of sci.bio.botany
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From: curtiss@asdi.com (Brian Curtiss)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Announce: Hyperspectral Imaging & Data Analysis Short Course
Date: Mon, 18 Mar 1996 20:57:10 -0700
Organization: Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc.
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <curtiss-1803962057100001@p58.denver1.dialup.csn.net>
References: <curtiss-1803962055250001@p58.denver1.dialup.csn.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 204.131.233.58

In article <curtiss-1803962055250001@p58.denver1.dialup.csn.net>,
curtiss@asdi.com (Brian Curtiss) wrote:

> This summer, the University of Colorado, Boulder, is offering a short
> course on hyperspectral imaging and data analysis.  Participants in this
> course will gain an understanding of the basic concepts of imaging
> spectrometry, will acquire experience in field spectral data collection,
> and learn image processing techniques applicable to hyperspectral data. 
> For more information, point your web browser at:
> 
> http://www.asdi.com/prod/whats_new.html
> 
>    or, contact Gretchen Richards at:
> 
> gretchen@cses.colorado.edu

That URL should have been:

http://www.asdi.com/asd/prod/whats_new.html


From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Wed Mar 20 12:18:01 EST 1996
Article: 1649 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about Orchid
Date: Mon, 18 Mar 1996 09:58:27
Organization: botany dept., duke univ.
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <mturner.696.0009F9AC@acpub.duke.edu>
References: <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu> <mturner.689.0011D06B@acpub.duke.edu> <4ihq8e$3mq@paladin.american.edu>
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In article <4ihq8e$3mq@paladin.american.edu> mike carew <mc8036a@american.edu> writes:
> I must of been mistaken, but I thought I saw a 
>victory garden on PBS 6-8 months ago, that explained it in terms relating to
>spores. 

It's possible they were just being very sloppy in their choice of words.  
Orchid seeds are spore-like in size, but they are seeds.

>The grower was I think from England, and had a large selection of orchids in 
>different stages of grow. He had them germinating in a solution of seeds (I
>belive 
>some type of spores and water) in a glass becker for 6-12 months from which a
>small 
>sprout would form. I know it will be hard that why I plan to start while I'm
>young.
>Did anyone see this Victory Garden and can explain what I saw. 

The grower probably was in fact growing orchids from seed in sterile flasks 
containing a liquid nutrient medium.    However, growers also propagate 
orchid clones by culturing apical meristem tissue in similar flasks.  I think 
the tissue clumps from the liquid cultures get transferred to solid agar 
media in order to form new plants.
good luck, mdt




From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Wed Mar 20 12:18:01 EST 1996
Article: 1650 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: Mon, 18 Mar 1996 10:18:42
Organization: botany dept., duke univ.
Lines: 48
Message-ID: <mturner.697.000A501C@acpub.duke.edu>
References: <4ijvk1$iq9@jaring.my>
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In article <4ijvk1$iq9@jaring.my> htchung@pop.jaring.my (Chung) writes:
>Hi, I am currently doing a project on plant taxonomy, where I have to
>label the plants in my school compound, as follows:
>1. Botanical name:
>2. Common name:
>3. Family:
>4. Country of origin:
>I have got the information for most of the plants, but have problem
>with the following plants, all of which grow in the tropics, where I
>come from(i.e., Malaysia). 
Try books on house plants, 

>Aphelandra aquarrosa
>Zebra Plant
Acanthaceae
South America

Cordyline terminalis   [notice spelling correction]  
>[Firebrand = cultivar name?]  ti plant  
? Agavaceae? Liliaceae?  [monocot families are in flux lately...]
>Polynesia?

Monstera deliciosa [Philodendron pertusum is just a horticultural name]
Delicious monster   [Ceriman; "split-leaf philodendron"]
Araceae
Tropical America [Mexico-Central America?]

Nephrolepis exaltata
Sword fern  [Boston Fern] etc.
Nephrolepidaceae or Davalliaceae; -- ["Polypodiaceae" in the old broad 
        sense]
widespread in tropics

>Cephalotaxus fortunei
>?
Cephalotaxaceae
Asia  [Japan or China?]

Codiaeum [sp.?] [Punctatum aureum is a cultivar name?]
>Croton
Euphorbiaceae
Polynesia?

>Helioconia metallica
?
Heliconiaceae
Trop. America, I think
 mdt


From rjlewan@pobox.upenn.edu Wed Mar 20 12:18:02 EST 1996
Article: 1651 of sci.bio.botany
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From: shel <rjlewan@pobox.upenn.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Corylus cornuta source?
Date: 18 Mar 1996 18:23:13 GMT
Organization: Morris  Arboretum
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A wholesale source of the seed is Sheffield's Seed Co., Inc., 273 
Auburn Road, RT # 34, Locke N.Y. 13092.  For other sources, check out the 
Andersen Horticultural Library's Source List of Plants and Seeds, 
Andersen Horticultural Library, Minnesota Landscape Arboretum.  This 
reference has been invaluable for me.



From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Wed Mar 20 12:18:02 EST 1996
Article: 1652 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant wast products
Date: 19 Mar 1996 12:33:41 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
Lines: 11
Message-ID: <4im9j5$e2n@coranto.ucs.mun.ca>
References: <Do6E31.Awq@iex.iex.com>
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In article <Do6E31.Awq@iex.iex.com>,  <wjf@iex.com> wrote:
>yes, this is a serious question.....
>
>do plants produce solid waste by-products?  if so, how do they discard them? 

	Deciduous plants drop their leaves once a year; evergreens do it on a
more irregular basis.

	Howard Clase




From mc8036a@american.edu Wed Mar 20 12:18:03 EST 1996
Article: 1653 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mike carew <mc8036a@american.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about Orchid
Date: 17 Mar 1996 19:47:26 GMT
Organization: American University, Washington DC
Lines: 40
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mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner) wrote:
>In article <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu> MC8036A@american.edu (Your Full Name) writes:
>>I have just resently become interested in growing some orchids from 
>>spores and I don't know where to start. I live in the Washington D.C. 
>>area and have been to the National Botanical Garden were I gogt some 
>>limited information, but need much more. I do know the orchid come from 
>>spores, which take 6-12 months to germinate, but that is it. Any great 
>>books to recommend before I go to the library. Where can I get some 
>>orchid spores? and How do I germinate them. Whats the best soil mixture?
>>Any infor will be greatly appreciated.
>>mike carew
>
>Sorry, but you are just a bit mistaken.  Orchids, like all other flowering 
>plants, reproduce by forming seeds not spores. [ The orchid seeds are very 
>minute and thus are basically spore-like from a practical standpoint, however. 
>Were you thinking of ferns, not orchids?]
>
>Growing orchids from seed is not something that can be easily done by home 
>gardeners; in nature the seedlings have a symbiotic relationship with a 
>mycorrizal fungus that  nourishes the tiny new plant.   You can't grow orchid 
>seeds by simply dusting them over any kind of potting soil; for a long time 
>growing them from seed at all was basically considered  impossible.  As I 
>understand it,  modern orchid growers use special tissue-culture type 
>techniques & enriched, sterile nutrient media to grow the seeds  [seedlings 
>are of course the only way to get new hybrids.]   A thorough search of the 
>library may find you some recipes.  [I think there is also a newsgroup 
>rec.gardens.orchids that you could try posting to]
>mdt

Mel, Thanks so much for your reply. I must of been mistaken, but I thought I saw a 
victory garden on PBS 6-8 months ago, that explained it in terms relating to spoers. 
The grower was I think from England, and had a large selection of orchids in 
different stages of grow. He had them germinating in a solution of seeds (I belive 
some type of spores and water) in a glass becker for 6-12 months from which a small 
sprout would form. I know it will be hard that why I plan to start while I'm joug.
Thanks a bunch Mel
Did anyone see this Victory Garden and can explain what I saw. 
Mike Carew




From afrenchs@epix.net Wed Mar 20 12:18:03 EST 1996
Article: 1654 of sci.bio.botany
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From: afrenchs@epix.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Corylus cornuta source?
Date: Mon, 18 Mar 96 20:25:34 PDT
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THANK YOU!!!



From melasoma@aol.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:04 EST 1996
Article: 1655 of sci.bio.botany
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From: melasoma@aol.com (Melasoma)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Spraying
Date: 17 Mar 1996 10:31:50 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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If you seem to be having an extraordinary problem with diseases and
insects, more than likely some important components of a more balanced
ecosystem are missing from your garden.  And they may be missing because
you have already sprayed and eliminated them. (Like maybe the tiny, nearly
invisible,  parastic wasps that control aphids).  Once you spray once, you
will have to spray again and again.  (See the The Pesticide Conspiracy
1980)  Maybe try to put back some missing pieces (like habitat for
predatory wasps, bats, birds) and recognize that mostly tolerable levels
of insect and disease may be the acceptable model... that is if you want
your garden to model nature rather than an unrealistic Eden.


From kwheeler@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Wed Mar 20 12:18:04 EST 1996
Article: 1656 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kwheeler@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Kassie Wheeler)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: * DOGS *
Date: Tue, 19 Mar 1996 09:38:38 -0500
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
Lines: 14
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Please Help!

I'm doing a science project on whether or not dogs are cleaner than
humans.  One of the requirements for the project is to have 20 vocabulary
words that relate to my project.  I can't think of any!

What I'm doing:  I will take samples of a dogs skin, hair, etc. and the
same kinds of samples from a human.  Then I will put them each in a
separate petri-dish containing agar.  I will wait for the bacteria to
grow, and then compare and contrast the faunas.  

You do not need to define the words, just give me some ideas!  Thanks!

Reply to:  <kwheeler@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>


From Berlant@dynanet.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:04 EST 1996
Article: 1657 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Berlant@dynanet.com (Stephen R. Berlant)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fairy Ring Conditions
Date: 19 Mar 1996 12:10:25 GMT
Organization: Societas Hermeneuticas
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Hi,

I'm aware of the ability of various species of mushrooms to form so-called 
"fairy rings" in pastures and other similarly, fertile soils. However, I was 
wondering if such a phenomenon is known to occur in less fertile, semi-arid, 
arid, or even desert soils.

My thanks in advance.

Stephen R. Berlant


From egrunden@prairienet.org Wed Mar 20 12:18:05 EST 1996
Article: 1658 of sci.bio.botany
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From: egrunden@prairienet.org (Eric Grunden)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about Orchid
Date: 19 Mar 1996 07:02:55 GMT
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In a previous article, mc8036a@american.edu (mike carew) says:

>Mel, Thanks so much for your reply. I must of been mistaken, but I thought I saw a 
>victory garden on PBS 6-8 months ago, that explained it in terms relating to spoers. 
>The grower was I think from England, and had a large selection of orchids in 
>different stages of grow. He had them germinating in a solution of seeds (I belive 
>some type of spores and water) in a glass becker for 6-12 months from which a small 
>sprout would form. I know it will be hard that why I plan to start while I'm joug.
>Thanks a bunch Mel
>Did anyone see this Victory Garden and can explain what I saw. 
>Mike Carew
				*******

I did not see that Victory Garden, but I would guess that the seeds were
orchid seeds and that the spores were from the mycorrhizal fungus
required to grow orchids. I am sorry that I can't be of more help;
I can't even remember the species of fungus, or whether it is an ecto-
or endo-mycorrhizae, but I know that orchids need the relationship
until they become established. The Dictionary of Fungi says;
"Early development of some plants, especially those with very small
seeds (eg orchids) are completely dependent upon fungal infection.
This dependence may be retained where, as in some members of Orchidaceae,
plants lack chlorophyll throughout their lives, and hence require all
carbon and most mineral supplies from their fungal symbiont."  If I
were to guess, I would say that it needs an endomycorrhizal symbiont,
as most of the ecto's associate with woody plants. The Dictionary also
mentions categories of mycorrhizae, and one of them is called "Orchid"
but that's all I know.
-- 
			*******************
The Spirit of Nature, a powerful force,
	belongs and returns to its creative source.
- Excerpted from The Collective Works of Johnny Pokerface -


From J.Pritchard@bham.ac.uk Wed Mar 20 12:18:05 EST 1996
Article: 1659 of sci.bio.botany
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From: J.Pritchard@bham.ac.uk (Jeremy Pritchard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: soil psychrometers
Date: 18 Mar 1996 08:57:26 GMT
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I have inherited a couple of  Wescor dew point microvolt meters, (HR - 33) along 
with a couple of C - 51 sample chambers, some leaf psychrometers and some soil
 psychrometers.   I have some experience with the use of the later Wescor 
osmometers where the chamber is integrated with the volt meter, but I have little
 experience with the soil or leaf psychrometers.  I would be grateful for any advice on 
the use of the soil and leaf psychrometers, particularly with regard to calibration  and
  effects of variations in temperature on measurements.
  

regards


Jeremy Pritchard



From kc020@aol.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:06 EST 1996
Article: 1660 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kc020@aol.com (KC020)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plants Resistance
Date: 19 Mar 1996 01:59:22 -0500
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I'm doing a research on Plant resistance to insects.  Any good sources out
there?
Please post or e-mail.  Thanks SO much! :-)


From vulpia@sonic.net Wed Mar 20 12:18:06 EST 1996
Article: 1661 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: non-botanist question-is broccoli a flower?
Date: 19 Mar 1996 14:14:14 GMT
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In article <marcos_miguel-1403961621150001@mmarcos2.ny.jpmorgan.com>, 
marcos_miguel@jpmorgan.com says...
>
>i have been having a discussion with colleagus about this. i clearly
>remember reading somewhere that broccoli is considered a flower. is this
>wrong? thanks. sorry for such an ingenuous question.
>
>
>^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^
>Miguel A. Marcos                                                     J.P. 
Morgan
>e: marcos_miguel@jpmorgan.com                          Emerging Markets 
Research
>v: 212-648-1891                                                   60 Wall 
Street
>f: 212-648-5051                                               New York, NY 
10260

Broccoli, the whole plant, is a cultivar of regular old Mustard. What we
love to eat is the top part, which is the inflorescence, made up of many
tightly packed green flower buds. Watch them open, sometime, into the 
standard yellow Mustard flowers.
-- 
---Nancy Harrison ===SRJC Life Sciences/Botany===Santa Rosa, Calif.



From xxxx@xxxxxx.xxx Wed Mar 20 12:18:07 EST 1996
Article: 1662 of sci.bio.botany
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From: xxxx@xxxxxx.xxx
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mystery Plant
Date: 17 Mar 1996 17:58:02 -0700
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I have a plant that I cannot identify.  Although I sent cuttings to our 
natural history museum and a local botanical garden, no one has been able to 
identify it.  I bought the plant over ten years ago from a woman who called it 
a "Salt and Pepper Plant."  It is a huge, vining plant, weighing at least 25 
lbs.  The leaves are sturdy and roundish, the largest ones measuring about 5 
inches across.  It is in a corner of the room and hangs down about 6 feet 
long.  The plant forms crystals along its stems which resemble salt crystals. 
 On the underside of the leaves it forms black specks.  (No, these are not 
bugs.)  It seems to grow the fastest when the weather is humid and tropical.  
It is very hardy and the only time I had trouble with it was an attack of 
mealybugs a few years ago.  As far as I know, it has never produced flowers.  

Can anyone out there give me a clue as to what kind of plant this is and where 
 it may have originated?  Please write to me at:  trombi@primenet.com


From C.Honeywell@issc.debbs.ndhq.dnd.ca Wed Mar 20 12:18:07 EST 1996
Article: 1663 of sci.bio.botany
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From: aa192@debbs.ndhq.dnd.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Lupinus  Info needed
Date: 19 Mar 1996 12:47:43 GMT
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I have a user who needs some information on a plant with the unusual name of LUPINUS. Can 
anyone lead me to a source either on or off the net for information on this plant?

Any help would be much appreciated.

Cary Honeywell

C.Honeywell@issc.debbs.ndhq.dnd.ca

or

aa192@issc.debbs.ndhq.dnd.ca


From ramas@198.4.75.51 Wed Mar 20 12:18:08 EST 1996
Article: 1664 of sci.bio.botany
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From: RAMAS <ramas@198.4.75.51>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: demographic data needed: Vallisneria americana
Date: 19 Mar 1996 14:03:40 GMT
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Hi
I'm building a structured population model for Vallisneria
americana (American wild celery, a submerged aquatic macrophyte) 
and I'm interested in including
the effects of temporal variation in vital rates.  If anyone knows
where I could find the following information, I'd be very grateful:

Measures of variation (e.g. temporal coefficient of variation, means for
two or more successive years at the same site) for:
number of rosettes per plant
number of winter buds per plant/per rosette
winter bud survival
shoot establishment from winter buds

Either for V. americana or even for related species e.g. V. spiralis.  But
I have a deadline of end of March 96.  Thanks for taking the time to read
this.

Matt Spencer,
Applied Biomathematics,
100 North Country Road,
Setauket,
NY 11733,
USA.

phone (516)751-4350
fax (516)751-3435
email ramas@gramercy.ios.com


From avoidacc@aol.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:08 EST 1996
Article: 1665 of sci.bio.botany
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From: avoidacc@aol.com (Avoid Acc)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: gingko tree
Date: 19 Mar 1996 14:11:45 -0500
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Does anyone know where there are gingko trees planted in Florida?  I've
wanted to see one for years.


From htchung@pop.jaring.my Wed Mar 20 12:18:09 EST 1996
Article: 1666 of sci.bio.botany
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From: htchung@pop.jaring.my (Chung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: Wed, 20 Mar 1996 14:29:22 GMT
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mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner) wrote:


>>I have got the information for most of the plants, but have problem
>>with the following plants, all of which grow in the tropics, where I
>>come from(i.e., Malaysia). 
>Try books on house plants, 

>>Aphelandra aquarrosa
>>Zebra Plant
>Acanthaceae
>South America

>Cordyline terminalis   [notice spelling correction]  
>>[Firebrand = cultivar name?]  ti plant  
>? Agavaceae? Liliaceae?  [monocot families are in flux lately...]
>>Polynesia?

>Monstera deliciosa [Philodendron pertusum is just a horticultural name]
>Delicious monster   [Ceriman; "split-leaf philodendron"]
>Araceae
>Tropical America [Mexico-Central America?]

Thanks a lot for your help.

Can you help me with two more plants:

Bougainvillea glabra
Bunga Kertas(a Malaysian name. What's its English name?)
?
?


Schizostachyum rachyllodum
Buluh(Malysian name for bamboo)
Gramineae
?


TIA and best regards, Jason Chung





From jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Wed Mar 20 12:18:09 EST 1996
Article: 1667 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (John Hansen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Question on tars and nicotines in tobacco plants
Date: 19 Mar 1996 19:58:31 GMT
Organization: Siskiyou County Office of Education
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Hello

   I am a student in a physical science class at Mt. Shasta High School
and am currently working on a science project that deals with determining
the % tars and nicotines found in cigar, pipe and chew tobacco.  Our
school library has limited reference material that I could access.  I also
called the tobacco companies and did not even get a response.  
   Perhaps you know something about tars and nicotines found in tobacco
plants that you could share with me?.  Ideally it would be nice to be able
to put my hands on the actual % data that describes the amount of tars and
nicotines in each type.  
   My plan to test the results is to draw smoke from the burning tobacco
source through pre-weighed cotton balls and then by measuring the
difference in the cotton ball weight compared to the actual tobacco that
burned, I should be able to calculate the % numbers my teacher demands. 
He is mean!  Does this procedure sound OK to you?  If there are holes in
this procedure perhaps you can suggest modifications. 

I appreciate any help that you can provide.  Thank you.  Hillary


From ZWHJ47A@prodigy.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:09 EST 1996
Article: 1668 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ZWHJ47A@prodigy.com (John Meidell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Resource materials for Hawaiian flora
Date: 17 Mar 1996 02:42:53 GMT
Organization: Prodigy Services Company  1-800-PRODIGY
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I am having difficulty locating the following out-of-print titles. Any 
assistance would be appreciated. 

ROCK, Joseph ; MONOGRAPH OF TRIBE LOBELIOIDIEAE 
                          
                          THE INDIGENOUS TREES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS


HILLEBRAND, Wm.; FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS



I may be interested in any other publications authored by ROCK or any 
thing else related to Hawaiian flora and fauna. 

Thank you very much.

J.S. Meidell
ZWHJ47A@PRODIGY.COM




From htchung@pop.jaring.my Wed Mar 20 12:18:10 EST 1996
Article: 1669 of sci.bio.botany
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From: htchung@pop.jaring.my (Chung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Taxonomy
Date: Tue, 19 Mar 1996 07:31:09 GMT
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Hi, I am currently doing a project on plant taxonomy, where I have to
label the plants in my school compound, as follows:

1. Botanical name:
2. Common name:
3. Family:
4. Country of origin:

I have got the information for most of the plants, but have problem
with the following plants, all of which grow in the tropics, where I
come from(i.e., Malaysia). 

I will be most grateful if someone could[in double quick time] help me
out with the missing information, or point the way as to where on the
Net I can get the necessary information. The plants are(Botanical
names):

Aphelandra aquarrosa
Zebra Plant
?
?

Cardyline terminalis
Firebrand
?
?

Philodendron pertusum
Delicious monster
?
?

Nephrolepis exaltata
?
?
?

Cephalotaxus fortunei
?
?
?

Punctatum aureum
Croton
?
?

Helioconia metallica
?
?
?

Regrads and many TIA from Jason Chung,  Malaysia.





From a.jonker@amc.uva.nl Wed Mar 20 12:18:10 EST 1996
Article: 1670 of sci.bio.botany
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From: a.jonker@amc.uva.nl (Ard Jonker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: Tue, 19 Mar 1996 11:17:19 +0100
Organization: University of Amsterdam
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References: <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk> <4ia9em$gpg@madison.tdsnet.com> <4ica58$b92@dfw-ixnews6.ix.netcom.com> <4ifl38$q0t@news.eecs.nwu.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.microbiology:3039 sci.med.pathology:2568 sci.med:147980 sci.bio.botany:1670 sci.image.processing:20387 sci.research:10448 sci.materials:16732

>>>It is very possible and extremely practical to capture microscope
>>>images from a CCD camera directly to computer. I do it every day! I
>>>have a Cohu CCD camera in a Zeiss inverted microscope connected to a
>>>Mac Quadra 800 running IPLab Spectrum from Signal Analytics. Above and
>>>way beyond generating publication quality images, the image analysis
>>>and manipulation you can do with this program are truly amazing! I'm

You could also try NIH-Image, a free image processing package from 
zippy.nimh.nih.gov in the /pub/image directory.
It supports AV and PPC (X500 series) frame grabbing directly.

Ard
PS. Seems to run on a PC using Executer (-tor) from Ardi (not to be mistaken for
Ard!)

-- 
Ard Jonker                                     |Meibergdreef 15
Dept of Anatomy & Embryology       |1105 AZ Amsterdam
Dept of Histology and Cell Biology    |The Netherlands
Faculty of Medicine                         |tel +31 20 566 5396
University of Amsterdam                |a.jonker@amc.uva.nl


From dlwpcw@aol.com Wed Mar 20 12:18:11 EST 1996
Article: 1671 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dlwpcw@aol.com (Dlwpcw)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: mistletoe (probably Phoradendrum serotinum)
Date: 19 Mar 1996 09:46:56 -0500
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Looking for information on growth and propagation habits, to better
understand
effect on trees and methods of control. Particular interest in north
central Texas.

Searches are getting me a lot of unwanted Christmas and kissing info, so I
am
obviously looking in all the wrong places. Would appreciate help on
locating the
right place.

David Webber (alcalde@usa.pipeline.com)


From maryl@efn.org Mon Apr  1 23:54:47 EST 1996
Article: 1672 of sci.bio.botany
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From: maryl@efn.org (Mary Leontovich)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about genus & species of feverfew
Date: Tue, 19 Mar 1996 15:32:46 -0800
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Hi-

Feverfew is Tanacetum parthenium. There are two kinds of chamomile used
medicinally, Chamaemelum nobile (roman chamomile) and Matricaria recutita
(German chamomile). I have no idea what they're related to--sorry. 

As for headaches, I take a tincture that mixes feverfew, meadowsweet
(spirea ulmaria) periwinkel (vinca major) and lavender. Works great!


From craig@tsunami.jpl.nasa.gov Mon Apr  1 23:54:48 EST 1996
Article: 1673 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Craig Maser <craig@tsunami.jpl.nasa.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Effects of GA3 and B-9 on first generation plants
Date: Tue, 19 Mar 1996 20:56:56 -0800
Organization: Image Analysis Systems Group, JPL
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Hello all botanists.  My name is Brian and I am doing a research project on 
the effects of Gibberelic Acid and Daminozide on first generation marigold 
and bean plants.  I treated marigolds and bean plants with Gibberelic Acid 
and Daminozide.  I collected the seeds and planted them.  What results should 
I expect from the seeds of these treated plants and why?  Also, can you tell 
me why Gibberelic Acid makes plants taller and Daminozide makes them shorter? 
I started with marigolds because I knew I would have a lot of seeds, however, 
the difference in height between the treated and the untreated plants was not 
as dramatic as I had hoped for.  That is why I also decided to use beans. I 
didn't start out using beans because I was concerned I wouldn't get enough 
seeds.

Thanks in advance for any info,
Brian Maser
craig@tsunami.jpl.nasa.gov


From Jack.Sanders@gsfc.nasa.gov Mon Apr  1 23:54:49 EST 1996
Article: 1674 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jack.Sanders@gsfc.nasa.gov (Jack Sanders)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: Wed, 20 Mar 1996 17:38:17 GMT
Organization: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center -- Greenbelt, Maryland USA
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SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk> wrote:


>I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
>making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera 
>directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need in 
>making conventional photographs). 

>I have got some manufacturer's prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes
>but I would like to hear from the people who actually use those cameras 
>whether it is possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of 
>biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.

>Sergei Gutnikov, D.Phil.
>Department of Experimental Psychology
>Oxford University
>UK                                          sergei.gutnikov@psy.ox.ac.uk



What types of micrographs will you make?

1.	Color? (effects the memory requirements, processor speed, and
software choice)

2.	Low light levels? (image intensification may be required)

3.	Wavelength sensitivity? (do you need something for all
visible, some visible, and do you want to filter out IR or some
visible)

4.	Depth of focus? (flat fields are easy, unless contaminants can
effect the features you are interested in; if the item is not flat,
you need to consider the objective optic depth of focus)

5.	Magnification? (one of the great things about this method is
that you get a built-in magnification equal to the change in pixel
size.  On one project I worked on, the CCD pixel was 6.7 micrometers
long, while the monitor pixel was 330 micrometers long; 50x for the
choice of the right monitor!  I then only needed a 4x objective to
obtain the 200x required.)

6.	Light source? (transmission, reflection, and if reflective, do
you need oblique lighting)

7.	Money?  (how much do you want and need to spend?  can you
scrounge some equipment?  often, there are microscopes, computers,
monitors, and even cameras around the lab(s).  save your money for
memory, preocessor speed, memory, software, memory, and a really great
camera)

My application was particle counting and morphology.  I used a Mac
IIcx with 16Mb of DRAM, 70Mb hard disk, a very high resolution Kodak
Megaplus CCD camera (1.4 million pixels: _WOW_), NIH Image software,
and a Perceptics frame grabber designed just for the Kodak camera.
Collecting frames was kind of slow, and manipulating images was
_incredibly_ slow.  I would suggest a powerPC or Pentium system,
especially for HiRes or color work.  Image is great, and only costs
the time to download it.  The last time I looked, it was only for the
Mac (powerPC included).

Jack Sanders




From gkharris@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Mon Apr  1 23:54:49 EST 1996
Article: 1675 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gkharris@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Gavin/Kim Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: cells and starch digestion
Date: 20 Mar 1996 00:02:54 GMT
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
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   I am a 10th grade biology student at Mt. Shasta High School.  The
problem that I am currently working on is about how cell size (surface
area) is related to starch digestion.  I have been unable to find a
sufficient amount of information to support my hypothesis, which is...If
two cells with an equal volume but different surface areas are compared,
then the cells with a larger surface area will prove to have more starch
digestion.  If anyone has any information about cells, starch digestion,
or both, that would be helpful in my experiment, I would appreciate their
assistance.

Sincerely,


Kim Harrison


From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:50 EST 1996
Article: 1676 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: Wed, 20 Mar 1996 15:49:00
Organization: botany dept, duke univ.
Lines: 13
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In article <4incgi$e9a@jaring.my> htchung@pop.jaring.my (Chung) writes:
>Can you help me with two more plants:
>Bougainvillea glabra
>Bunga Kertas (a Malaysian name. What's its English name?)
"Bougainvillea"
Nyctaginaceae
South America

>Schizostachyum rachyllodum
>Buluh(Malysian name for bamboo)
>Gramineae  [a.k.a. Poaceae]
E. Asia, according to Willis' dictionary
mdt


From wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com Mon Apr  1 23:54:50 EST 1996
Article: 1677 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com (wojcik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of GA3 and B-9 on first generation plants
Date: 21 Mar 1996 15:28:28 GMT
Organization: Ford Motor Company / EFH Division
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Craig Maser (craig@tsunami.jpl.nasa.gov) wrote:
: Hello all botanists.  My name is Brian and I am doing a research project on 
: the effects of Gibberelic Acid and Daminozide on first generation marigold 
: and bean plants.  I treated marigolds and bean plants with Gibberelic Acid 
: and Daminozide.  I collected the seeds and planted them.  What results should 
: I expect from the seeds of these treated plants and why?  Also, can you tell 
: me why Gibberelic Acid makes plants taller and Daminozide makes them shorter? 
: I started with marigolds because I knew I would have a lot of seeds, however, 
: the difference in height between the treated and the untreated plants was not 
: as dramatic as I had hoped for.  That is why I also decided to use beans. I 
: didn't start out using beans because I was concerned I wouldn't get enough 
: seeds.

	Have you every studied "The Effects of Gamma Rays on `Man-in-the-Moon'
Marigolds"? (Sorry, I couldn't resist ... those who know the theater will
get the joke).

	As far as I know, the two compounds you mention ONLY have an effect
on living plant material. They are plant hormones that, as you mentioned,
effect the length of stem internodes. Their effects are not transferred
to the seeds.
================================================================================
 Al Wojcik                                 |  Ford Motor Company, USA
 e-mail  : wojcik@pmsrs4.pms.ford.com      |  I am NOT a spokesperson!
	"There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home."
					- Ken Olsen
				          President, Chairman and Founder
					  Digital Equipment Corp., 1977	
================================================================================


From barry_edge@vnet.ibm.com Mon Apr  1 23:54:51 EST 1996
Article: 1678 of sci.bio.botany
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From: @hursley.ibm.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sap rising
Date: 21 Mar 1996 08:15:18 GMT
Organization: IBM UK Laboratories Ltd.
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It's spring and the sap is rising ! How ? As I understand it, when there
is foliage there is a transpiration pull. But, in deciduous plants the sap 
is suppossed to rise before the leaves have opened. Is "root" pressure a factor?


From sdmurphy@uoguelph.ca Mon Apr  1 23:54:51 EST 1996
Article: 1679 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sdmurphy@uoguelph.ca (Stephen D Murphy)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: modelling of wind pollination
Date: 21 Mar 1996 15:17:43 GMT
Organization: University of Guelph
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>David Darr (darr@ocean.washington.edu) wrote:
>(inquiry about wind pollination modelling)

David:

Aside from the classic papers (e.g. Karl Niklas' series in the early and 
mid-1980s) and books (e.g. IBP's aerobiology tome from 1979 [?]), you might 
find some people to talk to on AEROBIOL-L (a listserver run from here at 
the University of Guelph by Franco Di-Giovanni).  I can send you the 
subscription instructions by e-mail (or to anyone else reading this post).

I don't know if anyone at Cornell is still working on the wind 
pollination topic since Karl Niklas went onto structural mechanics and 
allometry (and editing the Am J. Bot); you might trying contacting Karl 
directly.

Cheers,

- Steve 

Stephen Murphy, Ph.D.
Research Associate
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada

main e-mail address: smurphy@crop.uoguelph.ca


 


From glenjame@fs.isu.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:52 EST 1996
Article: 1680 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "James M. Glennon" <glenjame@fs.isu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Latin Name equals botanical name?
Date: 21 Mar 1996 16:12:13 GMT
Organization: Idaho State University
Lines: 16
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References: <4iqvsp$q5b@daily-planet.execpc.com>
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To: garrett@execpc.com

The current taxonomy is:
Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.

Hope this is what you are looking for.

Jim

garrett@execpc.com (Garrett Keel) wrote:
>Torresia odorata (L.) Hitche
>Commonly known as Sweetgrass
>Native American Indian name: wicko'bimucko'si (meaning sweetgrass)
>
>Does anyone know that botanical name for this plant?  I can't seem to
>find it anywhere.




From ron@mlfarm.com Mon Apr  1 23:54:52 EST 1996
Article: 1681 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ron@mlfarm.com (Ronald Florence)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of Boron of Grasses
Followup-To: poster
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 1996 13:57:11 GMT
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	<4ifqfa$mbp@mongol.sasknet.sk.ca>
	<jonesv.wave.co.nz-1903961148510001@wh4013.wave.co.nz>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:9836 sci.bio.botany:1681

Vaughan Jones writes:

   The following is what I've collected on B over the years. I'm writing a
   book on farming and will include chapters on each element. Comments would
   be appreciated. 

I'm sorry to take newsgroup bandwidth for this, but the return address
in Mr. Jones' posted note is not valid.  I'd like to use a portion of
this material in the Pasture FAQ at http://www.connix.com/~mlfarm/,
and would appreciate if Mr. Jones would write me directly with
permission and his email address and location for a proper credit.

An ascii-digest version of the Pasture FAQ is posted every 60 days to
newsgroups misc.rural, misc.answers, and news.answers.

Thanks.
-- 

				Ronald Florence


From razvan@u.washington.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:53 EST 1996
Article: 1682 of sci.bio.botany
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From: 'Rebbie' I Popescu <razvan@u.washington.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wanted: Habitat Classification
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 1996 16:52:42 -0800
Organization: University of Washington
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What's the most recent, authoritative system in use for classifying the
habitats that plants are found in?  I need the terms for a database
program for plant collectors.  Thanks!

Rebbie Williamson



From averjs@ispec.com Mon Apr  1 23:54:53 EST 1996
Article: 1683 of sci.bio.botany
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From: averjs@ispec.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: botany
Date: 20 Mar 1996 21:13:04 GMT
Organization: George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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I am returning to school after 19 years and would like to use the internet to access information. I am passionate about plants, but am finding the biochem stuff difficult. I actually do not know how I got your address.



From eastran@ipnet.ins.gu.edu.au Mon Apr  1 23:54:54 EST 1996
Article: 1684 of sci.bio.botany
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From: C Tran <eastran@ipnet.ins.gu.edu.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fire Resistant Plants
Date: 22 Mar 1996 03:55:03 GMT
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Colleagues,

Does anyone have any information on vegetation that is fire-resistant? I
do not mean those plants that regenerate or have dormant buds that seed
after a fire, but those plants that (in moderately intense fires) will
NOT burn? I know that plants with high salt tolerance (e.g. Atriplex
spp.) are known to resist ignition, but does anyone know of any sources
of other relevant information?

Your help is greatly appreciated (I may as well thank those ahead of
time).

CT




From sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:54 EST 1996
Article: 1685 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant waste products
Date: 22 Mar 1996 03:14:14 GMT
Organization: ST. CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY, ST. CLOUD, MN
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In article <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com>, wjf@iex.com writes:
>>wjf@iex.com writes:
>>> yes, this is a serious question.....
>>> 
>>> do plants produce solid waste by-products?  if so, how do they discard 
>>them? 
>>> are all wastes disposed of through trasnpiration?
>>> 
>>> Jesse
>>
>>Wander through a forest. Or for that matter, under any tree.
>>You will be walking on the by-products of plants. Plants
>>produce virtually all of the energy and organic materials used
>>by other organisms. Some is eaten while the plant is alive. But
>>most goes to the decomposers. They do a very nice job of taking
>>care of all of those solid wastes. 
>>-- 
>>Associate Professor (Emeritus)
>>University of Virginia
>>mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu
>
>weellllll.....my question was not "do plants become waste products"....
>or "how do plants fit into the food/energy chain?"...
>let me rephrase the question...
>
>it was, to put it simpler terms....."do plants shit?"
>
>i.e. does a plant
>produce solid-waste by-products (not through discarding of refuse materials 
>such as dead leaves)...for example, in animal biology, some toxins can be 
>passed through the digestive system and discarded through feces or urine,
>other toxins such as mercury/lead are contained within the organism and 
>can reach lethal levels over time.  
>
>as an example, if a plant takes in more iron than it "needs", does the 
>organism discard the extraneous materiali (i.e. take a dump), or does
>the "extra" iron remain within the organism...I can see how gaseous/liquid
>materials can be disposed of....but what about solids?????
>
Stored in vacuoles, although a very few plants, such as some mangroves, can
excrete some unwanted products.  These mangroves excrete salt.
Vacuoles have quite a few other functions too.
The endodermis (an inner layer of the root) can also regulate what gets into
the vascular system.
May I recommend a basic botany text - always to be found in your library?
Stephanie

>Jesse


From wjf@iex.com Mon Apr  1 23:54:55 EST 1996
Article: 1686 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: wjf@iex.com
Subject: Re: plant waste products
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Sender: usenet@iex.iex.com (USENET news)
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>wjf@iex.com writes:
>> yes, this is a serious question.....
>> 
>> do plants produce solid waste by-products?  if so, how do they discard 
>them? 
>> are all wastes disposed of through trasnpiration?
>> 
>> Jesse
>
>Wander through a forest. Or for that matter, under any tree.
>You will be walking on the by-products of plants. Plants
>produce virtually all of the energy and organic materials used
>by other organisms. Some is eaten while the plant is alive. But
>most goes to the decomposers. They do a very nice job of taking
>care of all of those solid wastes. 
>-- 
>Associate Professor (Emeritus)
>University of Virginia
>mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu

weellllll.....my question was not "do plants become waste products"....
or "how do plants fit into the food/energy chain?"...
let me rephrase the question...

it was, to put it simpler terms....."do plants shit?"

i.e. does a plant
produce solid-waste by-products (not through discarding of refuse materials 
such as dead leaves)...for example, in animal biology, some toxins can be 
passed through the digestive system and discarded through feces or urine,
other toxins such as mercury/lead are contained within the organism and 
can reach lethal levels over time.  

as an example, if a plant takes in more iron than it "needs", does the 
organism discard the extraneous materiali (i.e. take a dump), or does
the "extra" iron remain within the organism...I can see how gaseous/liquid
materials can be disposed of....but what about solids?????

Jesse


From ybycui@usa.pipeline.com Mon Apr  1 23:54:55 EST 1996
Article: 1687 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ybycui@usa.pipeline.com(Ybycui)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cherry Blossoms in Wash., DC
Date: 21 Mar 1996 21:37:26 GMT
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The National Park Service has just created a new site on the cherry
blossoms of Wash., D.C. 
 
http://www.nps.gov/nacc/cherry 
 
It has a prediction when the blossoms will be at their peak, a history on
the cherry trees, and past of peak blooming dates. 
-- 
 
 
 
 



From tg2@axe.humboldt.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:56 EST 1996
Article: 1688 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Tamara Gedik <tg2@axe.humboldt.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: bromeliaceae info sought
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 1996 13:24:17 -0800
Organization: Information Resources and Technology
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I'm a student at Humboldt State University currently enrolled in an 
advanced plant taxonomy course, and am writing a paper on the family 
bromeliaceae.  My knowledge of the family is limited, and I would 
appreciate any notable characteristics about the group that anybody could 
send my way, to help me focus and direct my approach to this topic.

You may e-mail me directly at:
tg2@axe.humboldt.edu

Thanks in advance for your input!


From hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:56 EST 1996
Article: 1689 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu (Wayne Hughes)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant waste products
Date: 22 Mar 1996 09:29:28 GMT
Organization: uga
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <4itrto$ein@hobbes.cc.uga.edu>
References: <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dogwood.botany.uga.edu

In article <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com> wjf@iex.com writes:
>
>it was, to put it simpler terms....."do plants shit?"
>

 Animals take dumps because they ingest solids and don't
 extract everything.  Plants don't take in solids at all
 and have nothing to get rid of.  Everything a plant takes
 in comes across a membrane.

 THe original response, that plants drop the parts of themselves
 that are no longer needed, is just right.  Plants grow
 differently from animals, i.e., indeterminately as opposed
 to determinately; why should they excrete the same?

 Wayne


-- 
Wayne Hughes  |              Keep your carbon dioxide fixed!!
Botany Dept   |            http://morgan.botany.uga.edu/wayne.htm
Univ Georgia  | Keywords: botany, Arabidopsis, gay stuff, astronomy, ponds,  
Athens,GA USA | bonsai, cats, dormancy, rural, seeds, juggling, books, movies.


From Nathalie.Pawlicki@sc.u-picardie.fr Mon Apr  1 23:54:57 EST 1996
Article: 1690 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Nathalie.Pawlicki@sc.u-picardie.fr (Nathalie Pawlicki)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: cire parafinique
Date: Fri, 22 Mar 1996 10:37:42 +0100
Organization: Universite de Picardie-Jules Verne - Amiens - France
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <Nathalie.Pawlicki-2203961037420001@mac-aeb1.sc.u-picardie.fr>
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je cherche des renseigements sur l'emploi de la cire parafinique sur les
plantes en serres, boutures, etc...
Son utilisation a été décrite dans un livre de physiologie végétale, mais
je ne trouve pas le fournisseur. 
Merci de repondre sur le NEWS, pas d'e-mail.


From hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:57 EST 1996
Article: 1691 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu (Wayne Hughes)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant waste products
Date: 22 Mar 1996 10:31:58 GMT
Organization: uga
Lines: 41
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References: <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com> <4itrto$ein@hobbes.cc.uga.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dogwood.botany.uga.edu

In article <4itrto$ein@hobbes.cc.uga.edu> hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu (Wayne Hughes) writes:
>In article <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com> wjf@iex.com writes:
>>
>>it was, to put it simpler terms....."do plants shit?"
>>
>
> Animals take dumps because they ingest solids and don't
> extract everything.  Plants don't take in solids at all
> and have nothing to get rid of.  Everything a plant takes
> in comes across a membrane.
>

 OK, I'm taking the egregious step of followup up to my own post,
 but if you look more closely you see that the fundamental process
 of getting nutrients is essentially the same for plant and animal
 with two major differences.  Both require bringing in desirable
 nutrients through absorptive surfaces across a membrane.  In plants,
 the absorptive surfaces are sent as root hairs into a food mass.
 In animals, the food mass is brought inside the animal to be
 digested and absorbed.  Of course, the food masses are different
 in composition - animals need the complex organics; plants only
 need inorganic nutrients (excepting oxygen and carbon dioxide taken
 in passively).

 So animals have a residual food mass inside the body which has to
 be gotten rid of.  That residue always stays outside the plant
 root hairs and doesn't have to be gotten rid of.

 Now there are plants which take in substances that have to be 
 gotten rid of - salt marsh grasses for example.  Excess salt
 is secreted through specialized glands, but this isn't exactly
 parallel to excretion in animals, nor to sweating which also
 takes place through glands but for different reasons (cooling).

 Wayne

-- 
Wayne Hughes  |              Keep your carbon dioxide fixed!!
Botany Dept   |            http://morgan.botany.uga.edu/wayne.htm
Univ Georgia  | Keywords: botany, Arabidopsis, gay stuff, astronomy, ponds,  
Athens,GA USA | bonsai, cats, dormancy, rural, seeds, juggling, books, movies.


From KMEYER@mzdmza.zdv.uni-mainz.de Mon Apr  1 23:54:58 EST 1996
Article: 1692 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!blackbush.xlink.net!news.uni-mainz.de!NewsWatcher!user
From: KMEYER@mzdmza.zdv.uni-mainz.de (Karsten Meyer)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Melastomeae-seeds needed
Date: Fri, 22 Mar 1996 15:49:23 +0100
Organization: Institute of Systematic Botany, Uni Mainz
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <KMEYER-2203961549230001@134.93.163.14>
NNTP-Posting-Host: affine.biologie.uni-mainz.de

Hello botanists,

I am looking for ripe fruits or seeds of Melastoma species or of related
taxa (Osbeckia, Otanthera, Dissotis, Tibouchina) to grow plants for DNA
extractions from the young leaves and for chromosome counts. If anyone has
acess to these plants, please send me some samples.

The plants are shrubs or herbs with showy rose to violet flowers, 5 petals
and 10 stamens. The connectives of the anthers are prolonged and have
appendages at the base, the ovary is crowned by hairs, and the seeds are
cochleate and very small.

Thanks,
Karsten

-- 
Karsten Meyer
Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Mainz
55099 Mainz - Germany
Tel: 06131-39 25 91 - fax: 06131- 39 35 24
e-mai:l KMEYER@ mzdmza.zdv.uni-mainz.de


From vulpia@sonic.net Mon Apr  1 23:54:58 EST 1996
Article: 1693 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!news.sol.net!news.inc.net!imci5!imci4!newsfeed.internetmci.com!miwok!ultra.sonic.net!news
From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of GA3 and B-9 on first generation plants
Date: 22 Mar 1996 13:29:48 GMT
Organization: Sonoma Interconnect,Santa Rosa,CA(us),http://www.sonic.net
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <4iua0c$c4u@ultra.sonic.net>
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In article <314F9018.557E@tsunami.jpl.nasa.gov>, craig@tsunami.jpl.nasa.gov 
says...
>
>Hello all botanists.  My name is Brian and I am doing a research project on 
>the effects of Gibberelic Acid and Daminozide on first generation marigold 
>and bean plants.  I treated marigolds and bean plants with Gibberelic Acid 
>and Daminozide.  I collected the seeds and planted them.  What results 
should 
>I expect from the seeds of these treated plants and why?  Also, can you 
tell 
>me why Gibberelic Acid makes plants taller and Daminozide makes them 
shorter? 
>I started with marigolds because I knew I would have a lot of seeds, 
however, 
>the difference in height between the treated and the untreated plants was 
not 
>as dramatic as I had hoped for.  That is why I also decided to use beans. I 
>didn't start out using beans because I was concerned I wouldn't get enough 
>seeds.
>
>Thanks in advance for any info,
>Brian Maser
>craig@tsunami.jpl.nasa.gov
When we do GA experiments in lab, we treat the foliage, not the seeds.
I think this may be the reason you're not getting results. My understanding
is, GA solution degrades quickly, and maybe it "fizzles out" before the
seed coat breaks. Just a thought, anyway. -Nan
-- 
---Nancy Harrison ===SRJC Life Sciences/Botany===Santa Rosa, Calif.



From mgarcia@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Mon Apr  1 23:54:59 EST 1996
Article: 1694 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mgarcia@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Mandy Garcia)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: reflexes
Date: 20 Mar 1996 19:23:40 GMT
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
Lines: 9
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Hi, My name is Mandy Garcia, I'm a student at Mt. Shasta High School, in
California. I'm doing an exparament on human reflexes. I'm testing
students my own age, I want to know does your sex, or physical apperence,
whether your Athletic or Over Weight determin your reflexes or behavior? 
I would also like to know if there's a good test I could preform to test
both a humans reflexes and behavior at the same time?
  I would appreciate any responces.
          Thank you!
               Mandy Garcia


From darr@ocean.washington.edu Mon Apr  1 23:54:59 EST 1996
Article: 1695 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!news.ac.net!imci4!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.u.washington.edu!root
From: David Darr <darr@ocean.washington.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: modelling of wind pollination
Date: 20 Mar 1996 22:10:44 GMT
Organization: University of Washington
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <4ipvp4$29g@nntp5.u.washington.edu>
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X-URL: news:jhansen-1903961229100001@mtshasta23.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us

Could someone out there point me towards researchers, institutions where
biophysical modelling of wind pollination is being carried out?

						thanks, David
-- 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
David Darr		      - INTERNET: darr@ocean.washington.edu
School of Oceanography, WB-10 - Univ. of Washington - Seattle, WA. 98115
--------------------------------------------------------------------------



From sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:00 EST 1996
Article: 1696 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!news.ac.net!news.bconnex.net!micro.internexus.net!imci4!imci5!pull-feed.internetmci.com!news.internetMCI.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!mr.net!news.mr.net!urvile.msus.edu!tigger.stcloud.msus.edu!SDIGBY
From: sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question on tars and nicotines in tobacco plants
Date: 20 Mar 1996 23:13:35 GMT
Organization: ST. CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY, ST. CLOUD, MN
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <4iq3ev$eo@urvile.msus.edu>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: tigger.stcloud.msus.edu

In article <jhansen-1903961229100001@mtshasta23.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>, jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (John Hansen) writes:
>Hello
>
>   I am a student in a physical science class at Mt. Shasta High School
>and am currently working on a science project that deals with determining
>the % tars and nicotines found in cigar, pipe and chew tobacco.  Our
>school library has limited reference material that I could access.  I also
>called the tobacco companies and did not even get a response.

why am I not surprised

Why not try ASH (Action on Smoking and Health).  They do have a web page, which
I do not immediately have available.  if you want it send me a note.

They have massive amounts of the sort of data you are looking for.
Stephanie 
sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu



From garrett@execpc.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:00 EST 1996
Article: 1697 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!psuvax1!news.cc.swarthmore.edu!netnews.upenn.edu!msunews!uwm.edu!news.sol.net!daily-planet.execpc.com!Pgarrett
From: garrett@execpc.com (Garrett Keel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Latin Name equals botanical name?
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 96 07:14:49 GMT
Organization: Exec-PC BBS - Milwaukee, WI
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Torresia odorata (L.) Hitche
Commonly known as Sweetgrass
Native American Indian name: wicko'bimucko'si (meaning sweetgrass)

Does anyone know that botanical name for this plant?  I can't seem to
find it anywhere.

Email & simultaneous news posting appreciated...
garrett@execpc.com


From gt2279c@prism.gatech.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:01 EST 1996
Article: 1698 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!gt-news!prism!prism!not-for-mail
From: gt2279c@prism.gatech.edu (Jud Ready)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 21 Mar 1996 00:11:36 -0500
Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology
Lines: 39
Message-ID: <4iqoe8$o2p@acmez.gatech.edu>
References: <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk> <4ipfo4$lia@post.gsfc.nasa.gov>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.microbiology:3078 sci.med.pathology:2602 sci.med:148423 sci.bio.botany:1698 sci.image.processing:20444 sci.research:10472 sci.materials:16803

>SG <sg@psy.ox.ac.uk> wrote:


>>I would be grateful for help from somebody who has experience of 
>>making computer images of microscopic objects using a digitising camera 
>>directly attached to a light microscope (and thereby avoiding the need in 
>>making conventional photographs). 

>>I have got some manufacturer's prospectuses about CCD cameras for microscopes
>>but I would like to hear from the people who actually use those cameras 
>>whether it is possible (and practical!) to use this way for making images of 
>>biological preparations (cells and tissues) with "publication" quality.

[For British Lb. Sterling convert $ amounts using published exchange rates]

A CCD camera costs what?, $6k for it and some of the gear.  I'd take my money,
keep taking the micrographs, and buy a *nice* scanner.  HP and other
manufacturers are upto about 1200 dpi now which is plenty high for
publications. Scanners are $600-$1k. You get nice software to manipulate
your images, plus text recognition software that links directly to a word
processor.  Lotsa other uses too.  

I have a $50k CCD boroscope that I've used maybe three times.  I use my
$600 scanner almost every single day.


   - Jud Ready				;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
					;; Georgia Institute of Technology ;; 
  gt2279c@prism.gatech.edu		;;---------------------------------;;
					;;     	     School of		   ;; 
______________________________________	;; Materials Science & Engineering ;;
| My recently renovated home page:    |	;;	 	 &		   ;;
| http://www.prism.gatech.edu/~wr35/  |	;;  The Packaging Research Center  ;;
|_____________________________________|	;;        Atlanta, Georgia	   ;;
					;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;






From mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU Mon Apr  1 23:55:01 EST 1996
Article: 1699 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: cire parafinique
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: faraday.clas.virginia.edu
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Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
Organization: uva
References: <Nathalie.Pawlicki-2203961037420001@mac-aeb1.sc.u-picardie.fr>
Date: Sat, 23 Mar 1996 05:38:48 GMT
Lines: 18

Nathalie.Pawlicki@sc.u-picardie.fr  writes:
> je cherche des renseigements sur l'emploi de la cire parafinique sur les
> plantes en serres, boutures, etc...
> Son utilisation a été décrite dans un livre de physiologie végétale, mais
> je ne trouve pas le fournisseur. 
> Merci de repondre sur le NEWS, pas d'e-mail.

Si vous ecrit en Englais, it is more likely that you will get
an answer. I think that I understand your question, but I am
unsure what you mean by cire parafinique.

I know. Those who speak English are arrogant. Nevertheless, if
you want an answer, you will get it better if you write in
English.
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Mon Apr  1 23:55:02 EST 1996
Article: 1700 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!europa.chnt.gtegsc.com!news.umbc.edu!eff!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.euro.net!usenet
From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bromeliaceae info sought
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 1996 23:28:36 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <4isoji$hc5@news.euro.net>
References: <Pine.PMDF.3.91.960321131913.20091A-100000@axe.humboldt.edu>
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Tamara Gedik <tg2@axe.humboldt.edu> wrote:

> am writing a paper on the family bromeliaceae.  My knowledge of the family is limited, 
>and I would appreciate any notable characteristics about the group that anybody could 
>send my way, to help me focus and direct my approach to this topic.

Have a look at this Web site: http://www.ftpt.br/structure/brom-l.html

And I have some Bromeliad pics on-line (URL below). 

Success, Marco


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>



From jhongkim@hyowon.cc.pusan.ac.kr Mon Apr  1 23:55:02 EST 1996
Article: 1701 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!news.dacom.co.kr!news.kreonet.re.kr!jagalchi.cc.pusan.ac.kr!usenet
From: jhongkim@hyowon.cc.pusan.ac.kr (Jin-Hong Kim)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help: looking for a source for phytochelatin.
Date: 23 Mar 1996 09:18:37 GMT
Organization: PNU
Lines: 23
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I am looking for a  source for phytochelatin (PC)  or cadystin (a metal  
binding peptide), the molecular composition of which is   (r-GluCys)n-Gly 
(generally n=2-11, but I'd  like to have n=2-4).

I am a graduate student of Dept. of Biology of Seoul Natl. Univ. in Korea.
To investigate  the  induction profiles   of the PC   by the  heavy metal   
stresses and the compositions of PCs  with different values  of n,  I  am 
trying to  separate Cd-PC  complex through Sephadex G-50 gel  column.  In this 
experiment,  I need standard chemicals  for PC with n = 2-4,  because PCs with 
n=2-4 is reported to be normally found in plants.
Unfortunately, I do not have any idea where can I get it or whom do I have to 
contact.

Please help me and I will greatly appreciate.


                                                                Il-Sun Yun

E-mail : isyun@power1.snu.ac.kr
         jhongkim@hyowon.cc.pusan.ac.kr





From wramshaw@beak.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:03 EST 1996
Article: 1702 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!xenitec!nic.wat.hookup.net!noc.tor.hookup.net!news
From: wramshaw@beak.com (William Ramshaw)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: St Lawrence Literature Project
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 1996 22:22:47 GMT
Organization: Beak Consultants Limited
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Beak Consultants Limited is seeking your assistance in a project to
compile a database and collection of all available Canadian reference
literature on environmental studies conducted in Canada on the St
Lawrence River.

This undertaking, on the behalf of the New York Power Authority, will
contribute to a literature collection to be used in the relicensing of
the St Lawrence Power Project in 2003.

We are interested in all Canadian environmental studies and literature
relevant to the St Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and the Gulf of
St Lawrence with emphasis on the regions near and including Lake St
Lawrence and Lake St Francis.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:  fisheries
research (including creel and angler attitude surveys, fish passage
studies, entrainment abundance and survival studies); macrophytes;
macroinvertebrates; rare or endangered species (flora and fauna);
water and sediment quality; wetlands; terrestrial vegetation; water
level regulation/fluctuation; and recreation

Our ultimate goal is to gather all relevant baseline environmental
data, not already part of the New York Power Authority's literature
collection.  A first step towards this goal is the creation of a
digital bibliography of all relevant literature.  This current phase
is complimentary to a completed project, which emphasized literature
available in the United States and New York State

We are seeking your help in a number of phases and ask if you could
please contact Beak if the following is applicable to you.:  

°	Discovery 	

	°	If you or your organization have created or have available a
bibliography of studies, which we may acquire or have access to.   

	°	If you or your organization has reprints or copies of
literature, which you could contribute. 

	°	If you or your organization has been entrusted with a
literature collection of any size  containing relevant environmental
studies, and are able to provide information and/or access.

	°	If you have suggestions of additional contacts we should make
and have addresses, telephone numbers, internet email addresses

°	Acquisition

	°	We have a small budget to purchase some relevant literature,
and will need contacts.

	°	We will have personnel visiting collections and will need
guidance and access to acquire copies of relevant literature.

Beak would like to thank all those who can be of help in this
endeavour.  Correspondence should be directed to William Ramshaw at
ext 243.  I can be reached at wramshaw@beak.com.

Yours truly,

BEAK CONSULTANTS LIMITED


William Ramshaw
Fisheries Biologist


Beak Consultants Limited
14 Abacus Road
Brampton, Ontario
L6T 5B7
vox  (905) 794-2325
fax  (905) 794-2338
INWATS 1-800-361-2325

Please note if anyone has comments about the format or forum of this
request please contact William Ramshaw at the above eMail address.  I
assume all responsibility it where this message is posted to.






From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Mon Apr  1 23:55:05 EST 1996
Article: 1703 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: Latin Name equals botanical name?
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garrett@execpc.com (Garrett Keel) writes:

>Torresia odorata (L.) Hitche
>Commonly known as Sweetgrass
>Native American Indian name: wicko'bimucko'si (meaning sweetgrass)

>Does anyone know that botanical name for this plant?  I can't seem to
>find it anywhere.

According to Willis (6th Edition) _Torresia_ Allem. is a legume genus.
(1 species from Brazil) also known as _Amburana_ Schwacke et Taub.  
But then, if you look in the Supplement you find: _Torresia_ Ruiz et Pav. 
(_Hierochloe_ R. Br.), a grass with 12 species from temperate regions.

Then, according to the USDA's Agriculture Handbook No. 505, "Sweetgrass"
is _Hierochloe odorata_ (L.) Beauv., and Willis [main text] confirms that 
_Hierochloe_ S.G. Gmel. is a grass genus ("13 temp. and cold.  1 Brit.")

Damn!  You've picked on an awkward one here it seems -- and I was going
to get my roast lamb on *before* 9 p.m. for a change!  Ah well, dinner
at midnight again I guess.  :-(

... Down corridor to raid colleague's shelves ... found Willis 7th edition.

Let's see now... Hah!  It *is* rather complex:

_Hierochloe_ Beauv. = seq.
_Hierochloe_ {J.G. Gmel.] R.Br. Gramineae. 30 temp. & cold; trop. mts.
     Exceptionally strong odour of coumarin in _H. odorata_ (L.) Beauv.

Note that the second version of _Hierochloe_ is the *conserved* name, so
that is the one now correctly used for the genus.

_Toresia_ Pers. = _Torresia_ Ruiz & Pav. = _Hierochloe_ R.Br. (Gramin.)
_Torresea_ Allem. Leguminosae. 2 Brazil.
_Torresia_ Ruiz & Pav. = _Hierochloe_ R.Br. (Gramin.)  [as shown above]
_Torresia_ Willis (sphalm.) = _Torresea_ Allem. (Legumin.).

Hope this helps!

Cheers,  Ian S.

P.S.  Oh, yes.  That _Amburana_ Schwacke & Taub. is now (Willis 7th ed.)
said to have "3 Brazil. Good timber."  [And the synonomy seems to have
vanished as the number of species increases.  ;-) ]

P.P.S.  I'm not sure what Willis really means by a couple of his
abbreviations, and he declined to elaborate on them because they
were "obvious"  8-)   However, I think "= seq." simply means "see
the following entry", which would make sense; and I suspect "sphalm."
comes from Greek or Latin for "deceptive" -- i.e. Willis cocked this
up in his 6th Edition by confusing "Torresia" with "Torresea".



-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From angelo@ecs.school.net.hk Mon Apr  1 23:55:05 EST 1996
Article: 1704 of sci.bio.botany
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From: angelo@ecs.school.net.hk (Angelo Leung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: dendron and dendrite
Date: 22 Mar 1996 12:20:45 GMT
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Dear everyone,

My teacher told me that there is no the word "dendron" but the word 
"dendrite". Can any expert tell me what's the differece of "dendron" 
and "dendtrite"?


From jrm@io.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:06 EST 1996
Article: 1705 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jrm@io.com (John Murray)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: Wed, 20 Mar 1996 23:47:59 GMT
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htchung@pop.jaring.my (Chung) wrote:

>mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner) wrote:


>>>I have got the information for most of the plants, but have problem
>>>with the following plants, all of which grow in the tropics, where I
>>>come from(i.e., Malaysia). 
>>Try books on house plants, 

>>>Aphelandra aquarrosa
>>>Zebra Plant
>>Acanthaceae
>>South America

>>Cordyline terminalis   [notice spelling correction]  
>>>[Firebrand = cultivar name?]  ti plant  
>>? Agavaceae? Liliaceae?  [monocot families are in flux lately...]
>>>Polynesia?

>>Monstera deliciosa [Philodendron pertusum is just a horticultural name]
>>Delicious monster   [Ceriman; "split-leaf philodendron"]
>>Araceae
>>Tropical America [Mexico-Central America?]

>Thanks a lot for your help.

>Can you help me with two more plants:

>Bougainvillea glabra
> Bunga Kertas(a Malaysian name. What's its English name?) 
"Paper Flower"
Nyctaginaceae
Brazil



>Schizostachyum rachyllodum
>Buluh(Malysian name for bamboo)
>Gramineae
>?
I could not find this one

>TIA and best regards, Jason Chung




John Murray
jrm@io.com



From nago@redestb.es Mon Apr  1 23:55:06 EST 1996
Article: 1706 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nago@redestb.es
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Request: Anyone would help with common names of med. herbs?
Date: Fri, 22 Mar 1996 10:49:21 GMT
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As I am translating an Encyclopedia of Medicinal Herbs I am facing
some problems with several species of which I get the scientific
(Latin) name but cannot find out a common American or British name. If
someone is kind enough to provide an address where to solve doubts, I
can prepare a brief list (in fact, there may be some ten or twenty
species) of scientific names to be "translated" into common names.

Thank you very much in advance.

Juan L. Iglesias from Spain.
nago@redestb.es
Juan L. Iglesias.
E-mail nago@redestb.es



From jim.mumm@sasknet.sk.ca Mon Apr  1 23:55:07 EST 1996
Article: 1707 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jim.mumm@sasknet.sk.ca (Jim Mumm)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Effects of Boron of Grasses
Date: Sun, 24 Mar 1996 13:50:42 GMT
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Oz <Oz@upthorpe.demon.co.uk> wrote:

>Do you have any information on the Boron req. of Alfalfa. Is it
>particularly sensitive to deficiency? What plant levels are considered
>satisfactory, and what levels deficient?

>I am interested because I have a small plot, and I am trying to keep it
>going as long as possible.

Alfalfa is one of the most sensitive crops to boron deficiency.

See the long reply by Vaughan Jones. Lucerne is alfalfa. Unless you
are in a high Boron area, you could probably apply 10lbs/acre of Borax
safely. You could even use the 20 Mule Team laundry variety on a small
plot. Just be very careful to apply the right amount, and evenly.

Jim Mumm
--
jim.mumm@harrier.sasknet.sk.ca
Jim Mumm
Hazelridge Farm
Box 268, Shellbrook, SK, Canada
S0J 2E0



From lattanzi@postoffice.ptd.net Mon Apr  1 23:55:08 EST 1996
Article: 1708 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lattanzi@postoffice.ptd.net (Gregory D. Lattanzi)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: On-Line Wetland Nursery: Ecoscience Home Page
Date: 24 Mar 1996 06:31:35 GMT
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Ecoscience is a small environmental consulting firm specializing in 
wetlands, cultural resource management, and lakes and waterways.  We 
are involved with natural and cultural regulatory compliance issues, 
wetland delineation, constructed wetland treatment systems, wetland 
permitting, and technical report writing.  We also have an 
Micropropagation Facility and Wetland Nursery on the premises with 
thousands of species.  We also have over eighteen years government 
experience with a wide range of environmental, both cultural and 
natural issues.

Ecoscience is now proud to announce the development of its WWW home 
page.  You can reach us at http://www.scranton.com/ecoscience.  This 
page is to make it easier for both current and future clients to access 
information about current projects and communicate with us on-line and 
in real time.  Gregory Lattanzi, the creator of Ecoscience's Web Page 
urges you to visit and see for yourself if Ecoscience is the 
environmental firm for you.

You can also e-mail us at ecoscnc@scranton.com or send snail mail to 
Ecoscience, RR 4 Box 4294, Moscow, PA 18444.



From camilla@primenet.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:08 EST 1996
Article: 1709 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: licorice root
Date: 24 Mar 1996 18:04:01 -0700
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[ Article crossposted from alt.folklore.herbs,misc.health.alternative,soc.culture.japan,sci.bio.misc ]
[ Author was Camilla Cracchiolo ]
[ Posted on 23 Mar 1996 19:06:00 -0700 ]

I'm looking for information on licorice root for a review article I'm 
writing.  In particular, I would like to know what alternative medical 
practitioners are prescribing it for, whether they are using the 
deglycyrrhized form and what properties Chinese herbal medicine 
attributes to it.  Is it being used clinically in any infectious diseases 
such as herpes, hepatitis A,B or C or HIV?  I'm already aware of its use in 
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

Also, I would like to know if anyone has heard of Stronger Neo-minophagen 
C, which appears to be a Japanese herbal remedy containing licorice.  I'd 
like to know what else is in it and what it's usually used for.

In addition, I'd like to know if Licorice uraliensis is the same plant 
that we call Glycyrrhiza glabra, and if not, what are the differences 
between the two plants.

Thank you.

   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From lbc@acpub.duke.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:09 EST 1996
Article: 1710 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lbc@acpub.duke.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Osmanthus
Date: Mon, 25 Mar 1996 02:24:45 GMT
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I am looking for Osmanthus
   the type my Grandfather planted in our yard when I was young;
   the kind Chinese make jam with the flowers then use it to scent the
   drink (as the famous Sour Plum Soup), various rice cakes;
   the one has been in so many Chinese literature whcih usually
   associated with the Fall seaason....

The landscape consultant told me that there were 4 kinds of Osmanthus
which blooms in Fall, with tiny white sweet flowers.
Could someone tell me the right one - is it 'Osmanthus fragrans' or
'Osmanthus x fortunei' or .....?

TIA




From cpianot@MTS.Net Mon Apr  1 23:55:09 EST 1996
Article: 1711 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cpianot@MTS.Net (Tom Cohe)
Newsgroups: bionet.agroforestry,bionet.biology.grasses,bionet.biology.n2-fixation,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.general,bionet.plants,bionet.plants.education,bionet.population-bio,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.misc,tw.bbs.sci.biology
Subject: herbarium speciman exchange offer
Date: 24 Mar 1996 21:14:37 -0800
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I am posting the following exchange offer on behalf of Walter Krivda of The 
Pas, Manitoba, CANADA.  Anyone interested in exchanging material with Walter 
can contact Walter directly, or contact me at my e-mail address.  I will 
forward your message to Walter.

                  Tom Cohoe,
                  cpianot@mts.net
                  
  -------------------------------------------------------------

For exchange - herbarium specimans from the Canadian Hudsonian zone.

Wanted to exchange for all plant species from any source.  My specimans are 
unmounted with the usual data label.  All specimans are identified.  Approx. 
400 species currently available.

Material is being used for plotting geographic ranges of species 
distributions.

                 Walter Krivda,
                 Box 864,
                 The Pas, Manitoba,
                 R9A-1K8,
                 CANADA.
                 tel. 204-623-3584.






From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Mon Apr  1 23:55:10 EST 1996
Article: 1712 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Message-ID: <DotKn9.3Ds@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
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Date: Mon, 25 Mar 1996 10:47:32 GMT
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jrm@io.com (John Murray) writes:

>htchung@pop.jaring.my (Chung) wrote:

>>>>I have got the information for most of the plants, but have problem
>>>>with the following plants, all of which grow in the tropics, where I
>>>>come from(i.e., Malaysia). 

>>Schizostachyum rachyllodum
>>Buluh(Malysian name for bamboo)
>>Gramineae
>>?
>I could not find this one

I'm not sure exactly what you're after, but under _Schizostachyum_ Nees
Willis (6th Edition) says: "Gramineae (13).  25 E. As."
and in Gramineae 13 we find Bambuseae.

So I take it that it's an east Asian genus related to bamboos.

Cheers,  Ian S.



-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From drobin02@uoguelph.ca Mon Apr  1 23:55:10 EST 1996
Article: 1713 of sci.bio.botany
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From: drobin02@uoguelph.ca (D. Robinson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: mistletoe (probably Phoradendrum serotinum)
Date: 25 Mar 1996 18:12:38 GMT
Organization: University of Guelph
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Dlwpcw (dlwpcw@aol.com) wrote:
: Looking for information on growth and propagation habits, to better
: understand
: effect on trees and methods of control. Particular interest in north
: central Texas.

: Searches are getting me a lot of unwanted Christmas and kissing info, so I
: am
: obviously looking in all the wrong places. Would appreciate help on
: locating the
: right place.

: David Webber (alcalde@usa.pipeline.com)



Try a book titled:  The Biology of Mistletoes by Calder (1984).


From bkay1@orci.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:11 EST 1996
Article: 1714 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bkay1@orci.com (B.K.)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant waste products
Date: Sun, 24 Mar 1996 19:43:35 GMT
Organization: OnRamp Communications, Inc.
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wjf@iex.com wrote:

>>wjf@iex.com writes:
>>> yes, this is a serious question.....
>>> 
>>> do plants produce solid waste by-products?  if so, how do they discard 
>>them? 
>>> are all wastes disposed of through trasnpiration?
>>> 
Try looking up leaf exudates in a plant physiology text.  Exudates are
common to grasses and are often confused with dew.  Sorry, turfgrass
is my specialty so I can't comment on dicots.  They contain: mineral
salts, sugars, amino acids, and other organic compounds.  Exudates
form at the leaf ends, while dew forms over the entire leaf.  Exudates
can be a real problem in turf as it promotes fungus growth.

Form by "guttation from the hydrathodes at the ends of uncut leaves or
may be the result of direct wound exudation from freshly cut turfgrass
leaves.".  Beard. J.B., Turfgrass Science and Culture. pp. 302

Good Luck,
B.K.



From cpettus@spectra.net@spectra.net Mon Apr  1 23:55:11 EST 1996
Article: 1715 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cpettus@spectra.net@spectra.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help: Dioscorea Reference Book Wanted
Date: 26 Mar 1996 04:27:28 GMT
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  I would like a copy of "YAMS" by Coursey, published by Longmann 
  during the late 1960's or early 1970's.  I have seen this reference
  in several libraries, but it appears to have been out of print for
  several years. I also believe Mr. Coursey may be residing in a
  suburb of London, England. I would appreciate help from anyone
  with my request. Thank You.....   Chuck Pettus  ---  cpettus@spectra.net       


From chenyang@mashie.ece.jhu.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:12 EST 1996
Article: 1716 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chenyang Xu <chenyang@mashie.ece.jhu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Seeking for Sponsors
Date: Sun, 24 Mar 1996 19:03:59 -0500
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Seeking for Sponsors

Professor Chen Laitong at the Beijing University and Professor 
Xu Dechang at the Ningxia Agriculture Institute coauthored a 
new book "Methods in Biotechnics" which is intended to be used 
as a textbook for senior students attending Chinese colleges 
and universities learning the theory and experimental method 
of biotechniques. The book covers a variety of topics such as 
the isolation and preparation of proteins and amino acids, 
extraction of nucleic acids from different organisms and the 
production of fatty acids and oligosacharrides. It also includes 
the manufacture techniques of fruit drinks and the storage common 
bio-products. The biggest strength of this book is that it has 
integrated the most up-to-date theory, techniques with the many 
years experience of the authors. It also could serve as a reference 
for people who are experienced in this field. This book will be 
published by Beijing University Press and distributed nationwide 
once the fund for printing is raised.

Professor Chen and Professor Xu are looking for companies or
individuals to sponsor the publishing of this book. If any company
or individual is interested in funding the book, please reply to
the authors via chenyang@jhu.edu to get further information.

The authors will acknowledge the sponsors in the book and include
additional information provided by the sponsors. Moreover,
the authors will mail the sponsor free copies of the book
once it is published. The amount of sponsored fund may range
>from  $100 to $2000.

-- 
Chenyang

                              \\|//
                              (o o)
 --------------------------ooO-(_)-Ooo----------------------------------
   (o) 410-516-6819             |   Fax:410-516-5566
   chenyang@jhu.edu             |   http://iacl.ece.jhu.edu/~chenyang      
         _________________________________________________________
        /          Image Analysis and Communication Lab          /
       /   Department of the  Electric and Computer Engineering /
      /         The Johns Hopkins University                   /  
     /             Baltimore, MD 21218                        /
 =======================================================================


From frizzell@umbc7.umbc.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:15 EST 1996
Article: 1717 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mike Frizzell <frizzell@umbc7.umbc.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: magnetism on plants
Date: 26 Mar 1996 14:01:07 GMT
Organization: University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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> Folks,
> 
> A neighbor in the 8th grade needs information regarding the effect
> that magnetism has on plants. If you can help, please send your
> responses to me at:
>   car@quartet.ho.att.com
> because I don't regularly read all these newsgroups. 
> 
> Thanks,
> Cheryl

Hi Cheryl:

I could not send this mail to you due to an error in your address.

A Florida researcher named Albert Roy Davis popularized the effects of
magnetism on seeds and plants many years ago. The following sites will
provide you with some information on this obscure but very interesting
subject.

http://com.primenet.com/spaceage/magnet.html

http://zeta.cs.adfa.oz.au/KeelyNet/Biology/biomag2.asc.html

http://www.newhampshire.com/dowser/catalog/health.htm

Good luck!

Mike Frizzell
University of Maryland



From guest2@nwsmail.chem.ruu.nl Mon Apr  1 23:55:15 EST 1996
Article: 1718 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "P.H. Spiertz" <guest2@nwsmail.chem.ruu.nl>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wood preservationmethods??
Date: Tue, 26 Mar 96 15:38:51 +0100
Organization: Academic Computer Centre Utrecht, (ACCU)
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I'm doing a small study about wood preservationmethods and hardwood. I try 
to find as much as possible about the different woodpreservationmethods 
compared to the fysics of hardwood. Does anybody know something about new 
methods to preserve or modify wood. 

P. Spiertz 



From portnoya@schuller.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:16 EST 1996
Article: 1719 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!news.rmii.com!usenet
From: Anatoly Portnoy <portnoya@schuller.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.materials,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Date: 26 Mar 1996 21:37:09 GMT
Organization: Schuller International
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <4j9o25$gam@natasha.rmii.com>
References: <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk> <4ipfo4$lia@post.gsfc.nasa.gov> <4iqoe8$o2p@acmez.gatech.edu>
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Hi there,
I have just what you are looking for - fully automated image aquisition/analysis system. Please 
call me at USA - 303-978-5335. We'll see how we can help to solve your problem.
Thanks,
Anatoly Portnoy 



From chris@printerworks.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:16 EST 1996
Article: 1720 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!netserv.com!news.ossi.com!bdt.com!news.tdl.com!news
From: Chris Monser <chris@printerworks.com>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: How do I find Scientific names?
Date: Tue, 26 Mar 1996 13:41:46 -0800
Organization: The Printer Works, Inc.
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Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
(Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?
-- 

===============================================================
Chris Monser, Tech. Support | Direct:            (510) 670-2725
The Printer Works, Inc.     | Technical Support: (510) 887-0234
3481 Arden Road             | Sales:             (800) 225-6116
Hayward, CA 94545           | Local/Int'l Sales: (510) 887-6116
USA                         | FAX:               (510) 786-0589
===============================================================


From chris@printerworks.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:17 EST 1996
Article: 1721 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!netserv.com!news.ossi.com!bdt.com!news.tdl.com!news
From: Chris Monser <chris@printerworks.com>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Irish Blackthorn
Date: Tue, 26 Mar 1996 13:42:47 -0800
Organization: The Printer Works, Inc.
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10298 sci.bio.botany:1721

Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
(Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?

-- 

===============================================================
Chris Monser, Tech. Support | Direct:            (510) 670-2725
The Printer Works, Inc.     | Technical Support: (510) 887-0234
3481 Arden Road             | Sales:             (800) 225-6116
Hayward, CA 94545           | Local/Int'l Sales: (510) 887-6116
USA                         | FAX:               (510) 786-0589
===============================================================


From robster22@aol.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:17 EST 1996
Article: 1722 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: robster22@aol.com (Robster22)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Green bean help
Date: 26 Mar 1996 17:34:30 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I would like info on raising the round kentucky green beans in a green
hous so i can receive 300-400 beans per week year round. Its for a bug
test.
Thanx
Rob
Robster22@aol.com


From sohlinge@acns.cc.fsu.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:18 EST 1996
Article: 1723 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.fsu.edu!acns!sohlinge
From: sohlinge@acns.cc.fsu.edu (Siobhan-Nichole Ohlinger)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Echinacea, GoldenSeal Root, Ginger & the immune system
Date: 27 Mar 1996 01:55:34 GMT
Organization: Florida State University Academic Computing & Network Services
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Message-ID: <4ja76m$513@news.fsu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: acns.fsu.edu

	Hello.  I'm writing a paper for my elementary botany course on 
the effects of echinacea, goldenseal root, and ginger on the immune 
system.  I need scientific, cited information on HOW these herbs interact 
with the human body.  Any information or suggestions would be most 
helpful and much appreciated.			  
						  Thanks,
					          Nichole Ohlinger
						  FSU Biology Undergraduate


From steveatnsr@aol.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:18 EST 1996
Article: 1724 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.interpath.net!uunet!in2.uu.net!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: steveatnsr@aol.com (SteveatNSR)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Forestry Biotech Jobs Available
Date: 25 Mar 1996 13:44:22 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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My firm is accepting applications from forestry technicians (data
recorders) to install and inventory cluster plots on National Forests in
Northern California.  Recent graduates of college/university forestry
and/or botany programs are preferred.  Requires ability to identify forest
trees and shrubs of northern California.  Ability to identify common forbs
is a plus.  Equipment (electronic data recorder, relascope, GPS unit,
etc.), training, and transportation are provided.  Compensation
is approximately $10+ per hour DOE plus living expenses.  Surveys begin in
late April or early May, depending on weather and road conditions.

Send resume and cover letter to:
 
Steven Towers, PhD
Director of Biological Studies
North State Resources, Inc.
Redding, CA  96002


From e2330_9967@hq.ene.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:19 EST 1996
Article: 1725 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!pubxfer.news.psi.net!hq.ene.com!E2330_9967
From: e2330_9967@hq.ene.com (The Wanderer)
Newsgroups: fl.jobs,jobs,jobs.offered,misc.jobs,misc.jobs.offered,pdaxs.jobs.engineering,sci.bio.botany,sci.geo.geology
Subject: US-FL-Environmental Professionals
Date: 26 Mar 1996 19:21:28 GMT
Organization: PSI Public Usenet Link
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.jobs:9923 misc.jobs.offered:724574 sci.bio.botany:1725 sci.geo.geology:29925

Environmental Professionals 

One of the nation's leading environmental consulting firms has career 
opportunities available for engineers, geologists, air quality 
specialists, and botanists specifically in the Florida region.  Mid- and 
Senior-level positions require MS and 4+ years of relevant experience.  
Prefer English speaking candidates with bi-or multi-lingual capabilities 
(i.e., Spanish).

Please send resume and salary requirements to:

Janet A. Steinbruckner
Ecology and Environment, Inc.
368 Pleasant View Drive
Lancaster, NY 14086

An EEO/AA Employer

E-Mail: jas02@hq.ene.com


From bae@oci.utoronto.ca Mon Apr  1 23:55:19 EST 1996
Article: 1726 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!utnut!oci!bae
From: bae@oci.utoronto.ca (Beverly Erlebacher)
Subject: Re: cire parafinique
Message-ID: <Dovy9H.J6C@oci.utoronto.ca>
Sender: news@oci.utoronto.ca
Organization: Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto
References: <Nathalie.Pawlicki-2203961037420001@mac-aeb1.sc.u-picardie.fr> <DopH0p.43q@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
Date: Tue, 26 Mar 1996 17:36:53 GMT
Lines: 22

In article <DopH0p.43q@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU> mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) writes:
>Nathalie.Pawlicki@sc.u-picardie.fr  writes:
>> je cherche des renseigements sur l'emploi de la cire parafinique sur les
>> plantes en serres, boutures, etc...
>> Son utilisation a été décrite dans un livre de physiologie végétale, mais
>> je ne trouve pas le fournisseur. 
>> Merci de repondre sur le NEWS, pas d'e-mail.
>
>Si vous ecrit en Englais, it is more likely that you will get
>an answer. I think that I understand your question, but I am
>unsure what you mean by cire parafinique.

Cire parafinique is paraffin wax in English.  I'm sorry that my French 
isn't adequate to translate the question fully, but I think she is 
looking for references on the use of paraffin wax on plants in storage.
This use is mentioned in plant physiology books, but she can't find 
information on how to use it.

Apologies if I've mangled the translation!

Beverly Erlebacher
Toronto, Ontario Canada


From camilla@primenet.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:20 EST 1996
Article: 1727 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!nntp.news.primenet.com!news.primenet.com!camilla
From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: herbal and natural remedies
Date: 27 Mar 1996 01:43:00 -0700
Organization: Primenet (602)395-1010
Lines: 57
Sender: root@primenet.com
Message-ID: <4jav2k$jt5@nnrp1.news.primenet.com>
References: <4j9mtn$4i4@sylvia.smith.edu>
X-Posted-By: camilla@usr2.primenet.com

Erin O. Giddis <egiddis@smith.smith.edu> wrote:
: hello out there, i am looking for some people to discuss herbal remedies 
: that you have used and know to work.  otherwise i would like to have some 
: interesting exchanges with you about your knowledge of the subject.  i am 
: a college student so i have no formal training in homeopathy or the like, 
: but herbal remedies are part of my daily life.  PLease respond if you are 
: interested.

You might want to read up on herbal medicine.  I rely on the following:

I strongly recommend _The Honest Herbal_ by Varro Tyler to anyone
who is considering or using herbal medicines.  It is a very readable book 
It relies solely on scientific studies instead of folklore *and* which 
provides references.  Tyler himself has impressive credentials, being a 
tenured professor of pharmacognosy (the branch of pharmacy that deals 
with herbal medicine) in the school of pharmacy at Purdue University.  
The ISBN # is 1-56024-287-6 and it is published by the Haworth Press, 10 
Alice Street, Binghamton NY 13904-1580.  It is in print, costs about $20 
and I got mine through a regular bookstore which special ordered it for me.

Medical professionals, biologists, botanists, chemists or lay people who 
want deeper information on herbal  medicine may find the following books 
of use.  Ordering information should be available on www from 
http://www.balogh.com/~balogh or through ftp at  
ftp.balogh.com/pub/balogh/catalogs.  They can also be reached via 
e-mail at balogh@balogh.com   (note: I have no affiliation 
with this company and I am posting their web address for informational 
purposes only.)

Kinghorn, A.D.  Human and Medicinal Agents From Plants.  1993
          $89.98  Very heavy on chemistry

Hoffman, D.  Information Sourcebook of Herbal Medicine  1994  300 pg.
          $40   Contains medline cites, locations of herbal databases
          and an extensive glossary.

Brineton, J.  Pharmacognosy.  Phytochemisty of medicinal plants.  928 pgs
          $199.00  500 refs.

Wichsl, M.  Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals:  A Handbook for Practice
          On A Scientific Basis.  translated from original German, 566 pgs
          $179.95  181 drug plants.   


   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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From coro63@ihug.co.nz Mon Apr  1 23:55:20 EST 1996
Article: 1728 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!comp.vuw.ac.nz!waikato!midland.co.nz!newsource.ihug.co.nz!usenet
From: coro63@ihug.co.nz (Robert Davenport)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: wild ginger
Date: 27 Mar 1996 12:00:27 GMT
Organization: The Internet Group
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where I come from in NZ we have a noxious variety of ginger.
Is this edible, the root that is?



From Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw Mon Apr  1 23:55:21 EST 1996
Article: 1729 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!nctuccca.edu.tw!news.cc.nctu.edu.tw!thccx4!eusapia.nthu!nthuls
From: Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw (Âûª¸ÄÑ)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Osmanthus
Date: 27 Mar 1996 16:03:41 GMT
Organization: ²M¤j¥Í¬ì¨t BBS
Lines: 24
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X-Filename: botany/M.827942622.A

In article, lbc@acpub.duke.edu, ¬ÝªO: botany wrote:
: I am looking for Osmanthus
:    the type my Grandfather planted in our yard when I was young;
:    the kind Chinese make jam with the flowers then use it to scent the
:    drink (as the famous Sour Plum Soup), various rice cakes;
:    the one has been in so many Chinese literature whcih usually
:    associated with the Fall seaason....
: The landscape consultant told me that there were 4 kinds of Osmanthus
: which blooms in Fall, with tiny white sweet flowers.
: Could someone tell me the right one - is it 'Osmanthus fragrans' or
: 'Osmanthus x fortunei' or .....?
: TIA

I suggest to apply Osmanthus frragrans in your plant.

--
Shen-Horn Yen, Systematic & Evolutinoary Lepidopterology
Laboratory of Natural Resource Conservation
Department of Biology & Institute of Life Science
National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail: s8036013@vax9k.nchu.edu.tw

--
¡° Origin: ²MµØ¤j¾Ç¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç¨t ¡» From: 140.117.33.159


From stephenb@zenecabp.demon.co.uk Mon Apr  1 23:55:21 EST 1996
Article: 1730 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stephen J Bungard <stephenb@zenecabp.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do I find Scientific names?
Date: Wed, 27 Mar 1996 17:25:26 +0000
Organization: Zeneca Specialties
Lines: 32
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <h+RyvFAGoXWxEw76@zenecabp.demon.co.uk>
References: <3158649A.1EEF@printerworks.com>
 <Pine.HPP.3.91.960327133931.16900B-100000@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
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In article <Pine.HPP.3.91.960327133931.16900B-100000@commlink.zdv.uni-
tuebingen.de>, martin adler <kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
writes
>
>
>> Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
>> (Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
>> English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?
>
>
>using some of the German names I have in mind, I propose
>
>"Blackthorn"   is   Prunus spinosa and
>"Whitethorn"   is   Crataegus monogyna and/or Crataegus laevigata
>
>nobody here from the British Isles?
>
>

OK, OK.  I agree.  It is just that whitethorn is not a name usually
applied to anything here.

 :-)



-- 
Stephen J Bungard aka stephenb@zenecabp.demon.co.uk

If there are opinions in the above they are mine all mine - unless, of course,
they are yours .... or someone else'e....


From pradipg@aol.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:22 EST 1996
Article: 1731 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: pradipg@aol.com (PradipG)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY CUCUMBERS
Date: 27 Mar 1996 13:17:03 -0500
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Cucumber can consume oxygen and the value is more or less similar to the
rat. This measurement was done using a computerized Respirometer
(Micro-oxymax). The respirometer is highly sensitive and the system can be
operated in closed loop where the gas from the sample chamber (containing
cucumber) is circulated through the gas sensors and then returned to the
sample chamber. Micro-oxymax can also be operated in the open-flow mode.
This will allow measurement of samples with respiration rate that are too
high for the closed-loop mode. In this mode of operation, the fresh air is
passed through the measurement chamber and the oxygen and carbon dioxide
concentrations are measured at the input and the output of the chamber.
This is very useful in determining the damage or bruising of vegetables.
For mor information, please send e-mail to the following address. Please
put the reference name:

P.K. Ghosh
Internet: 75144,2413@Cmpuserve.com.



From FINNR@bot.ku.dk Mon Apr  1 23:55:22 EST 1996
Article: 1732 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!news00.sunet.se!sunic!news99.sunet.se!news.uni-c.dk!pc13.bot.ku.dk!FINNR
From: FINNR@bot.ku.dk (Finn N Rasmussen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Can true Mimosa's be  yellow?
Date: Wed, 27 Mar 1996 16:25:22
Organization: News Server at UNI-C, Danish Computing Centre for Research and Education.
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <FINNR.31.00106CBE@bot.ku.dk>
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

The genus Mimosa is said to contain about 400 spp. The most common sp. is 
probably the widespread weedy Mimosa pudica, which has pink flowers.  The cut 
off branches often sold as "Mimosa" are actually yellow flowered Acacia's, 
e.g. A. decurrens.  My question is:  Do all 400 true mimosa's have pink 
flowers? Can you be certain that a "yellow Mimosa" is never a true member of 
the genus Mimosa L.?

Finn N. Rasmussen, Botanical Laboratory,  Copenhagen. Univ.


From FINNR@bot.ku.dk Mon Apr  1 23:55:23 EST 1996
Article: 1733 of sci.bio.botany
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From: FINNR@bot.ku.dk (Finn N Rasmussen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about Orchid
Date: Wed, 27 Mar 1996 16:36:16
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>In article <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu> MC8036A@american.edu ) writes:
>>I have just resently become interested in growing some orchids from 
>>spores and I don't know where to start. I live in the Washington D.C. 
>>area and have been to the National Botanical Garden were I gogt some 
>>limited information, but need much more. I do know the orchid come from 
>>spores, which take 6-12 months to germinate, but that is it. Any great 
>>books to recommend before I go to the library. 
>>mike carew

A great book to recommend is H. Rasmussen 1995: Terrestrial Orchids - from 
seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge University Press, 432 pp. Most of what 
ever has been published about the mycotrophic germination biology of orchids 
is cited in that book, including the latest research done at the Smithsonian 
Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MAryland - in fact quite close to 
the Washinton D.C. area!

Best wishes, Finn N. Rasmussen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.


From bteasdal@chuma.cas.usf.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:23 EST 1996
Article: 1734 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Brian Teasdale <bteasdal@chuma.cas.usf.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.molbio.plant,bionet.protista
Subject: LM techniques for alga
Date: Wed, 27 Mar 1996 10:30:58 -0500
Organization: University of South Florida
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I was wondering if anyone may have some information or references on 
Light microscope stains for algal "cuticle" or epidermal cell walls.  I 
am looking for a specific stain which may stain this predominantly 
proteinaceous structure.  It is made up of sulfated polysaccharides,  
divalent cations Ca and Mg, and has covalent glycopeptide bonds from the 
literature I have read.  Any response would be appreciated.  Please 
email at bteasdal@chuma.cas.usf.edu.  Thanks for your time.

Brian Teasdale


From egiddis@smith.smith.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:24 EST 1996
Article: 1735 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Erin O. Giddis" <egiddis@smith.smith.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: herbal and natural remedies
Date: 26 Mar 1996 21:17:43 GMT
Organization: Smith College, Northampton, MA
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hello out there, i am looking for some people to discuss herbal remedies 
that you have used and know to work.  otherwise i would like to have some 
interesting exchanges with you about your knowledge of the subject.  i am 
a college student so i have no formal training in homeopathy or the like, 
but herbal remedies are part of my daily life.  PLease respond if you are 
interested.



From promotions@sustainability.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:24 EST 1996
Article: 1736 of sci.bio.botany
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From: promotions@sustainability.com (Globe 96)
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Subject: GLOBE Week Live 96 Webzine
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From kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de Mon Apr  1 23:55:25 EST 1996
Article: 1737 of sci.bio.botany
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From: martin adler <kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do I find Scientific names?
Date: Wed, 27 Mar 1996 13:41:54 +0100
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On Tue, 26 Mar 1996, Chris Monser wrote:

> Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
> (Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
> English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?


using some of the German names I have in mind, I propose

"Blackthorn"   is   Prunus spinosa and
"Whitethorn"   is   Crataegus monogyna and/or Crataegus laevigata

nobody here from the British Isles?

martin adler          kapib01@uni-tuebingen.de


From fv602@cleveland.Freenet.Edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:25 EST 1996
Article: 1738 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fv602@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Rajeev Upadhye)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info wanted on Bio-crude Research
Date: 27 Mar 1996 12:08:41 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (USA)
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Hello,

I am carying out a project on the process of extracting
Bio-crude oil as a source of Hydorocarbon fuels from the plant
"Euphorbia Tirucalli" .


I have started on iton the basis of  work done at the 
University of Arizona . 

I have run into the problem that there is
no concrete data on it. I would appreciate  if I could further 
pointers regd references, yield , and info about how the 
product was tested.

Also any paers and info about the Copaiba tree(Brazilean disel tree)
and the extraction of bio-disel from it would be
welcome.


Thanks in advance
Chaitanya Athale
Email: music@parcom.ernet.in
 





From cvitek@forest.drew.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:26 EST 1996
Article: 1739 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cvitek@forest.drew.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plants in 0G
Message-ID: <1996Mar27.111422.138604@forest>
Date: 27 Mar 96 11:14:22 EST
Organization: Drew University
Lines: 4

	Has there been any research done on how plants grow in little
or no gravity?

	Chris


From sdglenn1@ix.netcom.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:26 EST 1996
Article: 1740 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sdglenn1@ix.netcom.com(Steve Glenn)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do I find Scientific names?
Date: 27 Mar 1996 14:09:14 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In
<Pine.HPP.3.91.960327133931.16900B-100000@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de
 martin adler <kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de> writes: 
>
>
>
>On Tue, 26 Mar 1996, Chris Monser wrote:
>
>> Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
>> (Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
>> English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?
>
>
>using some of the German names I have in mind, I propose
>
>"Blackthorn"   is   Prunus spinosa and
>"Whitethorn"   is   Crataegus monogyna and/or Crataegus laevigata
>
>nobody here from the British Isles?
>
>martin adler          kapib01@uni-tuebingen.de


You are correct sir!

according to "The Englishmans Flora"

Blackthorn is Prunus spinosa and
whitethorn is Crataegus monogyna




From Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw Mon Apr  1 23:55:27 EST 1996
Article: 1741 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw (Âûª¸ÄÑ)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aquatic Plants
Date: 27 Mar 1996 16:05:39 GMT
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If you have interests in aquatic plant taxonomy,
please contact me!!!

--
Shen-Horn Yen, Systematic & Evolutinoary Lepidopterology
Laboratory of Natural Resource Conservation
Department of Biology & Institute of Life Science
National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail: s8036013@vax9k.nchu.edu.tw

--
¡° Origin: ²MµØ¤j¾Ç¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç¨t ¡» From: 140.117.33.159


From caq@centroin.com.br Mon Apr  1 23:55:27 EST 1996
Article: 1742 of sci.bio.botany
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From: caq@centroin.com.br (Carlos Quintella)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Eutrophication of Lakes, info needed
Date: 28 Mar 1996 03:32:48 GMT
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I want to find information about Eutrophication of Lakes an Reservoirs. Its for 
a presentation about algae in my university. So if you know something... Ill be 
gratefull.

Carlos Alvaro Quintella
caq@centroin.com.br



From sib@brown.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:28 EST 1996
Article: 1743 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sib@brown.edu (Sam Beale)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY CUCUMBERS
Date: Wed, 27 Mar 1996 14:36:48 -0500
Organization: Brown University
Lines: 21
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In article <4jc0mv$d2m@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, pradipg@aol.com (PradipG) wrote:

> Cucumber can consume oxygen and the value is more or less similar to the
> rat. This measurement was done using a computerized Respirometer
> (Micro-oxymax). The respirometer is highly sensitive and the system can be
> operated in closed loop where the gas from the sample chamber (containing
> cucumber) is circulated through the gas sensors and then returned to the
> sample chamber. Micro-oxymax can also be operated in the open-flow mode.
> This will allow measurement of samples with respiration rate that are too
> high for the closed-loop mode. In this mode of operation, the fresh air is
> passed through the measurement chamber and the oxygen and carbon dioxide
> concentrations are measured at the input and the output of the chamber.
> This is very useful in determining the damage or bruising of vegetables.
> For mor information, please send e-mail to the following address. Please
> put the reference name:
> 
> P.K. Ghosh
> Internet: 75144,2413@Cmpuserve.com.

Any respirometer that indicated an oxygen consumption value by cucumbers
similar to that of rats should be regarded with extreme suspicion!


From burkhard@forst.tu-dresden.de Mon Apr  1 23:55:28 EST 1996
Article: 1744 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Joerg Burkhardt <burkhard@forst.tu-dresden.de>
Newsgroups: bionet.toxicology,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants,sci.chem.organomet
Subject: Toxicology of uranium
Date: Thu, 28 Mar 1996 12:10:46 +0100
Organization: Univerity of Dresden, Germany
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Hi!

Does anybody kow something about the toxicology of uranium to plants?
I am looking also for informations about the mechanism of uptake and
translocation of uranium in plants (resp. trees).

Joerg


From spierph@stud.chem.ruu.nl Mon Apr  1 23:55:29 EST 1996
Article: 1745 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Paul" <spierph@stud.chem.ruu.nl>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.chem.coatings,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Wood preservationmethods??
Date: Thu, 28 Mar 96 09:24:24 +0100
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I'm doing a small study about wood preservationmethods and hardwood. I try 
to find as much as possible about the different woodpreservationmethods 
compared to the fysics of hardwood. Does anybody know something about new 
methods to preserve or modify wood. 

P. Spiertz



From hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:29 EST 1996
Article: 1746 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu (Wayne Hughes)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do I find Scientific names?
Date: 28 Mar 1996 11:20:18 GMT
Organization: uga
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In article <3158649A.1EEF@printerworks.com> chris@printerworks.com writes:
>Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
>(Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
>English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?

  Start with a dictionary.  My Webster's New Collegiate tells me that
  "blackthorn"  is "1. a European spiny plum (Prunus spinosa)... and
  2. any of several American hawthorns".

  It doesn't list "whitethorn" but does have under "thorn...1...any of 
  a genus (Crataegus) of the rose family."

 "Hawthorn" is "any of a genus (Crataegus)..." along with several specific
 examples.

 A lot of people are surprised that you can find such specific botanical
 information out of a dictionary, but it almost always gives me  a
 clue as to where to go for more information without having to buy
 or find some probably expensive, regionally specific botanical text 
 or manual.

 Wayne


-- 
Wayne Hughes  |              Keep your carbon dioxide fixed!!
Botany Dept   |            http://morgan.botany.uga.edu/wayne.htm
Univ Georgia  | Keywords: botany, Arabidopsis, gay stuff, astronomy, ponds,  
Athens,GA USA | bonsai, cats, dormancy, rural, seeds, juggling, books, movies.


From wrichardson@FTC-I.Net Mon Apr  1 23:55:30 EST 1996
Article: 1747 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wrichardson@FTC-I.Net (Wayne Richardson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.chem.coatings,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: Wood preservationmethods??
Date: Thu, 28 Mar 1996 06:51:57 UNDEFINED
Organization: Phibro-Tech, Inc.
Lines: 11
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>I'm doing a small study about wood preservationmethods and hardwood. I try 
>to find as much as possible about the different woodpreservationmethods 
>compared to the fysics of hardwood. Does anybody know something about new 
>methods to preserve or modify wood. 

>P. Spiertz
You might contact the American Wood Preservers' Assoc., PO Box 286, Woodstock, 
Md  21163-0286.  An authority is Professor Darrel Nicholas, at Miss. State 
Univ.
Regards, H. Wayne Richardson 



From welsbye@indigo.ie Mon Apr  1 23:55:30 EST 1996
Article: 1748 of sci.bio.botany
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From: welsbye@indigo.ie (Elaine Welsby)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: dendron and dendrite
Date: Fri, 29 Mar 1996 07:52:02 GMT
Organization: Indigo
Lines: 15
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Angelo,
I'm not sure of the exact meaning of the word Dendron but I do know
that it exists and is related to Dendrochronology, the study of annual
growth rings in trees. It is most likely of Greek origin.
Hope this helps or at least points you in the right direction.

angelo@ecs.school.net.hk (Angelo Leung) wrote:

>Dear everyone,

>My teacher told me that there is no the word "dendron" but the word 
>"dendrite". Can any expert tell me what's the differece of "dendron" 
>and "dendtrite"?




From Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw Mon Apr  1 23:55:31 EST 1996
Article: 1749 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw (Âûª¸ÄÑ)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Eutrophication of Lakes, info needed
Date: 29 Mar 1996 00:05:31 GMT
Organization: ²M¤j¥Í¬ì¨t BBS
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <3BlO6i$O4L@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw>
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X-Filename: botany/M.828057932.A

In article, caq@centroin.com.br (Carlos Quintella) wrote:
: I want to find information about Eutrophication of Lakes an Reservoirs. Its for
: a presentation about algae in my university. So if you know something... Ill be
: gratefull.
: Carlos Alvaro Quintella
: caq@centroin.com.br

Why don't you try to search them in internet index?
I will suggest you the following keywords:
eutrophication, limnology, algae blooming, succession.....

--
Shen-Horn Yen, Systematic & Evolutinoary Lepidopterology
Laboratory of Natural Resource Conservation
Department of Biology & Institute of Life Science
National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail: s8036013@vax9k.nchu.edu.tw

--
¡° Origin: ²MµØ¤j¾Ç¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç¨t ¡» From: 140.117.33.159


From wjf@iex.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:32 EST 1996
Article: 1750 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: wjf@iex.com
Subject: Re: plant waste products
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Date: Thu, 28 Mar 1996 21:07:51 GMT
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In article <4it5u6$c43@urvile.msus.edu>, sdigby@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu wrote:
>In article <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com>, wjf@iex.com writes:
>>>wjf@iex.com writes:
>>>> yes, this is a serious question.....
>>>> 
>>>> do plants produce solid waste by-products?  if so, how do they discard 
>>>them? 
>>>> are all wastes disposed of through trasnpiration?
>>>> 

>>i.e. does a plant
>>produce solid-waste by-products (not through discarding of refuse materials 
>>such as dead leaves)...for example, in animal biology, some toxins can be 
>>passed through the digestive system and discarded through feces or urine,
>>other toxins such as mercury/lead are contained within the organism and 
>>can reach lethal levels over time.  
>>
>>as an example, if a plant takes in more iron than it "needs", does the 
>>organism discard the extraneous materiali (i.e. take a dump), or does
>>the "extra" iron remain within the organism...I can see how gaseous/liquid
>>materials can be disposed of....but what about solids?????
>>
>Stored in vacuoles, although a very few plants, such as some mangroves, can
>excrete some unwanted products.  These mangroves excrete salt.
>Vacuoles have quite a few other functions too.
>The endodermis (an inner layer of the root) can also regulate what gets into
>the vascular system.
>May I recommend a basic botany text - always to be found in your library?
>Stephanie
>
>>Jesse

been there, done that Stephanie....(as well as purchasing several 
"basic" botany and not so "basic" botany books :-) ) didn't find the 
information I was looking for so I asked here..course..could be this feeble 
minded engineering brain of mine can't comprehend the text ;-)...closest 
answer that I've found to what I'm looking for seems to be that excess 
minerals (considered for this discussion to be "solid-waste") can be carried 
out of the plant through transpiration...as well as through the excretions 
some plants are capable of...as you pointed out.   To those who are 
listening...no I'm not crazy and running around looking for plant-poops (ROFL) 
..

now for another "basic" botany question (insert digging through books 
here..owww! paper cut, hate it when that happens...) ...

how does a plant regulate the even distribution of minerals throughout its 
system?  or does it?

TIA,

Jesse  ... basic botany (-101)


From mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU Mon Apr  1 23:55:32 EST 1996
Article: 1751 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: Eutrophication of Lakes, info needed
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Date: Fri, 29 Mar 1996 05:47:51 GMT
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caq@centroin.com.br  writes:
> I want to find information about Eutrophication of Lakes an Reservoirs. Its for 
> a presentation about algae in my university. So if you know something... Ill be 
> gratefull.
> 
> Carlos Alvaro Quintella
> caq@centroin.com.br
> 

Take a look at Wetzel _Limnology_
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From una.smith@yale.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:33 EST 1996
Article: 1752 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: 29 Mar 1996 00:06:14 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <4jf9hm$khv@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <4ijvk1$iq9@jaring.my> <4incgi$e9a@jaring.my> <4iq5g2$6hk@news.hal-pc.org> <DotKn9.3Ds@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
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The answers to most of Chung's questions can be found in
D. J. Mabberley's _The Plant Book_, Cambridge University Press.

I use _The Plant Book_ on a daily basis, for scientific plant
names.  For common names, I am told that a new book by R. Hyam
and R. Pankhurst, _Plants and their Names_ does the trick.  It
is published by Oxford University Press.

	Una Smith



From una.smith@yale.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:33 EST 1996
Article: 1753 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.techniques.microscopy,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.med.pathology,sci.bio.botany,sci.image.processing,sci.research,sci.bio.enthomology.misc
Subject: Re: Help! [Microscopic images directly to a computer file]
Followup-To: sci.techniques.microscopy
Date: 29 Mar 1996 00:31:49 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 32
Message-ID: <4jfb1l$lbj@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <4i9ecj$me0@news.ox.ac.uk> <4ipfo4$lia@post.gsfc.nasa.gov> <4iqoe8$o2p@acmez.gatech.edu> <4j9o25$gam@natasha.rmii.com>
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In my department, a few lab groups have digital camera attachments
on their microscopes, but this represents a huge investment in stuff
that isn't used all that often.  By far the most practical setup is
to have a conventional camera mount on the microscope, and a scanner.
Most of us shoot slide film, and either send the exposed film to a
commercial shop for digitizing, or scan in the developed slides as
needed.

This system works equally well for microscopy and for photography of
whole specimens and field localities, so you get more for your money.

I prefer to shoot all primary micrographs on color slide film (good
for giving talks, and archiving and viewing data).  I use a slide
scanner to make digital images that can be manipulated into plates
for publication.  My only hesitation is that I don't know if color
slide images that are scanned in, then converted to grey-scale, are
as good as B&W negatives that are scanned in.  Note, the hardware
used is the same regardless;  this is strictly a question of which
film is better for recording grey-scale details, and whether the
software (Adobe Photoshop, in my case) does a good job of swapping
color maps.

Does anyone here have a strong preference for using B&W negatives
over color slides, when the output is a grey-scale digital image?

Thanks,

	Una Smith

NOTE:  I've set followups to the group where this topic belongs,
sci.techniques.microscopy.



From balogh@balogh.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:34 EST 1996
Article: 1754 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Dr. Pamela Burns-Balogh" <balogh@balogh.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: Fri, 29 Mar 1996 09:02:58 -0800
Organization: Balogh Scientific Books
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <315C17C2.4BAE@balogh.com>
References: <4ijvk1$iq9@jaring.my> <4incgi$e9a@jaring.my> <4iq5g2$6hk@news.hal-pc.org> <DotKn9.3Ds@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au> <4jf9hm$khv@news.ycc.yale.edu>
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mabberley's,., the plant books is out of print
Hyam's book is not yet available in the USA
this is what I have been told by Oxford
-- 
Dr. Pamela Burns-Balogh balogh@balogh.com
Balogh Scientific Books http://www.balogh.com/~balogh/
phone: +1 217 355 9331 fax: +1 217 355 9413


From una.smith@yale.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:34 EST 1996
Article: 1755 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: 29 Mar 1996 16:04:59 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <4jh1nb$9fs@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <4ijvk1$iq9@jaring.my> <DotKn9.3Ds@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au> <4jf9hm$khv@news.ycc.yale.edu> <315C17C2.4BAE@balogh.com>
Reply-To: una.smith@yale.edu
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"Dr. Pamela Burns-Balogh" <balogh@balogh.com> wrote:

>mabberley's,., the plant books is out of print

The second edition, published in the last few years, is still in press.


>Hyam's book is not yet available in the USA

It has just come out;  I'm sure it will be available soon.

	Una Smith


From cl674@FreeNet.Carleton.CA Mon Apr  1 23:55:35 EST 1996
Article: 1756 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!torn!nott!cunews!freenet-news.carleton.ca!FreeNet.Carleton.CA!cl674
From: cl674@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Chris Calhoun)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: looking for Gleason's New Britton and Brown
Date: 29 Mar 1996 20:44:36 GMT
Organization: The National Capital FreeNet
Lines: 18
Sender: cl674@freenet3.carleton.ca (Chris Calhoun)
Message-ID: <4jhi3k$mm4@freenet-news.carleton.ca>
Reply-To: cl674@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Chris Calhoun)
NNTP-Posting-Host: freenet3.carleton.ca

Hi,

I'm looking for a copy of The New Britton and Brown "Illustrated
Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada" by
H.A. Gleason.  I would like to get a copy of this 3 volume set
in hardcover.  If anyone out there knows of a set for sale, or 
knows someone that might like to sell their's, please e-mail
me.  

Thankx.

Chris

--
Chris Calhoun
912-1375 Prince of Wales Drive
Ottawa, Ontario
K2C 3L5		(613)224-2698


From frist Mon Apr  1 23:55:35 EST 1996
Article: 1757 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!decwrl!tribune.usask.ca!mongol.sasknet.sk.ca!canopus.cc.umanitoba.ca!news
From: Brian Fristensky <frist>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do I find Scientific names?
Date: 29 Mar 1996 20:49:47 GMT
Organization: University of Manitoba
Lines: 34
Message-ID: <4jhidb$d1i@canopus.cc.umanitoba.ca>
References: <3158649A.1EEF@printerworks.com>
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Chris Monser <chris@printerworks.com> wrote:
>Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
>(Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
>English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?
>-- 

One thing to try is the NCBI Taxonomy browser at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Just press the button marked "Taxonomy"

In this case, a search for 'blackthorn' turned out nil, but
thorn turned up three hits, one was a scorpion, and the other
two were lily thorn Catesbaea spinosa) and hawthorne (Crataegus spp.). 
I don't know whether either of these might be what you're looking for.

I don't know offhand whether or not the NCBI Taxonomy browser
is limited only to species for which at least one sequence
appears in GenBank. On the otherhand, there are sequences
now from some pretty surprising sources.

 
===============================================================================
Brian Fristensky                |  
Department of Plant Science     |  The optimist proclaims that we live in
University of Manitoba          |  the best of all possible worlds. The
Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2  CANADA    |  pessimist fears that this is true.
frist@cc.umanitoba.ca           |
Office phone:   204-474-6085    |  James Branch Cabell (1879-1958)
FAX:            204-261-5732    |
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~frist/
===============================================================================



From dave@cobuild.collins.co.uk Mon Apr  1 23:55:36 EST 1996
Article: 1758 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Dave Morrow <dave@cobuild.collins.co.uk>
Subject: grasp the nettle
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Why is a stinging nettle less likely to
sting you when you grasp it firmly than when
you brush against it lightly?

please email response to:	dave@cobuild.collins.co.uk



From @brandonu.ca Mon Apr  1 23:55:36 EST 1996
Article: 1759 of sci.bio.botany
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From: $LANGLRW@brandonu.ca (LANGLOIS)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: HELP!  DYEING AND MORDANT INFO NEEDED
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 03:29:51 GMT
Organization: Brandon University
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Message-ID: <4ji9rg$lst@goofy.BrandonU.CA>
Reply-To: $LANGLRW@brandonu.ca
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent v0.55

Amateur natural dyeing enthusiast requires information on fermentation
and preparation of UMBILICARIA postulata in preparation to cottage
dyeing industry.  Also would very much appreciate specs on MORDANTS
used in this process and range of colors that are attainable.
Incidentally: please indicate reliable sources and costs to obtain
Umbilicaria lichen in unlimited quantities.
Please respond to me via e-mail if possible, as I am new to this
posting business!



From @brandonu.ca Mon Apr  1 23:55:37 EST 1996
Article: 1760 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!decwrl!tribune.usask.ca!mongol.sasknet.sk.ca!canopus.cc.umanitoba.ca!news.brandonu.ca!usenet
From: $LANGLRW@brandonu.ca (LANGLOIS)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: GOLDENSEAL
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 03:32:30 GMT
Organization: Brandon University
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <4jia0f$lst@goofy.BrandonU.CA>
Reply-To: $LANGLRW@brandonu.ca
NNTP-Posting-Host: pc00313.pcs.brandonu.ca
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Collector of wild plants wishes to know markets for goldenseal.
Please quote prices and buyers.  Collector has access to wild stock in
Northern Manitoba, Canada.  seeds, roots (fresh and dried), plant
biomass (dried).
Please repond to me via e-mail if possible as well, as I am new to
this posting business!  ($langlrw@brandonu.ca)



From @brandonu.ca Mon Apr  1 23:55:38 EST 1996
Article: 1761 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!decwrl!tribune.usask.ca!mongol.sasknet.sk.ca!canopus.cc.umanitoba.ca!news.brandonu.ca!usenet
From: $LANGLRW@brandonu.ca (LANGLOIS)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: DYEING AND MORDANT INFO NEEDED
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 03:34:39 GMT
Organization: Brandon University
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Reply-To: $LANGLRW@brandonu.ca
NNTP-Posting-Host: pc00313.pcs.brandonu.ca
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent v0.55

Amateur natural dyeing enthusiast requires information on fermentation
and preparation of UMBILICARIA postulata in preparation to cottage
dyeing industry.  Also would very much appreciate specs on MORDANTS
used in this process and range of colors that are attainable.
Incidentally: please indicate reliable sources and costs to obtain
Umbilicaria lichen in unlimited quantities.
Please respond to me via e-mail if possible, as I am new to this
posting business!
(my e-mail address is $LANGLRW@BRANDONU.CA)



From arcadia@dircon.co.uk Mon Apr  1 23:55:38 EST 1996
Article: 1762 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!dish.news.pipex.net!pipex!tube.news.pipex.net!pipex!lade.news.pipex.net!pipex!dircon!usenet
From: arcadia@dircon.co.uk
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: trees in art
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 04:36:13 GMT
Organization: Direct Connection
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I'm looking for details concerning the depiction of nature, especially
trees in landscape art.

If anybody knows anything about this subject, could they please get in
touch.

Thanks.



From achieve@bis.net.au Mon Apr  1 23:55:39 EST 1996
Article: 1763 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.us.world.net!news.aus.world.net!usenet
From: achieve@bis.net.au (steve )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help: Boab, Mangrove, Aust. Native Fig
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 10:36:30 GMT
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I'm after the Family and Genus names for Australian natives: Boab,
Mangrove and the Native Fig (found in the tropics of Australia).
Okease either post, or email me...thanks
Steve



From achieve@bis.net.au Mon Apr  1 23:55:39 EST 1996
Article: 1764 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.us.world.net!news.aus.world.net!usenet
From: achieve@bis.net.au (steve )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help: Boab, Mangrove, Aust. Native Fig
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 10:38:47 GMT
Organization: AUSNet Services pty. ltd.
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <4jj2uk$2r0@sydney1.world.net>
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sorry, forgot my email:
achieve@bis.net.au
Thanks
Steve

achieve@bis.net.au (steve ) wrote:

>I'm after the Family and Genus names for Australian natives: Boab,
>Mangrove and the Native Fig (found in the tropics of Australia).
>Okease either post, or email me...thanks
>Steve





From biek@popserv.wolfenet.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:40 EST 1996
Article: 1765 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!udel!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.exodus.net!news.alt.net!news1.alt.net!news.aa.net!ratty.wolfe.net!sea-ts6-p02.wolfenet.com!user
From: biek@popserv.wolfenet.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Lupinus  Info needed
Date: Mon, 25 Mar 1996 23:07:36 -0700
Organization: Wolfe Internet Access, L.L.C.
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <biek-2503962307360001@sea-ts6-p02.wolfenet.com>
References: <4imadf$8aj@issc.debbs.ndhq.dnd.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: sea-ts6-p02.wolfenet.com

In article <4imadf$8aj@issc.debbs.ndhq.dnd.ca>,
C.Honeywell@issc.debbs.ndhq.dnd.ca wrote:

> I have a user who needs some information on a plant with the unusual
name of LUPINUS. Can 
> anyone lead me to a source either on or off the net for information on
this plant?
> 

Any particular species of Lupinus? There are probably at least 200 species
through North and South America, esp. well-developed in western N.A. Some
are useful and attractive in gardens; all are delightful wildflowers.

David Biek
Tacoma, WA
dbiek@popserv.wolfenet.com


From wjf@iex.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:40 EST 1996
Article: 1766 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: wjf@iex.com
Subject: Re: plant waste products
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In article <4itrto$ein@hobbes.cc.uga.edu>,
   hughes@dogwood.botany.uga.edu (Wayne Hughes) wrote:
>In article <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com> wjf@iex.com writes:
>>
>>it was, to put it simpler terms....."do plants shit?"
>>
>
> Animals take dumps because they ingest solids and don't
> extract everything.  Plants don't take in solids at all
> and have nothing to get rid of.  Everything a plant takes
> in comes across a membrane.
>
> THe original response, that plants drop the parts of themselves
> that are no longer needed, is just right.  Plants grow
> differently from animals, i.e., indeterminately as opposed
> to determinately; why should they excrete the same?
>
> Wayne
>
>

hmmm, so you're saying minerals such as iron, magnesium, sulfur are not 
solids? I didn't think that they were liquid (though they may certainly be 
held in suspension)...and last I heard they weren't gaseous...so  please tell 
me what they are?? and if you get big chunks of minerals together and you can 
do things such as ....build bridges, planes, cars etc..oh my...get 'em in 
small enough chunks and they can be taken into plants

sorry for the sarcasm (it really is quite out of character for me, well 
most of the time anyway ;=) )...but I didn't have my coffee this morning....

by the way, though no one responded as such, some carniverous plants do take 
large solids within their "body" <note the quotes here> for digestive 
purposes...usually a modified appendage which after one or more uses (pitcher 
plants, venus fly traps etc) is discarded..yes I know about drawing in 
the "goodies" from the plant meal (hey I watch David Attenborough 
<grin>)..this is not the type of solid waste I'm speaking of.....

stephanie (as well as several others) has been kind enough to provide me with 
a description that I think fits what I'm looking for...I'm including it here 
(she sent it via private email and I'm including it without her 
permission..sorry stephanie :-) )..though several people responded in kind, 
her description I feel was the most descriptive...

>plants cannot transpire anything except water.

this one I'm still looking into.....I "think" that minerals can indeed be held 
in suspension during transpiration....

>There are secretory structures such as those in flowers that produce nectar,
>and similar structures are found on the photosynthetic stems of some flowers 
>probably to attract ants.  These do include some minerals, but I believe
>intentionally.
>Waste products are stored in vacuoles.
>I use Raven, Evert and Eichhorn when I teach intro bot - their chapter 2 has 
a
>section on parts of a plant cell. The vacuoles appear to have antibiotic
>products but also have been known, for years, to store waste (e.g. vitamin c 
>is a plant waste product).  Excess minerals are usually kept out of the 
vascular
>cylinder by the endodermis, the innermost layer of the cortex.  <editorial 
snip here :-) > Some plants can accumulate heavy metals
>without harm and can be (and are being, to some extent) used to clean up 
>mining areas.  If you want to look further into this, then I would suggest 
>plant physiology and biochem books.  
>All living cells have a vacuole, and, in a mature cell, this may occupy 90% 
of
>the cell's internal volume.  Since the membrane is able to actively control
>transport, the stored wastes do not harm the nucleus, etc.
>Stephanie

thankyou for the response stephanie, yours and other responses have given me 
some new insights for looking into additional information.....which is a big 
help


the reason I'm curious about this subject, came about from orchids...I grow 
orchids as a hobby (though my better half would claim its an obsession rather 
than a hobby, they're kinda like Lays potato chips)...

now I know that orchids are known to want very little in the way of 
fertilizer.....(but "knowing" something has never stopped me from trying for 
myself :-) )....I've done some experimenting with varying the amounts of 
fertilizer (same strength fertilizer, in this case 7-7-7 (a well known major 
brand...can provide the "guarateed" composition), applied 8x strength in same 
quantities of water, plants are all clones in same growing conditions, across 
several species such as vanda, oncidium and luisia, etc, 10 plants of each 
were normal , over, under-fertilized ) applied over long periods (12-18 
months).  What I have noticed is that the plants receiving higher levels of 
fertilizer actually decline...at first there is some additional vegetative 
growth an immediate decrease or total lack of flowering (compared to the 
"control plants") even malformed blooms...then depending on species (but 
without fail) a sudden decline in overall plant health...lack of growth, die 
back, then root decline...control plants look good, nice growth rate, good 
bloom results....no abnormal disease or pests were noted.....sooooo where that 
leads me is that I'm trying to figure out is not so much what caused it (even 
though not perfect lab conditions I think its safe for me to think OVER 
FERTILIZATION) but why???? 

were the plants damaged by a buildup of minerals in the plant (hence the 
question solid waste byproducts), if so - why can't a plant divest itself of 
the builtup minerals? or did the plants just "burn themselves out?"
and if so, why were some parts of the same plant (sympodial habit) effected 
more quickly than other parts? was the plant decline due to unviewable root 
damage which took time to show up?  questions, questions, questions....

not the most groundbreaking questions I'm sure....but I'm curious....

thanks again to those who answered.......constructively.....and I'm still very 
open to input...constructive or otherwise...

back to puttering in the greenhouse....

Jesse

p.s. the orchids to which a lower amount of fertilizer (1/8 dosage) were 
applied, responded as if a "recommended" dose of fertilizer had been applied


From corelli@leland.stanford.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:41 EST 1996
Article: 1767 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!brighton.openmarket.com!decwrl!enews.sgi.com!mustang.via.net!usenet
From: "Richard J. Corelli, M.D." <corelli@leland.stanford.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rare and Endangered Plants
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 07:57:29 -0800
Organization: ViaNet Communications
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Recently released by Monocot Press in Half Moon Bay: 'The Rare and 
Endangered Plants of San Mateo and Santa Clara County with Photographs 
and Illustrations' by Toni Corelli and Zoe Chandik in cooperation with 
the Santa Clara Valley Chapter of the California Native Plant Society. 
Many of these species also occur in the surrounding counties of Marin, 
San Francisco, Alameda, Santa Cruz and Monterey.  144 pages. 172 
photographs. 14 illustrations. $24.00 including tax and shipping and 
handling [in California].  For information about the book or to order a 
copy please e-mail:
corelli@coastside.net
or fax:
415-726-2594
For full color illustrations of the front and back covers and to get 
further description about the contents of the book see home page at
http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~corelli/botany.html


From corelli@leland.stanford.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:41 EST 1996
Article: 1768 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!decwrl!enews.sgi.com!mustang.via.net!usenet
From: "Richard J. Corelli, M.D." <corelli@leland.stanford.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rare and Endangered Plants
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 08:35:26 -0800
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Recently released by Monocot Press in Half Moon Bay: 'The Rare and 
Endangered Plants of San Mateo and Santa Clara County with Photographs 
and Illustrations' by Toni Corelli and Zoe Chandik in cooperation with 
the Santa Clara Valley Chapter of the California Native Plant Society. 
144 pages. 172 color photographs. 14 illustrations. $24.00 including tax 
and shipping and handling [within California].  For information on the 
book or to order a copy please e-mail:
corelli@coastside.net 
or FAX: 415-726-2594
For full color photographs of the front and back covers and more 
description about the contents of the book please see home page at
http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~corelli/botany.html


From camilla@primenet.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:42 EST 1996
Article: 1769 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!nntp.news.primenet.com!news.primenet.com!camilla
From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: looking for glycyrrhizin
Date: 30 Mar 1996 16:42:01 -0700
Organization: Primenet (602)395-1010
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X-Posted-By: camilla@usr1.primenet.com


Does anyone know of a source for pure glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid or 
glycyrrhetic acid?

Thanks.


   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From camilla@primenet.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:44 EST 1996
Article: 1770 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan,sci.bio.botany
Subject: need info on herbal product
Date: 30 Mar 1996 20:29:01 -0700
Organization: Primenet (602)395-1010
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X-Posted-By: camilla@usr4.primenet.com
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu soc.culture.japan:131073 sci.bio.botany:1770

I need to know what is in a Japanese herbal product called Stronger 
Neophagen C.

Does anyone here know what's in it?

--
   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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    CFS/Fibromyalgia/AIDS support *  General medical information *  
    Politics  *  Church of the SubGenius  *  Skepticism & Science 
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From oksi@cerfnet.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:44 EST 1996
Article: 1771 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!usc!news.cerf.net!news
From: "N. Gat" <oksi@cerfnet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.food-science,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.technology
Subject: Scientific American TOC online at TechExpo
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 1996 23:21:13 -0800
Organization: Opto-Knowledge Systems, Inc.
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To those interested:

The Table of Contents of Scientific American is posted online at TechExpo 
at URL:

http://www.techexpo.com

Select tech_Magazines and scroll to SciAm.

N. Gat


From d_micro@ix.netcom.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:44 EST 1996
Article: 1772 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netnews
From: d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky )
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do I find Scientific names?
Date: 30 Mar 1996 21:53:24 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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References: <3158649A.1EEF@printerworks.com>
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X-NETCOM-Date: Sat Mar 30  1:53:28 PM PST 1996
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10347 sci.bio.botany:1772

In <3158649A.1EEF@printerworks.com> Chris Monser
<chris@printerworks.com> writes: 
>
>Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
>(Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
>English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?
>--
Yes Chris...my cyberbuddy professor emeritus, botany. His web page is:
http://144.174.177.33/~Julius.html

Visit his page. He is a super guy........Micro, not a microbe!
 
>
>===============================================================
>Chris Monser, Tech. Support | Direct:            (510) 670-2725
>The Printer Works, Inc.     | Technical Support: (510) 887-0234
>3481 Arden Road             | Sales:             (800) 225-6116
>Hayward, CA 94545           | Local/Int'l Sales: (510) 887-6116
>USA                         | FAX:               (510) 786-0589
>===============================================================



From vickery@mpx.com.au Mon Apr  1 23:55:45 EST 1996
Article: 1773 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!news.cs.su.oz.au!inferno.mpx.com.au!user
From: vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant waste products
Date: Mon, 01 Apr 1996 01:14:41 +1100
Organization: University of NSW
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <AD84DE8196681D5B47@dialup-213.mpx.com.au>
References: <DoJJu0.75L@iex.iex.com> <4it5u6$c43@urvile.msus.edu> <DozxAG.4vC@iex.iex.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dialup-213.mpx.com.au

In article <DozxAG.4vC@iex.iex.com>,
wjf@iex.com wrote:
snip
>
>how does a plant regulate the even distribution of minerals throughout its 
>system?  or does it?
>
snip
Plants have a partial control of the distribution of minerals but the
details of the mechanisms are obscure (to me). Some, like calcium and boron
go with the transpiration stream and thats it.  Others, like potassium,
phosphate, sodium are actively controlled.  The control systems involve
coutercurrent flows in xylem and phloem and transfer cells that carry
minerals between the two streams.  Active accumulation into into internal
sinks (vacuoles) and external sinks (glands) are important.  Sometimes the
controls aren't that good as when plants accumulate toxic amounts of
phosphate (toxic to plants that is).





From mstern@cnw.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:46 EST 1996
Article: 1774 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!lassen.cnw.com!news
From: Michael Sternberg <mstern@cnw.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: 31 Mar 1996 21:57:34 GMT
Organization: Connect Northwest
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References: <4ijvk1$iq9@jaring.my> <DotKn9.3Ds@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au> <4jf9hm$khv@news.ycc.yale.edu> <315C17C2.4BAE@balogh.com> <4jh1nb$9fs@news.ycc.yale.edu>
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Are these suitable references for paleobotany purposes?



From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:46 EST 1996
Article: 1775 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.duke.edu!phoenix5!mturner
From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help: Boab, Mangrove, Aust. Native Fig
Date: Sun, 31 Mar 1996 16:23:44
Organization: botany dept., duke univ.
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <mturner.747.001065C6@acpub.duke.edu>
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In article <4jj2uk$2r0@sydney1.world.net> achieve@bis.net.au (steve ) writes:
>>I'm after the Family and Genus names for Australian natives: Boab,
>>Mangrove and the Native Fig (found in the tropics of Australia).
>>Okease either post, or email me...thanks
>>Steve

Baobab [same genus as in Africa & Madagascar] :  
genus _Adansonia_, family Bombacaceae

Mangrove : there are plants of many families in the mangrove vegetation type 
but   genus _Rhizophora_,  family  Rhizophoraceae is the one that first comes 
to mind when one says "mangrove tree".  

Fig:  genus _Ficus_, family Moraceae  [ a very large widespread genus 
including the edible fig from the Mediterranean region]
mdt


From Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov Mon Apr  1 23:55:47 EST 1996
Article: 1776 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!udel!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!csn!news-1.csn.net!ncar!noao!CS.Arizona.EDU!news.Arizona.EDU!news.Cerritos.edu!newshub.csu.net!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!csusac!csus.edu!sacsa3.mp.usbr.gov!fwssun1.irm.r6.fws.gov!leatherback.arw.r9.fws.gov!user
From: Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov (Sean Furniss)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Taxonomy Database
Date: Sun, 31 Mar 1996 17:34:17 -0500
Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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I have found the NRCS Plant Taxonomy Database to be a useful source of
information. It should help out those with questions about United States
(50 states, associated governments and insular possession) flora.

<P>The <a href="http://trident.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/plants/">Plants
Database</a> provides a single source of standardized information about
plants. PLANTS provides standardized plant names, symbols and other plant
attribute information. This standardized information permits scientists
and other persons interested in plants across disciplines to freely
exchange accurate plant-related information because they are all using the
same plant names and symbols.</P>

-- 
Sean Furniss
Refuge Program Specialist
Sean_Furniss@mail.fws.gov
(703) 358-2043
Division of Refuges, MS 670 ARLSQ
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
4401 North Fairfax Drive
Arlington, VA 22203

<a href="http://bluegoose.arw.r9.fws.gov/">National Wildlife Refuge System</a>

***********************************************************

The opinions expressed are those of the writer and not those of the Fish and Wildlife Service nor the Department of the Interior
___________________________________________________________

Information on Service data servers (including WAIS, WWW, etc.) can be retrieved from the Service Library Server. Send a message to R9IRMLIB@mail.fws.gov with SEND HELP as the subject (no text in the body of the message) for instructions and an index.


From eastran@ipnet.ins.gu.edu.au Mon Apr  1 23:55:47 EST 1996
Article: 1777 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Cuong Tran <eastran@ipnet.ins.gu.edu.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fire Resistive Plants
Date: Mon, 01 Apr 1996 10:44:34 +1000
Organization: Griffith University
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I am looking for information pertaining to 'fire-resistive' plants. 
These are plants that will NOT burn, not those plants which will burn 
but regenerates quickly after fires, or has dormant seeds that the fire 
help to release. 

Such plants are useful in fire-management practices. There are certain 
charcteristics that these fire-resisitve plants possess to provide them 
a higher resistance to ignition.

If anyone has any info on this subject, I will be glad to hear from you.

Regards

C Tran
Griffith Uni - Gold Coast
Australia


From ryangco@sccs.swarthmore.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:51 EST 1996
Article: 1778 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news.cac.psu.edu!news.math.psu.edu!psuvax1!news.cc.swarthmore.edu!mac19.parrishe1.swarthmore.edu!user
From: ryangco@sccs.swarthmore.edu (coolbean)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help with ethnobotany links
Date: 1 Apr 1996 03:23:24 GMT
Organization: Swarthmore College
Lines: 21
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know of any good ones?  i'm working on my page and am really interested in
setting up some links on ethnobotany (what i hope my future profession
will be).

thanks a lot,

anna

-- 
Anna Yangco '98
Swarthmore College
x3780
yangco@soleil.acomp.usf.edu
ryangco@sccs.swarthmore.edu
my web page, it's getting better! => http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/~ryangco/
***check out my buddies at the ABSOLUT QUINT => http://mac62.roberts.swarthmore.edu/
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ORLANDO MAGIC rules!


From godfish@ix.netcom.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:51 EST 1996
Article: 1779 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!news
From: godfish@ix.netcom.com(Todd Mc Intyre )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.art.bonsai,rec.gardens
Subject: African Mask Help!!.
Date: 31 Mar 1996 19:22:19 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <4jmm1b$gv0@dfw-ixnews1.ix.netcom.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: sbo-ca2-03.ix.netcom.com
X-NETCOM-Date: Sun Mar 31  1:22:19 PM CST 1996
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1779 rec.gardens:117134

Hello all,

	I just bought an African Mask plant (Alocasia Micholitziana
Maxkowskii), the name was on the pot, I paid eight dollars and away I
went. The only problem is that the lady at the nursery didn't know
anything about it and I don't know anything about it, could anyone
please help me?.

I need to know what type of light, fertilizer, temp and humidity this
plant needs?. And any other tips you may have. 

It's a very beautiful plant and I don't want it to die.

				Please Help!!!.
					Godfish@ix.netcom.com



From mikaline@netcom.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:52 EST 1996
Article: 1780 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!mikaline
From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Help: Boab, Mangrove, Aust. Native Fig
Message-ID: <mikalineDp5FCA.850@netcom.com>
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
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steve (achieve@bis.net.au) wrote:
: I'm after the Family and Genus names for Australian natives: Boab,
: Mangrove and the Native Fig (found in the tropics of Australia).
: Okease either post, or email me...thanks
: Steve

Your best best is HORTUS 3 - mine's out of date.  There's always the 
public library - there must be guides to the flora.

ml


From nijssen@pr.agro.nl Mon Apr  1 23:55:53 EST 1996
Article: 1781 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!sun4nl!surfnet.nl!news.wau.nl!ns2!ns2!nntp
Newsgroups: sci.image.processing,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Grastype recognition
Message-ID: <31603208.19E9@pr.agro.nl>
From: Koos Nijssen <nijssen@pr.agro.nl>
Date: Mon, 01 Apr 1996 11:44:08 -0800
Organization: Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden (PR)
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I am looking for software which can do botanical analysis of
different grass types from scanned pictures. Who can help me?

Koos Nijssen
Research Institute for Cattle, Sheep and Horse Husbandry
Lelystad - NETHERLANDS
nijssen@pr.agro.nl


From una.smith@yale.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:53 EST 1996
Article: 1782 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Taxonomy
Date: 1 Apr 1996 19:09:40 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 12
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References: <4ijvk1$iq9@jaring.my> <315C17C2.4BAE@balogh.com> <4jh1nb$9fs@news.ycc.yale.edu> <4jmv4e$4id@lassen.cnw.com>
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Michael Sternberg <mstern@cnw.com> wrote:

>Are these suitable references for paleobotany purposes?

Which?  The Plant Book etc?  No.  There are few general taxonomic 
references in print now that are useful for paleobotany.  The
Palaeontology Association (UK) has some paleobotanical monographs,
and various recently published paleobotanical floras can be used
as general references.  For starters, see the Pal. Ass. Web page,
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/paleonet/PalAss/PalAss.html .

	Una Smith 


From wjf@iex.com Mon Apr  1 23:55:54 EST 1996
Article: 1783 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: wjf@iex.com
Subject: Re: Question about Orchid
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References: <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu> <mturner.689.0011D06B@acpub.duke.edu> <FINNR.32.00109B40@bot.ku.dk>
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 1996 19:39:50 GMT
Lines: 51

In article <FINNR.32.00109B40@bot.ku.dk>,
   FINNR@bot.ku.dk (Finn N Rasmussen) wrote:
>
>>In article <4if62d$roo@paladin.american.edu> MC8036A@american.edu ) writes:
>>>I have just resently become interested in growing some orchids from 
>>>spores and I don't know where to start. I live in the Washington D.C. 
>>>area and have been to the National Botanical Garden were I gogt some 
>>>limited information, but need much more. I do know the orchid come from 
>>>spores, which take 6-12 months to germinate, but that is it. Any great 
>>>books to recommend before I go to the library. 
>>>mike carew
>
>A great book to recommend is H. Rasmussen 1995: Terrestrial Orchids - from 
>seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge University Press, 432 pp. Most of what 
>ever has been published about the mycotrophic germination biology of orchids 
>is cited in that book, including the latest research done at the Smithsonian 
>Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MAryland - in fact quite close to 
>the Washinton D.C. area!
>
>Best wishes, Finn N. Rasmussen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

to the original poster:

orchid propogation is not easy unless you have a "clean" environment.  Though 
one or two people in our local society have done home-propogation, for seed 
propogation, most everyone sends off to a lab to have it done.  

Orchids, by the way, reproduce from seed not spores...granted the seed can be 
extremely small and is easily mistaken for spores...I would suggest looking at 
the role that mycorrhiza plays in orchid seed germination along with agar, a 
substance used in labs for orchid reproduction....

an additional good text on general Orchidacae to which you can refer is "Home 
Orchid Growing - Ritterhaussen", this should give you a general overview of 
orchid reproduction (and the difficulties involved therein) along with 
cultivation information (if you are new to orchids...), 

The simplest, least expensive way for the hobbiest to reproduce orchids is by 
plant division...its slower, but proven...reproduction of seed at commercial 
labs can be expensive, from a minimum of $100 up, per capsule and then you 
get to pay for the resulting flasks individually.  Setting up an appropriate 
workplace that avoids contamination at home may be the way to go IF you are 
planning on reproducing orchids in commercial quantites and you don't 
mind spending more than a few dollars...its also the way to go IF (like me, 
though I haven't done it yet) you just want to experiment


I can pass on the names of several more detailed texts if you're interested...
just let me know...

Jesse


From mconnor@ucla.edu Mon Apr  1 23:55:54 EST 1996
Article: 1784 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mconnor@ucla.edu (Michael J. Connor)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Q: Nutritional value of Hibiscus
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 1996 20:05:29
Organization: UCLA
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Can anyone supply me with references or possible sources to the nutritional 
value of tropical Hibiscus, blue hibiscus (Alyogyne) and rose flowers?  Needed 
for a nutritional breakdown table of the diet of captive desert tortoises.

Thanks,

Mike Connor. 


From dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:19 EDT 1996
Article: 1785 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: wetland plant classifications
Date: 2 Apr 1996 07:24:30 GMT
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I'm hoping to find the list of wetland plant classifications on-line.
It's the list the classifies plants as wetland obligate, facultative,
or upland.  Has anyone seen it?
   Thanks, Doug Bonham
   dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com



From ZWHJ47A@prodigy.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:19 EDT 1996
Article: 1786 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!prodigy.com!usenet
From: ZWHJ47A@prodigy.com (John Meidell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: In search of:Hillebrand, Rock or Degener
Date: 2 Apr 1996 10:25:20 GMT
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Any of the works by the above pertaining to Hawaiian flora would be of 
interest to me. If you can help, please e-mail.

J.S. Meidell
ZWHJ47A@prodigy.com



From rwinsto@lsuvm.sncc.lsu.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:20 EDT 1996
Article: 1787 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!willis.cis.uab.edu!news.lsu.edu!sysmgr
From: rwinsto@lsuvm.sncc.lsu.edu (Richard B. Winston)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: wetland plant classifications
Date: Tue, 02 Apr 1996 15:45:35 GMT
Organization: Louisiana State University InterNetNews Site
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The list is available at
http://www.nwi.fws.gov/Ecology.html

I've created a web page with links to this and other wetland related
web pages at http://aapg.geol.lsu.edu/wetland.htm

dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com wrote:

>I'm hoping to find the list of wetland plant classifications on-line.
>It's the list the classifies plants as wetland obligate, facultative,
>or upland.  Has anyone seen it?
>   Thanks, Doug Bonham
>   dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com



Richard B. Winston
Dept. of Geology and Geophysics		rwinsto@lsuvm.sncc.lsu.edu
Louisiana State University		http://aapg.geol.lsu.edu/rbwinsto.htm
Baton Rouge, La 70803			ftp://aapg.geol.lsu.edu/pub/winston
U.S.A.
504-388-2337
Fax 504-388-2302



From ez050387@peseta.ucdavis.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:20 EDT 1996
Article: 1788 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Nancy Pergam <ez050387@peseta.ucdavis.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: web sites
Date: Tue, 2 Apr 1996 08:12:11 -0800
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HI!  I am TA-ing a plant science class and wanted to give the students a 
list of cool web sites on plants.  I am interested in getting any web 
addresses that are related to plants....these can be strongly scientific 
or more recreational and less academic.  Thanks!!!!

nancy

p.s. I know I can use web browsers like Yahoo, but I am hoping to get 
sites that people on these newsgroups think are great.


From eaarstro@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:21 EDT 1996
Article: 1789 of sci.bio.botany
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From: eaarstro@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Erica A Armstrong)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: 2 Apr 1996 20:01:50 GMT
Organization: The Ohio State University
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A great web site is the California Native Plant Society site.  The address is,
http://www.calpoly.edu/~dchippin/cnps_main.html

This site has pictures, quizzes and a bunch of other cool stuff.


From Haitai@t-online.de Sun Apr  7 09:11:22 EDT 1996
Article: 1790 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!news.belwue.de!news.uni-stuttgart.de!rz.uni-karlsruhe.de!blackbush.xlink.net!news.ecrc.de!news00.btx.dtag.de!not-for-mail
From: Haitai@t-online.de (Haitai Deutschland GmbH, Abt. Verwaltung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Detailed informations about Mesona Chinensis
Date: 1 Apr 1996 09:19:45 GMT
Organization: Haitai ´Deutschland GmbH
Lines: 20
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To: news:sci.bio.botany


We, Haitai Deutschland are a asian food wholesaler settled 
in Nettetal, Germany.

Last week sanitary government claimed a product of us, due 
to a not known ingredient (plant).

Can anyone help us to give some detailed informations about 
MESONA CHINENSIS, wether it will be suitable for human 
beings or not.

We thank you in advance for your efforts.

Kind regards


A. Buonanno  
 




From daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM Sun Apr  7 09:11:22 EDT 1996
Article: 1791 of sci.bio.botany
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From: daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Brad Daniels)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.vietnamese
Subject: Herb used in Vietnamese cooking?
Followup-To: poster
Date: 2 Apr 1996 16:26:44 -0600
Organization: NeoSoft, Inc. +1 713 968 5800
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10380 sci.bio.botany:1791 soc.culture.vietnamese:170654

I am trying to find out the scientific name for an herb used in
vietnamese cooking.  I've seen it in some soups and very coarsely
chopped on top of several dishes.  Both leaves an stems are edible,
with the stems having a texture similar to been sprouts.  The leaves
are a bit over 1 cm long and a bit under .5 cm wide, with an
indentation running down the middle resulting in a slight "V" shape.
The leaves go up and then curl back away from the stem, and attach to
the stem at their widest point.  The flavor of the plant is hard to
describe, but it has a definite spicy/hot quality to it.  I have yet
to be able to get anyone to give me the Vietnamese name for it, let
alone the English or scientific names.  Someone claimed it was a
species of mint, but the flavor certainly gave no indication that was
the case.

I hope the above is enough for someone to figure out what I am talking
about...

Thanks!
- Brad
-- 
Brad Daniels			|  "Let others praise ancient times.
daniels@neosoft.com		|   I am glad I was born in these."
I don't work for NeoSoft, and	|	- Ovid (43 B.C. - 17 A.D)
don't speak for my employer.	|


From KLKG29A@prodigy.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:22 EDT 1996
Article: 1792 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KLKG29A@prodigy.com (Daricia Mcknight)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: undergrad progs tropical plant systematics
Date: 2 Apr 1996 23:42:00 GMT
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I'm looking for opportunities to study tropical plant systematics and 
ethnobotany.  I am a second degree undergrad (first degree Spanish, 
current Biology and Anthropology).  Would like to go to Costa Rica or the 
Carribean.  Prefer a short summer program.  Earthwatch too expensive.  
Hope to get college transfer credit.  Semester program great if families 
can be accomodated.  If anyone has advice for following a career in the 
botanical sciences, please e-mail.  Thank you.



From KP Sun Apr  7 09:11:23 EDT 1996
Article: 1793 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KP
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.vietnamese
Subject: Re: Herb used in Vietnamese cooking?
Date: 2 Apr 1996 23:45:21 GMT
Organization: KP
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10381 sci.bio.botany:1793 soc.culture.vietnamese:170660


Dear Brad:

   I'll give it a shot: the herb is called "Rau Om"
or "Ngo` Om". They're used for "Canh Chua" Soup.
   Jot down these names, go to an Oriental market,
show it to the grocerer, and see if that the herb
you're looking for. This type of herb only available
in late Spring or Summer. They thrive in hot, wet climate.
   Get dinner ready and give me a buzz. :-)
   Regards,
   KP
***********************   
Reply-To: kyphong@erols.com
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.6+

In article <4js9j4$8o@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM>, daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Brad Daniels) says:
>
>I am trying to find out the scientific name for an herb used in
>vietnamese cooking.  I've seen it in some soups and very coarsely
>chopped on top of several dishes.  Both leaves an stems are edible,
>with the stems having a texture similar to been sprouts.  The leaves
>are a bit over 1 cm long and a bit under .5 cm wide, with an
>indentation running down the middle resulting in a slight "V" shape.
>The leaves go up and then curl back away from the stem, and attach to
>the stem at their widest point.  The flavor of the plant is hard to
>describe, but it has a definite spicy/hot quality to it.  I have yet
>to be able to get anyone to give me the Vietnamese name for it, let
>alone the English or scientific names.  Someone claimed it was a
>species of mint, but the flavor certainly gave no indication that was
>the case.
>
>I hope the above is enough for someone to figure out what I am talking
>about...
>
>Thanks!
>- Brad
>-- 
>Brad Daniels                    |  "Let others praise ancient times.
>daniels@neosoft.com             |   I am glad I was born in these."
>I don't work for NeoSoft, and   |       - Ovid (43 B.C. - 17 A.D)
>don't speak for my employer.    |


From phitayr@carr157.alleg.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:23 EDT 1996
Article: 1794 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!udel!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!csn!news-1.csn.net!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!news.cis.ohio-state.edu!nntp.sei.cmu.edu!fs7.ece.cmu.edu!speering.alleg.edu!news
From: phitayr@carr157.alleg.edu (Roy Phitayakorn)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Introduction&VFTResearchQuestion
Date: 3 Apr 1996 00:44:49 GMT
Organization: Allegheny College
Lines: 40
Message-ID: <4jshm1$2i4@speering.alleg.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: carr157.alleg.edu
Keywords: Venus Fly Trap Experiments

	Hello!  My name is Roy Phitayakorn and I am an  
undergraduate student at Allegheny College which is in Meadville,  
PA...about 100 miles north of Pittsburgh.  I am a Biology/Pre-Med  
track major and am working towards a double minor in Military  
History & Strategy in the Western World and Chemistry.  I a native  
of a suburb south of Pittsburgh called Upper St. Clair.
	I am interested in doing my senior thesis on the Venus Fly  
Trap, but I am not sure on what part of the plant or plant mechanism  
to focus on.  This fall, I would like to participate in an  
independent research project with VFT's to form some ideas about my  
thesis.  This research project will primarily concern recreating  
different experiments performed with VFT's.  So far, I have thought  
of two areas of research:

	-using VFT cell totipotency to grow VFT's from cell culture
	-studying acid growth mechanism that enables VFT trap to  
close around hapless victim

	My question to you (plural) involves my need for more  
experiments so that this independent project will last longer than a  
month!
	My own personal research has involved mostly library work.   
Most books I have seen focus only on the care of VFTs.  I've read a  
history book on VFTs called Venus' Mousetrap, which was  
interesting, but not really helpful.  I've also sent away for  
several articles from the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter.   
Unfortunately, sending away for articles has become rather expensive  
for a college student's budget and often takes at least a month to  
receive the articles.
	Any suggestions for experiments or sources of previous  
experiments would be most appreciated.  If any of you have friends  
or colleagues that work in botany or specifically with VFT please  
forward this message to them.


Thanks again for your help and time,

Roy Phitayakorn 

<phitayr@alleg.edu>


From sjw@astrabio.demon.co.uk Sun Apr  7 09:11:24 EDT 1996
Article: 1795 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!astrabio.demon.co.uk!sjw
From: "Dr. S.J. Wainwright" <sjw@astrabio.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Irish Blackthorn
Date: Wed, 3 Apr 1996 01:50:29 +0100
Organization: Astronomy & Biology
Lines: 12
Distribution: world
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In article <315864D7.4B5F@printerworks.com>, Chris Monser
<chris@printerworks.com> writes
>Does anybody know how I can find out what the Scientific designation
>(Genus species) for the Irish plant called "Blackthorn" or the
>English "Whitethorn" (a.k.a. simply "Thorn")?
>

The Blackthorn's Latin name is: Prunus spinosa
Whitethorn has got me beat, however, the Whitebeam is: Sorbus aria
-- 
Dr. S.J. Wainwright


From daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM Sun Apr  7 09:11:24 EDT 1996
Article: 1796 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sesqui.net!uuneo.neosoft.com!Starbase.NeoSoft.COM!not-for-mail
From: daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Brad Daniels)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.vietnamese
Subject: Re: Herb used in Vietnamese cooking?
Date: 2 Apr 1996 21:44:45 -0600
Organization: NeoSoft, Inc. +1 713 968 5800
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <4jss7d$juk@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10387 sci.bio.botany:1796 soc.culture.vietnamese:170693

In article <4jse6h$sqg@minerva.worldbank.org>,  <KP> wrote:
>   I'll give it a shot: the herb is called "Rau Om"
>or "Ngo` Om". They're used for "Canh Chua" Soup.

I think that is the name of one of the dishes it came in, so that's
probably the right herb...  I'm actually trying to get the plant
itself if possible.  I thought it would make a nice addition to my herb
garden...  I live in Houston, which definitely qualifies as a hot and wet
place (most of the time, anyway.)  I tried getting a few sprigs of the
fresh herb from a local restaurant, but I wasn't able to get them to root.
If I can find the scientific name of the plant, I may be able to get a nursery
to special-order some seeds.

Thanks for the info on the Vietnamese name!

- Brad
-- 
Brad Daniels			|  "Let others praise ancient times.
daniels@neosoft.com		|   I am glad I was born in these."
I don't work for NeoSoft, and	|	- Ovid (43 B.C. - 17 A.D)
don't speak for my employer.	|


From bow11@usa.pipeline.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:25 EDT 1996
Article: 1797 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!usenet
From: bow11@usa.pipeline.com(JB & JB & TB)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,
Subject: Thanks for help with petunia Sci-proj.
Date: 3 Apr 1996 03:37:00 GMT
Organization: Pipeline USA
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 Thank you for all the help you gave me in my sci-proj. I got first place. 
especial thank you to Julian Wong and Jeremy Packer.  
 Thanks again Tom  
-- 
 
J.B., J.B. & T.B.


From tam@usa Sun Apr  7 09:11:25 EDT 1996
Article: 1798 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tam <tam@usa>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.vietnamese
Subject: Re: Herb used in Vietnamese cooking?
Date: 3 Apr 1996 09:07:27 GMT
Organization: uci
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <4jtf4f$23v@news.service.uci.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10391 sci.bio.botany:1798 soc.culture.vietnamese:170725

daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Brad Daniels) wrote:
>In article <4jse6h$sqg@minerva.worldbank.org>,  <KP> wrote:

>If I can find the scientific name of the plant, I may be able to get a nursery
>to special-order some seeds.
>

Scientific name for Rau Om:
Limnophila sp. (aromatica, balsamea, chinensis).
 However, none of them have the V-shaped indentation on the leaves like 
you described. Their leaves are a little bit hairy though. These plants 
are very hard to grow in US even in California. They require lots of 
moisture and warmth. I saw one guy grow it in the old fish tank with the 
perforated cover so that they have enough moisture.

Other Vietnamese herbs that are easier to grow:
Rau ra(m: Polygonum odoratum
Ti'a To^: Perilla frutescens var. crispa
Kinh gio+'i: Elsholtzia ciliata. 

The last two have very strong flavor and they have the indentation on the 
leaves but non of them have the bean-sprout like stem



From ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk Sun Apr  7 09:11:25 EDT 1996
Article: 1799 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk (Liza Hollingshead)
Subject: Russian botany fieldcamp for university students
Sender: news@ucl.ac.uk (Usenet News System)
Message-ID: <1996Apr1.125625.74769@ucl.ac.uk>
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 1996 12:56:25 GMT
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ECOLOGY CAMPS  in the URALS, RUSSIA
sponsored for the 6th year by:
Ecologia Foundation, Scotland; Centre for Human Ecology, Edinburgh ; 
Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg,Russia; EcoInfo Ecological Education,
Russia

Ecology Students' Field Research Work Camp     18July-12August 1996*
4 weeks with scientists from the Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg. For the
past 6 years students from several British and American Universities have
taken part in the field research projects of Russian Ecology scientists from
the Urals Institute of Ecology of Plants & Animals. They live with the
scientists and their teams in a camp with simple field accommodation equipped
with a field laboratory situated on a lake in a beautiful, remote area of the
South Taiga Forest,  mid-Urals. The closest city is Ekaterinburg. The
scientists include lectures and practical teaching for special interest
subjects:

1) Forest Vegetative Communities:
Ecology of Plants: Geo-botany and Lichenology - Dr Margarita Magomedova,
Senior Research Scientist, Dept of Botany 

2) General Ecology Education: 
To address issues of Human Ecology, Nature Protection and the relationship
between green activism and scientific research: Sergei Krinitsyn. 

Cost: L865 incl return airfares London-Moscow; $1025 excluding airfares from
USA to Moscow. Both include accommodation, food and internal travel in
Russia. Travel Insurance & Visas extra. 
* Optional extra 3 days in St Petersburg 13-16 August: L125 / $200


For the past 6 years students from several British and American Universities
have taken part in field research projects of Russian Ecology scientists from
the Urals Institute of Ecology of Plants & Animals. They live with the
scientists and their teams in a camp in a beautiful, remote area of the South
Taiga Forest,  mid-Urals. The closest city is Ekaterinburg. Maximum 10
students

Credit for US Universities is possible - ask for information. 

reply to: Ecologia Foundation:  ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk	
The Park, Forres, Moray IV37OTZ Scotland tel/FAX: +44-(0)1309-690995



From ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk Sun Apr  7 09:11:26 EDT 1996
Article: 1800 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Liza Hollingshead <ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: BOTANY FIELD RESEARCH CAMP - URALS,RUSSIA
Date: 3 Apr 1996 13:17:02 GMT
Organization: Ecologia
Lines: 127
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X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

 ECOLOGY CAMPS  in the URALS, RUSSIA
sponsored for the 6th year by:
Ecologia Foundation, Scotland; Centre for Human Ecology, Edinburgh ; 
Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg,Russia; EcoInfo Ecological Education, 
Russia
MAMMALS< BOTANY< FISH & WATER POLLUTION< AMPHIBIANS< PALEONTOLOGY<

Ecology Students¹ Field Research Work Camp 18July-12August 1996*
4 weeks with scientists from the Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg. 
For the past 6 years students from several British Universities have 
taken part in the field research projects of Russian Ecology scientists 
>from  the Urals Institute of Ecology of Plants & Animals. They live with 
the scientists and their teams in a camp with simple field accommodation 
equipped with a field laboratory situated on a lake in a beautiful, 
remote area of the South Taiga Forest,  mid-Urals. The closest city is 
Ekaterinburg. The scientists include lectures and practical teaching for 
special interest subjects: 
1) Animal Ecology:                                  
Population Ecology of Mammals (rhodents, moose, elk, beaver, buzzard), 
animal censusing, trapping, population dynamics, game management, in 
Taiga forest of the Mid Urals
Senior Research Scientists: Dr Fedor Kryazhimsky, Dr Andrei Endukin, Dr 
Nikolai Korytin
Fish and Water Pollution:  Dr Alexander Lugaskov; 
Amphibians-urban ecology: Dr Vladimir Vershinin. 
2) Forest Vegetative Communities:   
Ecology of Plants: Geo-botany and Lichenology - Dr Margarita Magomedova, 
Senior Research Scientist, Dept of Botany 
3) General Ecology Education: 
To address issues of Human Ecology, Nature Protection and the 
relationship between green activism and scientific research: Sergei 
Krinitsyn. 

US College Credit is possible - ask for more information. 

Cost: £865 incl return airfares London-Moscow; $1025 excluding airfares 
>from  USA to Moscow. Both include accommodation, food and internal travel 
in Russia. Travel Insurance & Visas extra. 
* Optional extra 3 days in St Petersburg 13-16 August: £125 / $200

reply to: Ecologia Foundation:  ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk	
The Park, Forres, Moray IV37OTZ Scotland tel/FAX: +44-(0)1309-690995



 Archaeology & Paleontology Camps in the URALS, RUSSIA
sponsored for the 6th year by:
Ecologia Foundation, Scotland; Centre for Human Ecology, Edinburgh ; 
Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg,Russia; EcoInfo Ecological Education, 
Russia

Historical Ecology Research Camp: 8 July-12 August 1996*  
5 weeks with scientists from the Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg
With Dr Alexander Borodin, Senior Research Scientist, Dept of 
Paleontology, Urals Institute of Ecology at a cave excavation in the 
South Urals, with lectures and practical teaching programme. 
For the past 6 years students from several British Universities and some 
N.American have taken part in field research projects of Russian Ecology 
scientists from the Urals Institute of Ecology of Plants & Animals. They 
live with the scientists and their teams in a camp in a beautiful, 
remote area of the South Taiga Forest,  mid-Urals. The closest city is 
Ekaterinburg. Maximum 10 students

US College Credit is possible - ask for more information. 
Cost: £970 incl return airfares London-Moscow; $2000 excl airfares from 
USA to Moscow. Both include Ecology programs,accommodation,food and 
internal travel in Russia. Travel Insurance & Visas extra. 
* Optional extra 3 days in St Petersburg 13-16 August: £125 / $200

reply to: Ecologia Foundation:  ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk	
The Park, Forres, Moray IV37OTZ Scotland tel/FAX: +44-(0)1309-690995


International Field Conference for Ecologists & Post Graduates 
13-25 August 96 

Ecology researchers, teachers of Higher Education and post-graduates 
with a serious interest in this subject are invited to take part in a 
the first of a series of meetings or field conferences at Centre for 
Ecological Education in the Ural mountains, not far from Ekaterinburg 
with an international group of scientific colleagues including 
scientists from the Urals Insititute of Ecology and Urals University. 
The content of the programme will be designed according to the interests 
of all the participants. Working languages are English and Russian. 

The main purpose of these meetings is to explore the creation of a 
concept of human ecology derived from a knowledge of classical ecology. 
The question: "How to disseminate scientific ecological knowledge within 
the social ecological movement". 

The first working meeting is planned for the 1st half of July in the 
Urals. The purpose of this meeting is: 
1. Analysis of results of ecological research and selection of the most 
significant aspects for society and for the green movement.
2. Discussion of probable reasons for the lack of compatibility of the 
content of ecology as a science with ecology as a social phenomenon. 
3. Looking for a common strategy to approach this problem. 

Contributing Scientists from the Urals Institute of Ecology: 
Population Ecology of Mammals: 	Dr Fedor Kryazhimsky, Nikolai Korytin
Fish and Water Pollution: 	Dr Alexander Lugaskov 
Amphibians - rural & urban ecology: 	Dr Vladimir Vershinin. 
Ecology of Plants: Geo-botany & Lichenology Dr Margarita Magomedova
Archaeology & Paleontology:	Dr Alexander Borodin 
General Ecology Education: 	Dr Sergei Krinitsyn. 

This is a unique opportunity to spend 10 days in the Russian forest on 
the shore of a large lake in beautiful, unspoiled surroundings to 
observe nature and to discuss with colleagues issues of common interest. 
Families can be included, to enjoy the lake and the forest in a relaxed 
camp atmosphere, although a special programme will not be organised for 
them. Additional time in Moscow or St Petersburg can also be arranged. 

Cost: £860 incl return airfares London-Moscow; $1025 excluding airfares 
>from  USA to Moscow. Both include accommodation, food and internal travel 
in Russia. Travel Insurance & Visas extra. 

Ecologia Foundation is registered as a Scottish Charity whose aim is to 
promote ecological education for all ages, with a particular interest in 
connecting Russian ecologists with those in the rest of the world. 

Please write or e-mail to indicate your interest and for more details. 
Ecologia Foundation, The Park, Forres, Morayshire IV36OTZ Scotland 
Tel/FAX: +44-(0)1309-690995 e-mail:  ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk





From mklein@uni-bonn.de Sun Apr  7 09:11:28 EDT 1996
Article: 1801 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!blackbush.xlink.net!rz.uni-karlsruhe.de!news.uni-stuttgart.de!news.rhrz.uni-bonn.de!usenet
From: mklein@uni-bonn.de (Matthias Klein)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Trewia nudiflora L.
Date: Wed, 03 Apr 1996 14:55:45 GMT
Organization: University of Bonn, Germany
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <4ju0f5$orh@news.rhrz.uni-bonn.de>
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Hello everybody,

does anybody now how to get some seeds of Trewia nudiflora? 

We would like to grow plants and use them for biochemical
investigation.

Please e-mail to MKlein@uni-bonn.de




From mklein@uni-bonn.de Sun Apr  7 09:11:29 EDT 1996
Article: 1802 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!blackbush.xlink.net!rz.uni-karlsruhe.de!news.uni-stuttgart.de!news.rhrz.uni-bonn.de!usenet
From: mklein@uni-bonn.de (Matthias Klein)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Albizia species
Date: Wed, 03 Apr 1996 14:55:46 GMT
Organization: University of Bonn, Germany
Lines: 10
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Hello,
I have some problems in Albizia species.
Some authors say Albizia lebbeck Benth., A. tanganyicensis Bak.f. and
A. rhodesica are synonyms for a plant growing in South Africa, some
say A. lebbeck is an plant growing in India.
Does anybody now the correct associations?
What species is that one growing in South Africa and named A. lebbeck?
Many thanks, please E-mail to 
MKlein@uni-bonn.de



From srussell@uoknor.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:30 EDT 1996
Article: 1803 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Scott Russell <srussell@uoknor.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: Wed, 03 Apr 1996 10:32:16 -0800
Organization: Dept Botany & Micro; Univ. of Oklahoma
Lines: 28
Message-ID: <3162C430.5805@uoknor.edu>
References: <Pine.SOL.3.91.960402080925.13027B-100000@boris.ucdavis.edu>
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I have been collecting botanical sites one day at a time, looking at them and 
selecting the best and writing comments on them and putting them on my Web 
site for more than a month now.  I am a botany professor and I am also looking 
for high quality educational sites and resources with the goal of being able 
to use these in a class situation.  I look at educational quality, 
scientific content, presentation and completeness.  I have rated the sites 
with stars (4 is best). For each site I use, I usually look at 10 or more 
possibilities, so the ratings may look higher than they are.

I have called this my "Botanical Link of the Day" and it is updated daily on 
weekdays.  I hope that this may be useful for you and others who are looking 
for good botanical sites and I am therefore including this on the newsgroup.  
The URL is:

     http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/bot-linx/

This is part of the OU Botany & Microbiology Web site that I take care of. I 
decided to do this one link a day for anyone who follows this and so I won't 
be inundated with Web searching.  Also, if anyone has any nominations 
(including self-nominations), please let me know.     - SR

========================================================================= 
Scott D. Russell                     Internet:  srussell@ou.edu
Dept of Botany & Microbiology        Phone:     (405) 325-6234
 & Noble Electron Microscopy Lab     FAX:       (405) 325-7619
University of Oklahoma, Norman OK    http://www.ou.edu/research/electron/
 73019-0245   USA                   & http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/
=========================================================================


From bionet@igc.apc.org Sun Apr  7 09:11:30 EDT 1996
Article: 1804 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!sgigate.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.igc.apc.org!cdp!bionet
From: Biodiversity Action Network <bionet@igc.apc.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Call for Nominations for Schultes Award
Message-ID: <APC&1'0'a358b621'2a1@igc.apc.org>
Date: Wed, 03 Apr 1996 09:10:33 -0800 (PST)
X-Gateway: notes@igc.apc.org
Lines: 49

From: Biodiversity Action Network <bionet@igc.apc.org>
Subject: Call for Nominations for Schultes Award

Please excuse cross-postings.


        Call for Nominations, Richard Evans Schultes Award

To increase the visibility of the contributions of ethnobiology, and to
foster and give due recognition to those who further the field, the Healing
Forest Conservancy presents an annual award to a scientist, practitioner,
or organization that has made an outstanding contribution to ethnobotany or
to indigenous peoples' issues related to ethnobotany.  The award honors the
name of Richard Evans Shultes, widely recognized as one of the most
distinguished figures in the field.

The International Nominating Committee for the award is chaired by Michael
J. Balick, Director of The New York Botanical Garden's Institute of
Economic Botany.  The three previous winners of the Schultes award are the
late Calvin R. Sperling, Hernando Garcia Barriga, and Janis B. Alcorn.  The
award features a $5,000 cash prize donated by Shaman Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
and the Leland Fikes Foundation, Inc.

The Healing Forest Conservancy, which sponsors the Schultes Award, was
founded by Shaman Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a natural products company in
South San Francisco, California, focused on the discovery and development
of pharmaceuticals through ethnobotany.  The Conservancy, a non-profit
foundation, is dedicated to the conservation of tropical forests,
particularly medicinal plants and their sustainable use for human health. 
The focus of the Conservancy is to deliver compensation programs that
strengthen the integrity of traditional societies that have participated in
Shaman's drug discovery process.

The Richard Evans Schultes Award seeks a balance in geographic location,
gender and field of study for the recipients.  Nominations of indigenous
people active in this area are especially welcome.

Submit nominations for the 1966 award, along with a statement of the
candidate's qualifications or the society's achievements, by May 1st, 1996,
to the address below.  The Schultes Award will be presented at the joint
meeting of the Society for Economic Botany and the International Society
for Ethnopharmacology, in London, July 1-6, 1966.  Additional information
can be obtained from: 

Katy Moran, Executive Director
The Healing Forest Conservancy
3521 S Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C.  20007
Phone or Fax:  202-333-3438


From rastapoo@mailhost.winnet.net Sun Apr  7 09:11:31 EDT 1996
Article: 1805 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rastapoo@mailhost.winnet.net (Rastapoodle)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.art.bonsai,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: African Mask Help!!.
Date: Wed, 03 Apr 1996 17:04:41 GMT
Organization: Zippo
Lines: 32
Message-ID: <4jubil$f47@clark.zippo.com>
References: <4jmm1b$gv0@dfw-ixnews1.ix.netcom.com>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1805 rec.gardens:117707

godfish@ix.netcom.com(Todd Mc Intyre ) wrote:

>I just bought an African Mask plant (Alocasia Micholitziana
>Maxkowskii), the name was on the pot, I paid eight dollars and away I
>went. The only problem is that the lady at the nursery didn't know
>anything about it and I don't know anything about it, could anyone
>please help me?.
>I need to know what type of light, fertilizer, temp and humidity this
>plant needs?. And any other tips you may have. 

I'm not familiar with this particular Alocasia, but I am very familiar with the
Alocasia family, so here goes some general comments:

Most Alocasias like low to medium light, are very tolerant of soil types, like
'medium' fertilizing, and high humidity.  They tend to have very little
'environmental' problems, i.e. insects, diseases, etc. If you are lucky, you
have one of the varieties with fragrant flowers -- all the varieties have
insignificant flowers, but some smell heavenly.

Here in Miami, Alocasias are outdoor plants!

Good Luck, 
Anya

Rastapoodl@aol.com {{{~.~}}} RAW member #629
Rastapoo@winnet.net
Garden designer, herbalist, aromatherapist, reggae lover             
Living and laughing in Miami, America's new frontier                                                                     
                     *Words to live by*                                         
*****"you gotta lively up yourself" -- Bob Marley*****  
***********************************************************



From howieb@teleport.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:31 EDT 1996
Article: 1806 of sci.bio.botany
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From: howieb@teleport.com (Howie Brounstein)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: 3 Apr 1996 19:06:47 GMT
Organization: Teleport - Portland's Public Access (503) 220-1016
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <4jui87$mln@nadine.teleport.com>
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>HI!  I am TA-ing a plant science class and wanted to give the students a 
>list of cool web sites on plants.  I am interested in getting any web 
>addresses that are related to plants....these can be strongly scientific 
>or more recreational and less academic.  Thanks!!!!
>
>nancy
>
>p.s. I know I can use web browsers like Yahoo, but I am hoping to get 
>sites that people on these newsgroups think are great.

Check out my homepage below.


Howie Brounstein
howieb@teleport.com
http://www.teleport.com/~howieb/howie.html

"It's easy to harvest wild plants, the hard part is not harvesting."


From isierral@acs4.acs.ucalgary.ca Sun Apr  7 09:11:31 EDT 1996
Article: 1807 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!sgigate.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!news.cyberstore.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news.ucalgary.ca!acs4.acs.ucalgary.ca!isierral
From: isierral@acs4.acs.ucalgary.ca (Ivan Sierralta)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help needed with Bougainvillea propagation
Date: 3 Apr 1996 20:33:05 GMT
Organization: The University of Calgary
Lines: 9
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X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]

I am interested in the propagation of the bougainvilleas, I live
in Calgary, Alberta Canada, here these plants are hard to find in
the greenhouses and are expensive. These plants are indoor plants,
I have several plants and colors. I have tried the cutings but
are really hard to start rooting, I would like to know if there is
somebody who can help me with some hints or experiences about
these beautiful plants. You can reach me at norma@allele.ucalgary.ca

Thank's


From daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM Sun Apr  7 09:11:32 EDT 1996
Article: 1808 of sci.bio.botany
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From: daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Brad Daniels)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sour cherry tree, bay laurel, request for references
Followup-To: poster
Date: 3 Apr 1996 16:39:43 -0600
Organization: NeoSoft, Inc. +1 713 968 5800
Lines: 32
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References: <4js8hf$shc@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10401 sci.bio.botany:1808

A kind soul informed me that "albaloo" is in fact "Sour Cherry" in English,
and now I'm looking for more info on the thing.  I wanted to get the
scientific name, how big it typically gets, and also some info on how
well it would do in the Houston climate (Around 7C in winter, 35C in
summer, occasional freezes lasting no more than a day or so, 30C or
warmer from late April to early October, lots of rain in May and June,
very dry in July and August.)

A pointer to an on-line reference would be wonderful, or if there's a
particular book my local library is likely to have, that would be
great, too.   Of course, if someone wants to look it up for me, I
would be greatly obliged, though I frequently have questions about how
best to cultivate certain plants and how well they'll do in the local
climate, so info on good reference material would be great in any
case.  For example, I'm also trying to find out whether bay laurel is
a bush or a tree.  I bought a tiny one a year ago and put it in a
medium-sized pot.  At the moment, it's looking like a bush, but I'm
not sure how/if I should train it, or where I should plant it.
Actually, I'm a little concerned I may just have a cutting of a branch
which took root, since it's always had full-sized leaves which look
kind of out of proportion to the thing, and because it has leaves
coming out all up and down the main stem...  I'm not sure if it will
ever develop normally, and I'm clueless as to how to find out.

Thanks for any help you can give,
- Brad

-- 
Brad Daniels			|  "Let others praise ancient times.
daniels@neosoft.com		|   I am glad I was born in these."
I don't work for NeoSoft, and	|	- Ovid (43 B.C. - 17 A.D)
don't speak for my employer.	|


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:32 EDT 1996
Article: 1809 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!bcm.tmc.edu!news.tamu.edu!HERBARIUM!monique
From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,rec.art.bonsai,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: African Mask Help!!.
Date: Wed, 3 Apr 1996 15:48:04 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University - Biology
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <monique.87.01801AFB@bio.tamu.edu>
References: <4jmm1b$gv0@dfw-ixnews1.ix.netcom.com> <4jubil$f47@clark.zippo.com>
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>>I just bought an African Mask plant (Alocasia Micholitziana
>>Maxkowskii), the name was on the pot, I paid eight dollars and away I
>>went. The only problem is that the lady at the nursery didn't know
>>anything about it and I don't know anything about it, could anyone
>>please help me?.

Something else to know:

Members of the genus Alocasia contain irritant crystals of calcium oxalate in 
the foliage.  Chewing the leaves produces pain, swelling, numbness, and/or 
blistering in the lips, tongue, throat, etc.  (Fortunately, the reaction is 
nearly immediate, so not much is usually swallowed.)  Therefore, please be 
sure your wonderful plant is out of reach of little ones (be they human or 
other) who might be tempted to taste.

Should you have an "incident", know that cool liquids or ice held in the 
mouth may help.  Analgesics may help the pain.   Though you may want to take 
your darling to the E.R. for a check (especially if symptoms of an allergic 
reaction occur, such as difficulty breathing), run-ins with the plant are not 
too terribly dangerous as the plant is not a systemic poison.

This advice goes for most members of the family (Araceae)--Philodendrons, 
Pothos Ivy, Caladiums, Elephant Ears, etc.  DO keep out of reach of toddlers!

Monique Reed
Herbarium Botanist
Biology Department
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX  77843


From daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM Sun Apr  7 09:11:33 EDT 1996
Article: 1810 of sci.bio.botany
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From: daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Brad Daniels)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.vietnamese
Subject: Re: Herb used in Vietnamese cooking?
Date: 4 Apr 1996 11:26:25 -0600
Organization: NeoSoft, Inc. +1 713 968 5800
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Message-ID: <4k10o1$mar@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM>
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In article <4jtf4f$23v@news.service.uci.edu>, tam  <tam@usa> wrote:
> ...

Just wanted to say thanks!   ... Your e-mail reply address is
messed up, or I would have just sent mail...

- Brad

-- 
Brad Daniels			|  "Let others praise ancient times.
daniels@neosoft.com		|   I am glad I was born in these."
I don't work for NeoSoft, and	|	- Ovid (43 B.C. - 17 A.D)
don't speak for my employer.	|


From hayman@mcn.net Sun Apr  7 09:11:33 EDT 1996
Article: 1811 of sci.bio.botany
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From: D Hayman <hayman@mcn.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Geography Question
Date: 4 Apr 1996 21:37:32 GMT
Organization: Montana Communications Network
Lines: 9
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Could someone please provide an explanation of why the eastern
N.A.forest is predominately deciduous yet the forest which 
develops west of the plains is predominately coniferous.  Is 
it not actually a question of rainfall regimen, that areas 
which recieve enough yearly ppt., but concentrated in the 
spring, favors trees which grow in the spring and have evolved 
leaves to withstand a more arid summer "growing" season?  This 
would also consider the high eastern humidities.   


From martinsa@ornl.gov Sun Apr  7 09:11:33 EDT 1996
Article: 1812 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Sheryl Martin <martinsa@ornl.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: elephant ears and online drawings
Date: 4 Apr 1996 20:16:40 GMT
Organization: Lockheed Martin Energy Systems
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I have two questions I hope this group can help with:

1. Does anyone know the common or scientific name of a type of 'elephant
ear' plant where the leaves stand straight up rather than fall down like
an elephant's ear? I think it's a type of caladium (that may be a wrong
spelling!). My grandmother had hugh stands of these and I would like to
plant some but I can't find any.

2. Does anyone know of good on-line resources for clip art of grasses and 
trees? I need some simple line drawings for a book and probably to use
on a web site. Obviously, these would have to be public domain types.

Thanks!

--Sheryl Martin
martinsa@ornl.gov or smartin@usit.com



From s9409996@minyos.its.rmit.EDU.AU Sun Apr  7 09:11:34 EDT 1996
Article: 1813 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Seon Hooi Chua <s9409996@minyos.its.rmit.EDU.AU>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Anyone familiar with the herbicide 2.4-D?
Date: Fri, 5 Apr 1996 07:01:54 +1000
Organization: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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COuld anyone provide me with any info on this hebicide also known as an
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
thanks
regards,
sean



From Kyphong@erols.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:34 EDT 1996
Article: 1814 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KyPhong
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.vietnamese
Subject: Re: Herb used in Vietnamese cooking?
Date: 4 Apr 1996 23:23:40 GMT
Organization: KP
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Dear Brad:

   "Ngo` Om" is very es to grow. Go to a Oriental market, by
a bunch [abut $1]. Take it home put all of them in a tall
jar or galss full of water. Do Not worry a bout whether the  
sprigs have any roots on the stems.
   Place the container in the shade, away from direct sunlight,
yet make sure the sprigs receive enough light [direct sunlight
will wilt the yet-to-develop sprigs.]
   In one ot two week, you will notice the roots start to develop.
Now, get an empty coffee can [big, one gallon can], fill it
three-quarters full of good soil, mixed with any ordinary
fertilizer. Then fill the can with water just about one inch
above the soil. Take the "Ngo` Om" sprigs and plant them into
the soil, leave half the stems above water. Now you can bring
them out in the sun and let it stay there permanently.
   In two more week you will see they grow into longer, greener
ngo` om. Off and on, you have to prunt the longer stems by
simply cut it with your fingertips.
   ngo` om is the easiest plant that can be cultivated.
   Now, would you like to know how to make "Canh Chua"
to go with this ngo` om? :-) Equip yourself with a fishing
pole first then we discuss "game plan" !
   Regards,
   KyPhong
**************************
In article <4jss7d$juk@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM>, daniels@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Brad Daniels) says:
>
>In article <4jse6h$sqg@minerva.worldbank.org>,  <KP> wrote:
>>   I'll give it a shot: the herb is called "Rau Om"
>>or "Ngo` Om". They're used for "Canh Chua" Soup.
>
>I think that is the name of one of the dishes it came in, so that's
>probably the right herb...  I'm actually trying to get the plant
>itself if possible.  I thought it would make a nice addition to my herb
>garden...  I live in Houston, which definitely qualifies as a hot and wet
>place (most of the time, anyway.)  I tried getting a few sprigs of the
>fresh herb from a local restaurant, but I wasn't able to get them to root.
>If I can find the scientific name of the plant, I may be able to get a nursery
>to special-order some seeds.
>
>Thanks for the info on the Vietnamese name!
>
>- Brad
>-- 
>Brad Daniels                    |  "Let others praise ancient times.
>daniels@neosoft.com             |   I am glad I was born in these."
>I don't work for NeoSoft, and   |       - Ovid (43 B.C. - 17 A.D)
>don't speak for my employer.    |


From crust@mail.wsu.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:34 EDT 1996
Article: 1815 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: crust@mail.wsu.edu (Charles Rust)
Subject: QUESTIONS about growing cactus
Sender: news@serval.net.wsu.edu (News)
Message-ID: <crust-0404961540030001@crust.yakama.wsu.edu>
Date: Thu, 4 Apr 1996 23:40:03 GMT
Organization: WSU
Lines: 9

My friend just brought back some cactus seeds from Arizonia.
I don't know much about growing cactus.  I don't know anybody 
who has tried.  Anybody with any info please post!
I plan on them being indoor plants, should I wait till summer
to germinate them outdoors?  Any tips would be apprectiated!!!

-- 
They are coming to take me away HA HA
They are coming to take me away HO HO


From ab598@FreeNet.Carleton.CA Sun Apr  7 09:11:35 EDT 1996
Article: 1816 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ab598@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (David Biggar)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
Subject: Origin of "hardwood"
Date: 4 Apr 1996 18:03:21 GMT
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"Hardwood" implies deciduous. What is the origin of the word?
At least one authority states that the word "hardwood" has 
nothing to do with "hardness". Hard to believe! Wood density 
is also mentioned as a possible basis for the nomenclature. 
Any idea as to when the word first appeared in a dictionary?
All clues appreciated.

Dave


From d_micro@ix.netcom.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:35 EDT 1996
Article: 1817 of sci.bio.botany
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From: d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: 4 Apr 1996 22:45:20 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <4k1je0$t7u@cloner3.netcom.com>
References: <Pine.SOL.3.91.960402080925.13027B-100000@boris.ucdavis.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1817 bionet.plants:10424

In <Pine.SOL.3.91.960402080925.13027B-100000@boris.ucdavis.edu> Nancy
Pergam <ez050387@peseta.ucdavis.edu> writes: 
>
>
>HI!  I am TA-ing a plant science class and wanted to give the students
a 
>list of cool web sites on plants.  I am interested in getting any web 
>addresses that are related to plants....these can be strongly
scientific 
>or more recreational and less academic.  Thanks!!!!
>
>nancy
>
>p.s. I know I can use web browsers like Yahoo, but I am hoping to get 
>sites that people on these newsgroups think are great.

Nancy........My good friend and professor emeritus of botany is Julius
Heinis. He has a web page at: http://144.174.177.33/~Julius.html

Also there is a nice web page on Singapore orchids. You might ask that
site too. I visited it once, and was pleased. Also use the search
engine http://www.webcrawler.com

It one of the best I know..........:) Micro, not a microbe!



From dsilvamr@novell2.bham.ac.uk Sun Apr  7 09:11:36 EDT 1996
Article: 1818 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!warwick!bham!usenet
From: dsilvamr@novell2.bham.ac.uk
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: rejection 'unsuccessful grafting' in plants
Date: Fri, 05 Apr 1996 08:52:30 -0800
Organization: The University of Birmingham, UK.
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CC: dsilvamr@novell2.bham.ac.uk

hello,
would anyone have more information on this topic?
i am interested in the consequences of grafting between 'like' and 
'diverse' plants, e.g, rose, fruit bearing plants etc. i am trying to 
look for analogs to human allograft/xenograft rejection responses 
following organ transplantation.
many thanks,
dr. mds.


From sache@grignon.inra.fr Sun Apr  7 09:11:36 EDT 1996
Article: 1819 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ivan Sache <sache@grignon.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Naphthol green B
Date: 5 Apr 1996 09:31:46 GMT
Organization: INRA
Lines: 13
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I have read that Naphthol green B is useful to distinguish between spores 
caught in water and dry spores. The reference deals with fungal spores. 
There are no more details and no illustration is provided. Does everyone 
here know more about that or similar technique ?

Thank you in advance

Ivan Sache
Plant Pathology
INRA
78850 Thiverval-Grignon
France



From jcf@world.std.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:37 EDT 1996
Article: 1820 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!world!jcf
From: jcf@world.std.com (Joseph C Fineman)
Subject: Re: Origin of "hardwood"
Message-ID: <DpE4r9.3KB@world.std.com>
Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA
References: <4k12t9$5rl@freenet-news.carleton.ca>
Date: Fri, 5 Apr 1996 13:13:56 GMT
Lines: 7
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1820 alt.usage.english:90128

Hardwoods are, on the whole, harder than softwoods -- e.g., oak is
harder than pine.  The technical distinction agrees with the naive
distinction more often than not.
-- 
        Joe Fineman             jcf@world.std.com
        495 Pleasant St., #1    (617) 324-6899
        Malden, MA 02148


From avoidacc@aol.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:37 EDT 1996
Article: 1821 of sci.bio.botany
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From: avoidacc@aol.com (Avoid Acc)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
Subject: Re: Origin of "hardwood"
Date: 5 Apr 1996 09:14:24 -0500
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1821 alt.usage.english:90134

anyone who has tried to nail, saw, drill or axe a hardwood tree is
familiar with the expression:  "Damn hardwood tree.  It's hard to work
with if you don't have the right tools."  Pioneers, not intellectuals,
coined the term "hardwood tree".  If a nail bent when hammering into a
tree, it was a "hardwood tree"; if not, it was a "tree".  As it were, the
"hardwood trees" are usually deciduous (an exception would be Pinus
elliotti var. densa).  Had the intellectuals been responsible for coining
the term "hardwood tree", we would also have a "softwood tree" which we do
not.  


From wgwinter@mercury.net Sun Apr  7 09:11:37 EDT 1996
Article: 1822 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!fozzie.mercury.net!usenet
From: wgwinter@mercury.net (Walter G. Winter)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: botany books
Date: 5 Apr 1996 22:26:18 GMT
Organization: W.G. Winter, Bookseller
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <4k46ma$1jd@fozzie.mercury.net>
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Hi Folks,

We have botany books (and links) at our website:

http://www.mercury.net/~wgwinter/

thanks....
-- 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
W.G. Winter, Bookseller    | We are in Historic Micanopy, Florida.
P.O. Box 48                | One mile off I-75 exit #73 and U.S. 441
Micanopy, FL 32667         | 20 wonderful antique shops and eateries.
(352) 466-0310             | Please visit us when you're in the area.
                           |  Thanks....Marie & Walter Winter
wgwinter@mercury.net       |-------------------------------------------
http://www.mercury.net/~wgwinter/         also on Interloc...
Member of.............FLORIDA ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLERS ASSOCIATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



From lybis@interlinx.qc.ca Sun Apr  7 09:11:38 EDT 1996
Article: 1823 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Lyne et Bill <lybis@interlinx.qc.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cronquist vs. cladistic classifications
Date: Thu, 04 Apr 1996 20:25:42 -0500
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To what degree do the sub-classes and orders of Cronquist agree with 
recent cladistic and/or molecular studies?  In particular the 
Dillenidae, Hamamelidae and Rosidae?  Any references would be welcome.
Bill Shipley


From eighner@io.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:38 EDT 1996
Article: 1824 of sci.bio.botany
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From: eighner@io.com (Lars Eighner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
Subject: Re: Origin of "hardwood"
Date: 6 Apr 1996 05:52:33 -0600
Organization: Lars Eighner, Author
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In our last episode <4k12t9$5rl@freenet-news.carleton.ca>,
Broadcast on sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
The lovely and talented ab598@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (David Biggar) wrote:

>
>"Hardwood" implies deciduous. What is the origin of the word?
>At least one authority states that the word "hardwood" has 
>nothing to do with "hardness". Hard to believe! Wood density 
>is also mentioned as a possible basis for the nomenclature. 
>Any idea as to when the word first appeared in a dictionary?
>All clues appreciated.
>
>Dave

According to my dictionary, hardwoods are derived of 
angiospermous (as opposed to coniferous) trees.  This is
not exactly the same as the class of deciduous trees for those
of us who live where some oaks are evergreen.

I can't say when the word entered the dictionary, but
my dictionary (MW10th) says the word entered the language
around 1568.

Back in the real world, virtually all wood that is not
pine, cedar, or redwood is called hardwood.  It doesn't
take much working with wood to understand that the
hardwoods are well named.


-- 
=Lars Eighner===4103 Ave D (512)459-6693==Pawn to Queen Four==QSFx2==BMOC==
=eighner@io.com=Austin TX 78751-4617    ==Travels with Lizbeth==Bayou Boy==
=  http://www.io.com/~eighner/          =====American Prelude==Gay Cosmos==
="Yes, Lizbeth is well."=======Whispered in the Dark==Elements of Arousal==


From eee@netcom.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:39 EDT 1996
Article: 1825 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!eee
From: eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson)
Subject: Resynthesis of Lichens
Message-ID: <eeeDpF19C.20J@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom has no bananas
Date: Sat, 6 Apr 1996 00:56:00 GMT
Lines: 33
Sender: eee@netcom22.netcom.com
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1825 alt.folklore.herbs:26853

I was browsing a book on lichens today, and it had an
interesting chapter on resynthesis of lichens, i.e.
separating the algal and fungal components, growing
them as pure cultures, then putting them back together
to form a lichen.

The book said that although resynthesis of a lichen-like
tissue had been accomplished with several lichens, only
one species (I forget which one) had been resynthesized
fully successfully, such that all of the features of the
natural lichen (especially the thallus) were present.
This was thought to indicate that this particular lichen
had formed its symbiotic relationship relatively recently.

Because the book was from 1973, I'm wondering if there's
been much progress in this area since then.  Can we now
routinely resynthesize lichens?  Can we synthesize new
lichens by swapping different algal and fungal components?
Since it is the fungal component which is the aggressor,
can we use it to make new lichens by incorporating algae
that don't normally live as part of a lichen?

I suppose it's a good thing I didn't stumble across this
book when I was in college, or I might have gone into
lichens as a career.  These are REALLY interesting plants,
and I just wish I had enough time to learn all about them.

Ah, a few more questions!  Are there any rapidly growing
lichens?  Does anybody grow lichens commercially?  Are
there any uses for lichens other than as folk medicine
and reindeer food?




From robinb@teleport.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:39 EDT 1996
Article: 1826 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!info.ucla.edu!psgrain!nntp.teleport.com!ip-pdx05-24
From: robinb@teleport.com (Robert A. Baker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: help with ethnobotany links
Date: Sat, 06 Apr 96 14:03:09 GMT
Organization: Home Installation
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <4k685o$9sn@nadine.teleport.com>
References: <ryangco-3103962223260001@mac19.parrishe1.swarthmore.edu>
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In article 
<ryangco-3103962223260001@mac19.parrishe1.swarthmore.edu>,
   ryangco@sccs.swarthmore.edu (coolbean) wrote:
>know of any good ones?  i'm working on my page and am 
really interested in
>setting up some links on ethnobotany (what i hope my future 
profession
>will be).
>

Anna, try:

EthnobotDB
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/related/aboutethnobotdb.html

American Indian Ethnobotany Database
http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb/

Overmind Software
http://www.hooked.net/users/overmind/

Ethnobotany Cafe
http://countrylife.net/ethnobotany/

Hope this helps...



Robert A. (Robin) Baker
E-Mail: robinb@teleport.com


From Julian_Wong@Brown.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:39 EDT 1996
Article: 1827 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!info.ucla.edu!library.ucla.edu!agate!cocoa.brown.edu!scili-clstr-191.library.brown.edu!user
From: Julian_Wong@Brown.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: dendron and dendrite
Date: Sat, 06 Apr 1996 17:32:11 +0000
Organization: Brown University -- Providence, Rhode Island  USA
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <Julian_Wong-0604961732110001@scili-clstr-191.library.brown.edu>
References: <4iu5ut$611@hkein.school.net.hk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: scili-clstr-191.library.brown.edu

In article <4iu5ut$611@hkein.school.net.hk>, angelo@ecs.school.net.hk
(Angelo Leung) wrote:

> Dear everyone,
> 
> My teacher told me that there is no the word "dendron" but the word 
> "dendrite". Can any expert tell me what's the differece of "dendron" 
> and "dendtrite"?

If I think your spelling is correct, a dendrite is the part of the nueron
which receives intercellular signals.  I have never heard of a dendron
before.


From Julian_Wong@Brown.edu Sun Apr  7 09:11:40 EDT 1996
Article: 1828 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Julian_Wong@Brown.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,
Subject: Re: Thanks for help with petunia Sci-proj.
Date: Sat, 06 Apr 1996 17:37:21 +0000
Organization: Brown University -- Providence, Rhode Island  USA
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <Julian_Wong-0604961737210001@scili-clstr-191.library.brown.edu>
References: <4jsros$hqf@news1.h1.usa.pipeline.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: scili-clstr-191.library.brown.edu

In article <4jsros$hqf@news1.h1.usa.pipeline.com>,
bow11@usa.pipeline.com(JB & JB & TB) wrote:

>  Thank you for all the help you gave me in my sci-proj. I got first place. 
> especial thank you to Julian Wong and Jeremy Packer.  
>  Thanks again Tom  
> -- 
>  
> J.B., J.B. & T.B.

Congratulations.  :)
Julian


From MAXSON@pe.net Sun Apr  7 09:11:40 EDT 1996
Article: 1829 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.pe.net!usenet
From: Mike Maxson <MAXSON@pe.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: 7 Apr 1996 02:11:58 GMT
Organization: PE.net - Internet access from the Press-Enterprise Company
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <4k789e$g9b@nfs1.pe.net>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1829 bionet.plants:10452

Hi Nancy,

I have a web site on Palm trees. On the page is also a list of 
other palm information on the web.

Tropical Regards,
Mike Maxson

http://www.pe.net/~maxson



From mktrsch@netcom.com Sun Apr  7 09:11:41 EDT 1996
Article: 1830 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mktrsch@netcom.com (David Gant)
Subject: Gender Manipulation?
Message-ID: <mktrschDpFxAF.IMA@netcom.com>
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
Date: Sat, 6 Apr 1996 12:27:51 GMT
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Sender: mktrsch@netcom9.netcom.com

We were having a discussion about the manipulation of plant genders and
it was suggested that one of the properties of Gibberellic Acid was to
change the gender of the treated plant (e.g., a male treated with
Gibberellic would develop female flowers and fruit).  Grafting from a
male to a female was also suggested as a possilblity of maintaining the
properties of the male donor while "cloning" it into a female.

If anyone has any experience with gender manipulation I'd appreciate
hearing from them.

TIA
Dave Gant
mktrsch@netcom.com


From di624@cleveland.Freenet.Edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:17 EDT 1996
Article: 1832 of sci.bio.botany
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From: di624@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (K. Kristian Whiteleather)
Newsgroups: sci.chem.coatings,bionet.agroforestry,alt.agriculture.fruit,alt.agriculture.misc,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology
Subject: Info on coating/pelleting of seeds for industry
Date: 7 Apr 1996 14:23:54 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (USA)
Lines: 20
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.chem.coatings:641 bionet.agroforestry:2863 alt.agriculture.fruit:2151 alt.agriculture.misc:5107 sci.agriculture:10297 sci.bio.botany:1832 sci.bio.technology:5689


Help me help myself to land this job!
 
I am preparing for my second interview with a local r&d department working
on pelleting and coating seeds.

In the first interview I performed extremely well, but would like to do
more background on the above procedure for the follow-up in two weeks.

Is there an agri-industry resource on the net to research existing and new
procedures for "cleaning", pre-germinating, pelleting and coating seeds for
sale to the industry?

TIA.
whiteleather
-- 
"Edible, adj. good to eat, and wholesome to digest, as a worm to 
 a toad, a toad to a snake, a snake to a pig, a pig to a man, and
 a man to a worm."



From d_micro@ix.netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:17 EDT 1996
Article: 1833 of sci.bio.botany
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From: d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: 7 Apr 1996 14:31:19 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1833 bionet.plants:10461

In <4jui87$mln@nadine.teleport.com> howieb@teleport.com (Howie
Brounstein) writes: 
>
>
>>HI!  I am TA-ing a plant science class and wanted to give the
students a 
>>list of cool web sites on plants.  I am interested in getting any web

>>addresses that are related to plants....these can be strongly
scientific 
>>or more recreational and less academic.  Thanks!!!!
>>
>>nancy
>>
>>p.s. I know I can use web browsers like Yahoo, but I am hoping to get

>>sites that people on these newsgroups think are great.
>
>Check out my homepage below.
>
>
>Howie Brounstein
>howieb@teleport.com
>http://www.teleport.com/~howieb/howie.html
>
>"It's easy to harvest wild plants, the hard part is not harvesting."


Check-out prof Julius Heines page at
http://144.174.177.33/~Julius.html
leave him an email with your questions.

Also try http://www.webcrawler.com

It is a very good search engine by keywords.

Micro, not a microbe!



From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:18 EDT 1996
Article: 1834 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: Sun, 07 Apr 1996 22:11:49 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
Lines: 29
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Nancy Pergam <ez050387@peseta.ucdavis.edu> wrote:

>HI!  I am TA-ing a plant science class and wanted to give the students a 
>list of cool web sites on plants.  I am interested in getting any web 
>addresses that are related to plants....these can be strongly scientific 
>or more recreational and less academic.  Thanks!!!!

Hi Nancy, you must be covered up with a pile of URLs by now, but
anyway, did you find my pages already ?  Chez Marco's Botany and
Fieldwork pages, lots of pictures, software list, many further links.
URL below.

Bye, Marco


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
   Help mee bij de oprichting van een nieuwe Newsgroup: NL.TUINEN.
   Neem nu deel aan de discussie in NL.NEWSGROUPS, en breng tussen
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<-----This was a call for votes for a Dutch gardening newsgroup----->
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
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  nog niet kende: het beste strategische computerspel ever!
  Nu op CD-ROM, mooiere graphics, veel meer opties. ECHT DE MOEITE !
<------------------------------------------------------------------->



From PAB6AWD@leeds.ac.uk Sun Apr 21 13:02:18 EDT 1996
Article: 1835 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
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From: PAB6AWD@leeds.ac.uk (A.J. Davis)
Subject: chemistry of chinese herbal remedies
Message-ID: <4kaqrt$89k_001@leeds.ac.uk>
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Hi,

I am looking for references to the chemical constituents 
(active ingredients) of various chinese herbal remedies - 
particularly those prescribed for liver and/or skin 
complaints.  Any help gratefully appreciated.


Andrew

Andrew Davis
University of Leeds, Yorkshire
England, LS2 9JT   UK

a.j.davis@uk.ac.leeds


From una.smith@yale.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:18 EDT 1996
Article: 1836 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cronquist vs. [newer] classifications
Date: 8 Apr 1996 17:25:40 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 32
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Reply-To: una.smith@yale.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: doliolum.biology.yale.edu

Bill Shipley <lybis@interlinx.qc.ca> wrote:

>To what degree do the sub-classes and orders of Cronquist agree with 
>recent cladistic and/or molecular studies?  In particular the 
>Dillenidae, Hamamelidae and Rosidae?  Any references would be welcome.

The short answer:  even before the advent of cladistics and molecular
sequencing (2 independent but complimentary tools), many systematists
considered Cronquist's sub-classes to be unsound.  There are far more
orders, so it's very hard for any one person to say whether they are
on the whole sound or not.  We cannot make useful statements about how
well they agree with a particular system, before they are made sound.

Higher angiosperm systematics is a very active area of research, and
the literature is quite large.  So plan on doing a citation search(*)
at a university library near you.  The Science Citation Index is what
you want to use.

The key item to search on is a 1993 article by Mark W. Chase and about
40 other people, published in "Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden",
volume 80, number 3.  You might also want to read that paper, or read
the entire volume.

See also this URL:  http://green.harvard.edu/~rice/treezilla/index.html


* Footnote:  If you don't know exactly what a citation search is, and
you are interest in scientific research of any kind, you need to know
about the Science Citation Index.  Ask a reference librarian to show
you what it's all about.

	Una Smith


From una.smith@yale.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:19 EDT 1996
Article: 1837 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
Subject: Re: Origin of "hardwood"
Date: 8 Apr 1996 17:37:58 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 12
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As used in the timber industry, hardwood is the traditional name of a
category of mostly hard woods.  It is now known that most hard woods
found in the northern hemisphere at temperate and northern latitudes
(where most science has been done) are angiosperms (flowering plants).
So the label "hardwood" is often used as a synonym for "angiosperm".
Some tropical angiosperm trees have very soft wood;  one difficulty
in the tropical timber industry is the proper classification of these
soft woods for sale in world-wide markets.

This is a deep problem of nomenclature, not simply a problem of usage.

	Una Smith


From chend@ucs.orst.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:19 EDT 1996
Article: 1838 of sci.bio.botany
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From: chend@ucs.orst.edu (Don Chen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
Subject: Re: Origin of "hardwood"
Date: Tue, 09 Apr 1996 03:24:24 GMT
Organization: Oregon State University
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <4kcl8g$p3r@news.orst.edu>
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una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith) wrote:

>As used in the timber industry, hardwood is the traditional name of a
>category of mostly hard woods.  It is now known that most hard woods
>found in the northern hemisphere at temperate and northern latitudes
>(where most science has been done) are angiosperms (flowering plants).
>So the label "hardwood" is often used as a synonym for "angiosperm".
>Some tropical angiosperm trees have very soft wood;  one difficulty
>in the tropical timber industry is the proper classification of these
>soft woods for sale in world-wide markets.

>This is a deep problem of nomenclature, not simply a problem of usage.

>	Una Smith
 
Merely a comment on Una's points. When I came out to the Pacific
Northwest, I found that many houses were sold as having "hardwood
floors".  When asked, people would say that the wood was/is Douglas
fir which I had understood to be a "softwood".  When I finally met
someone in forest products, they pointed out that the density of
old-growth and many second-growth Douglas firs were greater than that
of many of the Eastern "hardwoods".  This does not seem to apply to
newer, managed forests which lean towards fast growing trees and which
put down less dense wood rings.  This matches the logging of say
100-300 yr old trees vs 10-50 yr old trees.  This is partly the reason
the forest companies are interested in logging the old-growth regions
of the west under the guise of culling diseased trees.

Don



From afrenchs@epix.net Sun Apr 21 13:02:19 EDT 1996
Article: 1839 of sci.bio.botany
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From: afrenchs@epix.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Geography Question
Date: Mon, 08 Apr 96 22:24:17 PDT
Organization: epix.net
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:> From: D Hayman <hayman@mcn.net>
 
:> Could someone please provide an explanation of why the eastern
:> N.A.forest is predominately deciduous yet the forest which 
:> develops west of the plains is predominately coniferous.

[From Northern PA]  This area was originally white pine and hemlock. 
Around 1900 it was timbered big time, large tracts subdivided and sold to 
farmers...many moving down from VT and NH.  I don't know why the 
deciduous trees prevailed after cutting; perhaps coniferous seed trees 
weren't left.

afs  



From woodlab@u.washington.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:19 EDT 1996
Article: 1840 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Steve Shook <woodlab@u.washington.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WWW Directory of Forest Products, Wood Science, & Marketing
Date: Tue, 09 Apr 1996 06:33:41 -0700
Organization: Univ. of Washington - Center for International Trade in Forest Products
Lines: 57
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The Directory of Forest Products, Wood Science, & Marketing continues to grow....It now 
contains over 775 unique links to forest products, pulp & paper, wood science, and 
forest products marketing links. The world wide web address to the main page of the 
Directory is:

http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/fpm.htm


Directory categories include the following:

Academic and Research
---------------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/academic.htm


Associations, Councils, and Societies
-------------------------------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/assoc.htm


Commercial Services
-------------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/commerce.htm


Mailing Lists
-------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/maillist.htm


Manufacturers, Distributors, and Equipment
------------------------------------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/manufac.htm


Marketing
---------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/market.htm


Product Certification and Sustainable Forestry
----------------------------------------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/sustain.htm


Financial Information and Industry Statistics
---------------------------------------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/stocks.htm


Other Major WWW Directories Related to Forest Products
------------------------------------------------------
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~esw/others.htm


-Steve Shook
woodlab@u.washington.edu


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:20 EDT 1996
Article: 1841 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!news.euro.net!usenet
From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Veldbiologische Software Checklist (WWW page)
Date: Tue, 09 Apr 1996 21:37:18 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
Lines: 38
Message-ID: <4kel6k$oqo@news.euro.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: p205.asd.euronet.nl
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Software for  ecology, taxonomy, and management of collections.

The Fieldwork Software Checklist at Chez Marco's has been thoroughly
updated. I'd say that especially the *Dutch* language version could be
accused of approaching completeness... But well, please tell me
otherwise, and it's certainly a good reference:

http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/prog/soflis_n.html

Also the English language version of the page is a good starter for
someone who is looking out for software in this area - to use, or to
review before you perhaps decide to program something yourself:

http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/prog/soflis_e.html

I welcome you all on my pages, and more, would appreciate any help,
further information, criticisms, etc. 

While you're at it, please feel free to nose around the other Chez
Marco's pages: botanical pictures, a multimedia tour through the
rainforest, list of botany URLs, and much more.

Thank you for your kind attention, sincerely, Marco

--
<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
   Help mee bij de oprichting van een nieuwe Newsgroup: NL.TUINEN.
   Neem nu deel aan de discussie in NL.NEWSGROUPS, en breng tussen
   14 april 5 mei je stem uit. Er zijn 50 stemmen nodig.
<-----This was a call for votes for a Dutch gardening newsgroup----->
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
  YES!!! It has arrived: CIVILIZATION II. The CD-ROM sequel to the
  best strategic computergame ever! You'll be sorry if you miss it!
<------------------------------------------------------------------->



From eee@netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:20 EDT 1996
Article: 1842 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!eee
From: eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson)
Subject: Re: Eutrophication of Lakes, info needed
Message-ID: <eeeDpKs90.8Do@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom ate a bug
References: <4jd190$cja@raptor.centroin.com.br>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 1996 03:27:00 GMT
Lines: 17
Sender: eee@netcom13.netcom.com

In article <4jd190$cja@raptor.centroin.com.br>,
Carlos Quintella <caq@centroin.com.br> wrote:
>I want to find information about Eutrophication of Lakes an Reservoirs. Its for 
>a presentation about algae in my university. So if you know something... Ill be 
>gratefull.
>
>Carlos Alvaro Quintella
>caq@centroin.com.br

See _The_Water_Environment_, Wayne W. Carmichael (ed.), (Plenum, 1981).
In fact, just doing an author search for that name will get you to
papers that will list many of the important papers in the field as
references.  One of his more recent survey papers is in _Journal_
_of_Applied_Bacteriology_, 1992, volume 72, pages 445-459.





From tjfox@sam.neosoft.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:20 EDT 1996
Article: 1843 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tjfox@sam.neosoft.com (T. Jesse Fox)
Newsgroups: sci.environment,bionet.biology.tropical,alt.college.fraternities,alt.college.sororities,alt.college.us,soc.college,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.herp,bionet.plants.education,soc.culture.costa-rica,soc.culture.scientists
Subject: U of Costa Rica Rain Forest Study
Date: 9 Apr 1996 19:23:46 GMT
Organization: NeoSoft Internet Services   +1 713 968 5800
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U of Costa Rica Rain Forest Study

	The University of Costa Rica is now offering a special section of 
their bioenvironmental science courses uniquely designed to suit the needs 
of English speaking students.  This three month semester course of study 
will include Tropical Ecology (4 hours), Natural History of Costa Rica (4 
hours), Biological Diversity \ Conservation (4 hours) and Spanish (4 
hours).  Together with an extensive calendar of field study events, this 
program will provide students with a broad understanding and hands on 
perspective of the rain forest.  This internationally acclaimed and 
accredited university is uniquely qualified to provide the finest level of 
instruction in this academic field.  The proximal access to Costa Rica’s 
full spectrum of biodiversity together with the university’s high standard 
of instruction now provide English speaking students with an unprecedented 
opportunity to fully understand the nature of the world’s tropical rain 
forests.

	All who are interested should contact World Class Adventures in 
Education, 1300 Post Oak Blvd. Suite 1750, Houston, Texas 77056.  Our 
e-mail address is WorldC@sam.neosoft.com.  To find our web page, point 
your browser to http://www.neosoft.com/~worldc/learn.html 



From thoma457@harrier.csrv.uidaho.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:20 EDT 1996
Article: 1844 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!news.pdx.oneworld.com!news.orst.edu!newsfeed.orst.edu!news.uidaho.edu!harrier.csrv.uidaho.edu!thoma457
From: thoma457@harrier.csrv.uidaho.edu (David Thomas)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Looking for TEM images of cyanobacteria
Date: 6 Apr 1996 18:40:25 GMT
Organization: University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
Lines: 38
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <4k6dqp$cu6@newshound.csrv.uidaho.edu>
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[ Article crossposted from sci.techniques.microscopy ]
[ Author was David Thomas ]
[ Posted on 6 Apr 1996 18:39:03 GMT ]

[ Article crossposted from sci.bio.microbiology ]
[ Author was David Thomas ]
[ Posted on 6 Apr 1996 18:37:59 GMT ]

Does anyone know of a web or other site that contains images of 
cyanobacteria.  I am particularly interested in TEM's showing the 
thylakoids of Synechococcus or related genera.

--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
David J. Thomas, Graduate Student	Co-editor and co-founder of
Department of Biological Sciences	MARSBUGS:  The Electronic Exobiology
University of Idaho			Newsletter.
Moscow, ID 83844, USA			E-mail subscriptions are free.
thoma457@uidaho.edu
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
David J. Thomas, Graduate Student	Co-editor and co-founder of
Department of Biological Sciences	MARSBUGS:  The Electronic Exobiology
University of Idaho			Newsletter.
Moscow, ID 83844, USA			E-mail subscriptions are free.
thoma457@uidaho.edu
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
David J. Thomas, Graduate Student	Co-editor and co-founder of
Department of Biological Sciences	MARSBUGS:  The Electronic Exobiology
University of Idaho			Newsletter.
Moscow, ID 83844, USA			E-mail subscriptions are free.
thoma457@uidaho.edu
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


From eastran@ipnet.ins.gu.edu.au Sun Apr 21 13:02:21 EDT 1996
Article: 1845 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!news1.erols.com!imci5!imci4!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!hobyah.cc.uq.oz.au!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!newshost.gu.edu.au!usenet
From: Cuong Tran <eastran@ipnet.ins.gu.edu.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fire Resistive Vegetation
Date: Wed, 10 Apr 1996 19:17:38 +1100
Organization: Griffith University
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <316B6EA2.2D12@ipnet.ins.gu.edu.au>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 132.234.46.220
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Would anyone have any onformation pertaining to the identification of
fire-resistive vegetation. These are not plants that will regenerate
quickly post-fire, or have dormant seeds stimulated by the fire (often
termed fire-resistant) but those plants that will NOT burn (to a certain
extent). Charactersitics of fire-resistive vegtation may play a role in
management and the preventative measures to lower the chances of fire
destroying your property (or plantation). Therfore locating or collating
a list of plants that won't burn could be useful as an effective
preventative measure.
Some characteristics common to fire-resistive vegetation include high
mositure content, high salt content, high mineral ash content etc.
Anyone with information or (ideally) references would be grateful.

Cheers

C Tran
Australia


From tonyp@atlantis.actrix.gen.nz Sun Apr 21 13:02:21 EDT 1996
Article: 1846 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tonyp@atlantis.actrix.gen.nz (Tony Pritchard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
Subject: Re: Origin of "hardwood"
Date: 11 Apr 1996 08:59:23 +1200
Organization: Actrix - Internet Services
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <4kh7fb$6dm@atlantis.atlantis.actrix.gen.nz>
References: <4k12t9$5rl@freenet-news.carleton.ca> <4kbitm$p9a@news.ycc.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: atlantis.actrix.gen.nz
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:1846 alt.usage.english:90745

In article <4kbitm$p9a@news.ycc.yale.edu>,
Una Smith <una.smith@yale.edu> wrote:
> As used in the timber industry, hardwood is the traditional name of a
> category of mostly hard woods.  It is now known that most hard woods
> found in the northern hemisphere at temperate and northern latitudes
> (where most science has been done) are angiosperms (flowering plants).
> So the label "hardwood" is often used as a synonym for "angiosperm".
> Some tropical angiosperm trees have very soft wood;  one difficulty
> in the tropical timber industry is the proper classification of these
> soft woods for sale in world-wide markets.

Which reminds me -- balsa wood is technically a hardwood!

Tony Pritchard
Lower Hutt, New Zealand



From r.j.hayes@ncl.ac.uk Sun Apr 21 13:02:21 EDT 1996
Article: 1847 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!news1.erols.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!warwick!news.ncl.ac.uk!usenet
From: roger hayes <r.j.hayes@ncl.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Patouchli Seedlings
Date: 10 Apr 1996 12:18:24 GMT
Organization: Your Organization
Lines: 4
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Content-Type: Text/Plain; charset=US-ASCII
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.99.7

Hi. Does anyone know where I can obtain some Patouchli Seedlings in 
the U.K.?
Thanks,Roger Hayes



From PAB6AWD@leeds.ac.uk Sun Apr 21 13:02:21 EDT 1996
Article: 1848 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.usage.english
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From: PAB6AWD@leeds.ac.uk (A.J. Davis)
Subject: Re: Origin of "hardwood"
Message-ID: <4kiten$908_001@leeds.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pab_pc74.leeds.ac.uk
Organization: University of Leeds
Date: Thu, 11 Apr 1996 13:19:18 +0100 (BST)
References: <4k12t9$5rl@freenet-news.carleton.ca>
    <4kbitm$p9a@news.ycc.yale.edu>
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Hallo,

The categorization 'hardwood' was originally applied to 
timber (lumber) that was physically hard.  This meant mostly 
deciduous broadleaf trees (not entirely of course 
since poplar, birch and a number of other deciduous 
broadleaf tree species are generally physically soft) as 
opposed to conifers.  The term 'hardwood' thus became used, 
wrongly, as a synonym of 'deciduous broadleaf'.  Other 
postings have pointed out that the synonomy is misplaced 
because some conifers have physically hard wood.  In 
addition timber hardness is affected by position, climate 
and growth rate as well as by species.  It is best therefore 
to use 'hardwood' or 'softwood' only to describe the 
physical properties of the timber and use appropriate 
taxonomic or invariably descriptive terms for tree species.

Andrew

Andrew Davis
University of Leeds, Yorkshire
England, LS2 9JT   UK

a.j.davis@uk.ac.leeds


From una.smith@yale.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:22 EDT 1996
Article: 1849 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Geography Question
Date: 11 Apr 1996 21:11:55 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 37
Message-ID: <4kjsir$gea@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <4k1fet$hfg@news.mcn.net> <NEWTNews.829028266.10474.afrenchs@epix.net>
Reply-To: una.smith@yale.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: doliolum.biology.yale.edu


D Hayman <hayman@mcn.net> wrote:
 
>> Could someone please provide an explanation of why the eastern
>> N.A.forest is predominately deciduous yet the forest which 
>> develops west of the plains is predominately coniferous.

Eastern forests, whether or not second growth, have on average a
larger fraction of angiosperms than western forests do.  What else
is different about them?  The western forests are on average at
far higher altitude, which has several impacts on local climate.

I leave it to you to work out the probable casual relationships.


afrenchs@epix.net wrote:

>[From Northern PA]  This area was originally white pine and hemlock. 

Yep.  Many parts of the northeast were covered in gymnosperms in
colonial times.

>Around 1900 it was timbered big time, large tracts subdivided and sold 
>to farmers...many moving down from VT and NH.  I don't know why the 
>deciduous trees prevailed after cutting; perhaps coniferous seed trees 
>weren't left.

Read up on the topic of forest succession.  Among them, one of the 
very best historical treatments is:

Whitney, G. G.  (1994)  From coastal wilderness to fruited plain:
    A history of environmental change in temperate North America,
    1500 to the present.  Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 0-521-
    39452-X.


	Una Smith


From bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca Sun Apr 21 13:02:22 EDT 1996
Article: 1850 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!hookup!news.nstn.ca!coranto.ucs.mun.ca!news.unb.ca!news.nbnet.nb.ca!news
From: bbitting <bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
Date: 12 Apr 1996 02:32:15 GMT
Organization: NBNet
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <4kkfbf$1eje@darwin.nbnet.nb.ca>
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I am currently working on a high school boilogy lab that involves 
determining the colours of light that best effect photosynthetic activity, 
the only info. I have found was that RED and VIOLET are obsorbed by 
chlorophyll but that does not necessarily mean they effect p/s the most. 
Anyway if anyone knows or knows of a good site where I can find the info. 
I would greatly appreciate it.

Elijah Bitting

bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca

&;-/  a thankyou fr. Elvis

:@) and my pet pig



From taguebw@wfu.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:22 EDT 1996
Article: 1851 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.wfu.edu!usenet
From: "Brian W. Tague" <taguebw@wfu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
Date: 12 Apr 1996 11:39:05 GMT
Organization: Wake Forest
Lines: 22
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References: <4kkfbf$1eje@darwin.nbnet.nb.ca>
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To: bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca
X-URL: news:4kkfbf$1eje@darwin.nbnet.nb.ca

bbitting <bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca> wrote:
>I am currently working on a high school boilogy lab that involves 
>determining the colours of light that best effect photosynthetic activity, 
>the only info. I have found was that RED and VIOLET are obsorbed by 
>chlorophyll but that does not necessarily mean they effect p/s the most. 
>Anyway if anyone knows or knows of a good site where I can find the info. 
>I would greatly appreciate it.
>
>Elijah Bitting
>
>bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca
>
>&;-/  a thankyou fr. Elvis
>
>:@) and my pet pig
>

A good site to find this information would be in the library, in a book on plant biology, physiology, etc.

Brian




From Eric@thargie.xs4all.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:23 EDT 1996
Article: 1852 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!EU.net!sun4nl!xs4all!usenet
From: Eric@thargie.xs4all.nl (Eric Bindt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cactus seeds.. how long do they 'keep'?
Date: Thu, 11 Apr 1996 09:42:25 GMT
Organization: None
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <4kl8er$lnj@news.xs4all.nl>
Reply-To: Eric@thargie.xs4all.nl
NNTP-Posting-Host: asd03-06.dial.xs4all.nl
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Can anyone tell me how long cactus seeds will be able to 'grow'. (I
don't know the english terms for this, sorry.. (Germinate?? :)

Anyways.. how long can i keep them? I have a lot and only plan to use
a few, i'm just starting cactus growing and foresee a lot of _errors_
so i thought i'd buy a lot of seeds.

Anyone any idea or tips maybe?
I'd be gladd to here from you!

Regards, Eric.




From HSAAP@tricon.net Sun Apr 21 13:02:23 EDT 1996
Article: 1853 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!udel!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.tricon.net!usenet
From: Commander <HSAAP@tricon.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: "hard" vs. "soft" hardwoods
Date: Fri, 12 Apr 1996 10:07:29 -0700
Organization: Holston Army Ammunition Plant
Lines: 4
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In light of the ongoing discussion, can someone tell us what the forestry 
terms "hard" hardwood and "soft" hardwood refer to.  Are these terms used 
to differentiate the actual hardness of the wood product derived from 
these species?


From carrie_walter@mail.fws.gov Sun Apr 21 13:02:23 EDT 1996
Article: 1854 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!news.interserv.net!news1.interserv.net!news
From: carrie_walter@mail.fws.gov
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: A New List Server, FWS-SHOREBIRDS
Date: 12 Apr 1996 18:51:46 GMT
Organization: InterServ News Service
Lines: 73
Message-ID: <4km8o2$289@lal.interserv.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 164.159.176.38
X-Newsreader: SPRY News 3.03 (SPRY, Inc.)


April 12, 1996


Hi Folks,


I am pleased to announce that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has launched 
another list server, FWS-SHOREBIRDS.  This effort supports our goal of sharing 
our data and information.

This list was created for school teachers, students, parents and shorebird 
enthusiasts to share information throughout the spring migration of Arctic nesting 
shorebirds.

Subscribing to this list will give you the opportunity to exchange ideas with other 
classes throughout the Western Hemisphere; share field trip information and any 
sightings of banded shorebirds; ask questions about what other classes are doing 
in the Shorebird Sister Schools Program; and ask shorebird ecology questions of 
other educators and shorebird biologists.

This listserver is designed for quick, interactive communication regarding the 
spring migration of Arctic nesting shorebirds, and everyone is invited to subscribe 
and post messages on this or related topics.

Questions and general comments about the list should be directed to:

Heather Johnson
Environmental Education Specialist
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region (907) 786-3367 FWS-Mail:             
                     Johnson, Heather Internet mail:                 
heather_johnson@mail.fws.gov 
***********************************************************

Frequently Asked Questions Regarding the fws-shorebirds listserver:

1.  How do I subscribe?

Send e-mail to majordomo@www.fws.gov with subscribe [name of listserver] in 
the body of the message.  For example, if you want to subscribe to the 
fws-shorebirds listserver,

send e-mail to

majordomo@www.fws.gov

with subscribe fws-shorebirds

in the body of the message.

Please remember that you can access the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Home 
Page at

http://www.fws.gov/

Also, if you would like to see a list of all of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 
servers, please visit

http://www.fws.gov/servers.html


Thanks.  ...al


============================================================= Dr. 
Alan R. Fisher
National Data Administrator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
303-275-2320
Internet mail: Alan_Fisher@mail.fws.gov 
FWS-Mail:      Fisher, Alan
=============================================================



From jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:23 EDT 1996
Article: 1855 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!umcc.umich.edu!umcc.umcc.umich.edu!jkelly
From: jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu (Judith Kelly)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
Date: 12 Apr 1996 20:14:33 -0400
Organization: University of Michigan Computing Club (UMCC)
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <jkelly.829353809@umcc.umcc.umich.edu>
References: <4kkfbf$1eje@darwin.nbnet.nb.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: umcc.umcc.umich.edu
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #1 (NOV)

Ther is an ancient saying: "Give me a fish and I will eat for today; teach 
me to fish and I will eat for the rest of my life"
You say this is for a biology lab.  Good!  Instead of looking up the 
information, design an experiment to test which color of light is most 
effective.  The end result of photosynthesis is the formation on glucose 
which the plant converts to starch to store energy.  Therefore the amount 
of starch produced may be used to measure the amount of photosynthesis 
which occurred.  Try varying the color of light a leaf recieves by 
covering the leaf with colored plastic sheets, obtainable at an art 
supplies store.  Geraniums make a good experimental subject.  The library 
is a good source of information on science fair projects.  Trust me, this 
is a classic plant physiology experiment.  Good luck!
J. Kelly
<jkelly@umcc.umich.edu>

bbitting <bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca> writes:
>I am currently working on a high school boilogy lab that involves 
>determining the colours of light that best effect photosynthetic activity, 
>the only info. I have found was that RED and VIOLET are obsorbed by 
>chlorophyll but that does not necessarily mean they effect p/s the most. 
>Anyway if anyone knows or knows of a good site where I can find the info. 
>I would greatly appreciate it.
>Elijah Bitting
>bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca



From bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca Sun Apr 21 13:02:24 EDT 1996
Article: 1856 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bbitting <bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
Date: 13 Apr 1996 15:53:17 GMT
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Judith, thanks for the advice, I was already planning on a similar 
expirement, but I need sources to form my priliminary hypothesis.  And I 
already checked my library, but I thought someone might know of a web site 
with good info. on this topic.

Thanks again

Elijah Bitting



From rwinsto@lsuvm.sncc.lsu.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:24 EDT 1996
Article: 1857 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!willis.cis.uab.edu!news.lsu.edu!sysmgr
From: rwinsto@lsuvm.sncc.lsu.edu (Richard B. Winston)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: wetland plant classifications
Date: Sat, 13 Apr 1996 21:35:50 GMT
Organization: Louisiana State University InterNetNews Site
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <4kp6oi$12dd@te6000.otc.lsu.edu>
References: <4jqkne$5r0@kaleka.seanet.com>
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Try
http://trident.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/plants/plntmenu.html

Links to this and other wetland sites can be found at
http://aapg.geol.lsu.edu/wetland.htm

dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com wrote:

>I'm hoping to find the list of wetland plant classifications on-line.
>It's the list the classifies plants as wetland obligate, facultative,
>or upland.  Has anyone seen it?
>   Thanks, Doug Bonham
>   dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com



Richard B. Winston
Dept. of Geology and Geophysics		rwinsto@lsuvm.sncc.lsu.edu
Louisiana State University		http://aapg.geol.lsu.edu/rbwinsto.htm
Baton Rouge, La 70803			ftp://aapg.geol.lsu.edu/pub/winston
U.S.A.
504-388-2337
Fax 504-388-2302



From de440@FreeNet.Carleton.CA Sun Apr 21 13:02:24 EDT 1996
Article: 1858 of sci.bio.botany
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From: de440@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Joanne E Best)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: HYDROPONICS & HID PLANT LIGHTS PRICE LIST
Date: 13 Apr 1996 22:22:03 GMT
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goto http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~de310


From de440@FreeNet.Carleton.CA Sun Apr 21 13:02:24 EDT 1996
Article: 1859 of sci.bio.botany
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From: de440@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Joanne E Best)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: do roses produce seeds or what ?
Date: 13 Apr 1996 23:19:55 GMT
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well do they ?


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:25 EDT 1996
Article: 1860 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 1996 00:55:26 GMT
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bbitting <bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca> wrote:

>I am currently working on a high school boilogy lab that involves 
>determining the colours of light that best effect photosynthetic activity, 
>the only info. I have found was that RED and VIOLET are obsorbed by 
>chlorophyll but that does not necessarily mean they effect p/s the most. 
>Anyway if anyone knows or knows of a good site where I can find the info. 
>I would greatly appreciate it.

OK Elijah, I looked it up for ye. W. Nultsch says: 400 - 470 nm,
peaking at 430 nm (blue), and 640 - 670 nm, with the peak at 660 nm
(red). Essentially, it is anything but green (the color of chlorophyl)
- and also far-red (680 - 700 nm) is completely lacking.  Both
absortion peaks contribute to photosynthesis. In vitro, the absortion
peak in blue is higher, but in the living plant, and looking at the
ultimate product (starch), the effect of red seems to be higher.

Bye, Marco

--
<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
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  Help mee die op te richten, door tussen 15 april en 5 mei een 
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<------------------------------------------------------------------->
  YES!!! It has arrived: CIVILIZATION II. The CD-ROM sequel to the
  best strategic computergame ever! You'll be sorry if you miss it!
<------------------------------------------------------------------->



From burke@dogwood.botany.uga.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:25 EDT 1996
Article: 1861 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "J. Burke" <burke@dogwood.botany.uga.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: (no subject)
Date: 13 Apr 1996 23:46:29 GMT
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Hello,

Can anyone point me in the direction of references on the effects of 
pollinator extinction on a plant species?  General references are fine, 
although I am also interested in specific case studies.

Thanks,

John




From kjm2e@poe.acc.Virginia.EDU Sun Apr 21 13:02:25 EDT 1996
Article: 1862 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.environment,bionet.biology.tropical,alt.college.fraternities,alt.college.sororities,alt.college.us,soc.college,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.herp,bionet.plants.education,soc.culture.cost
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From: kjm2e@poe.acc.Virginia.EDU (West Wind Woman)
Subject: Re: U of Costa Rica Rain Forest Study
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tjfox@sam.neosoft.com  writes:
> U of Costa Rica Rain Forest Study
> 
> 	The University of Costa Rica is now offering a special section of 
> their bioenvironmental science courses uniquely designed to suit the needs 
> of English speaking students.  This three month semester course of study 
> will include Tropical Ecology (4 hours), Natural History of Costa Rica (4 
> hours), Biological Diversity \ Conservation (4 hours) and Spanish (4 
> hours).  Together with an extensive calendar of field study events, this 
> program will provide students with a broad understanding and hands on 
> perspective of the rain forest.  This internationally acclaimed and 
> accredited university is uniquely qualified to provide the finest level of 
> instruction in this academic field.  The proximal access to Costa Rica’s 
> full spectrum of biodiversity together with the university’s high standard 
> of instruction now provide English speaking students with an unprecedented 
> opportunity to fully understand the nature of the world’s tropical rain 
> forests.
> 
> 	All who are interested should contact World Class Adventures in 
> Education, 1300 Post Oak Blvd. Suite 1750, Houston, Texas 77056.  Our 
> e-mail address is WorldC@sam.neosoft.com.  To find our web page, point 
> your browser to http://www.neosoft.com/~worldc/learn.html 
> 



This sounds great!!! Can someone who has already finished
undergraduate work but isn't in grad school yet participate in
this program???

Thanks, 

Kathy J. Miller


From f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net Sun Apr 21 13:02:25 EDT 1996
Article: 1863 of sci.bio.botany
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From: f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net (Frits v/d Laan)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Indicator plants
Date: 14 Apr 1996 17:14:04 GMT
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10551 alt.sustainable.agriculture:11876 rec.gardens:119901 sci.bio.ecology:19356 sci.bio.botany:1863

I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
or atract insects earlier than most plants.
If there are databases already existing or someone knows such planttypes
please mail them to me.
Any free data will be posted back to these groups when there's enough
data  collected

Frits v/d Laan
Organic horticulture


From thwillia@vt.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:26 EDT 1996
Article: 1864 of sci.bio.botany
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From: thwillia@vt.edu (Reality is for those who just don't know any better.)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: I Need Info
Date: 14 Apr 1996 19:20:11 GMT
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on plants and reduced air pressure and temperature, preferably web sites. 

please answer today or tomorrow!!

thank you

 
--  ______             thwillia@vt.edu }8=: DRACO SUM  
    ~~~~~~\ }*==         Member, Live Poets Society 
<----%%%%%%%^                      ARTHUR:  A scratch?  Your arm's off!
      <<  \\                       BLACK KNIGHT:  No, it isn't.
 art by me&jcropley@vt.edu         ARTHUR:  Well, what's that then?




From momkoz@midwest.net Sun Apr 21 13:02:26 EDT 1996
Article: 1865 of sci.bio.botany
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From: momkoz@midwest.net (jennifer kosco)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help, my pine is dying
Date: 14 Apr 1996 20:10:24 GMT
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i have 2 pines which my children planted when they were little.  this past winter 
i have noticed that the ends are browning, withering.  it is spreading to the other
pine now.  today my husband noticed on the healthy pine that there are marks as
if made by woodpeckers.  but i disagreed noting that they are orderly and 
aligned.  also each mark is a near perfect rectangle approx.  1/2" by 1".   so the
next question are these 2 occurences related???   i dont know.

we are really quite attatched to these trees and we are quite upset that we are 
losing them.   any help at all would be appreciated.

mom and pop koz


From doryo@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:26 EDT 1996
Article: 1866 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dory Owen <doryo@aol.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: wetland plant classifications
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 1996 17:54:25 -0700
Organization: Owen Consulting
Lines: 31
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CC: dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com

> dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com wrote:
> 
> >I'm hoping to find the list of wetland plant classifications on-line.
> >It's the list the classifies plants as wetland obligate, facultative,
> >or upland.  Has anyone seen it?
> >   Thanks, Doug Bonham
> >   dbonham@dbonham.seanet.com

Last night I downloaded a delimited text database from the US Fish & 
Wildlife Wetlands page that sounds like exactly what you're looking for. 
Here's the FTP address:

ftp://www.nwi.fws.gov/ecology/

There is a different database for each region (I'm in the upper midwest 
which is region 3) so take a look at the README file in this location to 
see which database to download.  Each record has the following fields:

     Scientific Name
     Author (for scientific name)
     Common Name        
     Nat'l Indicators (obligate, facultative, upland)  
     Regional Indicators (a panel of regional experts assigns this)
     Habits (e.g., Fern, Grass, Native, Parasitic, etc.)

So you can tell a lot from this file.  I imported it right into Microsoft 
Access where I can link it to my butterfly database.  I'm glad I won't 
have to enter all those scientific names myself like I had planned!  This 
was one of the best downloads I've found.

Dory Owen


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:27 EDT 1996
Article: 1867 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: do roses produce seeds or what ?
Date: 14 Apr 1996 23:36:04 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
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de440@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Joanne E Best) wrote:

>well do they ?

Of course they do, why not. When you open the fruit of a Rose,
underneith the (ex) flower, we call that a Rose-bottle, you'll find
the little thinghs that look like seeds. Those are the 'grains' that
children put in someones neck, that causes a terrible itch. In fact
they are 1-seeded 'nutlets' - the seeds are in them. But I suppose
they won't be fertile with many of the cultivated Roses...

bye, Marco

--
<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
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From gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:27 EDT 1996
Article: 1868 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu (rick strimbeck)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Geography Question
Date: Fri, 12 Apr 1996 14:24:26 -0600
Organization: uvm-snr
Lines: 47
Message-ID: <gstrimbe-1204961424270001@132.198.130.66>
References: <4k1fet$hfg@news.mcn.net> <NEWTNews.829028266.10474.afrenchs@epix.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 132.198.130.66

In article <NEWTNews.829028266.10474.afrenchs@epix.net>, afrenchs@epix.net
wrote:

> :> From: D Hayman <hayman@mcn.net>
>  
> :> Could someone please provide an explanation of why the eastern
> :> N.A.forest is predominately deciduous yet the forest which 
> :> develops west of the plains is predominately coniferous.
> 
> [From Northern PA]  This area was originally white pine and hemlock. 
> Around 1900 it was timbered big time, large tracts subdivided and sold to 
> farmers...many moving down from VT and NH.  I don't know why the 
> deciduous trees prevailed after cutting; perhaps coniferous seed trees 
> weren't left.
> 
> afs  

Try this: get world maps showing the distribution  of biomes and
distribution of major climate types. Deciduous forests grow in areas of
cold temperate continental climates - mainly the eastern region of north
america, central Europe, and eastern asia. There are essentially no
(cold-season) deciduous forests in the S. hemisphere, presumably because
the S.Hemisphere has more water, less land, and climates are overall
milder. The cold-season deciduous habit seemes to work well in certain
climatic regions. Some of this is admittedly speculation, but seems to
fit.

Western conif forests (south of Canada) fall into two types, coastal and
montane. The coniferous needle-leaved habit seems to work well in boreal
climates, as are found at elevation in the mtns as well as all across much
of Canad and Siberia. The coastal forests may be more like rain or cloud
forests, with mild winter temperatures, plenty of moisture, maybe some
nutrient limitation problems in the soil? The needle-leaved habit may not
be necessary here, but nutrient limitation seems to lead to long leaf life
spans (among other things) so conifers are well suited. In NZ areas with a
climate similar to the Pacific NW have forests of S. conifers (Podocarps),
but also include S. beeches with small, dark green, long-lived leaves,
similar in some ways to conifer leaves (?). Chile, too.

The ecophysiology of all this is even more speculative... I for one would
be interested in more discussion.

-- 
Rick Strimbeck
University of Vermont
School of Natural Resources
Burlington, VT


From PAB6AWD@leeds.ac.uk Sun Apr 21 13:02:27 EDT 1996
Article: 1869 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: PAB6AWD@leeds.ac.uk (A.J. Davis)
Subject: Re: do roses produce seeds or what ?
Message-ID: <4kt8us$8bk_001@leeds.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pab_pc74.leeds.ac.uk
Organization: University of Leeds
Date: Mon, 15 Apr 1996 11:37:05 +0100 (BST)
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In article <4kpcqr$if6@freenet-news.carleton.ca>,
   de440@FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Joanne E Best) wrote:
>
>well do they ?

.. yes, of course they do !

Andrew

Andrew Davis
University of Leeds, Yorkshire
England, LS2 9JT   UK

a.j.davis@uk.ac.leeds


From mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU Sun Apr 21 13:02:27 EDT 1996
Article: 1870 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: faraday.clas.virginia.edu
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References: <jkelly.829353809@umcc.umcc.umich.edu>
Date: Mon, 15 Apr 1996 06:25:34 GMT
Lines: 37

jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu  writes:
> Ther is an ancient saying: "Give me a fish and I will eat for today; teach 
> me to fish and I will eat for the rest of my life"
> You say this is for a biology lab.  Good!  Instead of looking up the 
> information, design an experiment to test which color of light is most 
> effective.  The end result of photosynthesis is the formation on glucose 
> which the plant converts to starch to store energy.  Therefore the amount 
> of starch produced may be used to measure the amount of photosynthesis 
> which occurred.  Try varying the color of light a leaf recieves by 
> covering the leaf with colored plastic sheets, obtainable at an art 
> supplies store.  Geraniums make a good experimental subject.  The library 
> is a good source of information on science fair projects.  Trust me, this 
> is a classic plant physiology experiment.  Good luck!
> J. Kelly
> <jkelly@umcc.umich.edu>
> 
> bbitting <bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca> writes:
> >I am currently working on a high school boilogy lab that involves 
> >determining the colours of light that best effect photosynthetic activity, 
> >the only info. I have found was that RED and VIOLET are obsorbed by 
> >chlorophyll but that does not necessarily mean they effect p/s the most. 
> >Anyway if anyone knows or knows of a good site where I can find the info. 
> >I would greatly appreciate it.
> >Elijah Bitting
> >bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca
> 

Better yet, don't bother to measure the starch production, just
the oxygen released. Much easier.

On the other hand, the fellow may not have the light filters
and equipment to do any of the experiments that we are
suggesting.
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From afrenchs@epix.net Sun Apr 21 13:02:28 EDT 1996
Article: 1871 of sci.bio.botany
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From: afrenchs@epix.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: help, my pine is dying
Date: Mon, 15 Apr 96 07:49:14 PDT
Organization: epix.net
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> From: momkoz@midwest.net (jennifer kosco)

> i have 2 pines which my children planted when they were little.  this 
past winter 
> i have noticed that the ends are browning, withering.  it is spreading 
to the other pine now

I live in N PA and many white pines (particularly those near roads) have 
a lot of dead needles.  I suspect it's a combination of last summer's 
drought, road salt, and past herbicide damage (not by me).  I know it's 
no help but your situation is not unique.  Hopefully someone will post 
who has some some practical advice about the best thing to do.

afs



From gfox@ucsd.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:28 EDT 1996
Article: 1872 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gordon A. Fox" <gfox@ucsd.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cactus seeds.. how long do they 'keep'?
Date: Mon, 15 Apr 1996 09:21:03 -0700
Organization: University of California, San Diego
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Eric Bindt wrote:
> 
> Can anyone tell me how long cactus seeds will be able to 'grow'. (I
> don't know the english terms for this, sorry.. (Germinate?? :)
> 
> Anyways.. how long can i keep them? I have a lot and only plan to use
> a few, i'm just starting cactus growing and foresee a lot of _errors_
> so i thought i'd buy a lot of seeds.
> 

Most of them don't last long at all, in my experience. Typically, they 
have very high germination rates right away (i.e., they don't have much 
innate dormancy), but with most species this drops off quickly. Seeds 
more than a couple of years old are probably not going to be useful to 
you.

By the way, the high initial germination rate is often offset by their 
tendency to get fungal diseases (especially "damping off.") The problem 
is that the seeds tend to like very warm, humid conditions to germinate, 
but the same conditions promote the growth of fungi, which the seedlings 
are poorly equipped to handle. So expect high germination, followed by 
lots of mortality among the seedlings. Commercial fungicides do help, as 
does lowering the humidity as soon as you've got a bunch of seedlings 
(I've often germinated cacti by putting them in a warm place with a 
plastic bag around the pot or flat -- then you can just remove the bag 
when a number of seeds have germinated).

These are broad generalizations; doubtless some cactus spp. differ.

Hope this helps.

Cheers,
Gordon
-- 
Gordon A. Fox * Dept. of Biology 0116 * Univ. of Calif., San Diego
9500 Gilman Dr. * La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 * USA
Fax: (619) 534-7108 * Voice: (619)534-4114


From rcooke@oavax.csuchico.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:28 EDT 1996
Article: 1873 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rcooke@oavax.csuchico.edu (Ron Cooke)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need corer source
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: Sat, 13 Apr 1996 18:09:02 -0600
Organization: Chem Dept, CSU-Chico, Chico, CA 95929-0210
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I would like to purchase a tree ring corer. Can anyone lead me to a
supplier?

Thanks

-- 
Ron Cooke
Chemistry Dept
California State University-Chico
Chico, CA 95929-0210
rcooke@oavax.csuchico.edu


From mikaline@netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:28 EDT 1996
Article: 1874 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Plant Geography Question
Message-ID: <mikalineDpxpM1.HH4@netcom.com>
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Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 02:58:48 GMT
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rick strimbeck (gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu) wrote:
: In article <NEWTNews.829028266.10474.afrenchs@epix.net>, afrenchs@epix.net
: wrote:

: > :> From: D Hayman <hayman@mcn.net>
: >  
: > :> Could someone please provide an explanation of why the eastern
: > :> N.A.forest is predominately deciduous yet the forest which 
: > :> develops west of the plains is predominately coniferous.
: > 
: > [From Northern PA]  This area was originally white pine and hemlock. 
: > Around 1900 it was timbered big time, large tracts subdivided and sold to 
: > farmers...many moving down from VT and NH.  I don't know why the 
: > deciduous trees prevailed after cutting; perhaps coniferous seed trees 
: > weren't left.
: > 
: > afs  

: Try this: get world maps showing the distribution  of biomes and
: distribution of major climate types. Deciduous forests grow in areas of
: cold temperate continental climates - mainly the eastern region of north
: america, central Europe, and eastern asia. There are essentially no
: (cold-season) deciduous forests in the S. hemisphere, presumably because
: the S.Hemisphere has more water, less land, and climates are overall
: milder. The cold-season deciduous habit seemes to work well in certain
: climatic regions. Some of this is admittedly speculation, but seems to
: fit.

: Western conif forests (south of Canada) fall into two types, coastal and
: montane. The coniferous needle-leaved habit seems to work well in boreal
: climates, as are found at elevation in the mtns as well as all across much
: of Canad and Siberia. The coastal forests may be more like rain or cloud
: forests, with mild winter temperatures, plenty of moisture, maybe some
: nutrient limitation problems in the soil? The needle-leaved habit may not
: be necessary here, but nutrient limitation seems to lead to long leaf life
: spans (among other things) so conifers are well suited. In NZ areas with a
: climate similar to the Pacific NW have forests of S. conifers (Podocarps),
: but also include S. beeches with small, dark green, long-lived leaves,
: similar in some ways to conifer leaves (?). Chile, too.

: The ecophysiology of all this is even more speculative... I for one would
: be interested in more discussion.

: -- 
: Rick Strimbeck
: University of Vermont
: School of Natural Resources
: Burlington, VT


I don't have my Esau here, but there was a list of stress reactions and 
responses that may in part fill this bill.  We have to remember that many 
of these plants evolved when the continental landmasses were configured 
differently and the climates have changed as well.  Talk to you next week :)

ml - mikaline@netcom.com





From jreny@libby.org Sun Apr 21 13:02:29 EDT 1996
Article: 1875 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jon Reny <jreny@libby.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: do roses produce seeds or what ?
Date: Mon, 15 Apr 1996 21:05:52 -0600
Organization: Lincoln County Technology Group
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Have you not heard of "Rose Hips"?

They are the fruiting body for Roses.


From jreny@libby.org Sun Apr 21 13:02:29 EDT 1996
Article: 1876 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jon Reny <jreny@libby.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: do roses produce seeds or what ?
Date: Mon, 15 Apr 1996 21:06:35 -0600
Organization: Lincoln County Technology Group
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Have you not heard of "Rose Hips"?

They are the fruiting body for Roses.

Seeds are inside the hip.

Jon Reny 
Libby, Montana


From mph@primenet.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:29 EDT 1996
Article: 1877 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mark Huth <mph@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: "hard" vs. "soft" hardwoods
Date: 15 Apr 1996 21:58:03 -0700
Organization: PhotoControls
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Commander wrote:
> 
> In light of the ongoing discussion, can someone tell us what the forestry
> terms "hard" hardwood and "soft" hardwood refer to.  Are these terms used
> to differentiate the actual hardness of the wood product derived from
> these species?...
I haven't seen the ongoing discussions, but I presume that softwoods have been 
identified with the gymnosperms and hardwoods with the angiosperms, the 
distinction made on the basis of very different cell and lignen structures.  
Given that, the range of hardness of the hardwoods and softwoods overlap.  In 
fact, even within the same genus, such as Acer (maples), a wide range of 
hardness is found.  "Soft" maple, used extensively as 1/2 inch drawer stock is 
rather soft, whereas birdseye maple is quite hard.  The FS should be referring 
to these degrees of hardness within the hardwoods.

Mark Huth


From chiefroc@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:29 EDT 1996
Article: 1878 of sci.bio.botany
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From: chiefroc@aol.com (Chief ROC)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Medium to culture Chlamydomonas "home brew" ?
Date: 16 Apr 1996 07:45:39 -0400
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Good evening... Richard here. I have a culture of chlamydomonas that I
would like to "grow" for observation. I need the light requirements and a
recipe for a "home brew" medium if anyone has one. 

I have noticed that some algae seems to grow well on bits and pieces of
marble. Is that because of the CO2 source of the calcium carbonate?

Thank You Kindly;
Richard


From achieve@bis.net.au Sun Apr 21 13:02:30 EDT 1996
Article: 1879 of sci.bio.botany
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From: achieve@bis.net.au (steve )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help - Light spectrum and phototropism
Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 11:58:42 GMT
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A problem!
Do plants respond to all wavelengths of light, or is there one in
particular they respond to more than others?
 If so, which, and why?
Thanks
Jamie



From mikaline@netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:30 EDT 1996
Article: 1880 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Message-ID: <mikalineDpxovp.GBK@netcom.com>
Followup-To: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
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Frits v/d Laan (f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net) wrote:
: I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
: indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
: shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
: or atract insects earlier than most plants.
: If there are databases already existing or someone knows such planttypes
: please mail them to me.
: Any free data will be posted back to these groups when there's enough
: data  collected

: Frits v/d Laan
: Organic horticulture

I have books at home - I think one of them is called Hunger signs in 
crops.  I'll look this weekend.

ml


From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Sun Apr 21 13:02:30 EDT 1996
Article: 1881 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: do roses produce seeds or what ?
Date: 16 Apr 1996 13:00:41 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
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	We have several Rosa pimpinellifolia that we grew from seed collected
on the other side of the Atlantic.  They haven't flowered yet though.

	Howard Clase



From eee@netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:30 EDT 1996
Article: 1882 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.com!eee
From: eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson)
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Message-ID: <eeeDpxIxF.n0u@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom lacks nitrogen
References: <4krbos$5u8@altrade.nijmegen.inter.nl.net>
Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 00:34:27 GMT
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In article <4krbos$5u8@altrade.nijmegen.inter.nl.net>,
Frits v/d Laan <f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net> wrote:
>I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
>indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
>shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
>or atract insects earlier than most plants.

Lichens are indicators of air pollution.  Unlike vascular plants,
they don't have any way to get rid of toxins, so they are
particularly sensitive to environmental pollution.



From eee@netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:31 EDT 1996
Article: 1883 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: rec.food.cooking,soc.culture.japan,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
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From: eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson)
Subject: _Umbilicaria_ lichen as food
Message-ID: <eeeDpxLKn.3s7@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom has no bananas
Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 01:31:34 GMT
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu rec.food.cooking:237593 soc.culture.japan:133835 sci.bio.botany:1883 alt.folklore.herbs:27418

I've read that the Japanese eat _Umbilicaria_ lichen (also known
as "rock tripe") as a highly prized delicacy.  Can someone tell
me the Japanese name for this food, and what it tastes like?
Is it reputed to have any medicinal properties?  Is it grown
commercially, or is it collected from Nature?




From eee@netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:31 EDT 1996
Article: 1884 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson)
Subject: Re: Anyone familiar with the herbicide 2.4-D?
Message-ID: <eeeDpxIqz.MG8@netcom.com>
Organization: Netcom has no bananas
References: <Pine.OSF.3.92.960405070013.10790K-100000@minyos.its.rmit.edu.au>
Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 00:30:35 GMT
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Sender: eee@netcom14.netcom.com

In article <Pine.OSF.3.92.960405070013.10790K-100000@minyos.its.rmit.edu.au>,
Seon Hooi Chua  <s9409996@minyos.its.rmit.EDU.AU> wrote:
>COuld anyone provide me with any info on this hebicide also known as an
>2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

If I remember correctly, it's a synthetic auxin.  Because auxin serves
as the leaf abscission hormone in dicots, that makes it an excellent
defoliant and one of the components in "Agent Orange" used in Viet Nam.
It also happens to be the cell-elongation hormone in monocots, so it
actually encourages luxuriant growth of monocots despite killing
dicots, which makes it an excellent herbicide for use in the farming
of monocot crops.





From kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de Sun Apr 21 13:02:31 EDT 1996
Article: 1885 of sci.bio.botany
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From: martin adler <kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 14:34:20 +0200
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On Tue, 16 Apr 1996, Mark Thorson wrote:

> In article <4krbos$5u8@altrade.nijmegen.inter.nl.net>,
> Frits v/d Laan <f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net> wrote:
> >I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
> >indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
> >shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
> >or atract insects earlier than most plants.
> 
> Lichens are indicators of air pollution.  Unlike vascular plants,
> they don't have any way to get rid of toxins, so they are
> particularly sensitive to environmental pollution.
> 

some (epiphytic) mosses are as well. e.g. (in central europe) most 
orthotrichum spec. tend to disappear with increasing air pollution (
or over-nutrition), a few like o.diaphanum tend to profit from this as 
long as the changes are not too severe.

concerning lichens, there are a few that are rather resistant and may
profit from environmental changes, such as xanthoria parietina or 
lecanora muralis.


From kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se Sun Apr 21 13:02:31 EDT 1996
Article: 1886 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se (Kenneth Nilsson)
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Subject: Re: Indicator plants
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In article <eeeDpxIxF.n0u@netcom.com>,
eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson) wrote:

>
>Lichens are indicators of air pollution.  Unlike vascular plants,
>they don't have any way to get rid of toxins, so they are
>particularly sensitive to environmental pollution.
>
>So you mean, if there are Lichens (is there only one kind?/ Is Liver Wart alichen?) the air is clean?



..........................................
Visit my Fuchsia homepage at
http://www.klippo.se/nilsson/home.html
Kenneth
..........................................


From resik335@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:32 EDT 1996
Article: 1887 of sci.bio.botany
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From: resik335@aol.com (Resik335)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Ethno-botanical Product Release
Date: 16 Apr 1996 17:47:45 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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A new line of ethno-botanical personal care products will be released in
mid May, 1996.  This product line has been developed in conjunction with
Dr. Paul Cox, Ph.D., and several indigenous rain forest tribes.  A portion
of all the proceeds from this line of products will be given back to the
indigenous people to help them claim legal rights to the rain forest to
prohibit logging.

I am developing an e-mail address list so that I can send out additional
information on this product line when it is released next month.  At that
time I will include a description of products, prices, amounts to be
donated, ordering information.  If you would like to be included on this
list, please send an e-mail to Resik335@aol.com with the message “ADD TO
LIST” in the subject line and in the body of the message.  Please address
all questions to the same e-mail address.


From andy.lyons@ukonline.co.uk Sun Apr 21 13:02:32 EDT 1996
Article: 1888 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: andy.lyons@ukonline.co.uk
Subject: Help me please. URGENT
Message-ID: <4107cc$113739.9b@royal.lanyap.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 22:55:53 GMT
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Can somebody help me i know i have got a cheek to ask but can somebody
please post or email me any previous scientific papers or reports
concerning the abiotic factors affecting lichens

This is very urgent i.e. I need it by 7:00am brittish standard time
wednesday 17 aprill.  thats in a couple of hours time. Help!!!!!!





Thanks for saving my life.




From kalae@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:32 EDT 1996
Article: 1889 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kalae@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu (Kala Ladenheim)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: "hard" vs. "soft"
Date: 16 Apr 1996 22:41:26 -0400
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Keywords: hard wood


  In Maine, hard and soft wood are also grades of firewood.  Hardwood 
  burns long and hot, while softwood goes fast and leaves your chimney full 
  of resin and likely to catch fire.  The prices reflect the difference.  
  In addition to conifers, poplar, grey birch, and alder are all 
  considered softwood, and birches are marginal--yellow birch is hardwood, 
  white shouldn't be too big a portion of a cord (but it does split nice 
  and clean for kindling).  Primo wood is ash, oak, nut or fruitwood.  Most 
  maples are good.I suspect the measure is BTU.

-- 
Kala Ladenheim
202-872-1445 (w)/202-986-2930 (h)
Intergovernmental Health Policy Project
The George Washington University
2021 K street NW
Suite 800
Washington, DC 20006 


From gumby@alumni.caltech.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:32 EDT 1996
Article: 1890 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gumby@alumni.caltech.edu (Stephen M Gomez)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help - Light spectrum and phototropism
Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 18:28:13 -0800
Organization: University of California, Los Angeles
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In article <4l020a$sic@sydney1.world.net>, achieve@bis.net.au wrote:

> A problem!
> Do plants respond to all wavelengths of light, or is there one in
> particular they respond to more than others?
>  If so, which, and why?
> Thanks
> Jamie

Blue is best.  At least if you want to see plants bend towards the light.

Some folx have found a membrane bound flavinoid-binding protein that is
postulated to be the blue light receptor (Short etal. 1992 Photochem.
Photobiol. v55 p773)

The other possible source of the blue light photoreceptor is zeaxanthin in
the light harvesting complex of the chloroplast (Quinones and Zeiger 1994
Science v264 p558).

Corn and oat coleoptiles are a really good example of blue light phototropism.
Let them sprout in the dark and grow in the dark for a few days.  then put
them in blue light (to the side) and in a day or two the coleoptiles will
be pointing towards the light.  Not w/ red/orange/yellow.  A little w/
green.

steve


From mikaline@netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:33 EDT 1996
Article: 1891 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Message-ID: <mikalineDpyx1z.1Fz@netcom.com>
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Frits v/d Laan (f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net) wrote:
: I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
: indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
: shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
: or atract insects earlier than most plants.
: If there are databases already existing or someone knows such planttypes
: please mail them to me.
: Any free data will be posted back to these groups when there's enough
: data  collected

: Frits v/d Laan
: Organic horticulture

I ran searches in the University of California Libraries catalog MELVYL 
on "deficiencies in plants" and "plant indicators" which I will email you 
as attachments.

ml


From eu000468@pophost.eunet.be Sun Apr 21 13:02:33 EDT 1996
Article: 1892 of sci.bio.botany
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From: POVLT <eu000468@pophost.eunet.be>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Chemical composition of xylem and phloem tissue of tomato
Date: 17 Apr 1996 09:51:12 GMT
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To optimise the growth of Clavibacter bacteria in laboratory we'd like to 
add substances they find in their host plants.
As Clavibacter is found in xylem and phloem tissue of tomato plants, it 
would be a great help to receive data about the chemical composition of 
these tissues or of the saps (solutions) that stream in it.


Thanks in advance,

Dr.ir. P.BLEYAERT
Provincial Research and Advisory Centre for Agriculture and Horticulture
Ieperseweg 87
B-8800  Roeselare - Rumbeke (Beitem)
Belgium

 





From jari@ibg.uit.no Sun Apr 21 13:02:33 EDT 1996
Article: 1893 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jari@ibg.uit.no (Jari Oksanen)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 1996 13:36:41
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References: <4krbos$5u8@altrade.nijmegen.inter.nl.net> <eeeDpxIxF.n0u@netcom.com> <Pine.HPP.3.91.960416142801.7769A-100000@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
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In article <Pine.HPP.3.91.960416142801.7769A-100000@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de> martin adler <kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de> writes:
>From: martin adler <kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
>Subject: Re: Indicator plants
>Date: Tue, 16 Apr 1996 14:34:20 +0200



>On Tue, 16 Apr 1996, Mark Thorson wrote:

>> In article <4krbos$5u8@altrade.nijmegen.inter.nl.net>,
>> Frits v/d Laan <f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net> wrote:
>> >I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
>> >indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
>> >shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
>> >or atract insects earlier than most plants.
>> 
>> Lichens are indicators of air pollution.  Unlike vascular plants,
>> they don't have any way to get rid of toxins, so they are
>> particularly sensitive to environmental pollution.
>> 
Lichens are sensitive to some pollutants, but not to all. For instance, it is 
easy to find plants which are more sensitive to ozone. Lichens are traditional 
indicators of sulphur dioxide pollution, in particular. Traditionally they 
were used only in worst cases, where the complete absence of some species 
indicated really dirty air. They may not be as effective in finding small 
differences in air quality with cleaner air.

I'm not sure that the mechanism suggested above is the reason behind lichen 
sensititivity. They have within-cell detoxification mechanisms just as well as 
other fungi and algae. On the other hand, they are very good catchers of dry 
and wet deposition, and the "symbiotic" balance between fungus and alga is 
easily de-stabilized.

>some (epiphytic) mosses are as well. e.g. (in central europe) most 
>orthotrichum spec. tend to disappear with increasing air pollution (
>or over-nutrition), a few like o.diaphanum tend to profit from this as 
>long as the changes are not too severe.

>concerning lichens, there are a few that are rather resistant and may
>profit from environmental changes, such as xanthoria parietina or 
>lecanora muralis.

If an environmental variable has an effect on the abundance or condition of a 
plant species, then the abundance or condition of that plant species can be 
used as an indicator of that environmental variable. That means, all plants 
are indicator plants. The problem is to find their indicator values (I can 
imagine two meanings for "indicator value", but both are research problems). 

Original poster asked about "indicator" plants used in mythical agriculture. I 
won't bother her /him with my response, but I removed the alt.groups.
--- Jari Oksanen Tromssa, Ruija / Romsa, Norga / Tromsø, Norge



From jarami@thehub.com.au Sun Apr 21 13:02:33 EDT 1996
Article: 1894 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jarami@thehub.com.au (Jem)
Newsgroups: rec.food.cooking,soc.culture.japan,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: _Umbilicaria_ lichen as food
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 1996 12:25:31 GMT
Organization: University of Queensland
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eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson) wrote:

>I've read that the Japanese eat _Umbilicaria_ lichen (also known
>as "rock tripe") as a highly prized delicacy.  Can someone tell
>me the Japanese name for this food, and what it tastes like?
>Is it reputed to have any medicinal properties?  Is it grown
>commercially, or is it collected from Nature?


I'm sorry I don't know the answer to this question. But I do have one
of my own...

Does the word Umbilicaria relate at all to _umbilicus_?  I would
dearly love to know.

Umbilicus is the name of my site devoted to belly-buttons:
http://www.thehub.com.au/~jarami/

Jeremy Mawson



From Marcel.Dicke@medew.ento.wau.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:34 EDT 1996
Article: 1895 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Marcel.Dicke@medew.ento.wau.nl (Marcel Dicke)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: 17 Apr 1996 13:00:30 GMT
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In article <4krbos$5u8@altrade.nijmegen.inter.nl.net>, f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net (Frits v/d Laan) says:
>
>I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
>indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
>shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
>or atract insects earlier than most plants.
>If there are databases already existing or someone knows such planttypes
>please mail them to me.
>Any free data will be posted back to these groups when there's enough
>data  collected
>
>Frits v/d Laan
>Organic horticulture


With regard to attracting insects, there is enough evidence now that plants
that are infested with herbivores attract carnivorous insects or mites. All
plant species investigated so far have shown this ability.
I am not sure that this is what you are looking for, but herbivore-infested
plants may thus be used as indicator plants for carnivorous insects in the
environment. Carnivores may discriminate between plants infested by different
herbivore species.
For more information see e.g. J. Plant Physiol. 143: 465-473 (1994).

Marcel Dicke
Wageningen Agricultural University
Marcel.Dicke@medew.ento.wau.nl


From ajt@rri.sari.ac.uk Sun Apr 21 13:02:34 EDT 1996
Article: 1896 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Tony Travis <ajt@rri.sari.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 1996 10:39:22 +0000
Organization: Rowett Research Institute
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Nancy Pergam wrote:
> 
> HI!  I am TA-ing a plant science class and wanted to give the students a
> list of cool web sites on plants.  I am interested in getting any web
> addresses that are related to plants....these can be strongly scientific
> or more recreational and less academic.  Thanks!!!!
> 
> nancy

Hello, Nancy.

Try Rebecca's "Faerie Flora and Trees"

http://www.students.uiuc.edu/~rlehmann/flora.html

Perhaps an appreciation of the role of plants in our folklore would be 
an education to all of us, not just ageing hippies like me ;-)

In my opinion faeries, and the 'spirits' of plants and trees are simply 
a folk representation of the innovative ideas formalised scientifically 
in the Gaia Hypothesis.

So, try the "Gaia Forest Archives"

http://gaia1.ies.wisc.edu/research/pngfores

But then some people think that the Gaia hypothesis is just a faerie 
storie, don't they ... ?

	Tony.
--
Dr. A.J.Travis,                     |  mailto:ajt@rri.sari.ac.uk
Rowett Research Institute,          |    http://www.rri.sari.ac.uk/~ajt
Greenburn Road, Bucksburn,          |   phone:+44 (0)1224 712751
Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland, UK.     |     fax:+44 (0)1224 716687


From lhess@msu.oscs.montana.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:34 EDT 1996
Article: 1897 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lhess@msu.oscs.montana.edu
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 1996 16:21:59 GMT
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In article <4krbos$5u8@altrade.nijmegen.inter.nl.net>, f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net (Frits v/d Laan) writes:
>I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
>indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
>shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
>or atract insects earlier than most plants.
>If there are databases already existing or someone knows such planttypes
>please mail them to me.
>Any free data will be posted back to these groups when there's enough
>data  collected
>
>Frits v/d Laan
>Organic horticulture


Sir:
	Agronomically speaking, there are a couple crops I can think of which
tend to indicate nutritional deficiencies.
	1. Pretty much anything in the Fabaceae (peas, beans, alfalfa, etc.)
and iron. This is because of the root nodulation complex, which requires a form
of hemoglobin, and thus iron.
	2. Sugarbeets and boron. Boron is regularly top- dressed to sugarbeet
fields in modern agriculture.
	There are others. Lots of them. 

Lidia Hess-- College of Agriculture-- Montana State University at Bozeman-- USA


From kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de Sun Apr 21 13:02:34 EDT 1996
Article: 1898 of sci.bio.botany
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From: martin adler <kapib01@commlink.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 1996 17:21:55 +0200
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On Wed, 17 Apr 1996, Jari Oksanen wrote:

> 
> If an environmental variable has an effect on the abundance or condition of a 
> plant species, then the abundance or condition of that plant species 
 
 or of species competing with that or depending on that particular species
 (synecology is a complex field with much left to do...)

  can be 
> used as an indicator of that environmental variable. That means, all plants 
> are indicator plants. The problem is to find their indicator values (I can 
> imagine two meanings for "indicator value", but both are research problems). 
 
martin adler


From kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se Sun Apr 21 13:02:35 EDT 1996
Article: 1899 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se (Kenneth Nilsson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: web sites
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In article <4k9efr$b51@news.euro.net>,
mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker) wrote:

Your post was really some time ago (April 7) but if you are still there see
my WWW site please.



..........................................
Visit my Fuchsia homepage at
http://www.klippo.se/nilsson/home.html
Kenneth
..........................................


From Kent@Darwin.EEB.UConn.Edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:35 EDT 1996
Article: 1900 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kent@darwin.darwin.eeb.uconn.edu (Kent E. Holsinger)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Call for Symposia, SSE 1997
Date: 17 Apr 1996 14:53:09 -0400
Organization: Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
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                  Society for the Study of Evolution
          Call for Symposium Proposals for the 1997 Meeting

The Council of the Society for the Study of Evolution invites its
members to propose symposia for the summer 1997 meeting to be held in
Boulder, Colorado on 14-18 June. Proposals should include:

1) a synopsis of the symposium topic,

2) a list of proposed speakers and topics, and

3) a brief rationale.

Proposals concerning newly breaking fields, fields ripe for synthesis,
and those with topics and speakers that differ from recent SSE
symposia will generally be given higher priority. The Council
encourages proposals that include speakers from groups traditionally
underrepresented in SSE symposia, e.g., young, non-North American,
minority, or female members. Symposium proposals will be reviewed by
the Council at the St. Louis, Missouri meeting in June 1996 and
organizers will be notified shortly thereafter. Proposals should be
sent by 24 May 1996 to:

Dr. Kent E. Holsinger, Executive Vice President
Society for the Study of Evolution
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of Connecticut, U-43
Storrs, CT  06269-3043
U.S.A.

(860)486-4059

-- Kent

P.S. Please feel free to post this message to any mailing lists whose
members might be interested.
-- 
Kent E. Holsinger                Kent@Darwin.EEB.UConn.Edu
-- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology          
-- University of Connecticut, U-43                                       
-- Storrs, CT   06269-3043                                               


From rjones@s-cwis.unomaha.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:35 EDT 1996
Article: 1901 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rjones@s-cwis.unomaha.edu (JONES)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Followup-To: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Date: 15 Apr 1996 16:32:44 GMT
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I remember reading somewhere about types of plants which indicate sources 
of water are near by - like elderberry indicates water within 15 ft (I 
think).  Seems like this was from an article on where to dig wells - but 
it's been a few years since I read this.


Frits v/d Laan (f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net) wrote:
: I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
: indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
: shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
: or atract insects earlier than most plants.
: If there are databases already existing or someone knows such planttypes
: please mail them to me.
: Any free data will be posted back to these groups when there's enough
: data  collected
: 
: Frits v/d Laan
: Organic horticulture
-- 
Robin


From wrag0002@maroon.tc.umn.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:35 EDT 1996
Article: 1902 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Keith Wrage <wrag0002@maroon.tc.umn.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Photosynthetic Pathway Information
Date: 17 Apr 1996 20:24:14 GMT
Organization: University of Minnesota
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I'm trying to find a source that lists the known plant species that 
utilize the C4 pathway.  Finding information on grasses has been quite 
easy.  Are there non-grass species operating as C4?  Where can I find 
this information?  I've talked to about 5 or 6 botanists and ecologists 
so far and their replies have all been similar "Yes, there is a list like 
that, but I just can't put my hands on it".

I'm specifically interested in species found in the Upper Midwest and 
Lake States but I'd appreicate ANY references.

You can respond directly to me at the address below.

Thanks in advance to all those who provide a hand with this!!!

Keith Wrage
wrag0002@maroon.tc.umn.edu



From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:36 EDT 1996
Article: 1903 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help - Light spectrum and phototropism
Date: 17 Apr 1996 22:36:13 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
Lines: 49
Message-ID: <4l3rot$sqc@news.euro.net>
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gumby@alumni.caltech.edu (Stephen M Gomez) wrote:

>In article <4l020a$sic@sydney1.world.net>, achieve@bis.net.au wrote:

>> A problem!
>> Do plants respond to all wavelengths of light, or is there one in
>> particular they respond to more than others?
>>  If so, which, and why?
>> Thanks
>> Jamie

>Blue is best.  At least if you want to see plants bend towards the light.

Blue, and red. 

>Corn and oat coleoptiles are a really good example of blue light phototropism.
>Let them sprout in the dark and grow in the dark for a few days.  then put
>them in blue light (to the side) and in a day or two the coleoptiles will
>be pointing towards the light.  Not w/ red/orange/yellow.  A little w/
>green.

Hey, as a student, more then 20 years ago, I remember sitting in a
dark room with oat seeds (and a collegue :-), but we were
experimenting with RED light. They responded strongly to FAR-RED
(wavelength 680 - 700 nm). If I remember right ?!!

But this phototropy has nothing to do with photosynthesis. Here are
blue (420 - 470) and normal red (640 - 670) most effective: absorption
peaks of Chlorophyl a and b.

Bye, marco


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
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  best strategic computergame ever! You'll be sorry if you miss it!
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From tnorman@inil.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:36 EDT 1996
Article: 1904 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
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From: Terry Norman <tnorman@inil.com>
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Message-ID: <31759782.4CF0@inil.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 1996 20:14:42 -0500
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JONES wrote:
> 
> I remember reading somewhere about types of plants which indicate sources
> of water are near by - like elderberry indicates water within 15 ft (I
> think).  Seems like this was from an article on where to dig wells - but
> it's been a few years since I read this.


Robin, 
  I love elderberries, but then am I to assume that seaweed means one is 
a tad too close to the water? <BSEG>  Just joshin', killing time waiting 
for spring. Things are looking up for this weekend.
-- 
...Terry (Da Wiz-z-z) Batavia, IL (Zone 5)
   (Snow is just another 4 letter word))



From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:36 EDT 1996
Article: 1905 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: do roses produce seeds or what ?
Date: 17 Apr 1996 22:28:01 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
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>	We have several Rosa pimpinellifolia that we grew from seed collected
>on the other side of the Atlantic.  They haven't flowered yet though.

Treat them real rough, they grow in the coastral dunes here. Sand,
storm, they can cope. Perhaps not too cold in winter. Don't  prune
them like cultivated Roses - like all wild European Roses they flower
on wood of the year before!

Success, Marco.


<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
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 Meer info: http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/bulbo/tuinvote.html
 en (plus evt. discussie) in NL.NEWSGROUPS          (CVF1 nl.tuinen)
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
  YES!!! It has arrived: CIVILIZATION II. The CD-ROM sequel to the
  best strategic computergame ever! You'll be sorry if you miss it!
<------------------------------------------------------------------->



From Rene.Moonen@jbi.nl Sun Apr 21 13:02:36 EDT 1996
Article: 1906 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Rene.Moonen@jbi.nl (René Moonen)
Subject: Info wanted: History of the Tulipa Sylvestris
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I'm posting this question for a friend.

Who can help me with more information on the tulip? Specialy I'm
looking for info on the Tulipa Sylvestris.

Were does the Tulipa Sylvestris originaly come from?
When was it imported to Holland?
Any other info or pointers are apreciated also.

thanks 

René

René Moonen
E-mail Rene.Moonen@jbi.nl

 _________________________________________  /\    _________
                                           /  \/\
 Rene Moonen                              /   /  \
 J&B Instruments b.v.                    /   /    \
 _______________________________________/___/______\_______



From seeps@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:37 EDT 1996
Article: 1907 of sci.bio.botany
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From: seeps@aol.com (Seeps)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: 17 Apr 1996 22:18:55 -0400
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Frits v/d Laan (f.vd.laan@inter.nl.net) wrote:
: I would like to get any information about plants that are known to 
: indicate at a early stage anything to do with there environment,
: shortage or to much of nutrician N, P, K, Mg etc.  or are sensitive for
: or atract insects earlier than most plants.


It seems that most plants (if not all) could be considered indicators of
"anything to do with their environment."  It might be helpful and more
manageable to pick one environmental gradient and attempt to compile a
list of indicator plants for that one feature.  

For wetland plants in Illinois, a list has been compiled categorizing
these plants be their likelihood of being found in a wetland.  The scale
ranges from UPL (upland: plant rarely occurs in a wetland) to OBL
(obligate: plant rarely occurs outside a wetland).  The Floristic Quality
Assessment was developed by John Taft et al. at the Illinois Natural
History Survey located at the University of Illinois in Champaign,
Illinois.  

Christina Bolas
Wetland Ecologist
Illinois Natural History Survey


From ksmith@wintermute.awinc.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:37 EDT 1996
Article: 1908 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ksmith@wintermute.awinc.com (Kevin Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info request: blue spruce blight
Date: 18 Apr 1996 05:09:52 GMT
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Greetings

We have a number of blue spruce pine trees on our acreage west of Edmonton,
Alberta. These trees are exhibiting a red tinge to the pine needles, and are
quite dehydrated. I've heard that this is the result of a spider mite, and 
can be treated with a spray regime of diazanon. Is this an effective solution, 
and will diazanon harm lawn grass and other plants and shrubs? Thank you in 
advance for your reply.

Regards

Kevinn

--
----
Kevin P. Smith
ksmith@awinc.com


From slktt@cc.usu.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:37 EDT 1996
Article: 1909 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
Message-ID: <1996Apr18.010851.78487@cc.usu.edu>
From: slktt@cc.usu.edu (O Monje)
Date: Thu, 18 Apr 96 05:08:49 GMT
References: <jkelly.829353809@umcc.umcc.umich.edu>
 <Dpw4IM.IGL@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
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mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) wrote:
>jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu  writes:
>> Ther is an ancient saying: "Give me a fish and I will eat for today; teach
>> me to fish and I will eat for the rest of my life"
>> You say this is for a biology lab.  Good!  Instead of looking up the
>> information, design an experiment to test which color of light is most
>> effective.  The end result of photosynthesis is the formation on glucose
>> which the plant converts to starch to store energy.  Therefore the amount
>> of starch produced may be used to measure the amount of photosynthesis
>> which occurred.  Try varying the color of light a leaf recieves by
>> covering the leaf with colored plastic sheets, obtainable at an art
>> supplies store.  Geraniums make a good experimental subject.  The library
>> is a good source of information on science fair projects.  Trust me, this
>> is a classic plant physiology experiment.  Good luck!
>> J. Kelly
>> <jkelly@umcc.umich.edu>
>>
>> bbitting <bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca> writes:
>> >I am currently working on a high school boilogy lab that involves
>> >determining the colours of light that best effect photosynthetic activity,
>> >the only info. I have found was that RED and VIOLET are obsorbed by
>> >chlorophyll but that does not necessarily mean they effect p/s the most.
>> >Anyway if anyone knows or knows of a good site where I can find the info.
>> >I would greatly appreciate it.
>> >Elijah Bitting
>> >bbitting@nbnet.nb.ca
>>
>
>Better yet, don't bother to measure the starch production, just
>the oxygen released. Much easier.
>
>On the other hand, the fellow may not have the light filters
>and equipment to do any of the experiments that we are
>suggesting.
>--
>Associate Professor (Emeritus)
>University of Virginia
>mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu

Measuring O2 is hard w/o an electrode.....
Going back to the starch....Starch can be detected by using an Iodine stain (messy),
but try looking at stained leaf cuttings under the microscope....It should show you where
p/s is going on, and also where it is stored.

Another suggestion....grow ~10 seedlings under different filters at the same light intensity
for about 5-10 days, harvest them, dry them, and look at the shoot dry weights.  For better uniformity,
you can thin out the seedlings that are not growing well...ie down to 5/treatment. Get a red, blue, and
a green or orange filter.

good luck!

OM



From jfoster879@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:37 EDT 1996
Article: 1910 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jfoster879@aol.com (JFoster879)
Newsgroups: sci.environment,bionet.biology.tropical,alt.college.fraternities,alt.college.sororities,alt.college.us,soc.college,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.herp,bionet.plants.education,soc.culture.costa-rica,soc.culture.scientists
Subject: Re: U of Costa Rica Rain Forest Study
Date: 18 Apr 1996 13:02:26 -0400
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Hi, my name is Ron Foster.  I am a college student at DMACC and I am
looking for field research information on rainforests.  If there is any
information you can give me on the destruction of the rainforest or if you
can point out to me someone I can contact I will be very appreciative.

Sincerely,
Ron Foster


From  Sun Apr 21 13:02:38 EDT 1996
Article: 1911 of sci.bio.botany
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From: msue@nextlab17.calstatela.edu (Min Sue)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need Info on best colours of light for p/s
Date: 19 Apr 1996 02:06:43 GMT
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In article <1996Apr18.010851.78487@cc.usu.edu> O Monje wrote:
mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) wrote:
>>jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu  writes:

(deleted section...)

>Another suggestion....grow ~10 seedlings under different filters at 
the same light intensity
>for about 5-10 days, harvest them, dry them, and look at the shoot 
dry weights.  For better uniformity,
>you can thin out the seedlings that are not growing well...ie down to 
5/treatment. Get a red, blue, and
>a green or orange filter.
>
>good luck!
>
>OM
>
>
Hello everyone...
This is my first post/reply...hopefully THIS is readable....
anywayz...I noticed the question regarding the "best" colored
light for photosynthesis.  Since the product of photosynthesis 
is sugars....used for storage and growth and...seedlings use most
of it's energy for growth...why not measure growth rate...either
height or biomass of new seedling grown in different wavelength
light for a few weeks?...Sorry if my reply is ignorant to previous 
postings (I only have postings for 4/16 to 4/18).  Hope this is 
a bit of help...

Chung (msue@nextlab.calstatela.edu)


From cwitham@ncal.net Sun Apr 21 13:02:38 EDT 1996
Article: 1912 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cwitham@ncal.net (Carol Witham)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Announcement - Symposium on Vernal Pool Ecosystems
Date: 19 Apr 1996 04:15:53 GMT
Organization: Mother.COM
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ANNOUNCEMENT:
Conference on the Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool 
Ecosystems

DATES & LOCATION:
June 19-21, 1996 at the Hilton Hotel in Sacramento, California

SPONSORS:
California Native Plant Society
Society for Ecological Restoration, California Chapter
The Wildlife Society, Western Section

DESCRIPTION:
The four sessions include: (1) Vernal Pool Distribution and Charracteristics; 
(2) Ecology, Systematics, Status and Trends of Vernal Pool Plants, Animals, 
and Ecosystems; (3) Conservaton and Management of Vernal Pools: and (4) Vernal 
Pool Regulatory, Planning, and Policy Issues.  The 40+ invited speakers and 
panelists include scientists, managers, and planners from universities, state 
and federal agencies, local governments, environmental consulting firms, and 
conservation organizations.  

REGISTRATION:
Fees range from $100 (early registration by student members of the sponsoring 
organizations) to $200 (late registration by non-students, non-members of 
sponsoring organizations).  Fees include registration materials, lunches and 
refreshment breaks.

CONTACT:
Mr. William Hull, Executive Secretary 
Western Section of The Wildlife Society
P.O. Box 21638
Oakland, CA 94620-1638
(510) 465-4962 or fax (510) 465-1138



From greened@bcc.orst.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:38 EDT 1996
Article: 1913 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Diane_M Greene <greened@bcc.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: rec.food.cooking,soc.culture.japan,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: _Umbilicaria_ lichen as food
Date: Thu, 18 Apr 1996 21:46:25 -0700
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Yes Umbillicaria is used for food, not just by the Japanese.
It cannot yet be grown commercially, or cultivated in any way as far as I 
know.
Very little is published about it.
and yes it is recognized in part by the "umbilicus" by which it attaches 
to the substrate.

On Wed, 17 Apr 1996, Jem wrote:

> eee@netcom.com (Mark Thorson) wrote:
> 
> >I've read that the Japanese eat _Umbilicaria_ lichen (also known
> >as "rock tripe") as a highly prized delicacy.  Can someone tell
> >me the Japanese name for this food, and what it tastes like?
> >Is it reputed to have any medicinal properties?  Is it grown
> >commercially, or is it collected from Nature?
> 
> 
> I'm sorry I don't know the answer to this question. But I do have one
> of my own...
> 
> Does the word Umbilicaria relate at all to _umbilicus_?  I would
> dearly love to know.
> 
> Umbilicus is the name of my site devoted to belly-buttons:
> http://www.thehub.com.au/~jarami/
> 
> Jeremy Mawson
> 
> 
> 


From mescioli@ix.netcom.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:39 EDT 1996
Article: 1914 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mescioli@ix.netcom.com (Mike Scioli)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need corer source
Date: 18 Apr 1996 14:15:23 GMT
Organization: MSE Consultants
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In article <rcooke-130496180902@dynamic-ara8.csuchico.edu>, 
rcooke@oavax.csuchico.edu says...
>
>I would like to purchase a tree ring corer. Can anyone lead me to a
>supplier?

Try the good folks at:

	Forestry Suppliers, Inc.

	1-800/647-5368 (sales)
	1-800/430-5566 (tech. support)
	1-800/752-8461 (quotes for P.O. bid)
	1-800/360-7788 (catalog request)

I have no connection with this company except as a satisfied customer!

All the best....

-- 
Mike Scioli           email: mescioli@ix.netcom.com
MSE Consultants         
Austin, TX



From brateaver@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:39 EDT 1996
Article: 1915 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: 19 Apr 1996 05:13:15 -0400
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The mining people are aware of indicator plants, since the vegetation can
say: there is gold there,   or  nickel there,  etc.  So the Colorado
School of Mines may have something on this.

B. Rateaver


From brateaver@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:39 EDT 1996
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: 19 Apr 1996 05:18:53 -0400
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That is an old book, Hunger Signs, hard to find. Wish I had a copy. I did
pay for one, along with moneh sent to publisher for copies to send to
Australia, and they sent all the copies there, so I never got mine.

But there is a new one: Diagnosis of Mineral Disorders in Plants, vol 1
and 2, maybe there are more volumes now.

But I already combed these books for data for my book, as I already told
you, Organic Method Primer UPDATE, in which I have a good section on
indicator/accumulator plants, garnered from a variety of publications.

Did you see the response here from the authority on grass farming, a
frequent writer for Stockman Grass Farmer?  He said he was writing a book,
and his listing of indicators is longer than mine.

You also did not say in what country you live--maybe that might help us.

I learned  at UC, as a student, in the course on learning about soil from
airplane trips. NASA does that sort of photography all the time, maybe
they would help you, especially if you are in a foreign country.  I know
planes are used to fly over territory where the vegetation proves certain
minerals are there.

B. Rateaver


From avoidacc@aol.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:39 EDT 1996
Article: 1917 of sci.bio.botany
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From: avoidacc@aol.com (Avoid Acc)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: help, my pine is dying
Date: 19 Apr 1996 11:52:35 -0400
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Perhaps a bark beetle?  Has there been any wind or impact trauma to the
pine?  If so, fissures could have been created which would allow
obstructions in the sap flow, etc., as well as enable a variety of insects
to bore and nest.  What species of pine are we talking about?


From momkoz@midwest.net Sun Apr 21 13:02:40 EDT 1996
Article: 1918 of sci.bio.botany
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From: momkoz@midwest.net (jennifer kosco)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: thanks for help with pine
Date: 19 Apr 1996 16:13:07 GMT
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thanks to all for the help with my pine trees.  it was greatly appreciated!

mom and pop koz


From carrie_walter@mail.fws.gov Sun Apr 21 13:02:40 EDT 1996
Article: 1919 of sci.bio.botany
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From: carrie_walter@mail.fws.gov
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Two New FWS World Wide Web Sites
Date: 19 Apr 1996 17:06:33 GMT
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April 19, 1996


Hi Folks,

I am pleased to announce that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has launched 
two new World Wide Web servers.  This effort supports our goal of sharing our 
data and information.

The World Wide Web servers, and their url's (addresses), are:

Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie Region)

http://www.r6.fws.gov/www/fws/

Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge

http://www.fws.gov/~r3pao/mnvhome.html

You can access these sites directly at the url's listed above, or you can access 
them through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Home Page at

http://www.fws.gov/

Also, if you would like to see a list of all of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 
servers, please visit

http://www.fws.gov/servers.html


Thanks.  ...al

============================================================= 
Dr. Alan R. Fisher
National Data Administrator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
303-275-2320
Internet mail: Alan_Fisher@mail.fws.gov 
FWS-Mail:      Fisher, Alan
=============================================================




From sls1@cornell.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:40 EDT 1996
Article: 1920 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sls1@cornell.edu (Shelley Stuart)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botany & Wetlands courses offered in Maine
Date: 19 Apr 1996 20:29:20 GMT
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The Shoals Marine Laboratory (SML) offers a unique opportunity for
students to experience marine science and other marine-related topics. 
Located on 95-acre Appledore Island, Isles of Shoals in the Gulf of Maine,
this near-pristine environment allows students to study many aspects of
the intertidal and sub-tidal ecologies.  The laboratory facilites on
island are complemented by the field capabilites of the SML-owned research
vessel, John M. Kingsbury.

SML's academic program includes over twenty credit courses for
undergraduates, graduates and professionals, several adult education
courses open to any interested persons, tours of Celia Thaxter's historic
garden and a program for high school juniors and seniors.  Our academic
staff hail from academic institutions throughout the US and Canada as well
as professional
fields, where relevant.  Our diverse course offerings include topics such
as introductory and advanced marine science courses, coastal law and
policy, geology, pollution, wetlands and underwater archaeology.  

**Space is still available in the Marine Botany (taught by Dr. Rick
Zechman of Duke University) and Wetlands Resources (taught by Dr. Myron
Beaty, Merrimack College).***

For more information about the education opportunities at SML, browse our
Web site (WWW.SML.CORNELL.EDU).  If you know you would like our catalog
and 1996 application, please e-mail us at: SHOALS-LAB@CORNELL.EDU

-- 
SLS1@CORNELL.EDU


From alkaher1@dialup.netvision.net.il Sun Apr 21 13:02:40 EDT 1996
Article: 1921 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Iris &Shlomo Alkaher <alkaher1@dialup.netvision.net.il>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: uses of lichens
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I have few answers for mark Thorsonand others who are interested in lichens..
if we are talking about lichens as food so I am adding two more users: The 
goats in sinay desert (in egypt) eat the lichen Ramalina maciformis. in dry 
seasons this is the only food they find to eat. snails eat epiphytic lichens
like Caloplaca by grading them from the rocks.
other interesting uses:
1. Cetraria islandica is still saled in pharmacies in Sweden as a drug for     
   diabetes and pulmunaric deseases
2. Usneic acid, a second metabolyte produced by many lichens, is used against  
   plant deseases and is the main content of the antibiotic cream Usno. This   
   cream prevent development of mycobacterium. for example,it was found that a 
   derivate of this acid delaid a cancer development in tomato plants.
3. colours are produced from lichens. an intensive colours industry in Europe 
   was based on Roccella, Parmelia, Evernia and Ochrolechia. In Scottland      
   lichen colours are used untill today for painting the Harris Tweed  fabric.
4. Parmelia andina is used in the Sahara desert for  pipe smoking.
5. Species of Cladonia are used in architectual models. those lichens looks    
   like little trees or bushes.
6. some of the lichens are used as a decorative element in flowers bouquets.
7. In Israel and in other countries many researches showed that lichens are    
   fantastic bio-indicators of air pollution. This subject worths a separate   
    discussion, in another article. is there anyone interested in this         
    subject?            

About resynthesys of lichens: There is an update research abuot resynthesys of 
lichens in Israel in the Carmel forests that were burned few years ago. The 
student is doing his research in tel Aviv University as a part of his PH.D 
work. I can find his adress if any one is interested.

There are also the magazines Lichenologist and Bryologist that contain answers 
for Mark Thorson's questions about resynthesys of lichens in vivo and in vitro

subject? 


 



From scg3@acpub.duke.edu Sun Apr 21 13:02:41 EDT 1996
Article: 1922 of sci.bio.botany
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From: scg3@acpub.duke.edu (Sarah C. Goslee)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Followup-To: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Date: 20 Apr 1996 13:30:26 GMT
Organization: Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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I'm afraid I missed the original question, so this may not be relevant.

There's a book I have found useful in the area of indicator geobotany, a 
translation from a Russian symposium in the 1960s. It seems to be fairly 
readily available in university libraries.

Chikichev, A. 1965. Plant indicators of soils, rocks, and subsurface waters.
Conference on indicator geobotany, Moscow, 1961.

--
Sarah C. Goslee                      "When I get a little money, I buy books;
School of the Environment             if there is any left over, I buy food
Duke University                       and clothing."
scg3@acpub.duke.edu                     --Erasmus
http://www.duke.edu/~scg3/home.html


From skoob@outdoorbooks.com Sun Apr 21 13:02:41 EDT 1996
Article: 1923 of sci.bio.botany
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From: skoob@outdoorbooks.com (Brian Sherry)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botany books
Date: 20 Apr 1996 18:35:55 GMT
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The Outdoor Bookstore has added 16 new lists of natural history books for sale 
to it's web site, including three in botany.  They can be viewed at

http://www.outdoorbooks.com

Thanks,
Brian
-- 
******************************************************************
Brian Sherry                                The Outdoor Bookstore        
e-mail: skoob@outdoorbooks.com                  1425 S. Higgins
phone: 406-543-3663                        Missoula, Montana 59851
on-line catalog of new & used books - http://www.outdoorbooks.com/



From rwills@sunny.gis.uwa.edu.au Sun Apr 21 13:02:41 EDT 1996
Article: 1924 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dr Ray Wills <rwills@sunny.gis.uwa.edu.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.microbiology
Subject: Announcement: Plant Diseases in Ecosystems conference proceedings
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 1996 00:35:39 +0800
Organization: Kings Park & Botanic Garden
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Announcement: =

Plant Diseases in Ecosystems
threats and impacts in south-western Australia

Conference proceedings
see details at:

<http://www.omen.com.au/~cwills/rtwpldis.html>

=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=
=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=
=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B=8B
 Dr R. T. Wills                  <rwills@sunny.gis.uwa.edu.au>
 Plant Sciences Division          Ph  (61 9) 480 3623
 Kings Park & Botanic Garden      Fx           * 3641   =

 West Perth  WA  6005             Lab          * 3640 =

 Australia                   <http://www.omen.com.au/~cwills/rtw.html>


From http://www.clearlight.com/~amart/ Sun Apr 21 13:02:42 EDT 1996
Article: 1925 of sci.bio.botany
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An online bookshelf where you can post books-related 
classified ads and browse our bookshelf (consisting of 
hundreds of Science/Technical used books for sale) is now
available for FREE membership.  Register FREE today!

http://www.clearlight.com/~amart/


From benda@netvision.net.il Sun Apr 21 13:02:42 EDT 1996
Article: 1926 of sci.bio.botany
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From: benda@netvision.net.il (Shlomo)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: mandragora officinarum (mandrake)
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 1996 13:22:54 GMT
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Does anyone have any information concerning the Mandragora's fruit?
Please reply if it's eatable at all.

								thnx,
								Shlomo Ben David.




From medintz@falcon.cc.ukans.edu Sun May  5 13:38:44 EDT 1996
Article: 1927 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help with keys
Message-ID: <1996Apr21.135718.118273@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu>
From: medintz@falcon.cc.ukans.edu (Mike S. Medintz)
Date: 21 Apr 96 13:57:18 CDT
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Hi.
I'm looking for a book of dichotomous keys to plants around the Great
Lakes, specifically SW Michigan. I asked in my school bookstoren and
nobody seemed to know what I was talking about. Does anybody here
have any recommendations? Is there such a thing? 

Thanks much in advance

--
Mike S. Medintz   | Another redneck for Wilderness
"Wise Use" isn't. |"If you don't vote, don't bitch."
http://falcon.cc.ukans.edu/~medintz



From tjfox@sam.neosoft.com Sun May  5 13:38:44 EDT 1996
Article: 1928 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tjfox@sam.neosoft.com (T. Jesse Fox)
Newsgroups: sci.environment,talk.environment,za.environment,bionet.agroforestry,bionet.biology.tropical,talk.politics.animals,alt.college.fraternities,alt.college.sororities,alt.college.us,soc.college,soc.culture.latin-america,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.herp,sci.bio.systematics,bionet.plants.education,soc.culture.costa-rica,alt.binaires.pictures.erotica.teen
Subject: Concern Spawns Educational Opportunity in Costa Rica
Date: 21 Apr 1996 19:34:44 GMT
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Growing Concern Over Rain Forest Spawns Educational Opportunity in Costa 
Rica


English Speaking Undergraduates Encouraged to Participate

Houston/San Jose - As of summer of 96, The University of Costa Rica is 
offering a special section of their bioenvironmental science courses 
uniquely designed to suit the needs of English speaking students.  This 
“Rain Forest Adventure” provides an opportunity that meets the academic 
science requirements of the vast majority of undergraduate students in the 
United States and throughout the world who wish to acquire a basic yet 
comprehensive understanding of tropical rain forests.  

	There are many programs offered by the universities of the world’s 
developed nations which maintain exemplary standards of rain forest study. 
 The irony is that the previous generations of the developed nations have 
destroyed most of their old growth areas rich in biodiversity.  Without 
exposure to biologically diverse ecology most students do not acquire the 
predilection to undertake nor the dedication to fulfill the arduous and 
burdensome course of study 

required for a meaningful positive influence on rain forest ecology.

	For these reasons World Class Adventures in Education has launched 
an effort to market this new ecology program, taught in English, at the 
University of Costa Rica by professors who have earned their Ph.D. from 
American universities.  This enterprise will recruit English speaking 
undergraduate students to participate in a program designed to take 
advantage of the pristine national park system and congenial social 
climate of Costa Rica.

	This three month semester course of study will include Tropical 
Ecology (4 hours), Natural History of Costa Rica (4 hours), Biological 
Diversity \ Conservation (4 hours) and Spanish (4 hours). Students at most 
major universities receive full credit in the US for all courses taken at 
the University of Costa Rica.  Together with an extensive calendar of 
field study events, this program will provide students with a broad, hands 
on perspective of the rain forest and an
incredible tropical adventure.

	Costa Rica has 12 zones, ranging from tidal mangroves to 
sub-alpine paramó,  high above the timberline.  Each of the zones is 
distinctive with diverse natural vegetation and ecosystems.  The 
surrounding environment, makes this internationally acclaimed and 
accredited university uniquely qualified to provide the finest level of 
instruction in this academic field.  Access to Costa Rica’s full

spectrum of biodiversity, together with the university’s high standard of 
instruction, will provide English speaking students with an unprecedented 
opportunity to fully understand the nature of the world’s most 
biologically diverse ecosystems.

	Rain forests are being destroyed.  Very few people have the 
expertise to
evaluate, monitor and systematically catalog what remains.  We must study 
it.  If 
it is lost, shouldn’t we at least know what has been lost and the 
importance of that
loss so that we will have the incentive to save what is left?  To the 
extent that it cannot be saved it must at least be understood.

	Saving the rain forest is an exceedingly involved and complicated 
process.  It involves strategic planing of incentives and motivation.  
What needs to be done?  What is the motivation for doing it?  The 
catastrophic effect, of the loss of biodiversity, on the future of human 
existence is the primary motivation.  However, convincing a sufficient 
number of people that the effects are indeed
catastrophic is a challenge that has yet to be met.  There has been an 
effort to give whole populations a basic feeling of loss.  There has been 
an effort to develop eco-tourism to generate the financial incentive for 
countries to set aside rain forest park land.  There has even been an 
effort to buy a small portions of the rain forest thereby staying the 
destruction.  The need that has not been met is the development of a hands 
on, educational structure where large groups of students 
                                                     
can learn the issues and obstacles of this global concern.  This is rain 
forest’s best hope.  Young men and women with the motivation, tools and 
experience will now be able to develop proposals and execute initiatives 
that safeguard our biodiversity.  There may be no easy answers.  However, 
if an answer exists, these fresh young minds considering these facts and 
issues present the greatest opportunity of finding one.  

		Applications for admission are available on request.  The 
current total program cost is $6,200.  This includes all University of 
Costa Rica tuition , fees and matriculation, books and supplies, Round 
trip Airfare from Houston Intercontinental Airport or equivalent place of 
departure, private room with breakfast and dinner with a Costa Rican 
family, extensive calendar of field trips.
Undergraduate students interested in participating should contact:
World Class Adventures in Education
1300 Post Oak Blvd Suite 1750
Houston, Texas 77056
Phone: 713-961-3836
E-mail: worldc@neosoft.com
http://www.neosoft.com/~worldc/learn.html



From s111266@FB1.FHTW-Berlin.DE Sun May  5 13:38:45 EDT 1996
Article: 1929 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!zib-berlin.de!news.fb1.fhtw-berlin.de!uranus.fb1.fhtw-berlin.de!s111266
From: s111266@FB1.FHTW-Berlin.DE (Michael Steinmetz)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Iboga therapy ?
Date: 21 Apr 1996 23:07:24 GMT
Organization: Fachhochschule fuer Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin, FB1
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Hello, i've got a question concerning the cure of drug abuse with
Ibogaine. Can you please give me addresses of groups
working with this substance? I've read of therapy
projects in netherlands and recently heard of a bhuddist
cloister in thailand. Where can I purchase the substance
or the  root of _Tabernanthe iboga_
in germany (it's not forbidden here!)?

Thank you for your help,

Michael

Michael Steinmetz
s111266@fb1.fhtw-berlin.de

Hagenauer Str. 15
10435 Berlin
GERMANY


From resik335@aol.com Sun May  5 13:38:45 EDT 1996
Article: 1930 of sci.bio.botany
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From: resik335@aol.com (Resik335)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Possible fund-raiser
Date: 21 Apr 1996 20:40:05 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 27
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
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NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com

A new line of ethnobotanical products will be released in mid May, 1996. 
The products are made from research conducted amid the indigenous tribes
of the rain forests.  A percentage of the proceeds from the purchase of
these products will be donated back to the indigenous people to assist in
purchasing legal rights to parcels of the rain forest to prohibit further
logging.

In addition, private associations may use this product line as an on-going
fund-raiser.  Upon registering your club with our company, you will be
assigned a pin number which your members may use to buy products directly
>from  our company.  We will send the products directly to your members, and
send the retail profit for the sale to your club.

This could be a perfect fund-raiser, especially for a conservation,
environmental, or ecological club.  In addition to helping raise money for
rain forest preservation, you will generate funds for your own club at the
local level.  all this without inventory, investment, selling, accounts
receivable, or delivery of products.

If you would like additional information on the new product line, our
company, or fundraising ideas, please me.

Lee Kiser
2237 N. Fremont, 2nd Floor
Chicago, IL  60614  USA
Phone and Fax:  312-528-1732
E-mail:  Resik335@aol.com


From davidf@sisna.com Sun May  5 13:38:45 EDT 1996
Article: 1931 of sci.bio.botany
Message-ID: <3176A8AA.6349@sisna.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Apr 1996 13:40:10 -0700
From: David Fitzgerald <davidf@sisna.com>
X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.0 (Win16; I)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Never fertilize again! Amazing new product!
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Never fertilize your plants again!

			    Use MAKE IT GROW!

	This is the name of a revolutionary new product produced from 100%
natural elements.  It is highly environmentally friendly, and easy to use.

*   Where to use MAKE IT GROW-
	Trees                   House plants
	Shrubs                  Vegetables
	Flowers                 Gardens

*   How MAKE IT GROW  works-
    It is NOT a fertilizer.  It is a carrier or a holder, that becomes
    a nutrient bank for the nutrients that are in liquid fertilizers.

*   How MAKE IT GROW is used-
	1.  You soak MAKE IT GROW in any liquid fertilizer (i.e. Miracle
            Grow) for 48 hours.
	2.  Drain the MAKE IT GROW.
	3.  Mix the MAKE IT GROW with soil and place it around the root zone.
	Follow these three simple steps; stand back and watch as your plants
	take off!

    Now all the important nutrients are always within reach of the plant's
roots, all summer, all winter, and all of the time through the use of a
unique ionic process.  Your plants will become bigger and better than ever
before.
    Use it to plant seeds, or when you are transplanting your plants.  It is
great for rejuvenating plants that are dying.  It helps your plants in almost
any situation.  All it takes is just one simple application of MAKE IT GROW.

For more information on pricing or questions, please write to:

Natural Zeolite Products
P.O. Box 3859
Logan, UT  84321-3859
(801) 753-2405

Visit our home page!
http://www.cachenet.com/zeolite/

	-- Anyone can have a 'green thumb' with MAKE IT GROW! --


From resik335@aol.com Sun May  5 13:38:45 EDT 1996
Article: 1932 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.cse.psu.edu!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!oleane!plug.news.pipex.net!pipex!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e2a.gnn.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: resik335@aol.com (Resik335)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Ethnobotanical Product Tour
Date: 21 Apr 1996 20:06:25 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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In mid May 1996, a new and exciting line of ethnobotanical products will
be released.  In preparation of the release, several cities will host
presentations on the new line.  The following cities have been chosen.

April 23		Washington, DC
April 24		Chicago, IL
April 29		Dallas, TX
April 30		San Francisco, CA
May 1		Orange County, CA
May 2		Vancouver, Canada
May 3		Toronto, Canada
May 4		Ft. Lauderdale, FL
May 9		Phoenix, AZ

Each presentation will start at 7:00 PM and last until approximately 9:30
PM.  The cost to attend is $42.50, which includes registration fee,
information package, and a hard copy edition of world-renown ethnobotanist
Dr. Paul Cox’s latest book.

For specific locations and/or to register, please contact Lee Kiser by
e-mail or other at the address below.  Thank you.

Lee Kiser
2237 N. Fremont, 2nd Floor
Chicago, IL  60614  USA
Phone and Fax:  312-528-1732
E-mail:  Resik335@aol.com



From bonethugss@aol.com Sun May  5 13:38:46 EDT 1996
Article: 1933 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bonethugss@aol.com (Bonethugss)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: I NEED INFO on Life Cycle of Flowers
Date: 21 Apr 1996 21:12:31 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Any help on this would be appreciated.  Send to my E-MAil addresses below:
Pvint@lan.tjhsst.edu
Bonethugss@aol.com

Thanx


From raintree@bga.com Sun May  5 13:38:46 EDT 1996
Article: 1934 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!realtime.net!news
From: Leslie Taylor <raintree@bga.com>
Newsgroups: sci.environment,bionet.biology.tropical,alt.college.fraternities,alt.college.sororities,alt.college.us,soc.college,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.herp,bionet.plants.education,soc.culture.costa-rica,soc.culture.scientists
Subject: Re: U of Costa Rica Rain Forest Study
Date: 22 Apr 1996 05:35:08 GMT
Organization: The Raintree Group, Inc.
Lines: 42
Message-ID: <4lf5qc$ma2@news3.realtime.net>
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jfoster879@aol.com (JFoster879) wrote:
>Hi, my name is Ron Foster.  I am a college student at DMACC and I am
>looking for field research information on rainforests.  If there is any
>information you can give me on the destruction of the rainforest or if you
>can point out to me someone I can contact I will be very appreciative.
>
>Sincerely,
>Ron Foster


Dear Ron,
There are two great websites that will give you more info 
than you'll ever need.

GAIA Forest Archives: Has a HUGE archive of rainforest 
related information including preservation info and rates 
of destruction. Their website is at:

http://forests.lic.wisc.edu/forests/gaia.html

Also check into the Rainforest Action Network who has the 
same type of info and alot more on the rainforests in 
general:
http://www.ran.org/

The GAIA url above may be outdated as I think they switched 
servers.  RAN does hava a hyperlink to GAIA on their page 
if this is the case.

Hope this helps. Good luck!

Leslie Taylor
-- 
The Raintree Group, Inc.
2949 W. Anderson Ln, Suite 175
Austin, Texas 78757 USA
email: raintree@bga.com
Cat's Claw Webpage: http://www.bga.com/directsource
Rainforest Medicinal Plants: 
http://rain-tree.com/index2.htm




From cindylay@mail.utexas.edu Sun May  5 13:38:46 EDT 1996
Article: 1935 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cindylay@mail.utexas.edu (Cindy Catherine Lay)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Darwin Hybrid Tulip
Date: 22 Apr 1996 05:11:44 GMT
Organization: University of Texas at Austin
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Hello.  Does anyone know the Latin name for the Darwin Hybrid Tulip or any
other neat info about it?

Please email me directly!!!

Thanks.


From camilla@primenet.com Sun May  5 13:38:46 EDT 1996
Article: 1936 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!nntp.news.primenet.com!news.primenet.com!camilla
From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,misc.health.alternative,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.china,soc.culture.japan
Subject: gui pi wan information needed
Date: 21 Apr 1996 23:17:03 -0700
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A friend of mine is taking an over the counter Chinese herbal remedy 
called Gui Pi Wan.  Can anybody tell me what's in this?  Also, do any of 
the herbs in it have estrogenic activity?

Thanks.


   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From stb@mail.deltanet.com Sun May  5 13:38:47 EDT 1996
Article: 1937 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Scott Begg <stb@mail.deltanet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Thanks for the help regarding origin of corn...
Date: 22 Apr 1996 08:24:03 GMT
Organization: Delta Internet Services, Anaheim, CA
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     I wish to thank all those who came to my assistance and resolved the 
issue of the appearance of the word "corn" in Europe centuries before the 
discovery of _Zea mays_ in the New World... I guess the best way of 
looking at it was the most direct, and the one I unfortunately failed to 
consider, i.e., the differences in vernacular and usage.  Oh well, silly 
me!  ("D'OHHH!!!"  --Homer J. Simpson)

     Again, thanks to everyone for the help!



From P.Bachmann@tu-bs.de Sun May  5 13:38:47 EDT 1996
Article: 1938 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!news.dfn.de!news.ruhr-uni-bochum.de!news.rwth-aachen.de!newsserver.rrzn.uni-hannover.de!tubsibr!bachmann.phbiol.nat.tu-bs.de!user
From: P.Bachmann@tu-bs.de (Dr. Peter Bachmann)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: mandragora officinarum (mandrake)
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 1996 11:47:17 +0100
Organization: Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie TUBS
Lines: 16
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <P.Bachmann-2204961147170001@bachmann.phbiol.nat.tu-bs.de>
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In article <4ldd0k$1vg@news.NetVision.net.il>, benda@netvision.net.il
(Shlomo) wrote:

> Does anyone have any information concerning the Mandragora's fruit?
> Please reply if it's eatable at all.
> 
>                                                                 thnx,
>                                                                 Shlomo
Ben David.


Don't try it !!!!!!
Plants of the genus Mandragora synthesise tropan alkaloids eg. Hyoscamaine
(atropine). All parts of the plant are poisonous.

Peter


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Sun May  5 13:38:47 EDT 1996
Article: 1939 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help with keys for Michigan
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 1996 09:33:27 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University - Biology
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>I'm looking for a book of dichotomous keys to plants around the Great
>Lakes, specifically SW Michigan.

Look for the two-volume set  "Michigan Flora" copyright 1972 by Cranbrook 
Institute of Science and the U. of Michigan Herbarium.  (There was a second 
printing in 1980).  If it's not still in print, it ought to be available 
second hand and in libraries.  Volume one deals with gymnosperms and monocots; 
volume two with dicots.

These books have keys, short descriptions, county dot distribution maps and 
some nice line drawings.  The nomenclature may now be a bit out of date, but 
these books will be a good starting point for you.

Hope this helps,
Monique Reed
Herbarium Botanist
Biology Department
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX  77843


From krishnan@PROBLEM_WITH_INEWS_DOMAIN_FILE Sun May  5 13:38:48 EDT 1996
Article: 1940 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: krishnan@PROBLEM_WITH_INEWS_DOMAIN_FILE (s krishnan)
Subject: Workshop on Biotechnology
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 International Symposium on 'Cyanobacterial Biotechnology',

                   September 18-21, 1996

       Venue:  National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria
               Bharathidasan University
               Tiruchirapalli 620 024
               India

     Review papers covering all aspects Cyanobacterial 
Biotechnology are invited from 30 senior scientists from 
different countries.  Response so far from 150 scientists 
all over the world.  Interested persons can participate 
either observers or send abstract for poster presentation 
immediately.  Registration US $ 100 for scientists and 
US $ 50 for bonafide students.  Registration after May 31, 
1996 would involve an additional US$ 50 for both categories.  
Registration fee includes accommodation, food and conference 
materials for the symposium period.  For further details 
contact

Dr. G. Subramanian,
Director, 
National Facility Marine Cyanobacteria, 
Bharathidasan University, 
Tiruchirapalli 620 024, 
India

Telephone +91 431 660352, Fax +91 431 660245,

E.mail.   nfmc@bdu.rect.ernet.in

In case, if you have problems with the above email address,
send mail to krishnan@phy.iitb.ernet.in





From icon@mail.msen.com Sun May  5 13:38:48 EDT 1996
Article: 1941 of sci.bio.botany
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From: icon@mail.msen.com (Icon Multimedia Publishing)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Visualizing Data
Date: 22 Apr 1996 18:54:42 GMT
Organization: ICON Multimedia Publishing
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                       William S. Cleveland

                       A Two-Day Short Course
                       Jointly Sponsored by
       The Center for Statistical Consultation and Research
                      University of Michigan
				and
			ICON Multimedia Publishing
                      June 4-5 on the U of M Campus
                           Ann Arbor, MI

               READ ON OR GO TO OUR COURSE WEB PAGE
                 http://www.iconmulti.com/visual/


COURSE CONTENT
Two decades of research in statistical graphics and data
visualization, together with the revolution in computer graphics, have
combined to produce a new frontier of data analysis.  The course will
present visualization tools that provide deep insight into the
structure of data.  There are graphical tools such as coplots, level
plots, and banking to 45 degrees.  There are fitting tools such as
loess and bisquare.  Some tools are old standards.  One example is q-q
plots.  Many tools are new, the leading edge of approaches to data
visualization.  One example is Trellis display, a framework for
analyzing multivariable data; Trellis provides the most powerful
mechanism yet developed for understanding interactions in studies
of how a response depends on explanatory variables.

But the material in the course is much more than a compendium of
useful tools.  It conveys an approach to data analysis that stresses
the use of visualization to thoroughly study the structure of data and
to check the validity of statistical models fitted to data.  The
result is a vast increase in what can be learned from data.  The
course demonstrates this by reanalyzing many data sets from the
scientific literature, revealing missed effects and inappropriate
models fitted to data.

INSTRUCTOR
William S. Cleveland is a leading researcher in statistical methods.
His previous writings on visualization, many papers and two books,
have enjoyed a large audience.  Tools introduced in these writings are
widely used throughout the scientific community. Here is what some of
the reviewers said about his most recent book, VISUALIZING DATA:

"This is a terrific book --- in my opinion, a pathbreaking book.  Get
it.  Read it.  Practice what it preaches.  You will improve the
quality of your data analysis."  B. Gunter, Technometrics.

"proposes and convincingly illustrates a philosophy of data analysis
that is both modern and practical."  P. Royston, Statistics in
Medicine.

"This book, by a leading researcher in statistical graphics, deserves
a wide readership."  C. J. Wild, ISI Book Reviews.

``a serious effort to produce a coherent data analysis.''
A. H. Welsch, Journal of the American Statistical Association.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND
The course is intended for anyone who has data to analyze.  The
prerequisites are familiarity with basic statistics and the
least-squares method of fitting equations to data.  For example, an
introductory course in statistics that included the fundamentals of
regression analysis would be sufficient.

FEE & MATERIALS
Registration is $400. Participants will receive a copy of Bill's book,
VISUALIZING DATA, and a notebook containing copies of course transparencies.

REGISTRATION & PAYMENT
You can resister in one of five ways:
 (1)  Web page:  http://www.iconmulti.com/visual/
 (2)  Email:  icon@iconmulti.com
 (3)  Fax:  1-616-392-2192    
 (4)  Phone:  1-800-403-4266
 (5)  Mail: ICON Multimedia Publishing, Inc.
            11269 E. Lakewood Blvd., Suite #2 
            Holland, MI 49424 
The registration information that we need is your name, address, phone
number, email address, and the method of payment.  The Web page has an
online form that you can fill out.  If you want to register by email, fax, or
mail, you are welcome to first email us at icon@iconmulti.com, and we'll email
you back a registration form that you can edit.

You can pay in one of three ways:
 (1) Credit card (Visa and MasterCard only)
 (2) Check (payable to ICON Multimedia Publishing)
 (3) Purchase order

All registration materials and payment are due by May 21. (We need
to know by then so we can order the right amount of drinks and food
for breaks.) If you are paying by purchase order, we just need the
purchase order number by May 21.

Once your registration and payment is complete we will send you a
confirmation together with information on course times, transportation,
lodging, and good local restaurants for lunch and dinner.

Please note: Because registration closes May 21, any cancellations made
after the 21st will be subject to a $100 late withdrawal fee.

LOCATION
The course will be held on the campus of the University of Michigan.
Ann Arbor is an attractive college town with excellent restaurants,
good hotels, and many activities. And early June is one of the nicest 
times of year there.

GETTING THERE
If you live too far to drive to Ann Arbor, just hop a plane to Detroit
Metro Airport. Details on getting to and from the airport will be included
in your information packet.

QUESTIONS?
Contact us by email, fax, mail, or phone on any question, big or
small.

EPILOGUE
We hope you'll register early; spots are filling up quickly. We look forward
to seeing you there. It's going to be an exciting course.




From joost@sirius.com Sun May  5 13:38:48 EDT 1996
Article: 1942 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!sun.sirius.com!ppp041-sf2.sirius.com!user
From: joost@sirius.com (Joost Romeu)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: petal/sepal vs corolla/calyx
Date: 22 Apr 1996 20:39:26 GMT
Organization: sirius.com
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When is it proper to refer to corolla rather than petal?
When is it proper to refer to calyx rather than sepal?

-- 
please also reply as email...


From wyldbreeze@aol.com Sun May  5 13:38:49 EDT 1996
Article: 1944 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e2a.gnn.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: wyldbreeze@aol.com (WyldBreeze)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: box elder bug problem
Date: 22 Apr 1996 21:00:38 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Hi,

I'm looking for any information that I can get on the controlling of or
elimination of box elder bugs from my trees.  I have tried all kinds of
pesticides and nothing seems to help.  What should I do short of cutting
the tree down?  I already have a male tree in the back of my yard, it does
not have any bugs just one one in the front.


From a_nature@telebyte.nl Sun May  5 13:38:49 EDT 1996
Article: 1945 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Henk van Velthooven <a_nature@telebyte.nl>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: mandragora officinarum (mandrake)
Date: 22 Apr 1996 22:31:55 GMT
Organization: AMAZING NATURE
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <4lh1cr$b0b@rubens.telebyte.nl>
References: <4ldd0k$1vg@news.NetVision.net.il> <P.Bachmann-2204961147170001@bachmann.phbiol.nat.tu-bs.de>
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>Don't try it !!!!!!
>Plants of the genus Mandragora synthesise tropan alkaloids eg. Hyoscamaine
>(atropine). All parts of the plant are poisonous.
>
>Peter

You're right. Mandragora is, like Belladonna, deadly. But isn't nicotine, 
alcohol, heroine too? People who are seeking information about these 
plants in this newsgroup only receive warnings as an answer.I thought this 
newsgroup had an other purpose. Especially when it concerns (in this 
case) the holy herbs of the European witches. There are amazing stories 
that has to be told. And practical information like the save ways to use 
these herbs. (however, save or not, the psychoactive impact of these herbs 
is very heavy. A warning indeed) Furthermore, there is a kind of 
Mandragora that isn't deadly. 

My point. We got governments to warn us. Let us be practical and 
objective and try to rediscover the information the witches once had.

Henk.





From medintz@falcon.cc.ukans.edu Sun May  5 13:38:49 EDT 1996
Article: 1946 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help with keys
Message-ID: <1996Apr23.022736.118431@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu>
From: medintz@falcon.cc.ukans.edu (Mike S. Medintz)
Date: 23 Apr 96 02:27:35 CDT
Nntp-Posting-Host: falcon.cc.ukans.edu
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
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I just wanted to thank all of the people who took the time to respond
when I asked about dichotomous keys for the Great Lakes. I've already
tracked down some of the suggestions, and y'all were a great help.

Thanks.

--
Mike S. Medintz   
http://falcon.cc.ukans.edu/~medintz



From udee785@bay.cc.kcl.ac.uk Sun May  5 13:38:50 EDT 1996
Article: 1947 of sci.bio.botany
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From: udee785@bay.cc.kcl.ac.uk (F. Xia)
Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,misc.health.alternative,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.china,soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: gui pi wan information needed
Date: 23 Apr 96 13:52:49 GMT
Organization: King's College London
Lines: 23
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In article <4lf88v$puv@nnrp1.news.primenet.com>, 
Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> writes:
> A friend of mine is taking an over the counter Chinese herbal remedy 
> called Gui Pi Wan.  Can anybody tell me what's in this?  Also, do any of 
> the herbs in it have estrogenic activity?

I'm responding from SCC (this is saying that I'm no
expert in herbal medicine). There are many different
Chinese characters pronounced as gui or pi (I'm 
guessing that wan means balls or pills). "Gui pi"
could be understood as cinamen(sp?) bark or more
likely restoring/returning the spleen. If it's the
former obviously it contains mainly/mostly/purely
cinamen while if it's the latter I seem to remember
ginseng as being one of the more important 
ingredients.

Most good drug making companies actually provide a
list of the ingredients with their products (legally
binding practice in China) though most do not say
how much of what is in a pill.

Regards, Fei


From TMPUGEL@crsgi1.erenj.com Sun May  5 13:38:50 EDT 1996
Article: 1948 of sci.bio.botany
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From: TMPUGEL@crsgi1.erenj.com (Tom Pugel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Timber prices
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 1996 12:19:38
Organization: Exxon Research and Engineering
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Can someone tell me what the selling price is for hardwood timber? mostly oak 
and hard maple.



From joost@sirius.com Sun May  5 13:38:50 EDT 1996
Article: 1949 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!sun.sirius.com!ppp038-sf2.sirius.com!user
From: joost@sirius.com (Joost Romeu)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: staminode.taxo
Date: 23 Apr 1996 20:29:46 GMT
Organization: sirius.com
Lines: 27
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NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp038-sf2.sirius.com

Harrington describes "Staminode" as 
"A sterile stamen, for example one lacking an anther or a structure
resembling one, and borne with the stamens."

Why does he explicitely say:     "lacking an anther      or       a
structure resembling one"

Does this simply mean:
"A sterile stamen. One lacking an anther."
or
"A sterile stamen. One lacking an anther but possibly displaying a
structure resembling an anther."

or does he mean: 
- ALL staminodes lack anthers and all staminodes lack structures
resembling anthers?
- SOME staminodes have a structure which one might mistake for an anther
despite the fact it doesn't resemble an anther?
- SOME staminodes have a anther but you wouldn't recognize it as such?

Are there any staminodes (i.e. fertile stamens) that display structures
resembling anthers?

Thanks

-- 
please also reply as email...


From ewellbur@mail.educ.gov.bc.ca Sun May  5 13:38:51 EDT 1996
Article: 1950 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Elizabeth Wellburn <ewellbur@mail.educ.gov.bc.ca>
Subject: Canadian Conference (high school biology)
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http://www.science.ubc.ca/departments/botany/bioweb96/

is the web page for a conference that will be taking place in August, 
hosted by the International Congress on Biological Education and 
entitled: "Weaving the Worldwide Web for High School Biology." This 
event happens at the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, 
Canada.


From evlin@netvision.net.il Sun May  5 13:38:51 EDT 1996
Article: 1951 of sci.bio.botany
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From: evlin@netvision.net.il
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan,soc.culture.china,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: gui pi wan information needed
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 96 00:41:39 PDT
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In Article<4lf88v$puv@nnrp1.news.primenet.com>, <camilla@primenet.com> write:
> Path: news.NetVision.net.il!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!nntp.news.primenet.com!news.primenet.com!camilla
> From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
> Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,misc.health.alternative,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.china,soc.culture.japan
> Subject: gui pi wan information needed
> Date: 21 Apr 1996 23:17:03 -0700
> Organization: Primenet (602)395-1010
> Lines: 20
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> X-Posted-By: camilla@usr1.primenet.com
> Xref: news.NetVision.net.il alt.folklore.herbs:4088 
misc.health.alternative:9382 sci.med:11358 sci.bio.botany:544 
soc.culture.china:19882 soc.culture.japan:12554
> 
> A friend of mine is taking an over the counter Chinese herbal remedy 
> called Gui Pi Wan.  Can anybody tell me what's in this?  Also, do any of 
> the herbs in it have estrogenic activity?
> 
> Thanks.
> 
> 
>    "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
>                       that your brain falls out."
> 
>            Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com
> 
> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
>   Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356  Los Angeles
> 
>     CFS/Fibromyalgia/AIDS support *  General medical information *  
>     Politics  *  Church of the SubGenius  *  Skepticism & Science 
> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
>         
> 

This is a Chinese Herbal Patent formula. It is also called
Angelica Longana Tea. It is used for fatigue with night
sweating, palpitations. poor memory, insomnia, restless
dreaming. It is very good for abdominal distention with
flatulence and abnormal uterine bleeding and heavy menses.
It has nothing to do with estrogen in the allopathic sense.
This formula nurtures what is called in chinese medicine,
spleen qi.
Eveline.



From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Sun May  5 13:38:51 EDT 1996
Article: 1952 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!phoenix5!mturner
From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: staminode.taxo
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 1996 20:44:27
Organization: botany dept., duke univ.
Lines: 26
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In article <joost-2304961231040001@ppp038-sf2.sirius.com> joost@sirius.com (Joost Romeu) writes:
>Harrington describes "Staminode" as 
>"A sterile stamen, for example one lacking an anther or a structure
>resembling one, and borne with the stamens."
>Why does he explicitely say:     "lacking an anther      or       a
>structure resembling one"
>Does this simply mean:
>"A sterile stamen. One lacking an anther."
>or
>"A sterile stamen. One lacking an anther but possibly displaying a
>structure resembling an anther."
>or does he mean: 
>- ALL staminodes lack anthers and all staminodes lack structures
>resembling anthers?
>- SOME staminodes have a structure which one might mistake for an anther
>despite the fact it doesn't resemble an anther?
>- SOME staminodes have a anther but you wouldn't recognize it as such?
>Are there any staminodes (i.e. fertile stamens) that display structures
>resembling anthers?

Possibly, but perhaps he meant instead: " a sterile stamen... or a structure 
resembling _a stamen_..."

Staminodia may  have various sorts of appendages & no doubt some have some 
sort of vestigial anthers, but I think the reading above is the most likely 
one even if not quite in line with the punctuation in the quoted sentence...


From jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu Sun May  5 13:38:51 EDT 1996
Article: 1953 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu (Judith Kelly)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help with keys
Date: 23 Apr 1996 22:51:36 -0400
Organization: University of Michigan Computing Club (UMCC)
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I will recommend 4 books, going from the most specific to the most general.
One is Plants of the Chicago Region by Floyd Swink and Gerould Wilhelm.  
Despite the title, it covers Berrien county MI, and should work well in 
SW Michigan.  Cost is 39.50.

Michigan Flora Volume 1 and 2  by Ed Voss.  The third and final volume should
 be out within a year.  Has dot maps for all Michigan Counties.  It is 
very complete and accurate and is a real bargin at $12.00 for Volume 1 
and $13.00 for Volume 2.

Manual of Vascular Plants of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent 
Canada.  2nd Edition.  By Henry Gleason and Arthur Cronquist.  I think I 
paid about $50.00 for it.  Also complete and accurate, but no dot maps.  
Michigan material keys out well as Gleason was botany professor at U of M 
for a number of years.  

One last thought is that you might try to find a copy of A Flora of 
Kalamazoo County by Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Hanes.  It is reputed to be an 
excellent flora, although it may not be in print.  Your local library may 
have a copy.  University Libraries will definitely have a copy.

Have the bookstore look in Books in Print for the ISBN numbers.  
Judy Kelly
<jkelly@umcc.umich.edu>


medintz@falcon.cc.ukans.edu (Mike S. Medintz) writes:
>Hi.
>I'm looking for a book of dichotomous keys to plants around the Great
>Lakes, specifically SW Michigan. I asked in my school bookstoren and
>nobody seemed to know what I was talking about. Does anybody here
>have any recommendations? Is there such a thing? 

>Thanks much in advance

>--
>Mike S. Medintz   | Another redneck for Wilderness
>"Wise Use" isn't. |"If you don't vote, don't bitch."
>http://falcon.cc.ukans.edu/~medintz



From databot@ix.netcom.com Sun May  5 13:38:52 EDT 1996
Article: 1954 of sci.bio.botany
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From: databot@ix.netcom.com(Western PA Conservancy )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help with keys
Date: 23 Apr 1996 12:50:08 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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References: <1996Apr21.135718.118273@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu>
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In <1996Apr21.135718.118273@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu>
medintz@falcon.cc.ukans.edu (Mike S. Medintz) writes: 
>
>Hi.
>I'm looking for a book of dichotomous keys to plants around the Great
>Lakes, specifically SW Michigan. I asked in my school bookstoren and
>nobody seemed to know what I was talking about. Does anybody here
>have any recommendations? Is there such a thing? 
>
>Thanks much in advance
>
>--
>Mike S. Medintz   | Another redneck for Wilderness
>"Wise Use" isn't. |"If you don't vote, don't bitch."
>http://falcon.cc.ukans.edu/~medintz
>
"Michigan Flora" by E.G.Voss contains keys of unsurpassed quality to
the angiosperms of Michigan.  The books contain distribution maps,
illustrations of selected species, and other valuable information about
Michigan's plants.  The first two of three volumes are currently
available (priced very reasonably), and volume three is due to be on
the shelves soon (someone please let me know if it is already
available). They are published by Cranbrook Institute of Science.  If
you want a more compact work, try the used book stores for a copy of
Norman Fassett's classic "Spring Flora of Wisconsin".  Despite the fact
that the nomenclature is a little outdated, this is an excellent choice
for someone who is learning to use keys, and it covers most of the
spring-blooming plants you are likely to find in southwestern Michigan.
 The original edition largely skipped the grasses and sedges, but these
were added in later editions (unfortunately I don't remember who wrote
the addition, maybe Zimmerman).

Steve Grund
Western Pennsylvania Conservancy


From jreny@libby.org Sun May  5 13:38:52 EDT 1996
Article: 1955 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jon Reny <jreny@libby.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Species introduction
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 1996 22:08:14 -0600
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I am a seasonal botanist with the Forest Service in NW Montana.  My primary 
duties include the searching for, and monitoring of, TES species (Threatened, 
endangered, and sensitive). 

Now here is something to think about.  Is it wrong for me to try and "spread" 
these "sensitive" species into habitat that appears suitable??  By this, I 
mean the collection seeds or actual transplanting the individuals.  We are 
doing this with animals very much these days, (ie wolves, bears, elk). 

This idea has met with a very lukewarm reception.  I am not supporting this 
idea or against it either.

Post replies to this group...or directly to me.

Thanks  JON RENY

jreny@libby.org


From databot@ix.netcom.com Sun May  5 13:38:52 EDT 1996
Article: 1956 of sci.bio.botany
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From: databot@ix.netcom.com(Western PA Conservancy )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: petal/sepal vs corolla/calyx
Date: 23 Apr 1996 16:28:22 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <joost-2204961240440001@ppp041-sf2.sirius.com> joost@sirius.com
(Joost Romeu) writes: 
>
>When is it proper to refer to corolla rather than petal?
>When is it proper to refer to calyx rather than sepal?
>
>-- 
>please also reply as email...

All of the petals in a flower are collectively referred to as the
corolla. A spring beauty (Claytonia spp), for example, has a corolla of
five petals.  Similarly, the sepals are collectively known as the
calyx.  So refer to the corolla if you mean to refer to all of the
petals together.  The corolla and calyx together comprise the perianth.


From sache@grignon.inra.fr Sun May  5 13:38:53 EDT 1996
Article: 1957 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ivan Sache <sache@grignon.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Species introduction
Date: 24 Apr 1996 06:47:40 GMT
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To: jreny@libby.org

Jon Reny <jreny@libby.org> wrote:
>I am a seasonal botanist with the Forest Service in NW Montana.  My primary 
>duties include the searching for, and monitoring of, TES species (Threatened, 
>endangered, and sensitive). 
>
>Now here is something to think about.  Is it wrong for me to try and "spread" 
>these "sensitive" species into habitat that appears suitable??  By this, I 
>mean the collection seeds or actual transplanting the individuals.  We are 
>doing this with animals very much these days, (ie wolves, bears, elk). 
>
>This idea has met with a very lukewarm reception.  I am not supporting this 
>idea or against it either.
>
>Post replies to this group...or directly to me.
>

Before introducing a 'new' species, you must be able to evaluate the risk 
for the native plant community.
If the new species has greater competitive ability than the native ones, 
you may induce a biological invasion. If the invasive plant has 
undesirable characteristics (poisonous, weedy...), you can easily imagine 
what will happen.
The introduced species may carry pathogenic fungi, bacteria or viruses. 
If these 'hitch-hikers' find good conditions in the introduction areas, 
they may be able to spread to other native plants and destroy them. The 
risk is high with seeds which may bear fungus spores on their surface but 
also contain embryo-inhabiting spores. The disease will appear only at 
flowering stages and it will be too late to control the disease spread.
I would conclude with : Watch your step when introducing something...

Ivan Sache
Plant Pathology
INRA
78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France




From camilla@primenet.com Sun May  5 13:38:53 EDT 1996
Article: 1958 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan,soc.culture.china,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: gui pi wan information needed
Date: 24 Apr 1996 01:19:01 -0700
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evlin@netvision.net.il wrote:


: This is a Chinese Herbal Patent formula. It is also called
: Angelica Longana Tea. It is used for fatigue with night
: sweating, palpitations. poor memory, insomnia, restless
: dreaming. It is very good for abdominal distention with
: flatulence and abnormal uterine bleeding and heavy menses.
: It has nothing to do with estrogen in the allopathic sense.
: This formula nurtures what is called in chinese medicine,
: spleen qi.
: Eveline.

Thank you very much for posting the information.

Does this mean that it contains an herb named Angelica Longana, and if 
so, how closely related is Angelica longana to Angelica archangelica, 
which is what we usually mean by Angelica in western herbalism?

   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From stefan.schaper@stud.uni-hannover Sun May  5 13:38:53 EDT 1996
Article: 1959 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stefan Schaper <stefan.schaper@stud.uni-hannover>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: (no subject)
Date: 24 Apr 1996 11:41:29 GMT
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From spierph@stud.chem.ruu.nl Sun May  5 13:38:53 EDT 1996
Article: 1960 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "P.H. Spiertz" <spierph@stud.chem.ruu.nl>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.chem.coatings,sci.bio.misc
Subject: building a fence
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 96 14:31:21 +0100
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I want to make a fence in my garden. What's the best material to work with? 
I'm thinking of using wood because its natural. Do I have to use 
conservate the wood? What kind of treatment is the best?
Tell me all.

Paul



From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Sun May  5 13:38:54 EDT 1996
Article: 1961 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Species introduction
Date: 24 Apr 1996 12:25:42 GMT
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In article <317DA92E.3DEC@libby.org>, Jon Reny  <jreny@libby.org> wrote:
>I am a seasonal botanist with the Forest Service in NW Montana.  My primary 
>duties include the searching for, and monitoring of, TES species (Threatened, 
>endangered, and sensitive). 
>
>Now here is something to think about.  Is it wrong for me to try and "spread" 
>these "sensitive" species into habitat that appears suitable??  By this, I 
>mean the collection seeds or actual transplanting the individuals.  We are 
>doing this with animals very much these days, (ie wolves, bears, elk). 
>
>This idea has met with a very lukewarm reception.  I am not supporting this 
>idea or against it either.
>

	Plants have evolved all sorts of ways of dispersing their seeds: wind
blown, insect carried, sticking to the fur of animals, ejector mechanisms etc.
A very good one has been to be appealling to gardeners, enabling ocean and even
hemisphere crossing in a matter of a few years - journeys that until recently
would have taken millenia.  Appealling to soft hearted, conservation minded
botanists is surely just another such strategy!

	Seriously though, re-introduction where the plant has died out is
surely justified; although the change in conditions that caused the original
demise may have to be corrected too - like removing the too vigorous competitor
that somehow got introduced there.   Otherwise it's a difficult subject!

	Howard Clase



From zhongyi@soho.ios.com Sun May  5 13:38:54 EDT 1996
Article: 1962 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Steve Rosenthal <zhongyi@soho.ios.com>
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan,soc.culture.china,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: gui pi wan information needed
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Camilla Cracchiolo wrote:
> 
> evlin@netvision.net.il wrote:
> 
> 
> 
> Does this mean that it contains an herb named Angelica Longana... "Angelica Longana" is two herbs; Angelica Sinensis (Dang Gui) and
Arillus Euphoriae Longanae (Long Yan Rou)


From Stefan.Schaper@stud.uni-hannover.de Sun May  5 13:38:54 EDT 1996
Article: 1963 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stefan Schaper <Stefan.Schaper@stud.uni-hannover.de>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Algae
Date: 24 Apr 1996 18:22:23 GMT
Organization: RRZN - Newsserver
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Hi there !

I´ve got a problem: I need the name of the authors that first
described the following species of algae from the Caribean coral reefs:
Bryopsis triquetum
Halimeda opuntia
Anadyomene stellata
Caulerpa serturlarioides
Caulerpa verticilliata
Halimeda osterhoutii,
Penicillus capitatus
Galaxaura cilindrica
Galaxaura subverticilliata
Sargassum hystrix
Ulva lactuca

It´s very urgent and you really would help me a lot.
Thanks very much.
Stefan Schaper



From netstuff@ix.netcom.com Sun May  5 13:38:55 EDT 1996
Article: 1964 of sci.bio.botany
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From: netstuff@ix.netcom.com (Space Cowboy)
Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,misc.health.alternative,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.china,soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: gui pi wan information needed
Date: 24 Apr 1996 13:10:06 GMT
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In article <4lf88v$puv@nnrp1.news.primenet.com>, 
Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> writes:
> A friend of mine is taking an over the counter Chinese herbal remedy 
> called Gui Pi Wan.  Can anybody tell me what's in this?  Also, do any of 
> the herbs in it have estrogenic activity?

 Gui Pi Wan is Angelicae Longana Tea, "Restore Spleen Pill", Lanchow
Chinese Medicine Works.  Among otherthings used for heavy menses.  Source
Chinese Herbal Patent Formulas, Jake Fratkin, SHYA Publications, 1986,
ISBN: 0-9626078-2-7.
 The famous Chinese herb for 'estrogenic activity' is Angelica.  It makes
up a small % of this formula.  The formula Tang Kwe Gin is essentially
70% Angelica.  Of course then there is the contradiction that 'more is
better' or 'less is better'.  I'd stay with the current formula if it
were prescribed by a Traditional Chinese Doctor.  However Tang Kwe Gin
is the classic formula for menopausal women.

---
Jim



From 104221.3016@CompuServe.COM Sun May  5 13:38:55 EDT 1996
Article: 1965 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!news.production.compuserve.com!news
From: David Deutsch <104221.3016@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New Caledonia Flora
Date: 24 Apr 1996 21:15:49 GMT
Organization: CompuServe, Inc. (1-800-689-0736)
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Message-ID: <4lm5m6$ou9$1@mhafn.production.compuserve.com>

I am looking for a source to obtain certain volumes of the series:

"Flora de la Nouvelle Caledonie et Dependances"

I believe up to 17 volumes were or ultimately will be published. I 
have some of those, but would very much like to have the remainder. 
Information from anyone would be gratefully appreciated.

Thanks,

David Deutsch


From hvatum@telepost.no Sun May  5 13:38:56 EDT 1996
Article: 1966 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Hanne Hvatum <hvatum@telepost.no>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Species introduction
Date: 24 Apr 1996 21:52:36 GMT
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I think, introduction to a locality far off should be avoided. Species should be helped to 
survive within their natural ranges. And even within the species' range, introducing plants 
>from  a different part of the species' range could alter the genetic structure of the species.

Local introductions of rare or threatened species, I think, means completely different things 
if it is a species of natural habitats (not favoured by human disturbance), or if it is a 
species of managed habitats.

Rare species of natural habitats should not be introduced into new localities if the original 
ones are more or less safe. For one, such a practice would tend to make biogeographical 
studies of the species impossible. If there is an emergency situation concerning the primary 
locality, an introduction to a new locality should at least be published so that the history 
of the new locality is documented.

For rare species strongly associated with managed habitats (hay meadows, grazing meadows etc.) 
I think introduction is completely OK to "complete" the species composition of localities 
where one has taken action to continue the traditional management. Such species have little 
potential to spread out into unmanaged vegetation, and their local distribution is very much a 
result of human traffic in itself. When management is stopped, they will disappear again.

For more common species introduction should be unnecessary - but on the other hand it would 
not mean a problem either. 

The thing one absolutely should avoid, is introducing species alien to the region - it might 
turn out to become a new aggressive alien.


Jan Wesenberg
Oslo, Norway



From jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu Sun May  5 13:38:56 EDT 1996
Article: 1967 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu (Judith Kelly)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help with keys
Date: 24 Apr 1996 21:13:30 -0400
Organization: University of Michigan Computing Club (UMCC)
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <jkelly.830394470@umcc.umcc.umich.edu>
References: <1996Apr21.135718.118273@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu> <4lijm0$ivq@dfw-ixnews8.ix.netcom.com>
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I talked to Ed Voss on April 15th and he says that he has taken the 
manuscript for the third volume to Cranbrook.  Now it has to go out on 
bid to various printers.  I would imagine it would be available within the 
year.  If the group is interested I can post a message when it becomes 
available.  
Judy Kelly <jkelly@umcc.umich.edu>

databot@ix.netcom.com(Western PA Conservancy ) writes:
>"Michigan Flora" by E.G.Voss contains keys of unsurpassed quality to
>the angiosperms of Michigan.  The books contain distribution maps,
>illustrations of selected species, and other valuable information about
>Michigan's plants.  The first two of three volumes are currently
>available (priced very reasonably), and volume three is due to be on
>the shelves soon (someone please let me know if it is already
>available). They are published by Cranbrook Institute of Science.  If
    <snipped>

>Steve Grund
>Western Pennsylvania Conservancy


From ZWHJ47A@prodigy.com Sun May  5 13:38:56 EDT 1996
Article: 1968 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ZWHJ47A@prodigy.com (John Meidell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Species introduction
Date: 25 Apr 1996 05:12:43 GMT
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I generally concur with the sound advice given by prior respondants in 
that much care should be given in the reintroduction of imperiled plants 
species. Here in Hawai`i, oft noted as the extinction capital of the 
world, we are more than familiar with this issue. We are also quite 
familiar with the sometimes catastrophic consequences of short-sighted, 
though well-intentioned introductions. At the 8,600 acre preserve that we 
manage, we feel that outplanting of the the most critically imperiled 
taxa is a good way to bring them back from the brink. However, two very 
important guidlines are adhered to: 1) propagation stock must come from 
local sources in order to protect natural genetic integrity, as plants of 
the same species occurring on different islands-or even different 
locations of the same island- can exhibit radical variations, and 2) 
reintroduction locations should match, in terms of natural community type,
 the location of the original range of the taxa in question. This is 
particulary pertinent to us in Hawai`i as abrupt changes and radical 
variations in climate that are produced by rugged terrain have created 
ecological niches or microsystems that appear to have unique evolutionary 
heirarchies. This may or may not apply to you. Well, hope this helps. 
Good luck in bringing `em back from the brink!!

J. Scott Meidell 
Pu`u Kukui Watershed
Maui, Hawaii
zwhj47a@prodigy.com   



From vickery@mpx.com.au Sun May  5 13:38:57 EDT 1996
Article: 1969 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: petal/sepal vs corolla/calyx
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 1996 16:36:14 +1000
Organization: University of NSW
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In article <joost-2204961240440001@ppp041-sf2.sirius.com>
(petal/sepal vs corolla/calyx), you write:

>When is it proper to refer to corolla rather than petal?
Corolla refers to all the petals as a group.
>When is it proper to refer to calyx rather than sepal?
Calyx is the group name for the sepals.
>




Bob Vickery
bob@acsusun.acsu.unsw.edu.au
vickery@mpx.com.au


From vineelap@pixie.udw.ac.za Sun May  5 13:38:57 EDT 1996
Article: 1970 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Vineela Pillay <vineelap@pixie.udw.ac.za>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Masters
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 1996 08:17:35 +0200
Organization: University of Durban-Westville
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Hi

I am interested in pursuing a masters in the conservation and 
geographical information systems...as maybe a combined project.  I need 
any info as to which institutions offer these.  I have completed my 
Honours in Ecology and Conservation, and have used G.I.S. in my project 
and am very interested in this. 

Any help in this regard in this will be greatly appreciated.
Thanking you in advance.

Yours sincerely
Miss V.Pillay      (Vineelap@pixie.udw.ac.za)



From jstock6360@aol.com Sun May  5 13:38:57 EDT 1996
Article: 1971 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jstock6360@aol.com (JStock6360)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: VITIS EXPERTS INQUIRE WITHIN
Date: 25 Apr 1996 03:52:33 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I'm looking for authorities or even interested amateurs for
exchange/resource of information.  I will be studying viticulture at
Fresno St, CA next year and cannot wait.  I would appreciate any help.


From tomtron@ncweb.com Sun May  5 13:38:57 EDT 1996
Article: 1972 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!en.com!usenet
From: "TWB Sr." <tomtron@ncweb.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.chem.coatings,sci.bio.misc
Subject: Re: building a fence
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 1996 06:39:46 -0400
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P.H. Spiertz wrote:
> 
> I want to make a fence in my garden. What's the best material to work with?
> I'm thinking of using wood because its natural. Do I have to use
> conservate the wood? What kind of treatment is the best?
> Tell me all.
> 
> Paul

Paul, try alt.home.repair
-- 
          +-----------------------------------------------------+
          +  Sherwin Williams® Industrial Maintenance Coatings  +
          + Tank Linings, Secondary Containment, Heat Resistant +
          +                 Cleveland, Ohio   USA               +
          +      tomtron@ncweb.com  Fax USA (216) 942-3762      +
          +           http://www.ncweb.com/biz/sherwin          +
          +-----------------------------------------------------+


From P.Bachmann@tu-bs.de Sun May  5 13:38:58 EDT 1996
Article: 1973 of sci.bio.botany
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From: P.Bachmann@tu-bs.de (Dr. Peter Bachmann)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: mandragora officinarum (mandrake)
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 1996 13:02:25 +0100
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In article <4lh1cr$b0b@rubens.telebyte.nl>, Henk van Velthooven
<a_nature@telebyte.nl> wrote:

> >Don't try it !!!!!!
> >Plants of the genus Mandragora synthesise tropan alkaloids eg. Hyoscamaine
> >(atropine). All parts of the plant are poisonous.
> >
> >Peter
> 

Dear Henk,
I hate to do this, but I think there are a few things to reply:

> You're right. Mandragora is, like Belladonna, deadly. But isn't nicotine, 
> alcohol, heroine too? People who are seeking information about these 
> plants in this newsgroup only receive warnings as an answer.I thought this 
> newsgroup had an other purpose. 

If somebody is asking, if he can eat a Mandragora fruit it is necessary to
say 'NO' - or do you like to be responsible for a dead person?

> Especially when it concerns (in this 
> case) the holy herbs of the European witches. There are amazing stories 
> that has to be told. And practical information like the save ways to use 
> these herbs. (however, save or not, the psychoactive impact of these herbs 
> is very heavy. A warning indeed)

Sorry, but there is no save use of psychoactive compounds for everybody.
That is why we are educate medicine and pharmacy at our universities and
asking for diplomas.

> Furthermore, there is a kind of Mandragora that isn't deadly. 

The name Mandragora (if written in this way, starting with a capital
letter) clearly indicate the genus Mandrogora of the family Solanaceae. If
you believe it or not, but all members of this genus are toxic !!!!!! It
is only possible to discuss how many species are belonging to the genus
(if you are a  taxonomic 'splitter' or 'lumper').
> 
> My point. We got governments to warn us. Let us be practical and 
> objective and try to rediscover the information the witches once had.
> 
> Henk.

There is nothing to rediscover. All what you need is a simple textbook
about poisonous plants and/or pharmacology. Also a lot of witches recipies
are published. So nobody will hinder you to try it. But remember - one of
the effect is often, that you will think you are able to fly. So better go
to the basement without any windows if you like to poison yourself.

And I'm very sorry, but I don't understand, what a government has to do
with this. You are responsible to answer these dangerous questions if you
see them, not to wait for your government


Good Health

Peter


From una.smith@yale.edu Sun May  5 13:38:58 EDT 1996
Article: 1974 of sci.bio.botany
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From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: petal/sepal vs corolla/calyx
Date: 25 Apr 1996 15:31:40 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
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vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery) wrote:

>Corolla refers to all the petals as a group.

>Calyx is the group name for the sepals.

Some authors reserve these terms for when the group is fused into a
cylinder, as in daffodils.



From rglabra@aol.com Sun May  5 13:38:58 EDT 1996
Article: 1975 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rglabra@aol.com (Rglabra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help - Light spectrum and phototropism
Date: 25 Apr 1996 18:52:02 -0400
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Plants respond most to red and blue light, at wavelengths of 430 and 662nm
(chlorophyll a) and 453 and 642nm (chlorophyll b).  The reason being, in
short, that the plant pigments absorb light at varying wavelengths
specific to the pigment,  some prfer blue light, some red, etc...  The
majority of light absorbed is in the visible spectrum of light, i.e., what
we humans see, and the green color of plant comes from the greater
absorption of red and blue light (remember that light is composed of 3
primary colors, red blue, and green).  Green light is reflected back the
most which is why we see plants as green.  However, DO NOT assume that
plants do not absorb other light colors, including green.  Other pigments
exist that absorb light at other color spots of the spectrum, such as
Caratenoids!  The reason for all of this has to do with antenae complexes
within the chloroplast that gather light for photosynthesis.  But, I'll
let you figure all that out yourself, it would take pages to really tell
you the long and short of it all!  Good luck, hope I helped! 


From rglabra@aol.com Sun May  5 13:38:59 EDT 1996
Article: 1976 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rglabra@aol.com (Rglabra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help with keys
Date: 25 Apr 1996 18:42:59 -0400
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Try Peterson's Field Guides, they are sold just about everywhere.  If your
local bookstore does not carry them, they should surely be able to order
them.  They are fantastic guides, especailly #11A,  "Trees and Shrubs."


From mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU Sun May  5 13:38:59 EDT 1996
Article: 1977 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: Algae
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Date: Fri, 26 Apr 1996 06:05:32 GMT
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Stefan Schaper  writes:
> Hi there !
> 
> I´ve got a problem: I need the name of the authors that first
> described the following species of algae from the Caribean coral reefs:
> Bryopsis triquetum
> Halimeda opuntia
> Anadyomene stellata
> Caulerpa serturlarioides
> Caulerpa verticilliata
> Halimeda osterhoutii,
> Penicillus capitatus
> Galaxaura cilindrica
> Galaxaura subverticilliata
> Sargassum hystrix
> Ulva lactuca
> 
> It´s very urgent and you really would help me a lot.
> Thanks very much.
> Stefan Schaper
> 
Try a good library. 
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From camilla@primenet.com Sun May  5 13:38:59 EDT 1996
Article: 1978 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: toxins in vegetables
Date: 26 Apr 1996 00:24:01 -0700
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I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people 
eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with biologist 
Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant 
women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the 
presence of toxic chemicals.  I realize her theory is quite 
controversial, but it seems like a logical corolary would be that it's 
probably not too hot to eat certain ones every day or in large amounts.

For example I know someone who consumes a large amount of broccoli every 
day.  This was one of the vegetables Profit specifically mentioned.  Is 
there any potential harm?


   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From netstuff@ix.netcom.com Sun May  5 13:39:00 EDT 1996
Article: 1979 of sci.bio.botany
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From: netstuff@ix.netcom.com (Space Cowboy)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan,soc.culture.china,sci.med,sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: gui pi wan information needed
Date: 25 Apr 1996 12:44:28 GMT
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One day camilla@primenet.com pondered then posted ...
>
>evlin@netvision.net.il wrote:
>
>
>: This is a Chinese Herbal Patent formula. It is also called
>: Angelica Longana Tea. It is used for fatigue with night
> snip

>Does this mean that it contains an herb named Angelica Longana, and if 
>so, how closely related is Angelica longana to Angelica archangelica, 

"Angelica" is Radix Angelica Sinensis (7%) and
"Longana"  is Arillus Euphoriae Longanae (14%) of the formula.

---
Jim



From rglabra@aol.com Sun May  5 13:39:00 EDT 1996
Article: 1980 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rglabra@aol.com (Rglabra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: box elder bug problem
Date: 25 Apr 1996 17:58:47 -0400
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Try asking the Entomology Dept. of your local (or relatively near) college
or university.  They should be able to either help or refer you to someone
who can! 


From corelli@leland.stanford.edu Sun May  5 13:39:00 EDT 1996
Article: 1981 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!mustang.via.net!usenet
From: "Richard J. Corelli, M.D." <corelli@leland.stanford.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rare and Endangered Species
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 1996 20:22:39 -0800
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CC: sci.bio.ecology, bionet.plants, rec.gardens

To  State Agency, Environmental Organizations, City Council , Planning =

Commission,  Parks & Recreation:

Recently released by Monocot Press in Half Moon Bay: =

=8CThe Rare and Endangered Plants of San Mateo and Santa Clara County =

with Photographs and Illustrations=B9 by Toni Corelli and Zoe Chandik in =

cooperation with the Santa Clara Valley Chapter of the California =

Native Plant Society.  =


>From  the Introduction:
=8CThe prime purpose of this publication is to acquaint the public with =

our rare and endangered flora.  In doing so we hope to increase public =

awareness of our botanical treasure and the need to protect it.  This =

can lead to more effective protection and preservation for future =

generations to enjoy .  .  .  A plant lost to extinction is lost =

forever.  Some of our rare plants are on the brink of extinction =

because of human activity.  It is essential to establish a compromise =

between conservation and development that will preserve these valuable =

entities before it is too late. This book will be useful to =

Environmental Consultants, City and County Planners, Public Land =

Managers, the interested public, and others documenting the rare =

plants in our area. This will be the first photographic book of Rare =

and Endangered Plants by county that has been published in the state =

so far.=B9

The book includes details on all 106 sensitive species that occur in =

San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties with 172 color photographs and 14 =

illustrations. The book took four years to complete and the =

collaboration of several nature photographers and illustrators. The =

book is 144 pages and costs $24 with tax and shipping and handling. To =

order a copy send check or money order to: Toni Corelli c/o Monocot =

Press, P.O. Box 773, Half Moon Bay, CA  94019.  =

Or E-mail: 			corelli@coastside.net
Or Fax:  415-726-2594
See URL of front cover on the Internet at:     =

	http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~corelli/botany.html


From rglabra@aol.com Sun May  5 13:39:01 EDT 1996
Article: 1982 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e2a.gnn.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: rglabra@aol.com (Rglabra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: I NEED INFO on Life Cycle of Flowers
Date: 25 Apr 1996 18:17:59 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
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Reply-To: rglabra@aol.com (Rglabra)
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Try the book:

"Botany, Plant Form and Function,"  
Authors:  Moore and Clark
Copyright: 1995
Publisher:  Wm. C. Brown Publishers
ISBN:  0-697-16656-2
Address of publisher:  2460 Kerper Boulevard,  Dubuque, IA  52001

This is a genaral text, but it is very in depth on plant physiology and
may be extremely useful.


From chris-dahle@uiowa.edu Sun May  5 13:39:01 EDT 1996
Article: 1984 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris Dahle <chris-dahle@uiowa.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Jade tree
Date: 25 Apr 1996 20:33:34 GMT
Organization: University of Iowa
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Can anyone tell me the botanical classification for the Chinese jade tree. It is not Crassula 
argentea.newspost:sci.botany




From danegp@aol.com Sun May  5 13:39:01 EDT 1996
Article: 1985 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fjohnson@uoknor.edu (F. Johnson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Poison oak
Date: 26 Apr 1996 13:39:39 GMT
Organization: The University of Oklahoma (USA)
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <4lqjmr$jei@frazier.uoknor.edu>
References: <dmctigue.88.31803515@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu>
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In <dmctigue.88.31803515@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu>, dmctigue@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu (Dennis J. McTigue) writes:
>Can anyone tell me where (which regions of the U.S.) poison oak is most 
>commonly found?  Is it limited to the west coast, or is there a variety in the 
>east?   We're trying to specifically determine if poison oak is likely to 
>occur in Ohio.  Thanks.

Western poison oak is Toxicodendron diversilobum.

In Ohio you will have Toxicodendron radicans (poison
ivy) and maybe T. vernix (poison sumac), both of which
produce the same sort of contact dermatitis that you get
>from  poison oak.



From richardz@cy-net.net Sun May  5 13:39:01 EDT 1996
Article: 1986 of sci.bio.botany
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From: richardz@cy-net.net (richard)
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 26 Apr 1996 19:40:43 GMT
Organization: Private
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References: <4lptmh$3o6@nnrp1.news.primenet.com>
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In article <4lptmh$3o6@nnrp1.news.primenet.com>, Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> says:
>
>I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people 
>eat of certain ones should be limited. 

There is an excellent --from the scientific standpoint-- review of the subject
in Foodborne Disease Handbook Vol.3  "Toxicology of Naturally Occurring
Chemicals in Food."

This is probably one of the best sources of real information, not propaganda
and not pipedreams.   Highly recommended.  


From dmctigue@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu Sun May  5 13:39:02 EDT 1996
Article: 1987 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dmctigue@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu (Dennis J. McTigue)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Poison oak
Date: Fri, 26 Apr 1996 02:29:41 GMT
Organization: The Ohio State University
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev B final beta #1]

Can anyone tell me where (which regions of the U.S.) poison oak is most 
commonly found?  Is it limited to the west coast, or is there a variety in the 
east?   We're trying to specifically determine if poison oak is likely to 
occur in Ohio.  Thanks.


From lusnyde@indiana.edu Sun May  5 13:39:02 EDT 1996
Article: 1988 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.cse.psu.edu!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!usenet.ucs.indiana.edu!news
From: "Lucy A. Snyder" <lusnyde@indiana.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: new medicinal botany WWW site
Date: 26 Apr 1996 20:35:17 GMT
Organization: Indiana University
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <4lrc25$gqk@usenet.ucs.indiana.edu>
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All,

Cyberbotanica is a free mini-chapter on medicinal botany which deals 
with the botanical compounds used in cancer treatment and the plants 
that produce them.  It includes natural histories of the plants, a table 
of chemotherapeutic compounds, and chemical illustrations.

It's located at http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/botany/

Thanks!

Lucy S.




From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:02 EDT 1996
Article: 1989 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.misc,sci.chem,sci.bio.botany
Subject: What is the protein content of plants?
Date: 27 Apr 1996 17:24:17 GMT
Organization: Plutonium College
Lines: 43
Distribution: inet
Message-ID: <4ltl81$mf1@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: atgw-ksp-1-181.dartmouth.edu
X-Posted-From: InterNews 1.1@dartmouth.edu
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.technology:5861 sci.bio.misc:3117 sci.chem:64147 sci.bio.botany:1989

In article <4lp7id$4h2@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

> Anyone have the data on hand, or from memory, as to what percentage of
> a plant organism is protein compared to mammal?

Well most of bio organisms are water, and you cannot have cancer in
water.

With my newest theory of Cancer = prion disease = near the site of
cancer initiation,  it is supporting evidence that plants get no
cancer. So the question arises as to what is the definition of a
protein?  And the question arises as to what is the fraction of body
composed of proteins in mammals as compared to plants? You see, my
theory posits that cancers are inherent of proteins gone awry.

  The definition of protein is kind of arbitrary, as are most things in
the world. A definition in science and even mathematics picks up most
of the stuff of which the thought wants. But there are always loose
bits and ends that a definition just does not get. Such as what is the
definition of life? Then there are viruses.

   Anyway, a definition of protein goes somewhat like this. A protein
is a polymer of amino acids. There are approx. 20 different amino
acids. So for a string of 10 amino acids there are 10^20 different
proteins. But a string of 10 amino acids is a very small protein. On
average, proteins have lengths of 100 amino acids, such as for example
insulin.

  A plant like other living organisms is mostly water, about 70%. I do
not know about viruses? Are viruses also mostly water?

  A plant is mostly water with cellulose which is a starch and then
there is carbohydrate. Thus organisms are mostly water with some
carbohydrate and then some proteins. What is the fraction of
carbohydrate to proteins in mammals versus plants?

  Only the beans, if I remember have a lot more proteins than other
plants. Do beans get cancers or gall growths more often than other
plants? That is, are the high protein content plants more susceptible
to cancers?

  How much of the human body is protein content?


From red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us Sun May  5 13:39:03 EDT 1996
Article: 1990 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!lll-winken.llnl.gov!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!lerc.nasa.gov!kira.cc.uakron.edu!neoucom.edu!neoucom.edu!redpoll!red
Newsgroups: alt.retromod,alt.business.career-opportunities.executives,alt.business.home.pc,alt.business.misc,aol.commerce.misc.ads,biz.general,biz.marketplace,biz.marketplace.services.non-computer,biz.misc,comp.lang.basic.visual.3rdparty,comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win95,comp.sys.laptops,comp.sys.mac.hardware.misc,comp.sys.mac.portables,lt.business,misc.entrepreneurs,misc.misc,rec.aquaria.freshwater.plants,rec.boats,rec.crafts.brewing,rec.drugs.cannabis,rec.games.computer.doom.misc,rec.music.bluenote,rec.sport.soccer,sci.bio.botany,sci.psychology.personality
Subject: Re: bincancel:19 large binaries:AR319:@@NCM
Message-ID: <ARMM-Report-319.a@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us>
References: <ARMM-Report-319@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us>
Date: Sun, 28 Apr 1996 02:16:01 GMT
From: red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us (Richard E. Depew)
Followup-To: news.admin.net-abuse.misc
Organization: ARMM Services, Bincancel Division
Keywords: ARMM - Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation
Lines: 73
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.retromod:1412 alt.business.career-opportunities.executives:671 alt.business.misc:132070 biz.misc:52381 comp.lang.basic.visual.3rdparty:12879 comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win95:9964 comp.sys.laptops:72426 comp.sys.mac.hardware.misc:34791 comp.sys.mac.portables:60284 misc.entrepreneurs:132906 misc.misc:50351 rec.aquaria.freshwater.plants:902 rec.boats:103733 rec.crafts.brewing:87490 rec.drugs.cannabis:22008 rec.games.computer.doom.misc:10769 rec.music.bluenote:117060 rec.sport.soccer:227971 sci.bio.botany:1990 sci.psychology.personality:1956

Binary posts do not belong in unmoderated discussion groups.

I run a program that searchs for, and issues advisory cancels for,
large binaries in the akr, biz, comp, misc, news, rec, and sci
hierarchies.

I have issued 19 advisory cancels for large binary files or parts
thereof (total size 6,424,313 characters) posted to 20 different
unmoderated discussion groups in the rec, misc, comp, biz, and sci
hierarchies (with cross-posts into aol, alt, and lt groups) as
follows:
   3 comp.sys.mac.portables
	comp.sys.laptops
	comp.sys.mac.hardware.misc
   2 sci.psychology.personality
   2 rec.sport.soccer
   2 comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win95
   2 comp.lang.basic.visual.3rdparty
   1 sci.bio.botany
   1 rec.music.bluenote
   1 rec.games.computer.doom.misc
   1 rec.drugs.cannabis
   1 rec.crafts.brewing
   1 rec.boats
   1 rec.aquaria.freshwater.plants
   1 misc.misc
	lt.business
	alt.business.home.pc
	alt.business.misc
	biz.misc
	misc.entrepreneurs
	biz.general
	biz.marketplace
	biz.marketplace.services.non-computer
	aol.commerce.misc.ads
	alt.business.career-opportunities.executives

The cancels in non-targeted groups are a consequence of the way cancels
interact with cross-posts.  A cross-posted article has only one
Message-ID.  When it is canceled from one group it is canceled from all
groups.

This pointer is being posted to each affected group listed above.
Follow-ups are directed to news.admin.net-abuse.misc.

If you want to see exactly which file was deleted from a particular
group, read the full report in news.admin.net-abuse.announce.  The
full report can also be found in alt.nocem.misc and alt.retromod.
Look for AR319 in the subject, or, if your reader supports it, use
this URL: news:ARMM-Report-319@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us

The criteria used to search for this batch of large binaries were:
   NEWSGROUPS: Unmoderated akr, biz, comp, misc, news, rec, or sci
	       (except for comp.binaries.apple2, comp.bugs.2bsd,
		and rec.games.bolo)
   BINARY: base64, binhex, uuencode, and xbtoa encoded files, etc.
   SIZE: > 100,000 characters [(size * (# of parts - .5)), if multi-part]

If you must post a binary to Usenet, please post it *only* to an
appropriate binaries newsgroup such as alt.binaries.misc, and do *not*
crosspost it to non-binaries groups.  This permits news administrators
and users to decide for themselves whether to receive binary files.

Please direct public feedback to news.admin.net-abuse.misc and private
feedback to red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us.  Thanks.

Best wishes,
Dick
-- 
Richard E. Depew, Munroe Falls, OH    red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us (home)
It's over, and can't be helped, and that's one consolation, as they
  always say in Turkey, when they cut the wrong man's head off'' 
  -- Charles Dickens


From student@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu Sun May  5 13:39:03 EDT 1996
Article: 1991 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!news.ecn.uoknor.edu!solace!nntp.uio.no!news.cais.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!mr.net!news.mr.net!urvile.msus.edu!news
From: student@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu (Student at SCSU)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: what plants can be cloned?
Date: 28 Apr 1996 19:36:57 GMT
Organization: St. Cloud State University
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I'm wondering what plants can be cloned?  What procedures are used?  
and is it possible to do the procedure outside of a lab? please help 
with references to sources of information and any help that can be 
provided.



From dan@spacelab.net Sun May  5 13:39:03 EDT 1996
Article: 1992 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!stargate.ingress.com!news.mxol.com!news
From: "Hmmmm..." <dan@spacelab.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Camphor Trees
Date: 28 Apr 1996 18:58:19 GMT
Organization: Gardanni Inc.
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Message-ID: <4m0f4b$1cj@mxol.com>
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Hello.  A friend is trying to find camphor trees for his studies.  He
learned that they can be found from Florida to Texas.  He is in New 
York but can travel to Florida if necessary.  Can you tell me
how he can go about locating one?  He'd probably want to take a few
samples.  Thanks.



From vickery@mpx.com.au Sun May  5 13:39:04 EDT 1996
Article: 1993 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!swrinde!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!metro!metro!inferno.mpx.com.au!user
From: vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: petal/sepal vs corolla/calyx
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 00:40:45 +1000
Organization: University of NSW
Lines: 22
Message-ID: <ADA9C08D966819889C@v-fast-5.mpx.com.au>
References: <joost-2204961240440001@ppp041-sf2.sirius.com> <ADA55A7E966811A506@v-fast-4.mpx.com.au> <4lo5ss$487@news.ycc.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: v-fast-5.mpx.com.au

In article <4lo5ss$487@news.ycc.yale.edu>,
una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith) wrote:

>vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery) wrote:
>
>>Corolla refers to all the petals as a group.
>
>>Calyx is the group name for the sepals.
>
>Some authors reserve these terms for when the group is fused into a
>cylinder, as in daffodils.
>
What names do these authors use for the groups of unfused petals and
sepals?





Bob Vickery
bob@acsusun.acsu.unsw.edu.au
vickery@mpx.com.au


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:04 EDT 1996
Article: 1994 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!paperboy.wellfleet.com!news3.near.net!sol.caps.maine.edu!dartvax.dartmouth.edu!usenet
From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.misc,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.physics,sci.physics.electromag,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Room temperature superconductor found in turtle body?
Date: 28 Apr 1996 22:34:16 GMT
Organization: PLutonium Atom Foundation
Lines: 66
Message-ID: <4m0rp8$6qg@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
References: <4k1va4$bmc@dartvax.dartmouth.edu> 
 <4k9m91$kju@arl-news-svc-2.compuserve.com> 
 <4kh5lc$n9f@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>  <4luaku$6d8@orb.direct.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: atgw-ksp-1-218.dartmouth.edu
X-Posted-From: InterNews 1.1@dartmouth.edu
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.misc:3129 sci.physics:169142 sci.physics.electromag:10019 sci.bio.botany:1994

In article <4luaku$6d8@orb.direct.ca>
tmoreau@direct.ca (terry moreau) writes:

> There are micro-organisms that swim in a direction controlled by low
> level magnetic field.  You can put a helmholtz coil around a
> petri-dish and watch under the microscope as you steer then in any
> direction you choose.  Remote control micro-critters!
> 
> Homing pidgeons have a small amount of iron near their inner ear.
> Just how this is used and how it gets there is not known yet...but if
> you degauss a bunch of homing pidgeons and release them in foggy
> weather along with control pidgeons (not been degaussed) most control
> pidgeons find their way while ALL degaussed birds get lost or fly in
> circles! This was a part of a NOVA feature on unusual biological
> 'senses' produced for TV several years ago now.

 Anyone know if this information with data was reported in any science
journal? It could be very important.

 Who is the world's expert on electric eels? I have the feeling that a
room temperature superconductor perhaps already exists in an electric
eel. Anyone know of a complete list of species which are electric
current producing? My understanding is that there are many animals,
different species, capable of producing electric current.

  I am very confident that a room temperature superconductor already
exists in the bioworld and that it is only a matter of time when
someone either stumbles on it. or that with careful thought we can
narrow down the search as to 'where to look' or what bio-life would
most likely possess it. Or, perhaps someone expert in an animal say
turtles notices some peculiar organ or sensory gland or something,
perhaps those microorganisms that Terry speaks of above, and is
stimulated by the "Quest for Room Temperature Superconductor" sends it
to a superconductor facility and is found to be such. 
  Superconductivity is a highly specialized physics phenomenon but not
so complicated or complex as is life itself. So by logical inferences,
either superconductivity is a very cold aspect which life does not
overlap with, or, superconductivity is permitted to exist at room
temperature, and if so, it would be far too useful to have escaped the
natural progress of the more complex structure which is Life. Thus,
superconductivity, room temperature already exists in the Bio-world
just waiting to be discovered, to be plucked, to be harnessed. I am
banking on this last inference because my confidence derives from a
trust in the Cosmic Weave, the close knit of all things, the Universal
InterConnectedness, that biology and physics are not disjoint and
separated enterprizes but rather, they are as cogs and wheels in one
and only one cosmic machinery that works and blends smoothly together.
It is not by accident that Maxwell and Volta owe much to frogs and
eels. If there had not existed frogs and eels our modern civilization
would be much more primitive than it is today. All of which bespeaks of
a Maker, a Creator of the Cosmos where biology and physics run together
in a herd, passing the baton and neither one ever exceeding the other
for a long period of time. One could almost say that the Complementary
principle of Wave and Particle is apparent on the large scale of
knowledge wisdom and science in the world in the form of the two
subjects of biology and physics. Obviously those two subjects encompass
all of the worlds knowledge under there two umbrellas. If a University
were allowed to teach only two subjects whose scope and reach would be
the most extensive and useful, that would be easy, for it would be
physics and biology. Everything else can be put under those two.

   It is my firm belief that if a room temperature superconductor
exists, then biology will help us. So far, biology has been quiet on
superconductivity. I believe biology possesses some knowledge, some
machinery which will give us room temperature superconductivity. I am
banking on that premonition.


From e.loughman@unsw.edu.au Sun May  5 13:39:04 EDT 1996
Article: 1995 of sci.bio.botany
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From: e.loughman@unsw.edu.au (loughman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: photosynthesis in darkness?
Date: Sat, 27 Apr 1996 20:26:11 GMT
Organization: University of New South Wales
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How does a plant maintain the organised energy transfer processes,
such as with high energy phocphate molecules, in darkness?  Can this
only occur for the limited time until the energy stores are delpleted?



From philjs@yorku.ca Sun May  5 13:39:06 EDT 1996
Article: 1996 of sci.bio.botany
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From: philjs@yorku.ca (Phil Schappert)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Passiflora Society info.
Date: Sun, 28 Apr 1996 15:04:39 GMT
Organization: York University
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Hi Everyone,

I've recently agreed to help Jan Meerman edit and produce the
Passiflora Society International Newsletter. A new newsletter is now
in production and they WILL be regular (quarterly) from this point
forward.

I'm writing to solicit letters, comments, submissions, drawings,
graphics, photos., complaints, whatever on PSI and the newsletter from
its members. Along the way I'll compile an e-mail address list of
members, an Online Who's Who of the Passiflora world if you will. I'd
also like to hear from prospective new members who've likely never
heard of the Society before. Personal replies would probably be best.
Contact me at philjs@yorku.ca - I'll respond with the necessary
questions, forms, and information as best as I can.

Thanks,
Phil
---
Phil Schappert
Biology, York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
philjs@yorku.ca or butrfly@cml.com



From devens@inforamp.net Sun May  5 13:39:06 EDT 1996
Article: 1997 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dan Evens <devens@inforamp.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.misc,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.physics,sci.physics.electromag,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Room temperature superconductor found in turtle body?
Date: Sun, 28 Apr 1996 06:51:24 -0700
Organization: iSTAR Internet Inc.
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	 <4k9m91$kju@arl-news-svc-2.compuserve.com> 
	 <4kh5lc$n9f@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>  <4luaku$6d8@orb.direct.ca> <4m0rp8$6qg@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
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Archimedes Plutonium wrote:
>  Anyone know if this information with data was reported in any science
> journal? It could be very important.

Uh, well, for starters, anything with nerves.
Dan Evens


From dx@netcom.com Sun May  5 13:39:07 EDT 1996
Article: 1998 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dx@netcom.com (dx)
Subject: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Message-ID: <dxDqLqx7.66G@netcom.com>
Organization: The Off Beat
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 02:29:30 GMT
Lines: 13
Sender: dx@netcom12.netcom.com

Can someone tell me definitively whether or not Corn is considered a
vegetable?  I always thought if it as so until somoene suggested to
me that it's actually a grain.  Are these mutually exclusive catagories?

Email me if you know.

Thanks!

-dx
-- 
--
           "This is a Debbie Gibson newsgroup.  Hence, by definition,
           it's a war zone." --Michael Falkner


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun May  5 13:39:07 EDT 1996
Article: 1999 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: photosynthesis in darkness?
Date: 27 Apr 1996 21:50:26 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <4lu4r2$7qj@news.euro.net>
References: <4ls4hl$aeo@mirv.unsw.edu.au>
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e.loughman@unsw.edu.au (loughman) wrote:

>How does a plant maintain the organised energy transfer processes,
>such as with high energy phocphate molecules, in darkness?  Can this
>only occur for the limited time until the energy stores are delpleted?

Yes, until depleted. Photosynthesis is just an EXTRA process present
in plants, producing sugers, where animals have to eat them. So, the
fuel consumption part is the same in animals and plants. 



<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
-- 
<------------------------------------------------------------------->     Help mee een Newsgroup NL.TUINEN op te richten. Breng je stem
    voor 5 mei uit. Meer info in NL.NEWSGROUPS (CFV2 nl.tuinen),
    of: http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/bulbo/tuinvote.html  
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
  YES!!! It has arrived: CIVILIZATION II. The CD-ROM sequel to the
  best strategic computergame ever! You'll be sorry if you miss it!
<------------------------------------------------------------------->



From vickery@mpx.com.au Sun May  5 13:39:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2000 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: photosynthesis in darkness?
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 10:35:15 +1000
Organization: University of NSW
Lines: 18
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References: <4ls4hl$aeo@mirv.unsw.edu.au>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dialup-254.mpx.com.au

In article <4ls4hl$aeo@mirv.unsw.edu.au>,
e.loughman@unsw.edu.au (loughman) wrote:

>How does a plant maintain the organised energy transfer processes,
>such as with high energy phocphate molecules, in darkness?  

Pretty much the same way as an animal, by respiration.

>Can this only occur for the limited time until the energy stores are 
>delpleted?

Yes.



Bob Vickery
bob@acsusun.acsu.unsw.edu.au
vickery@mpx.com.au


From af436@ccn.cs.dal.ca Sun May  5 13:39:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2001 of sci.bio.botany
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From: af436@ccn.cs.dal.ca (Deannie S. Fraser)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rhododendron maximum info please
Date: 29 Apr 1996 11:19:21 GMT
Organization: Chebucto Community Net
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Rhododendron maximum is one of Novs Scotia's great botanical mysteries.  It 
was reported to be here in 1870's but hasn't been found since.  I'm 
looking but need habit info please.  One source says by streams, other 
says rich hardwood forests - 
Either E mail or posting would be appreciated. 
Thanks
--
DEANNIE SULLIVAN - FRASER <af436@ccn.cs.dal.ca> Dartmouth, Nova Scotia


From una.smith@yale.edu Sun May  5 13:39:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2002 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@doliolum.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: petal/sepal vs corolla/calyx
Date: 29 Apr 1996 17:48:24 GMT
Organization: Department of Biology, Yale University
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <4m2vd8$cun@news.ycc.yale.edu>
References: <joost-2204961240440001@ppp041-sf2.sirius.com> <ADA55A7E966811A506@v-fast-4.mpx.com.au> <4lo5ss$487@news.ycc.yale.edu> <ADA9C08D966819889C@v-fast-5.mpx.com.au>
Reply-To: una.smith@yale.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: doliolum.biology.yale.edu

vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery) wrote:

>What names do these authors use for the groups of unfused petals and
>sepals?

Petals and sepals, or petal whorl and sepal whorl.



From hayman@mcn.net Sun May  5 13:39:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2003 of sci.bio.botany
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From: D Hayman <hayman@mcn.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Box Elder bugs
Date: 26 Apr 1996 23:18:41 GMT
Organization: Montana Communications Network
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Boy, what a mess they are.  Had all sorts of problems last year, and this seems to be another banner year.  They seem indestructible, and certainly are inedible.  I'd appreciate any information also.  I was told by entomologist that they only feed on box elder tress, but that doesn't seem correct. A soap solution is effective is breaking down their "waxy" membrane, which I was told prohibits or retards many pesticides.  I noted perhaps 50% mortality with dish soap solution alone, will try a combination of Sevin and soap.    


From Jay_Bikoff@Brown.edu Sun May  5 13:39:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2004 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jay Benjamin Bikoff <Jay_Bikoff@Brown.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Halophytes
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 16:26:55 -0400
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Does anyone have any suggestions about where I might obtain 
information on how halophytes function and are able to survive in 
extremely salty environments?  Any help would be appreciated.  I can 
be reached by e-mail at:  Jay_Bikoff@Brown.edu
Thanks.


From benda@netvision.net.il Sun May  5 13:39:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2005 of sci.bio.botany
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From: benda@netvision.net.il (Shlomo)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mandragora officinarum (uropean mandrak)
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 13:42:10 GMT
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I have a mandragora  plant in my garden. the fruit looks and  odeur
wonderful. I would like to have information about the plant, the
roots, and the fruits and if the fruits are aetable. The fruits are
known as "love apples" or "sttan apples".

mny tnx       Shlomo



From dean@direct.com Sun May  5 13:39:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2006 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dean@direct.com (Jeff Dean)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Entering the realm of permaculture
Date: 30 Apr 1996 16:15:07 GMT
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NNTP-Posting-Host: van-as-09a12.direct.ca


   A young friend of mine who is just graduating from high school is wanting
to get into permaculture.   She has looked at the effects of monoculture
and finds it quite devastating to local economies, bioregions, and
peoples.   She is looking to go to university so she can attain a greater
knowledge base in the area of region appropriate agriculture.  Before she
chooses an institution and a course plan she would like to have some hands
on experience with communities preferably in countries more heavily
damaged by IMF and World Bank agricultural export policies.  She would
like the community to be modelling successful, local economy based growing
and distribution.
        Are there any projects known of out there that would perhaps assist
her in choosing her appropriate path in this field?

Thanks in advance for your reply.
Please reply via email.
dean@direct.ca


From jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Sun May  5 13:39:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2007 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (bad ass Mtn. biker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: similarities and differences between ferns and oaks?
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 07:50:38 -0700
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To whoever reads this message,

My name is Nate Anderson (blastman@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us) and I am doing a
science project on the differences and similarities between ferns and oak
trees.  I would much appreciate any help you could give me, for I am
desperate  to finish this project.  And soon!  Thank you for your time.

Nathan Anderson


From barry_edge@vnet.ibm.com Sun May  5 13:39:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2008 of sci.bio.botany
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From: @hursley.ibm.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sap rising
Date: 30 Apr 1996 11:14:20 GMT
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I asked this before but got no response, so I'm trying again ........	

When a plant is in leaf the transpiration pull creates a pressure differential
between the leaves and the roots, so water and nutrients can rise up the
xylem. At least that's how I understand it. 

But what causes the "sap to rise" in the spring before the buds have broken on
deciduous plants ? Is it to with root pressure ? Perhaps someone might
be able to tell me what root pressure is also.

Thanks for any help.





From gpeterso@gpu1.srv.ualberta.ca Sun May  5 13:39:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2009 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!csn!news-1.csn.net!imci3!imci4!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!van-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!gpu1!gpeterso
From: gpeterso@gpu1.srv.ualberta.ca (Greg Peterson)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: INFO: Nodding Trillium
Date: 30 Apr 1996 17:23:13 GMT
Organization: University of Alberta
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Message-ID: <4m5ia1$f7k@pulp.ucs.ualberta.ca>
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Keywords: Trillium cernuum, Nodding Trillium, germination
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:10736 sci.bio.botany:2009

Does anyone have information on the germination requirements of Nodding 
Trillium (_Trillium cernuum_). This sample I have was collected in the 
fall of 1995 in northwestern Ontario, air dried and kept at room 
temperature. Is there stratification requirements? How long does it 
usually take for germination to occur? Or are the seeds sterile since the 
plant regenerates each year from a rhizome?

Any help would be appreciated. I'll post a summary of all answers to this 
request.

Greg Peterson                                       V
CW-315 Biological Sciences Building                 V  /\
University of Alberta                               v /  \
Edmonton AB  T6G 2E9                            /\  |/
                                                  \ |
Email: gpeterso@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                \| 
URL:   www.ualberta.ca/~gpeterso/                  -|-



From mike@ionia.demon.co.uk Sun May  5 13:39:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2010 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mike Hardman <mike@ionia.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Honesty - Lunaria annua - variegated flowers
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 1996 21:15:17 GMT
Organization: (freelance)
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Lunaria annua - annual honesty - I have found some plants with variegated flowers.

I can find no mention of such a variety, and wonder if it might be worthy of commercial 
propagation - as the white variety is so deemed.  I understand that viral streaking of the 
flowers is known.  Is this what I am seeing ?  And would it matter if it was viral so long as 
it could be propagated (being an annual, I guess this means transmitted through seed or on 
seed-coat) without risking adverse infection of other species of plant ?

Extra info:
The streaking is white, fairly similarly arranged basal-centrally on all petals, is not 
accompanied by deformation, occurs to different extents on neighbouring plants, and does 
not seem to affect leaves nor overall vigour.  The plants are self-sown in a village garden on 
the chalk in Surrey, UK.

Thanks for any clues
Mike




From mike@ionia.demon.co.uk Sun May  5 13:39:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2011 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mike Hardman <mike@ionia.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sean Hogan - where are you ?
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 1996 21:23:36 GMT
Organization: (freelance)
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Anyone know the whereabouts of Sean Hogan ?

Somewhere near UC Berkeley - may have graduated from there recently according to a 
recent correspondent (thanks PatZ).

I understand he has some experience of growing (or at least germinating) rosulate Viola 
species, which is why I want to contact him/her.

Thanks for any clues,
Mike




From mike@ionia.demon.co.uk Sun May  5 13:39:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2012 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mike Hardman <mike@ionia.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sean Hogan - where are you ?
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 1996 21:24:12 GMT
Organization: (freelance)
Lines: 12
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Anyone know the whereabouts of Sean Hogan ?

Somewhere near UC Berkeley - may have graduated from there recently according to a 
recent correspondent (thanks PatZ).

I understand he has some experience of growing (or at least germinating) rosulate Viola 
species, which is why I want to contact him/her.

Thanks for any clues,
Mike




From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2013 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 30 Apr 1996 22:34:46 GMT
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In article <4m4ujg$1qb@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

>   This is what I get when I rush things. But let me continue, and I
> will add representatives of all those sciences posted to. Botany may be
> a challenge, but I must not make the mistake of not recognizing those
> ladies and gentlemen. Good or bad, it is worse to be forgotten,
> especially at the memorial dedication.

New York: Thank you Gina, now to our correspondent in Princeton NJ.
Princeton.

Princeton: Hello everyone, I am sitting next to John Archibald Wheeler,
a man in his august days who has seen many important physicists on the
landscape, and one of the few remaining who personally knew Niels Bohr.
Professor Wheeler can you share a few words on the King of Physics,
Archimedes Plutonium?

John Wheeler: Thank you Tom. I first read about Ludwig Plutonium from a
letter he sent to Texas which was forwarded to me here in New Jersey.
When I read his letter I as astonished of what a genius this man must
be. I only wish Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg and my
pupil Richard Feynman were still alive to see where their physics had
landed into this grand unification of it all. To see the Atomic theory
and all of physics solved as a One Atom Universe. I am thankful to the
stars above that I witnessed this theory.

Correspondent: Thank you Professor Wheeler. Do you think any of Bohr,
Pauli, Heisenberg or Feynman would have accepted AP's Atom Universe as
quickly as you Professor Wheeler?

John Wheeler: I cannot speak for them but I think all of them if not
immediate acceptance would have accepted in fast order. Remember those
men were some of the most logically gifted men in all of science.

Correspondent: Thank you John, and thank you for joining us, now to our
live world-wide "speak" on this memorial dedication of Archimedes
Plutonium. Next we will interview a biologist, Richard Dawkins in
London but before then, join with us in this song as sung by the Navy
Band and Choir

SHOWING IN THEE

O safe in the Atom that is higher than I
My Soul in its conflicts and sorrows will rebundle 
No decay, no weary, Growth-Thine would I be
Thou blest Plutonium, I am showing in thee

In calm of the noontide, in sorrow's lone hour
In times when temptation cast over me its powers
In the tempests of life, on its long highways
Thou blest Atom, I  am showing in thee

How oft in the conflict when pressed by the foe
I have fled to its Refuge and breathed out my woe
How often, when trials like fighting roll
Have I shown in thee, O thou Atom of Plutonium.

Showing in Thee, showing in Thee
Thou blest Atom Plutonium, I'm showing in thee


  


From mturner@acpub.duke.edu Sun May  5 13:39:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2014 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mturner@acpub.duke.edu (mel turner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: what plants can be cloned?
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 1996 20:05:40
Organization: botany dept., duke univ.
Lines: 27
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In article <4m0hcp$11p@urvile.msus.edu> student@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu (Student at SCSU) writes:

>I'm wondering what plants can be cloned?  What procedures are used?  
>and is it possible to do the procedure outside of a lab? please help 
>with references to sources of information and any help that can be 
>provided.

Well, strictly speaking,  nearly all propagation of plants without the use of 
seeds or spores involves cloning.  Plants produced naturally or artificially  
by vegetative propagation involving runners, root sprouts,  bulbils, 
divisions, cuttings, layerings, etc. etc. are all clones of the original 
plant; so are the scions of grafted & budded plants.  Even the seedlings and 
sporelings of apomictic plants [like dandelions] are "cloned".   So  cloning 
of plants is nothing new in nature or in horticulture, and the number of types 
that can be "cloned" is enormous.   

"High-tech",  _in vitro_  cloning methods have been added relatively recently, 
and have been done for various different types of plants.  No doubt some of 
these tissue-culture type methods can be done fairly simply, with a certain 
amount of materials & equipment.   Sterile glass containers,  specific 
nutrient media, perhaps mechanical flask rotators, shaker baths, etc. might be 
involved.   Some plants are propagated and grown from apical meristem tissue; 
some can be grown from single cells.

Of course, growing a piece of potato or an african violet leaf is a 
simpler demonstration of home cloning... ;-)
mdt


From msachs@uiuc.edu Sun May  5 13:39:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2015 of sci.bio.botany
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From: msachs@uiuc.edu (Marty Sachs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 1996 18:18:19 -0500
Organization: USDA/ARS & Crop Sciences/UIUC
Lines: 28
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In article <Dqnz8u.19w@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>,
staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples) wrote:

:Sweet corn is treated as horticulture by this show as things stand.


Yes, and most do refer to it as a veggie (I guess they would also treat
rice that way???).  However, the only real difference between sweet corn
and feed corn is a mutation of a single gene that blocks starch
biosynthesis (su1 for regular sweet and sh2 for super-sweet).

Besides, as you're probably aware the word 'corn' is actually used to
describe the 'local grain'.  It has only recently (last 20-30 years)
become synonymous with 'maize' outside of the USA.  Until recent history,
the word 'corn' referred to 'barley' in the UK, 'wheat' in the Eastern
Mediterranean area, etc.

Still, by far, most people outside of the USA, refer to this 'corn' as 'maize'.

--------------------------------------------------------------
Marty Sachs                 msachs@uiuc.edu     (217) 244-0864

         Maize Genetics Cooperation - Stock Center    
S123 Turner Hall            maize@uiuc.edu [stock requests]
1102 S. Goodwin Ave.        (217) 333-6631 [phone]
Urbana, IL  61801-4798      (217) 333-6064 [FAX]
                http://www.uiuc.edu/ph/www/maize [URL]
--------------------------------------------------------------


From joel@synapse.net Sun May  5 13:39:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2016 of sci.bio.botany
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From: joel@synapse.net (Joel Lecorre)
Newsgroups: bc.jobs,bc.general,can.jobs,sci.research.careers,bionet.jobs,sci.bio.botany
Subject: CA-BC-Victoria: MANAGER, NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY
Date: Wed, 01 May 1996 00:57:51 GMT
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu can.jobs:9025 sci.research.careers:11487 bionet.jobs:13277 sci.bio.botany:2016

MANAGER, NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY
Department of Natural Resources
Victoria, B.C.

Salary: $57,499 - $66,537 (per annum)

The Public Service Commission of Canada has an anticipated
requirement for applicants for the position of MANAGER,
NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY at the PACIFIC
FORESTRY CENTRE, Victoria, B.C.

REQUIREMENTS:
*    A degree in forestry or a related discipline from a recognized
     university.

Experience in:
*    forest survey techniques and forest resource data attributes,
*    in multi-year projects, budgets, product design and definitions,
*    in providing advice and information to a wide range of
     clientele,
*    with multimedia communication, 
*    with electronic data processing applications, 

Bilingual Position: English/French - language training may be provided

Interested applicants who meet these requirements should submit an
application to this office by fax, in person, or by mail by May 31,
1996.  Please quote the job reference number S9673R72499  on your
application.  

Public Service Commission of Canada
539-1230 Government Street
Victoria, B.C.
V8W 3M4  

Fax: (604) 363-0558

We thank all those who apply and advise that only those selected for
further consideration will be contacted.  Please note as well that in
accordance with the Public Service Employment Act, preference will
be given to Canadian citizens.

We are committed to employment equity.

For additional information on available positions in the Public
Service of Canada, visit our Web site at :
http://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/recruit/cfp1e.htm.



GESTIONNAIRE DE L'INVENTAIRE FORESTIER NATIONAL
Ministere des ressources naturelles
Victoria (C.-B.)

Salaire:  57 499$ - 66 537$ (par annee)
           
La Commission de la fonction publique du Canada recherche des
candidats pour un poste anticipatoire de Gestionnaire, Inventaire
forestier national, Centre Forestier du Pacifique, Ministere des
ressources naturelles a Victoria (C.-B.)

QUALITES REQUISES
*    Diplome en sciences forestieres ou dans une discipline connexe
     d'une universite reconnue.

Experience suivante:
*    des techniques d'arpentage forestier et des attributs de donnees
     des ressources forestieres,
*    des projets et budgets, pluriannuels, de la conception et de
     la definition de produits,     
*    de la prestation de services de conseil et d'information a une
     clientele diversifiee,
*    des communications multimedias, et
*    du traitement electronique des donnees.

Poste bilingue: formation linguistique dispensee au besoin.

Les candidats interesses qui satisfont a ces exigences doivent faire
parvenir leur demande d'emploi a notre bureau par telecopieur, par
courrier, ou la livrer en personne, au plus tard le 31 mai, 1996. 
Veuillez indiquer le titre du poste sur votre demande ainsi que le
numero de reference S9673R72499.   Nos heures de reception sont de
10 h a 15 h.

Commission de la fonction publique du Canada
539-1230 rue Government
Victoria (C.-B.)
V8W 3M4 

Fax: (604) 363-0558

Nous remercions a l'avance tous ceux et celles qui soumettront leur
candidature; mais nous ne communiquerons qu'avec les personnes
choisies pour la prochaine etape.  Conformement a la Loi sur l emploi
a la fonction publique, la preference a la nomination sera accordee
aux citoyens canadiens et citoyennes canadiennes.

Nous souscrivons au programme d'equite en matiere d'emploi.

Pour de plus amples details sur les postes disponibles a la fonction
publique federale, visitez notre site Web au :
http://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/recruit/cfp1.htm


From norikane@ag.arizona.edu Sun May  5 13:39:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2017 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Joey Norikane <norikane@ag.arizona.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: The onset of plant water stress......
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 18:49:38 -0700
Organization: The University of Arizona
Lines: 15
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I am curious about the onset of plant water stress. i.e., when 
the plant's transpiration rate exceeds the rate of water uptake
>from  the roots.  Under such conditions, I understand that the
plant will continue to transpire, by using some of the water
stored in its cells (cytoplasm) and by reducing stomata openings.

My question is, the initial expenditures of cytoplasm come from
which plant cells?  For a C3 plant, are the cells closest to the
stomates the first to relinquish cytoplasm?  this would also mean
that the cells on the bottomm side of the leaf, right?

I would appreciate any insight into this question.  Thanks in advance.

Sincerely,
Joey Norikane 


From msachs@uiuc.edu Sun May  5 13:39:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2018 of sci.bio.botany
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From: msachs@uiuc.edu (Marty Sachs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 1996 22:21:19 -0500
Organization: USDA/ARS & Crop Sciences/UIUC
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In article <dxDqLqx7.66G@netcom.com>, dx@netcom.com (dx) wrote:

:Can someone tell me definitively whether or not Corn is considered a
:vegetable?  I always thought if it as so until somoene suggested to
:me that it's actually a grain.  Are these mutually exclusive catagories?
:
:Email me if you know.
:
:Thanks!


Well, botanically speaking, technically like a tomato, the corn kernel is
a fruit ;-)

However, to get to the point of your question, I assume by 'vegetable',
you are referring to how 'sweet corn' is eaten.  This represents only
about 10% or less of corn grown (the vast majority of it is used as animal
feed; other types are used for Pop Corn, Corn Flour, Corn Syrup, Corn
Starch, Corn Oil).  Corn plant material can be directly fed to animals
(silage); this is closest to what is thought of as a 'vegetable'.

Corn is a grass and therefore, phylogenetically speaking corn's closest
relatives include rice, wheat, barley, rye, Sorghum and millet.  Corn is
classified as a grain crop.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Marty Sachs                 msachs@uiuc.edu     (217) 244-0864

         Maize Genetics Cooperation - Stock Center    
S123 Turner Hall            maize@uiuc.edu [stock requests]
1102 S. Goodwin Ave.        (217) 333-6631 [phone]
Urbana, IL  61801-4798      (217) 333-6064 [FAX]
                http://www.uiuc.edu/ph/www/maize [URL]
----------------------------------------------------------------


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sun May  5 13:39:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2019 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!willis.cis.uab.edu!maze.dpo.uab.edu!info.uah.edu!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!newsfeed.ksu.ksu.edu!news.cis.okstate.edu!news.ecn.uoknor.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!hobyah.cc.uq.oz.au!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Message-ID: <Dqnz8u.19w@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
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Date: Tue, 30 Apr 1996 07:24:29 GMT
Lines: 18

msachs@uiuc.edu (Marty Sachs) writes:

[You stole my line about "fruit" Marty! :-) ]

>Corn is a grass and therefore, phylogenetically speaking corn's closest
>relatives include rice, wheat, barley, rye, Sorghum and millet.  Corn is
>classified as a grain crop.


Sweet corn is treated as horticulture by this show as things stand.

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From sal@speakeasy.org Sun May  5 13:39:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2020 of sci.bio.botany
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From: SAL <sal@speakeasy.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: E.O. Wilson coming to Seattle
Date: 1 May 1996 03:13:58 GMT
Organization: Seattle Arts & Lectures
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Hello,

I'm passing the word on that the great naturalist, 
EDWARD O. WILSON, is coming to Seattle on Tuesday, May 14th. This 
promises to be one of the finest natural science lectures in the 
Northwest this year. I've included more details below. 

Seattle Arts & Lectures is presenting an evening with Harvard professor 
and insect expert Edward O. Wilson, on Tuesday, May 14th. Twice a 
Pulitzer Prize winning entomologist, E.O. Wilson is also one of the 
scientific community's most prominent and vocal naturalists in support 
of biodiversity. The evening with Dr. Wilson will be held at the 5th 
Avenue Theatre, 1308 Fifth Avenue (between Union and University streets) 
at 7:30 PM. 


A mixture of loneliness, amusement, curiosity, and 
intellectual rigor makes the voice of this thoughtful 
                      man unforgettable.    
                                          -The New York Times Book 
Review


Edward O. Wilson's fascination with nature began on the shoreline of 
Paradise Beach, Florida and rural Alabama, where he spent his childhood, 
and led him towards a forty-year career as a professor of zoology at 
Harvard University. His unwavering 'antlike' penchant for scientific 
research has inspired many  books whose titles alone reflect his 
challenging intellect and roving curiosity: Sociobiology: The New 
Synthesis  (1975), Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of the 
Mind (1983), and The Diversity of Life (1992). He has twice won the 
Pulitzer Prize (for On Human Nature, 1978, and The Ants, 1990), and is a 
recipient of the prestigious National Medal of Science and the Orion 
Society's 1995 John Hay Award "for consistently bridging the humanities 
and the sciences to the considerable enhancement of both." Wilson is 
also known to public television viewers for his exploratory programs on 
Nova. For Seattle Arts & Lectures, Dr. Wilson's talk is entitled, "The 
World's biological Wealth."
 
Single tickets to Mr. Wilson's lecture are available by mail order, 
credit card phone order, and at local bookstores (see below). Open 
seating tickets are priced at $15 (balcony) and $18 (main floor). Please 
address mail orders to Seattle Arts & Lectures, 105 South Main Street, 
Suite #200, Seattle, WA 98104. 
Remaining tickets will be sold at the box office the evening of the 
event.

Balcony tickets only are available through the following independent 
bookstores: Bailey/Coy Books, Beks Bookstore, Blackbird Books, Eagle 
Harbor Book Co., Elliott Bay Book Co., Fremont Place Book Co., Island 
Books, Kay's 
Bookmark, Madison Park Books, Magnolia's Bookstore, Queen Anne Avenue 
Books, Second Story Books, and Wide World Books & Maps.           

The evening with Edward O. Wilson is made possible with the support of
University Bookstore



INFORMATION AND CREDIT CARD ORDERS: 621-2230


Adrienne Reed
(206) 621-2230          Seattle Arts & Lectures
Presents Naturalist, Educator and Author








From vickery@mpx.com.au Sun May  5 13:39:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2021 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vickery@mpx.com.au (Bob Vickery)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: The onset of plant water stress......
Date: Wed, 01 May 1996 22:51:04 +1000
Organization: University of NSW
Lines: 36
Message-ID: <ADAD9B58966827ABF5@v-fast-8.mpx.com.au>
References: <Pine.SOL.3.91.960429184046.18756A-100000@ag.arizona.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: v-fast-8.mpx.com.au

In article <Pine.SOL.3.91.960429184046.18756A-100000@ag.arizona.edu>,
Joey Norikane <norikane@ag.arizona.edu> wrote:

>I am curious about the onset of plant water stress. i.e., when 
>the plant's transpiration rate exceeds the rate of water uptake
>from the roots.  Under such conditions, I understand that the
>plant will continue to transpire, by using some of the water
>stored in its cells (cytoplasm) and by reducing stomata openings.
>
>My question is, the initial expenditures of cytoplasm come from
>which plant cells?  For a C3 plant, are the cells closest to the
>stomates the first to relinquish cytoplasm?  this would also mean
>that the cells on the bottomm side of the leaf, right?
>
>I would appreciate any insight into this question.  Thanks in advance.
>
>Sincerely,
>Joey Norikane 

I vaguely remember some work done, perhaps 15 years ago, by G. Farquar and
others, that seemed to show that the average water molecule travels about
half the leaf's thickness before escaping out a stomate.  That would mean
that most water comes from somewhere near the middle of the leaf.  The
cells nearest to the stomates are covered by a layer of waterproof cuticle
and don't transpire all that much.  
In any case, the cells are in good contact with each other and water moves
freely between them.  There would not be much difference between them in
the amount they shrink when transpiration starts.
Some plants have all the stomates on the bottom sides of leaves, lots of
them have stomates on both surfaces, some water plants have them only on
the top surface, some don't have clearly defined top and bottom surfaces.


Bob Vickery
bob@acsusun.acsu.unsw.edu.au
vickery@mpx.com.au


From benda-s@netmedia.net.il Sun May  5 13:39:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2022 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Shlomo <benda-s@netmedia.net.il>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mandragora officinarum (European Mandrak)
Date: 1 May 1996 14:40:15 GMT
Organization: NetMedia
Lines: 7
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I have a Mandragora plant in my garden.
The fruits looks and odeur wonderful.
I would like to have information about the plant, the roots, the fruits
and if the fruits are eatable.
mny tnx
Slomo



From rhurdle@nofc.forestry.ca Sun May  5 13:39:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2023 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rhurdle@nofc.forestry.ca@nofc.forestry.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sap rising
Date: 1 May 1996 15:16:25 GMT
Organization: Canadian Forest Service
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In <4m4smc$rug@zen.hursley.ibm.com>, @hursley.ibm.com writes:
>I asked this before but got no response, so I'm trying again ........	
>
>When a plant is in leaf the transpiration pull creates a pressure differential
>between the leaves and the roots, so water and nutrients can rise up the
>xylem. At least that's how I understand it. 
>
>But what causes the "sap to rise" in the spring before the buds have broken on
>deciduous plants ? Is it to with root pressure ? Perhaps someone might
>be able to tell me what root pressure is also.
>
>Thanks for any help.
>
>
>
It does seem to be root pressure that gets things going in the spring before
leafout. Sugars translocated to the roots during the previous growing season
were condensed into starch which has relatively little effect on the osmotic component
of water potential.   In the spring this starch is hydrolized back to sugar which
drops the osmotic potential dramatically. Water then diffuses into the roots
following the water potential gradient. This results in positive pressure developing
in the roots which drives the xylem sap stream up the stem into the crown where the sugars
and other nutrients still dissolved in the sap support leaf growth. Once the carbohydrates
have been moved out of the roots the osmotic potential rises. This combined with
increasing water demand from the developing crown lowers the pressure in the
system and root pressure disappears for the rest of the season.

I hope this helps.


From mbleeker@euronet.nl Sun May  5 13:39:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2024 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mandragora officinarum (European Mandrak)
Date: 1 May 1996 21:26:02 GMT
Organization: Euronet Internet
Lines: 23
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Shlomo <benda-s@netmedia.net.il> wrote:

>I have a Mandragora plant in my garden.
>The fruits looks and odeur wonderful.
>I would like to have information about the plant, the roots, the fruits
>and if the fruits are eatable.

NO! DON'T!



<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>
-- 
<------------------------------------------------------------------->     Help mee een Newsgroup NL.TUINEN op te richten. Breng je stem
    voor 5 mei uit. Meer info in NL.NEWSGROUPS (CFV2 nl.tuinen),
    of: http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/bulbo/tuinvote.html  
<------------------------------------------------------------------->
  YES!!! It has arrived: CIVILIZATION II. The CD-ROM sequel to the
  best strategic computergame ever! You'll be sorry if you miss it!
<------------------------------------------------------------------->



From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2025 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 1 May 1996 16:04:12 GMT
Organization: PLutonium College
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In article <4m64i6$tuj@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

> Correspondent: Thank you John, and thank you for joining us, now to our
> live world-wide "speak" on this memorial dedication of Archimedes
> Plutonium. Next we will interview a biologist, Richard Dawkins in
> London but before then, join with us in this song as sung by the Navy
> Band and Choir

London: Good Day Mate from the BBC! I am here at the Thames by 
Cathedral Westminster with the Big Ben Bell. We should hear Big Ben
sound off in 10 minutes today at the end of this interview, playing one
of Archimedes Plutonium's very favorite of Chariots of Fire music.
Standing with me for this interview is Richard Dawkins a well known
author. Richard relate to us AP's overturning of all of biology.

Richard Dawkins: I myself had been a very selfish gene all of my life
Jack, thinking that I had known biology and the rest of the world for
that matter. Then like a bolt out of the sky, a river out of Eden came
Archimedes Plutonium. His mind, his intelligence was of the highest
genius, for we had had the Bell Inequality with the Aspect Experimental
results for 2 decades and none of us in either physics or biology
realized that it was the end, yes, the very end of Darwin Evolution.
Superdeterminism destroys Darwin Evolution. Oh, how klutzes, how blind
scientists, how pathetic monks of biology we all were. It took a
supergenius mind like AP, his mind was a precision watch, a logically
precise clockwork that he and only he could see that biology was run by
Superdeterminism and not the algorithm of the fake theory of evolution.
   When AP first posted his One Atom Everything to the Internet and
then he kept it on the World Wide Web, he was scoffed and scorned. Of
course because he was one supergenius going against the whole world of
science fuddy duds. I admit that I was one of them. But after a room
temperature superconductor found in an electric eel was discovered in
1997 and AP already had the patent back in 1995, noone was scoffing him
any more. When AP started to get front page coverage in US NEWS & WORLD
REPORT and made TIME's Man of the Year, Jack, I wanted to burn out of
existence all lousy books I had ever written.
  I can not describe to you Jack how miserable we all felt in science.
It is hard to describe to the world public what it feels like to love
science and think that one is contributing towards science and yet come
to find out that all of one's science career amounts to literally
nothing. To live in the shadows of a supergenius scientist is an awful
life career. Jack, after AP was recognized, the whole of the science
community became one man, Archimedes Plutonium. All the others working
in science knew that they were just shadow figures. And then of course
AP went into hiding because of the demands on his time.
  Jack, I have decided to stop writing science fiction books and now am
writing on elaborations of AP's work in biology. Of course AP is the
King of all the Sciences, for he impacted and changed all of them and
he unified all of them. How such a selfish gene I was Jack in my early
years thinking that Darwin evolution was so hot stuff and would last a
1000 years, it did not even last 4 years after AP discovered the One
Atom 231PU Totality. He discovered it in 1990 and by 1994 he realized
via pure logic that Evolution must fall because of the Bell Inequality.
And as I mentioned the Bell Inequality had been around for 2 decades
yet none of us ever spotted the discrepancy. Only a supergenius mind
that works precise like a watchmaker. .

London:  Big Ben sounds off to Vangelis's Chariots of Fire


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2026 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 1 May 1996 16:52:08 GMT
Organization: Plutonium College
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In article <4m821s$qo0@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:
 
> London:  Big Ben sounds off to Vangelis's Chariots of Fire

Correspondent in Sweden: Thank you London and that was a beautiful bell
song of Chariots of Fire. Seated with me is the CEO , Mr. Parsifal of
the electrical engineering company ASEA, the world's largest electrical
engineering company. Mr. Parsifal, how did the electrical companies
come to view Archimedes Plutonium?ddddddd

Mr. Parsifal in a heavy Swedish accent: Mr. Plutonium was closely
followed in the Net and Web. It came to the point where Mr. Plutonium
would file for patents but by a quirk of patent laws he would post to
the world public a year ahead of time and file the patent before the
year was up. This was very clever of him but quite awful for us here in
Europe and outside of the USA because he would thereby put his new
ideas into the public domain. We had hundreds of millions of research
dollars tied up into some of the ideas Mr. Plutonium was working on.
All down the drain because he beat us to the punch. We had entire
laboratories with the world's state of the art equipment working on
room temperature superconductivity and Mr. Plutonium working only with
his mind come to beat us. Because of the patent laws, only Mr.
Plutonium has the monetary control of room temperature
superconductivity and also neutron materialization in sonoluminescence
and only in the USA; the rest of the world has no patent protection on
all of that work. Any little Joe-startup-company can do
superconductivity which our labs spent hundreds of millions on and they
spent not a pfennig.

Stockholm: Mr. Parsifal, did the European Community decide to change
the patent law?

Mr. Parsifal: Of course they come together but it war to late the new
computer cybo-robo-borg space was changing rapidly. Noone thought that
the computer could impact the patents in the way it did with Archimedes
Plutonium. The electrical industry was just one industrial sector that
Mr. Plutonium impacted harshly. He, in his Plutonium Atom Foundation
now owns the key patents in biology as well as the most rapid growing
corporation on earth, CLONOR Corporation. The Foundation owns the
patents on cloning humans and on cancer control and a long list of
other patents. There too, Mr. Plutonium has the USA locked up and gets
all the royalties of USA and the rest of the world has no patent
control whatsoever. Mr. Plutonium was once interviewed on TV what he
thought about his locking up USA and the rest of the world a
free-for-all. He only laughed, and said "my big aim was not more money,
I wanted mind control, and to show the little fish-- how what little
minds they really are"

Stockholm: I bet the other corporations were furious?

Mr. Parsifal: Ya! Finally the electrical corporations wisened up and
hired Mr. Plutonium on a contingency basis where any of his new ideas
were under contract that the hiring corporation would have
first-of-rights of patent ownership to any of Mr. Plutonium's new
ideas. Of course that is only electrical but Mr. Plutonium keeps all of
the biology patents and now his CLONOR Corp manages them. 

Stockholm: Thank you kindly Mr. Parsifal, CEO of ASEA/Brown Boveri
corporation. Now to our correspondent in the USA.



From rboyce@mercury.cair.du.edu Sun May  5 13:39:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2027 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rboyce@mercury.cair.du.edu (Richard L. Boyce)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sap rising
Date: 1 May 1996 19:02:02 GMT
Organization: University of Denver
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In article <4m4smc$rug@zen.hursley.ibm.com>
@hursley.ibm.com writes:

> I asked this before but got no response, so I'm trying again ........  
> 
> When a plant is in leaf the transpiration pull creates a pressure differential
> between the leaves and the roots, so water and nutrients can rise up the
> xylem. At least that's how I understand it. 
> 
> But what causes the "sap to rise" in the spring before the buds have broken on
> deciduous plants ? Is it to with root pressure ? Perhaps someone might
> be able to tell me what root pressure is also.
> 
> Thanks for any help.

I'll take a stab at this, although I'm more of an ecologist than a
physiologist.  Yes, root pressure is responsible for sap rising in some
species, like maples and grapes.  In these species, starch that is
stored in root parenchyma (jargon for storage tissue) is broken down
into sugars in the spring and loaded into xylem, the vascular tissue
normally used for transporting water and nutrients to the shoot from
the roots.  A physiologist would say that this lowers the osmotic
potential, inducing water to flow into the xylem from surrounding root
tissue; another way of looking at would be to say that by increasing
the solute load in the sap, water is "drawn" into the xylem.  Since
xylem is pretty stiff (another name for tree xylem is wood), this
causes the pressure to rise, and this root pressure is enough to push
the sap up to the top of the tree.  Once the leaves come out, water
flow in xylem is due to low water potentials in the atmosphere, but
that is another story...

 =============================
 Richard L. Boyce           
 Department of Biological Sciences     
 University of Denver
 Denver, CO 80208
 303-871-3538   
 303-871-3471 (fax)         
 rboyce@du.edu
 http://www.du.edu/~jfoglema/boyce.html  
 =============================


From ae@meer.net Sun May  5 13:39:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2028 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ae@meer.net (Arthur Evans)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: what plants can be cloned?
Date: Wed, 01 May 1996 13:21:11 -0700
Organization: Pope of Santa Cruz, Inc.
Lines: 32
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In article <4m0hcp$11p@urvile.msus.edu>, student@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu
(Student at SCSU) wrote:

> I'm wondering what plants can be cloned?  What procedures are used?  
> and is it possible to do the procedure outside of a lab? please help 
> with references to sources of information and any help that can be 
> provided.

I'm not sure what you're looking for here, but if you're just looking
for a way to grow new plants that are genetically identical to an original
plant, you can grow many species by taking root, stem, or leaf cuttings
and rooting them. This is pretty simple, and you can do it in the comfort
of your own home. You can find instructions in a reasonably comprehensive
gardening book, and you can probably find the materials you'll need at
your local garden store. You'll need a rooting medium (sand, for instance),
some pots, some plastic bags. Probably also some rooting hormone, depending
on what kind of cuttings you're doing.

Rooting a stem cutting goes something like this: Cut a five-inch piece from 
the growing tip of a stem, carefully remove the leaves from the lower half,
dip the end in rooting hormone, and stick it into a pot full of damp potting
medium. Put the pot in a plastic bag, blow some air into the bag, and tie it
off with a rubber band or something (this helps keep your cutting from drying
out). Then you sit back and let the plant do the rest.

All in all, it's pretty easy.  

On the other hand, if what you're looking for a way of growing plants out 
>from  single cells--well, you're on your own ;-).

OK
-ae-


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2029 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Virus origin of cancer back in vogue ? Latest news release
Date: 1 May 1996 22:36:24 GMT
Organization: PLutonium College
Lines: 21
Distribution: world
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In article <4lr364$ufi@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

> Well most of bio organisms are water, and you cannot have cancer in
> water.
> 
> With my newest theory of Cancer = prion disease = near the site of
> cancer initiation,  it is supporting evidence that plants get no
> cancer. So the question arises as to what is the definition of a
> protein?  And the question arises as to what is the fraction of body
> composed of proteins in mammals as compared to plants? You see, my
> theory posits that cancers are inherent of proteins gone awry.

  SCIENCE NEWS 27APR96 p261 titled "Hints of virus reemerge in breast
cancer"

 " cancerous breast cells often contain genetic sequences
characteristic of an infectious virus that triggers mammary tumors in
mice, reported virologist Beatriz G-T Pogo of Mount Sinai School of
Medicine in New York City and her colleagues at a cancer meeting this
week. "


From mbreuer@saims.skidmore.edu Sun May  5 13:39:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2030 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbreuer@saims.skidmore.edu (megan breuer)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Date: 2 May 1996 03:20:24 GMT
Organization: Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs NY 12866
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dx (dx@netcom.com) wrote:
: Can someone tell me definitively whether or not Corn is considered a
: vegetable?  I always thought if it as so until somoene suggested to
: me that it's actually a grain.  Are these mutually exclusive catagories?

: Email me if you know.

: Thanks!

: -dx

	Actually, corn is a fruit, believe it or not.  Along with
certain types of squash, tomatoes, green peppers, and acorns, to name
a few examples.  So it is incorrect to call corn a vegetable, although
I have also seen it referred to as a grain.

Hope this helps..

Meg

                               ------- * -------
	      "The roaring of lions, the howling of wolves, the 
	       raging of the stormy sea, and the destructive sword 
               are portions of eternity too great for the eye of man"
                                ~William Blake
                               _______ * _______




























From blhass@mtu.edu Sun May  5 13:39:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2031 of sci.bio.botany
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From: blhass@mtu.edu (Barbara L. Hass)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Date: 29 Apr 1996 18:10:26 -0400
Organization: Michigan Technological University
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dx (dx@netcom.com) wrote:
: Can someone tell me definitively whether or not Corn is considered a
: vegetable?  I always thought if it as so until somoene suggested to
: me that it's actually a grain.  Are these mutually exclusive catagories?
:
Corn is considered to be a grain.  While I am not sure of the "biological"
definition of a grain, I can tell you that it isn't a vegetable.  It is, in
fact, a fruit.  Corn belongs to the division magnoliophyta, or angiosperms.
These are the flowering plants, which include corn.  Flowers house the
plant's reproductive structures, the male stamens (housed in the tassle) and
the female ovaries (broadly, in the cob).  The ovaries, which develop into
fruits, contain the ovules, which develop into seeds.

As to whether "grain" and "vegetable" are mutually exclusive, I would
say YES.  I *think* that all grains are angiosperms, and therefore fruits.
 
Barbara Hass
blhass@mtu.edu



From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2032 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.misc,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.physics,sci.physics.electromag,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Cannot find the journal Physics Crypta
Date: 2 May 1996 00:29:30 GMT
Organization: Pu
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In article <4m0rp8$6qg@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

>    It is my firm belief that if a room temperature superconductor
> exists, then biology will help us. So far, biology has been quiet on
> superconductivity. I believe biology possesses some knowledge, some
> machinery which will give us room temperature superconductivity. I am
> banking on that premonition.

 Want to look into Physics Crypta Vol 40 p786-789 1989
"Magnetic Flux Quantization and Josephson Behavior in Living Systems"

 IS the above a joke or is there such a journal, for I cannot find it.


From mccanns@tiac.net Sun May  5 13:39:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2033 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mary McCann <mccanns@tiac.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Microscopy Course Announcement
Date: Wed, 01 May 1996 21:26:07 -0500
Organization: The Internet Access Company, Inc.
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SHORT COURSE ANNOUNCEMENT
-------------------------------------------------
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPY
-------------------------------------------------
JUNE 16-21, 1996,  Burlington Vermont

www.microscopyed.com

A  5-day hands-on course on achieving the maximum information from
light microscopy.
   
The course will  cover the principals of light microscopy, contrast
techniques for the microscope, adjustments  of the microscope for
optimum contrast and resolution, and interpretation of images in terms
of light-matter interactions.

A full range of reflected and transmitted light microscopes, as well
as contrast equipment, will be provided for use by the students.
Students are encouraged to bring their own samples.
_____________________________________________________________________
Experienced, microscopy problem solvers from the US and UK will teach
a 5-day practical course on how to get maximum information from light
microscopy. The emphasis of the course will be to provide hands-on
experience, and the background for interpretation of images. The
course will provide a full range of reflected and transmitted light
microscopes, as well as contrast equipment, for use by the students.
Students are encouraged to bring their own samples.
_____________________________________________________________________
The course will provide:
A firm foundation in the principles of light microscopy.

An understanding of the steps for light microscope alignment.

A knowledge of contrast enhancement techniques for both specimen and
microscope.

A basic understanding of polarized light, and its role in contrast
enhancement,
measurement techniques and materials analysis.

Information on image documentation-photomicrography and electronic
image capture.

Survey of the measurement capabilities of the light microscope

Awareness of what to look for in buying a microscope

Opportunity for hands-on use with a variety of equipment and contrast
techniques.
_____________________________________________________________________
  
Faculty:
Philip C. Robinson is author of the RMS Microscopy Series book,
Applied Polarized Light Microscopy. He is a specialist in light and
electron microscopy of ceramics, and is retired from the faculty of
Stafforshire University. He has organized and taught courses in Basic
Microscopy and Polarized light Microscopy for the Royal Microscopical
Society in England and the US, and at industrial and academic sites
around the world.

Mary A. McCann Research Associate, retired from Polaroid Corporation,
used light and electron microscopy for problem-solving in research,
development and manufacturing. She is the author of a photomicrography
instructional book, and has taught for the New York Microscopical
Society, and the American Chemical Society.

Robert Janes is a scientist with the Metropolitan (London) Police
Forensic Laboratory. He has taught RMS courses in Basic and Polarized
Light Microscopy .

Robert Hoffman, inventor of the Hoffman Modulation Contrast system,
has taught light microscopy for the Eastern Analytical Symposium, NYMS
and numerous industrial courses.

Dennis O'Leary, of MicroOptical Methods has taught light microscopy
for EAS and industrial courses.

Vermont Optecs, research instrument specialists, will supply a variety
of microscope equipment for the course.

For further information:www.microscopyed.com

For course brochure, contact Mary McCann , e-mail: mccanns@tiac.net
or  call (617)-484-7865  Fax (617)-484-2490


From jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu Sun May  5 13:39:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2034 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jkelly@umcc.umcc.umich.edu (Judith Kelly)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: INFO: Nodding Trillium
Date: 1 May 1996 21:54:38 -0400
Organization: University of Michigan Computing Club (UMCC)
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Keywords: Trillium cernuum, Nodding Trillium, germination
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It is my understanding that a related species, _Trillium grandiflorum_ 
exhibits double dormancy, taking 2 years to germinate.  I seem to 
remember that it requires a warm-cold-warm-cold cycle over 2 years.  
Noticing that you have a university email address, you may wish to have a 
librarian do a literature search on Dialog for all species of Trillium.  
Look for articles by Tom Patrick and Fred Case, both Trillium experts.  
Judy Kelly
<jkelly@umcc.umich.edu>


gpeterso@gpu1.srv.ualberta.ca (Greg Peterson) writes:
>Does anyone have information on the germination requirements of Nodding 
>Trillium (_Trillium cernuum_). This sample I have was collected in the 
>fall of 1995 in northwestern Ontario, air dried and kept at room 
>temperature. Is there stratification requirements? How long does it 
>usually take for germination to occur? Or are the seeds sterile since the 
>plant regenerates each year from a rhizome?

>Any help would be appreciated. I'll post a summary of all answers to this 
>request.

>Greg Peterson                                       V
>CW-315 Biological Sciences Building                 V  /\
>University of Alberta                               v /  \
>Edmonton AB  T6G 2E9                            /\  |/
>                                                  \ |
>Email: gpeterso@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca                \| 
>URL:   www.ualberta.ca/~gpeterso/                  -|-



From kudzu@dnai.com Sun May  5 13:39:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2035 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael Sierchio <kudzu@dnai.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: Wed, 01 May 1996 21:29:13 -0700
Organization: Oversized Metaphysics
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Check out:

	http://avsunxsvr.aeiveos.com/au/ames-bn/


From kudzu@dnai.com Sun May  5 13:39:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2036 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael Sierchio <kudzu@dnai.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: Wed, 01 May 1996 21:19:17 -0700
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Camilla Cracchiolo wrote:

> I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people
> eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with biologist
> Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant
> women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the
> presence of toxic chemicals.  

If I weren't so lazy, I'd find the links for you, but...

Bruce Ames a the Univ. of Cal. at Berkeley has done a lot of work on
the toxicology of plants.  You'd find some of his results amusing, such
as the average daily lifetime exposure relative risks of broccoli vs.
malathion.

As Joe Jackson put it so eloquently, 

	Everything gives you cancer...
	Everything gives you cancer.
	There's no cure
	There's no answer...

Margie's thesis is provocative, but it may be that sensitivity
to phytochemicals is vestigial, just like the urge to consume
large portions of potatoes fried in animal fat is a vestige of the
scarce Calories imprinted in the genome.  She has also made a 
choice for the individual embryo/fetus vs. the long-term health
of the gene pool.  Eat your damn broccoli, kids!

Eat your broccoli and enjoy!  Try it with hollandaise!


From mikaline@netcom.com Sun May  5 13:39:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2037 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: New Caledonia Flora
Message-ID: <mikalineDqr7D3.FH2@netcom.com>
Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest)
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Sender: mikaline@netcom19.netcom.com

David Deutsch (104221.3016@CompuServe.COM) wrote:
: I am looking for a source to obtain certain volumes of the series:

: "Flora de la Nouvelle Caledonie et Dependances"

: I believe up to 17 volumes were or ultimately will be published. I 
: have some of those, but would very much like to have the remainder. 
: Information from anyone would be gratefully appreciated.

: Thanks,

: David Deutsch

I've had my best luck on things botanical through 

	Beth L Bibby Books
	1225 Sardine Creek Rd
	Gold Hill, OR 97525 USA

	503/855-1621

I hope George is still in business.  I moved and haven't received a 
catalog recently.

It looks like there may be 19 volumes - I searched both the University of 
California Libraries' MELVYL and Stanford University's FORSYTH online 
catalogs and there were detailed analytics that might prove helpful.  
I'll mail the citations direct to you - there were 17 other books on the 
subject heading I left in, just because they were there :)

			ml  mikaline@netcom.com  
 
	 When you really really want to know, tried the RAP FAQ?   
                http://condor.LPL.Arizona.EDU/~tim/rapfaq/



From jclp100@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk Sun May  5 13:39:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2038 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeremy Packer <jclp100@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Honesty - Lunaria annua - variegated flowers
Date: 2 May 1996 08:17:59 GMT
Organization: Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <4m9r3n$kc@lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk>
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Mike Hardman <mike@ionia.demon.co.uk> wrote:
>Lunaria annua - annual honesty - I have found some plants with variegated flowers.
>
>I can find no mention of such a variety, and wonder if it might be worthy of commercial 
>propagation - as the white variety is so deemed.  

>Extra info:
>The streaking is white, fairly similarly arranged basal-centrally on all petals, is not 
>accompanied by deformation, occurs to different extents on neighbouring plants, and does 
>not seem to affect leaves nor overall vigour.  The plants are self-sown in a village garden on 
>the chalk in Surrey, UK.
>
Whatever the cause, this flower form is common enough in gardens and on roadsides here in Cambridge, UK. It should be easy enough to=
 collect some seeds and see if it does propagate. 

Jeremy
 



From kcrosby@pangea.ohionet.org Sun May  5 13:39:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2039 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kcrosby@pangea.ohionet.org (Kevin E. Crosby)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Baptisia
Date: 2 May 1996 10:07:20 -0400
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Does anyone have information on the genetics and/or breeding in the genus 
Baptisia.  The perennial ornamental False indigo (B. austalis) is my 
particular concern.  Is someone breeding for improved traits for this 
species?  

Please respond to kcrosby@ohionet.org

Thanks in advance for your help.
-- 
Kevin Crosby
kcrosby@ohionet.org
Ricerca, Inc.    Painesville, OH
On the Shores of Lake Erie


From fungomorph@pi.net Sun May  5 13:39:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2040 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fungomorph@pi.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany,bionet.mycology,bionet.molbio.ageing,bionet.general,bionet.cellbiol
Subject: APOPTOSIS
Date: Thu, 02 May 96 22:05:46 PDT
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How can I achieve a convincing visualization of apoptosis (programmed cell 
death) of the hyphal cells in the morphogenesis of the fruit bodies? TIA.



From ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk Sun May  5 13:39:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2041 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Liza Hollingshead <ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ECOLOGY RESEARCH CAMPS for STUDENTS in RUSSIA-Last Applications!
Date: 2 May 1996 13:02:49 GMT
Organization: Ecologia
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LAST OPPORTUNITY to APPLY! DON¹T MISS IT! 

 ECOLOGY RESEARCH CAMPS for STUDENTS in the URALS, RUSSIA
sponsored for the 6th year by:
Ecologia Foundation, Scotland; Centre for Human Ecology, Edinburgh ; 
Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg,Russia; EcoInfo Ecological Education, 
Russia

MAMMALS<BOTANY<FISH & WATER POLLUTION<ECOLOGY<PALEONTOLOGY

1- ECOLOGY STUDENTS¹ FIELD RESEARCH Camp 18July-12August 1996
2-HISTORICAL ECOLOGY STUDENTS¹ RESEARCH Camp: 8July-12August 1996  
3- INTERNATIONAL FIELD CONFERENCE for ECOLOGISTS & POST GRADUATES 13-25 
August 96 


ECOLOGY STUDENTS¹ FIELD RESEARCH Camp 18July-12August 1996*
4 weeks with scientists from the Institute of Ecology, Ekaterinburg. 
Students live with the scientists and their teams in a camp with simple 
field accommodation equipped with a field laboratory situated on a lake 
in a beautiful, remote area of the South Taiga Forest,  mid-Urals. The 
closest city is Ekaterinburg. The scientists include lectures and 
practical teaching for special interest subjects: 
1) Population Ecology of Mammals (rhodents, moose, elk, beaver, 
buzzard), animal censusing, trapping, population dynamics, game 
management, in Taiga forest of the Mid Urals
Senior Research Scientist: Dr Fedor Kryazhimsky
Fish and Water Pollution:  Dr Alexander Lugaskov; 
Amphibians-urban ecology: Dr Vladimir Vershinin. 
2) Ecology of Plants: Geo-botany and Lichenology - Dr Margarita 
Magomedova
3) General Ecology Education: Sergei Krinitsyn. 
Cost: £865 incl return airfares London-Moscow; $1025 excluding airfares 
>from  USA to Moscow. 
HISTORICAL ECOLOGY STUDENTS¹ RESEARCH Camp 8 July-12 August 96*  
ARCHAEOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY With Dr Alexander Borodin, Senior Research 
Scientist, Dept of Paleontology, Urals Institute of Ecology at a cave 
excavation in the South Urals, with lectures and practical teaching 
programme. 
Cost: £970 incl return airfares London-Moscow; $2000 excl airfares from 
USA to Moscow. Both prices include Ecology programs,accommodation,food 
and internal travel in Russia. Travel Insurance & Visas extra. 
* Optional extra 3 days in St Petersburg 13-16 August: £125 / $200

reply to: Ecologia Foundation:  ecoliza@rmplc.co.uk	
The Park, Forres, Moray IV37OTZ Scotland tel/FAX: +44-(0)1309-690995

INTERNATIONAL FIELD CONFERENCE for ECOLOGISTS & POST GRADUATES 13-25 
August 96 
The main purpose of this meeting is to explore the creation of a concept 
of human ecology derived from a knowledge of classical ecology. The 
question: "How to disseminate scientific ecological knowledge within the 
social ecological movement". Ecology researchers, teachers of Higher 
Education and post-graduates with a serious interest in this subject are 
invited to take part in a the first of a series of meetings or field 
conferences at Centre for Ecological Education in the Ural mountains, 
not far from Ekaterinburg with an international group of scientific 
colleagues including scientists from the Urals Insititute of Ecology and 
Urals University. The content of the programme will be designed 
according to the interests of all the participants. Working languages 
are English and Russian. 

Cost: £860 incl return airfares London-Moscow; $1025 excluding airfares 
>from  USA to Moscow. Both include accommodation, food and internal travel 
in Russia. Travel Insurance & Visas extra. 

Ecologia Foundation is registered as a Scottish Charity whose aim is to 
promote ecological education for all ages, with a particular interest in 
connecting Russian ecologists with those in the rest of the world. 

Please write or e-mail to indicate your interest and for more details. 




From ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu Sun May  5 13:39:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2042 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!news.eecs.umich.edu!newshub.tc.umn.edu!lynx.unm.edu!bubba.NMSU.Edu!alamo-temp-08.NMSU.Edu!ifjed
From: ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu (M'Daid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Date: Thu, 2 May 1996 02:11:30 GMT
Organization: Alamogordo Branch Community College
Lines: 33
Message-ID: <ifjed.2504.318819D2@nmsua.nmsu.edu>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: alamo-temp-08.nmsu.edu

>Well, botanically speaking, technically like a tomato, the corn kernel is
>a fruit ;-)

>However, to get to the point of your question, I assume by 'vegetable',

Actually, what is and is not a vegetable is determined by Congress.  
Tomatoes, e.g., are fruits.  But under commerce laws, they are "vegetables." 


  
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
     
   
   
  
  
      
Po' que?  Pue', po' jo'er.  Po' supuesto.

J. E. Davis

There is a war between those who say there is a war and those who say 
there isn't.

Leonard Cohen


From fungomorph@pi.net Sun May  5 13:39:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2043 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fungomorph@pi.net
Newsgroups: sci.chem,sci.bio.technology,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany,alt.sci.physics.plutonium
Subject: Re: What is the protein content of plants?
Date: Thu, 02 May 96 20:30:48 PDT
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In article <4ltl81$mf1@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>, 
<Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu> writes:
> Path: 
news.pi.net!surfnet.nl!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.
ohio-state.edu!lerc.nasa.gov!purdue!news.bu.edu!dartvax.dartmouth.edu!usenet
> From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
> Newsgroups: 
sci.bio.technology,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.misc,sci.chem,sci.bio.bo
tany
> Subject: What is the protein content of plants?
> Date: 27 Apr 1996 17:24:17 GMT
> Organization: Plutonium College
> Lines: 43
> Distribution: inet
> Message-ID: <4ltl81$mf1@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
> NNTP-Posting-Host: atgw-ksp-1-181.dartmouth.edu
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> Xref: news.pi.net sci.bio.technology:2055 alt.sci.physics.plutonium:2993 
sci.bio.misc:2417 sci.chem:20749 sci.bio.botany:1490
> 
> In article <4lp7id$4h2@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
> Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:
> 
> > Anyone have the data on hand, or from memory, as to what percentage of
> > a plant organism is protein compared to mammal?
> 
> Well most of bio organisms are water, and you cannot have cancer in
> water.
> 
> With my newest theory of Cancer = prion disease = near the site of
> cancer initiation,  it is supporting evidence that plants get no
> cancer. So the question arises as to what is the definition of a
> protein?  And the question arises as to what is the fraction of body
> composed of proteins in mammals as compared to plants? You see, my
> theory posits that cancers are inherent of proteins gone awry.
> 
>   The definition of protein is kind of arbitrary, as are most things in
> the world. A definition in science and even mathematics picks up most
> of the stuff of which the thought wants. But there are always loose
> bits and ends that a definition just does not get. Such as what is the
> definition of life? Then there are viruses.
> 
>    Anyway, a definition of protein goes somewhat like this. A protein
> is a polymer of amino acids. There are approx. 20 different amino
> acids. So for a string of 10 amino acids there are 10^20 different
> proteins. But a string of 10 amino acids is a very small protein. On
> average, proteins have lengths of 100 amino acids, such as for example
> insulin.
> 
>   A plant like other living organisms is mostly water, about 70%. I do
> not know about viruses? Are viruses also mostly water?
> 
>   A plant is mostly water with cellulose which is a starch and then
> there is carbohydrate. Thus organisms are mostly water with some
> carbohydrate and then some proteins. What is the fraction of
> carbohydrate to proteins in mammals versus plants?
> 
>   Only the beans, if I remember have a lot more proteins than other
> plants. Do beans get cancers or gall growths more often than other
> plants? That is, are the high protein content plants more susceptible
> to cancers?
> 
>   How much of the human body is protein content?
> 

Hello,
Cancer is a kind of uncontrolled growth of cells and it frequently destroys 
the environment in which it grows. It has a potential of metastasis (spread 
to a distant site). Therefore, we called it Malignant disease.
We also know a second group of uncontrolled growth process designated as 
benignant. Both, malignant and benignant, are tumoral growths. In all 
multicellular organisms, tumoral processes occur. The pathogenesis of this is 
still a (big) subject of research. Your way of hypothesizing is too simple. 
The cause(S) of the onset of a tumoral growth is most probably not one but 
multiple (promoting or synergistic). 

To me, a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling a normal cell 
growth and differentiation is most important than the protein contents. 
Please remember, none of multicellular organisms form an exception for the 
tumoral (neoplastic) cell growth.



From egrunden@prairienet.org Sun May  5 13:39:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2044 of sci.bio.botany
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From: egrunden@prairienet.org (Eric Grunden)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: similarities and differences between ferns and oaks?
Date: 3 May 1996 05:18:36 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <4mc4vc$t2l@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>
References: <jaiello-2904960750380001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
Reply-To: egrunden@prairienet.org (Eric Grunden)
NNTP-Posting-Host: firefly.prairienet.org


In a previous article, jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (bad ass Mtn. biker) says:

>My name is Nate Anderson (blastman@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us) and I am doing a
>science project on the differences and similarities between ferns and oak
>trees.  I would much appreciate any help you could give me, for I am
>desperate  to finish this project.  And soon!  Thank you for your time.

				*******

OK, here's a similarity; they are both plants and are discussed in
great detail in things called "books" which can be found at a
wonderful place called a "library."
-- 
			*******************
The Spirit of Nature, a powerful force,
	belongs and returns to its creative source.
- Excerpted from The Collective Works of Johnny Pokerface -


From ZSMS84A@prodigy.com Sun May  5 13:39:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2045 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ZSMS84A@prodigy.com (John Lawrence)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: LITERARY AGENCY: INTERNATIONAL
Date: 3 May 1996 04:58:07 GMT
Organization: Prodigy Services Company  1-800-PRODIGY
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SUBJECT: LITERARY AGENCY: INTERNATIONAL 
International New York City literary agency.
All fiction. All nonfiction.
Room for new clients.
Inform us of what you have written.
Info: Email: ZSMS84A@prodigy.com 



From petersen@math.umass.edu Sun May  5 13:39:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2046 of sci.bio.botany
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From: petersen@math.umass.edu (Chris Petersen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mushroom question
Date: 3 May 1996 21:11:03 GMT
Organization: UMass/Amherst Dept Math & Stats
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Hi.  This is my first visit to this group, so please respond via
e-mail.

My husband & I found what appear to be Morel mushrooms in our front
yard, only 6 of them.  I seem to remember that there are no poisonous
mushrooms that look like Morels with the squiggly honeycomb type caps.
We live in Western Massachesetts, and I believe they grow here.  

We'd like someone to tell us if eating these is dangerous!  I don't
really feel like risking it, but it's tempting (they really smell
great.)

Is there a poisonous mushroom that could be mistaken for Morels to the
untrained eye?  I know very little about gathering mushrooms. 

Thank you for any help and advice --

Chris Petersen

P.S.  I've never had the pleasure of a Morel, and I really really want
to try them.


From 73134.1004@compuserve.com Sun May  5 13:39:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2047 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <73134.1004@compuserve.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Careers in Botany
Date: 3 May 1996 21:44:06 GMT
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My name is Krista Glova and I'm in the 7th grade at Riverwood Middle
School.  We are having career week, and I chose botany for my research.  
If you are a botanist, would you help me with some of these questions?
1) What type of education or degrees must a person get to become a
    botanist?
2) How many years must a person go to college?
3) Are there any internships or residency work?
4) What type of company hires people in this field?
5) Where are the jobs located (where can you live)?
6) Are there many jobs available?
7) Do a lot of people have this job or are only a few needed?
8) If a person just graduated from college, how much could they expect to 
    make?  How much would it increase in 10 years?
9) What are the benefits and perks (insurance, retirement, etc.)?
10) What are the advancement opportunities (salary and job title)?
11) What are typical every day duties?
12) What are the good and bad points of a career in botany?
13) How many days and hours a week do you work?

Thank you for your time and help.



From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2048 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.misc,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.physics,sci.physics.electromag,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cannot find the journal Physics Crypta
Date: 3 May 1996 21:27:03 GMT
Organization: Pu
Lines: 41
Message-ID: <4mdtn7$t6j@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
References: <4m8vla$lnv@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
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In article <4m8vla$lnv@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

> 
>  Want to look into Physics Crypta Vol 40 p786-789 1989
> "Magnetic Flux Quantization and Josephson Behavior in Living Systems"

Perhaps it is the Swedish journal Physica Scripta (sp)

Will investigate today. Dartmouth Library usually does not miss a
thing.

Another Emailer gave more more references:

--- emailer wrote ---

Check the following papers (in the medical literature):

Reid BL. An intangible energy in the functioning biosystem. I: A search
for its fate and a proposed method of delivery. MEDICAL HYPOTHESES
1995;
44:519-526

Reid BL. An intangible energy in the functioning biosystem. II: Useful
parallels with circuit theory and with nonlinear optics. MEDICAL
HYPOTHESES 1995;44:527-535

Bulkley DH. An electromagmetic theory of life. II: testing. MEDICAL
HYPOTHESES 1992;38:305-310

Zs.-Nagy I. Semiconduction of proteins as an attribute of the living
state:
The ideas of Albert  Szent-Gyorgyi revisited in the light of the recent
knowledge regarding oxygen free radicals. EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY
1995;
30:327-335

Pienta KJ, Coffey DS. Cellular harmonic information transfer through a
tissue tensegrity-matrix system. MEDICAL HYPOTHESES 1991;34:88-95

--- end of emailer wrote ---


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2049 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.misc,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.physics,sci.physics.electromag,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Cannot find the journal Physics Crypta
Date: 4 May 1996 00:06:23 GMT
Organization: Pu
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <4me71v$mii@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
References: <4m8vla$lnv@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>  
 <4mdtn7$t6j@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
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In article <4mdtn7$t6j@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

> >  Want to look into Physics Crypta Vol 40 p786-789 1989
> > "Magnetic Flux Quantization and Josephson Behavior in Living Systems"
> 
> Perhaps it is the Swedish journal Physica Scripta (sp)
> 
> Will investigate today. Dartmouth Library usually does not miss a
> thing.

  Of course 231PU had me settle at Dartmouth because for one, it has a
huge library. I wanted a small town and excellent school, and about the
only three that came to my mind out in Grand Tetons Wyoming was UV,
Burlington, Dartmouth, and Cornell. I saw UV, but when I arrived at
Dartmouth in 1988, I have been here since then. When most schools try
to sell themselves, they often overlook the fact that they are in the
middle of a grimy, smoggy, blight-ridden and crime filled big city or
metropolis. All of which cut into the mind's eye of concentrating on
physics, engineering and the best thinking of life. Give me a Utah
State or a Dartmouth anyday, rather than a Harvard or Princeton or
Berkeley.  Someday, and I hope it never reaches that point, the South
Pole or Antarctica will be the only havens remaining where one can
study in concentration without distractions. That the only things to
really do down there is to study.


From chiefroc@aol.com Sun May  5 13:39:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2051 of sci.bio.botany
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From: chiefroc@aol.com (Chief ROC)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Ginkgo from seeds?
Date: 3 May 1996 23:24:28 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I have been fascinated by ginkgos since the first time I saw one. Can
someone tell me how to grow one from seed? When is the best time to
harvest the seed? When is the best time to plant? What type of soil and
how deep? Where can I obtain seed or seedling (better!)?

Thank You Very Much;
Richard


From balogh@balogh.com Sun May  5 13:39:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2052 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Dr. Pamela Burns-Balogh" <balogh@balogh.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New Caledonian Floras
Date: Sat, 04 May 1996 04:50:13 -0700
Organization: Balogh Scientific Books
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We not only have these floras, but just
about any other flora of you think of.
See our catalogs and new books listing.
-- 
Dr. Pamela Burns-Balogh balogh@balogh.com
Balogh Scientific Books http://www.balogh.com/~balogh/
phone: +1 217 355 9331 fax: +1 217 355 9413


From koala@sydney.dialix.com.au Sun May  5 13:39:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2053 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John Savage <koala@sydney.dialix.com.au>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 4 May 1996 21:30:54 +1000
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Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> writes:
>I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people
>eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with biologist
>Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant
>women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the
>presence of toxic chemicals.  I realize her theory is quite
>controversial, but it seems like a logical corolary would be that it's
>probably not too hot to eat certain ones every day or in large amounts.
>
>For example I know someone who consumes a large amount of broccoli every
>day.  This was one of the vegetables Profit specifically mentioned.  Is
>there any potential harm?

[Adding rec.gardening and alt.folklore.science into this, too.]

I have heard of three foods containing toxins: cucumber, zucchini, and
parsnip.

Fresh cucumber peel is said to be a good cockroach bait, though the
cultivated edible cucumbers contain only a slight amount of the
bitter tasting toxin compared with some wild varieties. Some varieties
probably make better cocky killers than others, too.

Home gardeners of zucchinis (specifically, the dark green Blackjack
variety of this minature marrow) know which ones to not eat. A prime
quality zucchini grows rapidly, quickly assuming the shape of a minature
baseball bat - the bulbous end being where the flower was positioned.
But sometimes the growth rate of the fruit starts off normally but then
slows down. This gives rise to a shape which starts to taper off well
before the flower end instead of bulging larger and larger right to the
tip. In markets, these fruit are mixed in with the others, but they have
a bitter taste due to the presence of greater amounts of some toxin, I
believe. In normal quantities, I think it is quite harmless but it does
impart an unappealing bitter taste. (Particularly noticeable to the home
gardener, because their prime zucchinis are so lip-smacking delicious!)

A radio science program some years back reported that research into the
humble parsnip showed that it should be picked and eaten in darkness to
prevent it producing cancer-causing compounds. (Before I go further, let
me hasten to add that I'm sure the amount of toxin is small.)  Anyway,
when the parsnip is bruised and then exposed to sunlight, it produces
some type of carcinogen. You might wonder why growers don't take care to
deliver unbruised roots. Well, as a grower let me tell you ... parsnips
have well-entrenched roots, but their green tops are weak. Grapsing hold
of the stalk and pulling just succeeds in snapping the top off. To pull
up a parsnip requires that you take a firm grasp of the top of the root
itself, and being soft it will inevitably bruise. After hearing this I
stopped eating parsnips for a couple of years, but I have gradually
drifted back to them, though do discard the top cm or so of the root
where you can see it has been bruised and discoloured.

I hope this helps support other replies you receive to your enquiry.
--
John Savage               koala@sydney.dialix.com.au


From laurie@iol.ie Sun May  5 13:39:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2054 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Laurie Harney <laurie@iol.ie>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Careers in Botany
Date: 4 May 1996 13:52:25 GMT
Organization: Ireland On-Line
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I would also be interested in this information.
Please post to newsgroup!
Muireasa Harney.





From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Sun May  5 13:39:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2055 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 4 May 1996 20:49:40 GMT
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In article <4m84ro$jer@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

> Stockholm: Thank you kindly Mr. Parsifal, CEO of ASEA/Brown Boveri
> corporation. Now to our correspondent in the USA.

Correspondent: Thank you Stockholm and now back to New York City where
there is a ticker tape parade and let us go to California for a
Pasadena Rose parade in honour of the late great Archimedes Plutonium.
Chet, are you there?

Chet: Hi David, and welcome all you folk. It is hard to hear over the
exuberance and excitement for this Memorial Anniversary of the King of
Physics, Archimedes Plutonium. Let me get some of the reactions off of
the street. Opps that was a gigantic float of 231Pu made out of mostly
Forget-Me-Nots and Cilla.  Oh here is a common layman. Sir will you
speak with us today on International News?

Layman of the Street: Oh, Oh,

Chet: Sir what is your name?

Layman: Alex Lovell <fv68@dial.pipex.com>

Chet: Want to share some thoughts about the late great Archimedes
Plutonium and his Jupiter conjoinment theory?

Layman: . . .
> Pardon me for not having a thesaurus handy, but I haven't been able to 
> find any reference in my celestial mechanics textbooks to a 'slated 
> conjoinment' That sounds like a roofing term to me!

Chet: Thank you Alex, (as Alex melts back into the Rose Bowl crowd).
Alex was apparently a roofing carpenter for Pipex. Now back to you
David in New York City.

David: Thank you Chet. I am here in LongVieW Mental Hospital wanting to
gather some opinion from the patients. AP was concerned about getting
all points of view when he lived and so we thought it would be nice to
see some patients reactions. Oh, here comes someone who is talking
oddly and is twirling his hair. Sir what is your name?

Patient: In English or French?

David: English. Please, we do not have much time.

Patient: Mine name is Dan Evens, spelled . .

David: Dan, what did you think of Archimedes Plutonium?

Dan: > Tell the nurse your medication is not adjusted correctly.
 Dan Evens

David: Scooting right along here, back to you Chet in Pasadena
California.

Chet: Well, that float that you see now is the 5f6 where the Sun is
that ball of red bee balm flowers and Earth and the other planets are
assorted mix of flowers. Let me see if I can get another layman's
opinion of AP. Oh, here, Sir, can you talk with me for a few minutes.
What is your name?

Layman: Eric Lucas <aealbb1@peabody.sct.ucarb.com> and I am a writer.

Chet: Eric, you must have seen some of Archimedes Plutonium posts on
the Internet. What was your opinion of them?

Eric Lucas: >  This from a man that hypocritically 
> poses questions in one post, just to answer them in his next just to show 
> how smart he is?

Chet: Now back to our correspondent in Princeton New Jersey, Sam, are
you there Sam?


From kkereke@iamerica.net Sun May  5 13:39:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2056 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kkereke@iamerica.net (Kirk Kerekes)
Newsgroups: sci.chem,sci.bio.technology,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.botany,alt.sci.physics.plutonium
Subject: Re: What is the protein content of plants?
Date: Sat, 04 May 1996 17:58:59 -0500
Organization: PaperClip Products
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I think this tranlates as "Plants get things that work like cancer, so
your initial assumption is flawed"


> Hello,
> Cancer is a kind of uncontrolled growth of cells 
[snip]
> In all multicellular organisms, tumoral processes occur. 
[snip]
> Please remember, none of multicellular organisms form an exception for the 
> tumoral (neoplastic) cell growth.

-- 
Kirk Kerekes

-----------------------------------------
- Perfection is Not an Available Option -
-----------------------------------------


From mikaline@netcom.com Sun May  5 13:39:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2057 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
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Camilla Cracchiolo (camilla@primenet.com) wrote:
: I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people 
: eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with biologist 
: Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant 
: women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the 
: presence of toxic chemicals.  I realize her theory is quite 
: controversial, but it seems like a logical corolary would be that it's 
: probably not too hot to eat certain ones every day or in large amounts.

: For example I know someone who consumes a large amount of broccoli every 
: day.  This was one of the vegetables Profit specifically mentioned.  Is 
: there any potential harm?


:    "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
:                       that your brain falls out."

:            Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
:   Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356  Los Angeles

:     CFS/Fibromyalgia/AIDS support *  General medical information *  
:     Politics  *  Church of the SubGenius  *  Skepticism & Science 
: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
:         
This first crossed my plate in The Natural Poisons in Natural Foods by 
Alfred H. Wertheim, Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1974.  In it is a citation 
to a government report which I know was subsequently updated, but I 
haven't the citation to hand:
	Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods.  Publication 1354, Food 
Protection Committee. Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of 
Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, DC; GPO, 1966.

If you really want to know more, I can run a search through a couple of 
libraries, or you can run it yourself - see under "Search" in the URL in 
my sig.

			ml  mikaline@netcom.com  
 
	 When you really really want to know, tried the RAP FAQ?   
                http://condor.LPL.Arizona.EDU/~tim/rapfaq/
 


From s.meric@ix.netcom.com Sun May  5 13:39:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2058 of sci.bio.botany
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From: s.meric@ix.netcom.com (Polar)
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: Sun, 05 May 1996 00:09:43 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 25
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On Sat, 4 May 1996 17:08:15 GMT, mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee) wrote:

>Camilla Cracchiolo (camilla@primenet.com) wrote:
>: I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people 
>: eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with biologist 
>: Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant 
>: women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the 
>: presence of toxic chemicals.  I realize her theory is quite 
>: controversial, but it seems like a logical corolary would be that it's 
>: probably not too hot to eat certain ones every day or in large amounts.
>
>: For example I know someone who consumes a large amount of broccoli every 
>: day.  This was one of the vegetables Profit specifically mentioned.  Is 
>: there any potential harm?

Only to Republicans.  Remember George Bush said he hates broccoli
because his mother used to make him eat it, & now he's a big boy &
doesn't have to eat it if he doesn't want to.

Republican women have  the difficult choice of eating broccoli -- one
of the  cruciferous veggies so good for women -- or staying True to
Their Principles.

Polar
>


From tnb1@cornell.edu Thu May 23 13:48:49 EDT 1996
Article: 2089 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tnb1@cornell.edu (Thomas Bjorkman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: grafting of tomatoes
Date: Thu, 09 May 1996 08:29:41 -0500
Organization: Cornell University
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In article <4mqom8$ehp@neptunus.pi.net>, gipmans@pi.net wrote:

> I am looking for someone who has more information on the subject of
> grafting vegetable plants. I am a vegetable plant grower and I did
> some reshearch on this subject.

There is quite a bit of work done on automation of grafting at the Natioal
Institute on Ornamentals, Vegetables and Tea in Ano, Japan.  Dr. Masayuki
Oda has been especially active.  In Japan, melon, cucumber and eggplant
production is mostly with grafted palnts.  A major motivating force is the
lack of crop rotation resulting in heavy infestation of soil wth
diseases.  Cold tolerance in early-season plantings of these warm season
crops is also important as is general vigor enhancement.

Their estimated rate for hand grafting is 800 plants per day.  Iseki makes
a $70,000 machine that can do 500 to 1000 plants per hour. There are some
clver mechanical devices and special adhesives that speed the hend
grafting.  They also assist with the key element of aligning the vascular
bundles of the scion and the rootstock.

-- 
Thomas Bjorkman    Dept. of Horticultural Sciences   Cornell University


From burkhard@forst.tu-dresden.de Thu May 23 13:48:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2090 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Joerg Burkhardt <burkhard@forst.tu-dresden.de>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,bionet.toxicology,bionet.agroforesty,sci.bio.botany
Subject: toxicology of uranium
Date: Thu, 09 May 1996 14:28:17 +0200
Organization: Univerity of Dresden, Germany
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Hello!

I am looking for informations about the toxicology of URANIUM to plants.
I am also interessed on the mechanisms of uptake, translocation and
accumulation of uranium in roots, twigs and leaves of deciduous trees.

Joerg


From realex@texas.net Thu May 23 13:48:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2091 of sci.bio.botany
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From: realex@texas.net (Raydon E Alexander)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aster oblongifolius
Date: Thu, 09 May 96 14:46:56 GMT
Organization: Texas Networking, Inc.
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I am seeking seed or divisions of the white flowering form of Aster 
oblongifolius. The white is common, I think, in Northern and Western Illinois, 
but I do not know the total extent of its range. 

Any assistance in finding a source will be appreciated.



From jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:48:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2092 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (bad ass Mtn. biker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: TAXONOMY?!  HELP!!!
Date: 9 May 1996 15:38:16 GMT
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Dear whoever reads this message,

I am in serious trouble!!!  My science project is due in a week and I
seriously need to find the taxonomical rank of the deer fern.  If you have
ANY information whatsoever on this topic or anything else that has to do
with deer ferns, please let me know immediately.  Thank you for your time.

-Nathan Anderson
blastman@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us


From moleary@dmu.ac.uk Thu May 23 13:48:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2093 of sci.bio.botany
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From: moleary@dmu.ac.uk (Mark O'Leary)
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 9 May 1996 16:30:03 GMT
Organization: De Montfort University Leicester UK
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References: <4lptmh$3o6@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <mikalineDqw4xr.5FG@netcom.com> <318bf141.6714471@nntp.ix.netcom.com>
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>>Camilla Cracchiolo (camilla@primenet.com) wrote:
>>: I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people 
>>: eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with biologist 
>>: Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant 
>>: women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the 
>>: presence of toxic chemicals.  I realize her theory is quite 
>>: controversial, but it seems like a logical corolary would be that it's 
>>: probably not too hot to eat certain ones every day or in large amounts.
>>
>>: For example I know someone who consumes a large amount of broccoli every 
>>: day.  This was one of the vegetables Profit specifically mentioned.  Is 
>>: there any potential harm?

1) Broccolli is about the best veg there is from an anti-carcinogen point of
   view.

2) The most dangerous 'veg' (well, stretching a point) is the peanut. A
particular mould that grows on peanuts (and peanut butter etc) secretes a
protein called 'aflatoxin'. It's good stuff - you can count the fatal dose in
individual molecules rather than nanograms. Apparently about 12 US citizens
a year keel over from this - permanently. Ironically enough, its the
health-store visitors you buy fresh-made peanut butter that tend to fall
victim: such shops buy cheap peanuts to start with and tend to leave them in
the hopper of the butter grinder for a *long* time as they dont get that
many customers....

M.
--
-=-=-=-=-=-   -.-. .- .-.. .-..  -- .  -.-. --- --- ...  .-.-.-   -=-=-=-=-
Mark O'Leary,				Voice: Extn. 6201
Network & Communications Group.		Email: moleary@dmu.ac.uk
De Montfort University, UK.			


From jbunston@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:48:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2094 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jbunston@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Jason Bunstone)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: NEED INFO ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Date: Thu, 09 May 1996 13:31:59 -0700
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
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To whom it may concern

   My name is Jason Bunstone and I need some information.  My question is
which color light will cause a greater photosynthesis rate?  I also need
the taxinomical rank of the Portulaca plant I have looked and have not
found it any where.  My address is jbunstonsisnet.sisku.k12.ca.us


From mneville@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:48:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2095 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mneville@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Micah J. NeVille)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Research about plant growth
Date: Thu, 09 May 1996 13:34:10 -0800
Organization: Siskiyou County Office of Education
Lines: 18
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Dear user,


I was wondering if you might help me with a question that I have about
using chemicals to sweeten soil currently I am conducting a expariment to
see which is the best chemical to sweeten my soil. The chemicals that I'm
testing are sulfur, lime, and a controlled condition. If you could help in
any way hat might tell me what I can expect out of this expariment it
would be greatly helpful.

E-mail me at mneville@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us

Thank you!

-- 
Micah J. Neville (RED)
      o
      e


From Soren.Nylin@zoologi.su.se Thu May 23 13:48:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2096 of sci.bio.botany
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From: snylin@zoologi.su.se
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: The Amazing Butterfly Bush and Temperate Zone winters
Date: Thu, 09 May 1996 15:39:43 GMT
Organization: Stockholm University
Lines: 38
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Burris <burris@myna.com> wrote:

>I have a short question here for any budding :-) botanists out there
>who are familiar with the Genus - Buddleja. This includes a number of 
>shrubs native to the tropics and subtropics of eastern Asia.

>One species which is sold as an ornamental shrub (tiny clustered purple 
>flowers) is referred to as the Amazing Butterfly bush (because the 
>flowers attract butterflies).

>My question is simply: Can this shrub survive the harsh conditions of
>winter in the temperate zone?

>Thanks.

>Burris

Well, at least it grows in the Botanical garden here in Stockholm,
Sweden (at 60 degrees N), attracting lots of butterflies, I might add,
especially Vanessa atalanta. I don't know if they have to protect it
somehow during winter, but I wouldn't think so. 

Cheers

Soren Nylin


-------------------------------------------------------------------
Soren Nylin
Dept of Zoology
Stockholm University
S-106 91 Stockholm
SWEDEN

Tel +46-8-164033
FAX +46-8-167715
EMAIL Soren.Nylin@zoologi.su.se



From nwerner@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu Thu May 23 13:48:52 EDT 1996
Article: 2097 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Fern Ally <nwerner@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: TAXONOMY?!  HELP!!!
Date: Thu, 9 May 1996 17:04:37 -0700
Organization: Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo
Lines: 10
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In-Reply-To: <jaiello-2708561315450001@mtshasta29.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>

dear "b.a.m.b."

The scientific name of deer fern is Blechnum spicant.  It's a member of 
Blechnaceae.  hope this helps you to research your topic.  good luck!! =)

love,

N. Misa Werner




From amaya004@cerritos.edu Thu May 23 13:48:52 EDT 1996
Article: 2098 of sci.bio.botany
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From: amaya004@cerritos.edu (AMAYA MARTHA)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: info on mangium tree
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany
Date: 9 May 96 22:43:17 PST
Organization: Cerritos College, Norwalk CA
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NNTP-Posting-Host: black.cerritos.edu

Does anyone have any information on the mangium tree.
I understand it is native to australia and is being
used as a renewable crop tree, as it matures in about ten
years. I think it is being grown in India. Is their a 
subtropical species or is their only a tropical variety.



From bae@oci.utoronto.ca Thu May 23 13:48:53 EDT 1996
Article: 2099 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bae@oci.utoronto.ca (Beverly Erlebacher)
Subject: Re: The Amazing Butterfly Bush and Temperate Zone winters
Message-ID: <Dr61zz.ELE@oci.utoronto.ca>
Sender: news@oci.utoronto.ca
Organization: Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto
References: <4mmqi0$sc0@melon.myna.com>
Date: Fri, 10 May 1996 01:40:46 GMT
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In article <4mmqi0$sc0@melon.myna.com> Burris <burris@myna.com> writes:
>I have a short question here for any budding :-) botanists out there
>who are familiar with the Genus - Buddleja. This includes a number of 
>shrubs native to the tropics and subtropics of eastern Asia.
>
>One species which is sold as an ornamental shrub (tiny clustered purple 
>flowers) is referred to as the Amazing Butterfly bush (because the 
>flowers attract butterflies).
>
>My question is simply: Can this shrub survive the harsh conditions of
>winter in the temperate zone?

The common ornamental species in this area is Buddleia davidii.  Up here
it usually dies to the ground over winter, but comes back from the roots
every spring.  This doesn't seem to harm them any.  The common ones have
dark purple flowers, but there are named varieties with flowers in other
shades of purple, blue and red, as well as white.

I think B. davidii originates in northern China.  They are easy to find
in plant nurseries and mail order catalogs, and even show up in the seasonal
plant sales at supermarkets, chain stores, etc.  You can also grow them
>from  seed without much difficulty.

Beverly Erlebacher
Toronto, Ontario Canada


From diogon@sc2a.unige.ch Thu May 23 13:48:53 EDT 1996
Article: 2100 of sci.bio.botany
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From: diogon@sc2a.unige.ch
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: prosite and swiss-prot will disappear ????
Date: 10 May 96 13:54:10 +0200
Organization: University of Geneva, Switzerland
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From: <Help.Sprot@hon.ch>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants
Subject: Closure of SWISS-PROT
Date: 10 May 1996 11:51:19 +0100
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Apparently-To: <plantbio@dl.ac.uk>

   SWISS-PROT SHOULD HAVE BEEN 10 YEARS OLD IN JULY 1996, BUT IT MAY
   DISAPPEAR ON JUNE 30, 1996.


   Due to  funding problems,  SWISS-PROT as well as PROSITE, and the ENZYME
   nomenclature databases will disappear on June 30, 1996 if no solution is
   found  before  that  date.  The  ExPASy  WWW  server  and  all  services
   associated with  it will  also shut down. The distribution of the SWISS-
   2DPAGE database will also be discontinued. Other external databases, WWW
   services and  software packages  that depend  on SWISS-PROT, PROSITE and
   ENZYME as  well as  on the links provided between biomolecular databases
   will also  be severely  affected by  this problem. Users of services and
   databases such  as ENTREZ,  BLOCKS, SRS,  Owl, etc. should also be aware
   that most  annotations at  the protein  level  available  through  these
   services originate from SWISS-PROT or PROSITE.

   While the  databases listed  above as well as the ExPASy server are used
   in almost  every laboratory  doing molecular  biology in  the world, the
   funding for  these projects  has always  been very  modest (to  say  the
   least) and is now, due to procedural problems, going to disappear.

   [If you are not interested in the details of these problems and you want
   to send  us a  email or letter (fax) of support explaining why you think
   that these  resources should  stay  available  to  the  biological  user
   community, you  can skip  the following  section and  jump to the end of
   this message]



        SUMMARY OF THE CURRENT SITUATION AND WHAT SHOULD HAVE HAPPENED

   Currently SWISS-PROT is developed as a collaboration between two sites:

   -  The Medical  Biochemistry Department  of the  University  of  Geneva,
      where in  addition to the principal investigator of the project (Amos
      Bairoch), five  annotators and a programmer are working on SWISS-PROT
      and related  projects. Three  of the  five annotators  are paid  by a
      Swiss National Fund (FNRS) grant that ends on June 30. One additional
      annotator position,  which is  paid for by a special EMBL grant which
      also ends  at the same time. The last position is on a Glaxo academic
      grant which will end in December.


   -  The EMBL  outstation, the  European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) in
      Hinxton, where  six persons  are working on SWISS-PROT: a coordinator
      (Rolf Apweiler),  four annotators  and  a  programmer.  The  EBI  has
      recently embarked  on major work  to  complement  SWISS-PROT  with  a
      computer annotated  supplement  called  TrEMBL  which  together  with
      SWISS-PROT produces  the first really non-redundant annotated protein
      sequence database. The completion of this work will require  expanded
      resources at the EBI.


   About two  years ago,  a decision was reached in Switzerland that due to
   the international  nature of  the SWISS-PROT  database, it  ought not be
   funded by  money reserved  for national  projects, but rather from funds
   intended for  projects at  the European  or International  level and  to
   which Switzerland participates. Therefore we were asked to write a grant
   proposal at the European level. As such a proposal requires participants
   from at  least two  or more  EU states  (which Switzerland  is not),  an
   application was submitted in December 1995 which requests:

   -  Five positions  in Geneva  for the  annotators whose  contracts  will
      otherwise end in June 1996.
   -  Four positions at EBI, to allow the development of TrEMBL and to cope
      with the increasing flow of data from genomic projects.
   -  One position  in Ireland,  with Prof.  Keith Tipton,  to maintain and
      update the enzyme nomenclature (EC number) of the International Union
      of Biology  and Molecular  Biology (IUBMB).  This nomenclature is the
      backbone of the ENZYME database.
    - One  position  at  the  Weizmann  Institute  in  Israel and a partial
      position  at the company Compugen to develop, in  collaboration,  the
      Bioccelerator sequence search hardware engine in  ways that will help
      the maintenance of TrEMBL.
   -  One position at INRIA in France, to develop software in collaboration
      with Compugen.

   We have been advised  that  this proposal was evaluated favorably by the
   scientific  experts  of  the EU (equivalent of an US Study Section), but
   was not  accepted  at  a  higher level.  The main (and  apparently only)
   reason seems to  be that those  judging  the  proposal  were  under  the
   impression that it requested funds  solely  for  new  developments. They
   were unaware that the CURRENT ACTIVITIES could not be maintained without
   this funding. They also seem  to  have  failed  to take note of the fact
   that the money for the  Swiss  operation  was  not  coming out of the EU
   budget, but directly from Swiss  government  funds, provided that the EU
   approved the project.

   They therefore  rejected this  project while  accepting  other  projects
   which themselves  depend on  the existence of SWISS-PROT (for example, a
   project in  which Geneva  is also  involved, to  establish  a  G-protein
   linked  receptor  database  which  will  extend  SWISS-PROT  to  provide
   information specific to this field of research).

   Having learned  the extent  of  the  problem,  the  EU  seems  genuinely
   concerned but  does not  seem to  have the  means of  reversing  such  a
   decision. They  are asking  us to  resubmit the  proposal.  But  such  a
   process will  take almost  a year  and we  only have  two months left of
   salaries.... In  Switzerland, money for SWISS-PROT is available, but can
   not be assigned to such a purpose before the EU accepts the grant. So we
   are in  a catch  22 situation  where everyone  agrees that  there  is  a
   problem, that  it should  be solved,  but that  they are  unable  to  do
   anything for procedural reasons !



                           WHAT CAN WE AND YOU DO ?

   In the absence of public funding two scenarios seem possible. SWISS-PROT
   and PROSITE could pass into private hands as   proprietary databases, or
   some non-profit association could be established which would recoup  the
   ENTIRE costs of the operation through subscriptions. Two  pharmaceutical
   companies have   already  expressed  interest in  the  former  solution,
   and existing  examples of the latter  are  CAS  (Chemical abstracts) and
   CCDC (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre).   However we see enormous
   benefits to the user community from the public availability of the data.
   The first of these solutions would be incompatible  with  the mission of
   our  partners   at  the   EBI,  but  if  it  comes  between  a  complete
   disappearance and such a solution, there does not seem to be a choice.

   At the time when there  is  growing  concern  about the privatisation of
   genomic data,  we  are  facing  a  situation  that  could  lead  to  the
   disappearance of what we think  are  the  most  widely  used information
   resources  on  protein sequences because of our reliance on soft  public
   money.

   We would much prefer to continue to offer and extend services to all the
   biological user  community free of charge. To do so we need your help to
   convince the  various funding  agencies that you need these services for
   your research.

   We are  therefore asking  our user  community to  send emails of support
   stating why  you think  that  these  resources  should  continue  to  be
   available. You can send these messages to:

                             help.sprot@hon.ch

   Do not  forget to  include in  such an  email, your full name, title and
   organization to which you belong.

   If you  wish to  write a  letter of  support, you  can  fax  it  to  the
   following number:

                              + 41-22-346 87 58


   Or send it by post to:

         Amos Bairoch
         Dept. Medical Biochemistry
         1, rue Michel Servet
         1211 Geneva 4
         Switzerland

   Many thanks to all of you.

   Amos Bairoch


   PS1: Feel free to forward this message to colleagues.

   PS2: Apologies to all those of you who have (will) receive multiple
        copies of this message.

   PS3: This text is also available on WWW at:

               http://expasy.hcuge.ch/sprot/help-sprot.html

-End of message-
-------------------
This message was generated on ExPASy.


From kavosh@mnsinc.com Thu May 23 13:48:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2101 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!udel!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news1.mnsinc.com!news
From: Kavosh Soltani <kavosh@mnsinc.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: Thu, 9 May 1996 13:08:21 -0400 (EDT)
Organization: Monumental Network Systems
Lines: 10
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References: <4lptmh$3o6@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <4mff5e$pdk$1@sydney.DIALix.oz.au> <4mrpgn$vm4@taco.cc.ncsu.edu>
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On 9 May 1996, Keith Downing Mueller wrote:

[Snip]
> assuming a 150lb individual (~70kg) and an average fruit weight of 
> 9oz (~250g), it would require the compsumption of approximately 350000 
> tomatoes.

Is that a relief!  Last night, I only had 349999 tomatoes!

Just kidding.


From jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:48:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2102 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (bad ass Mtn. biker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: NEED INFO ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Date: 10 May 1996 15:15:10 GMT
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <jaiello-2708561259360001@mtshasta29.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
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In article <jbunston-0905961331590001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>,
jbunston@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Jason Bunstone) wrote:

> To whom it may concern
> 
>    My name is Jason Bunstone and I need some information.  My question is
> which color light will cause a greater photosynthesis rate?  I also need
> the taxinomical rank of the Portulaca plant I have looked and have not
> found it any where.  My address is jbunstonsisnet.sisku.k12.ca.us


Dear Mr. Bunstone

The color of photosynthesis is hot pink with orange pocadots.  I hope this
helps.

-Mr. Rogers


From diogon@sc2a.unige.ch Thu May 23 13:48:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2103 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!swidir.switch.ch!swsbe6.switch.ch!news.unige.ch!ugsc2a!diogon
From: diogon@sc2a.unige.ch
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: NEED INFO ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Date: 10 May 96 18:23:16 +0200
Organization: University of Geneva, Switzerland
Lines: 12
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NNTP-Posting-Host: sc2a.unige.ch

In article <jbunston-0905961331590001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>, jbunston@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Jason Bunstone) writes:
> To whom it may concern
> 
>    My name is Jason Bunstone and I need some information.  My question is
> which color light will cause a greater photosynthesis rate?  I also need
> the taxinomical rank of the Portulaca plant I have looked and have not
> found it any where.  My address is jbunstonsisnet.sisku.k12.ca.us

It's very easy guy, it's an experiment wich is done at school. The color of 
the chlorophyle is green, so those are the colors wich are not fixed by the
photosystems. So The better light for the photosynthesis is the red....



From THART1@grfn.org Thu May 23 13:48:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2104 of sci.bio.botany
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From: THART1@grfn.org (Tim Hart)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: Fri, 10 May 1996 16:04:15 GMT
Organization: Whirlpool Corporation.
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moleary@dmu.ac.uk (Mark O'Leary) wrote:
>>>Camilla Cracchiolo (camilla@primenet.com) wrote:
>>>: I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people 
>>>: eat of certain ones should be limited.  

>2) The most dangerous 'veg' (well, stretching a point) is the peanut. A
>particular mould that grows on peanuts (and peanut butter etc) secretes a
>protein called 'aflatoxin'. It's good stuff - you can count the fatal dose in
>individual molecules rather than nanograms. Apparently about 12 US citizens
>a year keel over from this - permanently. Ironically enough, its the
>health-store visitors you buy fresh-made peanut butter that tend to fall
>victim: such shops buy cheap peanuts to start with and tend to leave them in
>the hopper of the butter grinder for a *long* time as they dont get that
>many customers....

Question and comment:
The USDA is supposed to be inspecting peanuts for the presence of this
mold.   And that any infected samples will require destruction of
large amounts of peanuts in storage, so all mold spores are supposedly
destroyed.  Furthurmore, it was my understanding that the mold is
obvious to anyone looking at the peanuts.  Are you saying the USDA is
doing a poor job of inspecting?  It was my understanding that this
mold is idigenous to the peanut growing areas.  Are you saying the
mold occurs everywhere?

Tim




Tim Hart
THART1@grfn.org   /   harttc@qtm.net
"I do not speak on behalf of anyone else."



From mblc@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk Thu May 23 13:48:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2105 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mblc@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk (Mark Carlton)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Oil Palm source
Date: Fri, 10 May 1996 17:55:46 +0000
Organization: Wellcome CRC
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <mblc-1005961755460001@mje-mac5.welc.cam.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mje-mac5.welc.cam.ac.uk

I would like to get hold of some Oil Palm fruits/seeds and don't even know
what they look like let alone know if they are imported into the UK.  If
anyone has information on a source for these please email me.

Thanks, Mark


From redward@A1.PFC.Forestry.CA Thu May 23 13:48:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2106 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!netnews2.nwnet.net!news.pfc.forestry.ca!news
From: redward@A1.PFC.Forestry.CA (Ruthanne Edward)
Subject: Re: TAXONOMY?!  HELP!!!
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: bract.pfc.forestry.ca
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In article <jaiello-2708561315450001@mtshasta29.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>, 
jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us says...
>
>Dear whoever reads this message,
>
>I am in serious trouble!!!  My science project is due in a week and I
>seriously need to find the taxonomical rank of the deer fern.  If you 
have
>ANY information whatsoever on this topic or anything else that has to 
do
>with deer ferns, please let me know immediately.  Thank you for your 
time.
>
>-Nathan Anderson
>blastman@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us

What you need to do is get a text or other book on plant taxonomy or 
plant  systematics. Find out what the scientific name of the fern is 
(maybe from local field guides etc.), then find out what plant family it 
belongs to. Once you know the family, you can get the rest of the info 
you need. Many books on plant taxonomy will have lists of families and 
where they fit. If you can't find the family easily, get an 
identification key (check your library). If you look it up by either 
common or species name, you will get a description and it should also 
tell you what family it is in. If you have more trouble, I can give you 
more help. Just send me an email at this address.

Good luck :)

Ruthanne.



From sbharris@ix.netcom.com Thu May 23 13:48:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2107 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sbharris@ix.netcom.com (Steven B. Harris)
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 9 May 1996 07:23:41 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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References: <4lptmh$3o6@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <4mff5e$pdk$1@sydney.DIALix.oz.au> <4mrpgn$vm4@taco.cc.ncsu.edu>
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In <4mrpgn$vm4@taco.cc.ncsu.edu> kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu (Keith Downing 
Mueller) writes: 

>
>John Savage (koala@sydney.dialix.com.au) wrote:
>: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> writes:
>: >I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts 
people
>: >eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with 
biologist
>: >Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant
>: >women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the
>: >presence of toxic chemicals.  I realize her theory is quite
>: >controversial, but it seems like a logical corolary would be that 
it's
>: >probably not too hot to eat certain ones every day or in large 
amounts.
>: >
>
>Tomatoes contain a steriodal glycoalkaloid, tomatine. Young developing 
>fruit contain tomatine but as the fruit ripen it beocmes degraded to 
less 
>than ).04% of the fresh weight.
>
>the lethal dose (LD50) for tomatine is said to be 0.5 grams per kg of 
>body weight.
>
>assuming a 150lb individual (~70kg) and an average fruit weight of 
>9oz (~250g), it would require the compsumption of approximately 350000 
>tomatoes.



Hardly surprising.  Green tomatoes don't want to be eaten.  Red ones do. 
That's WHY they turn red and sweet-- it's a sign that says "eat me" to 
us primates (no jokes, please).  Evolution would seem unlikely to let a 
fruit do all that, while keeping it full of compounds which were poisons 
for the young of the animals it's trying to lure.  

To the extent that morning sickness keeps women from eating ripe fruit, 
it's an evolutionary screw-up.  Such screw-ups do persist in animals, 
but only if they are from new mutations, or else side effects of design 
aspects which have other far more positive counterbalancing effects.  
Those effects are what to look for in morning sickness.  It's already 
known that mothers who have morning sickness have higher levels of 
hormones, and are less likely to suffer miscarriage.  Why?  The answers 
are not necessarily so indirect as some effect on diet.  The idea that 
the effect is direct is a lot simpler hypothesis, with even more 
evidence behind it (ie, we know that higher hormone levels induced 
artifically ALSO inhibits miscarriage; that was why stilbesterol shots 
were given in days of old, before THIER side effects were understood).

                                       Steve Harris, M.D.

                                     


From jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:48:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2108 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!newshub.csu.net!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!coatlique.cisnet.net!sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us!mtshasta28.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us!user
From: jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (John Hansen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: INFO ON METHANOL!!
Date: Sat, 11 May 1996 02:49:17 +0000
Organization: Siskiyou County Office of Education
Lines: 9
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I AM A STUDENT AT MT. SHASTA HIGH SCHOOL, I AM DOING A PROJECT ON THE
EFFECTS OF METHANOL ON TOMATO PLANTS.  I NEED TO NO HOW IT EFFECTS THERE
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION.  I NEED ALL THE INFO I CAN GET.

THANK YOU,



DANIEL TUGGLE


From dtuggle@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:48:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2109 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dtuggle@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (DANIEL TUGGLE)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Methanol
Date: Sat, 11 May 1996 03:01:24 +0000
Organization: Mt Shasta High School
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I AM A FRESHMEN AT MT. SHASTA HIGH SCHOOL I AM DOING A REPORT ON THE
EFFECTS OF METHANOL ON TOMATO PLANTS, AND HOW IT EFFECTS THE GROWTH AND
PRODUCTION.  I NEED ALL THE INFORMATION I CAN GET. 

THANK YOU 


DANIEL TUGGLE


From jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:48:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2110 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!info.ucla.edu!library.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!csus.edu!csusac!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!coatlique.cisnet.net!sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us!mtshasta28.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us!user
From: jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (John Hansen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: METHANOL?
Date: Sat, 11 May 1996 02:44:05 +0000
Organization: Siskiyou County Office of Education
Lines: 8
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X-Newsreader: Yet Another NewsWatcher 2.0.2

I AM A FRESHMEN AT MT. SHASTA HIGH SCHOOL I AM DOING A REPORT ON THE
EFFECTS OF METHANOL ON TOMATO PLANTS, AND HOW IT EFFECTS THE GROWTH AND
PRODUCTION.  I NEED ALL THE INFORMATION I CAN GET. 

THANK YOU 


DANIEL TUGGLE


From turtom@cortez.its.rpi.edu Thu May 23 13:48:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2111 of sci.bio.botany
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From: turtom@cortez.its.rpi.edu (Michael Andrew Turton)
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 10 May 1996 21:35:37 -0400
Organization: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Lines: 45
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In article <4ms6ht$66i@dfw-ixnews7.ix.netcom.com>,
Steven B. Harris <sbharris@ix.netcom.com> wrote:

>>
>>assuming a 150lb individual (~70kg) and an average fruit weight of 
>>9oz (~250g), it would require the compsumption of approximately 350000 
>>tomatoes.
>
>
>
>Hardly surprising.  Green tomatoes don't want to be eaten.  Red ones do. 
>That's WHY they turn red and sweet-- it's a sign that says "eat me" to 
>us primates (no jokes, please).  Evolution would seem unlikely to let a 
>fruit do all that, while keeping it full of compounds which were poisons 
>for the young of the animals it's trying to lure.  


>
>                                       Steve Harris, M.D.


	Hi Steve!  Many thanks for your wonderful stuff on AIDS 
posted over here last year on sci.skeptic.....

	Profit argues, as I recall, that toxin consumption in
mammals serves two related purposes.  First, a variety of toxins
signals that the body is getting a varied diet.  Second, it demonstrates
to the animal that it is not getting too much of a single toxin.  No mammal
eats only one species of anything; even koalas eat 16 different species
of eucalyptus (or so claims Profit).  Thus humans add spices, most of
which are at least mildly toxic, to replicate the toxins we evolved to prefer, 
but have bred out of our food.
	This is linked to the diet + miscarriage theory, in that toxin
sensitivity is highest during the most crucial period of fetal growth.
At that time no toxins at all is the way to go, so that's what the
pregnant woman prefers.  Frankly, since monocausation is not the norm, I
see no reason why both the diet and hormonal explanations could not
be true.


Mike Turton
turtom@rpi.edu

-- 
Michael Andrew Turton


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Thu May 23 13:48:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2112 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 11 May 1996 18:26:54 GMT
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> Paul: Now we will join our correspondent at Mt. Etna for a talk with a
> renowned geologist. Etna are you there?

 (( these double brackets means that the telecom connection was
wavering and trying to re-establish the lines, realize that they strung
make-shift lines up to the volcanic mountain Mt. Etna))

Correspondent on Mt. Etna: Can you hear me Paul?

Paul: Just barely, your signal comes in and out. 

Mt. Etna: ((talking to some of the engineers, "Can you get this thing
fixed, we have a schedule we must meet? Where is our renowned
geologist, I didn't know the world had any?" Engineer: probably the guy
over there inspecting rocks." )) Telecom problem fixed.

Paul: Mt. Etna we see you clear and plain, transmission is good.

Mt. Etna: Hello World! We are standing on the top, or near the top of
Mt. Etna. A sacred mountain to many people and in the ancient world
this mountain was very sacred to much of the civilized world. It was
reported to be the death site of Titus Lucretius who wrote the Atomic
Theory in his poem On the Nature of Things, DE RERUM NATURA. And of
course, Mt.Etna was visited often by Archimedes of ancient Siracus. And
it was here that Archimedes Plutonium the reincarnated Archimedes of
ancients Greeks claimed to have inhaled or imbibed a uranium or
plutonium atom to make a plutonium brain locus. Standing with me is a
renowned geologist Tuzo Wilson. Tuzo is it possible to pick up uranium
atoms from Mt. Etna?

Tuzo: Yes, highly likely. If Archimedes of old had not picked up his
uranium-plutonium-brain-locus from Mt.Etna then he may have picked it
up from the lead mines or he did travel to Spain and inspect the
mercury mining. The ancient world was full of mining activity.

Correspondent: Dr. Wilson, please comment on the comparison of
environments of the Teton Mountains and Yellowstone and New Hampshire
mountains in comparison to Mt. Etna for uranium.

Tuzo: Well sir, the New England area around New Hamphire and Dartmouth
is one of the worlds highest concentration of thorium. And so uranium
would be abundant also. Mr. Archimedes Plutonium had arrived in
Dartmouth in the late Autumn of 1988 to Dartmouth, in fact November of
1988 and his Atom Totality theory was warmly given to the world on
November of 1990, a full 2 years later. Thus it is highly reasonable to
conjecture that Mr. Plutonium had inhaled or imbibed his
uranium-plutonium-brain-locus from the area of New Hampshire. Although
Mr. Plutonium did return out West to Yellowstone in the summer of 1990,
some biologists think his brain locus was obtained out there. But in
answer to your question, the environment of Teton-Yellowstone and New
Hampshire are very similar to Mt.Etna in regards to the likelihood of
imbibing or inhaling a uranium-plutonium-vitamin-complex.

Correspondent: Did AP ever discuss in his autobio where he may have
picked up his plutonium-atom-brain-locus? 

Tuzo Wilson : Very much indeed. Mr. Plutonium remarked that he camped
out on his 2000 kilometer trek on bicycle from Grand Tetons National
Park to his arrival at Dartmouth College. In his autobiography, he
explicitly goes into detail that upon his arrival at Dartmouth, he
slept on air-mattress sleeping bag in a cemetery by the gravestones of
Ruud and Chase where he believes he may have inhaled his uranium brain
locus. He also says that he stopped many times along his trek eating
wild raspberries along fence rows and may have eaten a raspberry which
would contain uranium and would become his brain locus.

Correspondent: Highly interesting, highly interesting. We have been
talking with the renowned geologist Tuzo Wilson of Canada about the
late great King of Physics Archimedes Plutonium. And next, our
programmed schedule brings you into the bourse of Germany. Adios Amigo!
You want to say goodbye Tuzo?

Tuzo: Adios Amigos


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Thu May 23 13:48:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2113 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
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>  And next, our
> programmed schedule brings you into the bourse of Germany.

Correspondent Dan Rather: This week is the memorial holiday of the late
great King of Physics and Engineering Archimedes Plutonium. Here we
have a simultaneous broadcast from both Germany Bourse and the New York
Stock Exchange.

Germany: Hallo!

NYSE: Howdy

Dan: Germany, Archimedes Plutonium played the Stock Market as his
profession or living. Can you share some opinions with us about that
today in this week of Memorial Celebration.

Germany: Ya, Here in Germany we selten meet a man who can make a living
by playing the Bourse. Most peoples here work hard with their hands,
not their minds. Germans, most of them, cannot break the mold of making
a living other than to put in hard physical labor. They feel guilty if
they had a life wie Miester Archimedes Plutonium who just thought
things and made money by playing the Stocks. Germans are too caught up
in the social machinery, just cogs in the machinery. Also, German
companies stock is not looked as in the way as USA. Germans still look
at money as more valuable than stock, which I think is bad. And Mr.
Plutonium was wise in knowing that stocks are more valuable than is the
paper Gelt. Mr. Plutonium owned many shares of German companies in his
Plutonium Atom Foundation.

Dan: Thank you Germany, now to the New York Stock Exchange. How did you
rate Mr. Archimedes Plutonium stock market investments?

NYSE: Well, Dan, the record of his is quite clear. He posted his moves
to the public newsgroups. His record was phenomenally good, for
outperformed most all of the so-called experts. He was ridiculed by
most of the science newsgroups in his early years of 1993-1994, but in
1995 he received the attention of the entire world via his stock market
playing. He anticipated Syntex, Wellcome, Upjohn, Pacific Telesis long
before they were stocks "in play".  In one year, he more than tripled
his capital not counting dividends. And he never lost, never had a down
stock.

Dan: Would you say that his stock market savvy garnered him more
attention than his science?

NYSE: Most definitely yes. In fact more people were following AP, it
was all for free for AP never charged for his stock market moves, than
most paid for investment newsletters and brokerage firms.

Dan: How good had AP become in playing the market?

NYSE: Well, he transcended the market itself. He arrived at the point
where he would invest most of the capital of his Plutonium Atom
Foundation and then start to post about what the company ought to do.
His posts became more conspicuous to the CEOs of the companies he was
on about than to the investing audience. It came to the point where the
CEO, if I remember correctly, the CEO of US West asked who is running
USWest, "Me? or Archimedes Plutonium?" AP had posted where USWest ought
never had split their stock into 2 phony entities which left them wide
open for being bought out by British Telecom and the ensuing bidding
war. From then on out, the whole world of Internet viewers who had
money, not the lame spectators, were watching where AP was going into
next.

Dan: Was that when the SEC called USWest into court about their stock
split as illegal?

NYSE: Yes, even the federals were reading AP as their primary base
source into action. AP had indicated the illegality of a stock split
in-situ-money but dis-situ-business. 

Dan: Yet, AP invested heavily in USWest, did he not?

NYSE: Of course, AP was a smart man and sensed that in conflict there
was a huge gain to be derived. In fact, today the SEC rule that you
cannot spit a stock in-situ-money dis-situ-business is to the credit of
Archimedes Plutonium. But the general public remembers him more for his
picks than his perfecting of SEC rules and regulations.

Dan: I am fascinated by the fact that Archimedes Plutonium first became
recognized by his stock market playing rather than his great theory of
the Atom Universe which is no doubt the most beautiful science
discovery of all time. Any thoughts on that Germany?

Germany: Of course, the USA never had any real big scientist or
science. All of the USA science was add-ons to what was theorized here
in Germany France and Britian. One could say that the movement of
Science Knowledge moved from Ancient Greeks to Leipzip, to Berlin, to
Paris-London. Never was the USA noteworthy of anything big in science,
mostly just little chickenschiess which wins chickenschieB medals. Not
until Archimedes Plutonium does the USA become the newest home of the
worlds greatest science. Not until Archimedes Plutonium does the USA
show on the map with the heavyweights of Archimedes, Leibniz-Newton,
Gauss, Bohr.

Dan: Thank you Germany and thank you NYSE. Next we will travel to a
astronomer in South Africa.


From bob@echo.sound.net Thu May 23 13:48:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2114 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bob@echo.sound.net (Bob Batson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Viability of Pachyrhizus ahipa seed?
Date: 11 May 1996 20:52:45 GMT
Organization: Sound Advice Limited's Internet Access for KC
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Would someone tell me how long seeds of Pachyrhizus ahipa remain viable? 

--
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Bob Batson                              L 39 12 14 N  94 33 16 W
bob@sound.net                           Kansas City
TCS - Mystic Fire Priest                USDA zone 5b
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Under the most controlled conditions, the experimental apparatus will
do exactly as it pleases.
 


From bright@iinet.net.au Thu May 23 13:48:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2115 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bright@iinet.net.au (John L. Bright)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: NEED INFO. ON WATER SOLUBLE BINDER FOR PLANT PRODUCT.
Date: 10 May 1996 08:06:38 GMT
Organization: iiNet Technologies
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We are evaluating the manufacture of compacted coir dust bricks for use 
in plant nurseries for plant propagation. We propose compacting the coir 
dust into 1 litre bricks for freight economies and reconstituting the 
bricks into 8 litres of "coir peat" by spraying with water. We are 
looking for a suitable binder to aid the extrusion process. The binder 
must be very cheap, break down easily and fully by the addition of water 
spray and be readily available in Asia. Additionally it must not be 
harmful, impact on the pH or salintiy of the finished product or in any 
way impede the plant propagation process.

We would welcome your suggestions to "bright@iinet.net.au"

Thnak you in anticipation

John Bright -Director
Activated Carbon Industries
Fax 619 310 8080.

 



From kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se Thu May 23 13:48:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2116 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se (Kenneth Nilsson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: The Amazing Butterfly Bush and Temperate Zone winters
Date: Sat, 11 May 1996 20:30:41 +0100
Organization: Exterra
Lines: 15
Distribution: world
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Buddleias don't have to be protected here in Stockholm Sweden.
There are several in my neighborhood and the do get bashed a bit by cold
winters but never die. In fact they have to be severly pruned anyway to
keep shape. And teh butterflies do love it. Swarms around the bushes.
Probably the best butterfly attracting plant you can plant.
For Stockholm/Sweden climate/weather you find some info on my Fuchsia
Homepage (address below).

"We can't live without Nature but Nature would do beautifully without us"

Visit my Fuchsia homepage at

http://www.klippo.se/nilsson/home.html
Kenneth
..........................................


From speterson@ivory.trentu.ca Thu May 23 13:48:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2117 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: speterson@ivory.trentu.ca (Steve)
Subject: milkweed in Canada
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Hi there I'm a university student in Ontario and am negotiating with the 
 university (Trent) to grow native species of plants that will attract 
  butterflies. I chose to focus on butterflies in order to help out a group 
of faculty and students that want to see pesticides removed from use on 
 campus. (They are pestcide intolerant.) I am looking for information on  
milkweed Canada. Milkweed is the host plant for the Monarch catapillars. I have
been told by several butterfly research groups that Milkweed is a noxious species in Canada. This means it is illegal to grow 
it on campus. Does anyone have info on this or ways to get around it (ie. a 
 species that will not reproduce in Ontario). If you do please email me 
SPETERSON@TRENTU.CA. The help would be greatly appreciated.
 Thanks Steve Peterson


From zkalla1@zeus.towson.edu Thu May 23 13:48:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2118 of sci.bio.botany
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From: zkalla1@zeus.towson.edu (Ziad Kallab)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help with horticulture, please.
Date: 12 May 1996 20:19:01 GMT
Organization: Towson State University, Towson, MD
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Hi all, this is my first post here and yes as always I need some help.
:)
a company called michigan bulb company is advertising this fruit cocktail 
tree. It holds 5 different fruits. I was wondering would grafting be the 
only answer as to how they do it?
I mean how is it possible to have all these fruits from one tree.
the fruits it holds are plump purple pplums, nectarines and peaches and 
apricots also ripe red plums. I have been asked to find the genus and 
family of each one. Can anyone help me outhere?
if you cant e-mail me I will try to subscribe to this group as soon as 
possible. my e-mail is Zkalla1@zeus.towson.edu  
thanks in advance.
			Zee


From bob.b@dial.pipex.com Thu May 23 13:48:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2119 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fg30@dial.pipex.com (Bob.b)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sap rising
Date: Mon, 13 May 1996 00:21:23 GMT
Organization: UnipalmPIPEX server (post doesn't reflect views of UnipalmPIPEX)
Lines: 30
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@hursley.ibm.com wrote:

>I asked this before but got no response, so I'm trying again ........	



>But what causes the "sap to rise" in the spring before the buds have broken on
>deciduous plants ?

The sap is always there, 'though it doesn't contain as much sugar
during the dormant period since there is no need for it.  In spring
the plant mobilises sugars from stored reserves 'cos the new growth
needs the energy.  Add to this the increased metabolic raste due to
higher temperatures and you get an increased flow.

> Is it to with root pressure ? Perhaps someone might
>be able to tell me what root pressure is also.

Too complex to go into in accurate detail here, but simplified  it
results from the combined effects of osmosis and selective ionic pumps
working within cell membranes

>Thanks for any help.

regards

Bob





From kudzu@dnai.com Thu May 23 13:48:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2120 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael Sierchio <kudzu@dnai.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: Sun, 12 May 1996 17:07:21 -0700
Organization: Oversized Metaphysics
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Mark O'Leary wrote:

> 2) The most dangerous 'veg' (well, stretching a point) is the peanut. A
> particular mould that grows on peanuts (and peanut butter etc) secretes a
> protein called 'aflatoxin'.

Aflatoxin is the product of the aspergillus flavus.  And peanuts are not
the only source -- corn is often a major source of aflatoxin in the
diet of Africans and Americans.

Corn and groundnuts are stored in large quantities and for long
periods of time -- so, avoid cornmeal that claims to be free of
EDB (ethylene dibromide) -- it's like saying that it contains a
nice, big dose of aflatoxin.


From grantw@cadvision.com Thu May 23 13:48:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2121 of sci.bio.botany
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From: grantw <grantw@cadvision.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: NEED INFO ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Date: 13 May 1996 02:38:53 GMT
Organization: CADVision
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <4n67bt$1etk@elmo.cadvision.com>
References: <jbunston-0905961331590001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us> <jaiello-2708561259360001@mtshasta29.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
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To: jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us

First of all, not all plants photosynthesize the same way. For 
example, plants from the cacti family use different chlorophyll 
molecules than do plants from the monocot or dicot families. 
But to answer your question quickly, generally the rate of 
photosynthesis is greatest at 680-700nm (wavelength) which is 
red light. 

Red light is what causes plant seeds to germinate. Most plants need 
a shot of red light then a period of darkness in order for the seeds
to germinate. 

For your other question,on the Portulaca plant,I'll have to get back
to you on that. 

Pat G.  B.Sc. Botanist



From mccanns@tiac.net Thu May 23 13:48:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2122 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "John, Martha,Maryand Sarah McCann" <mccanns@tiac.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Microscopy Coure Announcement
Date: Sun, 12 May 1996 22:56:28 -0500
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SHORT COURSE ANNOUNCEMENT
-------------------------------------------------
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPY
-------------------------------------------------
JUNE 16-21, 1996,  Burlington Vermont

www.microscopyed.com

A  5-day hands-on course on achieving the maximum information from
light microscopy. The emphasis of the course will be to provide
hands-on experience, and the background for interpretation of images.
   
The course will  cover the principals of light microscopy, contrast
techniques for the microscope, adjustments  of the microscope for
optimum contrast and resolution, and interpretation of images in terms
of light-matter interactions.

A full range of reflected and transmitted light microscopes, as well
as contrast equipment, will be provided for use by the students.
Students are encouraged to bring their own samples.
_____________________________________________________________________
The course will provide:
A firm foundation in the principles of light microscopy.

An understanding of the steps for light microscope alignment.

A knowledge of contrast enhancement techniques for both specimen and
microscope.

A basic understanding of polarized light, and its role in contrast
enhancement, measurement techniques and materials analysis.

Information on image documentation-photomicrography and electronic
image capture.

Survey of the measurement capabilities of the light microscope

Awareness of what to look for in buying a microscope

Opportunity for hands-on use with a variety of equipment and contrast
techniques.
_____________________________________________________________________
  
Faculty:
Philip C. Robinson is author of the RMS Microscopy Series book,
Applied Polarized Light Microscopy. He is a specialist in light and
electron microscopy of ceramics, and is retired from the faculty of
Stafforshire University. He has organized and taught courses in Basic
Microscopy and Polarized light Microscopy for the Royal Microscopical
Society in England and the US, and at industrial and academic sites
around the world.

Mary A. McCann Research Associate, retired from Polaroid Corporation,
used light and electron microscopy for problem-solving in research,
development and manufacturing. She is the author of photomicrography
instructional books and articles, and has taught for the New York
Microscopical Society, and the American Chemical Society.

Robert Janes is a scientist with the Metropolitan (London) Police
Forensic Laboratory. He has taught RMS courses in Basic and Polarized
Light Microscopy .

Robert Hoffman is inventor of the Hoffman Modulation Contrast system.
He has taught light microscopy for the Eastern Analytical Symposium,
NYMS and numerous industrial courses.

Vermont Optecs, research instrument specialists, will supply a variety
of microscope equipment for the course.

For further information:www.microscopyed.com

For course brochure, contact Mary McCann , e-mail: mccanns@tiac.net


From derek@botany.uwc.ac.za Thu May 23 13:49:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2123 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Derek Keats <derek@botany.uwc.ac.za>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Post available - Programme Co-ordinator: Marine Biology (Lecturer-level post)
Date: Mon, 13 May 1996 10:05:02 +0200
Organization: University of Cape Town
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Post available - Programme Co-ordinator: Marine Biology (Lecturer-level 
post)

The Departments of  Botany and Zoology have been awarded an 
Institutional grant from the FRD  to set up a post-graduate programme in 
marine biology at the University of the Western Cape. The objective of 
this programme is educate and train students from historically 
disadvantaged communities for eventual deployment in the market place.
This programme will draw on expertise currently within the University 
but will in addition require input from personnel at surrounding 
institutions.

The responsibilities of the incumbent will therefore be to initiate and 
formalise contacts with other institutions having expertise in marine 
biology. She/he will set up and design the detailed structure of the 
programme in collaboration with staff from the departments concerned, 
and will thereafter administer the day to day running of the programme. 
Aside from conducting his/her own research, a certain amount of 
postgraduate teaching and project supervision may be required. Active 
involvement in community work would be encouraged.

The successful applicant will have a higher degree in a biological 
science with research experience in marine biology.  A broad knowledge 
of, and interest in, marine science in South Africa is desirable. Good 
interpersonal and communication skills are essential, as is an ability 
to "network" efficiently. Experience in neither teaching nor student 
supervision is required, but a good record of publication would be a 
recommendation. 

This is a fixed appointment, contract post.

Interested applicants are urged to send a letter of motivation and a 
copy of their CV to Professor D. Keats at the Botany Department, 
University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535 by no 
later than 14 June 1996. Electronic submissions can be made to 
DEREK@BOTANY.UWC.AC.ZA or via Fax: 021-9592266.




-- 
Prof. Derek Keats
Botany Department
University of the Western Cape
P. Bag X17, Bellville 7535
South Africa
---
Phone: +27 21 959 2304
Fax: +27 21 959 2266
email: derek@botany.uwc.ac.za
URL - http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/botany/staff/derek/derek.htm


From fred@ibg.uu.se Thu May 23 13:49:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2124 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bror Fredrik Joensson <fred@ibg.uu.se>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wildflowers by the road in Tx
Date: Mon, 13 May 1996 12:23:51 +0200
Organization: Uppsala University
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I'm looking for information about a project where wildflowerseeds were=20
planted on the roadsides in Texas. I heard about this when I drove through
Tx last summer and I would like information about authorities
that was involved, publications etc. According to the story Franklin D
Rosevelts wife started this project to make the roadsides more beautiful.

I'm sorry to use up bandwith if this shows out to be a modern myth...

Thanks in forehand!!!

Fredrik J=9Ansson

***************************************************************************=
*****
Studentvagen 12:33=09tel: +46 18 50 32 62=09E-mail:fred@ibg.uu.se
752 34 UPPSALA
SWEDEN=09=09=09"Mentula tam magna est,tantus tibi, Papyle nasus,
=09=09=09 ut possis, quotiens arrigis, olfacere."
=09=09=09=09=09=09=09-MARTIAL



From Mark_Bertness@postoffice.brown.edu Thu May 23 13:49:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2125 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mark_Bertness@postoffice.brown.edu (Mark Bertness)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: POST-DOC Postition in Salt Marsh Ecology
Date: 13 May 1996 13:32:39 GMT
Organization: Brown University
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <Mark_Bertness-1305960843200001@128.148.105.241>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 128.148.105.241
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.ecology:20265 sci.bio.botany:2125

POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCH OPPPORTUNITY - SALT MARSH PLANT COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

I am looking for a recent Ph.D. in experimental plant or marine community
ecology interested in working on the structure and organization of salt
marsh plant communities.  Potential projects include examining: 1)
linkages between climate, eutrophication, and the structure of marsh plant
communities, and 2) the impact of exotic species invasions on marsh plant
community organization.  The position is funded for two years beginning
January 1, 1997.  Potential candidates should contact:

Mark Bertness
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Brown University
Providence, RI 02912
(401) 863-2100

Mark_Bertness@postoffice.brown.edu

*********************************************************************
Michael Baker                         *  "Beware endeavors that 
Department of Ecology and Evolution   *  require new clothes."
Brown University                      *             -Hank D. Thoreau
Providence, RI 02912                  *


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Thu May 23 13:49:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2126 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Wildflowers by the road in Tx
Date: Mon, 13 May 1996 09:02:29 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University - Biology
Lines: 32
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Hello!

>I'm looking for information about a project where wildflowerseeds were
>planted on the roadsides in Texas. I heard about this when I drove through
>Tx last summer and I would like information about authorities
>that was involved, publications etc. According to the story Franklin D
>Rosevelts wife started this project to make the roadsides more beautiful.

>I'm sorry to use up bandwith if this shows out to be a modern myth...

It's no myth, but it was Lyndon B. Johnson's wife, Ladybird, who was a lover 
and advocate of wildflowers.  Largely through her efforts a National 
Wildflower Research Center was founded in Austin, Texas.  The Texas Highway 
Department does indeed plant native wildflowers along the highways--mostly 
Bluebonnets, Indian Paintbrush, Coreopsis, and other very showy species.  
However, the glory of our highways and backroads in spring is due mostly to 
the flowers that come up on their own--hundreds of species in every color you 
can think of.  All they ask for is a little bit of rain and no mowing 'til 
they've finished setting seed.

For more information, you can look at the NWRC's web page at
http://www.wildflower.org/

Monique Reed
Herbarium Botanist
Biology Department
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX  77843-3258
(where the roadsides are white, gold, pink, and purple right now!)





From jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:49:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2127 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jaiello@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (bad ass Mtn. biker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: DEER FERN vs. OAK TREE???
Date: 13 May 1996 15:11:30 GMT
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
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To whoever reads this letter,

Any information relating to a deer fern and an oak tree would be most
appreciated.  I'm doing a high school science project and I'm a little
short on info.  If you have it on either the deer fern or the oak tree, or
better yet both, please, don't hesitate to tell me about it.

Thank you for your time.

-blastman@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us
 Nathan Anderson


From kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se Thu May 23 13:49:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2128 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se (Kenneth Nilsson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Do plant roots eat plant roots?
Date: Mon, 13 May 1996 18:57:48 +0100
Organization: Exterra
Lines: 17
Distribution: world
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I have always wandered if the roots that function during the growing season
and (I guess) freeze or die somehow turn into mulch that can be used by the
plant next growing season.
For example if I have a potted plant and don't repot it, will the new roots
that form in Spring feed from the old (dead, mulchy?) roots? If I feed the
plant regularly, can I keep it in the same soil/pot for several years? 
A bulb that doesn't grow to big for the pot for example. Where do the
previous year's root go? Get what I mean?
Any 'root-scientist' out there.

"We can't live without Nature but Nature would do beautifully without us"

Visit my Fuchsia homepage at

http://www.klippo.se/nilsson/home.html
Kenneth
..........................................


From klier@hub.fern.com Thu May 23 13:49:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2129 of sci.bio.botany
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From: klier@hub.fern.com (Kay Klier)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 13 May 1996 05:56:17 GMT
Organization: Wolfe Internet Access, L.L.C.
Lines: 36
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References: <4lptmh$3o6@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <mikalineDqw4xr.5FG@netcom.com> <318bf141.6714471@nntp.ix.netcom.com> <4mt6ib$ang@macondo.dmu.ac.uk> <4mvpdl$avr@news.whirlpool.com>
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On Fri, 10 May 1996 16:04:15 GMT, Tim Hart <THART1@grfn.org> wrote:
>
>Question and comment:
>The USDA is supposed to be inspecting peanuts for the presence of this
>mold.   And that any infected samples will require destruction of
>large amounts of peanuts in storage, so all mold spores are supposedly
>destroyed.  Furthurmore, it was my understanding that the mold is
>obvious to anyone looking at the peanuts.  Are you saying the USDA is
>doing a poor job of inspecting?  It was my understanding that this
>mold is idigenous to the peanut growing areas.  Are you saying the
>mold occurs everywhere?

Aspergillus flavus is nearly ubiquitous, and you have a hard time 
spotting grains and legumes contaminated by aflatoxin.  The usual
way of spotting it in corn (Zea mays) is to watch for a characteristic
fluorescence under UV light.

Aflatoxin is produced only under certain conditions, and it's 
hard to predict precisely when a field may be so stressed that
the toxin starts to accumulate -- it's usually after drought 
stress.

A. flavus is a commonly used industrial microorganism... it's
one of the organisms used to ferment soy sauce, for instance
(aflatoxin is not produced in high salt environments, so soy
sauce is not a likely vehicle for aflatoxin).  I believe
that "Beano" is also based on A. flavus enzymes.

BTW, you don't just "drop over" with aflatoxin... it's a carcinogen.

Kay Klier  klier@fern.com

-- 
----
Kay Klier   klier@fern.com



From anonymous.user@where?.com Thu May 23 13:49:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2130 of sci.bio.botany
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From: anonymous.user@where?.com
Newsgroups: sci.chem,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Acids and Bases
Date: 14 May 1996 02:53:20 GMT
Organization: Liberty Information Network
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I am working on a project for my chemistry class.  I am boiling plants in
water from my yard and now want to observe the reaction of the liquid
produced when applied to litmus paper, then record what happens when the
liquid is placed on hydrion paper, and finally what happens to the color
of the different liquids when I add either HCl and NaOH.

Does anyone have any resource information or Web sites I can refer to on
this subject?

Karlsson


From Michael_Baker@Brown.edu Thu May 23 13:49:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2131 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael_Baker@Brown.edu (Michael Baker)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: POST-DOC Postition in Salt Marsh Ecology
Date: 14 May 1996 04:21:41 GMT
Organization: Brown University
Lines: 17
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NNTP-Posting-Host: 128.148.105.241

POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCH OPPPORTUNITY - SALT MARSH PLANT COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

I am looking for a recent Ph.D. in experimental plant or marine community
ecology interested in working on the structure and organization of salt
marsh plant communities.  Potential projects include examining: 1)
linkages between climate, eutrophication, and the structure of marsh plant
communities, and 2) the impact of exotic species invasions on marsh plant
community organization.  The position is funded for two years beginning
January 1, 1997.  Potential candidates should contact:

Mark Bertness
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Brown University
Providence, RI 02912
(401) 863-2100

Mark_Bertness@postoffice.brown.edu


From mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU Thu May 23 13:49:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2132 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: INFO ON METHANOL!!
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: faraday.clas.virginia.edu
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Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
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Date: Tue, 14 May 1996 05:15:46 GMT
Lines: 24

jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us  writes:
> I AM A STUDENT AT MT. SHASTA HIGH SCHOOL, I AM DOING A PROJECT ON THE
> EFFECTS OF METHANOL ON TOMATO PLANTS.  I NEED TO NO HOW IT EFFECTS THERE
> GROWTH AND PRODUCTION.  I NEED ALL THE INFO I CAN GET.
> 
> THANK YOU,
> 
> 
> 
> DANIEL TUGGLE

Methanol is toxic to almost all cells, membranes, etc. 

I suggest that you talk to a teacher and your school librarian.

By the way, do you know the difference between there and their?
What about production and reproduction? 

If you want an intelligent answer, do your research first, then
ask an intelligent question.
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From sacharof@accessone.com Thu May 23 13:49:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2133 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sacharof@accessone.com (Sambo)
Newsgroups: alt.hemp,sci.bio.botany
Subject: fibrous hemp alternatives
Date: Mon, 13 May 1996 23:43:57 -0500
Organization: AccessOne
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.hemp:31468 sci.bio.botany:2133

My dad was telling me that there was a plant from Africa that is as
fibrous as hemp but lacks THC, it's an annual, and there was an article
about in Wall Street Journal (or was there, I forget)...

Does anyone know anything about this plant?


From josemari@nuri.net Thu May 23 13:49:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2134 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.nuri.net!news
From: josemari@nuri.net (Jose Maria Areta)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Scientific name
Date: 14 May 1996 09:47:05 GMT
Organization: Personal
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Greetings from Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Can anyone tell my what is scientific name of the PERILLA?
It is widely used in Orient. It is used to wrap some pieces of meat or 
fish and it is eaten raw. In Japan it is fried too.
Thanks! I would appreciate the answer by mail to this address:
josemari@nuri.net

Again, thanks.

Jose Maria Areta



From sklarma@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2135 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sklarma@aol.com (Sklarma)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: info. on beans
Date: 14 May 1996 07:14:21 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Please help:

          I need information regarding beans.
                                   like:    origin
                                             traits of the family
Leguminosae
                                             important relatives
                                             uses as food or fiber
                                             impact on man's history
                                             important diseases
                                             future prospects

          Also: are there any differences between bush and pole beans in
any of the above topics?


                                                                Thanks in
advance,

                                                                          
 Marc


From sklarma@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2136 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sklarma@aol.com (Sklarma)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: NEED INFO ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Date: 14 May 1996 07:53:10 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Reply-To: sklarma@aol.com (Sklarma)
NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com

Dear Jason,

          Photosynthesis is the method plants use to gather and store
energy from the sun.  All energy enters our planet this way.  If you add
carbon dioxide, water, and light energy, you get carbohydrate(sugar) and
oxygen.  This is what a plant does during photosynthesis.  The best light
color for photosynthesis is red, but violet can actually work also. 
Basically, light is absorbed by a pigment, like chlorophyll, and then it
is run down a photosystem, (a way the plant changes light to energy), and
then the plant can use the energy to grow, move, or bear fruit.  An
important byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen, which you and I need to
breathe.  If it weren't for photosynthesis, life on Earth wouldn't exist.

                                                             Hope this
helps,

                                                                    Marc
  


From sklarma@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2137 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sklarma@aol.com (Sklarma)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: NEED INFO ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Date: 14 May 1996 08:00:07 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Jason, 

          I almost forgot.


            Portulaca is a family name for a type of plant in the order
Chenopodiales (Centrospermae).  The unique thing about this order is that
they use a special pigment called betacyanins for photosynthesis.


                                                    That's all I know,

                                                              Marc


From helge@studserv.stud.uni-hannover.de Thu May 23 13:49:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2138 of sci.bio.botany
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From: helge@studserv.stud.uni-hannover.de (Helge Kosuch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: How to get Giant Sequoias to Germany?
Date: Tue, 14 May 1996 14:20:28 -0400
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2138 bionet.plants:10928

I would love to plant some Giant Sequoias on our meadows. I think
they should grow in Germanys climate.
But how can I get some to Germany? Our biggest tree selling company
doesn't have them.

Any ideas?

THANX.

Cheeeazz, 
Have fun,
Helge.

:) At least my cows are sane :)

PS: Follow-Ups on my newspostings ALSO VIA EMAIL, please.



From rlsimons@prairienet.org Thu May 23 13:49:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2139 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rlsimons@prairienet.org (Randal L. Simonson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Research about plant growth
Date: 14 May 1996 13:17:17 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
Lines: 29
Message-ID: <4na14t$ghb@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>
References: <mneville-0905961334100001@mtshasta33.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
Reply-To: rlsimons@prairienet.org (Randal L. Simonson)
NNTP-Posting-Host: firefly.prairienet.org


In a previous article, mneville@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Micah J. NeVille) says:

>Dear user,
>
>
>I was wondering if you might help me with a question that I have about
>using chemicals to sweeten soil currently I am conducting a expariment to
>see which is the best chemical to sweeten my soil. The chemicals that I'm
>testing are sulfur, lime, and a controlled condition. If you could help in
>any way hat might tell me what I can expect out of this expariment it
>would be greatly helpful.
>
>E-mail me at mneville@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us
>
>Thank you!
>
>-- 
>Micah J. Neville (RED)
>      o
>      e
>

Both sulfur and lime will loosen up the soil and make it more mellow.  
The main difference is that lime will raise the soil pH and sulfur will 
lower the pH.  Also, lime is many times less expensive than sulfur.  

-- 
Randy ---- TSM Services, Inc. 


From rlsimons@prairienet.org Thu May 23 13:49:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2140 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rlsimons@prairienet.org (Randal L. Simonson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: INFO ON METHANOL!!
Date: 14 May 1996 13:30:27 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
Lines: 22
Message-ID: <4na1tj$h1g@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>
References: <jhansen-1105960249170001@mtshasta28.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
Reply-To: rlsimons@prairienet.org (Randal L. Simonson)
NNTP-Posting-Host: firefly.prairienet.org


In a previous article, jhansen@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (John Hansen) says:

>I AM A STUDENT AT MT. SHASTA HIGH SCHOOL, I AM DOING A PROJECT ON THE
>EFFECTS OF METHANOL ON TOMATO PLANTS.  I NEED TO NO HOW IT EFFECTS THERE
>GROWTH AND PRODUCTION.  I NEED ALL THE INFO I CAN GET.
>
>THANK YOU,
>
>
>
>DANIEL TUGGLE
>

There has been some research done using methanol to reduce drought 
stress.  Unfortunately I don't know who did it.  I saw some sugarbeet 
research plots in North Dakota where methanol was sprayed on the crop and 
they hoped the plants would do better in a drought.  However, the season 
turned out to be wet instead of dry. 

-- 
Randy ---- TSM Services, Inc. 


From cs1966@wlv.ac.uk Thu May 23 13:49:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2141 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Peter Swindells <cs1966@wlv.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.chem,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Acids and Bases
Date: 14 May 1996 15:21:40 GMT
Organization: University of Wolverhampton,U.K.
Lines: 22
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.chem:65490 sci.bio.botany:2141

anonymous.user@where?.com wrote:
>I am working on a project for my chemistry class.  I am boiling plants in
>water from my yard and now want to observe the reaction of the liquid
>produced when applied to litmus paper, then record what happens when the
>liquid is placed on hydrion paper, and finally what happens to the color
>of the different liquids when I add either HCl and NaOH.
>
>Does anyone have any resource information or Web sites I can refer to on
>this subject?
>
>Karlsson

I think the last part of your assignment will produce the most ineresting 
results.  Like most living things, plants operate fairly close to pH 7, 
so most will not contain acids or bases strong enough to affect litmus.  
However, they do contain a lot of weak acids and bases, many of them 
coloured and able to act as indicators (litmus is itself a plant 
extract).  I know beetroot, for example, turns yellow in basic solution.

PETE




From llown@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2142 of sci.bio.botany
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From: llown@aol.com (LLown)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Research on invasive alien shrubs
Date: 14 May 1996 11:35:35 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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As a natural areas manageer, I am often asked to justify the removal of
alien species from parkland and preserves.  I have been challenged to
prove the loss of diversity in our native species caused by the invasive
species.  Can anyone refer me to research on this subject?  I am
particularly interested in woodland and savanna ecosystem research.

It appears that this is one subject that is so obvious that little
research has been done on it in the midwest, where I work.  Any assistance
would be appreciated.

Loren Lown
Natural Resources Specialist
Polk Couty Conservation Board


From achim@ibex.ca Thu May 23 13:49:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2143 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Achim Recktenwald <achim@ibex.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ginkgo from seeds?
Date: Tue, 14 May 1996 13:03:52 -0500
Organization: IBEX Technologies, Inc.
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <3198CB07.6C34@ibex.ca>
References: <4mdsp7$43d@nic.umass.edu> <4meilc$p4v@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <318ED6E4.6DE2@flyinggoat.com>
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Betty Cunningham wrote:
> 
> Chief ROC wrote:
> >
> > I have been fascinated by ginkgos since the first time I saw one. Can
> > someone tell me how to grow one from seed? When is the best time to
> > harvest the seed? When is the best time to plant? What type of soil and
> > how deep? Where can I obtain seed or seedling (better!)?
> >
> > Thank You Very Much;
> > Richard
> 
> you are aware the male and female plants are very different, and one of the sexes (I can
> never rememebr which-only the stench) smells exactly like dogpoop when in fruit.  Are you
> sure you want to start from an un-sexed plany seed?
> 
> -Betty Cunningham

When the Gingko in front of the botanical institute of the university in Braunschweig, Germany, 
had its first real seeds - after more than 20 years, the director of the institute started his 
lectures with a glass of sparkling wine for all students. I am not sure whether this was an 
exceptionally bad specimen or the climate is too harsh, anyways seems to be a lot of trouble 
starting from scratch; better buy a young tree.

Achim


From nwerner@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu Thu May 23 13:49:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2144 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Fern Ally <nwerner@tuba.aix.calpoly.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plants for children
Date: Tue, 14 May 1996 09:07:28 -0700
Organization: Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo
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Hello everyone,

I am putting together a plant list for a children's educational garden.  
If anyone has any suggestions for plants that children would enjoy, 
please email me. Thank you so much!

N. Misa Werner



From kirklandm@fsl.orst.edu Thu May 23 13:49:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2146 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Melissa Kirkland <kirklandm@fsl.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Desperately seeking "bryonet"
Date: 14 May 1996 22:46:08 GMT
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I am a botanist/bryologist working for the Forest Service in 
Corvallis, Oregon.  Can anyone tell me how to contact the 
list-server for "bryonet"?  



From pafka@tower.t16.ds.pwr.wroc.pl Thu May 23 13:49:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2147 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Pawel Jakubowski <pafka@tower.t16.ds.pwr.wroc.pl>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: NEED INFO ON AILAN... ALTISSIMA
Date: Wed, 15 May 1996 00:41:29 +0200
Organization: Technical Univeristy of Wroclaw
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My name is Pawel Jakubowski and I need some information. My question is:
"AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA - ecologic informations esp. resistance for 
industrial pollution."
I have been looking and have not found it any where.
My address is : pafka@tower.t16.ds.pwr.wroc.pl

P.s. Sorry for my english.


From cigolott@nbnet.nb.ca Thu May 23 13:49:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2148 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cigolott@nbnet.nb.ca (tom c.)
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Followup-To: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Date: 15 May 1996 00:32:45 GMT
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Now common you guys !!!!!

are you trying to start a homeopathy thread here ??????

now cut that out !!!!!

( : - )


( : - )






In message <4mrpgn$vm4@taco.cc.ncsu.edu> - kdmuelle@unity.ncsu.edu (Keith Downing Mueller)9 May 1996 03:41:11 GMT writes:

John Savage (koala@sydney.dialix.com.au) wrote:
: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> writes:
: >I need info on toxins in common vegetables and whether the amounts people
: >eat of certain ones should be limited.  I read an interview with biologist
: >Margie Profit where she discussed her theory that kids and pregnant
: >women avoid certain vegetables as an evolutionary adaptation to the
: >presence of toxic chemicals.  I realize her theory is quite
: >controversial, but it seems like a logical corolary would be that it's
: >probably not too hot to eat certain ones every day or in large amounts.
: >

Tomatoes contain a steriodal glycoalkaloid, tomatine. Young developing 
fruit contain tomatine but as the fruit ripen it beocmes degraded to less 
than ).04% of the fresh weight.

the lethal dose (LD50) for tomatine is said to be 0.5 grams per kg of 
body weight.

assuming a 150lb individual (~70kg) and an average fruit weight of 
9oz (~250g), it would require the compsumption of approximately 350000 
tomatoes.

 
 --

Keith Mueller                                       mule@ncsu.edu
*****************************************************************
* http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kdmuelle/public/hp.html  (tomatoes)     *
* http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kdmuelle/public/ht.html  (hort-therapy) *
*****************************************************************
			Raleigh, NC, USA 
 			 35.45N  78.39W 
 			     Zone 7  
(red clay for soils, high humidities and a long season for pests)









From gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu Thu May 23 13:49:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2149 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu (rick strimbeck)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sap rising
Date: Tue, 14 May 1996 15:31:06 -0600
Organization: uvm-snr
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <gstrimbe-1405961531060001@132.198.130.66>
References: <4m4smc$rug@zen.hursley.ibm.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 132.198.130.66

In article <4m4smc$rug@zen.hursley.ibm.com>, barry_edge@vnet.ibm.com wrote:

> I asked this before but got no response, so I'm trying again ........   
> 
> When a plant is in leaf the transpiration pull creates a pressure differential
> between the leaves and the roots, so water and nutrients can rise up the
> xylem. At least that's how I understand it. 
> 
> But what causes the "sap to rise" in the spring before the buds have broken on
> deciduous plants ? Is it to with root pressure ? Perhaps someone might
> be able to tell me what root pressure is also.
> 
> Thanks for any help.

Kramer, P.J. 1983. Water Relations of Plants. Academic press, NY. 489 pp.

Also, search a Bioscience database under M.T. Tyree for some up to date
papers on sap flow in sugar maple.

It's not as simple or a sclear cut as you might think...

-- 
Rick Strimbeck
University of Vermont
School of Natural Resources
Burlington, VT


From gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu Thu May 23 13:49:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2150 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu (rick strimbeck)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Date: Tue, 14 May 1996 15:45:28 -0600
Organization: uvm-snr
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Message-ID: <gstrimbe-1405961545280001@132.198.130.66>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: 132.198.130.66

In article <4m3eoi$mkn@pace1.cts>, blhass@mtu.edu (Barbara L. Hass) wrote:

> dx (dx@netcom.com) wrote:
> : Can someone tell me definitively whether or not Corn is considered a
> : vegetable?  I always thought if it as so until somoene suggested to
> : me that it's actually a grain.  Are these mutually exclusive catagories?
> :
> Corn is considered to be a grain.  While I am not sure of the "biological"
> definition of a grain, I can tell you that it isn't a vegetable.  It is, in
> fact, a fruit.  Corn belongs to the division magnoliophyta, or angiosperms.
> These are the flowering plants, which include corn.  Flowers house the
> plant's reproductive structures, the male stamens (housed in the tassle) and
> the female ovaries (broadly, in the cob).  The ovaries, which develop into
> fruits, contain the ovules, which develop into seeds.
> 
> As to whether "grain" and "vegetable" are mutually exclusive, I would
> say YES.  I *think* that all grains are angiosperms, and therefore fruits.
>  
> Barbara Hass
> blhass@mtu.edu

Going straight for function, I owuld say that with grains, the part of the
plant that is consumed for nutritional benefit is the seed -- usually the
embryo and endosperm. WIth fruits and many things called vegetables, the
part consumed is mainly fleshy or pulpy outgrowths of the ovary or other
tissue of tthe parent plant. Other things called vegetables -- carrots,
spinach, potatoes, asparagus, broccoli -- are leaves, roots, stems,
flowers, etc.

I'm not intimately familar with the morphology of corn, but my guess is
that you're eating mainly seed. Howvere, another poster from a maize
institute called it a veg, so perhaps the main part of the kernal comes
>from  "mom"...

-- 
Rick Strimbeck
University of Vermont
School of Natural Resources
Burlington, VT


From MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il Thu May 23 13:49:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2151 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: NEED INFO ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Message-ID: <4nc0pd$1sjm_002@agri.huji.ac.il>
From: MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il (Jonathan B. Marder)
Date: Wed, 15 May 96 07:23:25 GMT
References: <jbunston-0905961331590001@mtshasta32.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us><jaiello-270856125 9360001@mtshasta29.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us> <4n67bt$1etk@elmo.cadvision.com>
Distribution: world
Organization: Hebrew University
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X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #4
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For accurate information, the library is much more reliable than
usenet! Let me clarify some of Pat G.'s comments which I believe 
misleading.

In article <4n67bt$1etk@elmo.cadvision.com>,
   grantw <grantw@cadvision.com> wrote:
>First of all, not all plants photosynthesize the same way. For 
>example, plants from the cacti family use different chlorophyll 
>molecules than do plants from the monocot or dicot families. 
As far as I know, ALL higher plants, including monocots and dicots 
(cacti are included here) photosynthesize in the same way - at least as 
far as the light reactions are concerned. This means that they all use 
chlorophylls A and B in the same way. This is also true for many lower 
plants, including all the green algae.


>But to answer your question quickly, generally the rate of 
>photosynthesis is greatest at 680-700nm (wavelength) which is 
>red light. 
Photosynthesis is driven by light absorbed by chlorophylls and accessory 
pigmnents (generally carotenoids). ANY wavelength absorbed from 
~400-700nm is equally good. However, chlorophyll has peak 
absorbance in the blue and red regions of the spectrum, with poorer 
absorbance in between (in the green). Thus green light has less chance 
of being absorbed.

>
>Red light is what causes plant seeds to germinate. Most plants need 
>a shot of red light then a period of darkness in order for the seeds
>to germinate. 
This is a "phytochrome" response and nothing to do with photosynthesis.



Jonathan B. Marder             ,      Department of Agricultural Botany
E-mail: MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il |      The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Phone: (08 or +9728) 9481918   | /\/  Faculty of Agriculture
Fax:   (08 or +9728) 9467763   |/  \  P.O.Box 12, Rehovot 76100, ISRAEL
     http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/~marder


From philjs@yorku.ca Thu May 23 13:49:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2152 of sci.bio.botany
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From: philjs@yorku.ca (Phil Schappert)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: milkweed in Canada
Date: Wed, 15 May 1996 14:11:34 GMT
Organization: York University
Lines: 41
Message-ID: <4ncdoo$rfg@sunburst.ccs.yorku.ca>
References: <DrB4It.MpM@blaze.trentu.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ellen5.slip.yorku.ca
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

speterson@ivory.trentu.ca (Steve) wrote:

>Hi there I'm a university student in Ontario and am negotiating with the 
> university (Trent) to grow native species of plants that will attract 
>  butterflies. I chose to focus on butterflies in order to help out a group 
>of faculty and students that want to see pesticides removed from use on 
> campus. (They are pestcide intolerant.) I am looking for information on  
>milkweed Canada. Milkweed is the host plant for the Monarch catapillars. I have
>been told by several butterfly research groups that Milkweed is a noxious species in Canada. This means it is illegal to grow 
>it on campus. Does anyone have info on this or ways to get around it (ie. a 
> species that will not reproduce in Ontario). If you do please email me 
>SPETERSON@TRENTU.CA. The help would be greatly appreciated.
> Thanks Steve Peterson

Hi Steve,

In Ontario (not Canada as a whole), the Weed Control Act, revised statutes
of Ontario, 1990 Chapter W.5, especially Regulation 1096, the Schedule of
Noxious Weeds, lists the entire Milkweed family (eg. _Asclepias_ sp.) as a
"noxious" weed (meaning economically injurious to crops now but originally
added due to it's affect on cattle out west - but when was the last time
you saw any self-respecting cow touch a milkweed - I digress...)

There are 12 sp. of _Asclepias_ in Ontario, 7 of which are listed as
threatened or endangered by Argus & White, but only the common _A. syriaca_
could be considered an agricultural invasive YET the entire genus is listed
as noxious and subject to removal if mandated by a weed control inspector.

If you'd like further info. (on this somewhat touchy subject) you might
contact Mike Oldham at the Natural Heritage Information Centre there in
Peterborough (so close and yet so far...).  Say Hi to Erica Nol and Roger
Jones for me (I did my undergrad. at Trent)!

Phil

---
Phil Schappert
Biology, York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
philjs@yorku.ca or butrfly@cml.com



From msachs@uiuc.edu Thu May 23 13:49:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2153 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!cdc2.cdc.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!NewsWatcher!user
From: msachs@uiuc.edu (Marty Sachs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Is Corn a Vegetable or a Grain?
Date: Wed, 15 May 1996 17:21:57 -0500
Organization: USDA/ARS & Crop Sciences/UIUC
Lines: 33
Message-ID: <msachs-1505961722360001@128.174.190.90>
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In article <gstrimbe-1405961545280001@132.198.130.66>,
gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu (rick strimbeck) wrote:

:Going straight for function, I owuld say that with grains, the part of the
:plant that is consumed for nutritional benefit is the seed -- usually the
:embryo and endosperm. WIth fruits and many things called vegetables, the
:part consumed is mainly fleshy or pulpy outgrowths of the ovary or other
:tissue of tthe parent plant. Other things called vegetables -- carrots,
:spinach, potatoes, asparagus, broccoli -- are leaves, roots, stems,
:flowers, etc.
:
:I'm not intimately familar with the morphology of corn, but my guess is
:that you're eating mainly seed. Howvere, another poster from a maize
:institute called it a veg, so perhaps the main part of the kernal comes
:from "mom"...


It depends, for simple sweet corn, one is eating the kernels.  Here the
only 'maternal' part is the pericarp (seed coat), so it should be
considered to be a grain (at least to the same degree that eating brown
rice should be).

However, for 'Baby Corn' (found in Eastern cuisine), one is eating is the
unfertilized cob, which is entirely maternal tissue and therefore should
be considered to be a veg.

--------------------------------------------------------------
Marty Sachs              
USDA/ARS & Crop Sciences/UIUC    msachs@uiuc.edu [internet]
S108 Turner Hall                  
1102 S. Goodwin Ave.             (217) 244-0864 [phone]
Urbana, IL  61801-4798           (217) 333-6064 [FAX]
--------------------------------------------------------------


From thierry.helminger@mnhn.lu Thu May 23 13:49:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2154 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Thierry Helminger <thierry.helminger@mnhn.lu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sage plant used by Indians
Date: Wed, 15 May 1996 21:28:53 +0200
Organization: Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle
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I'm trying to find out which plant is meant by the 'sage' used by 
Indians in their ceremonies. Is it a Salvia species, (then which?), or 
is it some other plant?
Maybe someone could give me a hint.

Thank you,

Thierry
thierry.helminger@mnhn.lu


From 104221.3016@CompuServe.COM Thu May 23 13:49:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2155 of sci.bio.botany
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From: David Deutsch <104221.3016@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How to get Giant Sequoias to Germany?
Date: 15 May 1996 23:48:24 GMT
Organization: CompuServe, Inc. (1-800-689-0736)
Lines: 3
Message-ID: <4ndqg8$81t$1@mhadf.production.compuserve.com>
References: <s7MmxU8LTGTJ084yn@studserv.stud.uni-hannover.de>

Helge...try buying seed of sequoia and grow from seed!

DD



From bae@oci.utoronto.ca Thu May 23 13:49:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2156 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bae@oci.utoronto.ca (Beverly Erlebacher)
Subject: Re: Scientific name
Message-ID: <DrGs1A.K0p@oci.utoronto.ca>
Sender: news@oci.utoronto.ca
Organization: Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto
References: <4n9kqp$cpv@cham.nuri.net>
Date: Wed, 15 May 1996 20:39:10 GMT
Lines: 21

In article <4n9kqp$cpv@cham.nuri.net> josemari@nuri.net (Jose Maria Areta) writes:
>Greetings from Seoul, Republic of Korea.
>Can anyone tell my what is scientific name of the PERILLA?
>It is widely used in Orient. It is used to wrap some pieces of meat or 
>fish and it is eaten raw. In Japan it is fried too.
>Thanks! I would appreciate the answer by mail to this address:
>josemari@nuri.net

The scientific name is Perilla frutescens.  It is an annual in the mint
family.  It is called shiso in Japan and jisoo in China.  There are green
and red varieties.  The red ones are used in Japan to give a pink color
to pickled ginger.

In China it is also used as an oilseed.  During the cultural revolution
period soybean oil was rationed, but you could buy all the perilla seed
oil you wanted.  As a result, a lot of people in China hate it, but some
got to like the flavour, and now seek it out.  This info is from a friend
who grew up in China at that time.  She likes perilla and perilla oil.

Beverly Erlebacher
Toronto, Ontario Canada


From mattie@aloha.net Thu May 23 13:49:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2157 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mattie@aloha.net (melany chapin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ginkgo from seeds?
Date: 16 May 1996 05:07:31 GMT
Organization: Hawaii Online
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <mattie-1505961915580001@207.12.7.110>
References: <4mdsp7$43d@nic.umass.edu> <4meilc$p4v@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <318ED6E4.6DE2@flyinggoat.com> <3198CB07.6C34@ibex.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: kauai-tcr-110.u.aloha.net

In article <3198CB07.6C34@ibex.ca>, Achim Recktenwald <achim@ibex.ca> wrote:

~ Betty Cunningham wrote:
~ > 
~ > Chief ROC wrote:
~ > >
~ > > I have been fascinated by ginkgos since the first time I saw one. Can
~ > > someone tell me how to grow one from seed? When is the best time to
~ > > harvest the seed? When is the best time to plant? What type of soil and
~ > > how deep? Where can I obtain seed or seedling (better!)?
~ > >
~ > > Thank You Very Much;
~ > > Richard
~ 

You can get seeds from "The Banana Tree" Rare Seed Catalogue at
610-253-9589, FAX: 610-253-4864.

Best wishes,

mattie

-- 
After dark, all cats are leopards.   (Zuni proverb)
We will be known by the tracks we leave. (Dakota)
When the legends die, the dreams end; there is no more greatness (Shawnee)
Every animal knows more than you do.  (Nez Perce)


From mattie@aloha.net Thu May 23 13:49:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2158 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mattie@aloha.net (melany chapin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Scientific name
Date: 16 May 1996 05:15:42 GMT
Organization: Hawaii Online
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <mattie-1505961924090001@207.12.7.110>
References: <4n9kqp$cpv@cham.nuri.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: kauai-tcr-110.u.aloha.net

In article <4n9kqp$cpv@cham.nuri.net>, josemari@nuri.net (Jose Maria
Areta) wrote:

~ Greetings from Seoul, Republic of Korea.
~ Can anyone tell my what is scientific name of the PERILLA?
~ It is widely used in Orient. It is used to wrap some pieces of meat or 
~ fish and it is eaten raw. In Japan it is fried too.
~ Thanks! I would appreciate the answer by mail to this address:
~ josemari@nuri.net
~ 
~ Again, thanks.
~ 
~ Jose Maria Areta

Perilla frutescens (L.) Brit.  var. crispa Deane (Family= Lamiaceae, Mint
Family)

Best regards,

mattie

-- 
After dark, all cats are leopards.   (Zuni proverb)
We will be known by the tracks we leave. (Dakota)
When the legends die, the dreams end; there is no more greatness (Shawnee)
Every animal knows more than you do.  (Nez Perce)


From golden@ilhawaii.net Thu May 23 13:49:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2159 of sci.bio.botany
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From: golden@ilhawaii.net (Charles B. Moore)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant handedness
Date: 16 May 1996 08:44:14 GMT
Organization: Interlink Hawaii
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Does anyone have information about plant handedness?


From kudzu@pyramid.com Thu May 23 13:49:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2160 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael Sierchio <kudzu@pyramid.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 16 May 1996 16:40:19 GMT
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>the lethal dose (LD50) for tomatine is said to be 0.5 grams per kg of 
>body weight.

The LD50 is not a good indicator of the TD50 in all cases.  For example,
very small lifetime daily exposure to aflatoxins will increase the risk
of certain cancers by several hundred percent.



From redward@A1.PFC.Forestry.CA Thu May 23 13:49:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2161 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: redward@A1.PFC.Forestry.CA (Ruthanne Edward)
Subject: Re: Research on invasive alien shrubs
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In article <4na987$stp@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, llown@aol.com says...
>
>As a natural areas manageer, I am often asked to justify the removal of
>alien species from parkland and preserves.  I have been challenged to
>prove the loss of diversity in our native species caused by the 
invasive
>species.  Can anyone refer me to research on this subject?  I am
>particularly interested in woodland and savanna ecosystem research.
>
>It appears that this is one subject that is so obvious that little
>research has been done on it in the midwest, where I work.  Any 
assistance
>would be appreciated.
>
>Loren Lown
>Natural Resources Specialist
>Polk Couty Conservation Board

Check the California Exotic Pest Plant Council site at
http://www.igc.apc.org/ceppc/index.html
They have lots of useful info on the gopher site which is linked from
there.
Good Luck.
Ruthanne



From gkharris@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Thu May 23 13:49:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2162 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gkharris@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Gavin/Kim Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help
Date: Thu, 16 May 1996 16:00:38 -1000
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
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X-Newsreader: Yet Another NewsWatcher 2.0.2

    I am a high school student at Mt. Shasta City.  Currently I am looking
for help on my biology final.  My assignment is to find an experiment on
the on the internet that someone else has done, that has real data.  If
anyone can give me any experiment which they have actual data on it would
really help.  The project can be on any biological topic.  Thanks 

Sincerely

Kim Harrison


From makeenan@mailbox.syr.edu Thu May 23 13:49:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2163 of sci.bio.botany
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From: makeenan@newstand.syr.edu (Michael A. Keenan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Amberettes; Is there such a flower?
Date: 16 May 1996 19:06:42 GMT
Organization: Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY (USA)
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This is probably the wrong place to ask this question. Sorry if anyone 
gets annoyed by this :)

I am looking for a type of plant  called Amberettes.  Thats all I know 
about it is its name, and that might not be spelled right-.  

If You know anything about it,could you please post here or E-me?
I am particularly interested in any 'aliases" the plant may have

Thanking you in advance.

Michael A. Keenan
______________________________________________________________________________
         The                      / "It's better to remain silent and be
       Keenans                  /    thought a fool, than to open your 
 makeenan@mailbox.syr.edu     /      mouth and remove all doubt."   
                            /                                       
      ~^~^~^~^~^~^~^      /                          - Mark Twain           
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Thu May 23 13:49:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2164 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: alt.president.clinton,sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.politics.clinton,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 17 May 1996 01:14:22 GMT
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 <4mm4av$51j@dartvax.dartmouth.d> <4mm77v$8r2@dartvax.dartmouth.ed> 
 <4n2m5e$2k8@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>  <4n2pgp$s3q@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
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 I got to keep this going until Memorial Day.
> Dan: Thank you Germany and thank you NYSE. Next we will travel to a
> astronomer in South Africa.

 Dan: Scratch that, we interrupt this broadcasting to bring you live
the President of the United States, Will Clinton. Hum the tune "Some
call him Bill, some call him Will." Dan Rather hums it.

 Dan: Mr. President, you are famous for long oratory speeches. .

 Will Clinton:  . . . I am the third elected Southern President post
Civil War, . . a house divided onto itself will not stand. . . .  . the
story of Mr. Mudd who treated the broken leg of Wilkes Booth not
knowing his wretched deed towards Abraham Lincoln . . . and they hung a
women in that trial. . .

 Dan: Yes , Mr. President. Can you say some words on Archimedes
Plutonium.

  Will Clinton: Patience is virtue, I was getting to AP. Three score
and two years ago, our scientists brought forth a new element.
Conceived in liberty and dedicated to the Chemical Table that all
elements are created periodically. That they are endowed by their Maker
231PU with electron rights. That among these are half-life,
electronegativity, and the pursuit of chemistry. In order to form a
more perfect union. . .

Dan Rather: Beautifully eloquent Mr. President, I have but 5 minutes
remaining sir.

  Will Clinton: Archimedes Plutonium is the first scientist of the USA
who gave the world an all encompassing theory. Scientists call it a
Theory of Everything, his One Atom Plutonium Everything Universe.
Before Mr. Plutonium, the USA had no big theorist, no all encompassing
system of physics. The last great big theory of physics was Quantum
Theory around 1930 and Mr. Plutonium pushed Quantum Theory to its
logical perfection and conclusion. That since all matter is made up of
atoms, entails that the universe itself is one atom. The atom 231PU
fits all the special numbers of physics and mathematics the best. By
propounding his theory, Mr. Plutonium moved geographical center of
physics and all of the sciences out of Europe and into the USA. Before
Mr. Plutonium, the USA was just building and adding onto European
science. Now, the USA is the home and headquarters of the world's most
advanced science, and for this we are indebted to Mr. Archimedes
Plutonium. Fellow Americans, join with me today, rise . . rise and 
salute in honoring the late great Archimedes Plutonium.

  Play a synthesizer version of the song 

                    USA, OH BEAUTIFUL

     Oh beautiful for spacious skies for amber waves of grain, for
purple mountains majesties, across the fruited plains. USA, Oh USA,
231PU shed its grace on thee, and crowned thy good with humblehood from
sea to shining sea.

Dan Rather: (with tears in his eyes, and the camera panning thousands
of tearful eyes across the USA, this panning of the camera lasts for 10
minutes across the USA

    Oh B-e-a-u-ti---ful  for

   (show the President and first Lady with tears in their eyes and the
President getting out his handkerchief to wipe the tears, and show him
laying a wreath across my empty tomb laying - in -- state, (of course
all of my body and organs and blood is saved in order to bring me back
to life in 2000 years in the future).


From board@mail2.quiknet.com Thu May 23 13:49:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2165 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.campus.mci.net!calweb!quiknet3.quiknet.com!usenet
From: David Board <board@mail2.quiknet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Louisana Flora Help
Date: Thu, 16 May 1996 13:53:06 -0700
Organization: Quiknet Information Services
Lines: 9
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I have recently been hired to map and describe the vegetation in and
around LA cotton fields around Winsborro.  I have no experience in this
locale, I've only worked in the Pacific Northwest.  What are the best
floras and taxonomic keys for this area?  Is ther anything like Jepsen
or Hitchcock for the area?

Thank You

David Board


From camilla@primenet.com Thu May 23 13:49:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2166 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.fibr.net!nntp.primenet.com!news.primenet.com!camilla
From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 17 May 1996 00:39:01 -0700
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Does Bruce Ames have a web page?  I seem to recall someone sending it to 
me but now I can't find it.  Could someone send it to me again?

Thanks.

--
   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From terryk@ioa.com Thu May 23 13:49:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2167 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.sprintlink.net!ralph.vnet.net!news
From: terryk@ioa.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Poison Ivy vs. "Eastern Poison Oak" Question
Date: Fri, 17 May 1996 12:12:54 GMT
Organization: Vnet Internet Access, Charlotte, NC - info@char.vnet.net
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <4nhu17$mrb@ralph.vnet.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: hterryk.vnet.net
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

I'm a North Carolina-based writer researching an article on poison
ivy/oak/sumac.  I gather there is some controversy regarding whether
"Eastern poison oak," also called "oak-leaf poison ivy," is indeed a
separate species rather than simply a variant of poison ivy,
Toxicodendron radicans, which of course is innately variable anyway.
Hortus Third lists the "oak-leaf" type as T. toxicodendron, then
proceeds to describe what sounds like the shrub form of T. radicans.
(Old-timers in the South tend to call 'em all poison oak." )   

Can anyone out there elaborate on this for me?  Are there indeed clear
distinctions between the two--clear enough to be discerned by the
average nonbotanist?  

Please e-mail replies.  I'd also love to hear from anyone with any
knowledge of the folklore related to these plants or to the treatments
for the rashes they cause.   

Cheers, Terry



From fvdunne@wirehub.nl Thu May 23 13:49:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2168 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!EU.net!sun4nl!wirehub!p72.wirehub.net!user
From: fvdunne@wirehub.nl (Frans van Dunne)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Desperately seeking "bryonet"
Date: Fri, 17 May 1996 15:54:23 +0200
Organization: Wirehub
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <fvdunne-1705961554230001@p72.wirehub.net>
References: <4nb2fg$85u@news.orst.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: p72.wirehub.net

You can send the message

   SUBSCRIBE BRYONET-L

to  <majordomo@mtu.edu>

Form that point on you wil be subscribed to the list.

You can also send a message to the list at <bryonet-l@mtu.edu>. This will
not add you to the list, but you message will be read by all the other
subscribers.

Cheers, Frans van Dunne


In article <4nb2fg$85u@news.orst.edu>, Melissa Kirkland
<kirklandm@fsl.orst.edu> wrote:

> I am a botanist/bryologist working for the Forest Service in 
> Corvallis, Oregon.  Can anyone tell me how to contact the 
> list-server for "bryonet"?

-- 
Frans van Dunne
<fvdunne@wirehub.nl>
The Hague, The Netherlands


From carle@uns.umnw.ethz.ch Thu May 23 13:49:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2169 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!oleane!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!scsing.switch.ch!elna.ethz.ch!inf.ethz.ch!news
From: carle@uns.umnw.ethz.ch
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ENVIRONMENTAL Internet SURVEY
Date: Fri, 17 May 1996 16:17:26 +0200
Organization: ETH Zuerich
Lines: 48
Message-ID: <319C8A76.7C0C@uns.umnw.ethz.ch>
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Thats an announcement and not the questionnaire itself (please note 
the new URL)





ENVIRONMENTAL Internet SURVEY

http://www.umnw.ethz.ch/Students/survey/welcome.html


University term paper in the field of Social Studies " Media and 
Public
Work in Science and  Environmental Protection"

I am currently working on the University term pater "Internet and
Environment". Our aim is to establish the manner in which the Internet 
is uses by people interested in environmental issues.

    1.What is the quality rating of environmental information?
    2.How userfriendly is the Internet in the fields of environment 
and ecology?
    3.Which are your requirements in the field of environmental 
issues?
    4.Where do you see problems in this respect?

Please take around 10 minutes to answer the questionnaire on the 
following page. Thank you for transmitting this link to your 
environmental colleagues

english version:
http://www.umnw.ethz.ch/Students/survey/welcome.html

Deutsche Version:
http://www.umnw.ethz.ch/Students/survey/welcomeg.html

Version francaise:
http://www.umnw.ethz.ch/Students/survey/welcomef.html



Thank you very much for your help


Gian Carle

carle@uns.umnw.ethz.ch


From ldeering@haven.ios.com Thu May 23 13:49:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2170 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!news.ios.com!usenet
From: Larry Deering <ldeering@haven.ios.com>
Newsgroups: alt.president.clinton,sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.politics.clinton,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: Fri, 17 May 1996 11:38:36 -0700
Organization: Internet Online Services
Lines: 16
Distribution: inet
Message-ID: <319CC7AC.7B1A@haven.ios.com>
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	 <4m84ro$jer@dartvax.dartmouth.edu> <4mgft4$svq@dartvax.dartmouth.edu> 
	 <4mm4av$51j@dartvax.dartmouth.d> <4mm77v$8r2@dartvax.dartmouth.ed> 
	 <4n2m5e$2k8@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>  <4n2pgp$s3q@dartvax.dartmouth.edu> <4ngjte$m3t@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
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Archimedes Plutonium wrote:
>  <lots of bull snipped!>

	Somehow AP thinks Clinton is going to still be president in 2002! 
Then, he rambles on to:

>     Oh B-e-a-u-ti---ful  for
> 
>    (show the President and first Lady with tears in their eyes and the
> President getting out his handkerchief to wipe the tears, and show him
> laying a wreath across my empty tomb laying - in -- state, (of course
> all of my body and organs and blood is saved in order to bring me back
> to life in 2000 years in the future).

	Actually, he should be "bagged up" and cremated ASAP, to prevent his 
problem from infecting the food chain. (Search net for 'Mad Cow Disease')


From jgibson@cts.com Thu May 23 13:49:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2171 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!nntp.coast.net!sgigate.sgi.com!esiee.fr!jussieu.fr!math.ohio-state.edu!usc!newshub.cts.com!usenet
From: Judy Gibson <jgibson@cts.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aflatoxins in herbs?
Date: 17 May 1996 16:32:53 GMT
Organization: I speak only for myself...
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <4ni9nl$ep0@news3.cts.com>
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To: <hfrade@anmat.gov.ar>

I have received a query that is really misdirected coming to me; can
anyone here respond directly to the sender, <hfrade@anmat.gov.ar> ? Thanks.

Return-Path: <hfrade@anmat.gov.ar>
Date: Fri, 17 May 96 07:42:49 -0700 (PDT)
X-Sender: hfrade@anmat.gov.ar
To: jgibson@cts.com
From: Horacio Frade <hfrade@anmat.gov.ar>
Subject: ask for information

Dear Judy:
Do you  have methodology to detect aflatoxins in medicinal herbs?
Send me all the information that you can because we are working about this
in the INAME-ANMAT (our FDA in Argentina) and we have a lot of problems to
detect them by TLC due to herb's pigments.
Sincerely yours,
                 Gabriela Vedoya    


-- Judy
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Judy Gibson                    Descanso, California
Botany Department, San Diego Natural History Museum
jgibson@cts.com (home page undergoing metamorphosis)




From kudzu@pyramid.com Thu May 23 13:49:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2172 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!solaris.cc.vt.edu!FQDN!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!news.mel.connect.com.au!melba.bby.com.au!news.dacom.co.kr!news.kreonet.re.kr!news.nuri.net!imci2!news.internetMCI.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!bertha.pyramid.com!stealth.eng.pyramid.com!usenet
From: Michael Sierchio <kudzu@pyramid.com>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,rec.gardens,alt.folklore.science,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative,aus.gardens
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: 17 May 1996 18:51:51 GMT
Organization: Oversized Metaphysics
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Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> wrote:

>Does Bruce Ames have a web page?  I seem to recall someone sending it to 
>me but now I can't find it.  Could someone send it to me again?

Because I like the sound of your name :-)

here it is again:

http://mendel.berkeley.edu/center/ames.summary.html

it includes a link to the Environmental Health Sciences Center....



From proffax@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2173 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!biosci!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e2a.gnn.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: proffax@aol.com (ProfFax)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: How to get Giant Sequoias to Germany?
Date: 18 May 1996 10:55:59 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2173 bionet.plants:10982

>>I would love to plant some Giant Sequoias on our meadows. I think
they should grow in Germanys climate.
But how can I get some to Germany? Our biggest tree selling company
doesn't have them.<<


It's commendable that you will go to the trouble to start the tree for the
benefit of future generations. If the tree survives you, it might be
nearly your height at the time of your demise.

The sequoia is a popular garden tree in England. Perhaps you can find a
good source for trees there.

I have seen several places which sold coastal redwoods (Sequoia semper
virens) commericially, but not giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum). I
believe that the coastal trees are more easily grown and grow at a faster
rate. Nevertheless, here are several nurseries that have been recommended
to me. I have never had occassion to use any of them, so I can't
personally recommend one. I'm sorry I don't have the complete address,
you'll have to call. 
   CA Dept. of Forestry, Davis, CA      (916) 753-2441
   Forest Seeds of CA, Placerville, CA (916) 621-1552
   Future Forest Nursery, Riverside, CA (724) 780-8946

I have record of Giant Sequoia that have been transplanted and
successfully grown in Europe and Germany had several notable trees.
Perhaps they were grown in climate and soil similar to your own.

Good luck!
Jeff Lahr
Seasonal Ranger, Yosemtie National Park


From J.Pritchard@bham.ac.uk Thu May 23 13:49:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2174 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!uknet!ftel.co.uk!bham!usenet
From: J.Pritchard@bham.ac.uk (Jeremy Pritchard)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Possible UK PhD position available
Date: 16 May 1996 17:09:13 GMT
Organization: ß
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <4nfnfp$opo@sun4.bham.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: bcs161.bham.ac.uk
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.1

A Ph.D. position may be available entitled “Potassium deposition within the root elongation zone”. 

The project focuses on the control of cell expansion in plants and will test 
the hypothesis that K+ uptake into growing root cells is mainly apoplastic 
and  coordinated with cell expansion.  

Techniques to be used include pressure probe, single cell sampling, radiaotracer 
and electrophysiological techniques. Supervisors will be Dr. Phil White at HRI Wellesbourne 
and Dr. Jeremy Pritchard, University of Birmingham

Any prospective candidates please contact either of us 





From jtwright@ozemail.com.au Thu May 23 13:49:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2175 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!news.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!OzEmail!news
From: John Wright <jtwright@ozemail.com.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: NEED INFO ON AILAN... ALTISSIMA
Date: 17 May 1996 11:14:40 GMT
Organization: OzEmail Pty Ltd - Australia
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <4nhn30$qd3@reader1.reader.news.ozemail.net.ozemail.com.au>
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To: pafka@tower.t16.ds.pwr.wroc.pl

See Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, or the newer 
version which I can't afford.

The plant is easily grown in the Dandenong Ranges 40km east of Melbourne, 
Australia. So easily, in fact that it has become a weed.



From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Thu May 23 13:49:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2176 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!uunet!in1.uu.net!brighton.openmarket.com!decwrl!purdue!news.bu.edu!dartvax.dartmouth.edu!usenet
From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.native,alt.president.clinton,sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,dartmouth.alt.native.american,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.politics.clinton,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 17 May 1996 17:43:22 GMT
Organization: Pu
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Message-ID: <4nidrq$lav@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: atgw-ksp-2-76.dartmouth.edu
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In article <4ngjte$m3t@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) writes:

>   Play a synthesizer version of the song 
> 
>                     USA, OH BEAUTIFUL
> 
>      Oh beautiful for spacious skies for amber waves of grain, for
> purple mountains majesties, across the fruited plains. USA, Oh USA,
> 231PU shed its grace on thee, and crowned thy good with humblehood from
> sea to shining sea.
> 
> Dan Rather: (with tears in his eyes, and the camera panning thousands
> of tearful eyes across the USA, this panning of the camera lasts for 10
> minutes across the USA
> 
>     Oh B-e-a-u-ti---ful  for
> 
>    (show the President and first Lady with tears in their eyes and the
> President getting out his handkerchief to wipe the tears, and show him
> laying a wreath across my empty tomb laying - in -- state, (of course
> all of my body and organs and blood is saved in order to bring me back
> to life in 2000 years in the future).

  An explanation is in order here. For a long time I have tried to
avoid the use of the word America and American. Overseas US is taken to
mean American, but there are two continents and US is just a part of
one.

  In the song above I should write it as this.

                     US, OH BEAUTIFUL
 
      Oh beautiful for spacious skies for amber waves of grain, for
 purple mountains majesties, across the fruited plains. US, Oh US,
 ATOM 231PU shed its grace on thee, and crowned thy good with
humblehood from
 sea to shining sea.



Of all names in history, Amerigo Vespucci is too much overdone. Far
exceeding even Columbus. Enough is enough. And the discrimination of
South America and North America, by calling it America when referring
to only the US as if South America meant little to nothing. The height
of this overdoing is the naming of an element-- americium. I have
eliminated that element name in my naming of the elements, see my web
site-- 

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~atom

  I propose that South America, where Vespucci mapped it out be the
American continent, and South America either retain the word South or
remove it and  be known as America. Keeping the word "South" may be
useful. Or, just make it Samerica. The North American continent be
called the indigenous Native Indian word whether Eskimo or one of the
indigenous Native Indian tribes a word thereof. Since I do not know
Native Indian words well enough, perhaps some Native Indian can offer
us with a good word for the continent. If none is appropriate, then I
propose for the North American continent the name of one of the
following:

                  ELYSIA ,  ATOMA,  DEMOCRITA

  I like ELysia because it is close to Europa. Anyone know where the
word Europa was etymologized? The word "Atoma" is obvious. The word
"Democritia" is a hybrid of the name Democritus of the Atomic Theory
and the system of government of a democracy. So, Democrita may be the
best word.

Thus the world will have these as continents (perhaps)

Europa
Asia
Africa
Samerica
Australia
Antarctica
Elysia


From ask@zso.dec.com Thu May 23 13:49:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2177 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ask@zso.dec.com (Abe Klagsbrun)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Question about opium poppy (papaver somniforem)
Date: Sun, 19 May 1996 08:57:18 GMT
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Does anyone out there know about differences between different varieties of
papaver somniferum (opium poppy)?

I've discovered that there are several different subtypes (regarding
appearance) within this family, although they don't seem to be
scientifically named differently.

Specifically, I'm curious to know whether any one subtype produces larger
amounts of latex (sap) and/or higher concentrations of opium alkaloid.


From ejones@hooked.net Thu May 23 13:49:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2178 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ejones@hooked.net (Earle D. Jones)
Newsgroups: alt.president.clinton,sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.politics.clinton,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: Sun, 19 May 1996 16:50:45 -0700
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In article <4nlnnm$qrq@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>,
Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium) wrote:

> In article <319CC7AC.7B1A@haven.ios.com>
> Larry Deering <ldeering@haven.ios.com> writes:
> 
> >         Somehow AP thinks Clinton is going to still be president in 2002! 
> > Then, he rambles on to:
> 
>   There is the probability that Bob Dole wins for 1996-2000 and then
> Bill Clinton comes back to win for 2000-2004. A see saw presidencies.
>   But, here is the interesting question and perhaps they should make a
> TV game show or crossword type puzzle or a logic or math course out of
> this idea. The idea is this. That in all fiction works, fiction books
> or fiction TV shows or movies not based on documentary, ie, all works
> of fiction, there is a gaussian probability of a Glaring logical error.
> If one were to go through say a Shakespeare novel or MOBY DICK or CATCH
> 22 novel or ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT novel or any fiction novel,
> there are probably some glaring logical contradictions.  So, a game can
> be played where people have to find the most glaring contradictions in
> fiction works and this list can be saved and added onto. One would
> really need to read these works carefully in order to find the
> contradictions. So the fun of reading these works is to outsmart the
> author and find his Glaring Contradictions. This is good practice for
> lawyers or math people

======

Great idea, Arch!

I suggest we start with the Bible.  The glaring logical contradictions
won't be quite so hard to find as they would be in Moby Dick, Catch 22,
etc.

earle
=====

                 __
              __/\_\
             /\_\/_/   
             \/_/\_\   earle
                \/_/   jones


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Thu May 23 13:49:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2179 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.lucky.w
Subject: Sophora secundifolia?/S. secundiflora/red-seeded legumes
Date: Mon, 20 May 1996 09:30:38 UNDEFINED
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Friends,

If you are indeed dealing with Sophora secundiflora (small tree with 
leathery compound leaves, grape-smelling purple flowers, woody pods and bright 
red seeds with NO black on them)  I strongly encourage you to

1) not fool around with ingesting them!  Check the AMA handbook of poisonous 
and injurious plants--it's in there!  If you eat them and the seed coat is 
even remotely perforated, you are going to be very sick.   At the least, you 
will get a headache and maybe throw up.  Or, you could end up on respiratory 
support and have some nice convulsions.  You might achieve some hallucinations 
along the way, but are the risks worth it?


2) please, oh, please!  If you simply must have the seeds around as lucky 
pieces (or whatever) KEEP THEM AWAY FROM CHILDREN!!  They look just like red 
jellybeans!!!  The temptation for little ones is immense.

Now, regarding red-and black sees of other legumes.  DO exercise caution in 
dealing with them and having them around the house!  While some may be 
harmless, one very nasty plant has such seeds.  Abrus precatorius is one of 
the deadliest plants known--one chewed seed can be fatal.  The little beans 
are less than half an inch long, bright red with a black spot around the 
hilum (where the seed was attached in the legume.) The seeds used to enter 
this country on costume jewelry from Mexico.  In recent years, they've cracked 
down on the import, but they still do show up--and are often kept as good luck 
charms.  Again, to a child they look like candy.

Explore the wonders of the plant world--for science, for magic, for 
recreation, or whatever, but hey---let's be careful out there!

Monique Reed
Herbarium Botanist
Biology Department
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX  77843




From albachhu@mtu.edu Thu May 23 13:49:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2180 of sci.bio.botany
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From: albachhu@mtu.edu (Amy L. Bachhuber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Peat
Date: 20 May 1996 10:36:04 -0400
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Frank Bridges (fabfab@atl.mindspring.com) wrote:
: What is the difference between Peat Moss and Peat Humus ( as sold at
: plant stores) 
: 

Although I can not be absolutely sure my guess is as follows...

Peat moss implies that the Sphagnum has been dried and packaged for sale.

Humus refers to partially decomposed organic matter so I would guess that
the peat humus is partially decomposed.

The main thing that peat is used for in potting soil is to increase the
H2O holding capacity of the soil (through the amazing water holding
capacity of the hyaline cells in peat).  If this is what you are looking
for, the plain peat moss would do the trick.  Humus may contain some
compounds that aid in plant growth, but it may also bind compounds the
plant needs making them unavailable for growth.

I hope this helps with your question ;-)

Amy L. Bachhuber 
(albachhu@mtu.edu)
Biological Sciences
Michigan Technological University



From doog@amber.ssd.csd.harris.com Thu May 23 13:49:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2181 of sci.bio.botany
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From: doog@amber.ssd.csd.harris.com (Doug Scofield)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.lucky.w
Subject: Re: Sophora secundifolia?/S. secundiflora/red-seeded legumes
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|> Now, regarding red-and black sees of other legumes.  DO exercise caution in 
|> dealing with them and having them around the house!  While some may be 
|> harmless, one very nasty plant has such seeds.  Abrus precatorius is one of 
|> the deadliest plants known--one chewed seed can be fatal.  The little beans 
|> are less than half an inch long, bright red with a black spot around the 
|> hilum (where the seed was attached in the legume.) The seeds used to enter 
|> this country on costume jewelry from Mexico.  In recent years, they've cracked 
|> down on the import, but they still do show up--and are often kept as good luck 
|> charms.  Again, to a child they look like candy.


... not to mention that this is a common and aggressive exotic vine
here in south florida, the pods open up and the seeds just hang there
visible for the plucking.  the look of the seeds give it the common
name "crab's eye".  fortunately it seems its poisonous nature is widely
known, and the sun-loving vine *generally* stays high enough to be out
of reach of small children.


doog
--
doug scofield                                       doog@mangonet.com
boca raton, florida                           also doog@mail.hcsc.com
           every day we starve while we eat white bread and 
           beer instead of a handshake or hug -- jewel


From MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il Thu May 23 13:49:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2182 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: INFO ON METHANOL!!
Message-ID: <4nmf6f$1s9s_001@agri.huji.ac.il>
From: MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il (Jonathan B. Marder)
Date: Sun, 19 May 96 06:30:39 GMT
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 <4na1tj$h1g@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>
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In article <4na1tj$h1g@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>,

>
>There has been some research done using methanol to reduce drought 
>stress.  Unfortunately I don't know who did it.  ...

BENSON is the name of the researcher. I don't have a reference, but 
believe that there was a paper in PNAS circa 1993.


Jonathan B. Marder             ,      Department of Agricultural Botany
E-mail: MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il |      The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Phone: (08 or +9728) 9481918   | /\/  Faculty of Agriculture
Fax:   (08 or +9728) 9467763   |/  \  P.O.Box 12, Rehovot 76100, ISRAEL
     http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/~marder


From jperez@master.ivia.es Thu May 23 13:49:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2183 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Joan Perez <jperez@master.ivia.es>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: cytokinins and auxins
Date: Mon, 20 May 1996 18:37:19 -0700
Organization: Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias
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Peter Pollard wrote:
> 
> I am looking for information regarding the effect of altering the ratio
> of cytokinin (kinetin) and Auxin (NAA) on tomato cotyledons grown in
> culture tubes, in M&S agar. I have run an experiment and need to know if
> my results confer with what should have happened, in regard to: Shoot
> growth, root growth and callus growth. The texts that I have so far
> referred to have proven to be too general. If anyone knows of any good
> websites please post.
> 
> Thanks.


Peter, I know a WEB related with plant hormones, you can try in this 
adress
http://pc0550.lars.bbsrc.ac.uk
Good luck

		Joan Perez


From landinm@ex1.wes.army.mil Thu May 23 13:49:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2184 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mary Collins Landin <landinm@ex1.wes.army.mil>
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Subject: Re: Louisana Flora Help
Date: 20 May 1996 17:28:53 GMT
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Rather than ask how someone from the Pacific Northwest was hired to map 
vegetation adjacent to Winnsboro, LA, cotton fields rather than some of 
the local botanists, I will suggest that you contact the Dept. of Botany, 
Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA.  They are tops in Louisiana, and 
maintain an international herbarium.  They may also be willing to help you 
with your problem.




From d_micro@ix.netcom.com Thu May 23 13:49:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2185 of sci.bio.botany
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From: d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky )
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Question about opium poppy (papaver somniforem)
Date: 20 May 1996 20:40:51 GMT
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In <319ee18d.60652964@usenet.pa.dec.com> ask@zso.dec.com (Abe
Klagsbrun) writes: 
>
>Does anyone out there know about differences between different
varieties of
>papaver somniferum (opium poppy)?
>
>I've discovered that there are several different subtypes (regarding
>appearance) within this family, although they don't seem to be
>scientifically named differently.
>
>Specifically, I'm curious to know whether any one subtype produces
larger
>amounts of latex (sap) and/or higher concentrations of opium alkaloid.

AFAIK only the CA poppy is free of the alkaloyd. I imagine the North
African and Asian species yeld the most opium. Email your question c/o
jheinis@mailer.fsu.com........Julius is an expert, on leave until June
3rd or so........Micro, alive and not a microbe!



From rojolee@pe.net Thu May 23 13:49:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2186 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Robin M. Lee" <rojolee@pe.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: What Tree is This?
Date: Mon, 20 May 1996 15:23:49 -0700
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Can someone identify this tree based on my description of its
leaves?  I saw the tree in a park in Claremont, which is in
southern California.  The tree was probably thirty feet tall.

The leaves were about 6 inches long, lobed (about three to five
lobes, with a web between the lobes; I believe it is called
"palmately lobed"), and had a felt-like texture.  The texture
of the leaves was what impressed me; I could drape a leaf over
my hand like a soft cloth.  The leaves appeared to be covered
with small "hairs", as did the leave stems.  Forgive my
terminology; I am not a botanist.

What is the name of this tree?  Do many trees in southern
California have leaves like this?

Thanks.


From slmiller@millennianet.com Thu May 23 13:49:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2187 of sci.bio.botany
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From: slmiller@millennianet.com (Steve Miller)
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Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
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>useful. Or, just make it Samerica. The North American continent be
>called the indigenous Native Indian word whether Eskimo or one of the
>indigenous Native Indian tribes a word thereof. Since I do not know
>Native Indian words well enough, perhaps some Native Indian can offer
>us with a good word for the continent. If none is appropriate, then I

Many NA call North America "Turtle Island"




From mike@ionia.demon.co.uk Thu May 23 13:49:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2188 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mike Hardman <mike@ionia.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Violet chasmogamous seedpods - an unusual year ?
Date: Tue, 21 May 1996 17:04:05 +0100
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A friend, Peter Robinson, and I have observed this spring in the UK a high 
percentage of chasmogamous [see below for explanation] violet flowers being 
fertilized and giving rise to seedpods.  We have observed especially VV. odorata, alba, 
riviniana, reichenbachiana, and glabella, though these species partly reflect what we 
have easily to hand.  We are casting about worldwide for others' observations and 
knowledge on the matter; our reference materials (apart from Gregory 1912) say 
little more than 'rarely set seed'.  We know some Viola species *do* regularly set seed 
>from  chasmogamous flowers; it is the others we are most interested in, especially V. 
odorata.

Do you know anything ?  (eg. botanical literature, or first-hand)
Have you looked this spring ?  (please, please do so and report back;
   even negative observations can be useful; please include species name if you can)
Are you a commercial grower ?  (comments from your particular viewpoint welcome)
Do you suspect this is not unusual, just under-documented ?

Thanks in advance,
Mike & Peter

FYI: 
Chasmogamous flowers have fully developed petals and are open to pollination by 
external agents, as opposed to cleistogamous flowers which have vestigial petals, do 
not open, and are self-pollinated.
Many species of viola produce chasmogamous flowers which wither without being 
fertilized, but the plants later produce insignificant cleistogamous flowers which 
reliably produce much seed.  It is possible to see a seed capsule and mistakenly think it 
arose from a chasmogamous flower (for various reasons); the best way to be sure is 
to observe individual flowers over the course of several weeks, or to see a seedpod 
with the remnants of full petals still attached.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mike Hardman, International Violet Association; Hampshire, UK  01252-316649


From daleyl@bcc.orst.edu Thu May 23 13:49:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2189 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Larry Daley <daleyl@bcc.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: How to get Giant Sequoias to Germany?
Date: Tue, 21 May 1996 09:48:02 -0700
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2189 bionet.plants:11024

Profax:

Here in Corvallis, Oregon it is possible to buy locally all three
sequoias: coastal, sierra and dawn.  These fast growing trees are found
growing all over town.  There is even a local character who hates sierra
(Giant Sequoias) sequoias and wants them all cut down, however most people
here really care for these trees, so there is no way he is going to get
this done. The best local nursery stocks all three species including some 
of their most some interesting horticultural variants, the address is:

Sandy and Don Powell
Garland Nursery
5470 NE Highway 20 
Corvallis, OR 97330  USA
(541) 753-6601

I talked to Sandy Powell and she suggested that you call or write to: 
Drakes Crossing Nursery, 
19774 Grade Road South East, 
Silverton, OR 97381 USA 
(503) 873 4932, Fax (503) 873 6289

Drakes Crossing Nursery is a wholesale operation and is where Sandy 
and Don get some of their seedlings.

Sierra and dawn sequoias are more hardy than coastal sequoias.  If you 
are really serious, it is possible to select by microcalorimetry the 
hardiest coastal sequoias you can contact Professor Richard S. Criddle 
(rscriddle@ucdavis.edu).  Professor Criddle will soon be giving a talk on 
this topic at the Redwood Conference.

best wishes

larry daley


On 18 May 1996, ProfFax 
wrote:

> >>I would love to plant some Giant Sequoias on our meadows. I think
> they should grow in Germanys climate.
> But how can I get some to Germany? Our biggest tree selling company
> doesn't have them.<<
> 
> 
> It's commendable that you will go to the trouble to start the tree for the
> benefit of future generations. If the tree survives you, it might be
> nearly your height at the time of your demise.
> 
> The sequoia is a popular garden tree in England. Perhaps you can find a
> good source for trees there.
> 
> I have seen several places which sold coastal redwoods (Sequoia semper
> virens) commericially, but not giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum). I
> believe that the coastal trees are more easily grown and grow at a faster
> rate. Nevertheless, here are several nurseries that have been recommended
> to me. I have never had occassion to use any of them, so I can't
> personally recommend one. I'm sorry I don't have the complete address,
> you'll have to call. 
>    CA Dept. of Forestry, Davis, CA      (916) 753-2441
>    Forest Seeds of CA, Placerville, CA (916) 621-1552
>    Future Forest Nursery, Riverside, CA (724) 780-8946
> 
> I have record of Giant Sequoia that have been transplanted and
> successfully grown in Europe and Germany had several notable trees.
> Perhaps they were grown in climate and soil similar to your own.
> 
> Good luck!
> Jeff Lahr
> Seasonal Ranger, Yosemtie National Park
> 
> 


From ntraylen@delphi.com Thu May 23 13:49:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2190 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ntraylen@delphi.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Camel Thorn Bush - South Africa
Date: Sun, 19 May 96 07:58:42 -0500
Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice)
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Hi,
Has anybody got a picture of the South African Thron Bush or Camel Thorn
Bush.  It is needed for a project on the Flora of the South African Veld.
Please either post a .gif or .jg in UU encoded form here or email me
direct.
Many Thanks
Neil


From dkendra@MR.Net Thu May 23 13:49:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2191 of sci.bio.botany
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From: David Kendra <dkendra@MR.Net>
Newsgroups: sci.med,sci.med.nutrition,sci.bio.botany,sci.skeptic,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: toxins in vegetables
Date: Sun, 19 May 1996 09:13:50 -0700
Organization: Northrup King Co.
Lines: 21
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Michael Sierchio wrote:
> 
> Mark O'Leary wrote:
> 
> > 2) The most dangerous 'veg' (well, stretching a point) is the peanut. A
> > particular mould that grows on peanuts (and peanut butter etc) secretes a
> > protein called 'aflatoxin'.
> 
> Aflatoxin is the product of the aspergillus flavus.  And peanuts are not
> the only source -- corn is often a major source of aflatoxin in the
> diet of Africans and Americans.
> 
> Corn and groundnuts are stored in large quantities and for long
> periods of time -- so, avoid cornmeal that claims to be free of
> EDB (ethylene dibromide) -- it's like saying that it contains a
> nice, big dose of aflatoxin.

Aflatoxin is a problem in corn grain that was infested with Aspergillus flavus 
(primarily) and stored before it was completely dry (less than 15% moisture).  The 
disease is favored by hot, dry conditions.  Aflatoxin is not a problem is the grain is 
dried thoroughly and stored properly.


From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Thu May 23 13:49:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2192 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: alt.president.clinton,sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,sci.geo.geology,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.politics.clinton,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 18 May 1996 23:50:14 GMT
Organization: Pu
Lines: 22
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <4nlnnm$qrq@dartvax.dartmouth.edu>
References: <4m84ro$jer@dartvax.dartmouth.edu> 
 <4mgft4$svq@dartvax.dartmouth.edu> <4mm4av$51j@dartvax.dartmouth.d> 
 <4mm77v$8r2@dartvax.dartmouth.ed> <4n2m5e$2k8@dartvax.dartmouth.edu> 
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In article <319CC7AC.7B1A@haven.ios.com>
Larry Deering <ldeering@haven.ios.com> writes:

>         Somehow AP thinks Clinton is going to still be president in 2002! 
> Then, he rambles on to:

  There is the probability that Bob Dole wins for 1996-2000 and then
Bill Clinton comes back to win for 2000-2004. A see saw presidencies.
  But, here is the interesting question and perhaps they should make a
TV game show or crossword type puzzle or a logic or math course out of
this idea. The idea is this. That in all fiction works, fiction books
or fiction TV shows or movies not based on documentary, ie, all works
of fiction, there is a gaussian probability of a Glaring logical error.
If one were to go through say a Shakespeare novel or MOBY DICK or CATCH
22 novel or ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT novel or any fiction novel,
there are probably some glaring logical contradictions.  So, a game can
be played where people have to find the most glaring contradictions in
fiction works and this list can be saved and added onto. One would
really need to read these works carefully in order to find the
contradictions. So the fun of reading these works is to outsmart the
author and find his Glaring Contradictions. This is good practice for
lawyers or math people


From jdj@worldonline.nl Thu May 23 13:49:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2193 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeroen de Jong <jdj@worldonline.nl>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Study: influence of aluminium on root-growth
Date: 19 May 1996 19:11:39 GMT
Organization: World Online
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Hi,

With which concentrationsrangeof aluminium do  I have to vary to study the effects on the growth 
of roots of plants.





From wlgeek@nai.net Thu May 23 13:49:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2195 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mike Sheehan <wlgeek@nai.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: A Rhus by any other name would swell as ...
Date: Sun, 19 May 1996 16:47:47 -0700
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I can't respond on the subject of taxonomic accuracy, but I will offer a little wetland 
geek lore.

As a wetland practitioner in New England, I cannot avoid contact with a least 2 species 
of Toxicodendron.  My work requires that I dig many holes to describe soils in the 
course of doing wetland delineations.  I noticed that fewer poison ivy blisters erupted 
if I came in contact with the roots of these toxic hydrophytes later in the day than if 
I encountered them earlier.  I thought this to be odd, expecting to be more susceptible 
as the exertions of work opened my pores.  After several years, I hypothesized that the 
silts and clays that covered my hands and forearms after handling the soil served to 
absorb the irritating oils before they penetrated my skin. 
  
Now, I spread talcum powder between my fingers, on the backs of my hands, forearms and 
ankles when I dress for the field. This seems to offer some excellent protection.  For 
at least 10 years, I have shared this trick with fellow wetland geeks.  Many other 
suffers have reported reduced incidence of poison ivy blisters when the prepare 
themselves with talcum powder.

While I'm on the subject of talcum powder, try liberally dusting the pages of your field 
guides and other field references.  This pretreatment helps prevent the pages from 
becoming permanently stuck together when they get saturated by rain or that occasional 
dunking.  And, if you use scented powder, you may get many compliments from fellow 
practitioners!

Good Luck,

MJSheehan (wlgeek)


From fabfab@atl.mindspring.com Thu May 23 13:49:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2196 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fabfab@atl.mindspring.com (Frank Bridges)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Peat
Date: Sun, 19 May 1996 22:07:46 GMT
Organization: MindSpring Enterprises, Inc.
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What is the difference between Peat Moss and Peat Humus ( as sold at
plant stores) 



From lrudolph@panix.com Thu May 23 13:49:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2197 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lrudolph@panix.com (Lee Rudolph)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.lucky.w
Subject: Re: What is Sophora secundifolia?
Supersedes: <4noejt$e4m@panix.com>
Date: 19 May 1996 20:39:43 -0400
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catherine yronwode <yronwode@sonic.net> asked the question
in the Subject: header in alt.folklore.herbs and alt.lucky.w;
her original post follows my comments.  I am extending the
Newsgroups: to include sci.bio.botany at her request.

--begin my inexpert comments---

S. secundiflora is a name too close to S. secundifolia for me not
to wonder if they might be the same.  S. secundiflora, according
to my 1909 Webster's New International Dictionary, is the "coral 
bean of Texas."  Under "coral bean", we find that it is "used by 
the Indians in preparing an intoxicating drink" and is also called 
"frijolito".  (By the second edition, 1959, Texas, the Indians,
and frijolito have disappeared, and coral bean [in this sense,
rather than--what seems more common in gardening and landscaping
books--the West Indian tree Erythrina corallodendron] is now
said to be "a small tree...of the southwestern United States 
and Mexico; also, its highly narcotic red seeds.") 

A web search for "frijolito" appears only to turn up black-bean
references (mostly restaurant names).  A web search for "coral
bean" turns up many references to E. corallodendron; however, at 
  
    http://www.arkoz.com.au/marlene/ifec/ifecda1.htm 

(an Australian site, presumably) one finds an ad for 

    DESERT ALCHEMY FLORAL ESSENCES
    Below you will find a comprehensive list of Desert Alchemy remedies
    which are produced in the USA and a brief description regarding the
    use of each one.

with the "brief" and nearly useless "description" 

    Coral Bean helps to overcome a drug-like dulling of the
    survival instinct. Stimulates focus and will in facing or
    recovering from dangerous situations.

(naturally, no other information, like scientific name
or provenance besides "the USA").  Might be a lead, though.

Lee Rudolph

--begin cat yronwode's post---

>In Terrence McKenna's book on shamanic intoxicants, i found a brief 
>mention of a plant called Sophora secundifolia, which was described as 
>"a red and black seed" that was a powerful but dangerous psychedelic -- 
>but no continent or even bioregion was given for its use, nor was the 
>culture in which shamans use this plant mentioned.  
>
>My interest is in the magical (not medical) use of plant matter -- but 
>often plant magic seems to derive from earlier use of the plant as an 
>intoxicant (e.g. the "lucky" Amanita muscaria mushroom of Eastern Europe 
>which was formerly a shamanic intoxicant) -- and although the hints 
>McKkenna gave are slim, i wonder if anyone on this well-eductaed 
>newsgroup knows whether Sophora secundifolia is the same as the Huayruru 
>seed, a red-and-black legume seed found in good luck amulets throughout 
>Central and South America. If the name Huayruru is not known to you, 
>perhaps you can identify it from a picture -- so for pictures of the 
>Huayruru seed as used in amulets, go to the following Lucky W Amulet 
>Archive pages: 
>
>Mexican Package Amulets 
>http://www.sonic.net/yronwode/MexProtectionPacket.html 
>(the seed can clearly be seen on the package amulet labelled "Type Two" 
>-- the very last illustration on the page) 
>
>The Mexican Snow Globe Pyramid of Luck 
>http://www.sonic.net/yronwode/SnowGlobePyramid.html
>(the seeds are scattered in the bottom of the lucite pyramid)
>
>In addition, these seeds appear in Amazonian charm vials (not pictured 
>yet on my web site) from Bolivia and Peru. 
>
>If the Huyaruru seed is NOT Sophora secundifolia, but you recognize what 
>it is from the illustrations, please post here to let me know. If you 
>know of a better group where this query should be posted (a group on 
>drugs, perhaps?) please forward it or tell me where and i will do so 
>myself.  


From nobody@nowhere Thu May 23 13:49:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2198 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nobody@nowhere
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Erythroxylum cataractum
Date: Sun, 19 May 96 21:16:25 GMT
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Does anyone have any info on this plant?


From guffey@iies.ecn.purdue.edu Thu May 23 13:49:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2199 of sci.bio.botany
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From: guffey@iies.ecn.purdue.edu (Lisa L Guffy)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 02:55:21 GMT
Organization: Purdue University Engineering Computer Network
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In article <4ntkrh$ab7@dfw-ixnews4.ix.netcom.com> davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams) writes:
*snip*
>Syndrome and Liquorice."  In this letter, Dr. Riccardo Baschetti of
>Italy reported his 
>total recovery for CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) within 2 hours of
>ingesting pure, pulverized, solid extract of licorice dissolved in 500
>ml of whole milk.
*snip*

Gee....


No wonder I'm sick.  I can't stand either licorice or
milk.


*grin*


lisa



From Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk Thu May 23 13:49:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2200 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Charlie Butterworth <Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: sources of funding for MSc in Plant Taxonomy
Date: Mon, 20 May 1996 09:55:19 
Organization: None
Lines: 19
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I am looking for funding for a one year MSc in Pure and Applied Plant 
and Fungal Taxonomy at Reading University. The university is undoubtedly 
a centre of excellence for botany in the UK and has strong links with 
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

The course lasts one year and involves approximately six months of 
lectures and six months research. Fees are around 3,500 UK pounds and 
cost of living would be around 4,000 UK pounds.

I am desperately looking for funding of any nature which would reduce 
the size of loan that I would need in order to study for this MSc.
References, cv etc. is available upon request.

Thank-you

-- 
Charlie Butterworth



From jenandmike@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2201 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jenandmike@aol.com (JenandMike)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 01:36:46 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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>In article <4ntkrh$ab7@dfw-ixnews4.ix.netcom.com>
>davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams) writes:
*snip*
>Syndrome and Liquorice."  In this letter, Dr. Riccardo Baschetti of
>Italy reported his 
>total recovery for CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) within 2 hours of
>ingesting pure, pulverized, solid extract of licorice dissolved in 500
>ml of whole milk.
*snip*


High doses of Radix Liquiritae might very well have an effect on fatique
syndromes. According to Wagner glycyrhizine (a saponine) has an indirect
corticosteroide effect by inhibiting inactivation of physiological
cortisones by the liver. If a fatique syndrome is connected to low levels
of hydrocortisone, Radix L. could indeed help. Radix L. intoxication are
similar to corticosteroide intoxication.

sincerely,
Michael Lindenmaier


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Thu May 23 13:49:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2202 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice  as an herbal remedy
Date: Wed, 22 May 1996 09:36:40 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University - Biology
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I'll be interested to see if this CFS-licorice issue actually yields 
conclusive results.

One caveat--

Licorice has the reputation of not being good for folks with high blood 
pressure. (A friend of mine with borderline high blood pressure was told by a 
doctor to even avoid licorice *candy*!)

Hey, let's be careful out there!

Monique Reed
Texas A&M



From sbharris@ix.netcom.com Thu May 23 13:49:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2203 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sbharris@ix.netcom.com (Steven B. Harris)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 06:06:28 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <4nu95e$88d@newsbf02.news.aol.com> jenandmike@aol.com (JenandMike)
writes: 
>
>>In article <4ntkrh$ab7@dfw-ixnews4.ix.netcom.com>
>>davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams) writes:
>*snip*
>>Syndrome and Liquorice."  In this letter, Dr. Riccardo Baschetti of
>>Italy reported his 
>>total recovery for CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) within 2 hours of
>>ingesting pure, pulverized, solid extract of licorice dissolved in
500
>>ml of whole milk.
>*snip*
>
>
>High doses of Radix Liquiritae might very well have an effect on
fatique
>syndromes. According to Wagner glycyrhizine (a saponine) has an
indirect
>corticosteroide effect by inhibiting inactivation of physiological
>cortisones by the liver. If a fatique syndrome is connected to low
levels
>of hydrocortisone, Radix L. could indeed help. Radix L. intoxication
are
>similar to corticosteroide intoxication.
>
>sincerely,
>Michael Lindenmaier




   Interesting.  Not only is there the low cortisol connection with CF,
but also the hypotension connection, which resembles full blown
Addison's disease.  Here the salt-retaining capacity of licorice
extracts might come in handy-- if you remember to eat enough potassium,
that is.  It would be a tricky balance, a bit like taking lasix.  I'd
hate to do it except under the care of a good internist backed by a
good lab.

                                        Steve Harris, M.D.


From camilla@primenet.com Thu May 23 13:49:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2204 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 00:31:01 -0700
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Steven B. Harris <sbharris@ix.netcom.com> wrote:

:    Interesting.  Not only is there the low cortisol connection with CF,
: but also the hypotension connection, which resembles full blown
: Addison's disease.  Here the salt-retaining capacity of licorice
: extracts might come in handy-- if you remember to eat enough potassium,
: that is.  It would be a tricky balance, a bit like taking lasix.  I'd
: hate to do it except under the care of a good internist backed by a
: good lab.

:                                         Steve Harris, M.D.

No lie.  I'm ranting about this over on the CFS list.  I think licorice 
might have a number of advantages in CFS *if* the people doing it
are being pretty closely monitored.  Unfortunately, there are quite a few 
folks running off to the health food store and taking several grams a day 
of this stuff.  

I'm just waiting for the first fatality.  I've already heard from one  
person who may have had an MAOI reaction (did you know that licorice is 
an MAOI?)  And at least two more who developed swelling after only a 
couple of days on the stuff.  I've also found out that grapefruit and 
birth control pills can potentiate its effects on sodium and potassium.  
This is a classic case of people believing that herb = non-toxic.

I've gotten several rather hostile challenges when I reported that there 
are deaths on record from licorice.  How much do you want to bet that if 
I had reported deaths from some drug, no one would have raised an 
eyebrow, except perhaps to comment on the unscrupulousness of drug 
companies and doctors.  But mention that an herb might kill someone and 
people get downright mad.

I'm working on a FAQ: I've looked at about 100 abstracts.  Very 
interesting herb and unlike most herbs, very well studied.  Japanese 
researchers are trying it out in people with chronic viral hepatitis.  
May have some value because 1) it kills hep B and hep C in test tube 2) 
stimulates natural killer cell activity and 3) strongly inhibits 
peroxidizing enzymes in the liver.  

Japanese researchers have also isolated an anti-malarial substance from 
it and it's undergoing human trials now.

It's going to be a while before we know how well this stuff translates 
out in humans, but I'm keeping a close eye.

--
   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356  Los Angeles

   * CFS/Fibromyalgia/AIDS support *  General medical information *  
Left-wing Politics  *  Church of the SubGenius  *  Skepticism & Science 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        



From rbogado@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2205 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rbogado@aol.com (RBOGADO)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 08:55:02 -0400
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It is distressing that, since these posts have apparently been banned from
the CFS list, they now are moving to this list, especially in light of
their seemingly commercial flavor (no pun intended).


From gmc0@ix.netcom.com Thu May 23 13:49:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2206 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gmc0@ix.netcom.com (George M. Carter)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: Wed, 22 May 1996 14:51:45 GMT
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Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> wrote:

>No lie.  I'm ranting about this over on the CFS list.  I think licorice 
>might have a number of advantages in CFS *if* the people doing it
>are being pretty closely monitored.  Unfortunately, there are quite a few 
>folks running off to the health food store and taking several grams a day 
>of this stuff.  

I agree that the stuff should be monitored. Esp. in people with high
blood pressure. I use it and take a 100 mg cap of potassium citrate a
day. The dose is a guess. If I had healthcare, I'd get my bloodwork
done to check potassium levels, find out what my hep C viral load is
and do GL properly. As it is, I'm left to guess.

Certainly, there need to be more clinical studies both for hepatitis
and HIV. I've been asking the National Institutes of Health to conduct
such studies. They are not interested since they seem to be nothing
but a pimp for the pharmaceutical industry, despite the Japanese and
other studies that suggest GL might be an important contributor.

		George M. Carter




From davidwms@ix.netcom.com Thu May 23 13:49:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2207 of sci.bio.botany
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From: davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice  as an herbal remedy
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In <monique.123.0027A62E@bio.tamu.edu> monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique
Reed) writes: 
>
>I'll be interested to see if this CFS-licorice issue actually yields 
>conclusive results.

I have had CFS since 1977, and was officially diagnosed  in 1992 by
Professor Nancy Kilmas (University of Miami).  My medical file is 4
inches thick with the results of various test and blood work, which
included many irractic reading.  Dr. Klimas is re-doing all these test
so soon there should be something to report.

Professor Marilyn Cox, also with University of Miami, did an original
Tilt table test on me in 1995 and I almost passed out 6 minutes into
the test (BP 66/32).  This test was repeated 3 weeks ago and my BP
never fell below 100/50 and I completed the test with flying colors. 
But I was not only taking licorice, I was taking other meds which
invalidated the result.  I have been off everything but licorice fro 3
weeks now and the test will be repeated tomorrow morning. 

And, if I have anything to say about it, many other people with CFS
will try licorice and soon you will have your results.  I don't need
any studies, I know damn well licorice works wonders in people with
CFS.

>Licorice has the reputation of not being good for folks with high
>blood  pressure.
>Monique Reed
>Texas A&M

Yes, your right!  People with hypertension BEWARE!!!!!!! DON'T TAKE ANY
LICORICE IT MIGHT KILL YOU!!!!!  DANGER WARNING DANGER BEWARE

But people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome don't need to worry because
they have low blood pressure!  People how have hypertension don't have
CFS.



From US Coast guard Library Thu May 23 13:49:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2208 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "SIO Library:  Infopath" <US Coast guard Library>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plants for children
Date: 20 May 1996 17:38:43 GMT
Organization: The Avant-Garde of the Now, Ltd.
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sunflowers are always a popular item. there are many varieties from 
miniature to giant and a variety of colors. they are also fast . another 
fascinating aspect is their sun orientation as the sun passes over.{or 
is it that the earth is moving?)




From US Coast guard Library Thu May 23 13:49:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2209 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "SIO Library:  Infopath" <US Coast guard Library>
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Subject: Re: Plants for children
Date: 20 May 1996 17:39:09 GMT
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sunflowers are always a popular item. there are many varieties from 
miniature to giant and a variety of colors. they are also fast . another 
fascinating aspect is their sun orientation as the sun passes over.{or 
is it that the earth is moving?)




From US Coast guard Library Thu May 23 13:49:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2210 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "SIO Library:  Infopath" <US Coast guard Library>
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Subject: Re: Plants for children
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sunflowers are always a popular item. there are many varieties from 
miniature to giant and a variety of colors. they are also fast . another 
fascinating aspect is their sun orientation as the sun passes over.{or 
is it that the earth is moving?) don miller igpp/sio 




From mdudley@brbbs.brbbs.com Thu May 23 13:49:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2211 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mdudley@brbbs.brbbs.com (MARSHALL DUDLEY)
Newsgroups: sci.chem,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Acids and Bases
Date: Wed, 21 May 1996 11:54 -0500 (EST)
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Peter Swindells <cs1966@wlv.ac.uk> writes:
 
 
-> anonymous.user@where?.com wrote:
-> >liquid is placed on hydrion paper, and finally what happens to the color
-> >of the different liquids when I add either HCl and NaOH.
-> >
-> >Does anyone have any resource information or Web sites I can refer to on
-> >this subject?
-> >
-> >Karlsson
->
-> I think the last part of your assignment will produce the most ineresting
-> results.  Like most living things, plants operate fairly close to pH 7,
-> so most will not contain acids or bases strong enough to affect litmus.
-> However, they do contain a lot of weak acids and bases, many of them
-> coloured and able to act as indicators (litmus is itself a plant
-> extract).  I know beetroot, for example, turns yellow in basic solution.
 
I agree.  Red, pink and blue carnations are great for that.  The resulting
liquid will turn blue with bases and red/pink with acid.  A very interesting
thing is that redish violet carnations will turn sky blue when you dry them.
I figure it is a shift toward the basic side when drying, but don't know why.
 
Marshall
 


From bob@echo.sound.net Thu May 23 13:49:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2212 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bob@echo.sound.net (Bob Batson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.lucky.w
Subject: Re: What is Sophora secundifolia?
Followup-To: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.lucky.w
Date: 21 May 1996 21:06:59 GMT
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Lee Rudolph (lrudolph@panix.com) wrote:
: catherine yronwode <yronwode@sonic.net> asked the question
: in the Subject: header in alt.folklore.herbs and alt.lucky.w;
: her original post follows my comments.  I am extending the
: Newsgroups: to include sci.bio.botany at her request.

: --begin my inexpert comments---

: S. secundiflora is a name too close to S. secundifolia for me not
: to wonder if they might be the same.  S. secundiflora, according
: to my 1909 Webster's New International Dictionary, is the "coral 
: bean of Texas."  Under "coral bean", we find that it is "used by 
: the Indians in preparing an intoxicating drink" and is also called 
: "frijolito".  (By the second edition, 1959, Texas, the Indians,
: and frijolito have disappeared, and coral bean [in this sense,
: rather than--what seems more common in gardening and landscaping
: books--the West Indian tree Erythrina corallodendron] is now
: said to be "a small tree...of the southwestern United States 
: and Mexico; also, its highly narcotic red seeds.") 

There's a listing for S. secundiflora in the 1992, 1994 publication 
_Index of Garden Plants_ by Mark Griffiths (ISBN 0-88192-246-3) 
describing this plant as an 8-11 meter evergreen tree. The common names 
are Mescal Bean, Frijollito, and Texas Mountain Laurel.

There's no mention of a S. secundifolia.

--
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Bob Batson                              L 39 12 14 N  94 33 16 W
bob@sound.net                           Kansas City
TCS - Mystic Fire Priest                USDA zone 5b
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Under the most controlled conditions, the experimental apparatus will
do exactly as it pleases.
 


From pixintl@sprynet.com Thu May 23 13:49:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2213 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pixintl@sprynet.com (PIX INTL)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: Thu, 23 May 1996 01:01:19 GMT
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I heard on the news a few months ago that doctors were trying to get
licorice off the market because quite a few people have gotten sever
liver damage and heart problems from ingesting it frequently.

Growing up I used to love Callard & Browers licroice imported  from
England..Hardly stuff an 8 year old kid in the midwest  would crave
but I sure felt great all the time growing up!

Too bad it can really hurt  ya!




[[o]]  PIX INTERNATIONAL:Photography for the entertainment
  |    industry,editorial,corporate,& P.R.Since 1976.
 / \   Publishers of Celebrity & Music Photo Mag's 
       on Floppy Disks.Alternate email:pixint@aol.com 
       http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/pixintl/



From davidwms@ix.netcom.com Thu May 23 13:49:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2214 of sci.bio.botany
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From: davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 23 May 1996 01:39:20 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <4o0fk8$4c8@sjx-ixn5.ix.netcom.com>
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In <4o0coc$791@dub-news-svc-6.compuserve.com> pixintl@sprynet.com (PIX
INTL) writes: 
>
>I heard on the news a few months ago that doctors were trying to get
>licorice off the market because quite a few people have gotten sever
>liver damage and heart problems from ingesting it frequently.


This is pure bullshit!!!!!!  I challenge you to support this statement
or shut up!


David Williams



From camilla@primenet.com Thu May 23 13:49:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2215 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!concert!nrchh45.rich.nt.com!news.utdallas.edu!geraldo.cc.utexas.edu!cs.utexas.edu!ennfs.eas.asu.edu!news.asu.edu!nntp.primenet.com!news.primenet.com!camilla
From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 22:06:02 -0700
Organization: Primenet (602)416-7000
Lines: 24
Sender: root@primenet.com
Message-ID: <4o0rnq$l7j@nnrp1.news.primenet.com>
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RBOGADO <rbogado@aol.com> wrote:
: It is distressing that, since these posts have apparently been banned from
: the CFS list, they now are moving to this list, especially in light of
: their seemingly commercial flavor (no pun intended).

Out of curiosity, where are you reading this thread from?  My 
understanding is that one person who refused to stay within the rules 
about the length of a post (under 100 lines) lost posting privileges.  
But the licorice discussion is alive and well on the CFS list.

--
   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From camilla@primenet.com Thu May 23 13:49:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2216 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!nrchh45.rich.nt.com!news.utdallas.edu!geraldo.cc.utexas.edu!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!swrinde!hookup!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!news.texas.net!nntp.primenet.com!news.primenet.com!camilla
From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 20:41:02 -0700
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David Williams <davidwms@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
: In <4o0coc$791@dub-news-svc-6.compuserve.com> pixintl@sprynet.com (PIX
: INTL) writes: 
: >
: >I heard on the news a few months ago that doctors were trying to get
: >licorice off the market because quite a few people have gotten sever
: >liver damage and heart problems from ingesting it frequently.


: This is pure bullshit!!!!!!  I challenge you to support this statement
: or shut up!

It's well substantiated that licorice can cause cardiac arrhythmias and 
there are a couple of deaths from a rare kind of liver failure.  
References available by e-mail request (no snail mail replies).
  
Personally, I am scared to death of all the folks with CFS running off to 
take *high* doses of licorice without even consulting an herbalist, let 
alone a doctor.  I think it would be wise to limit the availability of 
licorice: perhaps make it a prescription item.  Unfortunately if this 
happened, herbalists would not be able to dispense it either.  I think 
we really need a drug catagory in between "MD Rx only" and 'sell it on 
street corners."  But then again, I also think we should emulate certain 
countries in Europe and license herbalists, so that cousin Joe down the 
street who took a correspondence course can't hang up a sign and practice.

At the very least, big warning stickers should be plastered all over the
stuff.

   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu Thu May 23 13:49:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2217 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Archimedes.Plutonium@dartmouth.edu (Archimedes Plutonium)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.native,alt.president.clinton,sci.physics,sci.bio.misc,dartmouth.alt.native.american,sci.engr,sci.astro,sci.chem,sci.math,alt.politics.clinton,alt.sci.physics.plutonium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.physics.fusion
Subject: Re: Neanderthal Park Movie: FEBRUARY 2002; AP DEDICATION
Date: 21 May 1996 23:59:22 GMT
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In article <4nnicl$epd@news.millennianet.com>
slmiller@millennianet.com (Steve Miller) writes:

> >useful. Or, just make it Samerica. The North American continent be
> >called the indigenous Native Indian word whether Eskimo or one of the
> >indigenous Native Indian tribes a word thereof. Since I do not know
> >Native Indian words well enough, perhaps some Native Indian can offer
> >us with a good word for the continent. If none is appropriate, then I
> 
> Many NA call North America "Turtle Island"

That is neat. But what is the NA word for Turtle Island?

Perhaps your above is a message from 'on below' that the turtle does
indeed have a room temperature superconductor somewhere in its body and
that North Americans will discover it.


From camilla@primenet.com Thu May 23 13:49:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2218 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: triangle.gardens,sci.med.immunology,sci.med.pharmacy,alt.med.fibromyalgia,alt.folklore.herbs,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,sci.med
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 22 May 1996 23:26:01 -0700
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Mark Gold <mgold@max.tiac.net> wrote:
: Pix,

: Unfortunately, you heard inaccurate information.  Every few months, 
: it seems, someone posts nonsense about how licorice will kill you or 
: cause liver damage based on misreading the scientific literature.  Of 
: course, the Chinese would all be dead having ingested the stuff
: for thousands of years if it were true.

But Mark: we're not talking about using licorice in the traditional
Chinese fashion.  The Chinese use it in small amounts, in combination 
formulas and with close supervision.  Any Chinese herbalist will be
the first to tell you that one should not mess around with herbs
unsupervised.  In fact, they're a lot more authoritarian about it
that Western herbalists are.

If someone wants to use licorice *in the traditional way, under the 
supervision of a trained herbalist, either Western or Chinese*, I have
no objection.  I DO however, object to people running off to the local 
health food store and proceding to take several grams of the stuff a day, 
often in the very extract form you object to.  

This IS dangerous, and it's not based on any misreading of the scientific 
literature. It is, in fact, exactly what has caused the deaths and 
serious illnesses.  And contrary to what your report says below, there 
*are* cases of serious illness from the whole root and not just the 
extract.  You just have to eat a lot more of it is all.  I personally 
know a man who developed a serious although fortunately not fatal, 
cardiac arrthythmia from *whole licorice root*.  Seems he liked to make 
a strong tea because he really liked the taste, and drank several cups a 
day.  His doctors were stymied and he didn't get rid of it until he 
mentioned it in passing to one of his doctors.

--
   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From mgold@max.tiac.net Thu May 23 13:49:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2219 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!trixie.rtpnc.epa.gov!aanews.merit.net!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!news-in.tiac.net!news-central.tiac.net!max.tiac.net!mgold
From: Mark Gold <mgold@max.tiac.net>
Newsgroups: triangle.gardens,sci.med.immunology,sci.med.pharmacy,alt.med.fibromyalgia,alt.folklore.herbs,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,sci.med
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: Thu, 23 May 1996 01:50:49 -0401
Organization: The Internet Access Company, Inc.
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>Date: Thu, 23 MAY 1996 01:01:19 GMT 
>From: PIX INTL <pixintl@sprynet.com>
>Newgroups: misc.health.alternative, sci.bio.botany, alt.folklore.herbs,
>    triangle.gardens, alt.med.fibromyalgia, sci.med, sci.med.pharmacy,
>    sci.med.immunology
>Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!! 
>
>I heard on the news a few months ago that doctors were trying to get
>licorice off the market because quite a few people have gotten sever
>liver damage and heart problems from ingesting it frequently.
>
>Too bad it can really hurt  ya!

Pix,

Unfortunately, you heard inaccurate information.  Every few months, 
it seems, someone posts nonsense about how licorice will kill you or 
cause liver damage based on misreading the scientific literature.  Of 
course, the Chinese would all be dead having ingested the stuff
for thousands of years if it were true.

To followup the abstract I posted earlier (to alt.med.cfs), I want
to quote from the conclusion of a study regarding the use of *whole
licorice root* as opposed to a *single chemical* extract (i.e., drug):

  "In conclusion, it is important to restate that this study clearly 
   indicates that the continuous consumption of licorice root extract in 
   daily use as food or for therapeutic purposes is safer than the use 
   of glycyrrhizin alone or when the latter is added to man-made 
   products (sweets, chewing gum, drinks, drugs, etc.)  From the results 
   of this paper, it is well demonstrated that [licorice root extract] 
   reduces the toxicity of [glycyrrhizin] probably due to component 
   interaction before and/or during intestinal absorption, providing an 
   increased measure of safety."

   Cantelli-Forti, et al., "Interaction of Licorice on Glycyrrhizin 
   Pharmacokinetics," Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 102, 
   Supplement 9, page 65-68.

Therefore, abstracts which discuss the toxicity of the single chemical 
extract of licorice, glycyrrhizin, are not really relevant.  There 
are some studies which test whole licorice root extract on humans.  
Those are the studies which should be used for a discussion of the 
effects of licorice root.  Those studies show that a *high* dose of 
licorice root can produce mild, reversible adverse effects in some 
individuals.

There is certainly no evidence that ingesting reasonable amounts of 
licorice root, especially as it is traditionally consumed as part of 
an herbal formula, causes serious adverse effects.  There are some 
contraindications that are mentioned by some herbalists in regards to 
the use of licorice, but it is not, "Don't use it, you're going to 
die" nonsense based on studies of glycyrrhizin.

In his article on the safety of licorice root from "The Scientific 
Validation of Herbal Medicine," Dr. Daniel Mowrey concludes:

-----------

  1) There are some people in the population that are sensitive to 
     Licorice root extracts and derivatives.  These persons should avoid 
     overuse of true Licorice candy, laxatives containing large amounts of 
     Licorice extract, and antiulcer drugs that are nothing but 
     concentrated Licorice derivatives [all containing only glycyrrhizin].

  2) DGL (deglycyrrhizinated Licorice) has never cause toxic 
     symptoms, and would be an excellent product to use for treating 
     ulcers.

  3) Whole Licorice root has never caused toxicity.

  4) Millions of people all over the world consider Licorice root to 
     be one of the top two or three herbs found in nature; they use it 
     daily without any signs of toxicity.

  The bad press on Licorice is exactly that.  Inadequate familiarity 
  with the research coupled with a characteristic susceptibility to 
  scare tactics have led some writers, lecturers and other so-called 
  health experts to be overly cautious about a situation that really 
  needs very little caution at all.

  Finally, Licorice root should generally be combined with other 
  herbs whereby the effectiveness of all the herbs is enhanced.  This 
  principle has been known and practiced religiously and with great 
  precision by Chinese physicians for thousands of years.

------------

Of course, abusive use of licorice or any food, herb, spice, drug, 
etc. should be discouraged.  I do agree that long-term use of *high*
doses of licorice root to treat CFS is not a good idea.  I hope this 
clears up the issue to some extent.

Best Wishes,
                             - Mark
                          mgold@tiac.net
             http://www.tiac.net/users/mgold/health.html
(Web Information on Food & Nutrition, Yoga, Detoxification, Emotional
    Healing, Conditions, Preventive Dentistry, Sweetener Resources,
       Stevia, Editorials, Highly Toxic Substances: Aspartame/
            NutraPoison, Toxic Carpeting, Mercury Amalgam
               rBGH, Fluoride, MSG. Much more to come
                  Links to Holistic-Related Sites
                   Usenet Groups, Mailing Lists 
                     No Web Access? Email Me




From una@mustelid.biology.yale.edu Thu May 23 13:49:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2220 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!uunet!in2.uu.net!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!una
From: una@mustelid.biology.yale.edu (Una Smith)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Question about opium poppy (papaver somniforem)
Date: 22 May 1996 00:26:19 GMT
Organization: Yale University, New Haven
Lines: 47
Message-ID: <4ntmvb$bdi@news.ycc.yale.edu>
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NNTP-Posting-Host: mustelid.biology.yale.edu

Michael L Roginsky  <d_micro@ix.netcom.com> wrote:

>AFAIK only the CA poppy is free of the alkaloyd.

Sorry, no.

The California poppy does indeed have alkaloids.  But they are not
of much interest to humans.


>I imagine the North African and Asian species yeld the most opium.

Sorry, no again.

Only one species is cultivated for opium production:  Papaver
somniferum, the opium poppy.  Although the origin of this species
is widely debated, it is now cultivated throughout the world.  The
best opium is said to come from SE Asia, but that's an economic or
perhaps agricultural issue, not a botanical one.

Perhaps the main reason why a species of the genus Papaver was put
into cultivation in prehistoric times is that the fruits tend to be
large and without sharp spines.  That is, they're easy to harvest.

The alkaloids (note the plural) found in opium fall into several
categories, only some of which have desirable effects when consumed
by humans.  Some of the undesirable alkaloids can be deadly.  The
trick to producing potent, clean opium is in breeding opium poppies
that yield more of the desirable alkaloids and less of the nasty
ones.

A search on the keyword "opium" in Yale's online library catalog
yielded 349 titles, including:

Kapoor, L. D. (1995)  Opium poppy : botany, chemistry, and pharmacology.
	New York:  Food Products Press.

Merlin, Mark David (1983)  On the trail of the ancient opium poppy 
 	Rutherford:  Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.  Reprinted
 	in 1984 by Associated University Presses (London).                     

Here's to food for thought...


	Una Smith
	Department of Biology
	Yale University


From weiss@U.Arizona.EDU Thu May 23 13:49:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2221 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!nrchh45.rich.nt.com!news.utdallas.edu!geraldo.cc.utexas.edu!cs.utexas.edu!ennfs.eas.asu.edu!noao!news.Arizona.EDU!nevis.u.arizona.edu!weiss
From: Esta M Weiss <weiss@U.Arizona.EDU>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: Thu, 23 May 1996 02:32:09 -0700
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On 22 May 1996, RBOGADO wrote:

> It is distressing that, since these posts have apparently been banned from
> the CFS list, they now are moving to this list, especially in light of
> their seemingly commercial flavor (no pun intended).
> 
on FMS list too.... but we havent banned it... yet....:)> 

----------------------
Esta M Weiss..:)
weiss@U.Arizona.EDU
http://u.arizona.edu/~weiss
Blessed Be to all..



From brighamr.phys@mhs.unc.edu Thu May 23 13:49:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2222 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!usenet
From: Robert Brigham <brighamr.phys@mhs.unc.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 23 May 1996 12:35:58 GMT
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Please remove triangle.gardens from your address header when posting to 
this thread.

triangle.gardens is a discussion group for folks in North Carolina's 
"Triangle" area (Durham- Raleigh- Chapel Hill) to share gardening 
information.  (It is not a health/medical discussion group.)

Thank you.

Bob Brigham
UNC-Chapel Hill



From brighamr.phys@mhs.unc.edu Thu May 23 13:49:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2223 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!usenet
From: Robert Brigham <brighamr.phys@mhs.unc.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 23 May 1996 12:37:36 GMT
Organization: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Physiology
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Please remove triangle.gardens from the address header when posting to 
this thread.

triangle.gardens is a discussion group for folks in North Carolina's 
"Triangle" area (Durham- Raleigh- Chapel Hill) to share gardening 
information.  (It is not a health/medical discussion group.)

Thank you.

Bob Brigham
UNC-Chapel Hill



From rbogado@aol.com Thu May 23 13:49:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2224 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rbogado@aol.com (RBOGADO)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,triangle.gardens,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Re: Licorice  as an herbal remedy
Date: 23 May 1996 09:02:36 -0400
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The assertion that people who have high blood pressure "don't have
CFS" (or FMS) simply isn't true.  Many of us have both CFS/FMS and high
blood pressure.  There was a study relating certain types of low blood
pressure to CFS symptoms in some people, but that study did not claim to
explain CFS in any sort of comprehensive way.  So, to the extent that
licorice can be harmful to people with high blood pressure (something I
know nothing about), it certainly could harm many of us with CFS/FMS.


From mgold@max.tiac.net Thu May 23 13:49:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2225 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mark Gold <mgold@max.tiac.net>
Newsgroups: alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.bio.botany,triangle.gardens,alt.folklore.herbs,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.immunology,sci.med,misc.health.alternative
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: Thu, 23 May 1996 12:08:58 -0401
Organization: The Internet Access Company, Inc.
Lines: 77
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>Date: 22 MAY 1996 23:26:01 -0700 
>From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
>Newgroups: triangle.gardens, sci.med.immunology, sci.med.pharmacy,
>    alt.med.fibromyalgia, alt.folklore.herbs, misc.health.alternative,
>    sci.bio.botany, sci.med
>Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!! 

>: Unfortunately, you heard inaccurate information.  Every few months, 
>: it seems, someone posts nonsense about how licorice will kill you or 
>: cause liver damage based on misreading the scientific literature.  Of 
>: course, the Chinese would all be dead having ingested the stuff
>: for thousands of years if it were true.

>But Mark: we're not talking about using licorice in the traditional
>Chinese fashion.  The Chinese use it in small amounts, in combination 
>formulas and with close supervision.  Any Chinese herbalist will be
>the first to tell you that one should not mess around with herbs
>unsupervised.  In fact, they're a lot more authoritarian about it
>that Western herbalists are.

Camilla,

First of all, you do not have the experience to say what "*any* Chinese 
herbalist" will say.  It is sad that are twisting words to imply that 
Chinese herbalists will advise against using any herbs except under
their constant supervision.  That's ridiculous of course.  Of course, 
if you have a serious or chronic illness, you are better off seeing a 
real herbalist.

>This IS dangerous, and it's not based on any misreading of the scientific 
>literature. It is, in fact, exactly what has caused the deaths and 
>serious illnesses.  

You are scaremongering again.  Post your evidence from the scientific 
literature (that you say you're not misreading) that *whole* licorice 
root (or extract from whole licorice root) is dangerous.  We're not
talking about single chemical extracts in licorice candy or ulcer
drugs -- the whole root.  I already posted refernces that people can 
followup on as far as research on whole licorice root.

If you came back to reality and said that abuse of licorice root is 
not a good idea and that regular use of significant amounts of 
licorice root by people with *particular* medical conditions is not a 
good idea, then you would be more in line with the advice of real 
herbalists and scientists who have studied the whole root.  To suggest 
that the average person should not use licorice root except under 
supervision is absurd and not supported by any herbalist I've every 
met.

There are many good books by experienced Western and Chinese 
herbalists out there where *legitimate* information about proper use 
(indications, contraindications, etc.) about licorice root can be 
obtained.  The scientific research using *whole licorice root* is 
limited, but it confirms what is generally known by herbalists that 
licorice is safe when used in reasonable amounts by the general 
population.

If you would clearly lay out and even critique the scientific research on
**whole licorice** (forgetting irrelevant abstracts on single chemical
extracts) and discuss the recommendations of experienced herbalists (i.e.,
real herbalists) that can be found in numerous books, that would make your
case more sensible and believable than simply saying "licorice root IS
dangerous" and hoping everyone believes you despite the extensive evidence
proving otherwise. 

Best Wishes,
                             - Mark
                          mgold@tiac.net
             http://www.tiac.net/users/mgold/health.html
(Web Information on Food & Nutrition, Yoga, Detoxification, Emotional
    Healing, Conditions, Preventive Dentistry, Sweetener Resources,
       Stevia, Editorials, Highly Toxic Substances: Aspartame/
            NutraPoison, Toxic Carpeting, Mercury Amalgam
               rBGH, Fluoride, MSG. Much more to come
                  Links to Holistic-Related Sites
                   Usenet Groups, Mailing Lists 
                     No Web Access? Email Me


From sjw@astrabio.demon.co.uk Tue Jun 18 09:57:40 EDT 1996
Article: 2350 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Dr. S.J. Wainwright" <sjw@astrabio.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plants-related Web-Site
Date: Mon, 3 Jun 1996 22:41:39 +0100
Organization: Astronomy & Biology
Lines: 6
Distribution: world
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I have set up a site at http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1691/
The site contains plant-images and much more from South Wales UK.
The Contents will progress with the year, so it should be worth
revisiting from time to time.
-- 
Dr. S.J. Wainwright


From udsturm@uxa.ecn.bgu.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:40 EDT 1996
Article: 2351 of sci.bio.botany
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From: udsturm@uxa.ecn.bgu.edu (Diana Sturm)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: transpiration vs water budget
Date: 3 Jun 1996 17:14:10 -0500
Organization: Educational Computing Network, Illinois  USA
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NNTP-Posting-Host: ecom2.ecn.bgu.edu

I am a geology grad student who is considering a project on plant
interaction in surficial aquifers and I need some info.  For groundwater
modeling, a term called "evapotranspiration" is used to describe water
released to the air from both soils and plants.  But my question is: of
the water taken up by plants, how much of it is used for biological
processes and how much is transpired?   Any sources of reference would
be greatly appreciated.

Diana Sturm
University of Alabama
Dept. of Geology
udsturm@hydro.geo.ua.edu



From jguida@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Tue Jun 18 09:57:41 EDT 1996
Article: 2352 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jguida@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Joy Guida)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ? ON RINGS OF TREES AND CLIMATE
Date: Mon, 03 Jun 1996 14:12:39 +0800
Organization: Science Department
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Hello, my name is Joy Guida and I am a freshman in high school.  I am
doing a final project on the tree rings.  I am supposed to prove or
disprove if tree rings reveal climates of the past.  I need 6 sources to
do this and one has to be an e-mail.  If anyone has information about
this, I'd really appreciate it. Thank you

Joy Guida


From sellers@psyber.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:41 EDT 1996
Article: 2353 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sellers@psyber.com (Best Sellers)
Newsgroups: alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med.immunology,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,sci.med,misc.health.alternative
Subject: The language of the intelligent
Date: Tue, 04 Jun 1996 15:30:50 GMT
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bf409@torfree.net (Cody Armstrong) wrote:

>Esta M Weiss (weiss@U.Arizona.EDU) wrote:
>: On 24 May 1996, David Williams wrote:
>: > 
>: > You ignorant bastards have provided me with much entertainment, for
>: > that I am grateful.
>: > Captain Dave 
>: > 
>: > 
>: >Captain.. mind your language...! 
>: ----------------------
>: Esta M Weiss..:)

>Lighten up mom, please. I've seen you jump on "bad language" in the past 
>and cross posting too ( but take a look at this giant cross posting mess 
>that you followed up)
>Newsgroups: alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med.immunology,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.bio.bo$
>Followup-To:: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!

>In your own wise words (taken from another one of your posts):..."To 
>those who posted and re posted the above..im in full agreeance with
>you.. with a cavate....in that....we are all adults here..."

>".but i refuse to treat alll readers of this news group like
>they are unlettered children..."

>We are all adults, so let us bastards say what we want, how we want. :-)

Just because one is mature does not mean he thinks, speaks
or enjoys foul language.  U.S. Grant, Gen USArmy and
President of the Umited States, is reported to have said,
after someone in a smoke-filled room asked if any ladies
were present, "No, but there are gentlemen present."

If your arguments and observations have value, they will
stand on their own merits.  If they do not, all the
vulgarity and profanity in the world will not improve their
astuteness, their accuracy nor their impressiveness.  

Your use of "bastards" may be fairly tame compared to what
many may write, but nonetheless it reminds me of a small
child's trying to get his mommy's attention by using a "bad
word".  These temper tantrums are not worthy of "adults" as
you claim we are.  

Le



From johnrbj@deskmedia.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:41 EDT 1996
Article: 2354 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John Blackmer <johnrbj@deskmedia.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sedges Poem?
Date: Tue, 04 Jun 1996 14:29:56 -0700
Organization: SkyPoint Communications, Inc.
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There is a poem of some sort that contains the line "sedges have edges"

Does anyone know of it? If so, I'd like the details.

Post or e-mail. Thanks

John


From gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:42 EDT 1996
Article: 2355 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu (rick strimbeck)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: What is Melaleuca alternifolia
Date: Mon, 03 Jun 1996 13:47:28 -0600
Organization: uvm-snr
Lines: 12
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <gstrimbe-0306961347290001@132.198.130.66>
References: <4oi87eINNl45@orca.protocol.zycad.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 132.198.130.66

In article <4oi87eINNl45@orca.protocol.zycad.com>, marc@protocol.zycad.com
wrote:

> I have been told this is a plant only found in Australia.

Isn't that the one that's taking over the Everglades?

-- 
Rick Strimbeck
University of Vermont
School of Natural Resources
Burlington, VT


From hrbmoore@rt66.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:42 EDT 1996
Article: 2356 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hrbmoore@rt66.com (Michael Moore)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New additions to my web site...
Date: Tue, 04 Jun 1996 16:21:54 -0600
Organization: SW School of Botanical Medicine
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <hrbmoore-0406961621540001@hrbmoore.rt66.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: hrbmoore.rt66.com

For any of you that are interested:

I just added 46 new plant photographs (that makes 1,143 total images)

I just added Culbreth's Materia Medica and Pharmacology (1927),
alphabetized by latin name, and split into 7 bookmarked acrobat files (14M
in all!)

I just added a new Folio on North American Baptisias.

Come visit...there are now over 100M of original files on the site.

Michael Moore (hrbmoore@rt66.com)
     http://www.rt66.com/hrbmoore/HOMEPAGE/HomePage.html
OR:  http://chili.rt66.com/hrbmoore/HOMEPAGE/HomePage.html
All the SWSBM teaching and clinical manuals, over 1,000 Medicinal Plant images and class announcements can be obtained at my web site.


From ez040325@dale.ucdavis.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2357 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!info.ucla.edu!nnrp.info.ucla.edu!news.ucdavis.edu!dale.ucdavis.edu!not-for-mail
From: ez040325@dale.ucdavis.edu (Yuri Veber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Gardening Club
Date: 4 Jun 1996 19:56:01 GMT
Organization: University of California, Davis
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I am curretnly starting up  a club called Davis Gardeners Pursuing Better 
Flora.  I am interested in getting a group of people interested in 
trading plants and secrets with each other.  No one needs any technical 
knowledge, those just getting started or interested are very welcome to 
participate.  Hopefully we can get groups to go on ecological expeditions 
as well.  If you are interested, please contact me via email 
yaveber@ucdavis.edu.  I am going to try and get a mailing list together.  


From fsals3@aurora.alaska.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2358 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mandy Stossel <fsals3@aurora.alaska.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pineapple Mint
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 1996 09:10:56 -0800
Organization: University of Alaska Computer Network
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Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII

Help! I need to latin name for Pineapple mint.

Thanks!

Mandy

fsals3@aurora.alaska.edu

**************
Practice
Random Acts
of Mischief
**************




From monique@bio.tamu.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2359 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 1996 16:38:16 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University - Biology
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <monique.151.00CA0C54@bio.tamu.edu>
References: <31B4AAD4.60D9@deskmedia.com>
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev B final beta #1]

>There is a poem of some sort that contains the line "sedges have edges"

>Does anyone know of it? If so, I'd like the details.

I don't know about a poem, but it's a jingle that we teach our field botany 
students to tell the sedges from the grasses and rushes.  It works fine, until 
you run into Eleocharis ;- )

Monique Reed
Texas A&M University


From mscope@genome.gen.latrobe.edu.au Tue Jun 18 09:57:44 EDT 1996
Article: 2360 of sci.bio.botany
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From: c.hale@genome.gen.latrobe.edu.au (Clinton Hale)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Interactive Video for Teaching Microscopy
Date: 5 Jun 1996 00:52:11 GMT
Organization: School of Genetics and Human Variation
Lines: 51
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Reply-To: mscope@genome.gen.latrobe.edu.au
NNTP-Posting-Host: gench.gen.latrobe.edu.au
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.91.6

Interactive Video Programme for Teaching and Learning Microscopy Skills

	The major aim of laboratory teaching in science is to help 
students become proficient in the acquisition of scientific knowledge and 
the processes of scientific inquiry.  This requires the students to master 
many basic laboratory skills.  One of these fundamental skills is the 
correct use of high power (compound) light microscopes.  We have developed 
(with the assistance of the Schools, Faculty and a C.A.U.T. grant) a 
laboratory-based instructional programme using small group teaching as the 
main focus for teaching and learning.  The programme comprises an 
integrated package of print material, laboratory exercises and video
(VHS-PAL format) sequences set in a discussion-workshop format.  Unlike 
the more common use of video as a passive instructional tool the programme 
uses video sequences to provoke discussion and trigger investigative 
laboratory exercises.  Two versions of the video have been produced:  A 
standard version with voice-over and a second version with voice-over and 
a superimposed Auslan (Australian Sign Language) interpreter. The print 
material comprises a Student Manual and Teacher Manual.  The programme 
comprises four segments:  Introduction to Microscopy; Use of the 
Microscope; Trouble Shooting in Microscopy; and Evaluation/Assessment.  
The first two segments consist of a video sequence, written material, 
exercises, and questions to answer.  The third segment consists of video 
of three common problems encountered in microscopy and the solutions, and 
written material which includes solutions as well as a trouble shooting 
chart.  The last segment consists of multiple choice questions for student
self-assessment.  The programme was tested in a Second Semester plant 
science course.  Positive feedback concerning the effectiveness of the 
programme was obtained from the measured increase in the students' 
knowledge (plus their opinions about the programme), elevated student
manipulative skill levels, and the demonstrators' evaluation of the 
programme.  We believe this programme sets a model for the teaching and 
learning of a range of technical skills.

	We are marketing the programme as a package consisting of the 
video, Teacher Manual and multiple copies of the Student Manual.  If you 
are interested please contact us.



Mr. Ken Wong Hee, Mr. Clinton Hale and Dr. Brian Malone

Schools of Botany, Genetics and Human Variation and Zoology
Faculty of Science and Technology
La Trobe University
Bundoora, Victoria, 3083.

Email			mscope@genome.gen.latrobe.edu.au
Telephone		+61 (0)3 9479 2221
			+61 (0)3 9479 2256
			+61 (0)3 9479 2248
Facsimile		+61 (0)3 9479 2480


From sam.scheiner@asu.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:44 EDT 1996
Article: 2361 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Samuel M. Scheiner" <sam.scheiner@asu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Wed, 05 Jun 1996 08:21:34 -0700
Organization: Arizona State University West
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <31B5A5FE.1C0E@asu.edu>
References: <31B4AAD4.60D9@deskmedia.com>
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John Blackmer wrote:
> 
> There is a poem of some sort that contains the line "sedges have edges"
> 
> Does anyone know of it? If so, I'd like the details.
> 
> Post or e-mail. Thanks
> 
> John

Here is what I learned. Does anyone know of a less risque version that 
can be used in these more sensitive times?

"Sedges have edges, rushes are round, and grasses like asses have holes."
-- 
**********************************************************               
     
Samuel M. Scheiner                                               
Dept. of Life Sciences (2352)   P.O. Box 37100                    
Arizona State University West   Phoenix, AZ 85069        
Tel: 602-543-6934               Fax: 602-543-6073                        
    
E-mail: sam.scheiner@asu.edu  
http://lsvl.la.asu.edu/botany/faculty/scheiner.html                    
**********************************************************


From carrie_walter@mail.fws.gov Tue Jun 18 09:57:44 EDT 1996
Article: 2362 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!news.interserv.net!news1.interserv.net!news
From: carrie_walter@mail.fws.gov
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Two New FWS Servers and Redesigned Service Home Page
Date: 5 Jun 1996 15:34:48 GMT
Organization: InterServ News Service
Lines: 42
Message-ID: <4p49eo$667@lal.interserv.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 164.159.176.38
X-Newsreader: SPRY News 3.03 (SPRY, Inc.)

June 5, 1996


Hi Folks,

I am pleased to announce that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has launched 
two new World Wide Web servers.  This effort supports our goal of sharing our 
data and information.

The World Wide Web servers, and their url's (addresses), are:

Alaska Region (Region 7)

http://www.fws.gov/~r7hpirm/

Walnut Creek National Wildlife Refuge

http://www.fws.gov/~r3pao/wnthom.html

You can access these sites directly at the url's listed above, or you can access 
them through the newly redesigned U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Home Page at

http://www.fws.gov/

We have redesigned our main server, so please check it out.  The redesign was 
done for several reasons.  After being online for 20 months, we learned who our 
audiences are.  From hundreds of email messages we learned the strengths and 
weaknesses of our old design.  Also, we found that our old design, based on lists, 
was inadequate as the amount of information we were serving grew. Hope you 
enjoy it.

Thanks.  ...al

============================================================= Dr. 
Alan R. Fisher
National Data Administrator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
303-275-2320
Internet mail: Alan_Fisher@mail.fws.gov 
FWS-Mail:      Fisher, Alan
=============================================================



From banoo Tue Jun 18 09:57:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2363 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!cbgw3.att.com!news.PBI.net!decwrl!spool.mu.edu!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!sgigate.sgi.com!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.mathworks.com!zombie.ncsc.mil!newsgate.duke.edu!godot.cc.duq.edu!newsfeed.pitt.edu!dsinc!ub!news.drenet.dnd.ca!crc-news.doc.ca!nott!uottawa!news
From: Shehrebanoo Malik <banoo>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Where would i look for...
Date: 6 Jun 1996 17:49:58 GMT
Organization: University d'/of Ottawa
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <4p75o6$aia@mercury.cc.uottawa.ca>
References: <4oad0c$rrk@freenet-news.carleton.ca> <4ofatc$e1i@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <4ofcfl$eqd@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <4ofdq8$hej@agate.berkeley.edu> <4oi8an$ism@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu> <4oichb$fgo@qvarsx.er.usgs.gov> <31AD8522.6060@julian.uwo.ca>
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To: denist@julian.uwo.ca
X-URL: news:31AD8522.6060@julian.uwo.ca
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.paleontology:7027 sci.bio.botany:2363

Would you know if there are any Ephedra, Gnetum, or Welwitschia on
your campus?  How else could I find out?  I need some preserved
clippings.

Banoo Malik

banoo@bio01.bio.uottawa.ca



From achim@ibex.ca Tue Jun 18 09:57:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2364 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!csn!nntp-xfer-1.csn.net!ncar!imci4!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!rcogate.rco.qc.ca!altitude!usenet
From: Achim Recktenwald <achim@ibex.ca>
Newsgroups: bionet.molbio.proteins,de.sci.biologie,sci.bio.misc,bionet.metabolic-reg,bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts,sci.bio.microbiology,bionet.microbiology,bionet.molbio.yeast,sci.bio.botany,bionet.general,bionet.plants,bionet.cellbiol
Subject: Conc. metabolites in cells ?
Date: Thu, 06 Jun 1996 14:51:15 -0500
Organization: IBEX Technologies, Inc.
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.molbio.proteins:7768 sci.bio.misc:3479 bionet.metabolic-reg:673 bionet.molbio.methds-reagnts:43856 sci.bio.microbiology:3698 bionet.microbiology:6104 bionet.molbio.yeast:5166 sci.bio.botany:2364 bionet.general:20891 bionet.plants:11222 bionet.cellbiol:4685

I am looking for a table listing the normal concentrations of typical cell 
metabolites, e.g., amino acids, NAD, ATP, ions, sugars, major proteins, etc.
A few years back I once stumbled over such a table. Unfortunately, I did not make a 
copy. The only entries I can remember:
typical cell protein concentration  100-300mg/mL
acetate ion  0.2 - 0.25 M

Does anybody know where to find such a table ?



I am also looking for a database, printed, CD-ROM, or on the Net, with physiological 
data; e.g., average yield for fermentative bacterial growth on glucose 10.5g cells / 
mol ATP; list of average generation times of different bacteria; metabolic 
specialties; and so on.


When I posted this message a few weeks ago, I received the following references:

Neidhardt, F. C., et al: Physiology of the Bacterial Cell, Sinauer Associates, 1990

Neidhardt, F. C. (editor): Escherichia coli and Salmonella, ASM Press, 2nd edition, 
ASM Press, 1996


I would like to find more references, if posasible with even more detailed 
information. I am also interested in concentrations of metabolites in eucaryotic 
cells, esp. mammals and/or humans, but also plants.



If you know of any good reference, please email it to me, or post it on the Net.


Any help would be appreciated.


Achim


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2365 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Wed, 5 Jun 1996 13:59:02 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University - Biology
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <monique.155.01299DFC@bio.tamu.edu>
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>Here is what I learned. Does anyone know of a less risque version that 
>can be used in these more sensitive times?

>"Sedges have edges, rushes are round, and grasses like asses have holes."


Eek!  I could get fired for saying that!  Not to mention that several genera 
of warm-season grasses have *solid* rather than hollow internodes.  Nope, 
can't use as is!

We're a clever bunch!  Surely if we can't find the original, we can *invent*
some little rhyme to cover field ID of grassy things...

Consider it a challenge...
Monique


From schweich@well.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2366 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Tom Schweich <schweich@well.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Wed, 05 Jun 1996 13:11:38 -0700
Organization: The WELL
Lines: 21
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John Blackmer wrote:
> 
> There is a poem of some sort that contains the line "sedges have edges"
> 
> Does anyone know of it? If so, I'd like the details.
> 
> Post or e-mail. Thanks
> 
> John

"Sedges have edges and rushes are round,
Grasses are hollow and rush all around."


I learned it from the late George Hilton, who was a geologist,
and a teacher of field natural history classes at Merritt College
in Oakland, CA.

-- 
Tom Schweich, schweich@well.com
http://www.well.com/user/schweich/


From gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2367 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!uhog.mit.edu!uw-beaver!news.u.washington.edu!news.alt.net!news1.alt.net!news.aros.net!news.cs.utah.edu!swen.emba.uvm.edu!NewsWatcher!user
From: gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu (rick strimbeck)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: What is Melaleuca alternifolia
Date: Wed, 05 Jun 1996 08:43:51 -0600
Organization: uvm-snr
Lines: 42
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <gstrimbe-0506960843510001@132.198.130.66>
References: <4oi87eINNl45@orca.protocol.zycad.com> <gstrimbe-0306961347290001@132.198.130.66>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 132.198.130.66

Well, I had to look into it:

Author:         Nemecek, Sasha.
Title:          One good pest deserves another.
                release of Australian weevils to control the growth of
                melaleuca in the Everglades
Source:         Scientific American v. 273 (Sept. '95) p. 30+
ISSN:           0036-8733
Contents:       feature article
Abstract:       Researchers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture have
                identified an insect that may prove useful in the preservation
                of the Everglades.  The researchers hope that the Australian
                weevil will consume and destroy melaleuca trees, which have
                caused massive environmental damage since they were introduced
                to the Everglades at the turn of the century.  Gary Buckingham
                of the USDA believes that biological control is the only
                practical option for getting rid of the rapidly-spreading
                melaleuca trees.

Is this revenge for rabbits and prickly pear?

In article <gstrimbe-0306961347290001@132.198.130.66>,
gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu (rick strimbeck) wrote:

> In article <4oi87eINNl45@orca.protocol.zycad.com>, marc@protocol.zycad.com
> wrote:
> 
> > I have been told this is a plant only found in Australia.
> 
> Isn't that the one that's taking over the Everglades?
> 
> -- 
> Rick Strimbeck
> University of Vermont
> School of Natural Resources
> Burlington, VT

-- 
Rick Strimbeck
University of Vermont
School of Natural Resources
Burlington, VT


From bhurley@sover.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2368 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bhurley@sover.net (Brad Hurley)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Thu, 06 Jun 1996 07:32:33 -0400
Organization: SoVerNet, Inc.
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <bhurley-0606960732330001@pm0a14.bf.sover.net>
References: <31B4AAD4.60D9@deskmedia.com> <31B5E9FA.72EC@well.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pm0a14.bf.sover.net

This thread reminds me of another jingle, this one about gymnosperms:

"For you I pine, for you I balsam
But when I cedar, I spruced up."

Learned  years ago from G. Winston Carter, botanist and instructor for the
National Audubon Society's camp in Greenwich, Connecticut.

-- 
Brad Hurley
Freelance Environmental and Science Writing
31 Gage Street
Bellows Falls, VT 05101-1616, USA
Tel: +1 802 463 9417; Fax: +1 802 463 4217; e-mail: bhurley@sover.net

"I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey-work of the stars...
And a mouse is miracle enough to stagger sextillions of infidels."

--Walt Whitman


From sun@labj.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2369 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!zdc!zippo!drn
From: sun@labj.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help needed To save a little girl's life
Date: 6 Jun 1996 03:47:19 -0700
Organization: Zippo
Lines: 32
Message-ID: <4p6cvn$6hu@doc.zippo.com>
References: <4p49eo$667@lal.interserv.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 206.171.72.102

Hello, Friends:

Please pass following message widely and ASAP to save a little girl's
life. Your help is greatly appreciated!

Sun


##############################################################
Patient NAME:Song Nan
SEX:         Female
AGE:        4 and 9/12 years

  The girl received tonsillectomy on May 15,1996. During the procedure,
sudden heart arrest accured for 2 minutes, and respiratoy arrest for
1 and 1/2 hrs. Twenty hrs. after resuscitation, her spontanous breath stoped
once again. It was then considered to be "cerebral edema due to anoxia,
affecting mainly the brain stem". Later acidosis, DIC. renal function
impairment happened. Up to now, intensive care has lasted for 20 days.
  At present, the girl is still at deep coma with no brain stem reflex,
no spontanous breaths, and no physiological reflex. Dopamine was
administered, in a very small dosage, to maintain her normal blood pressure.

  The child is in danger. We're trying to get timely help from you. Your
kind help will be appreciated.

  address: wuzhou@public.bta.net.cn
	   zhangl@mech03.me.sc.edu
	   zhangl@mech02.me.sc.edu
          sun@labj.com

  tel: 86-371-9088076


From ae@meer.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2370 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!sgigate.sgi.com!news.spies.com!matra.meer.net!annex-p135.meer.net!user
From: ae@meer.net (Arthur Evans)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Thu, 06 Jun 1996 23:26:57 -0700
Organization: Pope of Santa Cruz, Inc.
Lines: 39
Message-ID: <ae-0606962326570001@annex-p135.meer.net>
References: <31B4AAD4.60D9@deskmedia.com> <31B5A5FE.1C0E@asu.edu> <monique.155.01299DFC@bio.tamu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: annex-p135.meer.net
X-Newsreader: Yet Another NewsWatcher 2.0.2

In article <monique.155.01299DFC@bio.tamu.edu>, monique@bio.tamu.edu
(Monique Reed) wrote:

> >Here is what I learned. Does anyone know of a less risque version that 
> >can be used in these more sensitive times?
> 
> >"Sedges have edges, rushes are round, and grasses like asses have holes."
> 
> 
> Eek!  I could get fired for saying that!  Not to mention that several genera 
> of warm-season grasses have *solid* rather than hollow internodes.  Nope, 
> can't use as is!
> 
> We're a clever bunch!  Surely if we can't find the original, we can *invent*
> some little rhyme to cover field ID of grassy things...

Hm. Let's see. How about:

Sedges have edges,/rushes are round,
And grasses are hollow/except for the several genera that have solid internodes.

I'll admit that the scansion could use a little work--but more
accurate, hmm? OK, how about:

Sedges have edges,/rushes are round,
And grasses are usually/hollow, I've found.

Of course, it seems to me that many grasses are round,
and many rushes are hollow, so I don't see how this helps.
I think you need a more Zen approach. Meditate on the plant.
Does it posess rush nature? Or grass nature?

> Consider it a challenge...
> Monique

I feel challenged, all right.

yours,
arthur


From drobertson@ivory.trentu.ca Tue Jun 18 09:57:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2371 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!torn!blaze.trentu.ca!IVORY.trentu.ca!DROBERTSON
From: drobertson@ivory.trentu.ca (Deryck N. Robertson)
Subject: Re: trees
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: trentu.ca
Message-ID: <DsLr0x.H8A@blaze.trentu.ca>
Sender: news@blaze.trentu.ca (USENET News System)
Reply-To: drobertson@ivory.trentu.ca
Organization: Trent University, Peterborough
References: <mgarcia-3105961003270001@mshslife13.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 23:38:56 GMT
Lines: 19

In article <mgarcia-3105961003270001@mshslife13.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>, mgarcia@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Mandy Garcia) writes:
>Hi, we our a couple of Mt. Shasta High School Students doing a Biology
>report.  We are looking for research/information on trees.  Our reports
>have to do with planting, thinning and spacing of trees per acre in a
>forest.  How does thinning effect a trees growth?  My report is based
>mainly on Pondarosa Pines. And, How does spacing effect a trees growth? 
>If you could send us some information we would really appreciate it. 
>Thanks a lot.  
>Kami Gray 
>Mandy Garcia

Here's a starting point for you both...it's AFFECT not effect!  Secondly,
thinning encourages secondary growth, that is, girth.  Cut-overs are usually
seeded (or planted) at 2500 trees per hectare then thinned.  Get in touch with
your local forestry office for much more information.






From robert.roszak@pop.univ-lille1.fr Tue Jun 18 09:57:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2372 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!univ-lille1.fr!usenet
From: robert.roszak@pop.univ-lille1.fr (Robert ROSZAK)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: G2 specific marker
Date: 7 Jun 1996 10:23:25 GMT
Organization: EPGMV
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <4p8vut$qvg@netserver.univ-lille1.fr>
NNTP-Posting-Host: phyvpc1.univ-lille1.fr
Mime-Version: 1.0
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.93.10

Dear Netters,
we are working on cell cycle G2 phase. To understand this phase, we have 
transformed chicory plant with cyclin B promoter. We would like to 
compare cyclin B expression with other G2 phase specific markers.
Do you know if such markers exist. And if they are available.
Thanks a lot for your help
Robert ROSZAK
Equipe de Physiologie et Génétique Moléculaire Végétale
Bat SN2-USTL
F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
FRANCE

tel (33) 20 43 65 96
fax (33) 20 43 68 49
e-mail : robert.roszak@univ-lille1.fr



From otpfoley@mailbox.uq.edu.au Tue Jun 18 09:57:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2373 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!news
From: Owen Foley <otpfoley@mailbox.uq.edu.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: What is Melaleuca alternifolia
Date: Fri, 07 Jun 1996 22:54:16 -0700
Organization: University of Queensland
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <31B91588.34C1@mailbox.uq.edu.au>
References: <4oi87eINNl45@orca.protocol.zycad.com> <gstrimbe-0306961347290001@132.198.130.66> <gstrimbe-0506960843510001@132.198.130.66>
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To: rick strimbeck <gstrimbe@moose.uvm.edu>

> > In article <4oi87eINNl45@orca.protocol.zycad.com>, marc@protocol.zycad.com
> > wrote:
> > > I have been told this is a plant only found in Australia.
> > Isn't that the one that's taking over the Everglades?

rick strimbeck wrote:
>melaleuca trees, which have caused massive environmental damage since they were 
>introduced to the Everglades at the turn of the century.  
> 
> Is this revenge for rabbits and prickly pear?

Right genus...wrong species folks
Melaleuca quinquenervia is the one in the everglades.
Mel. alternifolia is a much smaller tree with very small leaves. It is famous as 
the medicinal tea tree. Tea tree oil with exceptional antiseptic properties is 
extracted from the leaves.

Owen Foley


From Rickwood@epix.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2374 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Rickwood@epix.net (Martin Rickwood)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Poison Ivy/Oak
Date: 7 Jun 1996 18:35:24 GMT
Organization: Your Organization
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As a Limey living out in the States (North east PA) for the last two years
I am gradually becoming acquainted with the pitfalls of gardening over this
side of the 'pond'.  I have recently become 'acquainted' with either 
poison Ivy or Oak.

Could anybody tell me anything about these plants and their 'active' 
ingredients.  Can anybody let me know how to safely identify and 
dispose/irradicate.

Itching to hear from you all
Thanks 
them.


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2375 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!bcm.tmc.edu!news.tamu.edu!HERBARIUM!monique
From: monique@bio.tamu.edu (Monique Reed)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy/Oak (long)
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 1996 15:06:41 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University - Biology
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You wrote:

>As a Limey living out in the States (North east PA) for the last two years
>I am gradually becoming acquainted with the pitfalls of gardening over this
>side of the 'pond'.  I have recently become 'acquainted' with either 
>poison Ivy or Oak.

>Could anybody tell me anything about these plants and their 'active' 
>ingredients.  Can anybody let me know how to safely identify and 
>dispose/irradicate.

The poison ivy/oak rash is caused by an antibody/antigen reaction.  After one 
or more contacts with P.I.,  your body creates antibodies to the compound 
formed when the P.I. chemicals bond with the skin.  The antibodies take 5 to 
21 days to develop, and you might well NOT get P.I. the first time you 
are out in it.  When you have the antibodies and you encounter the plant, 
WHAM, the antibodies are ready to attack the antigen, resulting in the 
familiar itchy blisters.  The rash develops 12 to 48 hours after exposure, 
which is why it often seems that scratching the blisters makes new blisters 
appear elsewhere--not true, one is only watching new blisters appear; the 
fluids in the blisters do not spread the rash.  It is easiest to get on 
tender skin (faces, necks, genitals) and hardest on tough, oily skin (palms of 
hands, etc.)  True immunity to PI occurs in 15 to 30% of the population, but 
beware---you can develop senstivity at any age!

How not to get P.I.?  Step one:  Learn what it looks like.  "Standard" P.I. 
can be herbaceous, viny, or shrubby, and it often climbs trees.  It has 3 
leaflets which can be entire or toothed.  When it climbs, the stems often have 
aerial rootlets.  It never has tendrils or prickles, so if you see a 3-leaved 
vine with either, it isn't P.I.  The flowers are small and greenish; the 
fruits are white.  Fall color is often a cheerful red.  All parts of the plant 
are allergenic, including the pollen and (for sensitive individuals) the 
smoke from burning foliage.    P.I. grows in almost every state in the 
union (I heard there was none in Nevada?)  It is most common in disturbed 
areas--trailsides, vacant lots, along railroads and highways, etc.  Any 
guidebook worth the cover price should have an illustration.

( P. oak isn't common where I am; maybe someone 
else can tell us what it looks like and where it hangs out?)

Step two:  Wear protective clothing and avoid the irritant.  If you know 
you're going to be out in it, wear long pants, closed shoes, and long sleeves. 
 Wear gloves if you are going to be cutting brush, and a hat or sweatband so 
you won't be tempted to wipe your face if you sweat.  Avoid touching clothes 
you know have been in P.I.  Come home and undress into the washer and wash the 
P.I. clothes by themselves.  Realize that you can get P.I. from shoes, 
clothes, backpacks, PETS--anything that has the irritant oil on it.  
Washing these things with soap and water removes the irritant.

Step 3--Get the irritant oil off as soon as possible.  P.I. takes about 10 
minutes to penetrate the skin, so if you can, wash with lots of water.  Soap 
is okay, but be careful--it removes your skin's protective oily layer, leaving 
it open to attack if you have P.I. irritant anywhere else around to get on it! 
 Ditto for alcohol-type solvents.  The idea is to get the irritant off without 
spreading it around.

Step 4--Medical treatment.  If you are going to get P.I., the quicker you can 
get topical steroids on, the less severe the reaction will be.  A severe 
case--face, genitals, over 25% of the body--needs attention from a physician, 
who will likely administer an injection of steroids or prescribe oral doses.  
While you have the blisters, avoid scratching as they can become infected.  
Cool, moist, compresses feel good.  Calamine lotion or other soothing lotions 
may help, but avoid anything with anaesthetics (like benzocaine), alcohol, 
camphor, or metals (zinc oxide, iron compounds, etc.) as they are further 
irritants.  Antihistamines are not effective.

(The above based on info in the AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious 
Plants, ed. Dr. Kennthe Lampe, copyright 1985 by the AMA.)

Home remedies--Everyone has one.  Various plants, (e.g. Jewelweed) are 
purported to stop P.I.  Other folks swear by gasoline, bleach, etc.  I've 
never had the occasion to try any of these--use at your own risk.

How to get rid of P.I. plants---Good luck!  It can be tough to get rid of.  
P.I. responds to Roundup, and you can apply the herbicide with a wick 
applicator if you don't want to get near the plants.   Keep after it; it can 
take several applications!  A good solution is to hire someone who is truly 
immune to get rid of it for you.  If you plan to burn the pulled-up or dead 
plants (if this is legal where you live), remember that the smoke is toxic, 
too--try to burn on a still, damp day so it doesn't spread.  Keep kids and 
pets out of debris piles.

One final note:  if you are severely allergic to P.I., you might want to be 
leery of mangoes and cashews.  They're in the same family and if you're 
hyper-senstive, you may be allergic to these as well...

I know this was long, but I hope it helps.  Let's be careful out there!

Monique Reed
Herbarium Botanist
Biology Department
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX  77843






From heldreth@esvx23.es.dupont.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2376 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!realtime.net!news.mindspring.com!snooze.ser.bbnplanet.com!es.dupont.com!esds01.es.dupont.com!HELDRETH@esvx23.es.dupont.com
From: heldreth@esvx23.es.dupont.com (Kathleen M. Heldreth - Biologist)
Subject: Re: transpiration vs water budget
Message-ID: <1996Jun7.191129.18328@es.dupont.com>
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Organization: DuPont (Opinions are those of the writer only)
References: <4ovo3i$d6@ecom2.ecn.bgu.edu>
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 1996 19:11:29 GMT
Lines: 18

In article <4ovo3i$d6@ecom2.ecn.bgu.edu>, udsturm@uxa.ecn.bgu.edu (Diana Sturm) writes:
>I am a geology grad student who is considering a project on plant
>interaction in surficial aquifers and I need some info.  For groundwater
>modeling, a term called "evapotranspiration" is used to describe water
>released to the air from both soils and plants.  But my question is: of
>the water taken up by plants, how much of it is used for biological
>processes and how much is transpired?   Any sources of reference would
>be greatly appreciated.
>
>Diana Sturm
>University of Alabama
>Dept. of Geology
>udsturm@hydro.geo.ua.edu
>

Look for the following reference:

Kramer, P. J. (1983).  "Water Relations of Plants."  Academic Press


From mattndeana@aol.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2377 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!news-e2a.gnn.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: mattndeana@aol.com (MattnDeana)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Guidance
Date: 7 Jun 1996 20:40:17 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 6
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
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I'm looking for a good reference that would help me in learning to
identify plants, esp. wetland plants. The sedges have edges 'poem' was
neat. I'm not taking any classes yet, but am going to try to get signed up
for a wetland biology class at the Morton Arb. in August. Any help?
Matt
Mattndeana@aol.com


From ceraldi@albany.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:49 EDT 1996
Article: 2378 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Aaron Ceraldi <ceraldi@albany.net>
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Ufo Spoted
Date: 8 Jun 1996 02:02:26 GMT
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Lines: 10522
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cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________=
_______________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]=
]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
YYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQP=
PPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNMMMMMMMMMM=
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM^^^]]]]]]]=
]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^_______=
__$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[=
[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVU=
UUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMM=
MMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Z=
ZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`c=
bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
cbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
cbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
ZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSR=
RRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\]=
]]]]]^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________________________^^^^^^^^^^=
^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
YYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOO=
OOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
LLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM]]]]]]]=
]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^______$B`b`b`b`=
b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
bcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______=
______________________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b=
`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I________________=
_______________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYY=
YYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVU=
UUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNN=
NNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMM=
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
bcddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`=
b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________________________________^^^^^^^=
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
b`cbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________=
____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZ=
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWW=
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRR=
RRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKK=
KKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJK=
KKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNN=
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOO^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
]]^^^^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddd=
dddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b=
`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^_=
_______________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________=
_____^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
YYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
WWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPP=
PPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJI=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ(J(IJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______=
__$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`=
b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
cbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________=
__^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
XXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
UUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
OOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
EEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
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ddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddd=
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`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b=
`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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_____^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
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HHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
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`b`b`b`b(I____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________^^^^^^]=
]]]]]\\\\\\[[[ZZZZZZYYYXXXWWWWWWVVVUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOO=
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\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTTTTSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNN=
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFF=
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GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
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GGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
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JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKL=
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL$Bj=
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QQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMML=
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFE=
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GGGGGHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
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FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKK=
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DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
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????IIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDD=
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
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============================================================================
============================================================================
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<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<========================
============================================================================
=>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????@@@AAAIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGG=
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
EEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
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==========================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
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???????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@HHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
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<<<<<<<<<<<<<=====================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=========
================================================================<<<<<<<<<<<=
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
EEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
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=======================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>=========
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>>>>IIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
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>>>>>>>>>>==================================================================
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<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=================================
===================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
<===========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
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>=================================<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
CCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===============
========================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===============
================<<<IIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????IIIIIIIIIII=
IIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEE=
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
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>=======================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>======
============================================================================
============================================================================
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???@@@IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
GGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDD=
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
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????HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFF=
FFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
DDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
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>===========================================================================
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>===========================<<<<<<;;;HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
HHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
EEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
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============================================================================
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============================================================================
=>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????=
?>>>>>>>>>>>>======HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
FFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
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From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Tue Jun 18 09:57:49 EDT 1996
Article: 2379 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!howland.reston.ans.net!swrinde!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: What is Melaleuca alternifolia
Message-ID: <DsoEpo.8K0@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <4oi87eINNl45@orca.protocol.zycad.com> <gstrimbe-0306961347290001@132.198.130.66> <gstrimbe-0506960843510001@132.198.130.66> <31B91588.34C1@mailbox.uq.edu.au>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 1996 10:05:47 GMT
Lines: 27

Owen Foley <otpfoley@mailbox.uq.edu.au> writes:

>rick strimbeck wrote:
>>melaleuca trees, which have caused massive environmental 
>>damage since they were 
>>introduced to the Everglades at the turn of the century.  

>Right genus...wrong species folks
>Melaleuca quinquenervia is the one in the everglades.

Thanks for that Owen.  I was despairing of excavating far enough
into my deep litter filing system to find the issue of _Sci. Amer_
that Rick referenced.  (Bit slack of them not to mention the species
in the abstract in fact.)

>Mel. alternifolia is a much smaller tree with very small leaves. 
>It is famous as the medicinal tea tree. Tea tree oil with exceptional 
>antiseptic properties is extracted from the leaves.

Thanks for promoting our infant local industry up here.  ;-)

Cheers,  Ian S.
-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From erawady@frontiernet.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2380 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!news.texas.net!news.frontiernet.net!usr1-90.frontiernet.net!user
From: erawady@frontiernet.net (ed rawady)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Horticulture Newsgroups?
Date: 8 Jun 1996 15:09:40 GMT
Organization: writer
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <erawady-0806961110510001@usr1-90.frontiernet.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: usr1-90.frontiernet.net

Anyone know of any newsgroups on horticulture and houseplants?

If not, what is the chance of getting one created?

-- 
>>>>>>>ed

There are no accidents 'round here. --- Peter Gabriel


From wlgeek@nai.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2381 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!howland.reston.ans.net!Germany.EU.net!wizard.pn.com!brighton.openmarket.com!decwrl!pagesat.net!a3bsrv.nai.net!usenet
From: "wlgeek@nai.net" <wlgeek@nai.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Fri, 07 Jun 1996 20:19:53 -0700
Organization: North American Internet
Lines: 3
Message-ID: <31B8F159.3CF@nai.net>
References: <31B4AAD4.60D9@deskmedia.com> <31B5A5FE.1C0E@asu.edu> <monique.155.01299DFC@bio.tamu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: naiw1p57.nai.net
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X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02 (Win16; I)

Remember: grasses have nodes!

"...grasses AREN'T hollow from tip to the ground!"


From wright@pestlaw.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2382 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news1.mnsinc.com!news
From: wright@pestlaw.com (James Wright)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wright's PestLaw -- New Pesticide Web Site
Date: Wed, 05 Jun 1996 21:25:26 GMT
Organization: Monumental Network Systems
Lines: 34
Message-ID: <31b5fb32.42264279@news1.mnsinc.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: wright.mnsinc.com
X-Newsreader: Forte Agent .99e/32.227


Announcing a new web site containing up-to-date, full-text
regulatory information and other resources of interest to
crop-protection and antimicrobial companies, pesticide users
and other individuals.  Called Wright's PestLaw(sm), it is
maintained by James C. Wright, an attorney in Washington,
D.C., who represents pesticide producers, formulators and
distributors in a wide range of issues.

Wright's PestLaw is free, and currently contains full-text
PR Notices (including the new draft notice on
self-certification of acute toxicity data), Federal Register
notices of general interest to the regulated community,
press releases, guidance documents, EPA pesticide 
enforcement decisions, key pesticide regulations
and statutes, plus much more.  All documents are in
easy-to-read html format, and thus can be viewed and printed
directly from your web browser. 

The site is regularly updated so stop by often to keep
current on late breaking developments!

Wright's PestLaw can be accessed at:

http://www.pestlaw.com

-- Jim Wright 
wright@pestlaw.com

P.S. To access all the information in Wright's PestLaw, you
should use a web browser which supports tables, such as a
newer version of Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Explorer.




From aqsys@inc.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2383 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!godot.cc.duq.edu!newsfeed.pitt.edu!scramble.lm.com!news.math.psu.edu!news.cse.psu.edu!uwm.edu!homer.alpha.net!usenet
From: aqsys@inc.net (Scott Seymour)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pond & Lake Management Web Page
Date: 8 Jun 1996 21:23:08 GMT
Organization: Aquatic Systems Inc.
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <4pcqvs$h8f@homer.alpha.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: greyhound.execpc.com
Mime-Version: 1.0
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.93.10

Aquatic Systems now has a WWW Web page up and running, 
although the Web page is commercial in nature, the 
majority of the page is meant to be informative.  Some 
of the subjects covered are web page are: weed & algae 
control, aeration systems, biological augmentation, 
oxygen problems and many more.  This web page has been 
designed for the layman pond or lake owner, so the 
language has been kept relatively simple.  If you get a 
chance to visit our web page, we would like to know 
what you think, any suggestions or criticism are very 
welcome.. The web page will be added to on a continuing 
basis, and recommendations for what needs to be added 
is welcome.

The address for the web site is:

http://www.execpc.com/~aqsys/index.html

Looking forward to your feedback.



From red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us Tue Jun 18 09:57:52 EDT 1996
Article: 2384 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!howland.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!neoucom.edu!kraken!redpoll!red
Newsgroups: alt.retromod,alt.binaries.rock-n-roll,alt.binaries.zines,alt.elvis,alt.elvis.king,alt.elvis.sighting,alt.fan.elvis-presley,comp.groupware.lotus-notes.apps,comp.sys.intel,rec.arts.poems,rec.arts.poetry,rec.music.beatles,sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: binhide:6 large binaries:AR412:@@NCM
Message-ID: <ARMM-Report-412.a@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us>
References: <ARMM-Report-412@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 1996 22:41:09 GMT
From: red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us (Richard E. Depew)
Followup-To: news.admin.net-abuse.misc
Organization: ARMM Services, Bincancel Division
Keywords: ARMM - Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation
Lines: 27
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.retromod:1648 alt.binaries.zines:428 alt.elvis.king:7018 alt.elvis.sighting:3744 comp.groupware.lotus-notes.apps:1693 comp.sys.intel:85153 rec.arts.poems:127072 rec.music.beatles:153472 sci.astro.amateur:43261 sci.astro.planetarium:3467 sci.bio.botany:2384 sci.bio.ecology:20782 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:4517

Large binary posts do not belong in unmoderated discussion groups.

I have detected one or more large misplaced binaries in (or
cross-posted from) this newsgroup.

It has been suggested that I use NoCeM notices in place of advisory
cancels.  This is a trial of that suggestion.

If you would like to automatically mark such misplaced binaries as
'read', install NoCeM and use my 'binhide' reports in alt.nocem.misc.

For more information on NoCeM, see URL: http://www.cm.org

The full report can also be found in news.admin.net-abuse.announce and
alt.retromod.  Look for AR412 in the subject, or, if your reader
supports it, use this URL: news:ARMM-Report-412@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us

Please direct public feedback to news.admin.net-abuse.misc and private
feedback to red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us.  Thanks.

Best wishes,
Dick
-- 
Richard E. Depew, Munroe Falls, OH    red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us (home)
It's over, and can't be helped, and that's one consolation, as they
  always say in Turkey, when they cut the wrong man's head off'' 
  -- Charles Dickens


From mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU Tue Jun 18 09:57:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2385 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU!mgk
From: mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly)
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: faraday.clas.virginia.edu
Message-ID: <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
Organization: uva
References: <4pamvj$r9e@lori.albany.net>
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 1996 06:23:10 GMT
Lines: 10528
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.astro.amateur:43278 sci.astro.planetarium:3468 sci.bio.botany:2385 sci.bio.ecology:20783 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:4518

Aaron Ceraldi  writes:
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ____$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________=
> _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________________________________________=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________________________________________________=
> __________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^_________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRR=
> RRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOONNNKKK$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
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> _________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______^^^^^^^^^^^^___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> _$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b(I_________________________________________________________________=
> ______________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^_________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSS=
> SRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOLLL$Bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^=
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> _______________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
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> `a(I______________________________________________________________________=
> ________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________=
> __________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRR=
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> b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]=
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> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________=
> _____________^^^___________________________________________________________=
> ________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________=
> _________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[=
> [[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRR=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________________________________________________=
> _____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________________________________^^=
> ^^^^_______________________________________________________________________=
> ______________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___^^^_________________=
> _____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZ=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________________________________________________=
> _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^=
> ^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXX=
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> __________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b(I______________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWW=
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> __________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
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> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ______________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVV=
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> ____________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\=
> \\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUU=
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> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________________=
> ____________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> `b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________=
> ______________________$B`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRROOO$Bdddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________________=
> ___________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddd=
> dddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSS=
> SRRROOO$Bddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I____=
> ______________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________________=
> __________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________________________________________________^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSS=
> SRRROOO$Bdddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__=
> ___________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__________________$=
> B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYY=
> YYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQ$Bdd=
> dddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________=
> ____________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> c`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddd=
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> dddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> dddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b(I_________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWW=
> WWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRPPP$Bddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________________________________________=
> ________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________________________________$=
> B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> dcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> dddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________=
> _________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSS$Bfefefeddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________________________________________=
> _______$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________________________________________=
> ____$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[=
> [[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUWWW$Bfefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________________________________$=
> B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________________________________=
> __________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________________=
> _____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVZZZ$Bhfhefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________________________$B`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________________________________________=
> __________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b(I_____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__________________________=
> _______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWXXXZZZ$Bbcbefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________________________=
> ___________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I____________________________________________________=
> _$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(=
> I______________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________=
> __________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYY=
> YXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWZZZ$Bbcbfhfhfhefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________________=
> _____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____=
> ________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________=
> ________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__=
> ____________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I____=
> ________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXX=
> XXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVXXX[[[$Bhfhefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________=
> ____________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________=
> ______________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__=
> ______________________________________________________________________^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________$B`b`a(I_______=
> _______________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________=
> ____^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWW=
> WWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTUUUUUUVVVXXX[[[$Bhfhfhfhfhefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________________=
> _______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___^^^^^=
> ^__________________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUUU=
> UTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVXXX[[=
> [$Bjgjefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> __________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________________________________________=
> _________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTT=
> TSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUVVVWWWXXX\\\$Blhlefefe=
> fefefefefefefddddddefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^]]]^^^^^^]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________=
> ____$B`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> `b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________=
> ____________________^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVX=
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________=
> ___________________^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[]]]___$Blhl{=F9=F9fefefefefddddddddddddcbcbcbc=
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> `b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________$B`b`b`b`=
> b`a(I________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
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> (I________________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ____________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____________________________________=
> ______^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYXXXXXXZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZ=
> ZZZ[[[]]]$B`b`gjg=F6=F6=F6=E4hffefefefefefefefdddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b(I____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________________=
> ___________________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________________________________________=
> __^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[\\\^^^=
> $Bbcbhlh=F7=F7=F7=E3fefefdddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b(I________=
> ____^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^_____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> `b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________________________________^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\]]]^^^$B`b`hlh=F6=
> =F6=F6=E3fefefefedddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b(I_________^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefef=
> efdddddddddfefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__$B`b`b`b(I___$B`b`b`b(I__________=
> _____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________________________$B`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________=
> __^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZ\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\]]]^^^$B`=
> b`gjg=F4=F4=F4=E4hffefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b(I_____=
> ____^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^______________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I________=
> _______^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]^^^___$Bbcbhl=
> h=F4=F4=F4=E3fefefdddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______^^^=
> ^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________$B`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddefefefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`bbcb=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________________________________=
> ________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____=
> ___^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]^^^___$Bbcbgjg=F2=
> =F2=F2=E3fefefefeddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`a(I________^=
> ^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________=
> _____$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddfefefefefefedddefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddfefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddde=
> fefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______=
> _____^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^___$Bbcbgjg=F0=F0=F0=
> =E3fefefefefefddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________________=
> __$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefedddefefefefefefefefefe=
> fedddddddddefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_=
> _____________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______=
> __^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^___$Bbcbfhf~q~dddddddddd=
> dddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]=
> ]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________$B`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddbcbdddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddd=
> dddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefedddddddddefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^___________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^$B`b`fhf~q~efefefefefefdddddddddddddddb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd(J$Bddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddefefefefefefddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `a(I________________________________^^^^^^^^^_____________________________=
> __________$B`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^___$B`b`efezozfhffefefefefefeddddddddddddbcbcbcbc=
> bcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____=
> ___________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbb`b`b`cbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________=
> ______________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________________=
> _________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]^^^$B`b`efezozefeddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____=
> _____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________=
> ____________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> edddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________________=
> ____^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^___$Bdd=
> dnxnfefddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________________=
> _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________________________________________=
> _$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefeddddddfe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddefefefddddddddddddddddddefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `a(I______________________________________________________________________=
> ________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]=
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]=
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> `b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
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> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________________________________________=
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> ___________________________________________________________________^^^^^^^^=
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> __________________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
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> \\\\\\\\\[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^___$Bbcbfhf=F0=F0=F0=E2dddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________________________________________________=
> _____________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I________________=
> __$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____=
> _______________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________________________________$B`b`b`b(I___=
> $B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[=
> [[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^$B`b`fhf~q~ddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_=
> __________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^______________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbc=
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> ddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________=
> __$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> ______________________________________^^^^^^_______________________________=
> _________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^___$B`b`fhf~q~ddddddcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefef=
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> ddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I________________=
> __$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ______________$B`b`b`b(I_________________________________________________=
> __________________________$B`b`b`b(I_________________________________^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]^^^___$Bbcbgjg=F1=F1=F1=E2dddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b(I__________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________________=
> _$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefe=
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> dddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________=
> _____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `a(I____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]^^^^^^___$B`b`dddjgjs=F1=F1d=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________=
> ___________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________________________=
> ________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b(I________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\=
> \\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^___$B`b`dddjgjs=F1=F1ddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____=
> _________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> (I________________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]^^^$B`b`efe|p|ddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> $B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbdddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________=
> _________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXX=
> XXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[\\\\\\]]]___$Bdddmvmddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________=
> _____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^____________^^^^^^^^^_____________________________________________=
> _________________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcb=
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> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^]]]=
> ]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[Z[[[[[\\\=
> ]^^$B`cbkvmfefefefefefefefefefefefedddefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> `b`b`b`b`a(I____________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> dddddddddddddddefefefefeddddddddddddfefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\=
> [[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\^^^$Bbcbmvmfefefe=
> fefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________________________=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcdddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I=
> __________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\]]]^^^$Bbcbmvmdddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______=
> ______^^^^^^^^^^^^____________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___^^^^^^________________________________________________=
> ___________________________$B`b`a(I_____$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddcbcddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> dddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYY=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\]]]___$Bdddmvmdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________=
> ______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________________________________=
> ______$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[=
> [[[\\\]]]^^^$Bbcbmvmddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^__________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____________________________________=
> ____________________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b(I___________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]=
> ]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZYZZYZZYZZYZZYZZYZZYZZZ[[Z[[[\\[]]\^^]$B`c=
> fkvddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I____________________=
> ___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> __________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> __________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefe=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________=
> _______________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[ZZ[Z[[Z[\[\\[\][]]\^_]$B`ddjvdddbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________=
> ___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> ______________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________________________________=
> ____________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZYYY[[[[[[ZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]^^^$Bbcbltlbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b(I________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________________________________=
> ____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc(J$Bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefef=
> efefefddddddefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYY=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\]]]___$Bninb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________=
> ____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddd=
> dddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefddddddddddddefefefefefefefeddd=
> dddfefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddfefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYZYZZZZZZZ[[[\\\]$B`cfdddbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b(I_________^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______=
> _______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddd=
> ddddddefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________=
> ____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXYYXYYXYYXYYXYYXYYXYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYZZYZZZ[[[]]^$Bdd`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^__________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____=
> _______________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________=
> _________$B`b`a(I__$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____$B`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___=
> $B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___$B`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________$B`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______=
> $B`b`a(I_________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYXYYYYYYZZYZ[Z\\^$Bbd(I____________^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________________________________________________=
> _________________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________=
> __________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYZZZZZZ[[[]]]$Bdddb`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^_________________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________=
> ______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXWXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXYYXYZY[[\_$B`a(I___________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______=
> _________________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefeddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYY=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYZ[[]^^___=
> ___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________=
> __________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> dddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> a(I____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZ[\]^____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________________________________$B`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbb`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXYYXXYXXYXYYXYYXYYXYY=
> XYYYYYYYYYYYYYZYZZYZ[[^_______^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________=
> _______________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> dddddddddddddddddddddfefddddddddddddefefefefefefefeddddddddddddfefefefefddd=
> dddddddddddddddefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYXYYXYYXYYXYYXYYXYYXYYYYYYYZYZZYZ[YZ[Z[][^=
> $Bbb`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________=
> ________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbc=
> bcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddd=
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> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddefefefdddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefedddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________=
> ___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZYZZYZZYZ[Y[[Z]^______^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddefefefdddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefef=
> efedddddddddddddddefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________________________=
> ______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZYZZYZZZZ[Z[\Z\^$B`b`b`b(I____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^=
> ^^^^^^________________________________________________$B`b`a(I_____$B`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
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> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____________________________________^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZYYZYZZYZZYZZYZZYYZYZZ=
> YZZZZZZZ[ZZ[ZZ[Z[\Z\________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____________=
> ___________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[Z[[[[[[[\[\\\]^$B=
> `b`a(I____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________________________=
> _____________________^^^^^^_____________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I=
> ________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[Z[[[[[[\\[\\\^^_______________^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________________________________________________=
> ^^^________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefedddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[Z[[[[[[\\\]^______^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\=
> \\\\\\]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^______________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___=
> ____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZ[[[_________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___=
> ___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZ______^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____=
> __________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZ______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^__________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__________________________^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYY__________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______=
> ____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
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> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefedddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZ___=
> ___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^]]]=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^___________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________=
> ____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddfefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_________________________________________________________=
> ________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\=
> \\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYY______^^^^^^_______________=
> ______________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________=
> _______________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________=
> ______$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefeddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddefefefdddddddddddddddfefefefefdddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________=
> ____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________________________________=
> ___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZ=
> YYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX$B`b`a(I___________________________________=
> ________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^_________^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________________________________________________=
> __________________________________________________________________$B`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____________=
> $B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I________________________=
> __________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXXXX=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(=
> I__________________________________________________________________________=
> ______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________=
> ________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I__=
> ________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> ___^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\=
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> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXX=
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> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
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> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZ=
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> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
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> ____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZ=
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> ______^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
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> _______________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZ=
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> ______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> b`b`b(I___________________________________________________________________=
> ___________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[=
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> _____^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________=
> ________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I___________________________________________=
> ______________$B`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]^^^^^^____________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
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> b`b`b(I___________________________________________________________________=
> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______^^^^^^]]]]=
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> ^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[=
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> ]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
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> ]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYY=
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> ______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_=
> ___________$B`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
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> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWV=
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> _____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________________________=
> _______________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________=
> $B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
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> ________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddd=
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> _____________________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________=
> _______________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^___________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
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> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVV=
> VVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU$Bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
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> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I__________________________________________^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^________________________$B`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________________________________=
> ________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
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> _____________________________^^^___________________________________________=
> ____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____=
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> __^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^______________________=
> _________________________________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[=
> [[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVV=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________=
> ________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXX=
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> __________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVV=
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> ___________________________________________________________________________=
> _________________________________________^^^____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
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> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[ZZZZ=
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> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
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> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTT=
> TTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOONNNNNNNNNN=
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> ddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b(I_________^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZ[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWW=
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> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRR=
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> UUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT(J(ITTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
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> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
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> [[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUU=
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> TTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRR=
> RRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLL$Bfefe=
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> _____^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Z=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
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> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSRRRS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTSSSTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM$Bddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXW=
> WWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSRRRSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOQQQ$Bddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefef=
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> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I=
> ___________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTT=
> TTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM$Bb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`c=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefdddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I____________=
> ________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZ=
> ZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPO=
> OOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I____=
> ___________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbd=
> ddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b(I___________________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[ZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXW=
> WWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNN=
> NNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM$B`b`b`b`b`a(I___________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________=
> ___________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUT=
> TTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMM____________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]=
> ]]^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]=
> ]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOONNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMNNNMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM______^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^_________=
> $B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[=
> [[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWV=
> VVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNM=
> MMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOQQQ^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^______$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________________________________________________=
> _________________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSS=
> SSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMM]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\=
> \\]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_________=
> _______________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQP=
> PPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM^^^]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^_______=
> __$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVU=
> UUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMM=
> MMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Z=
> ZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`c=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSR=
> RRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\]=
> ]]]]]^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I______________________________^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOO=
> OOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^______$B`b`b`b`=
> b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I______=
> ______________________________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I________________=
> _______________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVU=
> UUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNN=
> NNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________________________________^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`cbc`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_______________=
> ____________________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRR=
> RRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKK=
> KKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOO^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]^^^^^^^^^^^^_________$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^_=
> _______________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________=
> _____^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJI=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ(J(IJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_______=
> __$B`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`=
> b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_______________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^_______________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I_____________________=
> __^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN=
> NN__________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcdddd=
> ddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`b`b(I_____________________________________________$B`b`b`b`b`b=
> `b`b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcb=
> cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___=
> _____^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSS=
> SSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNM=
> MMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMML=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOPPP$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`=
> b`b`b`b`cbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddddddddddddddefefefefefefe=
> fefefefefeffhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefeddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`a(I________^^^^^^^^^]=
> ]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKK=
> KKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNN$Bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbdddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefefefefefefehfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf=
> hfhfhfhfjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> dddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef=
> efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=
> ddddddddbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b(I_________^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWW=
> WWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIII=
> IIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNN$Bdddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeh=
> fhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfh=
> fhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf=
> hfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfh=
> fhfhfhfhefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefedddddddddddddddddddddddddddc=
> bcbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b(I_________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWVVVVVVUUUTTTTTTSSSS=
> SSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OONNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN$Bfefefehfhf=
> hfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhgjgj=
> gjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgj=
> gjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfh=
> fhefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefdddddddddbcbcbcbcbb=
> `b`b`b`b(I____________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^___________________________^^^^^^]=
> ]]]]]\\\\\\[[[ZZZZZZYYYXXXWWWWWWVVVUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOO=
> OONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKK=
> KKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLL$Bhfhfhfhfhgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgj=
> gjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjfhfh=
> fhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhefefefefefefdddddddddbcbcbcbcbb`b`b`b`b`b`a(I___=
> ________$B`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`b`bbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbc`b`b`b`b`a(I_____^^^]]]\\\\=
> \\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTTTTSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIIIII=
> IIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL$Bjgjgjgjgjgjglhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlh=
> lhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgj=
> gjgjglhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfh=
> fhfhfhfhfhfhfhefefefefefefddddddddddddcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcbcdddd=
> dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddcbcbcbb`b(I______^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVU=
> UUUUUTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOON=
> NNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL$Bj=
> gjgjgjgjgjgjgjhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlh=
> lhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlgjgjgjgjgj=
> gjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf=
> hfhfhfhfhfhgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjglhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhff=
> efefefefefefefdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfefefefefefefeffhfhfhfhffefe=
> fefefddddddcbcbcbb`b(I___^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZXXXWWWVVVVVVUUUTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQQ=
> QQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMML=
> LLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFE=
> EEDDDDDDCCCBBBBBBAAAAAA@@@@@@???>>>>>>??????@@@AAABBBCCCCCCDDDEEEEEEFFFFFFG=
> GGGGGHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM$Bjgjgjgjgjgjglhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlh=
> lhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgj=
> gjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhefefefefefefefeddddddd=
> ddddddddddddddddddddefefefefefefefehfhfhfhfhfhfhfhefefefefeddddddbcbb`b(I_=
> __^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFEEECCCAAA???===;;;888555333000-=
> --***(((%%%######$$$$$$%%%'''(((***,,,...111333666999<<<>>>@@@AAACCCDDDEEEF=
> FFGGGGGGHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMNNN$Bjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlininininininininininininh=
> lhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgj=
> gjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjglhlhlhlhlhlhlhlh=
> lhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlinininininininininhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjg=
> jgjgjgjgjgjfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhffefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeh=
> fhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhffefefeddddddbcbb`b(I___^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXW=
> WWVVVUUUTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOONNNMMMLLLKKKJJJHHHGGGEEEDDDBBB@@@???===;;;9998886664443331=
> 11000///...---,,,,,,,,,,,,------...///000222333555666888:::;;;===???@@@BBBC=
> CCDDDEEEFFFGGGHHHIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIH=
> HHFFFDDDAAA>>>999444...((((J=A0=A0=A0$BOxOo=o)e)[(Jzzpppeee[[[PPPGGG>>>7=
> 77000***%%%"""=1F=1F=1F=1E=1E=1E=1E=1E=1E   """&&&***000666===DDDKKKSSS\\\d=
> ddlllttt|||$B'd'l7lEsEyQy^!^'(I%%***...222666999<<<>>>@@@BBBCCCDDDEEEFFFF=
> FFGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMOOO$Bjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjglhlhlhlhlhlhlhlh=
> lhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlh=
> lhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhnini=
> ninininininininininilhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhlhl=
> hlhlhlhlhlhlhlgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjgjghfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf=
> hfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhefefefdddbcbcbc`b`a(I__^^^]=
> ]]\\\[[[ZZZXXXWWWVVVVVVUUUTTTSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMLLLKKKJJJH=
> HHFFFDDD@@@===888444...(((!!!$BQyQqAq/h/`(JvvvlllcccZZZQQQHHH@@@888111+=
> ++%%%   =1C=1C=1C=18=18=18=15=15=15=12=12=12=10=10=10=0E=0E=0E
> 
> 
> =0B=0B=0B
> 
> 
> 						=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08			=
> 
> 
> 
> =0C=0C=0C=0E=0E=0E=11=11=11=14=14=14=19=19=19=1D=1D=1D###)))///666>>>FFFOOO=
> WWW```iiirrr{{{$B%c%k5kCrCyQy(J=A0=A0=A0(I&&&+++000444888;;;===>>>???>>>=
> <<<999555000***###$BU{UsEs1i1`(Jtttiii]]]RRRHHH???777///(((###=1E=1E=1E=
> =1A=1A=1A=16=16=16=14=14=14=12=12=12=10=10=10=0F=0F=0F=0F=0F=0F=0E=0E=0E
> 
> 
> =0C=0C=0C=0C=0C=0C=0B=0B=0B
> 
> 
> 			=08=08=08=07=07=07=06=06=06=05=05=05=04=04=04=04=04=04=04=04=04=04=04=04=
> =04=04=04=04=04=04=05=05=05=06=06=06=07=07=07			=0B=0B=0B=0E=0E=0E=11=11=11=
> =15=15=15=1A=1A=1A=1F=1F=1F%%%,,,333;;;DDDLLLUUU___hhhrrr{{{$B'd'm9mIuI}Y}=
> (I$$$***000555999===@@@BBBDDDFFFGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
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> 
> 
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> =0E=0E=0E=0E=0E=0E=0F=0F=0F=10=10=10=11=11=11=11=11=11=12=12=12=13=13=13=13=
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> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________=
> __________________________________^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZ=
> ZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQPPPPPPOOONNNNN=
> NMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[=
> [[[[\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^_________________________________________=
> ____^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIHHHHHHGGGGG=
> GFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^_____________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\=
> \\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWW=
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> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPOOOOO=
> ONNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGG=
> GGGGVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWXX=
> XYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^_____________________________=
> _____________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYY=
> YYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHH=
> HGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\]]=
> ]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPOO=
> OOOONNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFGGGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUU=
> UUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^________=
> _______________________________^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZ=
> ZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOONNNNNNMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJIIIIIIHH=
> HHHHGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??=
> ???????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAA@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTTTTTTSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYY=
> YZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__________________________=
> _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPP=
> PPPPOOONNNNNNMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\=
> \\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOONNNMMMMMMLLLKKKJJJJJJII=
> IHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEETTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUU=
> UUUUVVVVVVWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRR=
> RRRRQQQQQQPPPOOOOOONNNMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZ=
> ZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKK=
> KJJJIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[=
> [ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQ=
> QQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGGGGFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFGGGHHHSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUVV=
> VVVVWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMLLLLL=
> LKKKJJJJJJIIIHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZ=
> ZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\=
> \\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWW=
> WWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPP=
> POOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIHHHHHHGGGFFFFFFEEEEE=
> EEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS=
> STTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^=
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMM=
> MMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJJJJIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEESSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWW=
> WWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
> ^]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFF=
> FFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\=
> \\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[Z(J=
> (IZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOO=
> ONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAA=
> A@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDSSSSS=
> SSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSS=
> SSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]=
> ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIII=
> IHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> A@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWW=
> WWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\=
> \[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUU=
> UTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ[[=
> [[[[[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYY=
> YXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJ=
> JJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCC=
> CDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSS=
> SSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[=
> [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTT=
> TTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEE=
> EEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWW=
> WWWWXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZYY=
> YYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQ=
> QQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMM=
> MLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIII=
> IHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDEEEFFFPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPP=
> PPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFGGGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSTT=
> TTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ=
> ZZZZZZZZZZYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOO=
> ONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNN=
> NNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMM=
> MMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEE=
> EEEEEEEEEENNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVWWWWW=
> WWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTT=
> TSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHH=
> HHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBB=
> BBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPP=
> PPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONN=
> NNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKK=
> KKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNN=
> NMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSS=
> STTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTT=
> TTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIII=
> IIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOO=
> OOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGG=
> GGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@AAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> ABBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDEEEFFFLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPP=
> POOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHII=
> IIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOO=
> OOOONNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVV=
> VVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPOOOOOONNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJ=
> JIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLL=
> LLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS=
> SSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIII=
> IHHHHHHGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCDDDDDDMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTT=
> TTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRR=
> RQQQQQQPPPOOOOOONNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPP=
> PPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJJJJIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTT=
> TUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQPPPPPPOOONNNMMMMMMLLLKK=
> KKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIJJJJJ=
> JKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJ=
> JIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNN=
> NOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTT=
> TTTTTTTSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPOOONNNNNNMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNN=
> NNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPP=
> PPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDD=
> DDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRR=
> RRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYY=
> YYYYYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSRRRRRRQQQPPPPPPOOONN=
> NMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIII=
> IJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMLLLLL=
> LKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@?????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCDDDKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUU=
> UUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWW=
> WWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQPPPOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLKKKKKKKKK(J(=
> IJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGG=
> GFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMM=
> MNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTT=
> TTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQPPPPPPOOONNNNNNMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMM=
> MMMMLLLLLLKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKKKKKKJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPPP=
> PQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQPPPPP=
> POOONNNNNNMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIHHHHHHGG=
> GGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDEEEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKK=
> KKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTT=
> TTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONN=
> NNNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCC=
> CCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDD=
> DKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNN=
> NNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTTT=
> TSSSSSSRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHHH=
> HGGGGGGFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????=
> ???????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????=
> ???????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPQQ=
> QQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX=
> XXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOO=
> OOOONNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAABBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKK=
> KKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUU=
> UUUUVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVV=
> VVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIHH=
> HHHHGGGGGGFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMNN=
> NNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWW=
> WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSSS=
> SRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????@@@????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQ=
> QQQQRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW=
> WWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOO=
> ONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIII=
> IHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> ABBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKK=
> KKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTT=
> TTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVUUUUU=
> UUUUTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLL=
> LLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDD=
> DCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCDDDJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMM=
> MNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUVVVUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRQQQQQ=
> QQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNOOOOOOOO=
> OPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU=
> UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNNNMM=
> MMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEE=
> EEEEDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>????????????????????????????????????@@@?????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAABBBJJJJJJJJJIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJ=
> JJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQRRRRRRRR=
> RSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSS=
> SRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????????????=
> ????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLL=
> LLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSS=
> STTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTSSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNNN=
> NMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFF=
> FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNN=
> NNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSRR=
> RRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIII=
> IIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOO=
> OPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQRRRRRRRRRRRRQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOOOO=
> ONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> A@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJ=
> JJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQ=
> QQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIII=
> IIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????=
> ???????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCIIIIIIIIIIIIHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKK=
> KKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN=
> NNNNMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFF=
> FEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(J(I=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BBBJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJ=
> JJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@AAAIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HIIIIIIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM=
> MMMMMMMMMMMMMLLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGFF=
> FFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @??????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJJJJJ=
> JJJJIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAKKKKKKJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFEEEEE=
> EEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==========================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@??=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJJJIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>======================================================
> ================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=========
> =>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@JJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>================================================
> =============>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBCCCJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >?????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>============
> =========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================
> ============================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>??????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAA=
> AAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCDDDJJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????=
> ??????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >==========================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAA@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>=====================================================================
> =>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=================================
> ============================================================================
> =========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===
> ===========================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBJJJIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
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> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
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> AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=========
> ======================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<==================>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBDDDJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
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> DDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBB=
> BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????=
> ?????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=================================
> ==========================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>===================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBB=
> BCCCDDDIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==========================================
> ============================================================================
> =========================================================================>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>=============================================>>>===============
> =======================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBDDDHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDD=
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> DDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===========================>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>====================================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> =<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=======================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>================================================>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@????????????>>>===JJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>??????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>=============================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=================================>>=
> >>>>>>>=============================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >===========================================================================
> ============================================================================
> =======================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<====================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==============================
> =======>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==============================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBCCCIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=====================
> ==========>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >===========================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ====================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===========================
> ======================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
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> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
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> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>==================================================================>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==============================
> =======================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>================================================<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=======================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===
> ============================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<==================
> ================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>============
> ============================================================================
> ==========>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@???JJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
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> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
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> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
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> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????=
> ????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>??????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>======================================================
> =================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>==========================================>>>==================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> =======>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================
> =================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAABBBJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>========================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ====================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=========
> ============================================================================
> ==============================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<==================================================================
> =============================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????????????????????????????@@=
> @@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
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> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDD=
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> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>====================================
> ======================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===============
> ======================================================================<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<====================================
> ===============================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<====================================>>>>>>>>>=========
> ============================================================================
> ====>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==================
> =======>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAJJ=
> JJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>========================
> =============================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<==================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ====================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=====================
> ============================================================================
> ================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===========================
> ========================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>============================================================
> ============================================================================
> =============<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<=========================================================<<<=========
> ==========================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<=====================================================================
> =======<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<============
> ================================================================<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<========================
> ===================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????=
> ?????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================
> ==========================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <=========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<======
> =<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<==============================
> =========================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<==========================================
> =====================================>>>>>>>>>==============================
> ===============================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===
> =====================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> A@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??=
> ??????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=====================
> ============================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=====================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >===========================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ==========================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<==============================
> ==============================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<============<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<============================================================
> =======>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAABBBIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>==============================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=========
> ==================================>>>>>>====================================
> ============================================================================
> =======================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===============<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===================================================>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================
> ==================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===
> ========================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >?????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@II=
> IIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??=
> ????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=====================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ==========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<=======================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=========
> ============================================================================
> ======================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@IIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????=
> ????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>?????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================
> ===================================================================<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <=================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<=============================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<====================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@AAAJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> A@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==================
> ============================================================================
> ====<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<==============================
> ====<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===
> =<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===
> ============================================================================
> ====================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????JJJJJJJJJIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==================
> ============================================================================
> ==========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<==================================================================<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<==================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ====<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=====================
> ====>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=============================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????@@@JJJJJJJJJJJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>====================================
> =<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=========================================================
> ============================================================================
> =====================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<============
> ==========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===========================
> =======>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>=================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAABBBHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===============>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==================
> ============================================================================
> ================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=====================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=========
> =========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>======JJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>============================================================
> ============================================================================
> ================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===============<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<========================================================================
> ===================================================================>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>???JJJIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @?????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>====================================
> ====================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<============================================================
> ================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===================================================
> ==========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===============
> =======================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==================
> ============================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>==============================>>>IIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=====================
> ================================================================>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>======================================================
> ============================================================================
> ======================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<==========================================
> ==========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===========================
> ===============================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=============================================>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>============JJJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>(J(I>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>====================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=================================
> =============<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <==============================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<=======================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????????????????????????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??=
> ????IIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> A@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===================================================
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ====<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<========================
> ============================================================================
> =>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=======================================
> =======>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????@@@AAAIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@?????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>====================================<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<====================================
> =========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????????????????????????????????????=
> ???????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>??????IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>============
> =========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>=========================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<======<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===
> ==========================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?????????????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@HHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????=
> ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>==================================================================
> =====================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::=
> :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> :::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=========<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<=====================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=========
> ================================================================<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@????????=
> ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>===============================================================
> =============================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> :;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<============
> =======================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>=========
> ================================================================>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>IIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@??????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>==================================================================
> ======================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=================================
> ===================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <===========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >=================================<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHH=
> HHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@???????????????????????=
> ???????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===============
> ========================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> :;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=======================================
> =======================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===============
> ================<<<IIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFF=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=====================
> ==============================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<==============================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???????????????IIIIIIIIIII=
> IIIIIIIIIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >=======================================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>======
> ============================================================================
> ============================================================================
> ===================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::=
> :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> :::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<==================================================================
> =========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>???@@@IIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG=
> GGGGGGGGGGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????=
> ?????????????????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>========================
> =================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
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> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::99999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
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> 777777777777777777766666666677777777777777777777777777777777766666666666666=
> 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666677766666666666666666666666666666=
> 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666=
> 666666666666677777777777777788888888888888888888888888888888877777777777777=
> 766666666666666666666666666666666666666666666677777777777777777777777777777=
> 777788888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888899999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999988888888888888888888888888888888=
> 8888888888888999999999999999999999999999999999999999:::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;<<<FFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????=
> ????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>===
> ====================================================>>>>>>==================
> ====================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999999999988888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
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> 666666666666677777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777=
> 777777777777777777788888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888877777777777777777777777777777777=
> 777777777777777777777777777777777777777766666666666666666666666666655555555=
> 555566666666666666666666666666666666666666666666677777777777777777777777777=
> 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777788888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888899999999999999999988888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
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> 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999:::::::::::::::::::::::=
> :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<===============EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> EEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDRRRDDDDDDRRRRRRDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=
> CCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?????=
> ??????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>======================================================
> ===============================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::99999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 9999999999999999999999999999:::99999999999999999999999999988888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888888888888877777777777777777777777777777777777777777=
> 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777=
> 777777777777777777777777777777788888888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
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> 777777777777777777777777777777777777766666666666666666666666666666655555555=
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> 777777777777777777777777777777777777777788888888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888888899999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
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> 9999999999999999:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <RRR<<<<<<RRRRRR<<<<<<<<<<<<DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCC(J(I77777777777=
> 777777777777777777777777777777777888888888888888888888888999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999999999999999999888888888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888888888888888888999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999:::::::::::::::999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999999:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<========================>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>??????????????????@@@EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBB=
> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@????????????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=================================<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=======
> ========================================================================<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::=
> :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::999999999999999=
> 999999999999888888888888777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777888=
> 888888888RRR888888RRRRRR888888888RRRRRR888888888888888RRRRRR888888888888888=
> 888888888888888888888888999999999999888888888888888888888888888888888888888=
> 888888999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888777777777777777777777=
> 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777666666=
> 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666777777777777777777777=
> 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777888888888888888888888999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999:::999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999:::::::::::::::::::::=
> ::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=====================>>>>>>>>>>>>???=
> FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE=
> DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
> AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=
> @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@??????????????????????????????>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
> >>>>>>>>>===================================================>>>>>>>>>>>>====
> ===============================================================<<<<<<<<<<<<=
> <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=
> :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::999999999999999999=
> 999999999999999999999888888888888999999999999999999(J
> ---------------------------------8792178598663--
And it is rubbish and should not be here.
-- 
Associate Professor (Emeritus)
University of Virginia
mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu


From biotune@uncc.campus.mci.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2386 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.campus.mci.net!not-for-mail
From: biotune@uncc.campus.mci.net (Krista Nelson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help with experimental lighting
Date: Sat, 08 Jun 1996 22:43:41 -0400
Organization: CampusMCI
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <biotune-0806962243410001@s04-pm01.uncc.campus.mci.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: s04-pm01.uncc.campus.mci.net

I am begining an experiment in which I will need to grow fescue grass in a
closed reactor.  The literature says I will need 740 micromoles of
photosynetic light /(sec)(meter suared). I set up a bank of florescent
lights but only got a measurement of 131.  Any suggestions for other
lighting conditions? I have read about sodium vapor and monochromatic
lighting but have not found a vendor to check pricing.  I will be
measuring gas exchanges so the lights can not give off much heat. I would
appreciate any assistance.   Does anyone know a conversion from this
lighting units into photons?  Thanks


From V.Cladder@net.HCC.nl Tue Jun 18 09:57:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2387 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!zombie.ncsc.mil!nntp.coast.net!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!sun4nl!Inter.NL.net!Inter.NL.net!usenet
From: Venno Cladder <V.Cladder@net.HCC.nl>
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: Sun, 09 Jun 1996 08:06:16 +0100
Organization: Euregio Publiekscentrum voor Sterrenkunde, BBS ZuiderKruis
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <31BA77E8.7494@net.HCC.nl>
References: <4otqdu$3ni$60@mhade.production.compuserve.com> <4pamvj$r9e@lori.albany.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: hgl99-8.hengelo.nl.net
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.0b4 (Win16; I)
To: Aaron Ceraldi <ceraldi@albany.net>
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.astro.amateur:43288 sci.astro.planetarium:3469 sci.bio.botany:2387 sci.bio.ecology:20786 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:4519

No, I don't like it, what is this about UFO's in nearly 1 Mb of newsgroup 
mail? It's not done to send encoded msgs of this size in a newsgroup, 
you'd better send it by Pvt e-mail next time, please!
-- 
___________________________________________________________

Venno G.J.S. Cladder, Cladder Computer Service 
Euregio Publiekscentrum voor Sterrenkunde, Lattrop
Mozartlaan 117
7557 DM Hengelo, The Netherlands
Tel. +31-74-2913500 
            2503581 ZuiderKruis BBS 
            (voice/data 8:30-23:30 MEZ)
Homepage: http://www.introweb.nl/eps
___________________________________________________________


From abrneto@reading.ac.uk Tue Jun 18 09:57:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2388 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!warwick!niss!bath.ac.uk!aber!news.salford.ac.uk!yama.mcc.ac.uk!sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk!sunews!suma3!abrneto
From: Victor Neto <abrneto@reading.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: INTERNATIONAL CASHEW AND COCONUT CONFERENCE
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 19:29:55 +0100
Organization: University of Reading, U.K.
Lines: 29
Message-ID: <Pine.SOL.3.91.960606192923.3290P-100000@suma3.reading.ac.uk>
References: <4p2lnr$c0m@lugb.latrobe.edu.au>
NNTP-Posting-Host: suma3-e2.reading.ac.uk
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
In-Reply-To: <4p2lnr$c0m@lugb.latrobe.edu.au> 



INTERNATIONAL CASHEW AND COCONUT CONFERENCE
DAR-ES-SALAM 
TANZANIA 
17-21 February 1997

Organised by 
- The Government of Tanzania represented by the 
	Agricultural Research Institutes of 
		Naliendele (cashew) and 
		Mikocheni (coconut) 
-GTZ  (German Agency for Technical Cooperation)
-ODA  (Overseas Development Agency, UK)

Expressions of interest in attending, indicating if they wish to make a
paper or poster presentation, by 31st July 1996.  Further information and
registration forms from the local organiser: 

Dr Alois Kullaya
ARI Mikocheni
PO Box 6226
Dar-es-Salaam
Tanzania

Tel:  +255.51.74384 or 74606..9
Fax:  +255.51.46454 or 75549

=================================================================


From astro@aegis1.demon.co.uk Tue Jun 18 09:57:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2390 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!utcsri!newsflash.concordia.ca!newsfeed.pitt.edu!godot.cc.duq.edu!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!usc!chi-news.cic.net!arclight.uoregon.edu!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!aegis1.demon.co.uk!astro
From: Stephen Tonkin <astro@aegis1.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 05:02:21 +0100
Organization: Aegis
Lines: 8
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <4LbKqDAN55uxEw7F@aegis1.demon.co.uk>
References: <4pamvj$r9e@lori.albany.net> <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
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"Mahlon G. Kelly" <mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU> writes
>And it is rubbish and should not be here.

You are absolutely correct, but was it necessary to quote the entire
bloody thing just to add your one-line truism?  

-- 
Stephen Tonkin <sft@aegis1.demon.co.uk>


From joksa@marx.hut.fi Tue Jun 18 09:57:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2391 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.iag.net!news.math.psu.edu!chi-news.cic.net!news.cais.net!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!nntp.inet.fi!news.funet.fi!news.cs.hut.fi!marx.hut.fi!joksa
From: joksa@marx.hut.fi (Jaakko T Oksa)
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: 10 Jun 1996 14:50:30 GMT
Organization: Helsinki University of Technology
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <4phcnm$1qo@hiekkalaatikko.cs.hut.fi>
References: <4pamvj$r9e@lori.albany.net> <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
NNTP-Posting-Host: marx.hut.fi
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.astro.amateur:43400 sci.astro.planetarium:3471 sci.bio.botany:2391 sci.bio.ecology:20802 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:4539

In article <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>,
Mahlon G. Kelly <mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU> wrote:

[>10,000 lines deleted]

>And it is rubbish and should not be here.
>-- 
>Associate Professor (Emeritus)
>University of Virginia
>mgk@darwin.clas.virginia.edu

The article contained about 800,000 characters. Would the impact of your 
followup have suffered somehow if you had only quoted say 1,000 lines?

Jaakko Oksa



From biotune@uncc.campus.mci.net Tue Jun 18 09:57:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2392 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!spool.mu.edu!olivea!biosci!biosci!not-for-mail
From: biotune@uncc.campus.mci.net (Krista Nelson)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help with experimental lighting
Date: 10 Jun 1996 12:02:24 -0700
Organization: CampusMCI
Lines: 9
Sender: biohelp@net.bio.net
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <biotune-0806962222350001@s04-pm01.uncc.campus.mci.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: net.bio.net
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11271 sci.bio.ecology:20812 sci.bio.botany:2392

I am conducting an experiment in which  I need to grow a fescue grass in a
closed reactor.  The literature says that I need 740 micromoles/sec meter
squared of photosynthetic lighting.  I have tried a bank of 4 florescent
lights but only get 131.  I have read   about monochromatic lighting and
sodium vapor.  Any suggestions about who sells this lighting?  Any other
lighting suggestions that may be easier/cheaper to try?  I need to measure
gas exchanges so the lights can not give off much heat.  Any assistance
would be appreciated .  Thanks



From bobby.smith@ringworld.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2393 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!engr.orst.edu!osshe.edu!news.uoregon.edu!hunter.premier.net!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!ulowell.uml.edu!news.onramp.net!usenet
From: Conehead the Barbarian <bobby.smith@ringworld.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Where would i look for...
Date: 10 Jun 1996 17:01:36 GMT
Organization: Me, Myself & I; Inc.
Lines: 11
Message-ID: <4phkdg$4b7@news.onramp.net>
References: <4oad0c$rrk@freenet-news.carleton.ca> <4ofatc$e1i@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <4ofcfl$eqd@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <4ofdq8$hej@agate.berkeley.edu> <4oi8an$ism@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu>
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>Nearly all nurseries in the lower Rio Grande Valley (Brownsville, etc.)
>of Texas sell Metasequoia.  I've not seen it for sale elsewhere; we
>wanted to buy one on our last visit, but weren't sure how they'd do in
>Austin.

   Metasequoia does fine here in Houston, and most of the larger 
nurseries carry it, at least some of the time (such as Tea's Nursery).  I 
would not think Austin would be that much more difficult (a little dryer 
and and a little colder in winter, right?)



From chris@chrism.demon.co.uk Tue Jun 18 09:57:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2394 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chris Marriott <chris@chrism.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 17:51:32 +0100
Organization: SkyMap Software
Lines: 19
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <PzwFlpAUKFvxEwXK@chrism.demon.co.uk>
References: <4pamvj$r9e@lori.albany.net> <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
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In article <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>, "Mahlon G. Kelly"
<mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU> writes
>> 999999999999999999999888888888888999999999999999999(J
>> ---------------------------------8792178598663--
>And it is rubbish and should not be here.

And you had to quote all 1MB+ of it AGAIN to tell us that?

IDIOT!

Chris

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Chris Marriott, Warrington, UK      | Author of SkyMap v3 award-winning 
 chris@chrism.demon.co.uk            | shareware Win31/Win95 planetarium.
            For full info, see http://www.execpc.com/~skymap  
      Author member of Association of Shareware Professionals (ASP) 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 



From mcfarlan@ms3.dseg.ti.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2395 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mcfarlan@ms3.dseg.ti.com (S McFarlane)
Newsgroups: misc.rural,rec.gardens,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need help with Devil's Bit (weed)
Date: 10 Jun 1996 20:54:42 GMT
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Can anyone tell me what the scientific (or other) name of this weed is?
I've asked around (Dallas, TX area), and all I get is 'Devil's Bit'.
It's a 2-3' tall, wiry weed with purple spherical flowers.

Anyone?

Thanks,

Steve



From rglagra@aol.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2396 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rglagra@aol.com (Rglagra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help:  Systematics and Ecology of Toxicodendron radicans
Date: 10 Jun 1996 00:04:09 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Help!!  I am an undergrad at the University of Kansas working on a project
about succession in a fragmented landscape  ("Long-term Studies of
Population and Community Ecology in an Experimentally Fragmented
Landscape").  Part of the requirement for employment is to devise a
project for the site as a senior thesis.  I have chosen to study leaf
morphology in relation to light intensity and patch size, but my
literature search has been quite unrevealing.  Frankly, other than a 1971
article about the systematics and ecology of poison ivy and poison oak
(Gillis, 1971, in Rhodora magazine), the only other articles or books have
to do with either the identification of poison ivy and Rhus dermatitis,
the chemically active compound (hydrourushiol), or both.  Slight
references have been made to habitat and dispersal, however, nothing very
useful to my more narrow scope of study.

I have started to look at litterature regarding other clonal plants (Aster
prealtus and Solidago canadensis) as their growth and dispersal have been
closely monitored from the beginning of the project in 1984.  However, the
leaf morphology in relation to light intensity (for the record, morphology
in this instance shall be independant of genetics, rather, it shall rely
on leaf size and abundance) is apparently new territory.  At least, I
think so as I can find NOTHING specific to poison ivy.  

If you know of any litterature that specifically deals with such matters
for poison ivy or a similar plant, please Email me or post a response (I
prefer Email, but it is not necessary).  Thank you in advance for your
assistance and I look forward to hearing from you.  Thanks again!!

L. Brian Patrick
Biological Research Assistant
University of Kansas
rglabra@aol.com


From Neil@nwjones.demon.co.uk Tue Jun 18 09:57:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2397 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Neil Jones <Neil@nwjones.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 96 06:12:51 GMT
Organization: Neil jones
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In article <PzwFlpAUKFvxEwXK@chrism.demon.co.uk>
           chris@chrism.demon.co.uk "Chris Marriott" writes:

> In article <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>, "Mahlon G. Kelly"
> <mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU> writes
> >> 999999999999999999999888888888888999999999999999999(J
> >> ---------------------------------8792178598663--
> >And it is rubbish and should not be here.
> 
> And you had to quote all 1MB+ of it AGAIN to tell us that?
> 
> IDIOT!

I think everyone can see the anger caused by this kind of thing.
One of the groups this was mailed to is connected to a listserver so
dozens of people have been getting this in their E-mail. I for one
pay for my on-line time so I strongly object to getting junk like this
dumped into my mailbox. For some people this can cause serious problems
as their mailboxes aren't big enough.
It is also seriously off topic. Sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera is
not about UFO's. Entomology is the study of insects and lepidoptera are
butterflies and moths.  

-- 
Neil Jones- Neil@nwjones.demon.co.uk "The beauty and genius of a work of art
may be reconceived, though its first material expression be destroyed, but when
the last individual of a race of living things breathes no more another heaven
and another earth must pass before such a one can be again." William Beebe


From shukwong@students.wisc.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2398 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Wendy <shukwong@students.wisc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: flowering period of some trees
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 14:35:30 -0700
Organization: City University of Hong Kong
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Hi,

I am working on a database which requires the information about trees.  
Does any one know the flowering period of Cupressus sempervirens 
(Italia/medirerranean/funeral cypress), Arecastrum romanzoffianum (Queen 
Palm), Juniperus Sabinoides (Mountain Juniper) and Prosopis juliflora
(Melaleuca)?

Many Thanks!

Wendy


From fictitious@alias.incognito.myob Tue Jun 18 09:57:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2399 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fictitious@alias.incognito.myob (ima pseudonym)
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 1996 04:34:43
Organization: nowheresville, inc.
Lines: 9
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In article <834473571snz@nwjones.demon.co.uk> Neil Jones <Neil@nwjones.demon.co.uk> writes:
[snip]
>It is also seriously off topic. Sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera is
>not about UFO's. Entomology is the study of insects and lepidoptera are
>butterflies and moths.  

Maybe the original crackpot thought his UFO presumably contained "bug-eyed"  
monsters?  ;-)



From Raino.Lampinen@Helsinki.Fi Tue Jun 18 09:58:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2400 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Raino.Lampinen@Helsinki.Fi (Raino Lampinen)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: CHOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE EUROPEAN FLORA - FIRST CIRCULAR
Date: 11 Jun 1996 08:32:09 GMT
Organization: Finnish Museum of Natural History
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CHOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE EUROPEAN FLORA - FIRST CIRCULAR
===================================================================
August 8-9 1997, University of Helsinki, Finland


The Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History,
University of Helsinki, will host the VIII meeting of the Committee for
Mapping the Flora of Europe. The meeting is open to all people
interested in the floristic mapping of Europe. This meeting of the
committee has an exceptional character, for two reasons:

    1) With Vol. 12 of Atlas Florae Europaeae (AFE) the European
    botanists have experienced the mapping of plants of one whole
    volume (the 1st) of Flora Europaea.

    2) Electronic data processing provides new possibilities and
    challenges, not only in making Atlas Florae Europaeae but all
    over the biological mapping. The time is now to ponder thoroughly
    the international framework, in order to reach the best possible
    methods for future work. We have a strong feeling that the results
    of the meeting will gain very much from expert views, also from
    those not directly working on Atlas Florae Europaeae.


Duration of the meeting
====================

The meeting will start in the morning of Friday, August 8, 1997 and
will close in the evening of Saturday, August 9, 1997. After the
meeting there will be a three-day botanical excursion in southern
Finland.

Registration fee
==============

The registration fee is 800 FIM (c. 220 CHF) and it includes the
material for the meeting and the 'Proceedings' of the meeting
published afterwards, refreshments during the coffee breaks and the
local trips. The registration fee for accompanying persons is 200 FIM
(c. 55 CHF).

Botanical excursion in southern Finland
==================================

After the meeting, Sunday August 10 - Tuesday August 12 a botanical
excursion is arranged in southern Finland with an approximate cost of
1200 FIM (c. 330 CHF) including bus transport, accommodation and meals.
The sites visited during the excursion include e.g. brackish water
seashores, eskers, bogs, oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes and a
primeval forest.

Preliminary programme
====================

The lectures of the meeting will deal with all-European (Atlas Florae
Europaeae, Flora Europaeae) and regional (Finland, Germany, Spain,
Russia, the Balkans) flora or floristic mapping projects, their
databases, methods and problems, and specific taxonomical problems of
Rosaceae (lectures on, e.g., Rubus, Alchemilla, Rosa, Cotoneaster,
woody Rosaceae). This is because Rosaceae is the first family to be
treated in Atlas Florae Europaeae after the completion of its 12th
volume.

The lecturers include Kazimierz Browicz (Kornik), John Edmondson
(Liverpool), Sigurd Fröhner (Nossen), Bertil Hylmö (Bjuv), Tapani
Lahti (Helsinki), Raino Lampinen (Helsinki), Gonzalo Nieto Feliner
(Madrid), Örjan Nilsson (Uppsala), Richard Pankhurst (Edinburgh), Peter
Schönfelder (Regensburg), V.N. Tikhomirov (Moscow) and H.E. Weber
(Vechta), among others.

The preliminary programme is described on the web page at
http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/circular.html.


Second Circular
==============

The Second Circular will be sent in early 1997 to those who have
sent us the registration form by the end of October 1996. This can be
done also via the web page at

http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/register.html

... or by sending e-mail to the secretary of the organizing
committee, leena.helynranta@helsinki.fi.


Yours sincerely,

The organizing committee:
Pertti Uotila,
Jaakko Jalas,
Juha Suominen,
Arto Kurtto,
Raino Lampinen,
Leena Helynranta




****************************************************
Raino Lampinen
Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum
P.O. Box 7, FIN-00014 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY, FINLAND
telephone +358-0-191 8629, telefax +358-0-191 8656
e-mail Raino.Lampinen@Helsinki.Fi  (MIME mail ok)
WWW home page http://www.helsinki.fi/~rlampine/
*****************************************************



From hamkd@ornl.gov Tue Jun 18 09:58:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2401 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "K. D. Ham" <hamkd@ornl.gov>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help with experimental lighting
Date: 11 Jun 1996 12:26:29 GMT
Organization: Lockheed Martin Energy Systems
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biotune@uncc.campus.mci.net (Krista Nelson) wrote:
>I am conducting an experiment in which  I need to grow a fescue grass in a
>closed reactor.  The literature says that I need 740 micromoles/sec meter
>squared of photosynthetic lighting.  I have tried a bank of 4 florescent
>lights but only get 131.  I have read   about monochromatic lighting and
>sodium vapor.  Any suggestions about who sells this lighting?  Any other
>lighting suggestions that may be easier/cheaper to try?  I need to measure
>gas exchanges so the lights can not give off much heat.  Any assistance
>would be appreciated .  Thanks
>
First I would try to find some high intensity flourescent lamps (=bulbs). Phillips 
makes an advantage-X bulb in 5000K and 4100K (and possibly other) color 
temperatures. The intensity is much greater than standard daylight lamps.  Based on 
your previous test, more lamps may still be needed.

If heat wasn't a problem, metal halide would be an option that could easily provide 
the intensity you need. Maybe you could mount the fixture outside the chamber and 
minimize the heat problem. Marine aquarists use this type of bulb to replicate the 
intense tropical sunlight needed to grow corals. 

Any lighting supplier with a decent catalog on hand should be able to discuss your 
options in terms of wattage, intensity, and color temperature. Otherwise, check 
marine aquarium stores for ideas on either flourescent or metal halide lighting. 




From tstanley@lamar.ColoState.EDU Tue Jun 18 09:57:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2402 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tstanley@lamar.ColoState.EDU (Thomas R Stanley)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Basal sprouts and energy budgets of trees (Q)
Date: 11 Jun 1996 11:41:19 -0600
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Greetings:

I have a question about basal sprouts (suckers?) and the overall energy budget
of a tree, and would like to tap the expertise of the readers of this newsgroup.  
Suppose a deciduous tree sends up a sprout from its base which is allowed 
to grow until leaf fall, when it is pruned off.  Initially, there is an 
energy cost to the tree since it has to construct leaves, a stem, etc for the
new sprout.  Eventually, the sprout becomes photosythetically active and 
is able to contribute to its own rapid growth.  I have two questions: 1) Does
the tree have to continue to supply the sprout with energy throughout the
growing season (until fall, when the sprout is pruned), or is there a point
during the growing season when the energy produced by the sprout is sufficient 
to support its own growth (or even has a surplus that it can contribute 
to root growth or storage for winter)?  I realize the tree will have to 
supply the sprout with nutrients, etc.  I'm concerned here only with energy.
2) If the sprout produces a surplus of energy, is the surplus (integrated
over the growing season) sufficient to repay the tree its initial investment
of energy in the sprout?

I realize there are probably no simple answers to these questions, since 
factors such as shading or herbivory can affect overall energy budget.  
Nonetheless, under ideal conditions of full sunlight and no herbivory (or
any other complicating factors), there must be some information on the 
relative costs of sending up sprouts.  BTW, these questions came to me 
while deciding whether to prune the basal sprouts of my ornamental ash
now, or waiting until the fall.  The ash is relatively new and needs to 
grow roots.  If the sprouts cost too much energy (integrated over the 
growing season) I want to cut them back now.  If, however, they will
produce a surplus of energy, I'll wait until fall to prune them (so 
I'll reap the benefits while incurring no overwinter maintenance costs).  
I'd appreciate any thoughts on the matter.

Sincerely,

Tom Stanley - Wildlife Biologist
NBS-Midcontinent Ecological Science Center
Fort Collins, CO

Email: tstanley@lamar.colostate.edu

       


From deutscha@bcc.orst.edu Tue Jun 18 09:57:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2403 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Allan Deutsch <deutscha@bcc.orst.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.rural,rec.gardens,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need help with Devil's Bit (weed)
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 1996 12:51:29 -0700
Organization: Oregon State University
Lines: 25
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The 1983 ed. of IMPORTANT WEEDS OF THE WORLD lists it as:

       _Succisa autralis_ (Wulf.) Reichenb. .... or,
       _Succisella inflexa_ (Kluk) G. Beck

The European name: Devilsbit (all one word).

          For what it's worth!!       --A.E. Deutsch


On 10 Jun 1996, S McFarlane wrote:

> Can anyone tell me what the scientific (or other) name of this weed is?
> I've asked around (Dallas, TX area), and all I get is 'Devil's Bit'.
> It's a 2-3' tall, wiry weed with purple spherical flowers.
> 
> Anyone?
> 
> Thanks,
> 
> Steve
> 
> 
> 


From pinky@netdoor.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:58 EDT 1996
Article: 2404 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pinky@netdoor.com (Alice Dossett)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aquatic Ecology Page
Date: 10 Jun 1996 12:25:42 GMT
Organization: Internet Doorway, Inc. 800-952-1570
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <4ph486$aph@axe.netdoor.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: lance.netdoor.com
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Please visit http://www2.netdoor.com/~pinky/aquatic.htm  
I have links to info on aquatic plants, insects, fishes, birding, ecology
and biology.

See you there,
Alice Dossett


From pinky@netdoor.com Tue Jun 18 09:57:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2405 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!axe.netdoor.com!not-for-mail
From: pinky@netdoor.com (Alice Dossett)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aquatic Ecology Page
Date: 10 Jun 1996 12:17:09 GMT
Organization: Internet Doorway, Inc. 800-952-1570
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Please visit http://www2.netdoor.com/~pinky/aquatic.htm for links to
aquatic plants, insects and fishes. I have also included birding, ecology
and biology links.

Thanks,
Alice Dossett


From astro@aegis1.demon.co.uk Tue Jun 18 09:57:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2406 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stephen Tonkin <astro@aegis1.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 1996 22:10:01 +0100
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Neil Jones <Neil@nwjones.demon.co.uk> writes
>In article <PzwFlpAUKFvxEwXK@chrism.demon.co.uk>
>           chris@chrism.demon.co.uk "Chris Marriott" writes:
>
>> In article <Dspz2n.Ft5@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>, "Mahlon G. Kelly"
>> <mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU> writes
>> >> 999999999999999999999888888888888999999999999999999(J
>> >> ---------------------------------8792178598663--
>> >And it is rubbish and should not be here.
>> 
>> And you had to quote all 1MB+ of it AGAIN to tell us that?
>> 
>> IDIOT!
>
>I think everyone can see the anger caused by this kind of thing.
>One of the groups this was mailed to is connected to a listserver so
>dozens of people have been getting this in their E-mail. I for one
>pay for my on-line time so I strongly object to getting junk like this
>dumped into my mailbox. For some people this can cause serious problems
>as their mailboxes aren't big enough.

All the more reason for Professor Kelly not to quote the entire megabyte
of the original post!


-- 
Stephen Tonkin <sft@aegis1.demon.co.uk>



From GLM2@le.ac.uk Tue Jun 18 09:57:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2407 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <GLM2@le.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Prasinophyte algae references
Date: 10 Jun 1996 12:26:38 GMT
Organization: University of Leicester
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <4ph49u$8ns@falcon.le.ac.uk>
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Hello,

I hope someone out there can help.  I'm trying to find the references
for two papers on prasinophyte algae.  The first is by Fritsch 1917 in
which the term Chlorodendrales was first used and the second is by
Haekel 1894 in which the term Halosphaeraceae was first used.  If 
someone knows the complete citation for these references or if anyone
has got any ideas of where I could look, I would be very grateful.

Thanks.

Gary Mullins.




From adossett@ocean.st.usm.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2408 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Alice T. Dossett" <adossett@ocean.st.usm.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aquatic Ecology Page
Date: Sat, 08 Jun 1996 19:12:32 -0700
Organization: University of Southern Mississippi
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Message-ID: <31BA3310.22A0@ocean.st.usm.edu>
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CC: Alice, Dossett

Please visit my Aquatic Ecology Page at: 

http://www2.netdoor.com/~pinky.htm

I have included links to aquatic plants, fishes, insects, birding, 
ecology and biology.

See you there,
Alice Dossett


From adossett@ocean.st.usm.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2409 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Alice T. Dossett" <adossett@ocean.st.usm.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aquatic Ecology Page
Date: Sat, 08 Jun 1996 19:12:51 -0700
Organization: University of Southern Mississippi
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <31BA3323.155B@ocean.st.usm.edu>
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Please visit my Aquatic Ecology Page at: 

http://www2.netdoor.com/~pinky.htm

I have included links to aquatic plants, fishes, insects, birding, 
ecology and biology.

See you there,
Alice Dossett


From adossett@ocean.st.usm.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2410 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Alice T. Dossett" <adossett@ocean.st.usm.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aquatic Ecology Page...sorry, correct address
Date: Sat, 08 Jun 1996 19:18:57 -0700
Organization: University of Southern Mississippi
Lines: 4
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Try http://www2.netdoor.com/~pinky/aquatic.htm  for links to aquatic 
plants, ecology, biology, insects, birding, fishes.

Alice Dossett


From grenard@herpmed.com Tue Jun 18 09:58:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2411 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
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From: grenard <grenard@herpmed.com>
Subject: WWW Site for NH Books
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2411 sci.bio.ecology:20841

We have launchwed the June, 1996 update to our natural
history (including botany and ecological subjects) Books
F/S On-Line.  For a wide selection of unusual and unique titles
visit our websites at:

http://www.xmission.com/~gastown/herpmed/phibia4.htm
http://www.xmission.com/~gastown/herpmed/phibia2.htm
http://www.xmission.com/~gastown/herpmed/phibia.htm

Steve Grenard
grenard@herpmed.com
http://www.herpmed.com/


From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Tue Jun 18 09:58:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2412 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: What's "Queen Anne's Lace" in your area?
Date: 10 Jun 1996 14:39:36 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
Lines: 17
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NNTP-Posting-Host: plato.ucs.mun.ca

	I am interested in knowing which plants the vernacular "Queen
Anne's Lace" is applied to.  Round here it seems to be loosely to any
umbellifer with a large, loose head and more specifically to the Burnet
Saxifrage, Pimpinella saxifraga, (a curious mixed up name in itself!), but
in the various flower guides and floras I have only the N. American ones
use the name, and this is for the Wild Carrot, Daucus carrota.  I though I
had heard the name in England before I emigrated, but none of my four
European/British books mention the name at all.  Is it in use in your area
and if so for what?   

	E-mail me at hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca and I'll post a list of
answers later in case anyone else is interested.   I want to use the
information in an article in a local newletter about the importance of
proper naming!

		Howard Clase



From Regis.Courtecuisse@phare.univ-lille2.fr Tue Jun 18 09:58:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2413 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Regis.Courtecuisse@phare.univ-lille2.fr (Regis.Courtecuisse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Morell mushrooms - information wanted
Date: 11 Jun 1996 07:16:29 GMT
Organization: Your Organization
Lines: 19
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In article <31BC9B25.6FD4@ford.com>, ldiehr@ford.com says...
>
>Would like to find information about morell mushrooms, especially a 
>scanning electron photomicrograph of the spores and gills.  Also any 
>research or papers on their natural history and biology
>
>Thanks
>
>Larry Diehr

Gills by morels !!!???
That would be a new subdivision in Ascomycota...

A better place to post such a message would be bionet.mycology newsgroup.

Regards.

	Regis



From ldiehr@ford.com Tue Jun 18 09:58:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2414 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Larry Diehr <ldiehr@ford.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Morell mushrooms - information wanted
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 15:01:09 -0700
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Would like to find information about morell mushrooms, especially a 
scanning electron photomicrograph of the spores and gills.  Also any 
research or papers on their natural history and biology

Thanks

Larry Diehr


From vulpia@sonic.net Tue Jun 18 09:58:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2415 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: 10 Jun 1996 22:27:00 GMT
Organization: Sonoma Interconnect,Santa Rosa,CA(us),http://www.sonic.net
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <4pi7fk$ssv@ultra.sonic.net>
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In article <monique.151.00CA0C54@bio.tamu.edu>, monique@bio.tamu.edu says...
>
>>There is a poem of some sort that contains the line "sedges have edges"
>
>>Does anyone know of it? If so, I'd like the details.
>
>I don't know about a poem, but it's a jingle that we teach our field botany 
>students to tell the sedges from the grasses and rushes.  It works fine, 
until 
>you run into Eleocharis ;- )
>
>Monique Reed
>Texas A&M University

Rushes are round
And Sedges have edges

..Until you run into Scirpus, which is in the Sedge Family
but can be round. -NH



From johnrbj@deskmedia.com Tue Jun 18 09:58:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2416 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!uunet!in1.uu.net!skypoint.com!usenet
From: John Blackmer <johnrbj@deskmedia.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 1996 14:44:13 -0700
Organization: SkyPoint Communications, Inc.
Lines: 45
Message-ID: <31BDE8AD.78B2@deskmedia.com>
References: <31B4AAD4.60D9@deskmedia.com> <monique.151.00CA0C54@bio.tamu.edu> <4pi7fk$ssv@ultra.sonic.net>
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As the poster of the original question, I'd like to thank everyone for their repsonses 
to this point. I have passed them along to the person who asked me start with. 

Yes, all of them.

I'll keep watching for a while to see if anyone comes up with anything 
different.

Thanks,

John




Nancy Harrison wrote:
> 
> In article <monique.151.00CA0C54@bio.tamu.edu>, monique@bio.tamu.edu says...
> >
> >>There is a poem of some sort that contains the line "sedges have edges"
> >
> >>Does anyone know of it? If so, I'd like the details.
> >
> >I don't know about a poem, but it's a jingle that we teach our field botany
> >students to tell the sedges from the grasses and rushes.  It works fine,
> until
> >you run into Eleocharis ;- )
> >
> >Monique Reed
> >Texas A&M University
> 
> Rushes are round
> And Sedges have edges
> 
> ..Until you run into Scirpus, which is in the Sedge Family
> but can be round. -NH

-- 

-----------------------------------------------
John Blackmer
River Bend Nature Center
Faribault MN USA
johnrb@deskmedia.com
-----------------------------------------------


From Botany56@gnn.com Tue Jun 18 09:58:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2417 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Botany56@gnn.com (Allan Andrews)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Elatinaceae, Elatine, Bergia
Date: Tue, 11 Jun 1996 15:41:15
Organization: GNN
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I have being doing work on Elatinaceae worldwide since doctoral 
study under Dr. Mildred Mathias at the University of California, 
Los Angeles 1961-1966.  Funding for taxonomic work became next to 
impossible and I have being doing the research using my own funds 
for 30 years.  Anyone interested in Elatine (the waterwort or glass 
plant, a small aquatic angiosperm)  or Bergia can reach me at Dr. 
A. 1920 N. Lake #108-174, Altadena, CA 91001 or Botany56@gnn.com  I 
am not as up to date on current research as I should be because of 
being forced to work as a public school teacher as a source of 
funds, but I have studied the specimens at Harvard, KEW, etc. and 
done a lot of observations in the field and I am always willing to 
share what little I know about this interesting family as well as, 
I am hopeful here, adding to the small store of knowledge that 
exists about this troublesome group.



From rebecca.stanley@vuw.ac.nz Tue Jun 18 09:58:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2418 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bec Stanley <rebecca.stanley@vuw.ac.nz>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Myosotis genus - info wanted
Date: 12 Jun 1996 05:16:37 GMT
Organization: Victoria University of Wellington, NZ
Lines: 14
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To: rebecca.stanley@vuw.ac.nz
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

I am currently studying a restricted endemic Myosotis species here in 
New Zealand (M. oreophila), and I want to put our Myosotis species into 
a more global context.  I want to know approximately how many Myosotis 
(forget-me-not) species there are overall. 
There are somewhere between 33 and 49 species here in NZ, and I have 
heard there may be up to 100 elsewhere in the world. I have read 
estimates that NZ has over half the worlds total of species in the 
genus, though I am doubting the validity of this claim, as nobody has 
any numbers.
I would really appreciate any help!
thanks,
Bec 




From liushus@meena.cc.uregina.ca Tue Jun 18 09:58:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2419 of sci.bio.botany
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From: liushus@meena.cc.uregina.ca (LIUSHUS)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: [Announcemnet] The University of Regina G.F. Ledingham Herbarium (USAS) on Web
Date: 11 Jun 1996 15:01 CST
Organization: University of Regina, Regina, Sask., Canada
Lines: 30
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <11JUN199615010348@meena.cc.uregina.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: meena.cc.uregina.ca
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.41    


Greetings,

This is to announce the Web page for The G.F. Ledingham Herbarium 
(USAS) at University of Regina is available at:

      http://herb.biol.uregina.ca/herb/

Dr. G.F. Ledingham established the Herbarium in 1945. Since then, he has 
devoted a good portion of his lifetime in expanding the collections of 
the Herbarium, both while he was a full-time faculty member and during 
his nearly twenty years of retirement. The Herbarium has over 50,000 
vascular plant specimens, 10,000 bryophyte specimens, and 10,000 
specimens of lichens. 

Currently those are available from the Herbarium page:

	1. An Introduction of G.F. Ledingham Herbarium 
	2. G.F. Ledingham Herbarium Specimen DataBase 
	3. A few Saskatchewan Native Plant Images

You are cordially invited to visit the page and comment/
suggestions are welcome.


Shunguo Liu
Biology Department
University of Regina




From todd6319@telalink.net Tue Jun 18 09:58:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2420 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ToddCrabtree <todd6319@telalink.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: 11 Jun 1996 21:59:03 GMT
Organization: IDT Corporation
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"Sedges have edges, rushes are round, and on grasses nodes may be found."



From @vuw.ac.nz Tue Jun 18 09:58:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2421 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <@vuw.ac.nz>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Myosotis genus - info wanted
Date: 12 Jun 1996 02:19:39 GMT
Organization: VUW
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To: rebecca.stanley@vuw.ac.nz
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

I am studying a rare endemic Myosotis (forget-me-not) species here in 
New Zealand.  I want to get an idea of how many species of Myosotis 
there are in the world - I have been quoted estimates in the range of 50 
-100!  I have read articles that state NZ has 'over half the worlds 
total' of Myosotis species.  Unfortunately the estimates of how many we 
have in NZ alone range from 32- 49!
I would appreciate any thoughts on the topic!
Thanks
Bec




From colliand@fsl.noaa.gov Tue Jun 18 09:58:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2422 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!sgigate.sgi.com!esiee.fr!jussieu.fr!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!csn!nntp-xfer-1.csn.net!csn!nntp-xfer-2.csn.net!news.boulder.noaa.gov!news
From: Robin Colliander <colliand@fsl.noaa.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.misc
Subject: Looking for vegetation genus/species dictionary
Date: Thu, 13 Jun 1996 13:55:49 -0600
Organization: CIRA/NOAA/GLOBE
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2422 sci.misc:14479

Greetings,

We are looking for a dictionary of vegetation genus and species names 
(in latin).  It would have to be an electronic version, either disk or 
on the Web.  Any ideas?  Thanks!!

Robin
-- 
Robin Colliander             
GLOBE Program                
(303) 938-2087               
colliand@fsl.noaa.gov        
http://globe.fsl.noaa.gov/


From narcissus.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw Tue Jun 18 09:58:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2423 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!nctuccca.edu.tw!news.cc.nctu.edu.tw!thccx4!eusapia.nthu!nthuls
From: narcissus.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw (¤ß¨¥¤â»y)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help . Need some inform about Lentibulariaceae
Date: 12 Jun 1996 12:24:20 GMT
Organization: ²M¤j¥Í¬ì¨t BBS
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X-Filename: botany/M.834582261.A


      I want some inform about the family : Lentibulariaceae

                                   genus  : Utricularia

      About their distribution , life cycle , reside environment ,

                  and the mechanism of their catch food ,etc.

      Thanks for help


From hbhowatt@sloc.net Tue Jun 18 09:58:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2424 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hbhowatt@sloc.net (H. Brent Howatt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sedges Poem?
Date: 12 Jun 1996 15:33:56 GMT
Organization: Pacific Biologicl Laboratories
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References: <31B4AAD4.60D9@deskmedia.com> <31B5A5FE.1C0E@asu.edu> <monique.155.01299DFC@bio.tamu.edu> <ae-0606962326570001@annex-p135.meer.net>
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In article <ae-0606962326570001@annex-p135.meer.net>, ae@meer.net says...
>
>In article <monique.155.01299DFC@bio.tamu.edu>, monique@bio.tamu.edu
>(Monique Reed) wrote:
>
>> >Here is what I learned. Does anyone know of a less risque version that 
>> >can be used in these more sensitive times?
>> 
>> >"Sedges have edges, rushes are round, and grasses like asses have holes."
>> 
>> 
>> Eek!  I could get fired for saying that!  Not to mention that several genera 
>> of warm-season grasses have *solid* rather than hollow internodes.  Nope, 
>> can't use as is!
>> 
>> We're a clever bunch!  Surely if we can't find the original, we can *invent*
>> some little rhyme to cover field ID of grassy things...
>
>Hm. Let's see. How about:
>
>Sedges have edges,/rushes are round,
>And grasses are hollow/except for the several genera that have solid 
internodes.
>
>I'll admit that the scansion could use a little work--but more
>accurate, hmm? OK, how about:

#Sedges have edges,/rushes are round,
#And grasses are usually/hollow, I've found.

The way I learned it in the '60's was:
Rushes are round;
Sedges have edges;
Grasses have joints.

#Of course, it seems to me that many grasses are round,
#and many rushes are hollow, so I don't see how this helps.
#I think you need a more Zen approach. Meditate on the plant.
#Does it posess rush nature? Or grass nature?

Chant, "palea...lemma...glume"
Repeat until enightened.

-- 
H. Brent Howatt                 |The deluded are always filled with absolutes
hhowatt@cello.gina.calstate.edu |The rest of us have to live with ambiguities
Finger or e-mail for PGP key    |              _Aristoi_  Walter Jon Williams
=============================================================================



From ccc16622@vip.cybercity.dk Tue Jun 18 09:58:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2425 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ccc16622@vip.cybercity.dk (Monica Johannsen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Horticulture Newsgroups?
Date: Sun, 09 Jun 1996 05:32:31 GMT
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erawady@frontiernet.net (ed rawady) wrote:

>Anyone know of any newsgroups on horticulture and houseplants?

Try rec.gardens, but be prepared for a large amount of postings.
Med venlig hilsen / With regards
       Monica Johannsen
         9560 Hadsund
            Denmark
    



From mikaline@netcom.com Tue Jun 18 09:58:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2426 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Where would i look for...
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Shehrebanoo Malik (banoo) wrote:
: Would you know if there are any Ephedra, Gnetum, or Welwitschia on
: your campus?  How else could I find out?  I need some preserved
: clippings.

: Banoo Malik

: banoo@bio01.bio.uottawa.ca

If there are, they'll be in greenhouses up there - contact any of the
schools that have herbariums.  You may also find Ephedra sold as herbal
tea - it was called "Mormon Tea" in the Southwest. 

ml


From dmaillet@planete.net Tue Jun 18 09:58:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2427 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dmaillet@planete.net (dmaillet)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: medical plants and herbs
Date: Thu, 13 Jun 1996 19:17:54 -0100
Organization: access-m ingredients
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could anybody kindly tell me where to buy medical plants and herbs of good
quality
thanks to e-mail at dmaillet@planete.net
i shall be pleased to help you back
best regards
dmaillet


From kent@darwin.eeb.uconn.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2428 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mks@wallace.darwin.eeb.uconn.edu (Kent E. Holsinger)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.misc
Subject: Re: Looking for vegetation genus/species dictionary
Date: 14 Jun 1996 08:31:52 -0400
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>>>>> "Robin" == Robin Colliander <colliand@fsl.noaa.gov> writes:
In article <31C07245.A86@fsl.noaa.gov> Robin Colliander <colliand@fsl.noaa.gov> writes:


    Robin> Greetings, We are looking for a dictionary of vegetation
    Robin> genus and species names (in latin).  It would have to be an
    Robin> electronic version, either disk or on the Web.  Any ideas?
    Robin> Thanks!!

Take a look at the PLANTS National Database for information on plants
in the U.S.

    http://plants.usda.gov:80/plants/

-- Kent

-- 
Kent E. Holsinger                Kent@Darwin.EEB.UConn.Edu
-- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology          
-- University of Connecticut, U-43                                       
-- Storrs, CT   06269-3043                                               


From tm37@prism.gatech.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2429 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tm37@prism.gatech.edu (Thomas J. Merchant)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Ficus deltoides
Date: 14 Jun 1996 11:22:54 -0400
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Several years ago I came across a tree in a greenhouse which I believe 
was named _Ficus deltoides_. It was similar to the Weeping fig, _Ficus 
(exact species escapes me right now)_, in trunk and branch form, but the 
leaves were tri-angular shaped, and somewhat thick.

Because it struck such a lasting impression, and have not seen it in any 
nursery or greenhouse since, I was wondering if anyone knows of its 
availability and/or suitability as an indoor plant.


From shukwong@students.wisc.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2430 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Wendy <shukwong@students.wisc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help.  Information about some weeds.
Date: Fri, 14 Jun 1996 14:34:13 -0700
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Hi,

I wonder if anyone has information(brief description, flowering period,
habitat and destribution) about the 3 weeds below:
Franseria acanthicarpa
Xanthium commune
Iva ciliata

I would be grateful if anyone has their pictures as well.

Thank you very much!


From jasl@interpath.com Tue Jun 18 09:58:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2431 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jasl@interpath.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: measuring total dissolved solids
Date: 15 Jun 1996 14:07:27 GMT
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I own a nursery.  I need help checking fertilizer content in my container soil.  My TDS pen reads 10 to 1990 ppm.  
Calibration solution is from the myron L company 442 - 3000 (3000 ppm / 442 ((2027 ppm NaCl)) 3900 microsiemens, 
3.9 millimhos). Whats that mean.  I cut the solution in half since my pen maxes @ 1990 ppm.  Please help with 
calibration as well as the best way to extract samples from container medium.  I want to maintain 200 -250 ppm N.  
What should the pen read considering 20-20-20 fertilizer used


			thanks,  the flower ranch
				jasl@interpath.com


From shukwong@students.wisc.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2432 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Wendy <shukwong@students.wisc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help.  Need information about some weeds
Date: Fri, 14 Jun 1996 14:25:45 -0700
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I wonder if anyone would have info. about these 3 weeds:
Franseria acanthicarpa
Xanthium commune
Iva ciliata
I need their brief description, flowering period, habitat and 
distribution, I would be very grateful if anyone has their pictures also.

Thank you very much.


From jdeanx1@uga.cc.uga.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2433 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Dr. Jeffrey F.D. Dean" <jdeanx1@uga.cc.uga.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.microbiology,bionet.mycology,bionet.plants,bionet.agroforestry,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology
Subject: Post-doc (Kenaf fiber utilization)
Date: 15 Jun 1996 21:11:27 -0700
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A post-doctoral position is available from November 1, 1996 for a
period of 2 years at the University of Georgia (Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and Russell Research Center, USDA
in Athens, Georgia.  Work will focus on development of a
biotechnological process for retting of flax and kenaf, and requires
skills in both microbiology and biochemistry.  Some molecular biology
work may be performed as required. Salary will start at $25,000.  

Objectives:

1.	Enzyme production by growth of various microorganisms on flax 
and kenaf
powder, followed by separation and characterization of the enzymes..   

2.	Optimize an enzyme mixture to specifically remove components
(pectin, hemicellulose, lignin) in flax and kenaf fibers that
contaminate the cellulosic bast fibers.

Please respond to either:

Dr. Karl-Erik L. Eriksson 			Dr. Danny E. Akin
Dept. of Biochemistry and 			USDA/ARS
Molecular Biology				P.O. Box 5677
University of Georgia				Athnes, GA  30613
Athens, GA 30602-7229

eriksson@uga.cc.uga.edu			a03deakin@attmail.com



From bmw@uclink2.berkeley.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2434 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bmw@uclink2.berkeley.edu (Ben Waggoner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Where would i look for...
Date: 15 Jun 1996 22:47:59 GMT
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m.lee (mikaline@netcom.com) wrote:
: Shehrebanoo Malik (banoo) wrote:
: : Would you know if there are any Ephedra, Gnetum, or Welwitschia on
: : your campus?  How else could I find out?  I need some preserved
: : clippings.

: : Banoo Malik

: If there are, they'll be in greenhouses up there - contact any of the
: schools that have herbariums.  You may also find Ephedra sold as herbal
: tea - it was called "Mormon Tea" in the Southwest. 

I'm not sure whose campus Mr. Malik was referring to. . . _Ephedra_ grows
wild out in the Great Basin -- which is where I'm headed next week, so if
you want samples of that, e-mail me soon. It's not a terribly distinctive
plant, and I've never tried making tea from it, but I was told that if you
make tea from the wrong parts of the plant you can poison yourself. [The
plant's active ingredient, ephedrine, is close to pseudephedrine, sold in
this country as the decongestant Sudafed. Supposedly _Ephedra_ tea is more
potent than caffeine. I guess there are compensations for being a Mormon!]
B)

I know that the UC-Berkeley Botanical Garden grows all three genera --
seen 'em myself -- but you'd have to ask them about obtaining cuttings.
I can't very well go up there and pluck you some leaves, that wouldn't be
nice, now would it? So drop me an e-mail if you want their address.

--
Ben Waggoner
Department of Integrative Biology
Director, Center for the Annihilation of Conrad by Academia (CACA)
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
bmw@uclink2.berkeley.edu


From DawsonM@landcare.cri.nz Tue Jun 18 09:58:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2435 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: DawsonM@landcare.cri.nz (DawsonM)
Subject: Leptospermum cultivars
Message-ID: <6117cc$e02.189@HERMES>
Date: Mon, 17 Jun 96 18:13:00 GMT
Organization: Landcare Research Ltd
Keywords: Leptospermum, cultivars, origins, manuka, tea tree
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Dear all,

I am conducting research on "Cultivars and hybrids in Leptospermum 
(Myrtaceae)."

Can anyone help me with names of Leptospermum cultivars??

There are dwarf and upright cultivars grown in the USA for example that I have 
little information on. Elsewhere too, I am very interested in knowing what 
cultivars are grown, and also what their origins are, and any published 
references (including nursery catalogues) to them.

Leptospermum ("tea-trees") is a genus of 83 species, mainly from Australia. 
They are grown as flowering ornamentals. There are some 150 cultivars of New 
Zealand L. scoparium ("manuka"), compared to about 20-30 cultivars of the 
Australian species. I am currently writing a checklist of cultivars, and a 
couple of articles too.

Thanks very much,

Murray D.



From wingreen@freenet3.scri.fsu.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2436 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wingreen@freenet3.scri.fsu.edu (Stephen C. Wingreen)
Newsgroups: sci.astro.amateur,sci.astro.planetarium,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera
Subject: Re: Ufo Spoted
Date: Thu, 13 Jun 96 11:55:32 GMT
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mgk@faraday.clas.Virginia.EDU (Mahlon G. Kelly) wrote:
>Aaron Ceraldi  writes:
>> This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

<10,528 #&@! lines of ASCII nonsense deleted>

Forgetting for the moment that binaries aren't supposed to be posted to this group, perhaps
next time you could make judicious use of quotation marks?

Steve




From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2437 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ficus deltoides
Date: Mon, 17 Jun 96 13:49:30 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
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In article <4ps04e$e44@acmex.gatech.edu>,
   tm37@prism.gatech.edu (Thomas J. Merchant) wrote:
>Several years ago I came across a tree in a greenhouse which I believe 
>was named _Ficus deltoides_. It was similar to the Weeping fig, _Ficus 
>(exact species escapes me right now)_, in trunk and branch form, but the 
>leaves were tri-angular shaped, and somewhat thick.
>
>Because it struck such a lasting impression, and have not seen it in any 
>nursery or greenhouse since, I was wondering if anyone knows of its 
>availability and/or suitability as an indoor plant.

Thomas, the plant you are probably referring to is _Ficus deltoidea_, the 
mistletoe rubber plant.  It grows exceptionally well in the conservatory and 
should do well in most interiors as well.  More info is available at:

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num\880034.htm

Visit the homepage for our botanical greenhouse collections to access search 
engines and menus to more than 3200 species in 160 plus families. Limited 
pictures at this time, sorry...

(Including Gnetum, Welwitcshia and Ephedra (re: recent posting) - but sorry, 
can't spare any plant material on those.)

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/

Also interested in reciprocal trading of botanically interesting species with 
other research and educational institutions - contact me directly...

Clinton Morse, EEB Greenhouse Manager, University of Connecticut
email: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu


From frederico@grupo.bfe.pt Tue Jun 18 09:58:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2438 of sci.bio.botany
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From: frederico@grupo.bfe.pt (Frederico Furriel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: rapistrum s.p.
Date: Sun, 16 Jun 1996 16:08:08 GMT
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Hello, I need some help: I want to know what is the ordinary name of
the plant whit scientific name:               rapistrum s.p.

Please help me...

Please, if possible, reply me via E-Mail...

frederico@grupo.bfe.pt



From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2439 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: measuring total dissolved solids
Date: Mon, 17 Jun 96 13:58:50 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
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In article <4pug2v$j9h@news.interpath.net>, jasl@interpath.com wrote:
>I own a nursery.  I need help checking fertilizer content in my container 
soil.  My TDS pen reads 10 to 1990 ppm.  
>Calibration solution is from the myron L company 442 - 3000 (3000 ppm / 442 
((2027 ppm NaCl)) 3900 microsiemens, 
>3.9 millimhos). Whats that mean.  I cut the solution in half since my pen 
maxes @ 1990 ppm.  Please help with 
>calibration as well as the best way to extract samples from container medium. 
 I want to maintain 200 -250 ppm N.  
>What should the pen read considering 20-20-20 fertilizer used
>
>
>			thanks,  the flower ranch
>				jasl@interpath.com

The general procedure for getting a TDS reading in a container medium is to 
water the container to 'field capacity' - completely watered with excess 
allowed to drain completely.  Then place your container over a suitable 
collection container and add water slowly (over entire surface area) and 
collect leachate until you have exactly twice the volume of solution as the 
volume of the container.  This is known as a 2:1 soil volume extract.  Measure 
your TDS from this leachate.  The conductivity will depend upon whose 
fertilizer you are using and what formulation.  Keep in mind you must first 
subtract the conductivity figure of your water supply.

The figure for Peters 20-20-20 General Purpose liquid is 0.80 Millimhos/cm 
equivalent to 200 ppm N and 1.00 = 250 ppm N

Figures will be different for different brands of fertilizer.
Hope this helps, 


From jv27@cornell.edu Tue Jun 18 09:58:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2440 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jv27@cornell.edu (Joyce Van Eck)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tryptophan levels in plants?
Date: 17 Jun 1996 16:00:58 GMT
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Hello!

   Does anyone know where I can find a table or information on tryptophan
levels in various plants?  You can send me an e-mail (jv27@cornell.edu) or
post your reply to the group.

Thank you,
Joyce Van Eck


From jcooper@acs6.acs.ucalgary.ca Tue Jun 18 09:58:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2441 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jcooper@acs6.acs.ucalgary.ca (jason cooper)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help: Nontoxic red/blue dyes?
Date: 17 Jun 1996 20:23:33 GMT
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I'm looking for a dye, preferably red but blue would do nicely,
that a plant will absorb with its water intake and which is not
toxic to said plant.

The plant I'm using is a simple bean plant.  As you may guess by
my choice of plants, this is a home experiment, so availability
would be a valuable asset in dye candidates.

Thanks!

--
-----------------------------------------------------------------
                Everyone can be taught to sculpt;
         Michelangelo would have had to be taught not to.

Jason Cooper                              jcooper@acs.ucalgary.ca



From plantnut@shadow.net Tue Jun 18 09:58:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2442 of sci.bio.botany
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From: plantnut@shadow.net (Dewey Fisk)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ficus deltoides
Date: Sat, 15 Jun 1996 19:08:23 +0100
Organization: Plant Nut
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In article <4ps04e$e44@acmex.gatech.edu>, tm37@prism.gatech.edu (Thomas J.
Merchant) wrote:


 _Ficus deltoides_.

Try Ficus triangularis...  The one you could not think of is 'benjamina'
Dewey


From janettew@aol.com Tue Jun 18 09:58:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2443 of sci.bio.botany
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From: janettew@aol.com (JanetteW)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pterocarpus Question
Date: 17 Jun 1996 20:17:28 -0400
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Some time ago, I was told that the flower of some Pterocarpus spp in West
Africa is high in phytoestrogen content.  I can't find a reference on
this.  Does anyone know this information???  

Is there a botanical database from which I can do a search??

(I hope this is the right place to post this question...)

Please respond to:
janette-wallis@uokhsc.edu

thanks,

J Wallis


From brateaver@aol.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2487 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Nettles
Date: 22 Jun 1996 23:32:47 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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You can rub the spot that stings with leaves of calcium accumulators--the
weeds malva or lamb's quarters, for example. Or douse with ordinary sodium
bicarbonate solution==just put a dab of the soda in water and use that to
rinse your skin

B. Rateaver


From pa0095@lt.flashnet.it Sun Jul  7 14:42:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2488 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pa0095@lt.flashnet.it (Silvio Lo Conte)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Kenaf
Date: Sun, 23 Jun 1996 12:02:02 GMT
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Hi all,

I would like to have some  information about the Kenaf (Hibiscus
cannabinus) .

I like to know : 
coltivation technique 
When to sow ?
How many fertilizer ?
When to crop ?
 
Thank you very much .




From steved@scisoc.org Sun Jul  7 14:42:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2489 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Steve Deger <steved@scisoc.org>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.foodscience,sci.bio.microbiology
Subject: On-line Karnal bunt symposium
Date: 21 Jun 1996 17:03:22 GMT
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>From  June 24 to August 2, 1996, The American Phytopathological Society 
(APS) will host a free, interactive, on-line symposium on Karnal 
bunt---an emerging plant disease affecting wheat, durum wheat, and 
triticale.

Karnal bunt was discovered in 1931 in India near the city of Karnal. 
Since then, the disease has been found in the primary wheat-growing areas 
of India, Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Mexico. In March 1996, 
scientists confirmed the presence of Karnal bunt in Arizona in certified 
durum wheat seed, the first known occurrence of this disease in the U.S. 
It has since been found in several counties in adjacent areas of Texas, 
New Mexico, and California. Future U.S. Karnal bunt-related crop losses 
may not be drastic, but the disease does have quarantine significance and 
therefore could affect domestic grain exports.

APS' free on-line symposium will feature papers from noted Karnal bunt 
experts, as well as from other wheat scientists. Participants in this 
interactive symposium will be able to pose questions and comments to 
these experts or to other attendees via electronic mail. An APS moderator 
will open and close the symposium, and will ensure that discussions stay 
on track. The symposium will also contain links to other Internet sites 
of interest, and will include a folder of press clippings about the 
ongoing status of the disease and its management.

The on-line Karnal bunt symposium will serve as a prelude to the 1996 APS 
Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, where, among other things, additional 
technical sessions will be held on the subject of Karnal bunt.

For more information about this on-line symposium, or on the Annual 
Meeting it precedes, visit the APSnet WorldWideWeb home page at:  
http://www.scisoc.org/

We look forward to your participation in this exciting electronic event, 
and appreciate any help you can provide in spreading the word about this 
symposium throughout your department.

Cynthia L. Ash
Director of Scientific Services
The American Phytopathological Society
(mesage sent by Steve Deger <steved@scisoc.org>)




From a0141@rs1.rrz.Uni-Koeln.DE Sun Jul  7 14:42:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2490 of sci.bio.botany
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From: a0141@rs1.rrz.Uni-Koeln.DE (Ulli Schauen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: soft plants / tough concrete
Date: Sat, 22 Jun 1996 17:09:57 GMT
Organization: Regional Computing Center, University of Cologne
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Hello, alltogether,

I've been wondering for a long time  how some plants manage to grow
>from  underneath a street through the bitumen into the air.

In my childhood, there was a plant (I don't know the name of it)  next
to the road leading to the car's garage. 

>From  its roots leading under the driveway each year new little soft
upsprings found their way through the asphalt. I wonder how those soft
plant tips could do it.

Does anybody know?



Ulli Schauen
Sachsenring 2, D 50677 Koeln, Germany
ph: +49-221-314026, fax: +49-221-314711
EMail: a0141@rs1.rrz.Uni-koeln.De
and: U.Schauen@LINK-K.gun.de



From jchigh@aol.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2491 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jchigh@aol.com (JCHigh)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: mountain ash tree lifespan
Date: 24 Jun 1996 00:14:53 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Anyone with information please advise the lifespan of a mountain ash in
the midwest u.s.

Thanks


From jwintermute@ids2.idsonline.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2492 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jwintermute@ids2.idsonline.com (Janet & John Wintermute)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.foodscience,sci.bio.microbiology
Subject: Re: On-line Karnal bunt symposium
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 1996 13:43:37 GMT
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:12216 sci.bio.botany:2492 sci.bio.microbiology:3790

Steve Deger <steved@scisoc.org> wrote:

>From June 24 to August 2, 1996, The American Phytopathological Society 
>(APS) will host a free, interactive, on-line symposium on Karnal 
>bunt---an emerging plant disease affecting wheat, durum wheat, and 
>triticale.

>Karnal bunt was discovered in 1931 in India near the city of Karnal. 
>Since then, the disease has been found in the primary wheat-growing areas 
>of India, Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Mexico. In March 1996, 
>scientists confirmed the presence of Karnal bunt in Arizona in certified 
>durum wheat seed, the first known occurrence of this disease in the U.S. 
>It has since been found in several counties in adjacent areas of Texas, 
>New Mexico, and California. Future U.S. Karnal bunt-related crop losses 
>may not be drastic, but the disease does have quarantine significance and 
>therefore could affect domestic grain exports.

[snipping the rest for brevity's sake]

Thanks, Steve and Cynthia, for sharing this interesting info.

Readers who would like to keep up with what USDA's Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service is doing about Karnal bunt may want to point
their Web browser to

http://www.aphis.usda.gov

and under "What's HOT in APHIS?" select the Karnal bunt hotlink.

USDA's Agricultural Research Service made the definitive tests that
prove Karnal bunt is in this country; APHIS is the outfit charged with
eradicating it.

--Janet Wintermute
USDA APHIS Legislative and Public Affairs
Riverdale, MD




From beakers@probe.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2493 of sci.bio.botany
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From: beakers@probe.net (Monica Sudds)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Citrosa (Mosquito Fighter) information sought.
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 1996 15:06:07 GMT
Organization: Probe Technology Internet Services
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I'm not a regular on this group, but figured it was the correct place
to ask my question.

I have recently been given a plant called Citrosa. According to the
pamphlet "it was genetically created by crossing tissue cultures of an
African Geranium with the Grass of China in steril laboratories. Every
plant is an exact reproduction of the first Citrosa Plant and
therefore will not flower or reproduce."

It also says "It is the grass that contains citronella oil......"

My problem is that I cannot find it in any of my literature on plants.
I raise exotic parrots and need to know if it is safe if ingested. The
pamphlet also says that the plant is completely harmless to you and
your family and non-allergenic. It does not state anything about
toxicity to pets, childrens and animals if ingested.

I would love to be able to use this plant in and around my aviary.
Aviculturists have an on-going problem with seed moths. It appears
that this plant keeps them away.

Please, help me. If possible send replies by email to:
beakers@probe.net

Otherwise, I will continue to check in here once in awhile to see if
there are any replies.

Thanks in advance.
Monica Sudds


===============================================================================
Monica Sudds CAS, Pres. Beakers Parrot Society,    Iowa State Coordinator for AFA
Beakers Exotics      beakers@probe.net              http://www.probe.net/~beakers/
3217 Italy Avenue       712) 642-4578 24 hr.              fax (712) 642-3710
Missouri Valley, IA 51555      (comments, questions and polite critisism welcome!)
===============================================================================



From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2494 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Bluet
Date: Mon, 24 Jun 96 12:28:17 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 12
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In article <4qesav$4p0@rover.ucs.ualberta.ca>,
   jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca (Jennifer M. Thompson) wrote:
>Does anyone know what tribe the genus Houstonia is in (family Rubiaceae,
>subfamily Rubioideae)?

Houstonia is synonymous with Hedyotis (bluet - Hedyotis caerulea)

Rubiaceae : Rubioideae : Hedyotidae

source: Mabberly, The Plant Book 

Clint Morse - EEB Greenhouse Mgr, UConn


From cam@aisb.ed.ac.uk Sun Jul  7 14:42:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2495 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cam@aisb.ed.ac.uk (Chris Malcolm)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 24 Jun 1996 18:28:58 GMT
Organization: Dept of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh University, Scotland
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References: <4odr3n$b5c@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <1996062102570313036@am149.du.pipex.com> <4qe9f5$ppk@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com>
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In article <4qe9f5$ppk@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com> davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams) writes:

>Licorice is a
>safe and effective treatment for CFS/FM as long as you do not have
>hypertension.  

It's also a laxative, as I (re)discovered on trying it, and at least in
my case, an unpleasantly laxative dose is smaller than one which has any
other obviously beneficial effects.



-- 
Chris Malcolm    cam@uk.ac.ed.aifh         +44 (0)131 650 3085
Department of Artificial Intelligence,    Edinburgh University
5 Forrest Hill, Edinburgh, EH1 2QL, UK                DoD #205
"The mind reigns, but does not govern"             Paul Valery


From yeti@berlin.snafu.de Sun Jul  7 14:42:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2496 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Matthias <yeti@berlin.snafu.de>
Newsgroups: soc.misc,sci.misc,sci.physics,sci.materials,sci.engr.metallurgy,sci.chem,sci.bio.botany,rec.autos.tech,misc.books.technical,misc.misc,maus.talk.english
Subject: Self-purification of the lotus plant???
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 1996 00:20:36 +0200
Organization: Unlimited Surprise Systems, Berlin
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Hi there,

is there anybody who has ever heard or read about the special
self-purification of the lotus plant?
Maybe you know some sort of use in the industry, e.g. carpaints that
clean themselves or something like that?
I'm looking for literature, newspaper articles, addresses, other
examples or only a tip whom I could talk to.
I've already asked 1,000 people but nobody has an idea.

Bye, Matthias


From sugnet2@aol.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2497 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sugnet2@aol.com (Sugnet2)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Job Opening - Botanist
Date: 24 Jun 1996 17:58:44 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Sugnet & Associates, a leading environmental consulting firm, is seeking a
botanist for their Roseville, CA office.  Required qualifications include
a B.S. or B.A. degree in botany, plant taxonomy, or related field;
familiarity with the ecology of wetland, riparian, native grasslands, oak
woodlands, and chaparral communities in the Central Valley of California
and surrounding ecoprovinces; and a minimum of 3 years experience in
public agency, education or private sector consulting.  Advanced degree
preferred.  Send cover letter, resume and references to:  Sugnet &
Associates; 2260 Douglas Boulevard, Suite 160; Roseville, CA  95661 or
sugnet2@aol.com.  


From alcalde@usa.pipeline.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2498 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.emf.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!ott.istar!istar.net!news.nstn.ca!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!usenet
From: alcalde@usa.pipeline.com(David Webber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Catharansus roseus (common Madagascar periwinkle)
Date: 25 Jun 1996 04:40:03 GMT
Organization: Pipeline
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  All you professionals please forgive a weekend gardener for 
posting here ... but the normal garden groups seem to have 
nothing constructive to offer (tell me if there's a better place 
to post pleas like this one). 
  The southern parts of the US (I'm in the Dallas area) have a 
severe problem with periwinkle dying out, and we hate it because 
it's a really lovely plant. Nursery folks say it's a fungus which 
resides in the soil and attacks the stems, and there's no cure 
except to sterilize the soil (impractical if not impossible). 
  I'm looking for a practical way to eradicate the fungus (other 
than extreme heat or chemicals), or an alternative plant with 
similar growth and flowering habits, but better resistance to 
this southern blight. 
  If you need more information to reply, please post or email. 
Any help would be appreciated. 
David (lover of snow-white petals)


From Alexandre.Chevalier@anthro.unige.ch Sun Jul  7 14:42:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2499 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Alexandre.Chevalier@anthro.unige.ch (Alexandre Chevalier)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,ch.si.general
Subject: plant names translation's, traduction de noms de plantes, traduccion de nombres de plantas
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 1996 09:44:16 GMT
Organization: Anthropology - Geneva University
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Hi,
I'd like to know if there is a database in systematic botany which,
>from  the latin binomial, gives the local name of each plant and its
translation in the main european languages.

If yes : where ? who? how? etc.
Please reply via E-mail

Thanks a lot.

Bonjour,
j'aimerais savoir s'il existe une base de donnees en botanique
systematique qui, a partir du binome latin, donne le nom vernaculaire
et sa traduction dans les principales langues europeennes de chaque
taxon ???

Si oui : ou? quoi? comment ? qui ? etc..
Répondre par courrier electronique

Merci d'avance

Hola,
quisiera saber si existe una base de datos en botanica sistematica
que, a partir del binomio latin, da el nombre nativo de cada taxon y
su traduccion en los principales idiomas europeos.

Si esta base de datos existe : ?donde? que? como ? quien? etc.
Contestar por correo electronico

De antemano gracias



Alexandre Chevalier
Dpt. of Anthropology
Geneva University



From Wesseling@frw.ruu.nl Sun Jul  7 14:42:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2500 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!surfnet.nl!ruu.nl!news
From: Cees Wesseling <Wesseling@frw.ruu.nl>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Announce PCRaster for spatio-temporal modelling
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 1996 15:50:33 +0100
Organization: Utrecht University
Lines: 33
Message-ID: <31CFFCB9.5E27629B@frw.ruu.nl>
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With this message we want to inform you about the first
public release of PCRaster version 2.

PCRaster is a software package for spatio-temporal modelling inside a
Geographic Information System (GIS).  It has been developed at Utrecht
University, The Netherlands.  The new version 2 has been released this
month.

Fully spatio-temporal environmental models can be built with only a few
lines of code, examples are
- hydrological models for surface water routing
- models for simulation of subsurface water flow
- soil erosion models
- crop yield models
- ecological models for plant dispersion, plant growth and
 inter-species competition

At the PCRaster Internet site you can get information about the PCRaster
version 2. At that site you can also download (by ftp) software, a demo
and practical exercises for evaluation of the package.

For more information contact:

PCRaster
Utrecht University
PO Box 80115
3508 TC Utrecht
The Netherlands

WWW:     http://www.frw.ruu.nl/pcraster.html
Tel:     (31) 30 2532768
Fax:     (31) 30 2540604
E-mail:  pcraster@frw.ruu.nl


From kweber@efn.org Sun Jul  7 14:42:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2501 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!news.uoregon.edu!mars.efn.org!garcia.efn.org!kweber
From: "K. Weber" <kweber@efn.org>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: Sun, 23 Jun 1996 10:38:17 -0700
Organization: Oregon Public Networking
Lines: 24
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References: <4ntvmp$53@mozo.cc.purdue.edu> <4nu95e$88d@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <4nuat4$fqk@sjx-ixn4.ix.netcom.com> <4nufrl$akc@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <4o0coc$791@dub-news-svc-6.compuserve.com> <4ocpvs$d0n@crl11.crl.com> <4odr3n$b5c@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <1996062102570313036@am149.du.pipex.com> <4qe9f5$ppk@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.health.alternative:76494 sci.bio.botany:2501 alt.folklore.herbs:30332 alt.med.fibromyalgia:58906 sci.med:160702 sci.med.pharmacy:30215

       

      I have been conducting a science experiment. I put a glass of 
licorice root tea on my window sill for a week to see if it would show 
any evidence of fermentation--candida growth. It hasn't. Licorice is a 
kind of sugar and various micro-organisms will not grow in a strong 
solution of sugar. This is how sugar preserves fruit in jam. I'm going to 
try a better experiment w/ a dilute solution of sugar and a pH test strip.
     I don't think folks w/out blood clots or hypertension need any 
special precautions  when taking licorice. I think people should take 
licorice
root tea whenever possible. Black licorice is vaguely carcinogenic ( RCC
guide to medicinal herbs) . Also candy does not contain the water which 
is the means 
by which pineal secretions control salt and sugar concentration in cells.
I think it's a good idea for licorice to be taken w/ a Dr.'s supervision.
So few of us have Drs. like that that it's a moot point.
     Also since this is  going out to other groups low blood pressure is 
not a problem in entirely healthy people. except in very hot wheather 
were it could substitute for salt tablets or Gatorade. It is very very 
good in a sort of lemonade
w/ fresh lemon or malic acid or a vitamin C powder. Malic acid powder is 
purchased very cheaply at brewer's supply houses. It substitutes for 
green apples in beer. 


From jlacombe@sover.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2502 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sover.net!granite.sover.net!jlacombe
From: Jennifer L LaCombe <jlacombe@sover.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,triangle.gardens,uk.rec.gardening,aus.gardens,rec.gardens,rec.gardens.orchids,rec.arts.books,rec.arts.books.marketplace,pdx.ads.antiques,rec.antiques.marketplace
Subject: BFS: Hooker's Exotic Flora Vols.I,II,III ca.1823,1825,1827
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 1996 13:28:40 -0400
Organization: SoVerNet, Inc.
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <Pine.BSI.3.91.960625130739.14209C-100000@granite.sover.net>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2502 triangle.gardens:3496 rec.gardens:136548 rec.gardens.orchids:9273 rec.arts.books:169463 rec.arts.books.marketplace:49147 rec.antiques.marketplace:29437


To all interested parties:

I have for sale the complete set of "Hooker's Exotic Flora", 3 volumes, 
ca.1823-27, by Sir William Jackson Hooker.  The books are complete with 
all 232 plates intact.  There is some minor water damage on the covers 
only.  Also, two of the covers are dislodged at the spine, but all parts 
are there and any repairs should be quite easy.

I will be conducting a mail, phone, and email auction which will close on 
July 31, 1996.  The opening bid will be $7500.00 U.S. currency.  All 
inquiries will be kept in the strictest confidence and I will answer any 
and all queries at the soonest possible moment.

Thank You,

Paulo R. Adams
(802)875-4462
ptjadams@sover.net



From medved@access5.digex.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2503 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.ultranet.com!homer.alpha.net!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!news2.digex.net!digex.net!not-for-mail
From: medved@access5.digex.net (Ted Holden)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How long can a seed survive frozen?
Date: 25 Jun 1996 13:40:40 -0400
Organization: Express Access Online Communications, Greenbelt, MD USA
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <4qp8ao$gcd@access5.digex.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: access5.digex.net


A number of seeds found frozen in arctic tundra have been made to
germinate recently and the question comes up as to whether this fact
forces there to be any sort of an upper limit in age for these seeds and
whether or not such an upper limit might be in conflict wither estimates
of age derived via other means.

Is here any limit as to how long seeds might be frozen and still
germinate?

Ted Holden
medved@digex.com



From jpk2@mvuas.mv.att.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2504 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jpk2@mvuas.mv.att.com (-kuziemko j.p.)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: European Bison Weed
Date: 25 Jun 1996 18:27:44 GMT
Organization: AT&T
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NNTP-Posting-Host: mvuas.mv.att.com

Does anyone know the scientific name for European Bison Weed, a
grass used in Poland and possibly the Ukraine as a flavoring in
vodka and in cooking ? The Polish name for this plant is
"zubrowka". I've already checked out most plant and
ethnobotanical databases on the web, with no luck. 

To save space on the web, please send email to me at:

		jpk2@mvuas.att.com

Thanks!

John Kuziemko


From jlacombe@sover.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2505 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news.sol.net!newspump.sol.net!homer.alpha.net!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!decwrl!news.PBI.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sover.net!granite.sover.net!jlacombe
From: Jennifer L LaCombe <jlacombe@sover.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: newbie test
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 1996 12:41:32 -0400
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	posting test


From hortus@worldnet.att.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2506 of sci.bio.botany
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From: J Kroin <hortus@worldnet.att.net>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,ch.si.general
Subject: Re: plant names translation's, traduction de noms de plantes, traduccion de nombres de plantas
Date: 26 Jun 1996 03:01:51 GMT
Organization: AT&T WorldNet Services
Lines: 62
Message-ID: <4qq96v$2fq@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net>
References: <4qocd7$a7a@uni2f.unige.ch>
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To: Alexandre.Chevalier@anthro.unige.ch
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11405 sci.bio.botany:2506

Perhaps the best source is Hortus Third...they list the American names 
and the latin names. The Encly by the (UK) Royal Hort Society is also 
quite good with the European names.

Names...names...names. Everyone has a differnet name for the same plant. 
How many times did you hear I have a palm? There must be hundreds of 
'palms'

Hortus Third, Macmillian Pub Co, NY, Collier Macmillian Publ, London- 
should be avail from your local bookseller. Sells for about $135-$150USD. 

Regards
Joel

Alexandre.Chevalier@anthro.unige.ch (Alexandre Chevalier) wrote:
>Hi,
>I'd like to know if there is a database in systematic botany which,
>from the latin binomial, gives the local name of each plant and its
>translation in the main european languages.
>
>If yes : where ? who? how? etc.
>Please reply via E-mail
>
>Thanks a lot.
>
>Bonjour,
>j'aimerais savoir s'il existe une base de donnees en botanique
>systematique qui, a partir du binome latin, donne le nom vernaculaire
>et sa traduction dans les principales langues europeennes de chaque
>taxon ???
>
>Si oui : ou? quoi? comment ? qui ? etc..
>Répondre par courrier electronique
>
>Merci d'avance
>
>Hola,
>quisiera saber si existe una base de datos en botanica sistematica
>que, a partir del binomio latin, da el nombre nativo de cada taxon y
>su traduccion en los principales idiomas europeos.
>
>Si esta base de datos existe : ?donde? que? como ? quien? etc.
>Contestar por correo electronico
>
>De antemano gracias
>
>
>
>Alexandre Chevalier
>Dpt. of Anthropology
>Geneva University
>


-- 
  ******************  Hortus USA Corp. ***************** 
   PO Box 1956 Old Chelsea Station, New York NY 10113 USA
          Rhizopon AA Dry Powders & Tablets for Solutions
                Plant Growth Regulator-Rooting Hormones
  ****************  hortus@worldnet.att.net  **************




From dubin@menix.bgu.ac.il Sun Jul  7 14:42:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2507 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.anthropolo,sci.anthropology.paleo,sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.misc,alt.sci.physics
Subject: BOOKS & PIRIODICALS FROM RUSSIA
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.960626041133.3703C-100000@mendy.bgu.ac.il>
From: Anatoly Dubinsky <dubin@menix.bgu.ac.il>
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 04:19:09 +0300
Organization: Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.anthropology.paleo:12499 sci.bio.paleontology:7526 sci.bio.botany:2507 sci.bio.misc:3650

IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO RECEIVE NEW OR RECENT BOOKS,
NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, SCIENTIFIC OR OTHER JOURNALS
FROM RUSSIA (MAINLY,IN RUSSIAN) PLEASE DESCRIBE THE
FIELD OF YOUR INTERESTS AND ASK A FURTHER INFORMATION.
EMAIL ME TO: dubin@menix.bgu.ac.il
Please include this text to your message.
I hope we will be able to help you.
Sincerely, Anatoly.


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sun Jul  7 14:42:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2509 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: Kenaf
Message-ID: <DtLvqt.7B6@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <4qjbnn$psf@news.flashnet.it>
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 11:54:29 GMT
Lines: 31

pa0095@lt.flashnet.it (Silvio Lo Conte) writes:

>I would like to have some  information about the Kenaf (Hibiscus
>cannabinus) .

>I like to know : 
>coltivation technique 
>When to sow ?
>How many fertilizer ?
>When to crop ?

Silvio, a good summary of info re Kenaf can be found
in that old standard text:

PURSEGLOVE, J.W. "Tropical Crops: Dicotyledons."

I have the Longman (London) paperback edition, "Third impression,
in one volume, 1974.  Reprinted 1976."  Kenaf is discussed on
pages 365-368 of that edition.  _Hibiscus_ crops in general are
discussed on pages 364-374.

"Purseglove" is renowned for saving the reputation of many a 
new pommie ag graduate sent off to the tropics to advise farmers. :)

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From rkat@ix.netcom.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2510 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rkat@ix.netcom.com(Charlene M Pieczonka)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 26 Jun 1996 13:10:21 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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>I think it's a good idea for licorice to be taken w/ a Dr.'s
supervision.
>So few of us have Drs. like that that it's a moot point.

I use licorice root tincture for acute bouts of gastritis. I was lucky
enough to have a young doctor working with my doctor for awhile who
knew a bit about herbs and shared with me the following about licorice
root.
"Don't use it on a continuous basis because it can upset the body's
potassium levels."

My mother has taken high blood pressure medicine for years and has also
eaten a banana daily because her medication messes up her potassium
levels. So anyone taking high blood pressure meds might want to consult
with their doctor or certainly a trained herbalist before embarking on
any treatment which is going to require continuous use of licorice root
tinctures.

Cookie
 



From chemv1@uvic.ca Sun Jul  7 14:42:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2511 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Uncle Al Schwartz <chemv1@uvic.ca>
Newsgroups: soc.misc,sci.misc,sci.physics,sci.materials,sci.engr.metallurgy,sci.chem,sci.bio.botany,rec.autos.tech,misc.books.technical,misc.misc,maus.talk.english
Subject: Re: Self-purification of the lotus plant???
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 08:15:22 -0700
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Matthias wrote:
> 
> Hi there,
> 
> is there anybody who has ever heard or read about the special
> self-purification of the lotus plant?
> Maybe you know some sort of use in the industry, e.g. carpaints that
> clean themselves or something like that?
> I'm looking for literature, newspaper articles, addresses, other
> examples or only a tip whom I could talk to.
> I've already asked 1,000 people but nobody has an idea.

Oooh... self-purification of the lotus plant!  Why do we never 
hear anything about self-purification of crabgrass or pigweed?

Perhaps you should look up the mechanism of self-cleaning ovens.  
There is little romance about it, but lots of difficult 
technology.

When you visit the Tooth Faery's Castle beware:  None of the 
rooms have floors.

-- 
Alan "Uncle Al" Schwartz
UncleAl0@ix.netcom.com ("zero" before @; 24 hour delay)
http://www.netprophet.co.nz/uncleal/
 (Toxic URL! Hazardous to childen, Democrats, and most mammals)
"Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?"  The Net!


From Dave.Faust@BethlehemPA.NCR.COM Sun Jul  7 14:42:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2512 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: soc.misc,sci.misc,sci.physics,sci.materials,sci.engr.metallurgy,sci.chem,sci.bio.botany,rec.autos.tech,misc.books.technical,misc.misc,maus.talk.english
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!ncrgw2.ncr.com!ncrhub6!daynews!avenger!news
From: Dave Faust <Dave.Faust@BethlehemPA.NCR.COM>
Subject: Re: Self-purification of the lotus plant???
X-Nntp-Posting-Host: 153.80.85.60
Message-ID: <DtM7I6.EBy@avenger.daytonoh.ncr.com>
Sender: news@avenger.daytonoh.ncr.com (News administrative Login)
Reply-To: Dave.Faust@BethlehemPA.NCR.COM (FAUSTD)
Organization: AT&T-GIS
X-Newsreader: DiscussIT 2.5.0.10 for MS Windows [AT&T Software Products Division]
References: <31CF14B4.20F4@berlin.snafu.de>
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 16:08:30 GMT
Lines: 13
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu soc.misc:6237 sci.misc:14767 sci.physics:180092 sci.materials:18630 sci.engr.metallurgy:7451 sci.chem:68551 sci.bio.botany:2512 rec.autos.tech:176707 misc.books.technical:10803 misc.misc:59702


==========Matthias, 6/24/96==========

>is there anybody who has ever heard or read about the special
>self-purification of the lotus plant?
>Bye, Matthias

I run mine at 80 MPH in 3rd gear to clean the carbon out.
It won't do that on its own.

#65/2560




From ficken@mobot.org Sun Jul  7 14:42:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2513 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!oleane!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.cais.net!nntp.crosslink.net!news.magicnet.net!news.cdsnet.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-3.sprintlink.net!news1.inlink.com!news.starnet.net!usenet
From: ficken@mobot.org (Keven D. Ficken)
Newsgroups: bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.systematics
Subject: Flora Mesoamericana--The Internet Version
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 19:12:47 GMT
Organization: STARnet, L.L.C.
Lines: 29
Message-ID: <4qs20h$c2s@news.starnet.net>
Reply-To: ficken@mobot.org
NNTP-Posting-Host: 192.104.39.74
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.biology.tropical:1542 bionet.plants:11417 sci.bio.botany:2513 sci.bio.systematics:1128

http://www.mobot.org/mobot/fm/

The Flora Mesoamericana Project, an international collaborative
project
led by the Missouri Botanical Garden, Instituto de Biologia of the
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, and the Natural History
Museum
(London), announces the implementation of a new phase of its Internet
version of Flora Mesoamericana. We are switching to a hypertext
format,
adding a checklist version, distribution maps, and a few initial
images,
and initiating a new procedure for updating previously published
volumes.
We first joined the Internet with a gopher version of Vol. 6
<http://www.nhm.ac.uk/science/botany/mesoamerica/index.html>. As from
the
beginning of the project, we will also continue to make the Flora
available as printed volumes.

For more details see the Mesoamerican home page at
<http://www.mobot.org/mobot/fm/>.

For more information, questions, or comments please contact:

davidseg@mobot.org (Gerrit Davidse)
sousa@servidor.unam.mx (Mario Sousa)
sk@nhm.ac.uk (Sandra Knapp)



From red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us Sun Jul  7 14:42:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2514 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!neoucom.edu!kraken!redpoll!red
Newsgroups: alt.retromod,alt.windows95,comp.groupware.groupwise,comp.lang.basic.visual.3rdparty,comp.lang.basic.visual.misc,comp.lang.javascript,comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win95,comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.controls,comp.os.msdos.misc,misc.invest,misc.invest.real-estate,news.newusers.questions,rec.music.dylan,rec.pets.herp,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.herp,soc.culture.scottish
Subject: Re: bincancel:21 large binaries:AR457:@@NCM
Message-ID: <ARMM-Report-457.a@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us>
References: <ARMM-Report-457@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us>
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 23:11:34 GMT
From: red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us (Richard E. Depew)
Followup-To: news.admin.net-abuse.misc
Organization: ARMM Services, Bincancel Division
Keywords: ARMM - Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation
Lines: 68
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.retromod:1755 alt.windows95:6998 comp.groupware.groupwise:12206 comp.lang.basic.visual.3rdparty:14503 comp.lang.basic.visual.misc:90677 comp.lang.javascript:8245 comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win95:14686 comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.controls:16933 comp.os.msdos.misc:67118 misc.invest:126619 misc.invest.real-estate:33402 news.newusers.questions:262299 rec.music.dylan:61580 rec.pets.herp:74711 sci.bio.botany:2514 sci.bio.herp:6766 soc.culture.scottish:27840

Large binary posts do not belong in unmoderated discussion groups.

I run a program that searchs for, and issues advisory cancels for,
large binaries in the akr, biz, comp, misc, news, rec, and sci
hierarchies.

I have issued 21 cancels for large binary files (average size 263,540
characters - total size 5,534,332 characters) posted to 15 different
unmoderated discussion groups in the comp, misc, news, rec, and sci
hierarchies (with cross-posts into into alt and soc groups) as
follows:
   7 comp.os.msdos.misc
   4 alt.windows95
	comp.lang.basic.visual.misc
	comp.lang.basic.visual.3rdparty
	comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win95
	comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.controls
   2 misc.test
   1 sci.bio.botany
	soc.culture.scottish
   1 rec.pets.herp
	sci.bio.herp
   1 rec.music.dylan
   1 news.newusers.questions
   1 misc.invest.real-estate
   1 misc.invest
   1 comp.lang.javascript
   1 comp.groupware.groupwise

The cancels in non-targeted groups are a consequence of the way
cross-posts work.  A cross-posted article has only one Message-ID.
When it is canceled from one group it is canceled from all groups.

This pointer is being posted to each affected group listed above,
with the exception of test groups.  Follow-ups are directed to
news.admin.net-abuse.misc.

If you want to see exactly which file was deleted from a particular
group, read the full report in news.admin.net-abuse.announce.  The
full report can also be found in alt.nocem.misc and alt.retromod.
Look for AR457 in the subject, or, if your reader supports it, use
this URL: news:ARMM-Report-457@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us

The criteria used to search for this batch of large binaries were:
   NEWSGROUPS: Unmoderated akr, biz, comp, misc, news, rec, or sci
	       (except for comp.binaries.apple2, comp.bugs.2bsd,
		and rec.games.bolo)
   BINARY: base64, binhex, uuencode, and xbtoa encoded files, etc.
   SIZE: > 100,000 characters [(size * (# of parts - .5)), if multi-part]

If you must post a binary to Usenet, please post it *only* to an
appropriate binaries newsgroup such as alt.binaries.misc, and do *not*
crosspost it to non-binaries groups.  Then, if you like, post something
in the appropriate discussion group telling people where to find the
binary in the binaries group (a pointer to the binary).  This will
permit news administrators and users to decide for themselves whether
to receive the binary files.

Please direct public feedback to news.admin.net-abuse.misc and private
feedback to red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us.  Thanks.

Best wishes,
Dick
-- 
Richard E. Depew, Munroe Falls, OH    red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us (home)
It's over, and can't be helped, and that's one consolation, as they
  always say in Turkey, when they cut the wrong man's head off'' 
  -- Charles Dickens


From jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca Sun Jul  7 14:42:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2515 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.ultranet.com!homer.alpha.net!uwm.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!van-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news
From: jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca (Jennifer M. Thompson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rubiaceae
Date: 26 Jun 1996 21:43:17 GMT
Organization: Alberta Environmental Centre
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <4qsatl$daq@rover.ucs.ualberta.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pc072.aec.env.gov.ab.ca
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.6+

This is the last question - I promise  (Well.....I think I promise anyway).
does anyone know what tribe Mitracarpus hirta (L.) DC. is in.  It's 
another Rubiaceae.

Jennifer Thompson


From anletieu@cyllene.uwa.edu.au Sun Jul  7 14:42:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2516 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!news.unimelb.EDU.AU!news.rmit.EDU.AU!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!news.mira.net.au!news.mel.connect.com.au!news.uwa.edu.au!kpbg12.botany.uwa.edu.au!user
From: anletieu@cyllene.uwa.edu.au (Anle Tieu)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Newsgroups about seed ecology/dormany?
Date: 27 Jun 1996 03:06:13 GMT
Organization: Kings Park & Botanic Garden
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <anletieu-2706961101100001@kpbg12.botany.uwa.edu.au>
NNTP-Posting-Host: kpbg12.botany.uwa.edu.au

I'm new to the internet, so please excuse my ignorance. Can anyone guide
me to newsgroups who are involved with seed dormancy and related issues,
particularly with seeds from Mediterranean type ecosystems. Your help will
be greatly appreciated.

Thanks! Anle

-- 
To get random signatures put text files into a folder called ³Random Signatures² into your Preferences folder.


From wrohwedd@mail.hh.provi.de Sun Jul  7 14:42:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2517 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.cse.psu.edu!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!news.belwue.de!news.uni-stuttgart.de!news.rhrz.uni-bonn.de!RRZ.Uni-Koeln.DE!news.ecrc.de!news.ecrc.de!news.hamburg.pop.de!usenet
From: wrohwedd@mail.hh.provi.de (Wulf Rohwedder)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Nespolis?
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 1996 18:36:39 GMT
Organization: Point of Presence GmbH (http://www.pop.de/)
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <4qpbk6$a6v@popcorn.hamburg.pop.de>
Reply-To: wrohwedd@mail.hh.provi.de
NNTP-Posting-Host: wrohwedder.hh.provi.de
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

For a translation project I urgently seek any information about a
plant or fruit called "Nespolis" which grows in the mediterranian
area. Any help would be appreciated!

Thanks,

Wulf Rohwedder



From jpk2@mvuas.mv.att.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2518 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.cse.psu.edu!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!oleane!tank.news.pipex.net!pipex!news.mathworks.com!news.PBI.net!cbgw3.att.com!nntphub.cb.lucent.com!not-for-mail
From: jpk2@mvuas.mv.att.com (-kuziemko j.p.)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: re: European Bison Weed
Date: 27 Jun 1996 15:21:52 GMT
Organization: AT&T
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <4qu8ug$nle@nntpa.cb.lucent.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mvuas.mv.att.com

Thanks to all who have responded  to my question re: European
Bison Weed a.k.a. zubrovka. A number of people have supplied the
name Hierochloe Odorata, which, I have found, is known as
'sweetgrass' in N. America. Again, thanks to all!

		John Kuziemko


From Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk Sun Jul  7 14:42:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2519 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!malgudi.oar.net!rclnews.eng.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!oleane!plug.news.pipex.net!pipex!tube.news.pipex.net!pipex!dish.news.pipex.net!pipex!wave.news.pipex.net!pipex!soap.news.pipex.net!pipex!usenet
From: Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk (Death)
Newsgroups: alt.med.fibromyalgia,alt.folklore.herbs,sci.med,sci.med,pharmacy,sci.med.immunology,sci.med.misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany
Subject: David Williams apologises
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 07:11:50 GMT
Organization: Guides Unlimited
Lines: 70
Message-ID: <4r082c$pnj@soap.news.pipex.net>
Reply-To: Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk
NNTP-Posting-Host: ak075.du.pipex.com
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.med.fibromyalgia:58951 alt.folklore.herbs:30372 sci.med:161199 sci.med.immunology:6893 sci.bio.botany:2519

Okay, let me see if I can tell everybody the truth.

I came down with CFS/FM in 1977.  This was shortly after I got out of
the hospital for my alcoholism.  Every time I took a drink since I got
CFS/FM ended with so much misery that I was forced to give up the
booze.  You might say, at least in my case, that CFS/FM cured my
alcoholism.

But that was almost 20 years ago.  Since I have been on licorice my
CFS/FM has disappeared and I have regained my energy along with my old
drunken attitudes and negative behavior as well

I personally believe hundreds of thousands of people are going to
regain their energy and recover from CFS/FM by using licorice.  Unless
these newly recovered people are prepared, they are going to find it
difficult to return to health.  Quick changes in your live can cause
problems for some of us.  Most will not recover from this disease
without going through some sort of emotional roller coaster ride.  I
hope they are better equipped to handle their recovery then I seem to
be.

But I also have another serious problem that is tearing my insides
out.
 At about the same time I recovered from CFS with licorice, my only
son
(32 years old) is dying with fatal stage lV lung cancer.  He has less
than 6 months to live and I have been having a very hard time getting
him to seek proper treatment.  I am doing research and pleading with
him to try some sort on immune therapy, but he does not want to listen
to me about any "experimental immune treatments" and is taking
everything in stride and seems to be prepared for his death.  It is
such a frustrating situation to watch my only son die in front my eyes
and I don't understand why he is so willing to die without putting up
a
fight.  I could kill him for giving up so easily.

I'm sorry if I pissed people off, I'm just not up to dealing with the
relationship one has with an open group of sick people on the
internet.

Anyway, I don't want anybody to be sympathetically with me.  I really
didn't want to explain my real problem with my son to you, but I guess
my idiot behavior the last few weeks calls for some sort of
explanation.

I am calling my lifetime friends and, with their help, will reorganize
my licorice business.  The only thing I would like to do personally is
participate in the debate with Nurse Camilla about licorice.
Everything else, including licorice info on alt.med.cfs.open, will be
turned over to someone else.

I'm also now forced to face my old drinking problem.  I had no idea
that CFS was my savior from booze.  I thought I had it under control
due to my own will power.  Hell, I not so sure now if I'd rather have
CFS or be an alocoholic.  But please don't send me little tid-bits on
how to get sober.  I'm 3 X 7 and sleep in my own bed (most of the
time).

As far as licorice is concerned, if you have CFS/FM and low blood
pressure, it will turn your life around completely.  But be cautioned
that when you are restored to health you will be forced to get
acquainted with the new person you will become.  My advice to anyone
taking licorice is to start preparing yourself to learn to live well
again.

Dave

Your eternal servant Death
<Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk>



From mark@mdb.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2520 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!uunet!inXS.uu.net!lsi.lsil.com!news
From: Mark Brown <mark@mdb.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Slide Specimen preparation - need advice
Date: Thu, 27 Jun 1996 18:09:58 -0700
Organization: MDB Consulting, Inc.
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <31D330E6.180D@mdb.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mspace.slip.netcom.com
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.0 (X11; I; SunOS 5.3 sun4m)

Anyone who has expirience in fixation, clearing, embedding and
mounting of botanical sections, I would appreciate contact so
I may ask you some questions. I am somewhat familiar with
histological procedures. A text reference would be great if
you can recommend one. 

Thanx in advance.
-- 

Mark D. Brown	mark@mdb.com	

MDB Consulting Inc.		
408-354-0509  408-395-6319
 ( Voice )     (  Fax  )


From drooney@ibm.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2521 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.ultranet.com!homer.alpha.net!uwm.edu!chi-news.cic.net!newsfeeder.sdsu.edu!sgigate.sgi.com!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news-m01.ny.us.ibm.net!news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net!usenet
From: drooney@ibm.net (Derrick Rooney)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Hybridisation in Viburnum
Date: Sat, 29 Jun 1996 02:30:16 GMT
Lines: 11
Message-ID: <4r01n8$118e@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: slip202-135-22-170.sy.au.ibm.net
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

I am looking for information about hybridisation among cultivated
species of Viburnum, and in particular about hybridisation between
Asiatic and European species. The species of particular interest are
V. lantana, from Europe, and V. rhytidophyllum, from China. I have
hybrid seedlings of which these two species are the parents. Does
anyone else have any record of such a cross? It seems to me most
unusual because one of the parents is deciduous and the other
evergreen. Please email any information, or information about sources
of information, to drooney@ibm.net or post it to Box 43, Hororata,
Central Canterbury, New Zealand.



From egriffin@shadow.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2522 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!nntp.primenet.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!news.shadow.net!usenet
From: egriffin@shadow.net (Ed Griffin)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 12:35:35 GMT
Organization: Ill-Organized....
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <31d3d008.8925448@news.shadow.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp-mia-16.shadow.net
X-Newsreader: Forte Agent .99e/32.227
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11434 sci.bio.botany:2522 rec.gardens:137297

I THINK I saw a notice - a few weeks ago - of a newly formed Society
devoted to the passion flowers. Could someone please tell me whom I can
contact to join?

Thank you -



From martin@scri.fsu.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2523 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.fsu.edu!martin.scri.fsu.edu!user
From: martin@scri.fsu.edu (Martin)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 28 Jun 1996 12:34:39 GMT
Organization: Florida State University
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <martin-2806960836480001@martin.scri.fsu.edu>
References: <4odr3n$b5c@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <1996062102570313036@am149.du.pipex.com> <4qe9f5$ppk@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com> <4qmmpa$k0g@scotsman.ed.ac.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: martin.scri.fsu.edu
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.health.alternative:76706 sci.bio.botany:2523 alt.folklore.herbs:30376 alt.med.fibromyalgia:58958 sci.med:161223 sci.med.pharmacy:30381

In article <4qmmpa$k0g@scotsman.ed.ac.uk>, cam@aisb.ed.ac.uk (Chris
Malcolm) wrote:

> In article <4qe9f5$ppk@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com>
davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams) writes:
> 
> >Licorice is a
> >safe and effective treatment for CFS/FM as long as you do not have
> >hypertension.  
> 
> It's also a laxative, as I (re)discovered on trying it, and at least in
> my case, an unpleasantly laxative dose is smaller than one which has any
> other obviously beneficial effects.
> 
> 
> 
> -- 
> Chris Malcolm    cam@uk.ac.ed.aifh         +44 (0)131 650 3085
> Department of Artificial Intelligence,    Edinburgh University
> 5 Forrest Hill, Edinburgh, EH1 2QL, UK                DoD #205
> "The mind reigns, but does not govern"             Paul Valery
===================================================
Could you tell me what form this licorice comes, are we talking about
the kind from the candy store or is there some other kind?
Thanks much. Martin


From leafntwig@gate.ioa.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2524 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!rutgers!sgigate.sgi.com!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news-stock.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-11.sprintlink.net!ralph.vnet.net!news
From: R'nai Diane <leafntwig@gate.ioa.com>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 28 Jun 1996 15:04:48 GMT
Organization: Vaxa Homeopathic Nutraceuticals
Lines: 22
Message-ID: <4r0sag$360@ralph.vnet.net>
References: <4odr3n$b5c@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <1996062102570313036@am149.du.pipex.com> <4qe9f5$ppk@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com> <4qmmpa$k0g@scotsman.ed.ac.uk> <martin-2806960836480001@martin.scri.fsu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: vts-ash1-s14.vnet.net
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.12(Macintosh; I; 68K)
X-URL: news:martin-2806960836480001@martin.scri.fsu.edu
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.health.alternative:76720 sci.bio.botany:2524 alt.folklore.herbs:30377 alt.med.fibromyalgia:58959 sci.med:161233 sci.med.pharmacy:30384

Hi Martin,

The licorice referred to is not from a candy store - 'licorice' candy is 
actually flavored with anise.  The poster is referring to licorice root, which 
is a medicinal plant.

I have used this supplement for years, and found it beneficial.  However, I 
have been disabled and homebound for 4 1/2 years with CFIDS and Lyme 
disease, and licorice is not a miracle cure.  It helps, in a gentle way to 
balance hormones, primarily.

I do not believe the person who posted the original message had an 
understanding of CFIDS and the devastating symptoms and effects this 
debilitating disease has on the lives of PWCs.

I have tried most of the 'miracle' cures (and never heard licorice touted as  
one of them before!), and they have not worked.  I am greatly benefitting 
>from  amino acids which are replacing those in which my body is deficient.

Sincerely,  R'nai




From dgerty@draper.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2525 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: soc.misc,sci.misc,sci.physics,sci.materials,sci.engr.metallurgy,sci.chem,sci.bio.botany,rec.autos.tech,misc.books.technical,misc.misc,maus.talk.english
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From: dgerty@draper.com (Dave Gerty)
Subject: Re: Self-purification of the lotus plant???
Message-ID: <dgerty.171.0008647A@draper.com>
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Date: Fri, 28 Jun 1996 13:23:29 GMT
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In article <31D1540A.7597@uvic.ca> Uncle Al Schwartz <chemv1@uvic.ca> writes:
>From: Uncle Al Schwartz <chemv1@uvic.ca>
>Subject: Re: Self-purification of the lotus plant???
>Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 08:15:22 -0700

>Matthias wrote:
>> 
>> Hi there,
>> 
>> is there anybody who has ever heard or read about the special
>> self-purification of the lotus plant?
>> Maybe you know some sort of use in the industry, e.g. carpaints that
>> clean themselves or something like that?
>> I'm looking for literature, newspaper articles, addresses, other
>> examples or only a tip whom I could talk to.
>> I've already asked 1,000 people but nobody has an idea.

>Oooh... self-purification of the lotus plant!  Why do we never 
>hear anything about self-purification of crabgrass or pigweed?
snip
>Alan "Uncle Al" Schwartz

Be nice Al.  The question is worded in a way that steers you away from the 
answer, but may be sincere.  

There has been work done on removing pollutants from water with water hyacinth 
and water lettuce.  Why not lotus?  In keeping with the symbolism of the 
lotus, start with the New Alchemy Institute, somewhere on Cape Cod in MA.  
Next try Disney World, Epcott, the Land exhibit.  Then there is Biosphere, the 
bogus greenhouse in the desert thing.  They all have done serious work in the 
area.

As for getting the pollutants to clean themselves, forget it.  The plant thing 
depends on scrubbers to remove the crap from the air and diluting it to the 
point where the plants can handle the load.  The plants do a very good job.
Dave


From d_micro@ix.netcom.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2526 of sci.bio.botany
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From: d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky )
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: 28 Jun 1996 21:55:30 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <31d3d008.8925448@news.shadow.net> egriffin@shadow.net (Ed Griffin)
writes: 
>
>I THINK I saw a notice - a few weeks ago - of a newly formed Society
>devoted to the passion flowers. Could someone please tell me whom I
can
>contact to join?
>
>Thank you -
>
Hi.......I went as far as joining the "club" for $15.00 and haven't
seen anything of it. May have been a scham...........! Micro.


From djconnel@leland.Stanford.EDU Sun Jul  7 14:42:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2527 of sci.bio.botany
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From: djconnel@leland.Stanford.EDU (Daniel Connelly)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 28 Jun 1996 15:03:55 -0700
Organization: Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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In article <4r0sag$360@ralph.vnet.net>,
>
>I have used this supplement for years, and found it beneficial.  However, I 
>have been disabled and homebound for 4 1/2 years with CFIDS and Lyme 
>disease, and licorice is not a miracle cure.  It helps, in a gentle way to 
>balance hormones, primarily.
>
>I do not believe the person who posted the original message had an 
>understanding of CFIDS and the devastating symptoms and effects this 
>debilitating disease has on the lives of PWCs.
>
>I have tried most of the 'miracle' cures (and never heard licorice touted as  
>one of them before!), and they have not worked.  I am greatly benefitting 
>from amino acids which are replacing those in which my body is deficient.

I haven't been following all of these newsgroup, and apologize for the
repetition in what I write.  I also plead ignorance on the subject of
fibromalagia, so apolgize for potential extratopicality.  However,
I thought a brief reply was warrented.  I refer interested parties
to the discussion on alt.med.cfs.open.

The licorice treatment promoted by David Williams was based on a
protocol established by a Dr Baschetti, who has advertised the success
of his treatment through letters to the New Zealand Journal of
Medicine and JAMA.  Both David and Dr Baschetti claim to be long-term
CFS sufferers.  The effect is on increasing steady-state cortisol
levels and elevating baseline blood pressure, so it addresses neurally
mediated hypotension and adrenal insufficiency, both of which have
been correlated with CF(ID)S.  The protocol is importent, so haphazard
licorice root trials may well prove ineffective even if the herb is
potentially helpful.

I apprear to have an adrenal-related problem, and have found licorice
enormously beneficial.  I've been using it for approximately 3 weeks.

This subject has received a great deal of attention on
alt.med.cfs.open and, before that, alt.med.cfs.  David is currently
distributing some of the extract he has been using at a moderately low
price, ordering it in bulk from suppliers, so issues of conflict of
interest have arisen.  Bring your asbestos suit....

Dan


From seeps@aol.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2528 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: seeps@aol.com (Seeps)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Hybridisation in Viburnum
Date: 29 Jun 1996 09:16:05 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com

Hi!

On 6/29 drooney@ibm.net (Derrick Rooney) wrote:

<I am looking for information about hybridisation among cultivated
<species of Viburnum, and in particular about hybridisation <between
Asiatic and European species. The species of particular <interest are V.
lantana, from Europe, and V. rhytidophyllum, from <China. I have hybrid
seedlings of which these two species are the <parents. Does anyone else
have any record of such a cross? 

I have a horticulture degree and worked in the landscape architecture
field for several years.  During that time, I purchased all of the woody
plant material for the company.  I believe that the Mohican cultivar of
Viburnum is the result of such a cross.  My books are all at the office
(I'm at home) so I can't check on it right now to be sure.  But, I will
and will get back to you!

CHristina
seeps@aol.com


From philjs@yorku.ca Sun Jul  7 14:42:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2529 of sci.bio.botany
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From: philjs@yorku.ca (Phil Schappert)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: Sat, 29 Jun 1996 15:02:06 GMT
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d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky ) wrote:

>egriffin@shadow.net (Ed Griffin) writes: 
>>I THINK I saw a notice - a few weeks ago - of a newly formed Society
>>devoted to the passion flowers. Could someone please tell me whom I
>can contact to join?
>>Thank you -
>
>Hi.......I went as far as joining the "club" for $15.00 and haven't
>seen anything of it. May have been a scham...........! Micro.
 
Ed & Michael,

Passiflora Society International is neither new or a "scam" (wonderful
things those spell checkers...). P.S.I. was formed in 1990 and currently
has more than 300 members. There have been some problems in the past,
particularly where the newsletter is concerned, but I can assure you that
these problems are now past history (I'm the newsletter editor). Vol. 6(1)
was sent to members in early June and Vol. 6(2) is now at the printers and
should be issued by mid-July. Vol. 6(3) will come out, on schedule, in
September.

Michael - How long ago did you join? If you only joined 3 or 4 weeks ago
(which I suspect) then why are you complaining (especially publically)? If
it's been longer than 2 months then please e-mail me and we'll see about
fixing it since you should have received Vol. 6(1) of the newsletter. You
DO have my e-mail address I know, so a private query would have been more
suitable - dissing an organization, in public, to an interested prospective
member is bad form, to say the least.

Ed - If you're still interested <g>, then please contact me at
PHILJS@YORKU.CA and I'll set you up with the membership info.
Please ignore the preceding diatribe...

Phil

---
Phil Schappert
Biology, York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
philjs@yorku.ca



From iain.mcquirk@login.eunet.no Sun Jul  7 14:42:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2530 of sci.bio.botany
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From: iain.mcquirk@login.eunet.no (Iain McQuirk)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: HELP!! Common English names
Date: Sat, 29 Jun 1996 21:24:22 +0200
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Help, I´m a translator and need help with the common English names for the
following lichen: 

Zygaena exulans
Rhizocarpon geographicum
Xanthoria parietina
Cladonia borealis
Melanelia olivacea
Verrucaria maura
Parmelia omphalodes
Platismatia glauca
Hypogymnia physodes

and the following Polychaetae worms

Pomatoceros triqueter
Spirorbis borealis


Your time is appreciated, with thanks, 

Vivienne Knowles
Voss, Norway


From 74214.255@CompuServe.COM Sun Jul  7 14:42:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2531 of sci.bio.botany
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From: William Beall <74214.255@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Sensitivities to Stimulii
Date: 29 Jun 1996 22:31:14 GMT
Organization: BEALL RESEARCH
Lines: 5
Message-ID: <4r4ari$ah9$1@mhafn.production.compuserve.com>

I would like to contact anyone who has had any experience, or 
knowledge about, the response of plants to electrical stimulii.
Am presently conducting some experiments.  Will share the results 
shortly.
wbeall


From rsmfp@aurora.alaska.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2532 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rsmfp@aurora.alaska.edu (Glacier Gruff Esq.)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Followup-To: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Date: 29 Jun 1996 00:42:29 GMT
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Greetings from the Matanuska-Knik-Portage terminal moraine..

K. Weber (kweber@efn.org) wrote:
:       I have been conducting a science experiment. I put a glass of 
: licorice root tea on my window sill for a week to see if it would show 
: any evidence of fermentation--candida growth. It hasn't. Licorice is a 
: kind of sugar and various micro-organisms will not grow in a strong 
: solution of sugar. This is how sugar preserves fruit in jam. I'm going to 
: try a better experiment w/ a dilute solution of sugar and a pH test strip.

What you have described  is not an experiment...
Kind of sugar??? Not!!!

:      I don't think folks w/out blood clots or hypertension need any 
: special precautions  when taking licorice. I think people should take 
: licorice root tea whenever possible. 

Even if it destroys their endocrine system?  You THINK???

: Black licorice is vaguely carcinogenic ( RCC
: guide to medicinal herbs) . 

Vaguely???? My GAWD...is that from windowsill experiments, too???

[snip..]

:      Also since this is  going out to other groups low blood pressure is 
: not a problem in entirely healthy people. except in very hot wheather 
: were it could substitute for salt tablets or Gatorade. It is very very 
: good in a sort of lemonade
: w/ fresh lemon or malic acid or a vitamin C powder. Malic acid powder is 
: purchased very cheaply at brewer's supply houses. It substitutes for 
: green apples in beer. 

It sure as HELL can BECOME a blood pressure problem for some people
if taken indiscriminately...

As I sit here, with a partially functioning endocrine system, oft
shaking from adrenalin rushes which my liver can not metabolize because
of liver damage...all from the casual use of  

L I C O R I C E   T E A

exactly as this writer is suggesting...over multiple groups,
all I can say is 

D O N ' T  do it....it DOES taste good, it DOES provide instant 
energy in times of emergency, such as a chilled body core during
a mountain climb....

but DAMMIT....the long term casual use of the  stuff is 
DANGEROUS beyond belief....I did it out of sheer ignorance,
and hope to keep anyone else from systematically destroying
the most precise system in their body because they are 
similarly uninformed...

If you DON'T believe me..go to the nearest Health Food
store or library that that has a good book on the
chemistry of herbs, and look up Licorice Root Tea...
you will find such things as "natural estrogen<'
etc...and    W A R N I N G S...

This guy is like a kid playing with a dynamite cap...

sincerly,
Gruff


From kathy@howl.demon.co.uk Sun Jul  7 14:42:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2533 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KATHERINE WOOLF <kathy@howl.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: uk.rec.gardening,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardening
Subject: Lilies - tome for sale
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 96 05:30:05 GMT
Organization: -
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I have a big solid 1936 book with a lot of detail about lilies.  It is
called LILIES by Woodcock & Coutts. It describes how to raise lilies
and gives lots of details about every variety of lily known at the
time.  It is 240 pages, illustrated, hardback, cover is pale brown and
gold.  It is in good condition.  Definitely only for the real lily
enthusiast.  Price: $25 plus postage.

-- Katherine


From kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se Sun Jul  7 14:42:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2534 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kenneth.nilsson@mbox3.swipnet.se (Kenneth Nilsson)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 1996 09:13:26 +0200
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On my Fuchsia Page I have a link to a Passiflora Home Page.  It's
British...

http://www.threewa.co.uk/passion/

Maybe you can find addresses there.

"We can't live without Nature but Nature would do beautifully without us"

Visit my Fuchsia homepage at

http://www.klippo.se/nilsson/home.html

or

http://www.dicom.se/fuchsias/home.html

Kenneth
USDA zone 5-6 in Stockholm, Sweden
..........................................


From davidwms@ix.netcom.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2535 of sci.bio.botany
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From: davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 30 Jun 1996 13:58:20 GMT
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In <4r1u5l$p55@news.alaska.edu> rsmfp@aurora.alaska.edu (Glacier Gruff
Esq.) writes: 

>It sure as HELL can BECOME a blood pressure problem for some people
>if taken indiscriminately...

I totally agree.  People who tend to hypertension or have existing
liver and kidney problems should not take licorice.

>As I sit here, with a partially functioning endocrine system

What is partially functioning in your endocrine system?  You are
talking far to general and broad.

>shaking from adrenalin rushes which my liver can not metabolize
>because of liver damage...all from the casual use of  
>L I C O R I C E   T E A

Maybe someone spiked your tea with arsnic?  Either that, or you are
under some sort of false impression.  Licorice is used sucessfully in
Japan to tried hepatitis and would not likely destroy your liver.

>exactly as this writer is suggesting...over multiple groups,
>all I can say is D O N ' T  do it....it DOES taste good, it DOES
>provide instant energy in times of emergency, such as a chilled body
>core during a mountain climb....

>but DAMMIT....the long term casual use of the  stuff is 
>DANGEROUS beyond belief....I did it out of sheer ignorance,
>and hope to keep anyone else from systematically destroying
>the most precise system in their body because they are 
>similarly uninformed...

What do you consider causal use?  How much did you ingest?  One man's
cure can be another poison.  I suggest you had something else very
unique wrong with you.  Licorice has been used casually all over the
world for 3,500 hundred years by 100s of millions of people.

>If you DON'T believe me..go to the nearest Health Food
>store or library that that has a good book on the
>chemistry of herbs, and look up Licorice Root Tea...
>you will find such things as "natural estrogen<'

Yes, licorice is estrogenic and can be useful for women going through
menopause.  It is one of the most researched herbs in the world.  Over
200 research papers have been written about licorice since 1992.  None
indicated that licorice causes cancer.  

Maybe Gruff thinks estrogenic means cancer causing?

Captain Dave



From RAHMMUH@minna.acc.iit.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2536 of sci.bio.botany
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From: RAHMMUH@minna.acc.iit.edu (Rahman, Muhammad A.)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How can I get information about conferences, journals on botany?
Date: 29 Jun 1996 16:55:38 GMT
Organization: Illinois Institute of Technology, Academic Computing.
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Can anyone post or email me the following information:

(1)  How can I find current information about seminars and conferences on
botany?

(2)  What are some reputed professional/research journals on Botany that
are published from the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom? 

(3)  What are the most reputed professional associations for Botany
professionals in the United States?


Thanks in advance.

M. A. Rahman
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, Illinois

email: rahmmuh@minna.acc.iit.edu


From Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk Sun Jul  7 14:42:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2537 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk (Death)
Newsgroups: alt.folklore.herbs,sci.med,sci.med,pharmacy,sci.med.immunology,sci.med.misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: David Williams apologises
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 1996 14:18:43 GMT
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I noticed that Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk (Death) penned:

>Okay, let me see if I can tell everybody the truth.

Hello everyone,

Well dear old Dave seems to be at it again.  In a heart-wrenching post
last Thursday he wrote:

>Okay, let me see if I can tell everybody the truth.

When I was a little girl my mother told me the story about that boy
who cried wolf.  I'm sure everyone has heard that story and knows how
often it rings true in life.  The moral of course is that if someone
is constantly lying, how do you know when he is telling the truth.
The fact that Dave has been constantly lying to us is easy to
document.  Just go to DejaNews and start pulling up his posts.  He
tells one newsgroup one thing while he is telling another newsgroup
something completely different.  Then there is the issue of him
operating under the name of Walter Schneider.  I suggest you check out
Walt's posts on DejaNews as well.  Is this the mark of a con artist at
work?  I'll let you be the judge.  How many other false names has he
used to make it look like licorice is a miracle cure for CFS?  Also,
look at the wild claims that Dave and Walt have made.  You know the
old saying, "If it sounds to good to be true, it probably is."  I
might add to this wise advice, "If someone lashes out at people
calling them sluts, bitches, and worse, this is someone to be avoided
at all costs."

So now Dave claims to be telling the truth as he pulls at out heart-
strings with stories of his battle with alcoholism and a son dying of
lung cancer. Is he telling the truth now?  Well, we can't possibly
know. Has Dave sought our sympathy in the past to get a "poor Dave"
response out of us?  The answer is a definite YES.  But now he has
raised the stakes because he knows we can't tell him he is lying when
he talks about a son dying of cancer.  All I know is that when someone
says they don't want my sympathy, they probably do.  It could be
because his son is dying of cancer or it could be because he wants to
continue the con.  Who knows?

My point is, regardless of whether or not his son is dying, this man
has proven himself to be a liar, a con artist (e.g., Walt), and a
horribly abusive person to many on CFS-OPEN (and other newsgroups as
well).  So _if_ this is the truth, it changes nothing.  This man is
getting more and more dangerous IMHO.  When he started telling people
to be under his care_only_ and to not tell their doctors, he went way
over the edge.  What's next?  Is he going to get a fake medical degree
and open up a licorice clinic on Florida?  I heard on the news the
other day that this is far too easy to do.  Dave comes across to me as
just the type of fellow who would do it.

Finally, let me disect his post in which he was supposedly bearing his
soul.  Here are some statements from that post:

>Since I have been on licorice my CFS/FM has disappeared and I have
>regained my energy...

>I personally believe hundreds of thousands of people are going to regain
>their energy and recover from CFS/FM by using licorice.

>I am calling my lifetime friends and, with their help, will reorganize
>my licorice business.  The only thing I would like to do personally is
>participate in the debate with Nurse Camilla about licorice.
>Everything else, including licorice info on alt.med.cfs.open, will be
>turned over to someone else.

>As far as licorice is concerned, if you have CFS/FM and low blood
>pressure, it will turn your life around completely.

>My advice to anyone taking licorice is to start preparing yourself to
>learn to live well again.

Sure, these remarks are taken out of context.  But it should be clear
that even when Dave is bearing his soul and _apologizing_, he is also
still trying to sell licorice and tell us about his business.  And I
am still waiting for him to turn the "licorice info" on CFS-OPEN to
someone else.  Maybe his lifetime friend Walt is up to the job.  Or
maybe it will be some other imaginary friend he likes to play with.

Look at the events of the past few days.  Has anything changed since
he told us the _truth_?  He is still posting to CFS-OPEN and other
places on the internet.  In one post, he quoted an entire _poor Dave_
reply to his post about his son dying of cancer and then added simply,
"A good reply." I guess he didn't get enough sympathy from us and
needed to make sure we saw that one again.  Seems odd, doesn't it,
that the words "thank you" did not come to mind?

Well, it does not seem odd to me.  Maybe this isn't about him wanting
to sell licorice at all.  Maybe it is only about him having some fun
at the expense of people who are very ill and desperate for a cure.
There may be some money involved in all of this, but Dave seems like
the type of guy who can always find an angle to make money.  With all
of the PWCs-who-won't-try-licorice-are-hypochondriacs posts of his, it
seems pretty obvious to me that the con game is what is ultimately
important to him.

Just one opinion,
Carol Castro


Your eternal servant Death
<Grim.Reaper@pobox.co.uk>



From nofish@onramp.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2538 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Chuck <nofish@onramp.net>
Newsgroups: soc.misc,sci.misc,sci.physics,sci.materials,sci.engr.metallurgy,sci.chem,sci.bio.botany,rec.autos.tech,misc.books.technical,misc.misc,maus.talk.english
Subject: Re: Self-purification of the lotus plant???
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 1996 12:04:16 -0500
Organization: OnRamp Technologies; ISP;  Dallas/Ft Worth/Houston, TX USA
Lines: 16
Message-ID: <31D6B390.6B9C@onramp.net>
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To: Dave Gerty <dgerty@draper.com>
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Dave Gerty wrote:
> There has been work done on removing pollutants from water with water hyacinth
> and water lettuce.  Why not lotus?  In keeping with the symbolism of the
> lotus, start with the New Alchemy Institute, somewhere on Cape Cod in MA.
> Next try Disney World, Epcott, the Land exhibit.  Then there is Biosphere, the
> bogus greenhouse in the desert thing.  They all have done serious work in the
> area.
> 
> As for getting the pollutants to clean themselves, forget it.  The plant thing
> depends on scrubbers to remove the crap from the air and diluting it to the
> point where the plants can handle the load.  The plants do a very good job.
> Dave

Red somewhere that Horseradish was a good plant to cleanse water from polluted sources.

Art


From ranger@america.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2539 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Annette & Scott Ranger <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Basophiles
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 1996 14:44:18 -0400
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Living in the midst of the very acid soil of the southeastern piedmont, I've become 
interested in those plants that prefer neutral to basic soils that might be encountered 
on the mafic and ultramafic rock/soil assemblages in the piedmont.  Kennesaw Mountain, 
near where I live, is proving very interesting floristically due to a number of plants 
that usually are in basic soils, such as Blephilia ciliata, Celtis occidentalis, Ptelea 
trifoliata, Arabis missouriensis, Zathoxylum americanum.  The occasionaly columbo, 
Frasera americana, seems to grow in Georgia ONLY on neutral to basic soils.

Does anyone have knowledge of a list of plants that prefer basic soils?  I'm finding 
out the hard and slow way by looking up virtually every species I find in numerous 
floras hoping to find a comment like that.  It would sure be a great help.  And while 
anyone might be at it, how about a similar list for acidophiles?

Scott Ranger


From diogon@sc2a.unige.ch Sun Jul  7 14:42:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2540 of sci.bio.botany
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From: diogon@sc2a.unige.ch
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Sensitivities to Stimulii
Date: 1 Jul 96 13:29:16 +0200
Organization: University of Geneva, Switzerland
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In article <4r4ari$ah9$1@mhafn.production.compuserve.com>, William Beall <74214.255@CompuServe.COM> writes:
> I would like to contact anyone who has had any experience, or 
> knowledge about, the response of plants to electrical stimulii.
> Am presently conducting some experiments.  Will share the results 
> shortly.
> wbeall

Five years ago, i was working in a group which was studying the thigmomorpho-
genesis, understand the answer of plants to mechanical stimuli.
They showed that after a mechanical stimulation there was an *action potential*
that was produced...
i don't know if plants are giving any answer to electrical stimulation but
i know that plant membrane can produce an electrical depolarisation and that
is an important step in the thigmomorphogenetic answer.

The plants studied were Bidens pilosa, and Bryonia dioica. I know that some
similar experiments have been conduced on tomato.

Thierry



From lgclark@okstate.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2541 of sci.bio.botany
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From: linda gatti clark <lgclark@okstate.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Asclepiadaceae reference
Date: Mon, 01 Jul 1996 09:09:14 +0000
Organization: Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University
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Need to located a fefernce which lists all the genera of the 
Asclepiadaceae on a world wide basis.  Does anyone know of such a 
reference or have a suggestion on where to look?

thank you.

lgc


From seeps@aol.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2542 of sci.bio.botany
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From: seeps@aol.com (Seeps)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: STOP with the licorice already!
Date: 1 Jul 1996 22:12:20 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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This whole topic is getting out of hand!

Christina Bolas


From freiburg@sirius.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2543 of sci.bio.botany
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From: freiburg@sirius.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Queensland Botany
Date: 1 Jul 1996 19:58:46 GMT
Organization: Sirius Connections
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I'm a botanist/fire ecologist based in San Francisco and will be in Queensland for six weeks starting September 9.  I'm very 
interested in hooking up with some local botanists to get acquainted with the regional flora.  I'll be based in Townesville but will be 
moving around as much as possible.  I'd very much like to meet researchers for a chance to see what's current on the ecology front.
If you wouldn't mind a Yank tagging along on a field trip, I'd like to hear about it.  Please respond to my e-mail address.  Cheers.

Michael K. Wood
e-mail: freiburg@sirius.com






From d_micro@ix.netcom.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2544 of sci.bio.botany
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From: d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky )
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: 1 Jul 1996 21:39:22 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 13
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In <31d3d008.8925448@news.shadow.net> egriffin@shadow.net (Ed Griffin)
writes: 
>
>I THINK I saw a notice - a few weeks ago - of a newly formed Society
>devoted to the passion flowers. Could someone please tell me whom I
can
>contact to join?
>
>Thank you -
>
You saw that allright. I joined by writing a 15.00 check.....never
heard from them. Another SCAM!



From mtmoura@mail.telepac.pt Sun Jul  7 14:42:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2545 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Monica Moura <mtmoura@mail.telepac.pt>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Viburnum workers
Date: Mon, 01 Jul 1996 22:50:52 -0100
Organization: telepac
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <31D8645C.554F@mail.telepac.pt>
References: <4r01n8$118e@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <4r3aal$pma@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
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I'm working with an azorean endemic ssp. of Viburnum and any 
bibliographic reference to work already done in the genus would be a 
great help. Please e-mail me if you know about this or where I can 
contact other Viburnum co-workers.

Thanks,

Monica

**********************************************************************
Monica Moura
Biology Dept.
Univ. of Azores
S. Miguel, Azores

e-mail: mtmoura@mail.telepac.pt
        moura@alf.uac.pt
**********************************************************************


From philjs@yorku.ca Sun Jul  7 14:42:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2546 of sci.bio.botany
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From: philjs@yorku.ca (Phil Schappert)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: Tue, 02 Jul 1996 14:24:34 GMT
Organization: York University
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <4rb08s$mmn@sunburst.ccs.yorku.ca>
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d_micro@ix.netcom.com(Michael L Roginsky ) wrote:
>You saw that allright. I joined by writing a 15.00 check.....never
>heard from them. Another SCAM!

Michael,

Quit dissing the society! It is NOT a scam, I'm quite willing to help set
things right but please stop telling everyone that this is a scam. Will you
be as quick on the old keys to issue a public apology when you find out
that P.S.I. is for real? I think not.

Cease and desist, please...

Phil

---
Phil Schappert
Biology, York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
philjs@yorku.ca



From ruralite@aol.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2547 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ruralite@aol.com (RURALITE)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: polyploid
Date: 2 Jul 1996 04:08:23 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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In article <4ejjdv$ngn@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, liegon@aol.com (Liegon)
writes:

>Subject:	polyploid
>From:	liegon@aol.com (Liegon)
>Date:	29 Jan 1996 17:58:07 -0500
>
>Does anyone know how to induce polyploid on a plant without the use of
the
>chemical colchicine.  Thank you.
>
>
>-

Did you ever get a reply on this one?  If so, would you please share it?


From info@keo.kvaerner.no Sun Jul  7 14:42:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2548 of sci.bio.botany
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From: InfoCentre Kvaerner Engineering <info@keo.kvaerner.no>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Norwegian name for Milo (Sotho Maili)
Date: Tue, 02 Jul 1996 15:05:20 -0700
Organization: Kvaerner Engineering a.s
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Probably a long shot, but:

Could anyone help us with the Norwegian name (if excisting) for Milo, 
Latin name: Sotho Maili?

Thanks in advance!

--
Harald Egeberg
Librarian
InfoCentre, Kvaerner Engineering a.s


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2549 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Santalum host info needed.
Date: Tue, 02 Jul 96 12:45:56 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
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Good Day, I have recently acquired seed for Santalum acuminata "Quandong" a 
hemi-parasitic tree.  The only cultural info I have says to grow it next to an 
existing plant.  Anyone have any recommendations as to preferred host plants 
(specific or Genera/Family preferences) or even more detailed culture ideas??

thanks in advance

Clinton Morse

------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton Morse - Greenhouse Manager
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
75 North Eagleville Rd., Box U-42
University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269
E-Mail to: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu
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From FMFR33A@prodigy.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2550 of sci.bio.botany
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From: FMFR33A@prodigy.com (Henry Kuska)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: polyploid
Date: 3 Jul 1996 00:53:52 GMT
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     The following is a section that I scanned out of the book "Plants, A 
Guide to Plant Hobbies"" by Herbert S. Zim, Harcourt, Brace, and World,  
Inc., New York, 1947, Page 311. 
CHEMICALS AND PLANT EXPERIMENTS
        "The amateur should keep in mind that colchicine is a dangerous 
poison and that the powder or a concentrated solution should be handled 
with care. You can work with colchicine without handling it directly and 
it's recommended that you wash off any that does get on your skin.
   Another chemical which may be interesting to experiment with and which 
may produce the same effect as colchicine, is the ordinary moth ball 
chemical: napthalene. This chemical vaporizes easily and the vapors may 
also produce chromosome doubling in plants exposed to them. A related 
chemical acenaphthene is even more effective and works in a similar way. 
A small dish of these crystals is placed in a pan with germinating seeds 
and covered with a glass cover. Warm temperature increases the effect. As 
with colchicine it is advisable to try variations in exposure, using 
about the same periods of time-one to ten days. You have the same end in 
view, to get a long enough exposure to produce effects without killing 
the young plants. After exposure, the young plants will need careful 
attention. Watch for variations in leaf, thickened stems, and other signs 
of a changed growth pattern. Acenaphthene can be used on larger plants 
also. A sprouting twig can be enclosed in a cellophane bag with 
acenaphthene crystals. A flower, after pollination, can be similarly 
treated for possible effects on the fruit and seed. This chemical can be 
used in conjunction with hybridization.
     Whatever the experiment, the amateur should keep in mind that none 
of these chemicals is "a miracle worker." The chances of getting 
successful results are very slim. But it is just this gamble that has 
produced some of our most valuable and......."
                                            END OF PAGE
     Is anyone familiar with any more recent experiments using napthalene 
to double chromosomes?  I have noticed that when I would put moth balls 
into a rodent hole that the grass around the hole would die.
   



From leafntwig@gate.ioa.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2551 of sci.bio.botany
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From: R'nai Diane <leafntwig@gate.ioa.com>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: Licorice Cured My Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Two Hours!!!!
Date: 29 Jun 1996 22:45:09 GMT
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Hi Dan,

I've had adrenal insufficiency too, although it's just about  corrected now.  
I notice that the Dr. espousing this treatment wrote letters to Jama and a 
NZ publication (you did use the word 'advertised') ~ well, I had a letter 
published in the CFIDS Journal too.  I don't believe licorice is a cure-all for 
CFIDS, although it may have a beneficial affect in addressing adrenal and 
hormonal insufficiency.  

I know several hundred people with CFIDS, being treated by some of the 
most knowledgeable and open-minded physicians around the world, and I 
don't know one who has been 'cured' by licorice.  

I've been corresponding with PWCs from around the world for over a year 
on CompuServe, in the CFIDS, Nat Med, and Public Health forums, and most 
of them are homebound.  Most have also tried a great variety of 
treatments, often based on the protocol of Dr. Paul Cheney of Charlotte, 
NC, and other leading CFIDS researchers ~ their research findings are often 
posted in the CFIDS Chronicle & other medical journals, as are articles by 
my own MD, who is also a Certified Nutritionist ~ if licorice were 
beneficial in treating the vast array of symptoms associated with CFIDS, 
I'm sure there would be discussion of its merits in this sector.

As I preveiously said, I think licorice root is a beneficial natural medicinal; 
however, most CFIDS sufferers are challenged with symptoms such as 
migraines, blurry vision, insomnia, memory loss, cognitive impairment, 
loss of balance, weight gain, fibromyalgia (pain where ligaments and 
tendons meet bone), and etc., that are not addressed by licorice.

Anyone who has the audacity to claim that licorice cured their Chronic 
Fatigue Syndrome in two hours, two  days, two weeks, two months, or two 
years, is attributing to licorice healing capabilities it simply does not 
possess.  There have been a lot of people promoting gimmicks or using 
lures to encourage people to partake of expensive therapies later on, 
after a 'bond' has been established.

Only a relatively low number of PWCs have neuro-mediated hypotension, 
and there is a specific tilt-table test for that.  Common table salt often is 
beneficial in helping people with this aspect of CFIDS.

Similarly, though many of us test low for DHEA levels, Dr. Cheney has found 
that some PWCs actually get worse when they supplement with DHEA. 

There is no simple cure for this disease.  One doctor is promoting thyroid 
hormones as the cure-all; another is promoting an electric 'zapper', and 
another claiming that a candida diet will cure everything.  Other 
'healthcare professionals' are marketing injections of unknown 
substances in clinics in Mexico @ $2000 a visit.  

Different people have different needs, but I sincerely doubt that anyone 
who recovers due to licorice alone had the syndrome to begin with, 
according to the evaluative standards of the CDC.

The treatment for CFIDS is a complex and individual matter.   IMO, there is 
no such thing as a 'one key fits all' approach to treatment.  

There is discussion among MDs on the Net, in a document referred to as the 
lymecfs.txt, about antibiotic-responsive CFIDS.  But at no time is it said 
that even this is a cure-all for all sufferers. 

One of the main problems in CFIDS is cellular dysfunction at a 
mitochondrial level.  The cells are incapable of burning fuel to produce ATP 
and etc. for energy.  Also, the cell walls are too permeable, and the ratios 
of magnesium, sodium, and potassium are unbalanced.  The white blood 
cell count is elevated.  These are generalizations, but true of most 
patients of the leading researchers.  Licorice hasn't the capacity to 
correct these types of dysfunction, any more than thyroid hormone has.

I believe in having hope and being open-minded, but not in setting people 
up for disappointments.  We experience too many during the trial and error 
process of finding appropriate legitimate treatments for CFIDS.

I am glad to hear you are feeling better. 

So far, I have found amino acid replacement & balanced intake of 
vitamins, minerals, cofactors & etc. to be the most beneficial of the 
natural treatments I have employed to regain my health.  The aminos are 
particularly helpful because they do not require digestion, which is often 
compromised in PWCs.  

Sincerely,  R'nai




From Loty Salazar Sun Jul  7 14:42:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2552 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Loty Salazar
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Information on the CLUSIA plant (formerly called CLUSIASEAE)
Date: 2 Jul 1996 22:32:42 GMT
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Hi everybody,

	An friend of mine overseas needs information regarding incense 
and the plant that produces it.  Specifically, he needs reference, 
preferibly experimental data, of the CLUSIA plant (family of the 
GUTTIFERACEAE, formerly called CLUSIASEAE).  This plant seems to be the 
source of rubber or resin that is used for incense in religious 
ceremonies.  My friend needs information regarding the production of 
incense (volume?), chemical composition, fisiology, and use.

	Any information and/or reference will be highly appreciated.


	My personal electronic address is;


	lsalazar@worldbank.org


	Loty :)  	



From jlacombe@sover.net Sun Jul  7 14:42:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2553 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jennifer L LaCombe <jlacombe@sover.net>
Newsgroups: pdaxs.ads.antiques,rec.antiques.marketplace,rec.arts.books,rec.arts.books.marketplace,rec.gardens.orchids,rec.gardens,uk.rec.gardening,triangle.gardens,sci.bio.botany
Subject: FS:Hooker's Exotic Flora Vols.I,II,III ca.1823,1825,1827
Date: Wed, 3 Jul 1996 12:05:54 -0400
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I have for sale the complete set of "Hooker's Exotic Flora", 3 volumes, 
ca. 1823-27, by Sir William Jackson Hooker.  The books are complete with 
all 232 plates intact.  There is some minor water damage on the covers 
only.  Two of the covers are dislodged at the spine, but all parts are 
there and any repairs should be quite easy.

I am conducting a mail, phone and email auction which will close at 12 
midnight EST on July 31, 1996.  The opening bid is $7500.00 US currency.  
All inquiries will be kept in the strictest confidence and I will answer 
any and all queries at the soonest possible moment.

For more information and scanned images of 13 plates from these volumes, 
we have established a web page at:

		http://www.sover.net/~ptjadams/exhibit.html 


Thank You,

Paulo R. Adams
(802)875-4462
ptjadams@sover.net

jvl




From browning@botany.unp.ac.za Sun Jul  7 14:42:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2554 of sci.bio.botany
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From: browning@botany.unp.ac.za
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: latin/english translator
Date: 3 Jul 1996 07:51:15 GMT
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Hi, 

I have found this ftp address. ftp:/www.mobot.org/pub/DOS/Latin/ from the Web. I 
have been trying to ftp but so far was unsuccessful. Is this the correct address? 
There a software program that translates Latin into English by Peter Bostock that I 
wish to obtain. I would appreciate any help over this matter.

Jane Browning 
(Browning@Botany.unp.ac.za)



From witbee@aol.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2555 of sci.bio.botany
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From: witbee@aol.com (WITBEE)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info on career
Date: 3 Jul 1996 06:02:45 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Can Someone help me? I am a Biology student currently studying for my B.S.
in Biology. I want to try for a masters in Botany and eventually a
Doctorate. I would like to teach at a University level eventually or lead
research teams. What is a good educational plan and what is involved with
a Doctorate or PHd?
Thanks for any help you can provide.

Rob
Witbee@aol.com


From Hartmut.Ihnenfeldt@t-online.de Sun Jul  7 14:42:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2556 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Hartmut.Ihnenfeldt@t-online.de (Hartmut Ihnenfeldt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Nespolis?
Date: 22 Jun 1996 15:51:25 GMT
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For a translation project I seek information about a fruit or plant 
called "Nespolis" which grows in the mediterranian area. 

Any help would really be appreciated!

Thanks,

Hartmut Ihnenfeldt


From sacharof@accessone.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2557 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sacharof@accessone.com (Sambo)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardening,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Forest Flame
Date: Wed, 03 Jul 1996 10:44:46 -0500
Organization: AccessOne
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I have some seeds of a plant called "Forest Flame/Flame of The Forest" or
Delonix regia.. These are big seeds.  I'd like to get them to grow.  Any
tips or pointers.. does anyone grow this plant?

Thanks,
Sambo


From JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk Sun Jul  7 14:42:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2558 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jim A <JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Queensland Botany
Date: Wed, 3 Jul 1996 22:33:55 +0100
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In article <4r9alm$og5@sun.sirius.com>, freiburg@sirius.com writes
>I'm a botanist/fire ecologist based in San Francisco and will be in Queensland 
>for six weeks starting September 9.  I'm very 
>interested in hooking up with some local botanists to get acquainted with the 
>regional flora.  I'll be based in Townesville but will be 
>moving around as much as possible.  I'd very much like to meet researchers for a 
>chance to see what's current on the ecology front.
>If you wouldn't mind a Yank tagging along on a field trip, I'd like to hear 
>about it.  Please respond to my e-mail address.  Cheers.
>
>Michael K. Wood
>e-mail: freiburg@sirius.com
>
>
>
________________________________________________________________________
While you're there look out for agathis robusta, a very fine tree and
related to the New Zealand Kauri - agathis australis.  The Kauri was
once a very important source of high quality timber, until they cut
virtually every single one down.
-- 
With Best Regards
Jim A.


From camilla@primenet.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:29 EDT 1996
Article: 2559 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 3 Jul 1996 17:33:01 -0700
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In traditional herbal medicine, licorice root is used in very small doses 
and in combination with other herbs.  Under the supervision of a person 
knowledgable about herbal medicine, this is probably pretty safe.  

Taking licorice every day, without supervision, may eventually cause 
problems even in healthy people.  A lot depends on how much licorice 
you're using and in what form you're consuming the licorice.  It also 
depends on if you are taking other drugs (oral contraceptives or 
corticosteroids, for example) or eating foods like grapefruit 
that can increase the effects of licorice.  Persons with a strong family 
history of high blood pressure or who have liver or kidney damage may 
also be at higher risk of complications.

The ingredient that causes the blood pressure increase and potassium 
depletion is glycyrrhzin, also called glycyrrhizic acid.  (BTW, blood 
pressure increase and cardiac arrthymia are not the only adverse effects 
>from  glycyrrizin: it can also cause paralysis due to muscle damage.  
Fortuntately, it usually, but not always, reverses when the glycyrrhzin 
is stopped and potassium supplements are given.)

Glycyrrhizin occurs normally in licorice root in amounts ranging from 5% to 
27%. Almost all of the serious problems and deaths from licorice involved 
glycyrrhizin extracts and there is some reason to believe that 
glycyrrhizin in whole licorice root does not have as strong an effect as 
pure extracted glycyrrhizin.  However,  I do know a man who developed a 
cardiac arrhythmia due to potassium depletion from whole licorice root.  He 
brewed a strong tea and drank it daily because he liked the taste.

In Germany, herbs are regulated as over the counter drugs.  The German 
Pharmacoepeal Commission decides what the label may say.  They believe 
that up to 100 mg. of glycyrrizin may be consumed for it's taste 
indefinitely.  However, there is at least one study suggesting that doses 
as low as 50 mg. of glycyrrhizin may raise blood pressure over time.
This equals between 0.5 gram and 2.7 gram of whole root.  (Remember: 1000 
mg to 1 gram).

They have further stated that between 200 mg and 800 mg glycyrrhizin 
(equal to 5-15 gram whole root) may be consumed theraputically by persons 
who have no counterindications for up to 6 weeks without a doctor's 
supervision.  Doses above that amount or for a longer period of time 
should be used only under the supervision of an MD.

It is possible to obtain licorice from which all the glycyrrhizin has 
been removed.  This is called deglycyrrhized licorice and appears to be 
quite safe.  It does have pharmacologic effects and can be useful as an 
adjunct to antibiotic therapy for ulcers and in the treatment of 
gastritis because it increases the rate at which cells reproduce in the 
stomach lining.  It is not known whether deglycyrrhized licorice possesses 
any other theraputic effects.  

   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

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From samurai@students.uiuc.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:29 EDT 1996
Article: 2560 of sci.bio.botany
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From: SAMURAI <samurai@students.uiuc.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: Wed, 3 Jul 1996 20:18:54 -0500
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
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The person you could contact to tell you how to join is Christian 
Feuillet.  He does research on the Passifloraceae and I believe is 
involved with A passiflora society.  His email address is: 
0006219262@mcimail.com
good luck
cynthia morales


On Fri, 28 Jun 1996, Ed Griffin wrote:

> I THINK I saw a notice - a few weeks ago - of a newly formed Society
> devoted to the passion flowers. Could someone please tell me whom I can
> contact to join?
> 
> Thank you -
> 
> 
> 


From kshreder@ucsd.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:29 EDT 1996
Article: 2561 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kevin Shreder <kshreder@ucsd.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: updated WWWsite:  The Antibody Resource Page
Date: Wed, 03 Jul 1996 18:33:45 -0700
Organization: University of California at San Diego
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The Antibody Resource Page is a website devoted to collecting and
linking the vast number of resources on the internet about antibodies.
The page contains links to various educational sites about antibodies,
links to antibody and hybridoma database and sequence analysis sites,
and more.  I have now updated an entire section on how to find
antibodies or information about antibodies on the internet. This section
contains more than 60 links to companies that sell antibodies or
antibody related products (e.g., immunoassays, modeling and immunassay
analysis programs, etc...).  The URL for the Antibody Resource Page is:

http://www-chem.ucsd.edu/Faculty/goodman/antibody.html/abpage.html

Let me know what you think of the page and if you have any contributions
or additions.


Kevin Shreder, Ph.D.
UCSD
kshreder@ucsd.edu


From nahrunh@citec.qld.gov.au Sun Jul  7 14:42:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2562 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Helen+Paul <nahrunh@citec.qld.gov.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Santalum host info needed.
Date: 4 Jul 1996 01:53:03 GMT
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Hi Clinton,

At a glance, there is a rave in Wrigley & Fagg's Australian Native Plants 
about _S. lanceolatum_  that goes like "generally difficult to cultivate 
but work is progressing in South Australia".  And "Propagation: from 
seed, with difficulty.  Seed over one year old is used, the kernel 
removed and sterilised for half an hour in diluted household bleach.  
Kernels are then placed in a plastic bag with some moist wood shavings 
and kept cool (16-20 deg.C) and dark until germination takes place (about 
3 weeks)".   For _S. acuminatum_ itself, there is a brief note "also in 
cultivation and is said to fruit in four years.  Grasses have been used 
as a host plant".   There you go - grasses!  I would suspect that other 
woody species might also work (eg. Acacia, Eremophila, Eucalyptus) but 
don't know really.

A thought! (I have them from time to time) - try contacting the:
Black Hill Flora Centre
c/o Botanic Garden of Adelaide
North Terrace
Adelaide SA 5076
AUSTRALIA


Good luck with what should be and interesting project,

Regards
Paul Kristiansen
Dept. of Natural Resources
Brisbane, Australia

I think they would be working on Santalum R&D, or would know who is.

>Good Day, I have recently acquired seed for Santalum acuminata "Quandong" a 
>hemi-parasitic tree.  The only cultural info I have says to grow it next to an 
>existing plant.  Anyone have any recommendations as to preferred host plants 
>(specific or Genera/Family preferences) or even more detailed culture ideas??
>
>thanks in advance
>>Clinton Morse




From nahrunh@citec.qld.gov.au Sun Jul  7 14:42:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2563 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Helen+Paul <nahrunh@citec.qld.gov.au>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardening,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Forest Flame
Date: 4 Jul 1996 02:07:51 GMT
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Hi Sambo,

Over here in Orstrayleeah,we call _D.regia_ by the common name of 
Poinciana, butthe two names you give are quite .. colourful.

Scraify the see: nick a corner with a sharp knife, secateurs or even 
sandpaper; soak in boiled water over-night and then sow in a good quality 
potting mix in tubes or a tray, they should start to sprout in a week or 
two.  When they are up to their second or third set of real leaves (or 
when you can be bothered) pot up to tubes if in a tray. Feed regularly  
once it's going and it should grow quite quickly.  They get big 
eventually and the roots can interfere with paving, foundations, etc. so 
plant in the middle of the lawn or other open area.

Have fun,

Paul K.

sacharof@accessone.com (Sambo) wrote:
>I have some seeds of a plant called "Forest Flame/Flame of The Forest" or
>Delonix regia.. These are big seeds.  I'd like to get them to grow.  Any
>tips or pointers.. does anyone grow this plant?
>Thanks,
>Sambo




From davidwms@ix.netcom.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2564 of sci.bio.botany
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From: davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
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Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> writes: 

>In traditional herbal medicine, licorice root is used in very small doses
and in combination with other herbs.  Under the supervision of a person 
knowledgable about herbal medicine, this is probably pretty safe.  

The statement, "licorice root is used in very small doses" is vague and
not very useful!  What do you mean by small doses?

>Taking licorice every day, without supervision, may eventually cause 
problems even in healthy people.

Taking licorice every day, without supervision, WILL MORE LIKELY CAUSE
PROBLEMS IN HEALTHY PEOPLE.  Healthy people, who do not need the
pharmological properties of licorice can become very ill from taking this
herb.  However, sick people who need the pharmological properties of
licorice can ingest great amounts of the herb and reap much benefit.  A
dose that may heal a sick person could kill a healthy one.


>A lot depends on how much licorice you're using and in what form you're
consuming the licorice.  It also depends on if you are taking other drugs
(oral contraceptives or corticosteroids, for example) or eating foods like
grapefruit that can increase the effects of licorice.

Yes, grapefruit can increase the effects of licorice, but only slightly
and not enough to be concerned whatsoever unless one is eating 20
grapefruit per day.

>Persons with a strong family history of high blood pressure or who
have liver or kidney damage may also be at higher risk of
complications.

Right on, Nurse Camilla!!!

>The ingredient that causes the blood pressure increase and potassium 
>depletion is glycyrrhzin, also called glycyrrhizic acid.  (BTW, blood 
>pressure increase and cardiac arrthymia are not the only adverse
effects 
>from glycyrrizin: it can also cause paralysis due to muscle damage.

Yes, several people ingesting hugh amounts of licorice have developled
propblems with muscles after many years on continuious use.  But
thousands of times more people have been killed by taking OTC drugs.
  
>Fortuntately, it usually, but not always, reverses when the
glycyrrhzin 
is stopped and potassium supplements are given.)

Glycyrrhizic acid does deplete potassium, but at the same time it
increases salt.  A person would retain water and swell drastically
before they reacha serious depeltion on potassium.  No serious
permenant health problems due to potasium depletion have resulted by
sane people who have ingested large amounts of licorice.  They simply
swell up too much fro too much salt retention and stop taking licorice
before potassium depletion becomes life threatning.


>Glycyrrhizin occurs normally in licorice root in amounts ranging from
5%
>to 27%.

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content usually ranges from 3.5% to 10%.  The 27%
GA content licorice is rare and expensive and must be specially
spray-dried.  One is not likely to incounter this high content licorice by
accident. 

>Almost all of the serious problems and deaths from licorice involved 
>glycyrrhizin extracts

There is one death on record and if was from a 70 year old man who
ingested large qualities for 8 years and likely had many other conditions.
 He would have probabl;y died two weeks later from something else.

>and there is some reason to believe that glycyrrhizin in whole licorice
root does not have as strong an effect as pure extracted glycyrrhizin. 
However,  I do know a man who developed a cardiac arrhythmia due to
potassium depletion from whole licorice root.  He brewed a strong tea and
drank it daily because he liked the taste.

Nurse Camilla, you know a man who said he developed a problem from
licorice, just as I know a man who said he developed cancer from eating
apples.  No science whatsoever involved in your statement here.

>In Germany, herbs are regulated as over the counter drugs.  The German 
>Pharmacoepeal Commission decides what the label may say.  They believe 
>that up to 100 mg. of glycyrrizin may be consumed for it's taste 
>indefinitely.  However, there is at least one study suggesting that doses
>as low as 50 mg. of glycyrrhizin may raise blood pressure over time.

There are many studies which say the opposite.  Evidence from your past
post indicate that you have made it your mission in life to have all
herbal products come under the control of the FDA.  Your goal is to get
the laws changed and make herbal and alterntive remedies much more
expensive and difficult to obtain.  I suggest you find another cause to
champion, like child-abuse or lightning on golf courses, or handguns, or
legally prescribed drugs.  So many other causes could use a flag-waving,
never-give-up go-getter like you.  Why pick on herbs? 


>This equals between 0.5 gram and 2.7 gram of whole root.  (Remember: 1000
mg to 1 gram).

Thanks for keeping us up on the metric system.

>They have further stated that between 200 mg and 800 mg glycyrrhizin 
(equal to 5-15 gram whole root) may be consumed theraputically by persons
who have no counterindications for up to 6 weeks without a doctor's 
supervision.

Nurse Camilla, I agree somewhat here.  I believe a healthy person can
consume up to 800 mg of GA/day if they don't have any serious problems. 
However, a person with CFS/FM with low/low normal blood pressure and low
cortisol levels could  consume up to 3000 mg per day for 6-8 weeks without
harm as long as they check their blood pressure and watch for severe
sweeling on the ankles and feet.  If their blood pressure increase more
than 20-30 points and their feet start to swell severely, then they should
lower their dose.

>Doses above that amount or for a longer period of time should be used
only under the supervision of an MD.

I also agree here.


>It is possible to obtain licorice from which all the glycyrrhizin has 
>been removed.  This is called deglycyrrhized licorice and appears to be 
>quite safe.  It does have pharmacologic effects and can be useful as an 
>adjunct to antibiotic therapy for ulcers and in the treatment of 
>gastritis because it increases the rate at which cells reproduce in the 
>stomach lining.  It is not known whether deglycyrrhized licorice
possesses 
>any other theraputic effects.  
>
>   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
>                      that your brain falls out."
>
>           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com
>
>-----------------------------------------------------------------------
>  Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356  Los Angeles
>
>   * CFS/Fibromyalgia/AIDS support *  General medical information *  
>Left-wing Politics  *  Church of the SubGenius  *  Skepticism & Science 
>-----------------------------------------------------------------------
>        
>



From camilla@primenet.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2565 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 3 Jul 1996 23:53:01 -0700
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David Williams <davidwms@ix.netcom.com> wrote:

: Taking licorice every day, without supervision, WILL MORE LIKELY CAUSE
: PROBLEMS IN HEALTHY PEOPLE.  Healthy people, who do not need the
: pharmological properties of licorice can become very ill from taking this
: herb.  However, sick people who need the pharmological properties of
: licorice can ingest great amounts of the herb and reap much benefit.  A
: dose that may heal a sick person could kill a healthy one.

Sigh.  Look, David.  You are going on the assumption that you, and 
presumably Dr. Baschetti, know everything you need to about Chronic 
Fatigue Syndrome, not to mention licorice.  From what I've seen of your 
posts and Dr. Baschetti's letters, you are both working on the assumption 
that all CFS is just an atypical adrenal insufficiency syndrome.  Things 
are a lot more complicated than that.  It is true that people with primary
adrenal insufficiency tend to retain more potassium than other folks.  
I will grant you that blindly supplementing potassium in these folks can 
cause serious harm.  Which to me indicates that this is yet another good 
reason to have your serum potassium levels regularly checked and to use 
licorice under a doctor's supervision; whereas you appear to to think 
that it's fine to throw all caution to the winds, forget about seeing 
a doctor and that folks should just buy large amounts of licorice, 
preferably from you.

But things in CFS are just not that clear cut, and Baschetti has already 
displayed absymal ignorance of CFS in his statements that people with CFS 
can't ever have high blood pressure.  All kinds of stuff is going on in 
CFS: take intracellular mineral transport.  According to CFS researchers 
I'm talking to, some people with CFS appear to have relatively high 
amounts of serum potassium but low amounts intracellularly.  This is 
consistant with other findings in CFS that something is very screwy with 
cellular metabolism and with previous findings that cellular magnesium 
and calcium levels are often low.  So what happens if these folks start 
losing serum potassium?  We DONT KNOW.

Both the blood pressure situation and the  adrenal findings in CFS are 
also very complicated.  Some people with CFS don't respond when injected 
with ACTH (adrenal corticotropic hormone) whch should send their cortisol 
levels way up.  This indicates that some people may have a primary 
problem in the adrenals.  However, there is Mark Demitrack's research 
that suggests that many people with CFS have problems in the pituitary 
and hypothalmic hormones that regulate adrenal activity and that the 
adrenals themselves are fine.  

There is also Peter Rowe's research on neurally mediated hypotension, 
which is strictly a neurologic reflex and has nothing to do with adrenal 
insufficiency.  Nobody knows why anyone with vasodepressor syncope, CFS 
or not, responds to Florinef.  It does increase blood volume for a short 
while, but then the effect goes away. Given that Florinef has mild 
glucocorticoid effects (something else your idol Baschetti is ignorant 
about), and given that glucocorticoids have effects on brain chemistry 
(they can send some people into psychosis: bet you didn't know that 
either), it is not unreasonable to suspect a direct effect on the 
central nervous system. 

There are also people with CFS who are responding to beta blockers, 
which are drugs that LOWER blood pressure.  Explain THAT as adrenal 
insufficiency.  It appears that episodes of neurally mediated 
hypotension are triggered by an increase in adrenalin levels.  In these 
folks, a reflex kicks in to lower the blood pressure.  Beta blockers 
block the effects of adrenalin on the beta receptors and so can prevent 
this reflex from kicking in.

: >A lot depends on how much licorice you're using and in what form you're
: consuming the licorice.  It also depends on if you are taking other drugs
: (oral contraceptives or corticosteroids, for example) or eating foods like
: grapefruit that can increase the effects of licorice.

: Yes, grapefruit can increase the effects of licorice, but only slightly
: and not enough to be concerned whatsoever unless one is eating 20
: grapefruit per day.

oh yes.  Like the time you ate two grapefruit and had your ankles swell.  
After only a week on the Scientific Botanicals licorice as I recall.  
Which, BTW, not only indicates sodium excess but can also mean a loss of
intracellular potassium.  Potassium is the main mineral that regulates 
fluid balance inside of cells.  Loss of potassium means that water leaves 
the cells for the blood stream.  Oh, and for the record, I think that 
your recommendation to take licorice until you have swelling is *highly* 
irresponsible.

: Right on, Nurse Camilla!!!

: >The ingredient that causes the blood pressure increase and potassium 
: >depletion is glycyrrhzin, also called glycyrrhizic acid.  (BTW, blood 
: >pressure increase and cardiac arrthymia are not the only adverse
: effects 
: >from glycyrrizin: it can also cause paralysis due to muscle damage.

: Yes, several people ingesting hugh amounts of licorice have developled
: propblems with muscles after many years on continuious use.  But
: thousands of times more people have been killed by taking OTC drugs.

You know, I have to laugh when folks bring up the evils of mainstream 
medicine as a defense.  So many mainstream treatments can be dangerous.  
So what? That has NOTHING to do with the subject we are discussing.
The fact that Dr. X may kill and maim his patients does not therefore 
give someone else license to only kill and maim a little.  I am reminded 
of the times when kids who have done something bad tell their parents: 
'But Johnny does it all the time."  The parental response is usually:
"So if everyone else is jumping off a bridge does that mean you do it too?"
Every treatment, mainstream or otherwise, must be evaluated on its OWN 
merits.

: Glycyrrhizic acid does deplete potassium, but at the same time it
: increases salt.  A person would retain water and swell drastically
: before they reacha serious depeltion on potassium.  No serious
: permenant health problems due to potasium depletion have resulted by
: sane people who have ingested large amounts of licorice.  They simply
: swell up too much fro too much salt retention and stop taking licorice

Oh, you mean like the man who suddenly went into quadriplegic paralysis 
with no swelling or other warning signs?  I sent you that case report as 
I recall.

: Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content usually ranges from 3.5% to 10%.  The 27%
: GA content licorice is rare and expensive and must be specially
: spray-dried.  One is not likely to incounter this high content licorice by
: accident. 

I might grant you that one. 

: >Almost all of the serious problems and deaths from licorice involved 
: >glycyrrhizin extracts

: There is one death on record and if was from a 70 year old man who
: ingested large qualities for 8 years and likely had many other conditions.
:  He would have probabl;y died two weeks later from something else.

Excuse me?  There are a lot more than one death on record from licorice.

: >and there is some reason to believe that glycyrrhizin in whole licorice
: root does not have as strong an effect as pure extracted glycyrrhizin. 
: However,  I do know a man who developed a cardiac arrhythmia due to
: potassium depletion from whole licorice root.  He brewed a strong tea and
: drank it daily because he liked the taste.

: Nurse Camilla, you know a man who said he developed a problem from
: licorice, just as I know a man who said he developed cancer from eating
: apples.  No science whatsoever involved in your statement here.

oh, horseshit.  He went to the doc and his serum potassium level was 
2.0.  Docs had been trying to find the source of this arrthymia for years.
And it all went away and never came back as soon as he discontinued the
licorice.  It's entirely consistent with everything we know about the 
relationship between potassium and cardiac function, which is one of the 
best understood areas of medical physiology.  It's also completely 
consistent with everything we know about the pharmacology of licorice.

: >In Germany, herbs are regulated as over the counter drugs.  The German 
: >Pharmacoepeal Commission decides what the label may say.  They believe 
: >that up to 100 mg. of glycyrrizin may be consumed for it's taste 
: >indefinitely.  However, there is at least one study suggesting that doses
: >as low as 50 mg. of glycyrrhizin may raise blood pressure over time.

: There are many studies which say the opposite.  Evidence from your past
: post indicate that you have made it your mission in life to have all
: herbal products come under the control of the FDA.  Your goal is to get
: the laws changed and make herbal and alterntive remedies much more
: expensive and difficult to obtain.  I suggest you find another cause to
: champion, like child-abuse or lightning on golf courses, or handguns, or
: legally prescribed drugs.  So many other causes could use a flag-waving,
: never-give-up go-getter like you.  Why pick on herbs? 

Ah, yes.  You keep repeating this lie.   My goal is to get 
herbs properly labelled.  Something that many reputable herb 
distributors and the American Botainical Council also want to see.  The 
law that I support would permit herbs to be sold as over the counter 
drugs in pharmacies: that is scarcely reducing their availability.  In 
fact, as far as I can tell, it would greatly increase their availability 
particularly since this would go a long way toward mainstream medicine 
adopting various herbs.  Herb distributors would be allowed to make 
claims supported by traditional folklore and already existing 
pharmacognosy literature.  They would not have to conduct *any* of the 
expensive efficacy and human trials the FDA now requires.   I fail to see 
how this increases the  cost of herbs by one penny.  Ok, maybe by one 
penny: that's probably about what it would cost to print up a label.



--
   "The trick is to keep an open mind, without it being so open
                      that your brain falls out."

           Camilla Cracchiolo, RN   camilla@primenet.com

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shrine of the Cybernetic Madonna BBS  213-766-1356  Los Angeles

   * CFS/Fibromyalgia/AIDS support *  General medical information *  
Left-wing Politics  *  Church of the SubGenius  *  Skepticism & Science 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        



From Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk Sun Jul  7 14:42:29 EDT 1996
Article: 2566 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.cse.psu.edu!uwm.edu!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!mail2news.demon.co.uk!cinchona.demon.co.uk
From: Charlie Butterworth <Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: HELP - funding for MSc in Taxononomy is desperately required
Date: Thu, 04 Jul 1996 09:34:53 +0100
Organization: None
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <492033166wnr@cinchona.demon.co.uk>
Reply-To: Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk
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PLEASE HELP,

I have been given a place to study Pure And Applied Plant And Fungal 
Taxonomy at Reading University.

However, the British government and its research bodies has pulled 
funding from the course, leaving prospective students to either burden 
themselves with debt, steal from banks or take out foreign nationality 
(allowing funding from the Britsh Council).

If you have any information on sources of funding etc please pass it 
onto me.

Thanks,

A DESPERATE would-be botanist,

-- 
Charlie Butterworth



From tale@dibe.unige.it Sun Jul  7 14:42:29 EDT 1996
Article: 2567 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Roberto Bozzano <tale@dibe.unige.it>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sonar Application
Date: Thu, 04 Jul 1996 12:57:54 -0700
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Dear Sirs,

my current problem is to define a strategy to detect and
to map sea-bottom algae or plant in shallow water.
I have to use a high frequency (1.2 MHz or 2 MHz) sonar.
My intention is to use the sonar in imaging mode: so I
intend to acquire a mono-dimensional signal containing
multiple echoes for each sonar ping.
Multiple echoes should be referred to the sea-bottom,
the upper parts of the sea-plants (or algae) and the
lower parts of the plants if the transmitted pulse is
not absorbed before reaching the sea-bottom.

Could eventually someone tell me if this approach can be
considered suitable for the detection task, or could someone
suggest to me another way to solve my problem by using the
hardware configuration (that is a high freq. sonar) ?

I cannot find any bibliographycal reference related to this
particular application. Could someone tell me if exist some
reference (articles or books) or if someone has experience
in the same field ?

 I would be very grateful if You could help me.
 
 Thank You in advance

 Sincerely Yours,
                 		     Roberto Bozzano




From p.wells@ucl.ac.uk Sun Jul  7 14:42:30 EDT 1996
Article: 2568 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Paul Wells <p.wells@ucl.ac.uk>
Subject: PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC ENGINEERING COURSE
Message-ID: <1996Jul4.100146.36992@ucl.ac.uk>
Date: Thu, 4 Jul 1996 10:01:46 GMT
Organization: University College London
Lines: 33

A one week practical course designed to teach the basic
techniques in genetic engineering will be held from
5-9 August 1996 at the Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
University College London.

A "hands on" approach will enable scientists from
higher education and industry, clinicians and research
workers who have had no practical experience of recombinant
DNA technology to set up such techniques in their own
laboratories.

Techniques to be covered will include, Southern hybridisation
DNA sequencing, PCR, and analysis of cloned DNA using enzyme
restriction mapping.

Course fee 850 pounds sterling (650 for full time postgraduate
students) exclusive of accomodation.

Bed and breakfast accomodation for the period of the course
can be provided in a local hall of residence for 111 pounds
sterling from Sunday 4th August until 10th August.

Write for application forms and further details to:
Dr. John Ward
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
University College London
Gower Street
London WC1E 6BT
Fax: 0171 380 7193

Or e-mail either:-
ward@bsm.bioc.ucl.ac.uk
p.wells@ucl.ac.uk



From nmig@nj1.aae.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:30 EDT 1996
Article: 2569 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nmig@nj1.aae.com (Nicholas Migliozzi)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: Thu, 04 Jul 1996 10:44:07 -0400
Organization: Me, Myself, & I
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <nmig-0407961044080001@208.5.152.254>
References: <4r1u5l$p55@news.alaska.edu> <4r615s$2h2@dfw-ixnews5.ix.netcom.com> <4rf3ft$g78@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <4rfi39$f28@sjx-ixn6.ix.netcom.com>
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I eat a lot of anise, which I believe is used to
make licorice.

Is this safe?

Is this the same as licorice root?

I've always heard it is good for the
digestive system.  Is this true?

Curious,

Nick Mig
-----------------------------------------
    Take a dazzling "Voyage Through Life" at: 

                http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/2571


From callie@writepage.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:30 EDT 1996
Article: 2570 of sci.bio.botany
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From: callie@writepage.com (Callie)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 4 Jul 1996 09:30:02 -0700
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>David Williams <davidwms@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
>: Taking licorice every day, without supervision, WILL MORE LIKELY CAUSE
>: PROBLEMS IN HEALTHY PEOPLE.  Healthy people, who do not need the
>: pharmological properties of licorice can become very ill from taking this
>: herb.  However, sick people who need the pharmological properties of
>: licorice can ingest great amounts of the herb and reap much benefit.  A
>: dose that may heal a sick person could kill a healthy one.

David - 
  There is a basic problem with self-medication: 
The symptoms relieved by licorice (lethargy, exhaustion, confusion)
The symptoms caused by low potassiium (pretty much the same)

  So the person takes licorice, feels better for a while, and then
when potassium depletion symptoms set in, unless they are also being
monitored for hyperkalemia, they do the human thing.
They take MORE OF WHAT MADE THEM FEEL BETTER .... increase their
licorice dosage, and thereby increase the rate of potassium depletion.
Not a good thing.

>Camilla Cracchiolo <camilla@primenet.com> wrote:

Snipped lots of very reasonable stuff, citing lots of research.  CFS
is the surface sign of something that hasn't been figured out yet, but
the research tools were not available until recently.
My initial thought is that there are several things being lumped under
the same name.

>We DONT KNOW.
Boy, is that one right!  

>: Right on, Nurse Camilla!!!
Don't know who said that, but I agree.  Herbs are not innately
harmless, and if you doubt me, try some water parsnips for dinner.

>: Yes, several people ingesting hugh amounts of licorice have developled
>: propblems with muscles after many years on continuious use.  But
>: thousands of times more people have been killed by taking OTC drugs.
  Bad statistics: merely because thousands times MORE persons take
many different OTC drugs you would expect thousands times more.
if 1,000 persons take licorice and one has an adverse reaction, and
100,000 persons take aspirin ... there can be 100 adverse reactions
and one can still say they are equally safe.
 - and no one has ever said that aspirin is absolutely safe, and all
OTC stuff comes with the contraindications and side effects clearly on
the bottle.  Wish herbs did the same.
 
>You know, I have to laugh when folks bring up the evils of mainstream 
>medicine as a defense.  
your ribs must be aching ... it gets brought up a lot.

>: Glycyrrhizic acid does deplete potassium, but at the same time it
>: increases salt.  A person would retain water and swell drastically
>: before they reacha serious depeltion on potassium.  
Absolutely incorrect!!!!!  when the depletion is rapid, as happens
with drug-induced depletions (licorice included) there may not be any
signs before the person keels over.  I've seen the patients, and they
were usually on some self-inflicted wonder diet/drug.


>Excuse me?  There are a lot more than one death on record from licorice.
  there were enough, early on, that licorice for candy is
de-glycyrrhizined before sale.

>Ah, yes.  You keep repeating this lie.   My goal is to get 
>herbs properly labelled.
Not a bad goal.  I can see the ma huang labels now .... :)
Callie

Callie@writepage.com            | Captain, HTML Police
http://www.writepage.com        | Keeper of the HTML Flame




From jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca Sun Jul  7 14:42:31 EDT 1996
Article: 2571 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca (Jennifer M. Thompson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: plant origins  -  distrib.lst [1/1]
Date: 4 Jul 1996 19:13:17 GMT
Organization: Alberta Environmental Centre
Lines: 229
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I would like to know where each of these plant species originates.  They 
are all members of the Rubiaceae.

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--*-*-*- Next Section -*-*-*--


From noack@Informatik.TU-Muenchen.DE Sun Jul  7 14:42:31 EDT 1996
Article: 2572 of sci.bio.botany
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From: noack@Informatik.TU-Muenchen.DE (Petra Noack)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Pimpinella anisum
Date: 4 Jul 1996 12:27:52 GMT
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I am looking for informations about the medicinal plant Pimpinella anisum
(especially about growth conditions, perhaps methods of culturing, and plant composition). If there is anybody, who can help me, please answer by e-mail.
Thanks

Petra


From jdipaulo@ix.netcom.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:32 EDT 1996
Article: 2573 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jdipaulo@ix.netcom.com(James di Paulo )
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 4 Jul 1996 23:27:43 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <nmig-0407961044080001@208.5.152.254> nmig@nj1.aae.com (Nicholas
Migliozzi) writes: 
>
>I eat a lot of anise, which I believe is used to
>make licorice.
>
Anise is used to flavor commercial licorice candy.

>Is this safe?
>
Probably, it is used mainly in cough drops/syrups and as a flavoring
agent. It is also used to treat colic in children and flatulence.

>Is this the same as licorice root?
>
Nope, a completly different thing.

>I've always heard it is good for the digestive system.  Is this true?

Possibly, see comment above. However, as with everything, more is not
always better than less. <smile>

If you are really interested in herbalism, why not buy a good book and
begin reading and learning about these things before you take something
that might not be the best thing to do.

James


From davidwms@ix.netcom.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:32 EDT 1996
Article: 2574 of sci.bio.botany
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From: davidwms@ix.netcom.com(David Williams)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 5 Jul 1996 00:07:26 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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callie@writepage.com (Callie) writes: 

>>David Williams <davidwms@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
>>: Taking licorice every day, without supervision, WILL MORE LIKELY
CAUSE PROBLEMS IN HEALTHY PEOPLE.  Healthy people, who do not need the
pharmological properties of licorice can become very ill from taking
this herb.  However, sick people who need the pharmological properties
of licorice can ingest great amounts of the herb and reap much benefit.
A dose that may heal a sick person could kill a healthy one.


>David - There is a basic problem with self-medication: 
The symptoms relieved by licorice (lethargy, exhaustion, confusion)
The symptoms caused by low potassiium (pretty much the same)
So the person takes licorice, feels better for a while, and then
when potassium depletion symptoms set in, unless they are also being
monitored for hyperkalemia, they do the human thing. They take MORE OF
WHAT MADE THEM FEEL BETTER .... increase their licorice dosage, and
thereby increase the rate of potassium depletion.
Not a good thing.

Callie, please try to understand something.  I will write plain english
so you do not miss anything.  This thread is not about normal healthy
people taking licorice.  We are talking about a subset of people with
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome with low cortisol, low blood pressure and
neurally mediated hypotension.  This subset of people retain too much
potassium and excrete too much salt.  They have a salt/potassium
imbalance (too much potassium-not enought salt).

If this subset of "sick" people ingest enough licorice to provide
500-1000 mg of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) per day, the GA inhibits 11-beta
hydroisteriod dehydrogenase and raises their minerocorticoids and
cortisol and brings them into salt/potassium balance and they do not
need to supplement potassium because they are now balanced.

If a healthy person who was in salt/potassium balance in the first
place ingested that much licorice they would need lots of potassium. 
The poiny here is that a certain subset of people with CFS need the
phamological properties of licorice and do quite well on large doses,
while others don't need the phamological properties of licorice and
would become sick if they ingest too much.  

Did I say it simple enough?

Captain Dave. 




From fergus@homebase.com.au Sun Jul  7 14:42:33 EDT 1996
Article: 2575 of sci.bio.botany
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From: fergus <fergus@homebase.com.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: FAQ?
Date: Fri, 05 Jul 1996 15:24:53 +1100
Organization: homebase.com.au
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Is there an FAQ for this group?

Cheers,

Fergus.


From rsmfp@aurora.alaska.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:33 EDT 1996
Article: 2576 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rsmfp@aurora.alaska.edu (Glacier Gruff Esq.)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Followup-To: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Date: 4 Jul 1996 17:57:16 GMT
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Greetings from the glacial moraine....
 
: : Right on, Nurse Camilla!!!
 
Whenever someone throws out such intractable "intellectual blackmail"
as this, much the same as professors do to teachers, I quit reading,
or listening, to their discourse. It is not coming from a desire
to inform, it is coming from a desire to POSITION, much as
dogs do when peeing on fire hydrants...
 
Thus I feel compelled, at times, to compare arrogant intellectual
behavior to primordial displays, rather than logical discussion.
 
Gruff

Maybe the good doctor will someday come to realize that Abraham
Lincoln did not go to school at all, but was rather a good
statesman....


From philjs@yorku.ca Sun Jul  7 14:42:34 EDT 1996
Article: 2577 of sci.bio.botany
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From: philjs@yorku.ca (Phil Schappert)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Re: Passiflora Society: where?
Date: Fri, 05 Jul 1996 14:04:45 GMT
Organization: York University
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SAMURAI <samurai@students.uiuc.edu> wrote:

>The person you could contact to tell you how to join is Christian 
>Feuillet.  He does research on the Passifloraceae and I believe is 
>involved with A passiflora society.  His email address is: 
>0006219262@mcimail.com
>good luck
>cynthia morales

Thanks for trying to help Cynthia but Christian's most recent e-mail
address is BIHOREL@CRIS.COM. Christian will also be able to give
information about the society to anyone who's interested.

Phil Schappert,
Editor, Passiflora

---
Phil Schappert
Biology, York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
philjs@yorku.ca



From jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca Sun Jul  7 14:42:34 EDT 1996
Article: 2578 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca (Jennifer M. Thompson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: plant origins
Date: 5 Jul 1996 14:41:03 GMT
Organization: Alberta Environmental Centre
Lines: 30
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NNTP-Posting-Host: pc072.aec.env.gov.ab.ca
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.92.6+

OK, let's try this again.  I still would like to know where each of these 
species originates:

Crucianella angustifolia
Galium album
G. angustifolium
G. asprellum
G. buxifolium
G. californicum
G. catalinense
G. correllii
G. grande
G. hilendiae
G. labradoricum
G. palustre
Psychotria brachiata
Hamelia patens
Hedyotis butterwickiae
H. nigricans
Houstonia caerulea
H. longifolia
H. purpurea
Coprosma repens
Spermacoce floridana
Mitracarpus hirta
Gardenia angusta

Thanks for your help,

			Jennifer Thompson


From ez027460@ucdavis.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:34 EDT 1996
Article: 2579 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ajl <ez027460@ucdavis.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Chloride extraction from plant tissue, please help.
Date: 5 Jul 1996 18:24:44 GMT
Organization: University of California, Davis
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I'm looking for personal experience on the protocols used for chloride 
extration. Some disturbing information has come to my attention that the 
protocols given to me are not extracting the chloride completely. The 
literature I've seen so far does not go into enough detail for me to know 
exactly how the samples are treated. 

The procedure I've been using is Acetic-Nitric Acid Extract, Electrometric 
Titration. 15.0 mls of an Acetic/Nitric solution are added to 15.0 mg 
tissue. The samples sit overnight. Without filtering or agitation, the 
supernate is used for analysis.

The Acetic-Nitric mixture is 200mls glacial Acetic acid, trace metal grade 
to 12.8 mls Nitric acid, trace metal grade, and brought to the final volume 
of 2.0 liters  with DDI. 

Any input would be much appreciated, 
Amanda Lewis
PGR 
Environmental Horticulture
UCDavis





From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sun Jul  7 14:42:35 EDT 1996
Article: 2580 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: plant origins - distrib.lst [1/1]
Message-ID: <Du4BvH.90r@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <4rh54d$m26@rover.ucs.ualberta.ca>
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 1996 10:59:41 GMT
Lines: 21

jennifer@aec.env.gov.ab.ca (Jennifer M. Thompson) writes:

>I would like to know where each of these plant species originates ...

>0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOwADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB
>AAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAEAAAAgAAAAEAAAD+////AAAAAAAAAAD/////////////
>////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
>////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

That could be mixed deciduous forest merging into pine forest.
Probably northern hemisphere, high latitudes.

Cheers,  Ian S.

P.S.  Sorry ;-)

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From mrl@pfc.mit.edu Sun Jul  7 14:42:35 EDT 1996
Article: 2581 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mrl@pfc.mit.edu (Mark London)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs,alt.med.fibromyalgia,sci.med,sci.med.pharmacy
Subject: Re: LICORICE ON THE FAST TRACK
Date: 6 JUL 96 15:01:47 GMT
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PLEASE STOP THIS THREAD AS IT'S POSTED TO MANY NEWS GROUPS.  THANKS.

In a previous article, nmig@nj1.aae.com (Nicholas Migliozzi) wrote:
->I eat a lot of anise, which I believe is used to
->make licorice.
-> 
->Is this safe?
-> 
->Is this the same as licorice root?
-> 
->I've always heard it is good for the
->digestive system.  Is this true?
-> 
->Curious,
-> 
->Nick Mig
->-----------------------------------------
->    Take a dazzling "Voyage Through Life" at: 
-> 
->                http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/2571

Mark London
MRL@PFC.MIT.EDU


From sclash27@execpc.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:35 EDT 1996
Article: 2582 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gregory L. Schultz" <sclash27@execpc.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Solanaceae
Date: Sat, 06 Jul 1996 13:49:13 -0700
Organization: Chiles Forever
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Greetings,
   I am interested in the Genus Solanaceae, particularly those plants 
>from  South America.  Does any body know of any web sites regarding 
Bolivian botany?  I am also interested in obtaining seeds of unusual 
plants from that plant family and geographical region.  Also seeds of 
Capsicum Chinense varieties from South America.


From sclash27@execpc.com Sun Jul  7 14:42:36 EDT 1996
Article: 2583 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gregory L. Schultz" <sclash27@execpc.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Solanaceae
Date: Sat, 06 Jul 1996 14:02:17 -0700
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Greetings,
   I am interested in the Genus Solanaceae, particularly those plants 
>from  South America.  Does any body know of any web sites regarding 
Bolivian botany?  I am also interested in obtaining seeds of unusual 
plants from that plant family and geographical region.  Also seeds of 
Capsicum Chinense varieties from South America.


From gershmanm@ci.boulder.co.us Sun Jul  7 14:42:36 EDT 1996
Article: 2584 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mark Gershman <gershmanm@ci.boulder.co.us>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WTB: Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Southwestern United States
Date: Sat, 06 Jul 1996 23:05:58 -0600
Organization: City of Boulder Open Space
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I have been looking for this publication for several years.  It was published orginally in 1972 by the EPA as a 
free publication, and then reprinted in 1975 by Stanford University Press as a two volume set.  The authors are 
Helen and Donovan Correll.   If you have a copy that you would be willing to sell, please contact me.

Mark D. Gershman
Wetlands/Wildlife Coordinator
City of Boulder
66 South Cherryvale Road
Boulder, Colorado  80303
(303) 441-4142
FAX (303) 499-6181
gershmanm@ci.boulder.co.us


From lisabush@umich.edu Sat Aug  3 10:25:44 EDT 1996
Article: 2656 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ECBush <lisabush@umich.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Botanical Illustration services offered
Date: 19 Jul 1996 06:54:18 GMT
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ECBush <lisabush@umich.edu> wrote:
>Greetings sci.bio.botantists! Please forgive my semi-advertisement.

AND my typo!  :-/

EB




From gh@cs.toronto.edu Sat Aug  3 10:25:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2657 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
From: gh@cs.toronto.edu (Graeme Hirst)
Subject: Re: plant names
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In article <4sf7un$g8o@tigger.planet.eon.net>, drewjen@planet.eon.net writes:

> If the genus and species of a plant are the same, but the person's name 
> following the species is different, does this still mean it is the same 
> plant?

No, two people might have used the same name for different plants. Two
people probably gave the same name to different plants.  Whichever name
has a later date would be invalid.  Botanical monographs deal with this
sort of conundrum and new names are often assigned, always referring to
particular specimens in herbaria.  We can only give a name to a
particular squashed specimen or set of specimens, and whether some
other particular specimen represents the same species is a matter for
expert opinion.

Nadia Talent / Botany / University of Toronto
nadia.talent@utoronto.ca         416-978-3544



From jw129@cus.cam.ac.uk Sat Aug  3 10:25:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2658 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jw129@cus.cam.ac.uk (Dr J. West)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Chlorophyll extraction
Date: 21 Jul 1996 13:17:37 GMT
Organization: University of Cambridge, England
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References: <4sf7ui$lv1@lei.acay.com.au>
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In article <4sf7ui$lv1@lei.acay.com.au>,
Bryan Guest <bguest@intercoast.com.au> wrote:
>Does anyone have a method for extracting chlorophyll from chloroplasts?

Basically, grind green leaves in near-pure ethanol. Chlorophyll is
alcohol-soluble. Do you need pure chlorophyll, free from other
alcohol-soluble compounds? If so, further stages will be necessary.

Do it in a pestle & mortar, using chemically clean sand as a
triturating aid.

It is a standard school/first year university lab. practical, and
should be described in any 1st yr undergrad botany/plant biochemistry
text book, or even in a good school biology textbook.

[Written on behalf of Janet West, who is not able to reply directly.
If you were asking about how to isolate living chloroplasts, still
able to photo-phosphorylate _in vitro_, that is a more specialised and
complicated matter. Janet West used to be an expert at it.]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Martin H Evans    e-mail: mhe1000@cus.cam.ac.uk       .Sun  96-07-21
=====================================================================



From jmcmahon@bright.net Sat Aug  3 10:25:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2659 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jmcmahon@bright.net (Joe McMahon)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) distribution
Date: Sun, 21 Jul 1996 15:44:11 GMT
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I am compiling a checklist of the flora of Hopewell Culture National
Historical Park (Mound City) and have a question about the Dandelion
(Taraxacum officinale). I had always understood that it is an imported
species. Indeed the references I have at hand:  Gleason & Cronquist
(1963) , Britton & Brown (1913); state that it is an import. I have
been told that in some more recent sources it is listed as a
cospomolitan species and was probably here when the settlers from
Europe arrived. I would appreciate any help.

Please send E-Mail to me at jmcmahon@bright.net since I do not always
have time to read this newsgroup (more's the pity).

Thanks in advance,

Joe McMahon
Chillicothe, OH
jmcmahon@bright.net




From ruimai@arede.pt Sat Aug  3 10:25:48 EDT 1996
Article: 2660 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ruimai@arede.pt (Rui Maié)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ethylene hormone
Date: Sun, 21 Jul 1996 14:53:46 GMT
Organization: TELEPAC, SA
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Hi,
Could anyone tell me where I can find info or articles about ethylene
hormone?
my e-mail is ruimai@arede.pt
Thank you to anyone that can help.





From philjs@yorku.ca Sat Aug  3 10:25:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2661 of sci.bio.botany
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From: philjs@yorku.ca (Phil Schappert)
Newsgroups: bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,rec.gardens
Subject: Passiflora, Vol. 6(2)
Date: Sun, 21 Jul 1996 15:45:32 GMT
Organization: York University
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.biology.tropical:1610 bionet.plants:11605 sci.bio.botany:2661 rec.gardens:142207

Hi Everyone,

Just a short note to let everyone know that this year's second issue of
Passiflora, the newsletter of Passiflora Society International, is in the
mail to members. This issue contains a travelogue about passion flowers in
Ecuador and the Andes, comments on culture and propogation of P. pittieri,
a potential new species (Astrophea) from Ecuador, nomenclature for species,
hybrids and cultivars, a hybrid index for P. alata, an update to the
bibliography (1992-1995), notes about finding Passiflora information online
and information on the upcoming 4th PSI meeting.

Anyone who's interested in joining PSI to receive Passiflora should contact
me at PHILJS@YORKU.CA for further info.

Phil Schappert
Editor, Passiflora

---
Phil Schappert
Biology, York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
philjs@yorku.ca



From jlaigle@aol.com Sat Aug  3 10:25:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2662 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jlaigle@aol.com (JLaigle)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Natural resins
Date: 22 Jul 1996 16:14:05 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I am a technical translator (26 yr experience) focusing largley on food
sciences and have been challenged recently to come up with English
equivalents for several names in a patent relating to chewing gum bases.
These are all based either on English words or on exotic words that have
been adopted into both the English and the Japanese more or less
simultaneously, eg, gutta-percha, which is not a problem for me. Here are
the nipponized versions and what I think may be reaonable facsimiles of
the English words:
Ja: 1. chikuburu, 2. barata, 3. sorubinha, 4. rechikaspi
POSSIBLE Engl equivalents: 1. chickbul, chickbull, thickbull, tickbull,
etc. 2. balata, barata, valata, varata (I came across borracha, but that's
not very close.)  3. sorbinha, sorvinha, solvinha, etc.  4. rethkaspi,
lethcaspi, etc.
Thanks for any help you can give me.
JLaigle


From libjjh@admin.ac.edu Sat Aug  3 10:25:52 EDT 1996
Article: 2663 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeff Heck <libjjh@admin.ac.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Statistic needed: terrestrial vs. aquatic percentage
Date: Mon, 22 Jul 1996 17:18:22 -0700
Organization: Augusta College
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I'm trying to assist a patron doing research at our library.

She needs to know the percentage of terrestrial plant life on Earth vs. 
the percentage of aquatic (marine) life.

Could anyone point me to a source?

Thank you for your help.

Jeff Heck
jheck@ac.edu
706.737.1745


From ruimai@arede.pt Sat Aug  3 10:25:53 EDT 1996
Article: 2664 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ruimai@arede.pt (Rui Maié)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ethylene hormone
Date: Mon, 22 Jul 96 22:17:37 GMT
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Hi,
Could anyone tell me where I can find info or articles about ethylene hormone?
my e-mail is ruimai@arede.pt

Thank you to anyone that can help.



From jjm@neosoft.com Sat Aug  3 10:25:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2665 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jjm@neosoft.com (John J. McGeough)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Spiny Amaranth
Date: Tue, 23 Jul 1996 00:10:50 UNDEFINED
Organization: NeoSoft, Inc.  
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Hello all:

I recently had an encounter with a plant in my garden.  While I was pulling 
weeds in my veggies I reached down and pulled out a plant that was later 
identified by an experienced gardener as Spiny Amaranth.  

The plant has thorns at the point at which the leaf joins the plant.  The 
thorns caused really severe pain followed by numbness.  This lasted for 
several hours.  

My question is this;  what in the plant causes the pain and numbness.  This 
goes far beyond being stuck with a thorn.  Basically, I'm just curious. 

Thanks

John McGeough
jjm@neosoft.com



From noemie@starnet.unisoft.fr Sat Aug  3 10:25:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2666 of sci.bio.botany
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From: noemie@starnet.unisoft.fr
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PLEEEEASE ! want infos about Schima wallichii
Date: Tue, 23 Jul 1996 13:11:46 GMT
Organization: Internet Way
Lines: 17
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Please, if you have any info about this plant :

Schima wallichii (Theaceae) 

especially about its medicinal properties or usage, even in
traditional medicine ?


please mail to :
email : noemie@starnet.unisoft.fr

thanks to you !







From patell@gdls.com Sat Aug  3 10:25:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2667 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!ncar!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.inc.net!newspump.sol.net!news.mindspring.com!psinntp!psinntp!psinntp!gdls.com!news
From: patell@gdls.com ()
Newsgroups: sci.bio,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.food-science,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.technoloby,sci.chem,sci.chem.analytical,sci.chem.organomet
Subject: biochemistry
Date: 23 Jul 1996 13:01:27 GMT
Organization: General Dynamics, Land Systems Division
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio:93 sci.bio.botany:2667 sci.bio.ecology:21375 sci.bio.food-science:3053 sci.bio.microbiology:3991 sci.bio.misc:3969 sci.chem:70358 sci.chem.analytical:5190 sci.chem.organomet:2317

Dear friends,

I need some help for one of my friends. She has a bachelor degree from India in microbiology ( which is three years degree and it is not equivalent to B.S. here). She also has experience in Medical technology. Initially, she had decided to pursue her B.S. in medical technology after transferring her school work from India. But, due to uncertanity of health care systems, she is thinking to get into B.S. program majoring in Biochemistry. I don't know the oppertunities in this field and I don't know how much salary it can pay with B.S. in this field.

I will really appreciate any help and any suggestions I can get. Thanks for being helpful.


_________________________________________________________
Lakir Patel
work: (810) 825-5930
Home: (810) 370-2936



From 75701.1560@compuserve.com Sat Aug  3 10:25:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2668 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <75701.1560@compuserve.com>
Newsgroups: comp.infosys.www.announce,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.systematics
Subject: trying to find w3TROPIC
Date: 24 Jul 1996 00:39:23 GMT
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I have tried to find your news group w3TROPIC, but what I get is a no such
news group error.  I am using Mosaic on CompuServe and found a reference
to your page while doing a Yahoo! search on plant biology.  Actually I was
looking for information on propagating Poinsettia's for a neighbor.  Your
service sounds like the ideal place to get such information.  If you can
direct me to a web page or news group that will allow me access I and my
neighbor would really appreciate it.
      Harry Thomas
      75701,1560@compuserve.com



From A.Petrie@botany.uq.edu.au Sat Aug  3 10:25:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2669 of sci.bio.botany
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From: A.Petrie@botany.uq.edu.au (Anita Petrie)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Elaeocarpus grandis or angustifolius?
Date: 24 Jul 1996 05:06:28 GMT
Organization: Dept of Botany, Univ. of Queensland
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Elaeocarpus grandis or angustifolius?
I would be interested if anyone can definitely tell me what the correct name 
of this species is. There is some confusion as to the correct name with some 
departments/agencies (Forestry and nursuries) calling it E.angustifolius and 
others (some Herbariums) by E.grandis.
I am interested in the correct name local for Queensland, Australia.

Thank you 
Anita Petrie





From tm37@prism.gatech.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:00 EDT 1996
Article: 2670 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tm37@prism.gatech.edu (Thomas J. Merchant)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology
Subject: post-docs in plant molecular biology
Date: 24 Jul 1996 14:24:11 -0400
Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Georgia
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2670 sci.bio.technology:6327

Four Post-Doctoral positions in Plant Molecular Biology are 
available immediately. The appointees will be applying 
standard molecular biology techniques to tree improvement 
(gene cloning, transfer and analysis methods). The projects 
are described below.

    Expression analysis of a water deficit-inducible proteinase 
    inhibitor gene. Post-transcriptional factors affecting gene 
    expression will be assessed through transgenic work plus 
    analysis of protein-RNA interaction by gel retardation 
    assay.

    Gene Expression During Somatic and Zygotic Embryogenesis in 
    Pines. Differential Display will be used to follow gene 
    expression during different stages of embryo development. 
    Gene cloning and expression studies will be undertaken.

    Engineering Sterility in Hardwood and Softwood Trees. Flower 
    formation in Softwood and Hardwood trees will be 
    investigated through the isolation and expression analysis 
    of homologs of floral homeotic genes. (two positions).

Candidates should have a Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Biology or 
a related field. For more information contact:

          Dr. John Cairney
          Tel: (404) 894-1079
          e-mail: john.cairney@ipst.edu

                  or

          Dr. Gerald Pullman
          Tel: (404) 894-5307
          e-mail: jerry.pullman@ipst.edu

Interested applicants should send a letter of interest with 
resume and three professional references to:

          Ms. Patricia Hughes
          Human Resources Manager
          Institute of Paper Science and Technology
          500 10th Street, NW
          Atlanta, GA  30318

The Institute of Paper Science and Technology (IPST) is a 
Research University/Graduate School privately funded by the 
Pulp and Paper Industry. IPST has very strong industrial 
links, and conducts research on all aspects of the Paper 
Industry. The Institute's Atlanta facility was built four 
years ago on the campus of The Georgia Institute of 
Technology (Georgia Tech) in midtown Atlanta. Strong 
collaborative links exist between faculty in both 
institutions. Georgia Tech facilities are available for use 
by IPST employees.

The Forest Biology program at IPST consists of four faculty 
members, five permanent technical staff, post-doctoral 
staff, and graduate students. Funding for this group comes 
>from  competitive grants and contracts, and is supported 
annually by $500,000 of IPST funds.

---------------------------------------------------------

Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer / M/F/V/D


From smurthy@uoguelph.ca Sat Aug  3 10:26:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2671 of sci.bio.botany
From: smurthy@uoguelph.ca (Srinivasa B Murthy)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: GRA positions Available
Date: 24 Jul 1996 18:45:08 GMT
Organization: University of Guelph
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Message-ID: <4t5qvk$eno@ccshst05.uoguelph.ca>
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TWO GRADUATE RESEARCH ASSISTANTSHIPS (M.Sc./Ph.D. level) are available
immediately in the Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology laboratory in the Department
of Horticultural Science, at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada. 
The first position (GRA #1) will be involved in ornamental plant breeding,
cytogenetical analysis, and plant tissue culture programs.  
The second position (GRA #2) will be involved in developing and utilizing in vitro
culture systems for selection of somaclonal variants in ornamental plants.  
Potential applicants must hold a B.Sc./M.Sc. in Horticulture or a relevant plant science
discipline, and should be admissible to the University of Guelph.  Applicants with strong
background in plant tissue culture and/or ornamental plant breeding are encouraged to
apply.  Assistantship for GRA position(s) will be $ 13,000 (Canadian), and potential
candidates will also be eligible to apply for University Fellowships.  

Interested candidates should forward their curriculum vitae, copies of university
transcripts, and names of 2 potential referees (before August 15, 1996) to: 
                      Dr. P.K. Saxena, 
           Department of Horticultural Science, 
           University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
                      Canada - N1G 2W1.  
           [E-mail: psaxena@evbhort.uoguelph.ca] 
     Phone: (519) 824-4120 extn. 2495; FAX: (519) 767-0755



From 100415.2533@CompuServe.COM Sat Aug  3 10:26:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2672 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cs.utexas.edu!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-11.sprintlink.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!news.production.compuserve.com!news
From: John Booth <100415.2533@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Bamboo plant blossoming
Date: 25 Jul 1996 19:18:28 GMT
Organization: CompuServe, Inc. (1-800-689-0736)
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11630 sci.bio.botany:2672

Have a gardener friend who would like to know if there is
any information regarding the blossoming of bamboo plants.
He is in Germany, and many bamboo plants are blossoming this
year. As I understand, once a bamboo plant blossoms, it is
doomed to die. This is supposed to take place every 100
years or so.

The plant species that he is particularly interrested in
concerns the Phyllus stacchus (his spelling); I have
found in one of the WWW sites another spelling which
might be more accurate: phyllostachys -- but there were
so many suffixed names to that one, I'd have to send you all
a zipped file just to get them all in!

Can anyone help me here regarding information and/or information
sources?

Thanks in advance for any info.


From cytact@ix.netcom.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2673 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cytact@ix.netcom.com (Richard Harmon)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Bamboo plant blossoming
Date: Thu, 25 Jul 1996 22:48:36 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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John Booth <100415.2533@CompuServe.COM> wrote:

>Have a gardener friend who would like to know if there is
>any information regarding the blossoming of bamboo plants.
>He is in Germany, and many bamboo plants are blossoming this
>year. As I understand, once a bamboo plant blossoms, it is
>doomed to die. This is supposed to take place every 100
>years or so.

(snip)

>Can anyone help me here regarding information and/or information
>sources?

>Thanks in advance for any info.

Hmmmmmm........  I'll piggy-back on this message with a related
question.  I'm new to botany in general and palms specifically.  I
have been told that Fishtail Palms die after producing seed.  Does
anyone know if this is true and if it can be prevented?

Thanks, Rick



From smits@ensam.inra.fr Sat Aug  3 10:26:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2674 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!saphir.jouy.inra.fr!usenet
From: smits@ensam.inra.fr (Nathalie Smits)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info on bamboo plants
Date: 26 Jul 1996 09:07:09 GMT
Organization: INRA
Lines: 23
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Hi there,

I'm not a bamboo specialist myself, but I live near Montpellier, south 
of France, and there is a fantastic Bamboo park not far from here. It's 
a very touristic place, and they sell bamboo, books, ... They also have 
a catalog for mail ordering.
Unfortunately, I don't think they're on the web, and I'm not aware of 
an e-mail adress. But I'm sure they would send any information they 
have to bamboo lovers. 
Since they have lots of tourists, I'm pretty sure they can answer 
questions in english... Here are their address and phone/fax :
Bambouseraie Prafrance
30140 Generargues
France
phone : (+33) 66.61.70.47
   [beginning Oct. 10, 1996 : (+33) 04.66.61.70.47]
fax : (+33) 66.61.64.15
   [beginning Oct. 10, 1996 : (+33) 04.66.61.64.15]

Good luck!

Nathalie Smits



From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sat Aug  3 10:26:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2675 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!cea.fr!news	
From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Bamboo plant blossoming
Date: Fri, 26 Jul 1996 11:15:38 +0000
Organization: CEA
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To: Richard Harmon <cytact@ix.netcom.com>
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11637 sci.bio.botany:2675

Richard Harmon wrote:
> 
> John Booth <100415.2533@CompuServe.COM> wrote:
> 
> >Have a gardener friend who would like to know if there is
> >any information regarding the blossoming of bamboo plants.
> >He is in Germany, and many bamboo plants are blossoming this
> >year. As I understand, once a bamboo plant blossoms, it is
> >doomed to die. This is supposed to take place every 100
> >years or so.

Some bamboo species are "monocarpic" which means they die after 
blooming. There is a lot of monocarpic species : some palms, many 
poaceae, some meconopsis (papaveracea family), etc. There is no way to 
prevent flowering. In general seeds of this kind of plants have a very 
high natural germination rate.

For bamboos, the story generally tells : when a particular species of 
bamboo is flowering ALL bamboos of this species IN THE WORLD are also 
flowering. This is very controversial. There is no certitude it concerns 
ALL bamboos of that particular species in ALL the world. Nonetheless, 
evidence of this phenomena exists for areas as large as regions, and the 
simultaneity of flowering in distinct regions in the world is 
documented.
Explanations could be : these bamboos are a unique clone, the natural 
cycle of germination is very stable, etc. For  smaller regions in 
particular in large bamboo groves, other biochemical reasons could be 
involved (flowering induction is under some hormones control and some 
are volatile which means the first plant to flower can induce the 
flowering of others). (One of this hormone is ethylene but I don't know 
if it is actually involved in bamboo flowering induction,  by instance 
this hormone has been widely used to induce simultaneous flowering - and 
fruiting- of ananas).

> 
> >Can anyone help me here regarding information and/or information
> >sources?
> 
Any gardening book on bamboos will tell the all story :-)
>


From dwagrows@ucs.indiana.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2676 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dwagrows@ucs.indiana.edu (diane marie wagrowski)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Surface Lipid Determination
Date: 26 Jul 1996 15:00:56 GMT
Organization: Indiana University
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I am a chemist who is in desperate need of finding an acceptable method 
for determining surface lipid content of leaves and bark.  I am currently 
sonicating the samples in 1:1 acetone/hexane and have been told this may 
not do the trick.  Thanks, Diane Wagrowski


From bamboo@bamboos.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2677 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Albert Adelman <bamboo@bamboos.com>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Bamboo plant blossoming
Date: 27 Jul 1996 10:51:49 GMT
Organization: Burt Associates Bamboo
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The hardy clumping bamboo Fagesia murielae has been blooming in Europe for the past year or 
two. From all the reports I've heard they die after flowering. Bamboos will sometimes survive 
flowering but these do not. Several other species are currenly flowering. It is not yey known 
whether they will survive. I have specimens of Phyllostachys aurea var. and Bambusa ventricosa 
in flower. My Fargesia murielae has not yet flowered.

-- 
Albert Adelman
Burt Associates Bamboo
PO Box 719
Westford, MA 01886
Voice & Fax (508) 692 3240
Email bamboo@bamboos.com
Home page http://www.bamboos.com/users/bamboo




From dcentury@castle.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2678 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dan Century <dcentury@castle.net>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany
Subject: A challenging plant question:
Date: Thu, 25 Jul 1996 16:54:18 -0700
Organization: Dan Century Unlimited
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

--------------2729330D71CD
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Hi,
My friends went hiking along the Hudson river in New York and they found 
these mean looking seed pods.  They are black/gray in color, they have 
four thorns, one on each corner and they are about 2.5cm X 1.8cm X 1.8cm. 
They look like something out of Aliens or Star Trek.  I'm going to attach 
a picture of them to this post and I put the picture on my website at
http://www.castle.net/~dcentury/seedpod.gif

Does anyone know what plant they come from? Please tell me: 
dcentury@castle.net
-- 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
         welcome to the next century...Dan Century!
                              
               http://www.castle.net/~dcentury
      "Where the Internet is the CB radio of the 90's"
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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--------------2729330D71CD--



From teowlin@pc.jaring.my Sat Aug  3 10:26:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2679 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!newsreader.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-3.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!jaring.my!usenet
From: teo wu lin <teowlin@pc.jaring.my>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: IS CHINESE'S GENE SO WEAK ?
Date: Thu, 25 Jul 1996 12:13:33 +0800
Organization: Unconfigured
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¦U¦ì¡A§Ú·Q°Ý¤@¤U¿ò¶Ç¾Ç±M®a¡A¨º´N¬O¡G

Æ¡¨­¬°µØ¤Hªº§Ú¡A§Ú·Q°Ý¤@¤U¡A¦b²³¦hºØ±Ú¤¤¡AµØ¤Hªº¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¬O§_¬°Áô©Ê¸û¦h©O¡H  ©Î¥i»¡µØ¤Hªº¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¬O§_¬°³Ì®zªº¤@±Ú¡H
  ¦]¬°§ÚµoÄ±¥H¤U²{¶H¡G
µØ¤H»P¬v¤Hµ²±B¦Z¡A¥Íªº¤I¤l©Î¤k¤l³£¬Oª÷µo¡A­n¤£¬O´N¬OÂÅ²´·ú¡A¥Õ¥Ö½§¡C³o¬O¬°¤°¤\¡H
µØ¤H»P¦L«×¤Hµ²±B¦Z¡A¥Íªº¤I¤k¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡A¥Ö½§¶Âªº¡C
µØ¤H»P°¨¨Ó¤Hµ²±B¦Z¡A¥Íªº¤I¤k¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡C
µØ¤H»P¶Â¤Hµ²±B¦Z¡A¥Íªº¤I¤k§ó¬O¤@¼Ë¡A§ó¤£¥Î§Ú»¡¤F¡C
µØ¤H»P¡] ¡H¡H	¡^µ²±B¦Z¡A¬O¤£·|¼vÅTµØ¤H°ò¦]ªº§ïÅÜ¡H

¥H¤W³oºØ²{¶H«Ü¤Öµo¥Í¦b¨ä¥¦±Ú¸s¡C¹ï¶Ü¡H

Æ¢¹ï©óµØ¤H²§±Ú¦P±BªÌ¡A¦³¤°¤\¸Ü»¡¡H½Ð¤ÏÀ³§a¡H
  §Ú¦b°µ½Õ¬d¡CÁÂÁÂ¡I

Æ£¹ï©óµØ¤H¦³¤°¤\¬Ýªk¡A¤]½Ð¤ÏÀ³¡A¹ï¤F¡A½Ðªí©ú§Aªº¥ß³õ¡AÆg¦¨©Î¤Ï¹ï²§±Ú¦P±B¡CÁÂÁÂ¡I
¦³¸Üª½»¡¡]¤W¡^


From teowlin@pc.jaring.my Sat Aug  3 10:26:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2680 of sci.bio.botany
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From: teo wu lin <teowlin@pc.jaring.my>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: IS CHINESE GENE SO PURE?
Date: Thu, 25 Jul 1996 12:08:30 +0800
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  ¦]¬°§ÚµoÄ±¥H¤U²{¶H¡G
µØ¤H»P¬v¤Hµ²±B¦Z¡A¥Íªº¤I¤l©Î¤k¤l³£¬Oª÷µo¡A­n¤£¬O´N¬OÂÅ²´·ú¡A¥Õ¥Ö½§¡C³o¬O¬°¤°¤\¡H
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µØ¤H»P¡] ¡H¡H	¡^µ²±B¦Z¡A¬O¤£·|¼vÅTµØ¤H°ò¦]ªº§ïÅÜ¡H

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  §Ú¦b°µ½Õ¬d¡CÁÂÁÂ¡I

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¦³¸Üª½»¡¡]¤W¡^


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sat Aug  3 10:26:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2681 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: Bamboo plant blossoming
Message-ID: <Dv906F.HLF@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <4t8ha4$103$1@mhadf.production.compuserve.com> <4t8tmc$lop@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com> <31F8A8DA.3592@portos.cea.fr>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 1996 10:08:39 GMT
Lines: 30
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11650 sci.bio.botany:2681

Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr> writes:

>Richard Harmon wrote:
>> 
>> John Booth <100415.2533@CompuServe.COM> wrote:
>> 
>> >Have a gardener friend who would like to know if there is
>> >any information regarding the blossoming of bamboo plants.

>Some bamboo species are "monocarpic" which means they die after 
>blooming. There is a lot of monocarpic species : some palms, many 
>poaceae, some meconopsis (papaveracea family), etc. There is no way to 
>prevent flowering. In general seeds of this kind of plants have a very 
>high natural germination rate.

>For bamboos, the story generally tells : when a particular species of 
>bamboo is flowering ALL bamboos of this species IN THE WORLD are also 
>flowering. This is very controversial. There is no certitude it concerns 
>ALL bamboos of that particular species in ALL the world. ...

It should be made clear that, even if this does happen in some bamboo
species, it does not happen in them all.

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sat Aug  3 10:26:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2682 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!news.sol.net!newspump.sol.net!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Palms [Was: Bamboo plant blossoming]
Message-ID: <Dv90vv.I3v@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <4t8ha4$103$1@mhadf.production.compuserve.com> <4t8tmc$lop@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 1996 10:23:54 GMT
Lines: 22
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11651 sci.bio.botany:2682

cytact@ix.netcom.com (Richard Harmon) writes:

>Hmmmmmm........  I'll piggy-back on this message with a related
>question.  I'm new to botany in general and palms specifically.  I
>have been told that Fishtail Palms die after producing seed.  

At least some species known here in Oz as Fishtail palms are
monocarpic and die after flowering.

>Does anyone know if this is true and if it can be prevented?

If you're referring to the same thing, it's true.  I doubt that
it can be prevented, but perhaps it could be slowed by not growing
the trees as fast as they might normally.  Comments?

Cheers,  Ian S.

-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca Sat Aug  3 10:26:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2683 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!newsreader.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-chi-8.sprintlink.net!news.mathworks.com!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!portc01.blue.aol.com!newsstand.cit.cornell.edu!news.acsu.buffalo.edu!news.drenet.dnd.ca!crc-news.doc.ca!nott!uottawa!amorin
From: amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca (Antoine Morin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: BIODIDAC: a repository of images for teaching biology
Date: 28 Jul 1996 10:23:37 GMT
Organization: University of Ottawa
Lines: 102
Message-ID: <4tff39$j6a@mercury.cc.uottawa.ca>
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http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca

Is the home site for the BIODIDAC image collection. All material is 
freely available for teaching, non-profit purposes. Currently it contains 
material that roughly covers an introduction to zoology at the 
undergraduate level. Plant material is being developed.

More information below, and at the web site.


Le projet BIODIDAC                     The BIODIDAC project
 
 
 Finance par Patrimoine Canada par      Funded by Heritage Canada,
 l'entremise du Regroupement des        through the Regroupement
 universites de la francophonie hors-   des universites de la francophonie
 Quebec, le projet vise a produire du   hors-Quebec, the project aims at
 materiel numerique pour                producing digital material to
 l'enseignement de la biologie en       support the teaching of biology in
 francais.                              french.

 Ce materiel, pour l'instant des        This material, either digitised
 diagrammes et photographies            line drawings or photographs with
 interpretees et numerises, est mis a   labels and descriptions, is made
 la disposition des interesses. Il      available to all interested
 peut etre copie, modifie, integre      parties for copying and use in
 dans des notes de cours ou du          lecture notes, class presentations
 materiel multimedia a la condition     or development of multimedia
 que ce soit a des fins educatives et   material, as long as it is for
 non-commerciales. BIODIDAC possede     teaching purposes and that there
 les droits a ce materiel (ou a obtenu  is  no profit involved. The key
 des detenteurs des droits la           point is that BIODIDAC owns all
 permission de reproduire, modifier,    rights to the material (or has
 et distribuer)et permet son            obtained from the owner permission
 utilisation et sa distribution a des   to reproduce, modify, and
 fins educatives.                       distribute) and allow duplication
                                        and use for teaching.
 
 
 Le materiel verse a BIODIDAC est       Although the material placed in
 developpe en francais sur un           the database is developped in
 microordinateur MSDOS. cependant le    french on an MSDOS machine, the
 format choisi permet l'utilisation a   digital format will allow
 partir d'autres types d'ordinateurs.   conversion and translation to
                                        other languages. The material is
                                        usable on both MAC and MSDOS
                                        platforms.
 
                                        

 STRUCTURE ET CONTENU DE LA BANQUE      STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF IMAGE BANK
 
 Au 8 janvier 1996, plus de 2200        As of Jan 8th, 1996, more
 elements ont ete verses a la banque    than 2200 elements have been posted
 et son accessible par le serveur ftp.  to the biodidac server. These
 ces elements peuvent etre regroupes    element fall in 4 categories:
 en 4 categories: des diagrammes noir   black and white line drawings,
 et blanc, des diagrammes couleur, des  coloured drawings, color photos,
 photographies, et des diagrammes et    and annotated photos and diagrams.
 photos annotes.
 
 Les diagrammes noir et blanc           Black and white diagrams are in
 respectent le standard GIF89a. Chaque  GIF files. Their size range from 5
 fichier occupe de 5 a 50k et contient  to 50k and their resolution is up
 des images ayant jusqu'a 1200x1200     to 1200x1200 pixels.
 pixels.                                Coloured diagrams use a maximum of
                                        16 colors from the standard
 Les diagrammes couleur sont aussi de   Microsoft Windows palette.
 format GIF89a et ne contiennets que
 16 couleurs de la palette standard de  Colour photos were digitized to
 Microsoft Windows.                     allow projection and have beed
                                        coulour reduced by optimizing a
 Les photographies ont ete numerisees   256 colour palette. They are also
 de maniere a permettre leur            in GIF files with resolutions of
 projection et contiennent jusqu'a 256  approximately 400x400 pixels.
 couleurs d'une palette optimisee.
 Elles sont dans des fichiers GIF       Interpreted and annotated diagrams
 egalement. leur resolution est de      and photos are Microsoft
 l'ordre de 400x400 pixels.             Powerpoint files. these are usable
                                        from both MSDOS and MacIntosh
 Les diagrammes et photos annotes       versions of PowerPoint. These
 respectent le format PPT de MicroSoft  files have been compressed using
 PowerPoint et peuvent etre utilises a  PKZIP to reduce disk space
 partir des versions Windows et         occupied and transfer times.
 MacIntosh de PowerPoint. les fichiers
 ont ete compresses et respectent le
 format PKZIP.
 

 Contactez Antoine Morin                Contact Antoine Morin
 (amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca) si vous       (amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca) for
 desirez des details supplementaires.   details.



--
Antoine Morin 
Biologie, Universite d'Ottawa
30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1N 6N5
amorin@uottawa.ca
http://benthos.bio.uottawa.ca/joueurs/amorin.htp
Visitez BIODIDAC (http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca)


From Haechler@ubeclu.unibe.ch Sat Aug  3 10:26:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2684 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!univ-lyon1.fr!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!swsbe6.switch.ch!aragorn.unibe.ch!news
From: Haechler <Haechler@ubeclu.unibe.ch>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WWW: New Homepage about the 18th century botanist Albrecht von Haller
Date: 25 Jul 1996 15:09:15 GMT
Organization: MHIUB
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <4t82mr$5mk@aragorn.unibe.ch>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mhihaller3.unibe.ch
Mime-Version: 1.0
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Visit the homepage of the Haller-project about the life and work of
the swiss physician, botaist, scientist and poet Albrecht von Haller 
(1708-1777)
in german or english language. Its URL is

http://www.ana.unibe.ch/MHIUB/haller.htm

The team of the Haller Project is interested in an exchange of ideas with
other correspondence projects and scholars working on the eightteenth
century. It also gladly receives information about correspondents,
letters, and other materials of, to, and on Albrecht von Haller.
Inquiries on Haller correspondents and correspondences will be replied
to. The address for all informations and inquiries is

Berner Haller Projekt
Sekretariat Frau K.Ott
Med.hist.Inst.der Uni Bern
Buehlstr. 26
CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
Tel.:           ++41 (0)31 658 486
Fax :           ++41 (0)31 653 807
e-mail:         haechler@ubeclu.unibe.ch
        or      boschung@ubeclu.unibe.ch






From bateman@mail.sdsu.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2685 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!newsfeeder.sdsu.edu!newshub.sdsu.edu!not-for-mail
From: bateman@mail.sdsu.edu (Stephen christopher Bateman)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How do palm trees reproduce?
Date: 25 Jul 1996 19:01:02 GMT
Organization: San Diego State University
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <4t8g9e$1su@hole.sdsu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mail.sdsu.edu
X-Newsreader: TIN [UNIX 1.3 unoff BETA release 960619]


Being from California, I see a lot of plam trees. But
I never seem to see palm tree seeds or flowers (producing pollen).
So how do they do it?

Please respond to me through email, and to the group for other people.
Thanks!

Steve Bateman
bateman@mail.sdsu.edu
Flying along.



From weshaw@bmi.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2686 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!nwnews.wa.com!nwfocus.wa.com!news.bmi.net!news
From: "William E. Shaw" <weshaw@bmi.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Flora ID Northwest
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 1996 09:49:58 -0700
Organization: Blue Mountain Internet
Lines: 3
Message-ID: <31FB9A36.6B71@bmi.net>
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Read wonderful article on plant ID software, database, called 
Flora ID Northwest in Portland, Oregonian.  Does anyone have any 
information on availability of the software?


From gwayner@peop.tdsnet.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2687 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!hunter.premier.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.tds.net!news
From: "Gary Wayner" <gwayner@peop.tdsnet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botanical Books For Sale
Date: 25 Jul 1996 21:05:43 GMT
Organization: Natural History Books
Lines: 4
Message-ID: <01bb7a6c$923c42a0$a9d331cf@mypc.peop.tdsnet.com>
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X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1132

I sell new & antiquarian books in all fields of natural history.  I have a
major emphasis on plant systematics & floristics.  If you would be
interested drop me an email.



From mattie@aloha.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2688 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-ana-7.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-ana-24.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-3.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-11.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!nuhou.aloha.net!NewsWatcher!user
From: mattie@aloha.net (M. Chapin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How do palm trees reproduce?
Date: 29 Jul 1996 02:32:06 GMT
Organization: Hawaii Online
Lines: 57
Message-ID: <mattie-2807961642450001@207.12.7.77>
References: <4t8g9e$1su@hole.sdsu.edu> <Dv90o2.Hx6@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
NNTP-Posting-Host: kauai-tcr-77.u.aloha.net

In article <Dv90o2.Hx6@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>,
staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples) wrote:

~ bateman@mail.sdsu.edu (Stephen christopher Bateman) writes:
~ 
~ >Being from California, I see a lot of plam trees. But
~ >I never seem to see palm tree seeds or flowers (producing pollen).
~ >So how do they do it?
~ 
~ All palm species that I'm familiar with [and that's not a lot]
~ reproduce by seed.  Most flower each year.  Some may take quite
~ a long time before they first flower (e.g. the "rare" north
~ Queensland Foxtail palm -- now planted in gardens by the 100s
~ of thousands, both here and in California -- probably takes 10
~ or 11 years to first flowering).
~ 
~ Some palm species are "monocarpic" and die after flowering.
~ Most that I know do not do this.  Those that do may grow for
~ a long time and become quite large trees before they flower
~ and die.  My grandmother had a tree in her garden which was 
~ large when I was a child -- perhaps 30 feet tall then -- and
~ was still alive when I went to University.  It has since
~ flowered and died, but I don't recall how long ago.
~ 
~ Cheers,  Ian S.

Palm trees vary widely in form & size, when flowering first they
(generally) produce a "pod" that houses the flower-inflorescens. When the
flowers mature enough the "pod" splits open to reveal an inflorescens
often of several hundreds of small flowers, themselves often
inconspicuous. I am not sure what is supposed to pollinate palms
evolutionarily speaking, but I often see them covered with bees when they
are in flower. After pollintion, you'll see the fruits develop which have
a hard or a fleshy covering. Coconuts are pretty typical of harder, and
larger fruits, while dates are a good example of smaller and fleshier
fruits. The Palm family has contributed so much to mankind throughout the
ages... Anyway, I hope that this helps with your question.

Best wishes,

mattie
__________________________________


~ 
~ 
~ -- 
~ 
~ Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
~ c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
~ Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "

-- 
After dark, all cats are leopards.   (Zuni proverb)
We will be known by the tracks we leave. (Dakota)
When the legends die, the dreams end; there is no more greatness (Shawnee)
Every animal knows more than you do.  (Nez Perce)


From usfmcz32@ibmmail.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2689 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "patrick j. mcdonald" <usfmcz32@ibmmail.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info on Manchurian Tea???
Date: Fri, 26 Jul 1996 10:23:06 -0400
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Could anybody help me with info on Manchurian Tea, its so called 
"benefits", or side effects, precautions etc. I am not a botany student 
so please excuse my ignorance about plants. Thanks.


From usfmd7j5@ibmmail.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2690 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Abhi Hegde <usfmd7j5@ibmmail.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info on Manchurian Tea??
Date: Fri, 26 Jul 1996 10:31:06 -0400
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Does anybody have info on manchurian tea? I wanted to know more about the	
benefits, side effects and precautions that need to be taken during
consumption. I am not a botany student so please excuse my ignorance.


From usfmcz32@ibmmail.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2691 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "patrick j. mcdonald" <usfmcz32@ibmmail.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info on Manchurian tea???
Date: Fri, 26 Jul 1996 10:39:23 -0400
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>    Regards.
> 
>         Regis


Does anybody have info on manchurian tea? I wanted to know more about the	

benefits, side effects and precautions that need to be taken during

consumption. I am not a botany student so please excuse my ignorance.


From realex@texas.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2692 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Raydon Eiland Alexander" <realex@texas.net>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: A challenging plant question:
Date: 29 Jul 1996 16:16:47 GMT
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Dan Century <dcentury@castle.net> wrote in article
<31F8092A.B60@castle.net>...
> Hi,
> My friends went hiking along the Hudson river in New York and they found 
> these mean looking seed pods.  They are black/gray in color, they have 
> four thorns, one on each corner and they are about 2.5cm X 1.8cm X 1.8cm.

> They look like something out of Aliens or Star Trek.  I'm going to attach

> a picture of them to this post and I put the picture on my website at
> http://www.castle.net/~dcentury/seedpod.gif
> 
> Does anyone know what plant they come from? Please tell me: 
> dcentury@castle.net
> -- 

My guess is that they are from the Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae),
perhaps Hamamelis japonica or H. virginiana.



From dmartin@cdmas.crc.fmlh.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2693 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Don Martinson <dmartin@cdmas.crc.fmlh.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,rec.gardens,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: A challenging plant question:
Date: 30 Jul 1996 14:56:12 GMT
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The size described here is MUCH to large for  Hamamelis .

Don Martinson
dmartin@cdmas.crc.fmlh.edu

"Existing order thrives upon ignorance and lies. 
Objective truth and individual reason are feared above all." 
- Jimmy Johnson, "Arlo & Janis"




From WORDCRAFT@word.demon.co.uk Sat Aug  3 10:26:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2694 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gerlinde Krug <WORDCRAFT@word.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: de.sci.biologie,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pflanzenbezeichnungen
Date: Tue, 30 Jul 1996 19:02:29 +0100
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Hello there,

I need to know the German names for two plants for a translation about
wildlife. Unfortunately I have not been able to find these in my
reference material. The Latin names are:

Salpichroa origanifolia (Engl. Cock's Eggs)
Gunnera tinctoria

Your help much appreciated. Any e-mail to WORDCRAFT@word.demon.co.uk,
please. Many thanks.

-- 
Gerlinde KRUG
WORDCRAFT, 6 Earlish, Portree, Isle of Skye IV51 9XL
Tel+Fax: +44 (0)1470-542 333


From rlallema@worldnet.fr Sat Aug  3 10:26:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2695 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rlallema@worldnet.fr (Richard LALLEMANT)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.environment
Subject: LICHENS AS BIOMONITORS FOR AGRICULTURAL POLLUTIONS
Date: Tue, 30 Jul 1996 20:09:33 GMT
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Hello!

I should like to submit to all of you the following problem:

In parts of Brittany (France) intensive breeding is important.
Concerning the pigs, the number of animals is estimated to be near 6
million animals. Swine manure is mainly spread over the fields, mainly
during spring and automn. i.e. enormous quantities on a limited area
during a limited lapse of time. As a result, important problems have
been known for over 25 years with the surface and ground waters.

Much more recently, the local hospitals became aware of an important
increase of pulmonary diseases. Statistics show that such an increase
is not observed in other parts of France, or at least it is much less
important. So they began to suspect an atmospheric pollution linked
with the agricultural practices, and asked me as a lichenologist to
look at that and find some mean of doing a survey using lichens as
bioindicators.

My first visit showed me considerable changes in the lichen flora. Of
course I knew a few works, including those of U. SOCHTING (mainly:
Lichens as monitors of nitrogen deposition, 1995). But while U.
Sochting measured the nitrogen contents in some foliose lichens, I
found out that in more than half of the area I had to study, foliose
and fruticulous lichens had completely disappeared (in facts, on the
oak trunks - oaks being my choice because they are numerous around
there - for kilometers there only stays Diploicia canescens, covering
80% or more of the trunk). Such a possibility is only very shortly
mentioned by U. SOCHTING.

So I tried, with three of my students, to establish some scale similar
that of Hawksworth and Rose, but  for that particular pollution. We
quite easily managed to have a 4 steps scale, which I am working to
extend to 5 or 6 steps. We already did 1075 observations over 800
square kilometers (the measures are to be numerous, because dispersion
of that pollution is low and it can be very local).

Sorry for those long explanations, which I think were useful to come
to the following questions:

- does anybody has made observations showing so important
modifications of the lichen flora as I have seen in Brittany, due to
atmospheric pollution of rural origin?
- does anybody has worked on a scale based on field observation for
surveying nitrogen atmospheric pollution?
In both cases, I didn't find anything in the literature.

Of course, I shall be pleased of any suggestion.

Thank you all for your help.

Dr Richard LALLEMANT
Laboratoire de biologie vegetale et biotechnologie
University of Nantes - France



From rodrigt@tiac.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:29 EDT 1996
Article: 2696 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rodrigt <rodrigt@tiac.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Wed, 31 Jul 1996 05:52:44 -0400
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Start Poison Ivy News Group?

Does anyone reading this know how to start a new User group 
to focus on poison ivy?  This is a running thread in ten current
News Groups (see above cc-list).  Sure seems like poison ivy
is a common concern to many people, in various News Groups!

Previously thinking of myself immune, I’ve been humbled and write 
this while quite incapacitated by poison ivy!  As I’m crawling the 
walls with my new found source of unrelenting itching, I first 
thought of how burn victims must feel.  Then I reached out to
the WWW (InfoSeek & AltaVista) and NewsGroups (DejaNews)
for information on poison ivy.  My new found wisdom is described
below.

Knowing that a poison ivy reaction is like the common cold, I was
aware no magical cure existed - It "needs to run it’s course…."
Much of the information I found was akin to "abstention WAS the 
best way to have avoided the pregnancy"!  My priority is, now that 
I’ve got the poison ivy reaction, what can I do to stop the itch? Next,
what can I do differently "next time", followed with specific advice
on how to I kill the damn stuff.  Immunizations would be a plus.

For relieving itching symptoms, I’ve been disappointed in the lack 
of information available!  I was hoping for easy-over-the-counter
topical skin anesthetic capable of soothing a wounded elephant; no 
such luck.  My third pharmacist was correct in that Lanacane 
(Benzocaine 6%) was better than Hydrocortisone. The later was 
described by someone as "attempting to put out a forest fire by 
pissing on it" - I agree.  Possibly the best advice I read about for 
treating symptoms came from boggles@io.com ( Jennifer Boggess): 
She reminded me of the curative powers of the aloe plant.  With 
such plant in my household, I promptly severed a leaf and began 
application.  Being an engineer, I wanted to do an experiment and
used it only on half of my afflicted areas (including my nose and
one ear!) Three hours later it is perhaps too soon to tell, but there 
may be a favorable case to be made for an aloe plant Vs Lanacane!
Another interesting  possibility is bathing in manganese sulfate
solution, as described in "Taking the itch out of poison ivy":
http://www.derm-infonet.com/comm/Nov95/terezakis.html

Advice for next-best from abstention to poison ivy seems to be 
IMMEDIATE treatment.  In the wild: "jewel weed", which appears in 
the vicinity of poison ivy, gets a lot of consensus - I have no data.  
Upon contamination from poison ivy, my Doctor and what I’ve 
read seem to concur: Upon exposure, you have a few minutes (3 to 10)
to wash it off!  Thereafter you have a delayed effect equivalent 
to a chemical burn.  Contamination will not stop until you wash all 
contaminated body parts, clothing and equipment.  (Views on appropriate 
washing differ, i.e. soap Vs which soap/no soap, etc.)

For general information I found these two web sites most useful:
Common myths about poison ivy, etc:
                   http:/www.derm-infonet.com/PoisonIvy.html
Info: http://www.family.internet.com/peds/scr/000027sc.htm#FIRST AID:

For getting rid of poison ivy I found three sources to offer the most 
meaningful thoughts on which chemicals to use (Roundup, etc):
Univ. of Georgia:  http://www.ces.uga.edu/cobb/ivy.html
Mich. State Univ.:  http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/moduf/07189502.html
News Group input: Gasoline works great, why use other worse/expensive
chemicals?

Looking forward to your comments and wisdom, happy scratching and best
regards,

Tom Rodriguez (rodrigt@tiac.net)


From gle@prodigy.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:30 EDT 1996
Article: 2697 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gle@prodigy.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Garden Web Site
Date: Sat, 27 Jul 1996 20:31:03 -0700
Organization: Proven Winners
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Announcing the Proven Winners Garden Site. Please stop in and take a look 
around.  There is
a tips section, a contest for our T-shirt, and a page to go to if you 
would like to order. There is your choice of text or graphical sites.
http://www.provenwinners.com/welcome.htm


From RESP@cris.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:31 EDT 1996
Article: 2698 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ron Esposito <RESP@cris.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
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rodrigt wrote:
> 
> Start Poison Ivy News Group?
> 
> Does anyone reading this know how to start a new User group
> to focus on poison ivy?  This is a running thread in ten current
> News Groups (see above cc-list).  Sure seems like poison ivy
> is a common concern to many people, in various News Groups!
> 
> Previously thinking of myself immune, I’ve been humbled and write
> this while quite incapacitated by poison ivy!  As I’m crawling the
> walls with my new found source of unrelenting itching, I first
> thought of how burn victims must feel.  Then I reached out to
> the WWW (InfoSeek & AltaVista) and NewsGroups (DejaNews)
> for information on poison ivy.  My new found wisdom is described
> below.
> 
> Knowing that a poison ivy reaction is like the common cold, I was
> aware no magical cure existed - It "needs to run it’s course…."
> Much of the information I found was akin to "abstention WAS the
> best way to have avoided the pregnancy"!  My priority is, now that
> I’ve got the poison ivy reaction, what can I do to stop the itch? Next,
> what can I do differently "next time", followed with specific advice
> on how to I kill the damn stuff.  Immunizations would be a plus.
> 
> For relieving itching symptoms, I’ve been disappointed in the lack
> of information available!  I was hoping for easy-over-the-counter
> topical skin anesthetic capable of soothing a wounded elephant; no
> such luck.  My third pharmacist was correct in that Lanacane
> (Benzocaine 6%) was better than Hydrocortisone. The later was
> described by someone as "attempting to put out a forest fire by
> pissing on it" - I agree.  Possibly the best advice I read about for
> treating symptoms came from boggles@io.com ( Jennifer Boggess):
> She reminded me of the curative powers of the aloe plant.  With
> such plant in my household, I promptly severed a leaf and began
> application.  Being an engineer, I wanted to do an experiment and
> used it only on half of my afflicted areas (including my nose and
> one ear!) Three hours later it is perhaps too soon to tell, but there
> may be a favorable case to be made for an aloe plant Vs Lanacane!
> Another interesting  possibility is bathing in manganese sulfate
> solution, as described in "Taking the itch out of poison ivy":
> http://www.derm-infonet.com/comm/Nov95/terezakis.html
> 
> Advice for next-best from abstention to poison ivy seems to be
> IMMEDIATE treatment.  In the wild: "jewel weed", which appears in
> the vicinity of poison ivy, gets a lot of consensus - I have no data.
> Upon contamination from poison ivy, my Doctor and what I’ve
> read seem to concur: Upon exposure, you have a few minutes (3 to 10)
> to wash it off!  Thereafter you have a delayed effect equivalent
> to a chemical burn.  Contamination will not stop until you wash all
> contaminated body parts, clothing and equipment.  (Views on appropriate
> washing differ, i.e. soap Vs which soap/no soap, etc.)
> 
> For general information I found these two web sites most useful:
> Common myths about poison ivy, etc:
>                    http:/www.derm-infonet.com/PoisonIvy.html
> Info: http://www.family.internet.com/peds/scr/000027sc.htm#FIRST AID:
> 
> For getting rid of poison ivy I found three sources to offer the most
> meaningful thoughts on which chemicals to use (Roundup, etc):
> Univ. of Georgia:  http://www.ces.uga.edu/cobb/ivy.html
> Mich. State Univ.:  http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/moduf/07189502.html
> News Group input: Gasoline works great, why use other worse/expensive
> chemicals?
> 
> Looking forward to your comments and wisdom, happy scratching and best
> regards,
> 
> Tom Rodriguez (rodrigt@tiac.net)


Some additional info and relief. The irritant in poison ivy is an oil, 
common hand soap is not adequate for removal. After possible exposure, 
the best soap is one that is fomulated to cut grease, such as dishwashing 
soap.

For temporiry relief, hold the affected area under as hot of water you 
can stand until the iching stops. This opens the pores and flushes out 
the histamines. This can releave the iching for up to a few hours.

Ron Esposito


From rcommage@ix.netcom.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:32 EDT 1996
Article: 2699 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!ixnews1.ix.netcom.com!ix.netcom.com!ix.netcom.com!news
From: Robert Commagere <rcommage@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Bacopa Summer Snow
Date: Wed, 31 Jul 1996 12:57:24 -0700
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <31FFBAA4.5403@ix.netcom.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: lax-ca13-08.ix.netcom.com
Mime-Version: 1.0
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-NETCOM-Date: Wed Jul 31 12:57:30 PM PDT 1996
X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.0 (Win16; I)
CC: rcommage@ix.netcom.com

I just bought a plant called "Bacopa Summer Snow." It is a small bushy 
plant with small white flowers. Looks like it could be a good ground 
cover.

I have not been able to find the name in any encyclopedia or book on 
plants other than an aquatic plant of the genus Bacopa. This plant does 
not look related to any aquatic plant I've seen.

Any help on identifying the scientific name of this plant will be greatly 
appreciated.

Please reply via e-mail.

Thank you

Robert Commagere
rcommage@ix.netcom.com


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Sat Aug  3 10:26:33 EDT 1996
Article: 2700 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: How do palm trees reproduce?
Message-ID: <Dv90o2.Hx6@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <4t8g9e$1su@hole.sdsu.edu>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 1996 10:19:13 GMT
Lines: 30

bateman@mail.sdsu.edu (Stephen christopher Bateman) writes:

>Being from California, I see a lot of plam trees. But
>I never seem to see palm tree seeds or flowers (producing pollen).
>So how do they do it?

All palm species that I'm familiar with [and that's not a lot]
reproduce by seed.  Most flower each year.  Some may take quite
a long time before they first flower (e.g. the "rare" north
Queensland Foxtail palm -- now planted in gardens by the 100s
of thousands, both here and in California -- probably takes 10
or 11 years to first flowering).

Some palm species are "monocarpic" and die after flowering.
Most that I know do not do this.  Those that do may grow for
a long time and become quite large trees before they flower
and die.  My grandmother had a tree in her garden which was 
large when I was a child -- perhaps 30 feet tall then -- and
was still alive when I went to University.  It has since
flowered and died, but I don't recall how long ago.

Cheers,  Ian S.



-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From newcombg@bcc.orst.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:35 EDT 1996
Article: 2701 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!gateway.sequent.com!newsfeed.orst.edu!news.orst.edu!news
From: newcombg@bcc.orst.edu (Gene Newcomb)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Flora ID Northwest
Date: 31 Jul 1996 13:58:32 GMT
Organization: Oregon State University
Lines: 33
Message-ID: <4tnoq8$isi@news.orst.edu>
References: <31FB9A36.6B71@bmi.net> <biek-2907962052380001@sea-ts6-p68.wolfenet.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pscheidt1-1089-b.cordley.orst.edu
Mime-Version: 1.0
X-Newsreader: WinVN 0.99.3

In article <biek-2907962052380001@sea-ts6-p68.wolfenet.com>, 
biek@popserv.wolfenet.com says...
>
>In article <31FB9A36.6B71@bmi.net>, "William E. Shaw" <weshaw@bmi.net> 
wrote:
>
>> Read wonderful article on plant ID software, database, called 
>> Flora ID Northwest in Portland, Oregonian.  Does anyone have any 
>> information on availability of the software?
>
>The summer issue of Douglasia (journal of the Washington Native Plant
>Society) directs inquiries to
>
>   Bruce Barnes   541-278-2222 office
>                  541-276-5547 home
>                  541-276-8405 FAX
>              or  dbarnes@orednet.org
>
>Could you tell me the date of the story in the Oregonian?
>
>
>David Biek
>Tacoma, WA
>
>biek@popserv.wolfenet.com
There is a web page at 
http://www.pullman.com/Business/xid/toplevel/fidnw.html
This includes a demo which I haven't tried.
The article was in the Oregonian of Aug. 23d on the 2nd page of 
some section.
--gene
newcombg@bcc.orst.edu



From andre_sobolewski@mindlink.bc.ca Sat Aug  3 10:26:36 EDT 1996
Article: 2702 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!agate!info.ucla.edu!news.bc.net!news.mindlink.net!news
From: Andre Sobolewski <andre_sobolewski@mindlink.bc.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Growing sedges from seed in the sub-artic
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 1996 10:54:31 -0700
Organization: Microbial Technologies
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <31FBA957.6C8@mindlink.bc.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: line135.nwm.mindlink.net
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02 (Win95; I)

I am looking for information on growing sedges or other wetland plants 
>from  seed in a sub-artic climate. Can anyone direct me to a contact or 
relevant literature?

Any assistance would be gratefully appreciated.

Sincerely, Andre Sobolewski
andre_sobolewski@mindlink.bc.ca


From sam.scheiner@asu.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:37 EDT 1996
Article: 2703 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!usc!hookup!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.asu.edu!usenet
From: "Samuel M. Scheiner" <sam.scheiner@asu.edu>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Age of aspen clone
Date: Thu, 01 Aug 1996 11:03:39 -0700
Organization: Arizona State University West
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <3200F17B.A1C@asu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 129.219.184.122
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11699 sci.bio.botany:2703 sci.bio.ecology:21527

I am trying to track down a piece of botanical trivia. I recall hearing 
about a trembling aspen stand, all a single genet, that was estimated to 
be thousands of years old. However, I cannot find the details or the 
original source of this claim. Can anyone help? Thanks.
-- 
**********************************************************               
     
Samuel M. Scheiner                                               
Dept. of Life Sciences (2352)   P.O. Box 37100                    
Arizona State University West   Phoenix, AZ 85069        
Tel: 602-543-6934               Fax: 602-543-6073                        
    
E-mail: sam.scheiner@asu.edu  
http://lsvl.la.asu.edu/botany/faculty/scheiner.html                    
**********************************************************


From pjhernes@saul.u.washington.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:38 EDT 1996
Article: 2705 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-ana-7.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-ana-24.sprintlink.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!netnews.nwnet.net!news.u.washington.edu!saul3.u.washington.edu!pjhernes
From: Peter Hernes <pjhernes@saul.u.washington.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism
Subject: Poison Ivy and Jewel Weed
Date: Thu, 1 Aug 1996 12:57:14 -0700
Organization: University of Washington
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <Pine.OSF.3.92a.960801125024.1476A-100000@saul3.u.washington.edu>
References: <31FF2CEC.4373@tiac.net> <32001426.5451@cris.com> <4tqs6g$k2f@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.health.alternative:79836 sci.bio.botany:2705 alt.folklore.urban:289541 misc.survivalism:28029


I spent a summer in Woods Hole, MA in 1986 and we used to play soccer in a
field surrounded by poison ivy.  I'm very susceptible to poison ivy
rashes.  However, someone suggested to me that Jewel Weed can be used as
a cure.  She brought me some foliage (the flowers were orange, but that's
all I remember), I steeped it, and used the liquid on the rashes.  They
disappeared overnight.  Anybody know anything more about Jewel Weed?  I
seem to recall that it grew near water.  Please e-mail me directly as I
don't have time to monitor these newsgroups.  Thanks!

Peter Hernes



From heinz@george.ma.utexas.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:39 EDT 1996
Article: 2706 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!venus.sun.com!cs.utexas.edu!geraldo.cc.utexas.edu!george.ma.utexas.edu!heinz
From: heinz@george.ma.utexas.edu (Martin Heinz)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Followup-To: rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative
Date: 1 Aug 1996 20:32:37 GMT
Organization: Hyperactive Catatonics Inc.
Lines: 28
Message-ID: <4tr495$r48@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: george.ma.utexas.edu
Rerences: <31FF2CEC.4373@tiac.net> <32001426.5451@cris.com>
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.consumers.house:127593 rec.gardens:143964 misc.kids.pregnancy:84447 misc.health.alternative:79847 sci.bio.botany:2706 alt:3139 alt.folklore.urban:289548 misc.survivalism:28031 rec.backcountry:133256 alt.cuddle:57181


A creature named RESP@cris.com by some, Ron Esposito by others wrote:
: rodrigt wrote:
: > Does anyone reading this know how to start a new User group
: > to focus on poison ivy?  This is a running thread in ten current
[..some 60-odd lines snipped..]
: Some additional info and relief. The irritant in poison ivy is an oil,
[..snippedy-snap!]

To create newsgroups, first try to get an understanding of the Usenet.
For this, a visit at news.announce.newusers pays off big time.
Then, consider visiting the shores of news.announce.newgroups for the
beaches, margaritas and an intro creationism [the electronic kind].
There are informative articles posted there.

To make your potential readers aware of your talents, edit your followups.
That means cutting out unnecessary lines. Rule of thumb: only few Usenet
posts have more than 5 necessary lines.

Martin "followups, courtesy of L.R." Heinz

--
Martin Heinz // heinz@math.utexas.edu // http://www.ma.utexas.edu/users/heinz
"Women who drink two or more cups of coffee a day are less likely to commit 
suicide than women who do not drink coffee,[...]. Habitual coffee drinkers 
reported less irritability and improved mood  following coffee consumption, 
according to the study [...] published by the American Medical Association." 
[Reuters Hourly News Summary [Mar 10 3 pm PST] ]


From suzan@epix.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:40 EDT 1996
Article: 2707 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.columbia.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.uoregon.edu!hunter.premier.net!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!news2.epix.net!qrvl-67ppp37.epix.net!user
From: suzan@epix.net (Suzan)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy and Jewel Weed
Date: Thu, 01 Aug 1996 23:01:13 -0500
Organization: Architecture & Astrology
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <suzan-0108962301130001@qrvl-67ppp37.epix.net>
References: <31FF2CEC.4373@tiac.net> <32001426.5451@cris.com> <4tqs6g$k2f@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu> <Pine.OSF.3.92a.960801125024.1476A-100000@saul3.u.washington.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.health.alternative:79848 sci.bio.botany:2707 alt.folklore.urban:289549 misc.survivalism:28033

In article
<Pine.OSF.3.92a.960801125024.1476A-100000@saul3.u.washington.edu>, Peter
Hernes <pjhernes@saul.u.washington.edu> wrote:

||I spent a summer in Woods Hole, MA in 1986 and we used to play soccer in a
||field surrounded by poison ivy.  I'm very susceptible to poison ivy
||rashes.  However, someone suggested to me that Jewel Weed can be used as
||a cure. 

Jewel weed tend to grow next to stinging nettles as well for which it also
acts as an antedote.

Suzan

*************************************************
"Live never to be ashamed if anything you do 
or say is published around the world...
even if what is published is not true." 
Richard Bach
************************************************


From lrudolph@panix.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:42 EDT 1996
Article: 2708 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!concert!rutgers!engr.orst.edu!newsfeed.orst.edu!news.uoregon.edu!hunter.premier.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!news.panix.com!not-for-mail
From: lrudolph@panix.com (Lee Rudolph)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy and Jewel Weed
Followup-To: alt.test,misc.test
Date: 1 Aug 1996 17:24:44 -0400
Organization: PANIX Public Access Internet and Unix, NYC
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <4tr7as$cip@panix.com>
References: <31FF2CEC.4373@tiac.net> <32001426.5451@cris.com> <4tqs6g$k2f@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu> <Pine.OSF.3.92a.960801125024.1476A-100000@saul3.u.washington.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: panix.com
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.health.alternative:79873 sci.bio.botany:2708 misc.survivalism:28040

Peter Hernes <pjhernes@saul.u.washington.edu> posted the following
to misc.health.alternative, sci.bio.botany, misc.survivalism, and
alt.folklore.urban.  Guess which group it's least suitable to?

>I spent a summer in Woods Hole, MA in 1986 and we used to play soccer in a
>field surrounded by poison ivy.  I'm very susceptible to poison ivy
>rashes.  However, someone suggested to me that Jewel Weed can be used as
>a cure.  She brought me some foliage (the flowers were orange, but that's
>all I remember), I steeped it, and used the liquid on the rashes.  They
>disappeared overnight.  Anybody know anything more about Jewel Weed?  I
>seem to recall that it grew near water.  Please e-mail me directly as I
>don't have time to monitor these newsgroups.  Thanks!

His penultimate sentence suggests that he's a deliberately provocative
wanker (and in any case that he's a boor).  In any case: jewel weed
is a form of impatiens, and impatience is what readers of AFU are
beginning to feel about this thread.  Followup to whichever group
in the Newsgroups: header you please, but don't followup in AFU.
Thanks!! 

Lee Rudolph


From timoteo@individual.eunet.pt Sat Aug  3 10:26:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2709 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!EU.net!Portugal.EU.net!usenet
From: Timoteo Velosa <timoteo@individual.eunet.pt>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Amorphophallus Titanum
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 1996 23:45:31 +0100
Organization: EUnet Portugal
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <31FBED8B.A4E@individual.eunet.pt>
Reply-To: timoteo@individual.eunet.pt
NNTP-Posting-Host: d208.porto.eunet.pt
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.0b5aGold (Win95; I)

Please, anyone knows if there is any Amorphophalus Titanum flowering in
Kew Gardens, London, England?

Thank you.

Timoteo Velosa


From mmedi13720@aol.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:44 EDT 1996
Article: 2710 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.iag.net!newsfeeder.sdsu.edu!news.sgi.com!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!portc01.blue.aol.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: mmedi13720@aol.com (MMedi13720)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: 1 Aug 1996 23:56:35 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 19
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
Message-ID: <4tru9j$l87@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
References: <4tr3bp$p39@news.rsn.hp.com>
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In article <4tr3bp$p39@news.rsn.hp.com>, bodmann@convex.com (Shawn
Bodmann) writes:

>There's also corticosteroid ointments available by prescription.
>	Anyone allergic to poison ivy should stock up on it as much
>	as they can (like ask for lots of ointment when you go see
>	your doctor) to put in your packs.

Hydrocortizone, anyone? No prescription required (I've got a tube in my
first-aid kit in the truck), not all that expensive, and it works
reasonably well.

Note about steroids-we used some on my cousin's dog to treat a few hot
spots. The five-pound Shih Tzu bulked up to nine pounds and became fairly
aggressive. These drugs are not something you want to go wild with, IMHO.

Mike S. Medintz, |"I hunt, therefore I am. 
                          | We harvest the land, taking the fallen lamb"
http://falcon.cc.ukans.edu/~medintz      -Metallica (Of Wolf and Man)     


From joaccigh@hercules.zrz.TU-Berlin.DE Sat Aug  3 10:26:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2711 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!news.dgsys.com!en.com!op.net!news.mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!cs.tu-berlin.de!hercules.zrz.TU-Berlin.DE!joaccigh
From: joaccigh@hercules.zrz.TU-Berlin.DE (Joachim Dagg)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: 2nd shoot of larch (Larix decidua)
Date: 2 Aug 1996 09:58:14 GMT
Organization: Technical University of Berlin, Germany
Lines: 2
Message-ID: <4tsjfm$lie@news.cs.tu-berlin.de>
NNTP-Posting-Host: hercules.zrz.tu-berlin.de
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Does anybody out there know something about a 2nd shoot of the larch
starting around 20th of July? Thanks Joachim


From bobbyd@peg.apc.org Sat Aug  3 10:26:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2712 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.asu.edu!ennfs.eas.asu.edu!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!lerc.nasa.gov!kira.cc.uakron.edu!neoucom.edu!news.ysu.edu!news.ecn.uoknor.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!news.mel.connect.com.au!news.syd.connect.com.au!news.bri.connect.com.au!peg.apc.org!v11
From: bobbyd@peg.apc.org (Bob Denelzen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: palms
Date: Sat, 03 Aug 96 00:22:22 GMT
Organization: Blooming Landscapes
Lines: 9
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <4tslm6$3on@peg.apc.org>
References: <NEWTNews.838898644.25317.joshperi@dialup.netvision.net.il>
NNTP-Posting-Host: v11.dialup.peg.apc.org
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #2

joshperi@dialup.netvision.net.il wrote:
>
>most palm cultivation is vegetative reproduction
>cuttings,etc
>
Im sorry but most palms are propagated through seed although a few may be
propagated through devision. Cuttings simply dont work with palms.

Bob


From bobbyd@peg.apc.org Sat Aug  3 10:26:48 EDT 1996
Article: 2713 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.asu.edu!ennfs.eas.asu.edu!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!lerc.nasa.gov!kira.cc.uakron.edu!neoucom.edu!news.ysu.edu!news.ecn.uoknor.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!news.mel.connect.com.au!news.syd.connect.com.au!news.bri.connect.com.au!peg.apc.org!v11
From: bobbyd@peg.apc.org (Bob Denelzen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Palm & Cycad info sought - cycdinfo [01/01]
Date: Sat, 03 Aug 96 00:24:23 GMT
Organization: Blooming Landscapes
Lines: 32
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <4tslq0$3on@peg.apc.org>
NNTP-Posting-Host: v11.dialup.peg.apc.org
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #2

-------------------- BEGIN HERE cycdinfo -------------------
Palm and cycad information sought

Much of the information available today only contains plant descriptions for identification
purposes and basic growing requirements. As a palm and cycad enthusiast I hope to create a data
base of the environmental factors these plants grow in. This I hope will assist myself and others
in the best possible conditions for the cultivation of these plants.

The information I am seeking is.
Your Name:
Your Email address:
Your snail mail address:
Botanical Name:
Common Name:
Plants Location     - Country
               - City/Town
               - Other relevant information.
Available sunlight:
Soil type:
Soil ph:
Is the plant in cultivation:
Does the plant appear to be healthy:
Other site information you feel may be relevant
Please email the information, the plant  information only will be made available to all who
contribute after the data has been compiled.
This is not an attempt to make up a mail list and I am not a retailer etc only a frustrated
horticulturalist trying to do it right.
Many thanks
Bob Denelzen
bobbyd@peg.apc.org
Queensland, Australia
----------------------- END cycdinfo -----------------------


From bobbyd@peg.apc.org Sat Aug  3 10:26:49 EDT 1996
Article: 2714 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bobbyd@peg.apc.org (Bob Denelzen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Palm & Cycad info sought
Date: Sat, 03 Aug 96 00:24:23 GMT
Organization: Blooming Landscapes
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X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #2


Keywords:




From rstoertz@cycor.ca Sat Aug  3 10:26:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2715 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rstoertz@cycor.ca (Robert Harris Stoertz)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Thu, 01 Aug 1996 18:25:17 GMT
Organization: Cycor Communications Inc., Coast to Coast Internet Services
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rodrigt <rodrigt@tiac.net> wrote:

>Start Poison Ivy News Group?

How about a mosquito news group, too?
The only real relief I've ever gotten for poison ivy (and I've had
some pretty bad cases!) is hot water. I had noticed that it helped,
and the doctor suggested it, too. Just stick the effected areas under
the hottest water you can stand. You may end up with a little bit of a
burn, but the relief lasts a couple of hours. It's kind of weird,
standing in the steaming shower with the itching and the heat so bad
you can hardly stand it (the heat makes the itch worse at first), yet
somehow the heat is such a relief that you can hardly force yourself
to get out from under the water. You'll know when to get out,
though---as soon as the almost convulsive itching suddenly dies down
and you notice mainly just the heat, get out before you get cooked!

I had P.I. all over my body once---really bad. I never saw the stuff,
but I think I was pulling up the roots in a new garden bed, with my
brothers and sisters. Everytime someone came upon a tough root, they
called me over. I had to go home like that from Martha's Vineyard,
Massachusetts to Santa Barbara, California. Imagine that day from
hell---car, ferry, a long bus ride to Boston, plane (with a
change-over) to Los Angeles, then another long bus ride, and a taxi.
All with such a hideous rash that I felt like a leper! Imagine being
jammed in next to someone on the airplane, and they're all oozing and
flaking and sweating. When I finally got home late at night, I turned
right around and went to the emergency room, where all they could do
was give me a shot of something.

But, on a different occassion, I crashed my motorcycle into an
extensive and lush patch of poison ivy in Virginia. It was about 5
feet high. I went in head first, and my shirt was torn completely open
as I went. I landed on my bare chest and stomach, right in the middle
of the poison ivy. I figured I was done for, but all I got was a
little spot of rash the size of a dime on my wrist. And I had no
injuries at all, because going into the stuff was like landing on a
mattress. Maybe it saved my life!

So now I'm real careful about the stuff. It's too unpredictable.
Hope you feel better by now. The reason there's no newsgroup is
because by the time someone gets worked up enough to do something,
they have recovered from it and then they don't even want to talk
about it any more!


Regards, Robert



From bodmann@convex.com Sat Aug  3 10:26:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2716 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!lll-winken.llnl.gov!nntp.coast.net!zombie.ncsc.mil!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!news.eng.convex.com!bodmann
From: bodmann@convex.com (Shawn Bodmann)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Date: 1 Aug 1996 20:16:57 GMT
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rodrigt (rodrigt@tiac.net) wrote:
: Start Poison Ivy News Group?

: Does anyone reading this know how to start a new User group 
: to focus on poison ivy?  This is a running thread in ten current
: News Groups (see above cc-list).  Sure seems like poison ivy
: is a common concern to many people, in various News Groups!

	I'd be interested.  I get a bad case everytime I head
	into the woods... :(

: Knowing that a poison ivy reaction is like the common cold, I was
: aware no magical cure existed - It "needs to run its course."

	Actually, the poison ivy reaction is an allergic reaction.
	While avoidance _is_ the best option, there is something
	you can take that wipes the stuff out in a couple of days.
	Corticosteroids.  You'll need a prescription, and you'll
	probably get a 10-14 day dosage, but it's not too expensive
	if you get generic brand.

	There's also corticosteroid ointments available by prescription.
	Anyone allergic to poison ivy should stock up on it as much
	as they can (like ask for lots of ointment when you go see
	your doctor) to put in your packs.

	The ointments are much preferred to the oral corticosteroids.
	Doctors don't know exactly how they work, which is bad enough,
	but they take out your whole immune system while you're on
	them.  They knock out your immune response.  For the short
	times you'd be on them for a severe case once every couple
	of years, that's probably not a big deal, but extended 
	dosages can permantly damage your immune system.

	You can also get corticosteroids in a shot, though I haven't
	ever gotten one.  I got real close when I had mono -
	my throat was almost swollen shut...ouch!!  It would have
	to be pretty severe for you to get one though...I get PI
	worse than anyone else I know.

: Much of the information I found was akin to "abstention WAS the 
: best way to have avoided the pregnancy"!  My priority is, now that 
: Ive got the poison ivy reaction, what can I do to stop the itch? Next,
: what can I do differently "next time", followed with specific advice
: on how to I kill the damn stuff.  Immunizations would be a plus.

	I have yet to find a way to get rid of the itch for any
	duration longer than a half hour.  The best thing is to
	learn how to ignore it.  When you get as much practice as
	me, it starts to get pretty easy.

	The itching is caused by hystemines being released by the
	enflamed cells.  Taking an anti hystemine might help, but
	I've never found over the counter strength stuff to dent
	the itch.  Taking a shower and running very hot water on
	the infected area offers temporary relief.  The heat makes
	the cells release their hystemines, which makes the itch
	increase at first, but after long enough, the cells use up
	all their stores of hystemines and it takes them some time
	to build any more (only 30 minutes or so for me) so the itching
	stops for a while.  Be careful not to damage the skin any more
	than it is though!

	As far as "next time," there's a couple of great new products
	out.  I've seen them at REI and my drugstore and grocery store,
	so you shouldn't have any problem finding them.  I forget the
	brand names, but I've seen at least two different brands of this
	stuff.  There's a poison-ivy-guard ointment, and a poison-ivy-
	oil-soap.  The ivy guard is supposed to repel the oil - keep it
	off your skin.  I've used it once, and didn't get PI that time,
	but that's inconclusive cause there was another guy in the party
	as susceptible as me who didn't get any either.  It went on a
	lot like elmer's white glue.  After I rubbed it in, I could tell
	it was there, but after I started running around a little I forgot
	about it.  The soap isn't anything unusual.  It's supposed to be
	specially formulated to dissolve PI oils and the guard stuff.  I
	buy the two in sets.  I'd also recommend putting some of this stuff
	in packs.

	Leave as little exposed skin as possible.  Sure it's hot, but I'd
	rather sweat a little than get PI.  Wear long sleeves.
	Wear long pants, and tape your boots to them, or tape them closed.
	Wash all clothes 3 times with lots of soap after you suspect they've
	been infected. 

	There's other things you can do if you suspect you've been infected.
	Take a shower as soon as possible!  Wash everywhere at least 3 times,
	and lather very well.  I also use a head to toe technique so any
	runoff oil mixed in with the soap and water gets soaped up rather
	than sitting on my skin.  Soap like lava that's designed to get
	off motor oil and engine grime is a good idea to use.  That stuff
	breaks down oil like you wouldn't believe.

	Learn to spot the stuff and avoid it like the plague!


: IMMEDIATE treatment.  In the wild: "jewel weed", which appears in 
: the vicinity of poison ivy, gets a lot of consensus - I have no data.  

	I'd be careful about this.  If you've got the oil on you,
	you want to get it off.  I'd at least wash up the area you
	suspect before I put jewel weed on it...

: Upon contamination from poison ivy, my Doctor and what Ive 
: read seem to concur: Upon exposure, you have a few minutes (3 to 10)
: to wash it off!  Thereafter you have a delayed effect equivalent 
: to a chemical burn.  Contamination will not stop until you wash all 
: contaminated body parts, clothing and equipment.  (Views on appropriate 
: washing differ, i.e. soap Vs which soap/no soap, etc.)

	You definitely need soap, preferably a grease cutting soap.
	That stuff does not come off with water alone.  Wash everything
	at least three times.

: For general information I found these two web sites most useful:
: Common myths about poison ivy, etc:
:                    http:/www.derm-infonet.com/PoisonIvy.html
: Info: http://www.family.internet.com/peds/scr/000027sc.htm#FIRST AID:

: For getting rid of poison ivy I found three sources to offer the most 
: meaningful thoughts on which chemicals to use (Roundup, etc):
: Univ. of Georgia:  http://www.ces.uga.edu/cobb/ivy.html
: Mich. State Univ.:  http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/moduf/07189502.html
: News Group input: Gasoline works great, why use other worse/expensive
: chemicals?

	We used to pour old motor oil on PI in the backyard and it
	didn't phase it.  I think Agent Orange is the power level
	of herbicide you need.  I also wouldn't burn it unless you're
	upwind - PI in your lungs would SUCK!

	However petroleum products put on plants is going to find its
	way into the water supply, so you should avoid using them this
	way.


: Looking forward to your comments and wisdom, happy scratching and best
: regards,

: Tom Rodriguez (rodrigt@tiac.net)


Happy itching,

shawn


From  Sat Aug  3 10:26:53 EDT 1996
Article: 2717 of sci.bio.botany
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From: (BIG cross-post! Don't Reply. RHS)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Fri, 02 Aug 1996 14:46:51 GMT
Organization: Cycor Communications Inc., Coast to Coast Internet Services
Lines: 2
Message-ID: <4tt4b1$crl@storm.cycor.ca>
References: <31FF2CEC.4373@tiac.net>
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I replied unwittingly. Sorry. Robert Harris Stoertz



From plantnut@shadow.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2718 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!news.shadow.net!ppp-ftl-72.shadow.net!user
From: plantnut@shadow.net (Dewey Fisk)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Amorphophallus titanum
Date: Mon, 29 Jul 1996 00:23:56 +0100
Organization: Plant Nut
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <plantnut-2907960023560001@ppp-ftl-72.shadow.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp-ftl-72.shadow.net

Yes! Amorphophallus titanum is in flower - or inflorescence - at the
Princess of Wales Conservatory at Kew, The Royal Botanic Garden...  If you
would like to know more about this fabulous plant, contact sender
or:......
You are cordially invited to visit the new WWW Page of The International
Aroid Society.  While you are there, be sure to check out the "Genera of
Araceae" and link onto the Dracontium and Arisaema sections.  This page is
still under construction and probably will be for a very long time,
considering the diversity of Araceae.  However, we feel that it is the
standard by which all 'Plant Pages' will be judged.  Please come for a
visit and leave us your comments.  The Pages were designed by Dr. Guanghua
Zhu of The Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.   It is the
beginning of a new experience in plants.

Visit us at....       http://www.mobot.org/IAS/

Dewey E. Fisk,
Vice President and
Corresponding Secretary for
The International Aroid Society
<plantnut@shadow.net>


From jgharris@nyx.cs.du.edu Sat Aug  3 10:26:55 EDT 1996
Article: 2719 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!csn!nntp-xfer-1.csn.net!ncar!imci4!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!spool.mu.edu!noc.nyx.net!nyx.cs.du.edu!not-for-mail
From: jgharris@nyx.cs.du.edu (Jim Harris)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Re: Age of aspen clone
Date: 2 Aug 1996 09:14:06 -0600
Organization: University of Denver, Math/CS Dept.
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"Samuel M. Scheiner" <sam.scheiner@asu.edu> writes:

>I am trying to track down a piece of botanical trivia. I recall hearing 
>about a trembling aspen stand, all a single genet, that was estimated to 
>be thousands of years old. However, I cannot find the details or the 
>original source of this claim. Can anyone help? Thanks.
>-- 
>**********************************************************               
>     
>Samuel M. Scheiner                                               
>Dept. of Life Sciences (2352)   P.O. Box 37100                    
>Arizona State University West   Phoenix, AZ 85069        
>Tel: 602-543-6934               Fax: 602-543-6073                        
>    
>E-mail: sam.scheiner@asu.edu  
>http://lsvl.la.asu.edu/botany/faculty/scheiner.html                    
>**********************************************************

I'm afraid that I can't help you with a reference but, if it helps, I 
believe the clone you're referring to is located in Fishlake National 
Forest in Utah.

Jim


From stinger Sat Aug  3 10:26:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2720 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stinger <stinger>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Info on bamboo plants
Date: 2 Aug 1996 22:07:51 GMT
Organization: University of Florida
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <4ttu7n$526@no-names.nerdc.ufl.edu>
References: <4t8ha4$103$1@mhadf.production.compuserve.com> <4ta1rt$d86@saphir.jouy.inra.fr>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:11710 sci.bio.botany:2720

You might also try the ABS or EBS home pages listed on my own bamboo resource
guide at http://nabalu.flas.ufl.edu/stinger/bamboo.html
-- 
Stinger Guala
209 Rolfs Hall
P.O. Box 110530
Gainesville, FL 32611-0530 USA



From guerin@portos.cea.fr Sat Aug  3 10:26:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2721 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!cea.fr!news	
From: Gilles Guerin <guerin@portos.cea.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Abrus precatorius (sthg close to)
Date: Mon, 29 Jul 1996 10:13:26 +0000
Organization: CEA
Lines: 9
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A friend of mine brings me seeds which look like closely to A. 
precatorius seeds (red and black glossy tiny seed, differences with 
Abrus are minors: seed shape less spherical, respective locations of 
black and red a bit different). Germination is on progress and the young 
specimen IS NOT an A. precatorius (first leaves are trifoliate, folioles 
are almost deltoids and 3/4 cm wide). Which genera and species can it 
be? (probably an Abrus). As this seeds come from an unlabelled plant in 
a botanical greenhous, their origin are not known. Thanks for any 
information.


From kkereke@iamerica.net Sat Aug  3 10:26:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2722 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!ns3.iamerica.net!iao-ppp0207.iamerica.net!user
From: kkereke@iamerica.net (Kirk Kerekes)
Newsgroups: misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy and Jewel Weed
Date: Fri, 02 Aug 1996 18:25:22 -0500
Organization: PaperClip Products
Lines: 28
Message-ID: <kkereke-0208961825220001@iao-ppp0207.iamerica.net>
References: <31FF2CEC.4373@tiac.net> <32001426.5451@cris.com> <4tqs6g$k2f@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu> <Pine.OSF.3.92a.960801125024.1476A-100000@saul3.u.washington.edu>
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In article
<Pine.OSF.3.92a.960801125024.1476A-100000@saul3.u.washington.edu>, Peter
Hernes <pjhernes@saul.u.washington.edu> wrote:

 - I spent a summer in Woods Hole, MA in 1986 and we used to play soccer in a
 - field surrounded by poison ivy.  I'm very susceptible to poison ivy
 - rashes.  However, someone suggested to me that Jewel Weed can be used as
 - a cure.  She brought me some foliage (the flowers were orange, but that's
 - all I remember), I steeped it, and used the liquid on the rashes.  They
 - disappeared overnight.  Anybody know anything more about Jewel Weed?  I
 - seem to recall that it grew near water.  Please e-mail me directly as I
 - don't have time to monitor these newsgroups.  Thanks!

Jewel Weed: Impatiens capensis 

A search of Alta Vista with the key [jewel;weed] results in 28 hits,
including two with images of several forms of "jewel weed".

I'd tell you more, but I don't have time to do your research.

-- 
Kirk Kerekes
------------------------
___  ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ _ ____ _  _ 
|__] |___ |__/ |___ |___ |     |  | |  | |\ | 
|    |___ |  \ |    |___ |___  |  | |__| | \| 
                   is Not an Available Option
-----------------------------------------------------------


From robinsgs@wfu.edu Tue Sep  3 12:49:38 EDT 1996
Article: 2872 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.wfu.edu!ace35.wfunet.wfu.edu!robinsgs
From: gregory scot robins <robinsgs@wfu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pokeweed question
Date: Tue, 20 Aug 1996 09:30:19 -0400
Organization: Wake Forest University
Lines: 15
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X-Sender: robinsgs@ace35.wfunet.wfu.edu


	We are trying to grow Phytolacca americana L. (Pokeweed or 
Pokeberry) in the greenhouse.  However, we are not having much luck 
getting the plant past the flowering stage.  The leaves are dying off in 
mass and the whole plant looks bad. The soil mix is peat: top soil: 
vermiculite (2:2:1) with a little perlite added as well.  We have 
fertilized lightly with 20, 20, 20 Peters Salt solution.  

	Any advice regarding the cultivation of this plant would be 
appreciated. 


					Thank you
					Greg Robins
					Wake Forest University


From dimmick@ccsu.ctstateu.edu Tue Sep  3 12:49:40 EDT 1996
Article: 2873 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!usenet
From: "Charles Wm. Dimmick" <dimmick@ccsu.ctstateu.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountr
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Tue, 20 Aug 1996 14:28:29 -0700
Organization: Physics/Earth Sciences, Central Ct. State Univ.
Lines: 39
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Tom E. wrote:

> Whoa!!! If you have a possibility of an allergic reaction to poision
> ivy and eat some, you'll get it inside and can cause some really bad
> reactions. This from Dr. Crampton to me way back in the 1960's when I
> got a really bad case of poision ivy. Don't eat the stuff!!!! It's one
> of those urban legands things.

While I would not encourage anyone to eat poison ivy, I took the Ewell
Gibbons cure about 20 years ago (one dormant bud a day for two weeks in
the middle of the winter) and have not been sensitive to poison ivy since
then except for one small patch on the inside of my right wrist. So for
me it worked.

> If you are looking for a "natural" remedy, use the juice from a small
> wild flowyer called a "touch-me-not." It has small orange flowyers and
> grows in the same area as poision ivy. In the late summer or early
> fall it produces seed pods which pop when they are touched. Hence, the
> name. Anyhow, the juice from the plant does relieve the irritation
> caused by poision ivy.

Another name for this plant is jewel weed. It belongs to the genus
_Impatiens_ .  Yes, it works. It is what I formerly used for poison ivy
rash before taking the cure.  

Charles Wm. Dimmick  
> To dry up the plisters, use Chlorox bleach.
> 
> just don't eat the stuff!!!! please
> 
> Regards,
> Tom
> --------------------------------------
> 
> "If ye love wealth greater than liberty, the tranquility of servitude
> greater than the animating contest for freedom, go home from us in
> peace. We seek not your counsel, nor your arms. Crouch down and lick
> the hand that feeds you; and may posterity forget that ye were
> our countrymen"    SAMUEL ADAMS


From shoshana@nb.net Tue Sep  3 12:49:42 EDT 1996
Article: 2874 of sci.bio.botany
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From: shoshana@nb.net
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountr
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Tue, 20 Aug 1996 17:22:01 -0500
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> > If you are looking for a "natural" remedy, use the juice from a small
> > wild flowyer called a "touch-me-not." It has small orange flowyers and
> > grows in the same area as poision ivy. In the late summer or early
> > fall it produces seed pods which pop when they are touched. Hence, the
> > name. Anyhow, the juice from the plant does relieve the irritation
> > caused by poision ivy.
> 
> Another name for this plant is jewel weed. It belongs to the genus
> _Impatiens_ .  Yes, it works. It is what I formerly used for poison ivy
> rash before taking the cure.

Jewel weed also has yellow flowers.

susan
pgh, pa


From Ophis@world.std.com Tue Sep  3 12:49:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2875 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: Ophis@world.std.com (Thomas Palmer)
Subject: Setaria sp. (Foxtail Grass)
Message-ID: <Ophis-2008961312080001@192.0.2.1>
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There's a common annual weed here (suburbs south of Boston) that resembles
Setaria viridis (Green Foxtail Grass) in most respects except that each
spikelet has 4-7 bristles below it instead of the 1-3 predicated in most
manuals, e.g. Gleason & Cronquist's 1991 MANUAL OF THE FLORA OF THE NE AND
ADJACENT CANADA.  Anyone else run into this?

Thomas Palmer (Ophis@world.std.com)


From ak01706@swt.edu Tue Sep  3 12:49:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2876 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ari Kahn <ak01706@swt.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Phylogenetics of rice
Date: Tue, 20 Aug 1996 20:31:49 +0000
Organization: Southwest Texas State University
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I am doing phylogentic/cladistic work on rice using PCR and sequencing 
methods.  I have found this form very helpful before and thought I might 
pose some statistical molecular questions regarding PAUP and PHYLIP 
programs.  I have prepared a summary of my work and would like to have 
some feedback on it.  However, the summary is too large to post in this 
form.  If you do this kind of work, please email me if you would be 
interested in helping me.

Thanks,

Ari Kahn
ak01706@swt.edu


From lehman3@flash.net Tue Sep  3 12:49:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2877 of sci.bio.botany
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From: lehman3@flash.net (Lehman)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountr
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: 21 Aug 1996 07:40:50 GMT
Organization: FlashNet Communications
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References: <31FF2CEC.4373@tiac.net> <4tqsoc$hek@storm.cycor.ca> <4u5qe6$ldt@Venus.mcs.com> <320ACC87.3F7F@tusc.net>  <tborckDw231B.MGL@netcom.com> <8e7cc$a3925.43@news.tyler.net> <32123DA2.B27@perigee.net> <321359BA.F18@raven-villages.net> <4v19vn$lks@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <4v7dhn$ab3@sjx-ixn2.ix.netcom.com>
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In article <4v7dhn$ab3@sjx-ixn2.ix.netcom.com>, dolmen1@ix.netcom.co says...
>

>I just learned that what I had thought was "poision ivy" all my life
>was really an allergy to dust, mold, and cat hair!!  I learned this
>after breaking out with the same rash I had always attributed to
>"poison ivy" after cleaning out a dusty part of my cellar.  I haven't
>been near poison ivy for several months and an allergist has confirmed
>it is *not* poison ivy. Anyone who develops "poison ivy" should think
>back on whether poison ivy really is the culprit.
>
>Now I have to figure out how to avoid this - could be difficult with
>cats around!  Do I need shots, or does someone know of a readily
>available antidote?
>Len.

-- 
One or two shots per cat is about right!  Depends on the caliber though.  
Before I get flamed it is JUST A JOKE!  I can sympathize with you some.  My 
wife loves cats and I am allergic to them.  We compromise and only have one 
and it is NEVER allowed in the bedroom.  At least I can sleep without the 
cat allergies!
------------------------------------------
x-no-archive: yes
Lehman3@Flash.net
Life Member NRA and Texas State Rifle Association



From taco+@pitt.edu Tue Sep  3 12:49:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2878 of sci.bio.botany
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From: taco+@pitt.edu (Thomas H Anderson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: test ... don't read
Date: 21 Aug 1996 14:43:23 GMT
Organization: University of Pittsburgh
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NNTP-Posting-Host: unixs1.cis.pitt.edu

test do not read


From jdownby@osuunx.ucc.okstate.edu Tue Sep  3 12:49:49 EDT 1996
Article: 2879 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "james d. ownby" <jdownby@osuunx.ucc.okstate.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Low-tech growth chamber
Date: Wed, 21 Aug 1996 14:20:37 -0700
Organization: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK
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Our Botany Department needs a facility for growing rather large numbers 
of plants for use in plant biology & physiology labs.  We have about $25K 
to spend, but rather than buy 1-2 small reach-in growth chambers, we are 
thinking about refurbishing a room, ~8' x 12', for the purpose:  light 
banks on timers, fans, benches, etc.  Does anyone know another school 
where this has been done?  If so, could I obtain plans or schematics 
describing the end result?
  Thanks very much.

Jim Ownby, Head
Dept of Botany
Okla State Univ


From sbe96@aol.com Tue Sep  3 12:49:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2880 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sbe96@aol.com (Sbe96)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$FREE MONEY FOR EVERYBODY!!!!!!$$$$$$$$$$$
Date: 21 Aug 1996 11:11:07 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Free Money!!!!      

   Hello.  I have some great news for everybody interested in making
some money.  Some people have done this before and loved the results.
All it takes is 1 dollar.  You may be skeptical, but trust me this 
works.  Just follow these easy step by step instructions.

*********************************************************************
		Instructions (You may want to print them out)
 
1. Take 1 sheet of paper and write down "Add me to your list."  Make
sure to include your name and address.  Now it is completely legal.
Take one piece of paper and wrap it around one dollar and send it
to #5 on the name list.  Remember be honest!

2. This step is very important.  Make another version of this letter
(if you post this one it would be illegal) on Notepad for windows,
or wordpad for Windows 95.  You should change it to a point where
you couldn't tell that I wrote this.  Also remember to change some
of the sentances to something like "All it takes is TWO dollars."  
Keep all of the lines so that that when you are writing you hit enter 
before the screen extends.  NOW THE IMPORTANT PART OF THIS STEP.  
Move my name up to #4 and your name up to #5.  Now save it  This way 
people will send me and you a dollar.  My buddy did this type of thing 
and didn't send any money.  He only got eight dollars!!!  But when he 
sent the money he got over 800 dollars.

3. Now Post this to 15-20 newsgroups.  If you do more than 20 you 
will be spamming wich is illegal.  For more info on posting a file
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*********************************************************************
   How to Setup the names list (My name is included in this list)

1.*****************************ALL the names go here
                                     *
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5. Sami Hatoum
   58 Oakvale Rd.
   Framingham MA 01701

Note on how to post files:  After you have made this on Notepad
or Wordpro, Sign on to AOL.  Go to open file and open what
you saved your version of this letter under.  Cut it and then
paste it to Post new message. 			      		


From eyaron@inter.net.il Tue Sep  3 12:49:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2881 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.service.emory.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!paperboy.wellfleet.com!news3.near.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!news6.agis.net!agis!shelly.inter.net.il!usenet
From: tal <eyaron@inter.net.il>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: how Can I subscribe to sci.bio.* news group ?
Date: Wed, 21 Aug 1996 21:22:09 -0700
Organization: Internet Gold
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CC: "news:sci.bio.evolution"

Can any budy tell how to subscribe to sci.bio.* nes groups ?

Thanks
-- 
Tal Yaron
first year student at Tel-Aviv university 
Faculty of Life Science



From eyaron@inter.net.il Tue Sep  3 12:49:53 EDT 1996
Article: 2882 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!concert!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mem.bellsouth.net!news.uoregon.edu!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.erols.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!news6.agis.net!agis!shelly.inter.net.il!usenet
From: tal <eyaron@inter.net.il>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How can I subscribe ?
Date: Wed, 21 Aug 1996 21:31:18 -0700
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How can I subscribe to sci.bio.* news group ?
(I have netscape 2.01)

thank's
-- 
Tal Yaron
first year student at Tel-Aviv university 
Faculty of Life Science


From sib@brown.edu Tue Sep  3 12:49:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2883 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sib@brown.edu (S. I. Beale)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Radiation Detection and Tradescantia
Date: Wed, 21 Aug 1996 20:36:22 -0400
Organization: Brown University
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References: <kbjones-2108962010520001@chs0067.awod.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: cis-ts6-slip11.cis.brown.edu

In article <kbjones-2108962010520001@chs0067.awod.com>, kbjones@awod.com
(Kevin B. Jones) wrote:

>Has anyone run across a reference to or know of any information about
>Tradescantia sp. and its ability to detect low levels of radiation?

Where do these fringe notions come from?


From pandoc@ix.netcom.com Tue Sep  3 12:49:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2884 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.jsums.edu!news.uoregon.edu!hunter.premier.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!ix.netcom.com!news
From: pandoc@ix.netcom.com(charles mccarthy)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Vicia faba
Date: 21 Aug 1996 23:27:33 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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NNTP-Posting-Host: sac-ca8-17.ix.netcom.com
X-NETCOM-Date: Wed Aug 21  4:27:33 PM PDT 1996

Stomates open and close in response to a variety of environmental
parameters.

Sadhna Purohit et al reported in Biochem and Biophys Res Com Vol. 186,
No. 2, 1992 Pages 652-658, that a high-affinity guard cell specific
ABA-binding protein with three sub units of estimated Mr 20,000,
19,300, and 14,300 was located on the plasma membrane of guard cell
protoplasts.

I am looking for evidence or citations confirming this ABA-binding
protein is in fact a plant transglutaminase.  

Your prompt reply with any information would be deeply appreciated.

My specialty is in clinical medicine.  I will be pursuing a search of
the literature, if necessary in the days ahead, however, it would be
critically important to achieve confirmation as soon as possible.

Thank you,

pandoc@ix.netcom.com


From kbjones@awod.com Tue Sep  3 12:49:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2885 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kbjones@awod.com (Kevin B. Jones)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Radiation Detection and Tradescantia
Date: Wed, 21 Aug 1996 20:10:52 -0500
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Message-ID: <kbjones-2108962010520001@chs0067.awod.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chs0067.awod.com

Has anyone run across a reference to or know of any information about
Tradescantia sp. and its ability to detect low levels of radiation?

-- 
That which does not kill us makes us stronger.


From peter.von_ballmoos@mail.span.ch Tue Sep  3 12:49:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2886 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp0.mindspring.com!news.mindspring.com!newspump.sol.net!nntp04.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.cais.net!tezcat!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!howland.erols.net!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!rain.fr!span.ch!newsadmin
From: peter.von_ballmoos@mail.span.ch (Peter von Ballmoos)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: 2nd shoot of larch (Larix decidua)
Date: Thu, 22 Aug 1996 05:00:22 GMT
Organization: Petrel Communications - Geneva Switzerland
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

joaccigh@hercules.zrz.TU-Berlin.DE (Joachim Dagg) wrote:

>Does anybody out there know something about a 2nd shoot of the larch
>starting around 20th of July? Thanks Joachim

If your trees are potted it is probably a sign of too much fertilizer.
I found the same effect with Norway spruce.

If you are observing autochthonous larch, check the level of nitrogen
oxides in the air (e.g. with passive samplers). High levels may have
the same effect as fertilizer in the soil.

Gruss Peter



From jgreswhi@cyberg8t.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2887 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp0.mindspring.com!news.mindspring.com!newspump.sol.net!nntp04.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!news.cyberg8t.com!usenet
From: scott white <jgreswhi@cyberg8t.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Setaria sp. (Foxtail Grass)
Date: Wed, 21 Aug 1996 21:48:37 -0700
Organization: Cyberg8t Internet Services (800) 399-4NET
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Thomas Palmer wrote:
> 
> There's a common annual weed here (suburbs south of Boston) that resembles
> Setaria viridis (Green Foxtail Grass) in most respects except that each
> spikelet has 4-7 bristles below it instead of the 1-3 predicated in most
> manuals, e.g. Gleason & Cronquist's 1991 MANUAL OF THE FLORA OF THE NE AND
> ADJACENT CANADA.  Anyone else run into this?
> 
> Thomas Palmer (Ophis@world.std.com)


There are other Setarias. In California, the Jepson Manual (Hickman, 
ed. 1993, Univ. of Calif. Press) has 3 species keying as "spiklet 
subtended by 4-15 bristles ..."; these include S. gracilis, S. pumila,
and S. sphacelata. S. gracilis is native and reportedly distributed to 
E N Amer. The others are European weeds. If your plant isn't in the 
regional manuals, then you probably have documented an addition to 
the region's flora. You should make a few specimens and give them to 
an herbarium. Also, try to find a copy of Flora Europa, and keying 
the plants there. It should be in a university library. 

The introduction and dispersal of weeds in new areas is a fascinating 
but poorly documented aspect of plant geography.

Best,
-SW


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Tue Sep  3 12:50:03 EDT 1996
Article: 2888 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Radiation Detection and Tradescantia
Date: Thu, 22 Aug 1996 08:52:00 UNDEFINED
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>>Has anyone run across a reference to or know of any information about
>>Tradescantia sp. and its ability to detect low levels of radiation?

>Where do these fringe notions come from?

I think they come from botanists!

The hairs on the stamen filaments in Tradescantia have very nice, large cells 
that can be easily examined with a light microscope.  It is my understanding 
that these cells mutate, more specifically change color from blue to pink, in 
response to radiation.  I've been told (by folks with PhD's) that if you 
examine the ratio of normal to mutated cells, you can get a rough estimation 
of radioactivity and that the plants have been grown near nuclear power plants 
as a sort of canary-in-the-coal-mine bioassay.

Mind you, this is what I've *been told*.  If anyone has specific articles or 
experience with this, I'd love to hear it.

Monique Reed
Texas A&M


From dolmen1@ix.netcom.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2889 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dolmen1@ix.netcom.com(Leonard M. Keane)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountr
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: 22 Aug 1996 17:16:22 GMT
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In <4veei2$n5o@excelsior.flash.net> lehman3@flash.net (Lehman) writes: 
>
>In article <4v7dhn$ab3@sjx-ixn2.ix.netcom.com>, dolmen1@ix.netcom.co
says...
>>
>
>>I just learned that what I had thought was "poision ivy" all my life
>>was really an allergy to dust, mold, and cat hair!!  I learned this
>>after breaking out with the same rash I had always attributed to
>>"poison ivy" after cleaning out a dusty part of my cellar.  I haven't
>>been near poison ivy for several months and an allergist has
confirmed
>>it is *not* poison ivy. Anyone who develops "poison ivy" should think
>>back on whether poison ivy really is the culprit.
>>
>>Now I have to figure out how to avoid this - could be difficult with
>>cats around!  Do I need shots, or does someone know of a readily
>>available antidote?
>>Len.
>
>-- 
>One or two shots per cat is about right!  Depends on the caliber
though.  
>Before I get flamed it is JUST A JOKE!  I can sympathize with you
some.  My 
>wife loves cats and I am allergic to them.  We compromise and only
have one 
>and it is NEVER allowed in the bedroom.  At least I can sleep without
the 
>cat allergies!
>------------------------------------------
>x-no-archive: yes
>Lehman3@Flash.net
>Life Member NRA and Texas State Rifle Association
>
Nah!  She won't let me do that!  I have been isolating myself as much
as posssible from the nice little critters, their hair, dust, etc. and
it IS going away, after about 1-1/2 weeks.
Len. 


From uhendjx@racer Tue Sep  3 12:50:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2890 of sci.bio.botany
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From: uhendjx@racer (Jonathan W. Hendry)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountr
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountr
Date: 23 Aug 1996 00:03:30 GMT
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Speaking of poison ivy, I've picked up some in my yard, but
I'm not sure exactly which plant gave me a rash.

I've narrowed it down to two. One's an ivy that
looks a lot like English Ivy, with large, veiny,
dark, dull, green leaves. There's no obvious
grouping of leaves. It's growing in my front yard,
and on some shrubs. It seems to do a lot of sideways
creeping after shooting up nearly vertically from
the ground. (At one point it had almost covered an
entire bush).

The other's an ivy which has light-green leaves
which occur in groups of five. Young leaves are
reddish, then become shiny green until they
mature (apparently). It send out little adhesive
pod feet to climb, and tends to climb vertically.
There are several trees in the area covered with it,
and it's climbing up a downspout on my house.

Can anyone give me a positive ID on these, so
I know which to avoid and kill?

Thanks...


--
Jonathan W. Hendry			Views expressed herein do
Steel Driving Software, Inc.	not represent those of
steeldrv@ix.netcom.com          Steel Driving Software, Inc.
jon@exnext.com                  or Lexis-Nexis


From John11@mdx.ac.uk Tue Sep  3 12:50:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2891 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John Wilkinson <John11@mdx.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Phytochemistry and Medicinal Plants Discussion group
Date: 22 Aug 1996 08:34:13 GMT
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The Phytopharmacognosy and Phytochemistry discussion group is open to
academics, industrialists and healthcare practitioners that use or 
carry out research in plant based natural product in their work

We currently have over 400 members.

see http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/pharm/

for more details and information on joining.

Membership is now on a request only basis.


I look forward to hearing from you

Dr John Wilkinson
Senior Lecturer in Phytochemisry and Pharmacognosy
on the BSc degree Programme in Herbal Medicine
Middlesex University
Middlesex UK
John11@mdx.ac.uk



From klier@hub.fern.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2892 of sci.bio.botany
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From: klier@hub.fern.com (Kay Klier)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Radiation Detection and Tradescantia
Date: 23 Aug 1996 07:29:22 GMT
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In article <kbjones-2108962010520001@chs0067.awod.com>, Kevin B. Jones wrote:
>Has anyone run across a reference to or know of any information about
>Tradescantia sp. and its ability to detect low levels of radiation?

Try these three for starters:
 Ichikawa, S.  1972.  Jap. J. Genet 47(6):411-421
 Ma, T. 1982.  Mutat. Res. Rev. Gen. Toxicol. 99(3): 293-302
 Nauman, Underbrink, Sparrow.  1975  Radiation Res. 62(1): 79-

Kay Klier   klier@fern.com



From margoli@ibm.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2893 of sci.bio.botany
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From: margoli@ibm.net (Larry Margolis)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Date: 23 Aug 1996 06:01:56 GMT
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In <canoeistDw4s9s.6Cq@netcom.com>, canoeist@netcom.com (Mark Zen) writes:
>Previously Rusty Mase [jrmase@paisano.com] wrote this:
>:> On 14 Aug 1996 00:38:52 -0400, mmedi13720@aol.com (MMedi13720) wrote:
>
>:> >In article <tborckDw231B.MGL@netcom.com>, tborck@netcom.com (Ted Borck)
>:> >writes:
>:> >>I've read that the American Indians would eat a *very*small* poison ivy
>:> >>leaf, to immunize themselves, when the poison ivy first started re-growing
>:> >>in the early spring.
>
>:> >Where did you read that?
>
>:> As I recall, Euel Gibbons but I am not sure whether in one of his
>:> books or whether on TV.

He mentions it in is book Stalking the Wild Asparagus; says it
worked for him.

(Since it's not an urban legend, a.f.u removed from followups.)

--
Larry Margolis, margoli@ibm.net



From John11@mdx.ac.uk Tue Sep  3 12:50:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2894 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John Wilkinson <John11@mdx.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants,bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.agroforestry,sci.med.pharm
Subject: Re: Phytochemistry and Medicinal Plants Discussion group
Date: 22 Aug 1996 16:37:13 GMT
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RE: Joining the Phytopharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Discussion group:

I should also mention that the range of country representatives is vast
>from  Fiji to Canada, India, Africa etc. While we have a number of 
ethnobotanists and phytochemists we would still like to increase this 
number. We would also like to see more specialist growers of medicinal 
and aromatic plants within the group as  current numbers in this area of 
expertise are only approx. 10). There  appears to be only three natural 
product consultants in the group aswell (including myself!)

For more details on the Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacognosy discussion 
group see:
http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/pharm/

Dr John A. Wilkinson BSc PhD DIC MRSC CHEM
Senior Lecturer in Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy
Middlesex University UK
John11@mdx.ac.uk
Tel 0181 362 6425
Fax 0181 805 0702



From monique@bio.tamu.edu Tue Sep  3 12:50:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2895 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Fri, 23 Aug 1996 09:11:36 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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>I've narrowed it down to two. One's an ivy that
>looks a lot like English Ivy, with large, veiny,
>dark, dull, green leaves. There's no obvious
>grouping of leaves.

Poison ivy and sumac almost always have the leaves grouped, so this doesn't 
sound like PI or PO

>The other's an ivy which has light-green leaves
>which occur in groups of five. Young leaves are
>reddish, then become shiny green until they
>mature (apparently). It send out little adhesive
>pod feet to climb, and tends to climb vertically.

This is where you have to be careful--if it has aerial roots, it could be PI.  
If it has tendrils with adhesive disks at the tips, it isn't.  PI never 
has tendrils.  This sounds more like Virginia Creeper.  Do all the 
leaflets in each leaf start at the same point, or are they on a central 
axis?  Virginia Creeper has the former; PI or PO the latter if there are 5 
leaflets...

>Can anyone give me a positive ID on these, so
>I know which to avoid and kill?

Find a good guide book to woody vines for your area--it should have keys or 
pictures that will allow you to  ID you plants.

Monique Reed
Herbarium Botanist
Texas A&M


From kbjones@awod.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2896 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kbjones@awod.com (Kevin B. Jones)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Radiation Detection and Tradescantia
Date: Fri, 23 Aug 1996 17:37:54 -0500
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <kbjones-2308961737540001@chs0050.awod.com>
References: <kbjones-2108962010520001@chs0067.awod.com> <sib-2108962036220001@cis-ts6-slip11.cis.brown.edu> <monique.411.0013EE72@bio.tamu.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chs0050.awod.com

Thank you for your reply.  I was asked for the information and could not
find anything on it by a friend of mine there at TAMU.  You may know him, 
Ian S. Hamilton. 

Kevin

-- 
That which does not kill us makes us stronger.


From kbjones@awod.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2897 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kbjones@awod.com (Kevin B. Jones)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Radiation Detection and Tradescantia
Date: Fri, 23 Aug 1996 17:38:37 -0500
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References: <kbjones-2108962010520001@chs0067.awod.com> <slrn51qn09.c3.klier@hub.fern.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chs0050.awod.com

Thanks.


In article <slrn51qn09.c3.klier@hub.fern.com>, klier@hub.fern.com (Kay
Klier) wrote:

> In article <kbjones-2108962010520001@chs0067.awod.com>, Kevin B. Jones wrote:
> >Has anyone run across a reference to or know of any information about
> >Tradescantia sp. and its ability to detect low levels of radiation?
> 
> Try these three for starters:
>  Ichikawa, S.  1972.  Jap. J. Genet 47(6):411-421
>  Ma, T. 1982.  Mutat. Res. Rev. Gen. Toxicol. 99(3): 293-302
>  Nauman, Underbrink, Sparrow.  1975  Radiation Res. 62(1): 79-
> 
> Kay Klier   klier@fern.com

-- 
That which does not kill us makes us stronger.


From f.ceriana@iol.it Tue Sep  3 12:50:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2898 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Franco Ceriana <f.ceriana@iol.it>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Erodium nervulosum
Date: Fri, 23 Aug 1996 19:51:28 +0200
Organization: Centro Servizi Interbusiness
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I am trying to find data on Erodium nervulosum L'Her. (ecological data, 
current distribution on the Italian territory, seeds, Botanical Gardens 
which might have it in their plants-list).
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks
-- 

Franco Ceriana
f.ceriana@iol.it


From basswood@usit.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2899 of sci.bio.botany
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From: basswood@usit.net
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountr
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Sat, 24 Aug 1996 21:45:49 GMT
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bowler@eisner.decus.org wrote:

>In article <4visgi$4bq@mailgate.lexis-nexis.com>, uhendjx@racer (Jonathan W. Hendry) writes:
>> Speaking of poison ivy, I've picked up some in my yard, but
>> I'm not sure exactly which plant gave me a rash.
>> 
>> The other's an ivy which has light-green leaves
>> which occur in groups of five. Young leaves are
>> reddish, then become shiny green until they
>> mature (apparently). It send out little adhesive
>> pod feet to climb, and tends to climb vertically.
>> There are several trees in the area covered with it,
>> and it's climbing up a downspout on my house.
>> 

>That's the bad one...

The five-leafed plant is known as Virginia Creeper, and is
harmless, except to your masonry.  Those little pod feet
explore every crack and cranny, and weaken the wall.

Brenda "no cracks and crannies coments, please" Bass
basswood@usit.net



From ps000010@pixie.co.za Tue Sep  3 12:50:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2900 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ps000010@pixie.co.za
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pesky insects
Date: Sun, 25 Aug 1996 13:36:52 GMT
Organization: PiX - Proxima information X-change
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Download plans for our latest version of the Bugend insect killer,
version 2.1. It is 100% effective, environmentally friendly, uses no
poisons, inexpensive and can be made at home with materials you will
find around the average household.
Go to http://www.pix.za/garden
Phil



From cwitham@ncal.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2901 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cwitham@ncal.net (Carol Witham)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Address/phone/fax of Bali Botanic Garden
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If you have the address, phone number or fax number of the Bali Botanic Garden 
in Bali, Indonesia, I would greatly appreciate it if you could email me at 
cwitham@ncal.net.

Thank you,
Carol



From jmpii@pacbell.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2902 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jmpii@pacbell.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: INFO reqd : Buddleja
Date: Sun, 25 Aug 1996 21:40:53 -0700
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Martin Witchard (Cat) wrote:
> 
> Seeking papers/books dealing with Family Buddlejaceae and more strictly
> the genus Buddleja.  Any information, particularly with full citations so I
> can track them down in library/bookstore, would be most gratefully
> received,
> 
> Many Thanks,
> 
> ====================================================
>    Martin Witchard                         ph. (w) 61-67-73-2575
>    Associate Lecturer                            (h) 61-67-78-3223
>    Room 195                                   fax.(w) 61-67-73-2380
>    Department of Botany                       mwitchar@metz.une.edu.au
>    University of New England               (botany@metz.une.edu.au)
>    ARMIDALE NSW 2351 AUSTRALIA
>    >>>>>>>>>>>http://metz.une.edu.au/~mwitchar/index.html<<<<<<<<<<
> ====================================================Lyman Benson also lists this family as Loganiaceae or Logania Family of 
the suborder Gentianineae. J. Hutchinson in the 'Families of Flowering 
Plants' lists these references:

Bartling,  Ord. Nat. Pl. 172 (1830) (Buddejaceae)
Wilhelm, Samenpfl. 90 (1910)
Hutch., Evol. and Phylog. Fl. Pl. 416 (1969).

Hope this is of some help.


From mk95528@navix.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2903 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: MARIHUANA ANYONE?
Date: Mon, 26 Aug 1996 07:53:22 GMT
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Below is a write-up of Marihuana I found on the lunch while I was in
college. I think it was a hand out or something a teacher did
somewhere in the building. The copies were full of coffee stains and
such, but I managed to salvage it as a text file.
******************************************************************************
ALL ABOUT MARIHUANA

New and lurid words are no mystery to those who invent them. What are
gates, reefers, greeters, muggles, mooters, Indian-hay or goof-butts?
And just what is marihuana only the last is in Webster, but all these
words are known to millions.
This gutter jargon of New Orleans and New York is merely a crop of new
words for a very old plant, long and correctly known as Indian hemp.
It was even properly christened, by Linnaeus, in 1753 as Cannabis
sativa. But few ever heard of Cannabis or Indian hemp, although the
Greeks had a word for it—and so did the Persians, Arabs, Hindus, and
Chinese.
In whatever language, the words an apply to a single species of
Plant—a tall, decidedly weedy annual herb, first cousin to the fig
tree and the hop, and having more than a bowing acquaintance with the
stinging nettle. But botanical affinities matter less than what the
plant has meant to uncounted millions. For every race and creed from
ancient China to Harlem, has used it in some form. Before the current
crop of slang, the literate knew, perhaps a little vaguely, that
hashish came from Indian hemp, but few cormected hashish with
marihuana, and no wonder. For the latter is a Mexican-Spanish word
first used for a poor grade of tobacco, only later—and much more
widely—applied to this plant which antedates Greece or Rome.
When the Indian hemp, under its new name of marihuana, appeared in
Texas and New Orleans, it immediately sprang into prominence because
of the vituperation poured upon it. It would have been an old story to
the Hindus, the Chinese, and the Narcotics Commission of the United
Nations. They knew, as we did not, that the history of Indian hemp
goes back three thousand years before Christ, and that the plant has
survived all wars, many famines, and every attempt to exterminate
it—even our own.
The plant has suffered more from its friends than its enemies. One of
its greatest exponents has left his name fantastically linked with one
of the chief products of Indian hemp—hashish. The story is a bit
legendary, for it deals with the time just before the First Crusade.
And it is not very pretty, for its hero was neither gentle nor polite,
nor Christian, and almost certainly he could not
read. Such handicaps mattered less then than now, and any story of
marihuana would be no story at all without him.

The Old Man of the Mountain

Far below lay the frozen sea of a salt desert, terrible by day, but
soon to be drowned in the opalescent splendor of moonlight. Long
shadows were already creeping up the side of the fortress as
Hasan-i-Sabbah made Alumut safe for the night—safe, if a fortress can
be by merely bolting the door.
Quiet reigned within, but not peace, for the peace of Allah does not
come readily to the uneasy. And to Hasan and his band of fanatics much
had happened and was to happen.
They were, of course, brave men. No others could have taken this
mountain fortress, so near Baghdad and Basra. Why be uneasy? Had they
not won a haven just where Hasan wanted it, right on the caravan route
to Mecca? And wasn't there a beautiful mosque nearby,  built by the
great Haroun al-Raschid? Even before Mecca became a shrine the
caravans from the magical east passed close by, the long strings of
camels plowing  through the frosty blindness of the desert.
But Hasan was uneasy and so were the more specuative of his followers.
They had no fear of the desert, or of mountains still higher than
Alamut. Had they not been born in faroff Khurasan, close up to the
immensity of the Himalayas? And hadn't all of them roamed the awful
desert between, where nothing grows in the salt sand but tamarisk and
the manna bush? Perhaps they scarcely knew why they were uneasy, but
they should have known. For into that fortress they carried, with
their courage and their arms, something far more serious  than
weapons—an idea.
Now, ideas are apt to be dangerous, especially to fierce men who, like
Hasan, have long known the peace of the mountains and the isolation of
the desert. Not the kindly sands of Arabia or Morocco, but the
blinding salt sands where the date palm grows only in the oases, and
the bleached bones of camels mark the track. Hasan knew this desert
perfectly, knew its curious crescent shaped ripples and dunes, and the
storms of dust for weeks on end. And upon this desert, in the year
1090, came his idea.
At first it was wholly religious. Like all good Moslems he had fumed
at the dominance of Arabian and Turkish caliphs. And he would have
naught to do with those weak Moslems who followed Fatima, or worse
still, the bastard spawn of those caliphs who succeeded Mahomet.
Already the Moslem world was split by these sects. But Hasan decided
there was room for another, and he founded one dedicated to his idea.
This split the Moslem world so that the Christians won Jerusalem on
their first crusade, which happened to coincide with the rise of
Hasan.
 While the Christians couldn't keep the Holy City, they carried back
to Europe a host of Moslem lore. Only three concern us here. one was
the brand-new -idea of Hasan's which was secret assassination. The
second was the name of his band—the Assassins, a term unknown before
that. The third was the product of a strange plant from China or
India, which was hashish.
Many, including Marco Polo, have implied that Hasan's technique of
secret murder could only have been accomplished by men well stoked
with hashish.. But this ignores the fact that Hasan invented the
method A from the loftiest motives—to purge the Moslem world of false
prophets. He did considerable purging until Genghis Khan killed off
twelve thousand of the Assassins in one session, toward the end of the
thirteenth century.                                                  
Long before that, when Hasan was in his prime, his most dastardly deed
was the secret murder of his friend Nizam-al-Mulk. That the latter was
educated, a statesman and author, a founder of observatories,
hospitals, and universities, did not spare him from the Assassins who,
to make doubly sure, subsequently murdered his son.
At this late date it may be impossible to separate fact from fiction.
It does seem reasonably certain that the it terms Assassin and hashish
are either derived from or are corruptions of Hasan's full name, which
was Hashishin. He is, with a little more certainty, credited with
being the Old Man of the Mountain. There we must leave him, with the
reservation that the connection between hashish, assassin, and the
wicked Hasan seems to be more than an etymological accident.
The evil reputation of hashish was fanned by lurid tales of the
Assassins. They were credited with decorating their revolting deeds of
atrocity with the debauchery assumed to be inherent in hemp. It is
this, fortified many years after by the effusions of Baudelaire,
Gautier, Dumas, not to mention our own Bayard Taylor, and Fitz Hugh
Ludlow, that have made hemp a symbol of
sin.
Is it necessarily and always so? For centuries before basal and ever
since, the plant has been used by unounted millions. They find it a
very pleasant assassin ndeed, for it kills care, gloom, and
apprehension. They think of it—and many of them are by no means
ignorant—as the least harmful flight from reality. Naturally they have
little patience with those, usually knowing Far less, who are only
able to make of hemp some monster of evil. Where the truth lies
depends a little on some imponderables.

While Hasan was holding his fortress, long caravanspassed below it,
laden with the spoils of the East. They were then near the end of an
all but incredible journey, having survived the passes of Afghanistan,
the frozen steppes of Pamir, and the salty deserts of Transcaspia. If
Allah were good, and only the sanctioned prayers were omitted, they
would soon be in Baghdad, unpacking their fantastic freight.
To Baghdad nothing was improbable. Ever since its founding, had it not
been the very threshold of Asia, the last remote outpost of Europe?
Marco Polo had not yet told his tales about it, but when he did they
turned out to be no more fantastic than the facts. Center of the
luxury and teaming of the Moslem world, it was a princely city,
fabulously rich, the very navel of the Arabian Nights. But, like
Hasan, it lacked peace, and was ripe for any messenger who brought it.
Such a messenger arrived one day, very long ago, just when will
probably never be known, and perhaps it does not matter. His message,
to a population to whom Mahomet had forbidden wine, was one of the
most welcome in the world. What he brought was a little packet of
rather crumbling, blackish-yellow resin, magical beyond the dreams of
Allah. It was far more potent than our marihuana for it was hashish,
derived from Indian hemp, and it came almost certainly from beyond the
Himalayas. To Moslems no song of India was so sweet. To understand
why, and to appreciate why it has since gone around the world, we must
go back to China, very far back, where hemp was used centuries before
the Christian era.

Males and Females

The ancient Chinese, especially the Emperor Shen Nung, were
startlingly modern about drugs and medicines. They gave us ephedrine,
which they called mahuang, and about 2737 B.C. Nung wrote a pharmacy
book. In it he was far more observant about Indian hemp, knew its love
life, and had more understanding about its use than, most of us.
Today only a handful of botanists know that Cannabis sativa grows in
two forms. One is a tall and comparatively colorless male plant, which
yields in its stem a cordage fiber known as hemp. The other, and
shorter form of the hemp plant, is the quite dynamic female. It never
bears male flowers, but among the female clusters there lurks a resin
which has worried some and pleased others ever since an inquisitive
native first discovered its extraordinary properties. No one knows
when that was, but it must have been long before the intelligent Shen
Nung wrote his pharmacopoeia. He seems to have guessed that female
Indian hemp was destined to bring a kind of euphoric happiness to
countless millions from that day to this. This troubled him, for
China, even then, had its stern moralists. To them, as to so many
today, to be a little happy is suspect, and to be very happy is quite
certainly sinful. Hence they were soon calling this resinous female
the "Liberator of Sin."
There seems little need for those ancient Chinese to have smirched
female hemp with its first recorded stigma. For they could easily have
grown only the males plants and hence produced more rope than sin.
What females they did grow, however, were mostly devoted to producing
a medicine which we still use. Shen Nung prescribed this for "female
weakness, gout, rheumatism,
malaria, beri-beri, constipation, and absent-mindedness." Today, after
five thousand years of trial and error, modern medicine confines its
use "to relieve pain, especially headache, encourage sleep and to
soothe restlessness." The drug, known to doctors as Cannabis indica,
is produced exactly as it was in ancient China, for our pharmacopoeia
says it must come from the "dried flowering tops of the distillate
(female) plants of Cannabis sativa.
Centuries after the Chinese were calling the female of Indian hemp
"The Delight Giver," the plant crept into India. It was certainly
known there before 800 B.C., but where it acquired the name "Indian"
hemp will probably never be known. Dr. W. H. Camp of the University of
Connecticut points out that it was not originally wild there, and it
may never be possible to say where it first grew. There is some
evidence that it originated in Pamir. This is near enough to Hasan's
fortress so that science may yet bolster medieval surmises as to the
origin of the term hashish.
Regardless of hemp's nativity, it is the history of India that reveals
the real story of the plant. The kaleidoscopic facets of its culture,
use, and abuse, together with a close intertwining of religion and
philosophy, are recorded in everything from the Vedas to a modern
bazaar. In India the culture of hemp became almost a science and its
use very close to epicurean.
Actually, growing male and female hemp plants is no mystery. To
produce seed the sexes must be grown in sufficient proximity so that
reproduction may be given a chance. Pollination is easy, for it
depends upon the wind. All males, except those grown for fiber, or
needed for fertilization, are cut down. For it is only the female
flower cluster that produces enough resin to be beguiling, and quite
special skills have been developed to promote its secretion. When
fully ripe, and in the presence of great heat, the female flower
clusters, and even the top of the plant, are covered by a sticky
golden yellow resin, with an odor not unlike mint. Yellow at first, it
ultimately turns blackish. It is this which contains that distillation
of nature which disturbed the Chinese moralists, while the more
tolerant and thoughtful Hindus called it "The Heavenly Guide," "Poor
Man's Heaven," and the "Soother of Grief." The plant can be grown in
any region with hot summers.
This sticly resin, closely allied to the substance on hops which makes
beer a little soporific, is so precious that growers have made its
horticulture and harvesting almost as fantastic as the effects of
hashish itself. In Nepal, where the finest hemp was formerly grown,
the plants were set out in long rows, spaced so that mature flowering
tops would just touch. Some resin develops even before the tiny
greenish flowers are ready to bloom. To prevent its loss would be easy
by simply cutting off the tops of such precocious plants. But that
would mean losing the resin of the main crop. To overcome
this.dilemma, and capture all the resin, completely naked men and
wemon were driven at intervals pell-mell through the hot steaming rows
of hemp, and what stuck to them was scraped off. If this seems a
little exhausting, under a tropical sun, it was scarcely improved by
the fact that the workers were forced to thrash their arms about so
that every inch from the waist up would have its dinging coat of
resin.
These amenities of hemp culture seem to have developed at least the
rudimentary germs of hygiene, for later on the naked runners were made
to catch the resin on large leather aprons. But even this refinement
did not satisfy the more fastidious Hindus who demanded a product a
little less mixed with the effluvia of the workers. And so something
like modern methods of collection
became general. Resin is now coaxed out of the cut flower clusters
with all the care that the most finical could demand. Spread between
snowy cheesecloth, it is pressed out and then scraped off the coth.
This resin, wrung from the reluctant females with so much care, is the
pure quintessence of the Indian hemp, known for centuries to the
Hindus as charas (also churus, or churrus). Ever since the days of
Hasan we know it only as hashish.

Bhang and Garija

So potent is hashish that its continued and excessive use leads
straight to the lunatic asylum, as some believe it did for Baudelaire.
But since he also suffered from syphilis, hemp may have an alibi in
his case. But not in many others, for hashish is admittedly dangerous.
It is also so expensive that only the rich and debauched can afford
it. If it were the only hemp product, its use would be confined to
this minority. But Nature and man's ingenuity have provided far
cheaper and safer flights from reality than hashish; it is these that
have sent hemp all over the world.
Two other hemp products seem, in comparison to charas, absurdly easy
to produce. Uncultivated or dooryard plants are cut without extracting
the resin and from the cut tops a decoction in milk or water is
brewed. This is the celebrated bhang of India. When tobacco pipes were
brought from the New World, bhang was of ten dried and smoked, in
which form it is a little more potent than as an infusion. Bhang is
about the cheapest method of using hemp, and is still scorned by all
but 
the very poorest in India. It is, under the name of marihuana,
practically the only hemp product used in America.
To the more reflective Hindu, bhang is a crude substitute, a little
like the difference between flat beer and fine old bourbon. Hindus
have known a finer product for centunes. Somewhere in the early
history of hemp, they set out to find something better than bhang.
Very carefully selected plants were cultivated and their tops
harvested. The quality and amount of the resin is much greater than in
bhang, and to this improved product the term gala was applied. The
word is known throughout the world, except in America where we seem to
be content with the second-rate bhang.               
Ganja is so much better than bhang that its use became popular with
everyone except those who could only afford the cheaper product. It,
too, is made into an infusion, but more generally smoked; and it
enters into a lot of popular feminine sweetmeats—delectable dainties
generally known as majun or maroon Ganja palaces sprang up in Calcutta
and Bombay, every bazaar sold
it, the government finally taxed it, and its use spread, westward. It
crept along both sides of the Mediterranean and ultimately reached
Paris, where, however, hashish (charas) was preferred by the coterie
of writers who first became articulate about hemp to the modern world.
Their reputation for excess and their ecstatic praise of hashish,
quite as much as modern American propaganda against marihuana,
inevitably led to anxious inquiry it into the "morals" of hemp.
Before attempting to answer the moral question, it is only fair to try
and understand the motives of those responsible for the present
perfection of hemp products. For centuries nearly every system of
Indian philosophy or religion is inextricably bound up with Indian
hemp. At least sixteen hundred years ago cultivated Hindus set out to
explore the emotional and fantastical properties of hemp. Nothing that
has happened since has improved upon those researches, although we do
know a little more about the chemistry of the various products. Their
object was to produce some flight Tom reality, less harmful than most
others, and to produce an eflect different from any other.
It is scarcely surprising that such a quest should arouse violent and
emotional thinking, especially in America. The worst possible
interpretation was heaped upon it by those who think of hemp only in
terms of  "vice." one Pacific Coast publishing company went to town on
the subject. And even some men of science came perilously near to
substituting emotion for thought. Dr. Robert P. Walton's book on
marihuana has the first three chapters devoted only to this phase of
the long saga of hemp. To those who prefer to let judgment wait upon
evidence, let us attempt a dispassionate appraisal of the Indian hemp.
And because it will make that appraisal somewhat easier to follow, it
is well to recapitulate:             
#Indian Hemp: Named Cannabis sativa by Linnaeus in 1753.  A tall,
annual weedy herb; the male and female flowers on separate plants.
Stems of the male plants yield hemp.  The resinous exudation from the
female flower clusters,  and from the tops of female plants,  yield
the various      
 products below. The plant is often called simply hemp.            
#Bhang: A decoction or a smoking mixture derived from the  cut tops of
uncultivated female plants. The resin content is usually low.
Sometimes the word bhang is also a  applied to these inferior plants.
#Marijuana: A Mexican-Spanish name for bhang. The term  was originally
confined to Mexico, and is the only one  used for Indian hemp in
America, except the vernacular  of the streets.
#Ganja: A specially cultivated and harvested grade of the  female
plants of Indian hemp. The tops are cut and used  in making smoking
mixtures, beverages, and sweetmeats  without extraction of the resin.
The plants grown for  ganja} which was a licensed agricultural
industry in India,  are those from which it is derived.

#Charas (also called churns or churrus): The pure, unadul terated
resin from the tops of the finest female plants of  Indian hemp,
usually those grown for ganja. But in  charas the resin is always
extracted. It is known to us  only by the name of hashish, and from it
is derived the  drug known as Cannabis indica.

 There are hundreds of other terms for hemp, in all languages.
Pedantry could dig up scores from almost any reference book, but these
few are all that are necessary to discuss the question of addiction,
and of whether or not hemp is really dangerous; to determine whether
or not this undeniable assassin of care, gloom, and apprehension is
tied up with crime and vice.
Concerning the effects of no other plant is there such a mass of
written evidence, and the most important of this.originated with the
English. At Simla, in 1894, there was published the Report of the
Indian Hemp Drug Commission, in seven volumes comprising over 3,000
pages. This will probably always be the classic work on hemp. The
inquiry, which lasted nearly two years, was carried through with
typical British impartiality. They found teeming millions growing the
plants, smuggling of charas was rife, and the licensed dealers in
ganja were evading the tax. But far more important than these
administrative details, the commission, after meticulous examination
of eight hundred doctors, coolies, yogis, fakirs, heads of lunatic
asylums, bhang peasants, tax gatherers, smugglers, army officers, hemp
dealers,  ganja palace operators, and the clergy, admitted three
things:

1. Cohere is no evidence of any weight regarding mental and moral
injuries from the moderate use of these drugs.
2. Large numbers of practitioners of long experience have seen no
evidence of any connection between the moderate use of hemp drugs and
disease.
3. "Moderation does not lead to excess in hemp any more than it does
in alcohol. Regular, moderate use of ganja or bhang produces the same
effects as moderate and regular doses of whiskey. Excess is confined
to the idle and dissipated."

What the report didn't say, and what some Indians thought was the real
motive for the inquiry, was that the cost of hemp products, except
charas, was one-twentieth that of good Scotch whiskey, from which a
large tax revenue was derived. The commission's proposal to tax bhang
was, however, abandoned. Practically, it would amount to our attempts
to tax moonshiners if they were as common all over the country as they
are in the Tennesee mountains. One of the commissioners, invited by
the Englishmen to sit with them, a certain Oxford graduate, Raja Soshi
Sikhareswar Roy, objected to the proposed tax on grounds that would
raise only an incredulous smile at the U.S. Treasury. His argument was
that Moslem law and Hindu custom forbade "taxing anything that gave
pleasure to the poor. So do the Vedas."
More recent evidence on the effects of hemp has been collected by
Professor Walton. He concludes that "the development of any specific
fundamental organic change resulting from the chronic use of these
drugs has yet to be demonstrated."
That was written in 1938. Still more recent and a much more complete
study of the "marihuana problem was issued by the New York Academy of
Medicine at the request of the mayor of New York. That report, issued
in 1944, is an exhaustive study of the medical, sociological and
addiction problems of marihuana by a corps of experts. It is not
without significance that their conclusions are almost precisely
similar to those of the Indian Hemp Drug Commission issued fifty years
ago. The Academy's main points may be briefly summarized thus:

1. Smoking marihuana does not lead directly to mental or physical
deterioration.
2. The habitual smoker knows when to stop, as excessive doses reverse
its usually pleasant effects.
3. Marihuana does not lead to addiction (in the medical sense) and
while it is naturally habit forming, its withdrawal does not lead to
the horrible withdrawal symptoms of the opiates.
4. No deaths have ever been recorded that can be ascribed to
marihuana.
5. Marihuana is not a direct causal factor in sexual or criminal
misconduct.
6. Juvenile delinquency is not caused by marihuana smoking, although
they are sometimes associated.
7. "The publicity concerning the catastrophic effects of marijuana
smoking in New York is unfounded."
8. It is more of a nuisance than a menace.

Only a year before this, Colonel J. M. Phalen, editor of the Military
Surgeon, in response to frightened  inquiries about our soldiers using
marihuana in Panama, headed his editorial, "The Marihuana Bugaboo." He
wrote, in part, "that the smoking of the leaves, I flowers and seeds
of Cannabis sativa is no more harmful than the smoking of tobacco or
mullein or sumac leaves." He then went on to warn the anxious that
"the legislation in relation to marihuana was ill-advised it branded
as a menace and a crime a matter of trivial importance."
The uproar over these two reports was prodigious. Harried feature
writers for the newspapers and magazines saw one of their most juicy
and lurid topics snatched away from them-if the Colonel and the
Academy were right. Gone were the linking of marihuana with sex
perversion, gang wars, rape, theft, murder, juvenile delinquency and
whatever sensational nonsense they could dream up. Even the staid
Journal of the American Medical Association hurled a few invectives at
the Academy warning that "Public Officials will do well to disregard
this unscientific study and continue to regard marihuana as a menace
wherever it is purveyed." We have done so ever since, and Mr.
Anslinger, former U. S. Commissioner of Narcotics, in his book, The
Traffic in Narcotics, issued in 1953, writes of the Academy's report,
"The Bureau immediately detected the
superficiality and hollowness of its findings and denounced it."
Where the error appears to lurk is that marihuana smoking by weak and
maladjusted youths is sometimes or even often associated with crime,
but not the cause of it. Mental and spiritual maladjustment, neurotic
or psychopathic individuals,  poverty, over-crowding and the slum
conditions of Negroes and Puerto Ricans in Harlem provide an ideal
environment for nursing crime. And the Academy found that a large
proportion of marihuana smokers were Negroes or Puerto Ricans. They
also found that a lot of smokers were perfectly respectable
individuals who, through boredom, wanted to become "high," preferably
in one of their "tea-pads" which in some cases are reasonably innocent
if rather crude clubs. They almost never mix hard liquor with
marihuana as alcohol tends to destroy the effects of the drug.
 As to being a sex-excitant, marihuana appears to be  just the
reverse. These denizens of "tea-pads" appear to know this quite well.
If they had ever heard of Theophile Gautier, the most literate
hashish-eater in the world, they would heartily agree with his
statement, "A hashish-eater would not lift a finger for the most
beautiful maiden in Verona."
But the marihuana problem still plagues us. Reformers listen less to
unpalatable facts than to their inner |urge to justify their quite
often ignorant zeal. It is thus,  in spite of the evidence, as
difficult to curb reformers as to pull up all hemp. They keep harking
back to the past, especially to Fitz Hugh Ludlow and Bayard Taylor.

"The Lullaby of Hell"

Fitz Hugh Ludlow, friend of Mark Twain, used hashish for years and
wrote a book about it. He there quotes the phrase which titles this
section. It was bequeathed to
him by a couple of fiends conjured up during one of his protracted
bouts of hashish-eating. Similar and more awful terrors are strewn
through the literature of hashish, from a Hindu who wrote in the first
century of our era to the effusions of Gautier, Baudelaire, Dumas, and
the clique that formed "Le Club des Hachichins" in Paris of the
1850's. Such distortions have little to do with the age-old moderate
use of hemp, for hashish is a dangerous drug to whose-excessive
addiction only the dissipated or debauched are devoted.
It is quite otherwise with bhang and ganja. Statistically, it might be
proved that the ganja-using Orient is not particularly crowded with
lunatics; in this country the much berated marihuana has not
noticeably filled our asylums. What hemp offers as a flight from
reality is best understood from those who use it. One of them, writing
very long ago, put the matter clearly:

To the Hindu the hemp plant is holy. A guardian lives in the bhang
leaf... To see in a dream the leaves, plant or water of bhang is
lucky... A longing for bhang foretells happiness...It cures dysentery
and sunstroke, clears phlegm, quickens digestion, sharpens appetite,
makes the tongue of the lisper plain, freshens the intellect, and
gives alertness to the body and gaity to the mind. Such are the useful
and needful ends for which in his goodness the Al-mighty made
bhang...It is inevitable that temperaments should be found to whom the
quickening spirit of bhang is the spirit of freedom and knowledge. In
the ecstasy of bhang the spark of the Eternal in man turns into light
the murkiness of matter... Bhang is the Joy-Giver, the Sky-Flier, the
Heavenly Guide, the Poor Man's Heaven, the Soother of Grief.... No god
or man is as good as the religious drinker of bhang. The students of
the scriptures at Benares are given it before they sit to study. At
Benares, Ujjain and other holy places, yogis, bairagis and sanyasis
take deep draughts of bhang that they may center their thoughts on the
Eternal... By the help of bhang ascetics pass days without food or
drink. The supporting power of bhang has brought many a Hindu family
safe through the miseries of famine. To forbid or even seriously to
restrict the use of so holy and gracious an herb as the hemp would
cause widespread suffering and annoyance and to large bands of
worshipped ascetics deep-seated anger. It would rob the people of a
solace in discomfort, of a cure in sickness, of a guardian whose
gracious protection saves them from the attacks of evil influences...
So grand a result, so tiny a sin.

A somewhat different interpretation, obviously more in harmony with
American marihuana reformers,  is quoted by Oman. He cites a
missionary whose Christian zeal prompted him to write,  "A great
number of Hindu Saints [sic] live in a perpetual state of
intoxication, and call this stupefaction, which arises from smoking
intoxicating herbs, fixing the mind on God."
To the modern man, perhaps disenchanted with the impact of reality,
such ecclesiastical quibbling merely befogs the issue. He may wonder
how four hundred million people can be wrong for such a long time.
It is, of course, impossible to describe a sensation if one has never
felt it, any more than one can be really lucid about the odor of a
perfume. But in spite of the essential futility of words, millions
have been written on the effects of hemp. From among those who have
used the plant, one of the better attempts at description is by Bayard
Taylor, the translator of Faust. Mostly in a spirit of inquiry and to
relieve his curiosity, he decided to try hashish. He wrote:
 The sensations it then produced were those, physically, of exquisite
lightness and airiness-mentally of a wonderfully keen perception of
the ludicrous, in the most simple and familiar objects. During the
half-hour in which it lasted, I was at no time so far under its
control that I could not with the clearest perception, study the
changes through which I passed. I noted, with careful attention, the
fine sensations which spread throughout the whole tissue of my nervous
fibres, each thrill helping to divest my frame of its earthly and
material nature, till my substance appeared to me no grosser than the
vapors of the atmosphere, and while sitting in the calm of the
Egyptian twilight, I expected to be lifted up and carried away by the
first breeze that should ruffle the Nile. While this process was going
on, the objects by which I was surrounded assumed a strange and
whimsical expression... I was provoked into a long fit of laughter.
The hallucination died away as gradually as it came, leaving me
overcome with a soft and pleasant Is drowsiness, from which I sank
into a deep, refreshing sleep.
For ganja and bhang, too, the descriptions inevitably mention this
feeling of lightness and gaiety, of perfect consciousness during the
waking moments, and final sleep only when too much is used. Moderate
users of marihuana cordirm this.
W. B. O'Shaughnessy quotes a retiring young Scottish student who tried
hemp. 'He became like a rajah for three hours, talked as he never
had... about everything he never had or expected to have. It
terminated nearly as suddenly as it commence . and no headache,
sickness or other unpleasant symptoms followed."
All competent observers agree that this quality of bringing euphoric
happiness to the harassed is preeminent in hemp. Nothing else except
alcohol and perhaps the peyotl can approach it in this respect.
Some have charged hemp with being an aphrodisiac, but there is no
scientific warrant for this. It is quite true that certain ganja
smoking mixtures and some of the more delectable feminine sweetmeats
had other things added to them. But this stimulation of waning ardor
can scarcely be charged against hemp. Needled ganja is in precisely
the same category as cantharides, yohimbine, and the
not-too-well-disguised euphemisms of modern glandular therapy. The
plain fact seems to
be that pure ganja has the reverse effect, and is taken by Indian
priests to quell libido.
Bhang and ganja in the Old World, marihuana in the New, will never be
put down by all the propaganda against them, whether true or false.
Exhilaration of spirit, the flights of pure imagination, the feeling
of ascending as though one floated above reality, the freedom from
serious after-effects, and most of all the lack of permanent damage-it
is these that make the extermination of hemp seem quite hopeless, even
to those dedicated to that enterprise.

Prohibition or Realism?

Doubts do not deter those who feel that all aspects of hemp are
inherently wicked. No one can defend its wholesale and deplorable
abuse by thoughtless and excitement-craving schoolchildren, any more
than one can condone their abuse of tobacco and alcohol. But adult and
moderate use is just as intolerable to the true reformer. Yet one of
the more reasonable of these, Professor Walton, says that hemp "still
flourishes in every country in which it has once been established.
This is despite the fact that, in some of these countries, attempts
have been made for almost a thousand years to stamp out the practice."
In spite of this, hemp has been attacked hopefully by doctors, the
police, and hosts of self-appointed reformers. To an intelligent
Hindu, this seems the crudest of nonsense. Even the British government
authorities in India ended their report on hemp by saying, "It is
neither practicable nor desirable to depart from the traditional
policy of tolerating the moderate use of... ganja and bhang even for
non-medical purposes, whilst taking every possible measure to prevent
abuse."
That was written a few years before the cohorts of American
weed-pullers really began to put on stearn. Now there are marihuana
laws in most states, with penalties ranging from heavy fines to ten
years in jail (Oregon). But those who wish to enjoy the plant react to
such laws as though they well knew the story of the Djoneina Garden in
Egypt. The Mohammedan ladies of that gorgeous pleasure retreat were
fond of growing hemp and feeding its products to their clientele. How
long this had been going on no one knew. But in 1402 there came a
reformer, and he ordered that all hemp must be rooted out of the
garden. To fortify the law he ordered that any damsel "caught with
ganja would be subjected to the extraction of her teeth." This seems
drastic enough, but the old chronicle relates, without comment, that
in a few years "the custom came back with renewed vigor."
If this is to be the fate of hemp in America, and all signs suggest
that it is, the solution is obvious. It is far better to be realistic
about it, as the British were in India, where ganja palaces were taxed
and ganja growers licensed. Then we could get rid of criminal
purveyors, spend no money for enforcement, tax the business, and so
avoid the worst excesses of Prohibition. Hemp would then, like tobacco
and alcohol, become another measure of character, not a cockpit of
controversy.
Meanwhile, as the controversy rages, one likes to think of some
Mexican peon twanging a plaintive guitar up in the free doudless air
of his desert mountains. He will, likely as not, be singing of that
still more plaintive cockroach who wouldn't walk without ...
Guitar-playing boys on Mexican mountains do not offhand seem to have
much affinity with jazz leaders in any big city. But all authorities
agree that jam sessions and even more serious music are often spiked
by marihuana. Nor are other forms of creative art free of this taint
even movie stars. One of the best "box-office" men in the business has
served a jail term for the possession of marihuana-and he is still one
of the highest paid actors!
According to Mr. Anslinger, we are thoroughly reprehensible for not
shunning every movie in which he stars. In his The Traffic in
Narcotics, the former U.S. Commissioner of Narcotics wntes, "But,
consider how the public reacts respecting glamourous entertainment
characters who have been involved in the sordid details of a narcotic
case. Is there a spontaneous reaction which drives them out of the
show business as might have been done a generation ago? Not at all.
There
seems to be some sort of public approval of these degenerate
practices. The character is not ostracized. Instead he or she
immediately becomes a box-office headliner."
This was written long after the Federal Bureau of Narcotics boasted
that, cooperating with state and city authorities, there had been
destroyed a good many tons of marihuana. But the plant is still with
us for such zealous and continuing destruction of hemp has not stopped
marihuana smoking. In fact, the attempt at eradication has provoked
the derisive comments of those who think the British plan in India and
the report of the New York Academy of Medicine make more sense than
pulling up weeds.
One of the most percipient of these skeptics is Dr. Robert S. deRopp,
who, in his Drugs and the Mind, quotes the opinion of many "that
marihuana never hurt anybody and that the Narcotics Bureau would do
better to devote its time and energies to the control of the really
dangerous drugs, morphine, heroin and cocaine, instead of chasing
after a relatively innocuous weed."
While the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961,
does not, of course, condone the use of marihuana, it appears to
realize that its worldwide popularity will not make its eradication
either easy or speedy. On page 31 it says that "The use of Cannabis
(hemp) for other than medical and scientific purposes must be
discontinued as soon as possible, but in any
case within twenty-five years." That is a rather optimistic timetable,
matched against three thousand years of use by untold rnillions.

THE END



From anne.smets@rug.ac.be Tue Sep  3 12:50:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2904 of sci.bio.botany
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From: anne.smets@rug.ac.be (Anne Smets)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: hortensia...
Date: Mon, 26 Aug 1996 06:46:14 GMT
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Hi!

I am moving and would like to take with me my beautiful hortensia or
at least part of it. Can somebody tell me when and how I should
proceed?

Many thanks,

Anne
anne.smets@rug.ac.be



From ttapingk@metz.une.edu.au Tue Sep  3 12:50:30 EDT 1996
Article: 2905 of sci.bio.botany
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Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
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Leonard M. Keane (dolmen1@ix.netcom.com) wrote:
: In <4veei2$n5o@excelsior.flash.net> lehman3@flash.net (Lehman) writes: 
: >
: >In article <4v7dhn$ab3@sjx-ixn2.ix.netcom.com>, dolmen1@ix.netcom.co
: says...
: >>
: >
: >>I just learned that what I had thought was "poision ivy" all my life
: >>was really an allergy to dust, mold, and cat hair!!  I learned this
: >>after breaking out with the same rash I had always attributed to
: >>"poison ivy" after cleaning out a dusty part of my cellar.  I haven't
: >>been near poison ivy for several months and an allergist has
: confirmed
: >>it is *not* poison ivy. Anyone who develops "poison ivy" should think
: >>back on whether poison ivy really is the culprit.
: >>
: >>Now I have to figure out how to avoid this - could be difficult with
: >>cats around!  Do I need shots, or does someone know of a readily
: >>available antidote?
: >>Len.
: >
: >-- 
: >One or two shots per cat is about right!  Depends on the caliber
: though.  
: >Before I get flamed it is JUST A JOKE!  I can sympathize with you
: some.  My 
: >wife loves cats and I am allergic to them.  We compromise and only
: have one 
: >and it is NEVER allowed in the bedroom.  At least I can sleep without
: the 
: >cat allergies!
: >------------------------------------------
: >x-no-archive: yes
: >Lehman3@Flash.net
: >Life Member NRA and Texas State Rifle Association
: >
: Nah!  She won't let me do that!  I have been isolating myself as much
: as posssible from the nice little critters, their hair, dust, etc. and
: it IS going away, after about 1-1/2 weeks.
: Len. 


From arkara@ksc11.th.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:32 EDT 1996
Article: 2906 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Arunee ARKARAPRASERTKUL <arkara@ksc11.th.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Latin word for tea
Date: 26 Aug 1996 04:54:12 GMT
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To: sci.bio.botany

Just out of curiosity. Anyone know the latin word for tea? and of which 
family it belong? Thank you in advance



From mplewins@concentric.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:33 EDT 1996
Article: 2907 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mplewins@concentric.net (M. Plewinska)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Latin word for tea
Date: 26 Aug 1996 18:26:01 GMT
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The latin name for the tea plant is Camellia sinensis (formerly Thea
sinensis). It's in the family Theaceae.

--


   - Magda Plewinska
     Miami, FL, USA



From ftit02469e@pop.wanadoo.fr Tue Sep  3 12:50:35 EDT 1996
Article: 2908 of sci.bio.botany
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From: JEAN ROBERT BOS <ftit02469e@pop.wanadoo.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PINE TAPPING
Date: 26 Aug 1996 19:22:34 GMT
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As a retired resin-tapper I have finalized a new method of pine tapping whiwh I called "retort tapping".
I have collected a neutral resin with a high levopimaric acid content that is biologically very active, according 
to Pr Lombard.
I am looking for a laboratory willing to make researches into this resin which was never studied before.
I can provide samples if required.
You can contact me at the address mentioned.



From rcarden@ozemail.com.au Tue Sep  3 12:50:36 EDT 1996
Article: 2909 of sci.bio.botany
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From: rcarden@ozemail.com.au (Rob)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Green Dragon Fruit
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 1996 09:31:11 GMT
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Whilst in travelling in Vietnam I was lucky enough to try Green Dragon
Fruit and I would like to get some more information on it, in
particular its botanical name, would any body be able to provide me
with this or at least point me in the right direction



From jrmase@paisano.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:37 EDT 1996
Article: 2910 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jrmase@paisano.com (Rusty Mase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Name this plant...
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 1996 14:02:52 GMT
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On Tue, 27 Aug 1996 13:19:49 +0100, Michael Ody <m.s.ody@ukc.ac.uk>
wrote:

>The following clue comes from a general knowledge crossword puzzle:
>"Cruciferous maritime plant sometimes used as a vegetable (3,4)"

Crambe maritima L.	sea kale

Rusty Mase


From m.s.ody@ukc.ac.uk Tue Sep  3 12:50:38 EDT 1996
Article: 2911 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Michael Ody <m.s.ody@ukc.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Name this plant...
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 1996 13:19:49 +0100
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The following clue comes from a general knowledge crossword puzzle:

"Cruciferous maritime plant sometimes used as a vegetable (3,4)"

Known letters are S_A _A_E, and I'll put money on the first word being
'sea'.  Can anyone suggest some possibilities for the second?

Thanks.


From jmdorn@Postoffice.worldnet.att.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:40 EDT 1996
Article: 2912 of sci.bio.botany
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From: James Dorn <jmdorn@Postoffice.worldnet.att.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: sprouting coconuts
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 1996 19:12:17 -0400
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Any suggests on how to sprout a coconut seed
-- 
James M. Dorn
Associate Professor of Biology	
Johnson & Wales University
Charleston, SC 29403


From albachhu@mtu.edu Tue Sep  3 12:50:41 EDT 1996
Article: 2913 of sci.bio.botany
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From: albachhu@mtu.edu (Amy Bachhuber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Latin name for tea
Date: 27 Aug 1996 10:01:31 -0400
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	The latin name for tea is _Camellia sinensis_.  This plant is
native to China and produces the teas we commonly call black, oolong and
green.  If you are interested in the lore and medicinal properties of _C.
sinensis_, ther is an interesting article in this month's Vegetarian
Times.  The full citation follows...

Harris, M.  1996.  High time for tea.  Vegetarian Times, September 1996
(issue 229), pp. 66-70.

This article is by no means very scientific, but it does summarize some of
the recent research that has been done using tea.  It might be a good
place to start.  I hope this helps.

Amy L. Bachhuber
MS student, Ecology
Michigan Technological University
1400 Townsend Dr.
Houghton, MI  49930
albachhu@mtu.edu


From Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk Tue Sep  3 12:50:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2914 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Charlie Butterworth <Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: botanic gardens in Mexico
Date: Wed, 28 Aug 1996 14:07:53 +0100
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I am looking for information on botanic gardens in Mexico.

Any help would be appreciated?

thanks,

-- 
Charlie Butterworth



From juan@trivium.gh.ub.es Tue Sep  3 12:50:44 EDT 1996
Article: 2915 of sci.bio.botany
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From: juan@trivium.gh.ub.es (jordi juan-tresserras)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: acorns as food
Date: Wed, 28 Aug 1996 14:12:52 GMT
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I am working in a study about the acorn use as human food in the
Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb area. If anyone know some
bibliographic references or some recipes (porridge, stews, cakes,
..), please let me know.
Thanks in advance for your collaboration,
Yours,

Jordi

*************************************************************************

Jordi Juan i Tresserras
Unitat d'Arqueobotanica
SERP/Dept.Prehistoria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia
UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA                        
Baldiri i Reixac, s/n   Torre B pis 11      
E-08028-Barcelona            
(Espanya, Union Europea)

tel/fax: +34.3.4248035
e-mail: juan@trivium.gh.ub.es

"Cada epoca de la historia modifica el fogon, y cada pueblo come segun
su alma, antes tal vez que segun su estomago" - Emilia Pardo Bazan
**************************************************************************




From monique@bio.tamu.edu Tue Sep  3 12:50:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2916 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: Wed, 28 Aug 1996 12:58:33 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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>I remember from my childhood a plant that looked
>something like clover...3 small oval leaves about
>1/4" off the ground and a mostly-purple stem that
>had a sour taste.  I knew  people that ate them
>and called them "sheepshowers"--something recently
>stirred my memory so I asked other people and
>noone else has heard of them.  By the way, they
>grew in the slightly hilly country of NE Oklahoma.

>I am curious to know the common and/or proper name
>and whether or not they are generally considered
>edible.

Sounds as if it may be a species of _Oxalis_, which I believe can sometimes be 
called "sheep sorrel"---other common names include "wood sorrel" and "lady's 
sorrel."  It does have a sour taste and is edible, though the fairly high 
oxalic acid content means you shouldn't eat too much (especially, they say, if 
you are prone to kidney stones....)

Hope this gets you started on the right track.

Monique Reed
Texas A&M





From timd@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM Tue Sep  3 12:50:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2917 of sci.bio.botany
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From: timd@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Tim Dugan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: 28 Aug 1996 12:54:00 -0500
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I remember from my childhood a plant that looked
something like clover...3 small oval leaves about
1/4" off the ground and a mostly-purple stem that
had a sour taste.  I knew  people that ate them
and called them "sheepshowers"--something recently
stirred my memory so I asked other people and
noone else has heard of them.  By the way, they
grew in the slightly hilly country of NE Oklahoma.

I am curious to know the common and/or proper name
and whether or not they are generally considered
edible.

-t





From jareklet@total.net Tue Sep  3 12:50:48 EDT 1996
Article: 2918 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Jarek Letowski" <jareklet@total.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Bougainvillea seeds?
Date: 28 Aug 1996 23:08:10 GMT
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Hi,

I've been told that it is not possible (if not very difficult) to propagate
Bougainvillea plants from seeds.

What is the reason for this? Is it because the horticultural variety is
sterile or is it because the rate of success is minimal? Please advise. 
Do you think I could find Bougainvillea seeds somewhere, I would really
like to try to grow plants from seeds.

Thanks in advance,

Liliana



From dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu Tue Sep  3 12:50:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2919 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dyanega@denr1.igis.uiuc.edu (Doug Yanega)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: botanic gardens in Mexico
Date: 29 Aug 1996 00:38:57 GMT
Organization: Illinois Natural History Survey
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In article <122741479wnr@cinchona.demon.co.uk>,
Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk wrote:

> I am looking for information on botanic gardens in Mexico.
> 
> Any help would be appreciated?

Ah, memories...the BEST botanic garden in Mexico isn't even open to the
public any more. It's an enormous cactus and succulent garden on the
outskirts of Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, and truly mind-boggling, with
plants from all over the world and quite possibly the vast majority of
species found in Mexico. The problem is that the only person alive who
knows what all the plants are is the ancient groundskeeper, and it's all
in his head, down to species. When he goes, the garden will probably go
with him. I had the fortune of spending an hour in there a few years ago,
I shot one roll of film within minutes, and could have shot a dozen more
and still not come close to getting everything there. One of those places
that SHOULD be a national treasure, but there is no money to support it
(and it's not like the Coahuilan chaparral is a big tourist area).

¡Que lastima!

Doug Yanega     (dyanega@mail.inhs.uiuc.edu)
Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr. 
Champaign, IL 61820  USA  (217) 244-6817 fax:(217) 333-4949
affiliate, University of Illinois Dept. of Entomology
  http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu:80/~dyanega/my_home.html
"There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness is
    the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick


From esch@aol.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:53 EDT 1996
Article: 2920 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!portc01.blue.aol.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: esch@aol.com (Esch)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: grass taxonomy
Date: 28 Aug 1996 20:43:06 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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My current reference is Hitchcock's Manual of the Grasses of the United
States.  This 1950 manual is still the best I can find.  I wonder if the
classification is dated:  2 subfamilies (Festucoideae and Panicoideae)
with the 14 tribes in each.  What other classification systems have been
proposed since Hitchcock?  Any opinions would be greatly appreciated.
Bob Esch


From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Tue Sep  3 12:50:54 EDT 1996
Article: 2921 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: 29 Aug 1996 12:12:45 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
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In article <monique.419.00FE5025@bio.tamu.edu>,  <monique@bio.tamu.edu> wrote:
>
>>I remember from my childhood a plant that looked
>>something like clover...3 small oval leaves about
>>1/4" off the ground and a mostly-purple stem that
>>had a sour taste.  I knew  people that ate them
>>and called them "sheepshowers"--something recently
>>stirred my memory so I asked other people and
>>noone else has heard of them.  By the way, they
>>grew in the slightly hilly country of NE Oklahoma.
>
>>I am curious to know the common and/or proper name
>>and whether or not they are generally considered
>>edible.
>
>Sounds as if it may be a species of _Oxalis_, which I believe can sometimes be 
>called "sheep sorrel"---other common names include "wood sorrel" and "lady's 
>sorrel."  It does have a sour taste and is edible, though the fairly high 
>oxalic acid content means you shouldn't eat too much (especially, they say, if 
>you are prone to kidney stones....)

	I agree.  I think "shower" must be a corruption of "sour".   If you
do eat it don't follow it with rhubarb, that has oxalic acid too!  

		Howard Clase




From pandoc@ix.netcom.com Tue Sep  3 12:50:56 EDT 1996
Article: 2922 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pandoc@ix.netcom.com(charles mccarthy)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: 29 Aug 1996 18:39:27 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <5041ft$jvo@coranto.ucs.mun.ca> hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard
Clase) writes: 
>
>In article <monique.419.00FE5025@bio.tamu.edu>, 
<monique@bio.tamu.edu> wrote:
>>
>>>I remember from my childhood a plant that looked
>>>something like clover...3 small oval leaves about
>>>1/4" off the ground and a mostly-purple stem that
>>>had a sour taste.  I knew  people that ate them
>>>and called them "sheepshowers"--something recently
>>>stirred my memory so I asked other people and
>>>noone else has heard of them.  By the way, they
>>>grew in the slightly hilly country of NE Oklahoma.
>>
>>>I am curious to know the common and/or proper name
>>>and whether or not they are generally considered
>>>edible.
>>
>>Sounds as if it may be a species of _Oxalis_, which I believe can
sometimes be 
>>called "sheep sorrel"---other common names include "wood sorrel" and
"lady's 
>>sorrel."  It does have a sour taste and is edible, though the fairly
high 
>>oxalic acid content means you shouldn't eat too much (especially,
they say, if 
>>you are prone to kidney stones....)
>
>	I agree.  I think "shower" must be a corruption of "sour".   If
you
>do eat it don't follow it with rhubarb, that has oxalic acid too!  
>
>		Howard Clase

Actually, sheep sorrel is a different genus- Rumex.  Rumex acetosella 
has the same sour taste as Oxalis.  However, Rumex has a short,
slender, pointed leaf that is used as a garnish in salads.  You eat 
the stems of oxalis.

Of course, you don't eat anything at all unless you know what it is!



From timd@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM Tue Sep  3 12:50:57 EDT 1996
Article: 2923 of sci.bio.botany
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From: timd@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM (Tim Dugan)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: 29 Aug 1996 16:43:41 -0500
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NNTP-Posting-Host: 206.109.7.129

In article <504o4v$fa5@dfw-ixnews10.ix.netcom.com>,
charles mccarthy <pandoc@ix.netcom.com> wrote:
>In <5041ft$jvo@coranto.ucs.mun.ca> hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard
>Clase) writes: 
>>
>>In article <monique.419.00FE5025@bio.tamu.edu>, 
><monique@bio.tamu.edu> wrote:
>>>
>>>>I remember from my childhood a plant that looked
>>>>something like clover...3 small oval leaves about
>>>>1/4" off the ground and a mostly-purple stem that
>>>>had a sour taste.  [....]
>>>>grew in the slightly hilly country of NE Oklahoma.
>>>
>>>Sounds as if it may be a species of _Oxalis_, which I believe can
>>>sometimes be called "sheep sorrel"---other common names include 
>>>"wood sorrel" and "lady's sorrel."  It does have a sour taste 
>>>and is edible, though the fairly high 
>>>oxalic acid content [....]
>>
>>	I agree.  I think "shower" must be a corruption of "sour".   If
>>you do eat it don't follow it with rhubarb, that has oxalic acid too!  
>[...]
>Actually, sheep sorrel is a different genus- Rumex.  Rumex acetosella 
>has the same sour taste as Oxalis.  However, Rumex has a short,
>slender, pointed leaf that is used as a garnish in salads.  You eat 
>the stems of oxalis.

So, you are saying it is NOT "sheep sorrel"?  I don't think the
leaves were pointed (although it has been a while) and it definitely
was the stem which has the sour taste.  And you are saying it is not
unheard of to eat them?

>Of course, you don't eat anything at all unless you know what it is!

Well, you would think...but sometimes people think they know but
they don't!

-t




From monique@bio.tamu.edu Tue Sep  3 12:50:59 EDT 1996
Article: 2924 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: Thu, 29 Aug 1996 17:46:04 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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>>Actually, sheep sorrel is a different genus- Rumex.  Rumex acetosella 
>>has the same sour taste as Oxalis.  However, Rumex has a short,
>>slender, pointed leaf that is used as a garnish in salads.  You eat 
>>the stems of oxalis.

>So, you are saying it is NOT "sheep sorrel"?  I don't think the
>leaves were pointed (although it has been a while) and it definitely
>was the stem which has the sour taste.  And you are saying it is not
>unheard of to eat them?

Proof once again that common names can trip you up!  Both Rumex and Oxalis 
have common names that include the word "sorrel"--and these names will vary 
>from  region to region--they aren't standardized in any way.  Both have some 
species that are edible.  Most Rumex species have simple leaves; most Oxalis 
leaves are 3-parted and look a lot like clover, except that the leaflets are 
often heart-shaped.

I repeat my original advice--check out a book on wildflowers or native plants 
to figure out which you have.

Monique Reed
Texas A&M



From hoffhort@aol.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2925 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hoffhort@aol.com (HoffHort)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ethnobotany
Date: 29 Aug 1996 23:07:19 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Where are there master's degree programs in ethnobotany? I live in the
Washington-Baltimore area, but would like to know about programs anywhere
in the U.S. Thanks!


From Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk Tue Sep  3 12:51:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2926 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!mcsun!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!cinchona.demon.co.uk!Charlie
From: Charlie Butterworth <Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ethnobotany
Date: Fri, 30 Aug 1996 16:25:01 +0100
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In article <505lt7$luc@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, HoffHort
<hoffhort@aol.com> writes
>Where are there master's degree programs in ethnobotany? I live in the
>Washington-Baltimore area, but would like to know about programs anywhere
>in the U.S. Thanks!

Before applying to study ethnobotany you should consider whether it would be
better to study 'straight' ethnobotany or whether to study the subject as part
of plant taxonomic studies - many botanists look at the ethnbotany of their
chosen plant groups as part of their taxonomic work.  Regardless of this you
should contact the following people/departments:

1. Professor Richard Schultes, Harvard University. He retired from the botany
department only a few years ago and is probably the 'grand-daddy' of
ethnobotany. There are likely to be a few people still at Harvard who are
interested in ethnobotany. Schultes' main interest lies in the ethnobotany of
north-western Amazonia (Colombia, Ecuador).

2. Economic Botany section of New York Botanic Garden (Bronx) - they have strong
interests in central America (I think).

3. Missouri Botanic Gardens run various Masters/doctorate programmes in tropical
botany in conjunction with local universities try contacting P. Mick Richardson.


Obviously, if you are not keen on studying tropical New World ethnobotany, my
advice may be irrelevant. Anyway all the best with finding a suitable course.


-- 
Charlie Butterworth


From aamorris@vt.edu Tue Sep  3 12:51:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2927 of sci.bio.botany
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From: aamorris@vt.edu (Aaryn P. Morris)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Huckleberry Trail Undergraduate Research
Date: 30 Aug 1996 17:59:52 GMT
Organization: Virginia Tech / Blacksburg Electronic Village
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Want undergrads. to help with Botany research for professor Porter.  
Looks very good on resume. If interested contact Matt Robinson @ 
961-4048 or e-mail at aamorris@vt.edu.



From jkoster@hotmail.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2928 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jan Koster <jkoster@hotmail.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: fructans
Date: Fri, 30 Aug 1996 17:29:03 +0200
Organization: Academic Computer Centre Utrecht, (ACCU)
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If you're interested in fructans, there's a homepage full of it

http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/4409


From cws1@axe.humboldt.edu Tue Sep  3 12:51:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2929 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cws1@axe.humboldt.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: grass taxonomy
Date: Fri, 30 Aug 1996 10:04:06 -0700
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In-Reply-To: <502p2q$l5s@newsbf02.news.aol.com> 

There is no current replacement for H&C just yet, though there is work 
being done on a replacement. It's due out "next year" or so, I believe.  
It's also *huge*, and may be split into separate volumes.  This will make 
it fairly difficult to use for the majority of botanists, and at ca. 
$100/volume I'd bet few of us bother with it.

H&C is very dated, as you might imagine since Watson and Crick had their 
DNA work published in '54.  All of their work is based on morphological 
analysis, rather than isozyme or PCR analysis.  Except for a few 
blunders (like putting Lolium in with Triticeae rather than Festuceae), H&C 
did pretty well though.

If you want to get a more uptodate view of the grass phyla, find a copy 
of Gould's text on Grass taxonomy (I don't have the name with me.)  This 
is out of date too, but much closer.


Bob Esch wrote:

> My current reference is Hitchcock's Manual of the Grasses of the United
> States.  This 1950 manual is still the best I can find.  I wonder if the
> classification is dated:  2 subfamilies (Festucoideae and Panicoideae)
> with the 14 tribes in each.  What other classification systems have been
> proposed since Hitchcock?  Any opinions would be greatly appreciated.
> Bob Esch
> 
> 


From realex@texas.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:07 EDT 1996
Article: 2930 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!news.texas.net!news
From: "Raydon Eiland Alexander" <realex@texas.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: 30 Aug 1996 14:57:49 GMT
Organization: Milberger Landscaping, Inc
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <01bb9684$ce6cb1e0$6f047fce@blah.texas.net.texas.net>
References: <50213o$kn@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM>
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Sheep Sorrel, Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae, Buckwheat Family) would be a
possible match though the three part leaves are really arrow shaped rather
than clover like. A number of Rumex species have been used as salad greens:
R. Acetosa, R. alpinus, R. hymenosepalus, R. Patientia, for example so the
leaves are likely to be edible.

Tim Dugan <timd@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM> wrote in article
<50213o$kn@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM>...
> I remember from my childhood a plant that looked
> something like clover...3 small oval leaves about
> 1/4" off the ground and a mostly-purple stem that
> had a sour taste.  I knew  people that ate them
> and called them "sheepshowers"--something recently
> stirred my memory so I asked other people and
> noone else has heard of them.  By the way, they
> grew in the slightly hilly country of NE Oklahoma.
> 
> I am curious to know the common and/or proper name
> and whether or not they are generally considered
> edible.
> 
> -t
> 
> 
> 
> 


From ciegler@cyberstate.infi.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2931 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.infi.net!usenet
From: Janet Ciegler <ciegler@cyberstate.infi.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: lLichen taxonomy
Date: Fri, 30 Aug 1996 22:14:14 -0500
Organization: InfiNet
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I am an amateur in lichen taxonomy and would like to
contact others that may be knowledgeable in the subject
particularly with reference to definition of terms such
as "inspersed".
Alex Ciegler


From wh_reid@pnl.gov Tue Sep  3 12:51:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2932 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.ultranet.com!homer.alpha.net!uwm.edu!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!netnews.nwnet.net!newsfeed.pnl.gov!bbs.pnl.gov!wh_reid.pnl.gov!user
From: wh_reid@pnl.gov (William H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ethnobotany
Date: 31 Aug 1996 03:08:21 GMT
Organization: Battelle, PNNL
Lines: 16
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References: <505lt7$luc@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: wh_reid.pnl.gov

In article <505lt7$luc@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, hoffhort@aol.com (HoffHort)
wrote:

> Where are there master's degree programs in ethnobotany? I live in the
> Washington-Baltimore area, but would like to know about programs anywhere
> in the U.S. Thanks!

There are some great ethnobotanists at U. of Washington. Check their home
page, then
get in touch and see if you can design a program if they do not have one.
Bill
-- 
William H. Reid, Sr. Res. Sci.  <wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov>
Environmental Technology, K6-84   
Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, WA 99352-0999 USA <http://www.pnl.gov>


From hortus@worldnet.att.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2933 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!gt-news!cc.gatech.edu!cssun.mathcs.emory.edu!metro.atlanta.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!netnews.worldnet.att.net!newsadm
From: J Kroin <hortus@worldnet.att.net>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: acorns as food
Date: 31 Aug 1996 00:23:54 GMT
Organization: AT&T WorldNet Services
Lines: 49
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:13712 sci.bio.botany:2933 bionet.plants:11996

The North American Indians (Native Americans) before Columbus in the 
North East parts used acorn meal as a winter staple. Most likely they 
mixed it with maize (primative corn) with water and baked it as a bread 
over hot stones.

Suggest your efforts for specific ancient techniques be directed toward 
US Indian sources. 

regards
Joel 

-- 
  ******************  Hortus USA Corp. ***************** 
   PO Box 1956 Old Chelsea Station, New York NY 10113 USA
          Rhizopon AA Dry Powders & Tablets for Solutions
                Plant Growth Regulator-Rooting Hormones
  ****************  hortus@worldnet.att.net  **************


juan@trivium.gh.ub.es (jordi juan-tresserras) wrote:
>I am working in a study about the acorn use as human food in the
>Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb area. If anyone know some
>bibliographic references or some recipes (porridge, stews, cakes,
>..), please let me know.
>Thanks in advance for your collaboration,
>Yours,
>
>Jordi
>
>*************************************************************************
>
>Jordi Juan i Tresserras
>Unitat d'Arqueobotanica
>SERP/Dept.Prehistoria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia
>UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA                        
>Baldiri i Reixac, s/n   Torre B pis 11      
>E-08028-Barcelona            
>(Espanya, Union Europea)
>
>tel/fax: +34.3.4248035
>e-mail: juan@trivium.gh.ub.es
>
>"Cada epoca de la historia modifica el fogon, y cada pueblo come segun
>su alma, antes tal vez que segun su estomago" - Emilia Pardo Bazan
>**************************************************************************
>
>




From ienvy@aol.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:12 EDT 1996
Article: 2934 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp04.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!portc01.blue.aol.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: ienvy@aol.com (IEnvy)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: NEED CASH??? THEN, TAKE A CHANCE.
Date: 31 Aug 1996 06:04:06 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
Lines: 388
Sender: root@newsbf02.news.aol.com
Message-ID: <5092mm$q9l@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
Reply-To: ienvy@aol.com (IEnvy)
NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com

Hello!  I've got some news that I think you need to take

two minutes to read if you have ever thought "How could I make

some serious cash in a hurry???" ,  or been in serious debt, 

ready to do almost anything to get the money needed to pay off 

those bill collectors.  So grab a snack, a warm cup of coffee, or 

a glass of your favorite beverage, get comfortable and listen to 

this interesting, exciting find!


(If you're reading this on-line, I suggest that you quickly

download it to your hard drive FIRST, just in case some do-gooder

takes it off the news board.  You can always read it with a text

editor, like Windows Notepad.  Also, you will find this copy on 

your disk to be most useful,  as you will later see.  Just use the

File: Save as command.)


Let me start by saying that I FINALLY FOUND IT!  That's right! I

found it !  AND I HATE GET RICH QUICK SCHEMES!!  I hate those 

schemes like multi-level marketing, mail-order schemes, envelope 

stuffing scams, 900 number scams....  the list goes on forever.  

I have tried every darn get rich quick scheme out there over the 

past 12 years. I somehow got on mailing lists for people looking to 

make money (more like 'desperate stupid people who will try anything 

for money!).  Well, when I was a teenager, these claims to "get me rich 

quick" sounded irresistible!  I would shell out $14.95 here, $29.95 

there, $24.95 here, and another $49.95 there.  I had maxed out my new

Circuit City Card AND my Visa....  I was desperate for money!!

So, I gave them all a chance but, failed at every one of them!

Maybe they worked for some people, but not for me.

Eventually, I just tossed that JUNK MAIL in th trash when I got

the mail.  I recognized it right away.  I can smell a money scam

>from  a mile away these days, SO I THOUGHT.... I thought I could 

sniff out a scam easily...  BOY.....  WAS I WRONG!!



...  I LOVE THE INTERNET!!!



I was scanning thru a NEWSGROUP and saw an article stating GET 

CASH FAST!!  I thought...  "Here on the internet??  Well, I'll 

just have to see what schemes could possibly be on the internet."  

The article described a way to MAIL A ONE DOLLAR BILL TO ONLY 

FIVE PEOPLE AND MAKE $50,000 IN CASH WITHIN 4 WEEKS!  Well, the 

more I thought about it, the more I became very curious.  Why?  

Because of the way it worked AND BECAUSE IT WOULD ONLY COST ME 

FIVE DOLLARS (AND FIVE STAMPS),  THAT'S ALL I EVER PAY....  EVER!!

Ok, so the $50,000 in cash was maybe a tough amount to reach, but

it is possible.  I figured that I could at least get a return of

$1,000 or so.  So I did it!!  As per the instructions in the 

article, I mailed out ("snail mail" for you e-mail fanatics)  a

single dollar bill to each of the five people on the list that

was contained in the article.  I included a small note, with the 

dollar, that please Add Me To Your List."  I then removed

the first postion name of the five names listed and moved 

everyone up one position, andand I put my name in postion five of

the list.  This is how the money startes rolling in!  I then took 

this revised article now with my name on the list and REPOSTED IT

ON AS MANY NEWSGROUPS AND LOCAL BULLETIN BOARD MESSAGE AREAS THAT

I KNEW.  I then waited to watch the money come in...  prepared to

maybe receive about $1,000 to $1,500 in cash or so....



But what a welcome surprise when those envelopes kept coming in!!!

I knew what thay were as soon as I saw the return addresses from

people all over the world - Most from the U.S., but some from 

Canada, even some from Australia!  I tell you, THAT WAS EXCITING!!

So how much did I get in total return?  $1,000? $5,000?  Not even!!!

I received a total of $23,343!!!  I couldn't believe it!!


I now have a brand new black Acura Integra to speak for, due to 

this!!  Now after almost 8 months,  I am ready to do it again!!!  So

maybe it is possible to get $50,000 in cash, I don't know, but IT

COMPLETELY DEPENDS ON YOU,  THE INDIVIDUAL!  You must follow through

and repost this article everywhere you can think of!

The more postingd you achieve will determine how much cash will 

arrive in your own mailbox!!  It's just too east to pass up!!!


Let's review the reasons why you should do this:  The only cost

factors are for the five stamps, the 5 envelopes and the 5 one

dollar bills that you send out to the listed names by snail mail

(US Postal Service mail).  Then just simply repost the article

(WITHYOUR NAME ADDED) to all newsgroups and local BBS's you can.

Then sit back and, (ironically), enjoy walking (you can run if 

like :o)   )  down your driveway to your mailbox and scoop up

your rewards!!  We all have five dollars tp put into such an easy

effortless investment with SPECTACULAR REALISTIC RETURNS OF

$15,000 TO $25,000 in about 3-5 weeks!  So HOLD OFF ON THOSE

LOTTERY NUMBERS TODAY,  EAT AT HOME TONIGHT IN STEAD OF TAKEOUT

McCDONALD'S AND INVEST FIVE DOLLARS IN THIS AMAZING MONEY MAKING

SYSTEM NOW!!!  YOU CAN'T LOSE!!


So how do you do it ezactly, you ask?  I have carefully provided

the most detailed, yet straightforward instructions on how to 

easily get this underway and get your cash on its way.  SO, ARE

YOU READY TO MAKE SOME CASH!!!??  HERE WE GO!!!


***  (THE LIST OF NAMES IS AT THE END OF THIS ARTICLE.)***


OK,  Read this carefully.  Get a print out of this information, 

if you like, so you can easily erfer to it as often as needed.  

(Not that it's difficult or anything.)


INSTRUCTIONS:


1.   Take a sheet of paper and write on it the following:  

"Please add my name to your mailing list".  This creates a 

service out of this money making system and thus making it 

completely legal.  You are not just randomly sending a dollar 

to someone, you are paying one dollar for a legitimate service.  

Make sure you include your name and address.  I assure that, 

again this is completely legal! For a neat little twist, 

also write what slot their name was in: "You are in slot 3", 

just to add a little fun!  This is all about having fun and 

making money at the same time!


2.   Now fold this sheet of paper around the dollar bill, 

(no checks or money orders), and out them into an envelope

and send it on its way to the five people listed.  

The folding of the paper around the bill will ensure its 

arrival to its recipient.  THIS STEP IS IMPORTANT!!  

(Otherwise, some unscrupulous mail delivery person may

see what's inside and start helping himself to all the 

thousands of envelopes arriving!) 


3.   Now listen carefully, here's where you get YOUR MONEY 

COMING TO YOUR MAILBOX.  Look at the first five people; 

remove the first name form the position one and move everyone 

on the list up one slot on the list.  Position 2 name will 

now move to the position 1 slot, position 3 will now become 

position 2, 4 will be 3, 5 will be 4.  Now put your name, 

address, zipcode AND COUNTRY in position 5, the bottom position

on the list.



4.   Now upload this up dated file to as many newsgroups and 

local bulletin boards' message areas & file sections as possible.  

Give a catchy description of the file so it gets noticed!!  

Such as: "NEED FAST CASH, HEREIT IS!" or "NEED CASH TO PAY OFF 

DEBTS??"  etc.  And the more up loads, the more money you will 

make, and of course, the more money others on the list will make 

too.  LET'S ALL TAKE CARE OF EACH OTHER BY BEING HONEST AND BY 

PUTTING FORTH 120 PERCENT INTO THIS PROFITABLE & AMAZING SYSTEM!  

You'll reap the benefits, beleive me!!!  Set a goal for the 

number of total uploads you'll post, such as 15-20 postings 

or more!  Always have a goal in mind!!!  If you can UUE encode 

the file when uploading, that will make it easier for the 

people to receive it and have it downloaded to their hard drive.  

That way they get a copy of the article right on their computer 

without hassles of viewing and then saving the the article from 

the File menu.  DON'T ALTER THE FILE TYPE, leave it as MS-DOS

Text file.  The best test is to be able to view this file using 

Microsoft's Notepad for Windows 3.x or Wordoad for Windows '95.  

(Do NOT use the WordWrap option.  It will screw the margins up!)  

If the margins look right without making the screen slide left or 

right when at the ends of the sentences, you're in business!



5.   If you need help uploading, simply ask the sysop of the BBS, 

or "POST" a message on a newsgroup asking how to post a file, 

tell them who your internet provider is and PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS BE 

GLAD TO HELP.  I would try to describe how to do it but there are 

simply too many internet software packages with slightly different 

yet relatively simple ways to post or upload a file.  Just ask 

for help or look in the help section for "posting".  I do know 

that for GNN you simply selecy "post" then enter a catchy 

description under the subject box, choose "ATTACH", selecting 

"UUE" and NOT "TXT", then choose "browse" to go look for the file.  

Find your text file, i.e. CASH.TXT, and click on it and choose 

"OK".  Place a one line statement in the main body section of the 

message post screen. Something like "Download this to read how to 

get cash arriving in your mailbox with no paybacks!" or whatever.  

Just make sure it represents its true feasibility, NOT something 

like... "Get one million dollars flooding in your mailbox in two 

days!" You'll never gat ANY responses!



6.   And this is the step I like.  JUST SIT BACK AND ENJOY LIFE 

BECAUSE CASH IS ON THE WAY!!  Expect to see a little money start 

to trickle in around 2 weeks, but AT ABOUT 3 & 4, THE MONEY STORM 

WILL HIT YOUR MAILBOX!! All you have to do is take it out of the 

mailbox and try not to scream too loud (outside anyway) when you 

relize YOU HIT THE BIG TIME AT LAST!!


7.   So go PAY OFF YOUR BILLS AND DEBTS and then get that 

something special you always wanted or buy that special person in 

your life (or the one you want in your LIFE) a gift they'll never 

forget.  ENJOY LIFE!


8.   Now when you get low on this money supply, simply 

re-activate this file again;  Reposting it in the old places 

where you originally posted and possibly some new places you now 

know of. Don't ever lose this file, always keep a copy at your 

reach for when you ever need cash.  THIS IS AN INCREDIBLE TOOL 

THAT YOU CAN ALWAYS RE-USE TIME AND TIME AGAIN WHEN CASH IS NEEDED!
**************************************************************  

        THE NAME LIST      THE NAME LIST      THE NAME LIST   

HONESTY IS WHAT MAKES THIS PROGRAM SUCCESSFUL!!!!

1. Ken Korbel
   17961 Rosita St.
   Encino, CA  91316

2. Vince Winstead
   Rt 1 Box 57
   Roseau, MN 56751

3. James Griffiths
   1350 Compton Woods Dr.
   Loganville, GA 30249

4. Camille J. Appeldoorn
   10314 Bilston Court, Apt 10
   St. Louis, MO 63146

5. Robert C. McCord
   80 Norman Ave., Suite B
   Roebling, NJ 08554

***********************************************************
                  IT REALLY WORKS!!!!!!  ENJOY!!!!


From ragnar@texas.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2935 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!news.texas.net!news
From: ragnar@texas.net (Ron Snow)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 1996 14:40:09 GMT
Organization: Texas Networking, Inc.
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <509j0l$lhr@news2.texas.net>
References: <tborckDw231B.MGL@netcom.com> <4url8s$a0g@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <3211d492.2639266@news2.bga.com> <canoeistDw4s9s.6Cq@netcom.com> <4vjhgk$1fom@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dnet03-24.sat.texas.net
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margoli@ibm.net (Larry Margolis) wrote:

>In <canoeistDw4s9s.6Cq@netcom.com>, canoeist@netcom.com (Mark Zen) writes:
>>Previously Rusty Mase [jrmase@paisano.com] wrote this:
>>:> On 14 Aug 1996 00:38:52 -0400, mmedi13720@aol.com (MMedi13720) wrote:
>>
>>:> >In article <tborckDw231B.MGL@netcom.com>, tborck@netcom.com (Ted Borck)
>>:> >writes:
>>:> >>I've read that the American Indians would eat a *very*small* poison ivy
>>:> >>leaf, to immunize themselves, when the poison ivy first started re-growing
>>:> >>in the early spring.
>>
>>:> >I remember my doctor telling me this as I was suffering through yet another poison ivy mess one summer.  However, he also mentioned that some Indians would apparently take too much, their throats would swell up, and they would die.  So, before  you consider this alternative, think it over.  BTW, I've been off this post for several weeks, but I remember someone mentioning tablets for desensitizing oneself from poison ivy---I thnk It was called "Aqua Ivy".  I took this myself, and then could never find it again---I always wondered, since it may have been along the lines of eating a small bit of ivy (only more dose controlled), if it was pulled because somebody got seriously ill from it.



From phyllo@tir.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:15 EDT 1996
Article: 2936 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!tir.com!news
From: phyllo@tir.com (gwen jenkins)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Name this plant
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 1996 20:27:51 GMT
Organization: The Internet Ramp
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Message-ID: <509so1$cr9@ramp2.tir.com>
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X-Newsreader: Forte Agent .99c/32.126

SEA KALE!



From josephx@ix.netcom.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2937 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.erols.net!netcom.com!news2.noc.netcom.net!noc.netcom.net!ix.netcom.com!ix.netcom.com!news
From: josephx@ix.netcom.com(X Marks The Spot)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Poison Ivy
Date: 31 Aug 1996 21:13:12 GMT
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 3
Message-ID: <50a9t8$d2c@dfw-ixnews8.ix.netcom.com>
References: <tborckDw231B.MGL@netcom.com> <4url8s$a0g@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <3211d492.2639266@news2.bga.com> <canoeistDw4s9s.6Cq@netcom.com> <4vjhgk$1fom@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <509j0l$lhr@news2.texas.net>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.consumers.house:130789 rec.gardens:150249 misc.health.alternative:82875 sci.bio.botany:2937 misc.survivalism:29540 rec.backcountry:137885

Just announced yesterday:  Within a year a product will be available,
over the counter, that works much like sunscreen- only for poison ivy,
sumac,etc.  I have no other details.  Does anyone else?


From jwoods@sr.radiks.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2938 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!sr.radiks.net!sr.radiks.net!jwoods
From: Jay Woods <jwoods@sr.radiks.net>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: acorns as food - marginal
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 1996 16:27:16 -0500
Organization: Radiks Internet Access
Lines: 58
Message-ID: <Pine.SOL.3.91.960831162305.4970A-100000@sr.radiks.net>
References: <501ld7$8p4@lilith.uab.es> <5080mq$c76@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:13719 sci.bio.botany:2938 bionet.plants:12006

Remember that acorns as a rule are high in tannins which destroy the food 
value of proteins on a proportional basis.  To reduce this problem, the 
acorn flour goes thru an intensive washing process to remove the tannins.
---Jay Woods

On 31 Aug 1996, J Kroin wrote:

> The North American Indians (Native Americans) before Columbus in the 
> North East parts used acorn meal as a winter staple. Most likely they 
> mixed it with maize (primative corn) with water and baked it as a bread 
> over hot stones.
> 
> Suggest your efforts for specific ancient techniques be directed toward 
> US Indian sources. 
> 
> regards
> Joel 
> 
> -- 
>   ******************  Hortus USA Corp. ***************** 
>    PO Box 1956 Old Chelsea Station, New York NY 10113 USA
>           Rhizopon AA Dry Powders & Tablets for Solutions
>                 Plant Growth Regulator-Rooting Hormones
>   ****************  hortus@worldnet.att.net  **************
> 
> 
> juan@trivium.gh.ub.es (jordi juan-tresserras) wrote:
> >I am working in a study about the acorn use as human food in the
> >Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb area. If anyone know some
> >bibliographic references or some recipes (porridge, stews, cakes,
> >..), please let me know.
> >Thanks in advance for your collaboration,
> >Yours,
> >
> >Jordi
> >
> >*************************************************************************
> >
> >Jordi Juan i Tresserras
> >Unitat d'Arqueobotanica
> >SERP/Dept.Prehistoria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia
> >UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA                        
> >Baldiri i Reixac, s/n   Torre B pis 11      
> >E-08028-Barcelona            
> >(Espanya, Union Europea)
> >
> >tel/fax: +34.3.4248035
> >e-mail: juan@trivium.gh.ub.es
> >
> >"Cada epoca de la historia modifica el fogon, y cada pueblo come segun
> >su alma, antes tal vez que segun su estomago" - Emilia Pardo Bazan
> >**************************************************************************
> >
> >
> 
> 
> 
> 


From arbor@iafrica.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2939 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.erols.net!quagga.ru.ac.za!uct.ac.za!iafrica.com!not-for-mail
From: arbor@iafrica.com (Pierre le Roux)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: GREENHOUSES
Date: Sun, 01 Sep 1996 12:05:17 GMT
Organization: private
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <50bukm$am8$6@newnews.iafrica.com>
References: <jg.42.3205A25E@RAU>
Reply-To: arbor@iafrica.com
NNTP-Posting-Host: 196-7-141-237.iafrica.com
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

jg@RAU (Prof Johan Gouws) wrote:

>I am considering the prospects of establishing a greenhouse operation for 
>herbs, pot plants, and cut flowers. I am therefore looking for useful 
>information about the following:
>- Design and construction of greenhouses.
Depends on where you are and what you want to grow in particular
>- Hidden costs to look out for in establishing such a venture.
Mainly -: will the market absorb what you intend to grow at a price
that makes it profitable
>- Typical cash flows that can be expected. (I realise that this depends on 
>  numerous factors, but maybe someone is willing to share real figures as an 
>  example.)
In South Africa, roughly R100-R160/sq.m, with half gross profit if you
do it properly.
>- Do's and don'ts of "greenhousing"
Any decent library should have handbooks on the topic - as is, it is
too diverse for a complete answer.

Kontak my op Email vir meer inligting - 'n direkte email het
teruggekom as onafgelewer

Pierre le Roux
Blomkweker & oud-RAUkie



From nrichard@arlington.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:22 EDT 1996
Article: 2940 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nrichard <nrichard@arlington.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Sun, 01 Sep 1996 09:05:12 -0700
Organization: StarText department of the Fort Worth Star Telegram
Lines: 4
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References: <tborckDw231B.MGL@netcom.com> <4url8s$a0g@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <3211d492.2639266@news2.bga.com> <canoeistDw4s9s.6Cq@netcom.com> <4vjhgk$1fom@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <509j0l$lhr@news2.texas.net> <50a9t8$d2c@dfw-ixnews8.ix.netcom.com>
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I have seen several tv news blurbs about a prerscription version that is 
available now - which I am sure is very expensive.  When an over the 
counter version comes out, it probably will be "water-downed" and not 
nearly as effective.  But we can always hope.


From cws1@axe.humboldt.edu Tue Sep  3 12:51:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2941 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!newshub.csu.net!axe.humboldt.edu!cws1
From: cws1@axe.humboldt.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: lLichen taxonomy
Date: Sun, 1 Sep 1996 10:34:31 -0700
Organization: Information Resources and Technology
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <Pine.PMDF.3.91.960901103131.12282B-100000@axe.humboldt.edu>
References: <3227AE06.6C50@cyberstate.infi.net>
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In-Reply-To: <3227AE06.6C50@cyberstate.infi.net> 

On Fri, 30 Aug 1996, Janet Ciegler wrote:

> I am an amateur in lichen taxonomy and would like to
> contact others that may be knowledgeable in the subject
> particularly with reference to definition of terms such
> as "inspersed".
> Alex Ciegler

Look through the glossary in your lichen key.  I've been through the 
glossaries of my keys and it doesn't show.  As one amateur to another, I 
think you may have run across a typo; the correct word may be 
interspersed or immersed.

------------------------==+==--------------------------
Curt Seeliger                cws1@axe.humboldt.edu   
Soil Ecology Group (of 1!)   "Nature laughs last."
Humbled State University
Arcata, CA      95521




From bex@foscot.demon.co.uk Tue Sep  3 12:51:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2942 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!mcsun!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!foscot.demon.co.uk!bex
From: *** <bex@foscot.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Endophytic fungi
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 1996 02:26:42 +0100
Organization: None
Lines: 5
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <$8$kgVASfjKyEw1j@foscot.demon.co.uk>
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Does anyone know if endophytic fungi exist in woody stems and if so, in
the xylem or the phloem ?
-- 
bex
How many trees have you planted this year ?


From bex@foscot.demon.co.uk Tue Sep  3 12:51:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2943 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!mcsun!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!foscot.demon.co.uk!bex
From: *** <bex@foscot.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Name this plant...
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 1996 02:21:17 +0100
Organization: None
Lines: 14
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <8MIkcMANajKyEwXa@foscot.demon.co.uk>
References: <3222E7E5.2C4D8336@ukc.ac.uk>
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In article <3222E7E5.2C4D8336@ukc.ac.uk>, Michael Ody
<m.s.ody@ukc.ac.uk> writes
>The following clue comes from a general knowledge crossword puzzle:
>
>"Cruciferous maritime plant sometimes used as a vegetable (3,4)"
>
>Known letters are S_A _A_E, and I'll put money on the first word being
>'sea'.  Can anyone suggest some possibilities for the second?
>
>Thanks.
Kale
-- 
bex
How many trees have you planted this year ?


From dhinds@hyper.stanford.edu Tue Sep  3 12:51:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2944 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dhinds@hyper.stanford.edu (David Hinds)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Date: 2 Sep 1996 04:52:44 GMT
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nrichard (nrichard@arlington.net) wrote:
: I have seen several tv news blurbs about a prerscription version that is 
: available now - which I am sure is very expensive.  When an over the 
: counter version comes out, it probably will be "water-downed" and not 
: nearly as effective.  But we can always hope.

Perscription version?  Maybe that's something else.  The "active"
component of the new spray is an inert material that is used as
filler in many cosmetics and deodorants.  Some kind of clay, that
absorbs the poison oak/ivy oil.  So it should be cheap.

-- Dave Hinds


From chrisd@loc201.tandem.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:29 EDT 1996
Article: 2945 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!wetware!UB.com!tandem!usenet
From: "Chris DiBona" <chrisd@loc201.tandem.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Wavelengths of light required for photosynthesis.
Date: 2 Sep 1996 04:46:47 GMT
Organization: Tandem Computers
Lines: 20
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X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1155

Hi,

See subject, what wavelengths of light does photosynthesis require, I seem
to remember that there 
were two that it focused on 580 & another, also, is this a dead-center
number, or does this really mean that chlorophyll will react to plus/minus
20 NM in any direction? 

Thanks in advance, I really appreciate it.
-- 
    Chris DiBona

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Chrisd@loc201.tandem.com            http://www.site.gmu.edu/~cdibona

I speak for myself, not for Tandem, unless I'm speaking for Tandem,
in which case, I speak for Tandem, but I don't speak for Tandem, so
I speak for myself, just little ol' me, and nobody else. Got it?
--------------------------------------------------------------------



From sgage@kear.tdsnet.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:30 EDT 1996
Article: 2946 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.tds.net!news
From: sgage@kear.tdsnet.com (Steve Gage)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Wavelengths of light required for photosynthesis.
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 1996 12:25:41 GMT
Organization: TDS Telecom - Madison, WI
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Message-ID: <50eg6r$r2l@news2.tds.net>
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"Chris DiBona" <chrisd@loc201.tandem.com> wrote:

>Hi,

>See subject, what wavelengths of light does photosynthesis require, I seem
>to remember that there 
>were two that it focused on 580 & another, also, is this a dead-center
>number, or does this really mean that chlorophyll will react to plus/minus
>20 NM in any direction? 

Go to the library, and check out any book on plant physiology, and you
should find a nice chapter on the subject.


Regards,

Steve

     --------------------------------------
               sgage@kear.tdsnet.com
     --------------------------------------



From baarry@powerup.com.au Tue Sep  3 12:51:32 EDT 1996
Article: 2947 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!munnari.OZ.AU!news.mel.connect.com.au!news.syd.connect.com.au!news.bri.connect.com.au!grissom.powerup.com.au!usenet
From: Andrew Lattimore <baarry@powerup.com.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Paulownia Tissue Culture
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 1996 21:42:04 -0700
Organization: Power Up
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <322BB71C.AEF@powerup.com.au>
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Hi, my name is Kyle Merritt, I am from Toowoomba Queensland Australia.
I am starting a new business in the plant tissue culture field and I have 
been approached to mass produce Paulownia trees.  I require any help 
available on the details of culturing the Fortunei variety, from what 
part of the plant is the best to culture from to agar mixtures and light 
conditions.  If you think you could help me please email me care of 
baarry@powerup.com.au. 

Thanks for your help
Kyle


From jetaylor@gate.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:33 EDT 1996
Article: 2948 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-11.sprintlink.net!news.gate.net!news
From: "James E. Taylor" <jetaylor@gate.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: field guide to Florida wildflowers
Date: 2 Sep 1996 14:08:00 GMT
Organization: A Tavola
Lines: 3
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I'm looking for a field guide to Florida wildflowers - particular focus on
SW Florida - any suggestions?



From info@ov-m.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:34 EDT 1996
Article: 2949 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!hookup!news.nstn.ca!ott.istar!istar.net!news.trytel.on.ca	!usenet
From: Dan Nedoborski <info@ov-m.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: LAST CALL:2nd World Congress on Cellular and Molecular Biology
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 1996 15:27:29 -0500
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http://www.cmb.org

Last call for our congress this Tuesday through Friday, September 
3rd-6th.

The 2nd World Congress on Cellular and Molecular Biology

We are accepting late arrivals and registrations at the door.

Exhibiting;

	An exciting multidisciplinary program
	Listen to world experts report their findings
	Opportunity to present your research
	Creative environment to internationally network
	Professional development through 13 diverse workshops
	Visit exhibits and see new developments in instrumentation and 	
	  techniques

You can register online via our Web Site, http://www.cmb.org and you can 
see all we have to offer at our 2nd World Congress. Our Conference only 
comes once every 4 years, so we welcome your attendance.

Our Conference is located in Ottawa, Canada's Capital, and promises an 
excellent program.  While you're not at the conference, visit Canada's 
great capital, Ottawa!

Ottawa is geared towards tourists, with the ByWard Market, Parliament 
Hill, Many Parks, Shopping Centres, and more. Our Conference is an 
excellent addition!

Again, we announce our Last Call for attendance.

http://www.cmb.org


From josephx@ix.netcom.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:35 EDT 1996
Article: 2950 of sci.bio.botany
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From: josephx@ix.netcom.com(X Marks The Spot)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 2 Sep 1996 21:47:21 GMT
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Thanks for response.  The new product will be called Ivy Block.  It is
to be released in a few months.


From skoob@outdoorbooks.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:38 EDT 1996
Article: 2951 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!wetware!news.tbcnet.com!news.structured.net!news.ism.net!usenet
From: skoob@outdoorbooks.com (Brian Sherry)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botany books
Date: 2 Sep 1996 23:36:44 GMT
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The Outdoor Bookstore has a new list of botany books available.  They can be 
viewed at 

http://www.outdoorbooks.com/cat96c.htm

Thanks,
Brian
-- 
******************************************************************
Brian Sherry                                The Outdoor Bookstore        
e-mail: skoob@outdoorbooks.com                  1425 S. Higgins
phone: 406-543-3663                        Missoula, Montana 59851
on-line catalog of new & used books - http://www.outdoorbooks.com/



From estock@amenti.rutgers.edu Tue Sep  3 12:51:40 EDT 1996
Article: 2952 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!dziuxsolim.rutgers.edu!amenti.rutgers.edu!not-for-mail
From: estock@amenti.rutgers.edu (Richard Estock)
Newsgroups: ne.general,sci.bio.botany
Subject: New Hampshire Weed or Wildflower
Date: 2 Sep 1996 22:06:25 -0400
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NNTP-Posting-Host: amenti.rutgers.edu

I'm curious about a wildflower or weed I saw all along the highways 
and byways of Northern New Hampshire.  It was about six inches high 
with a purplish tassle.  I have been unable to find it in my 
reference sources at home, but it is VERY prolific.  Can anyone 
identify it and tell me more about it?

Richard Estock   (estock@amenti.rutgers.edu)


From dwalters@jetlink.net Tue Sep  3 12:51:41 EDT 1996
Article: 2953 of sci.bio.botany
From: dwalters@jetlink.net (Denise Walters)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Info Needed
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 1996 23:29:06 GMT
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I don't know if this is the right place to ask, but I'll give it a shot:

Does anyone have any plant info on Dalechampi-something-or-other?
This is a vine I got at the local nursery.  I have never seen anything
like it and I can't find any reference to it in several big fat gardening
encyclopedias I have checked.

I need to know the proper fertilization, soil conditions, watering,
sun exposure, and propagation.  I'd also like to know where it came
from, if that's possible.  I just now realized that I must have temp-
orarily misplaced the tag off of it that had the name.  But I'm sure
it starts with "Dalechampi".

Thanks,
  Denise



From MikeRav@ix.netcom.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2954 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!btnet!netcom.net.uk!ix.netcom.com!news
From: Michael Ravnitzky <MikeRav@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How to get "stevia" supersweet plant?
Date: Tue, 03 Sep 1996 08:14:44 -0600
Organization: Netcom
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Does anyone have information on how to get the "stevia" supersweet 
plant that I heard about on National Public Radio.  It is a couple of 
hundred times more sweet than sucrose (table sugar).  Is it limited to 
a particular climate area?  Can you buy it in a plant store?

A carbon copy e-mail would be helpful, as I don't check here as often 
as I need to.

Mike Ravnitzky
MikeRav@ix.netcom.com


From MikeRav@ix.netcom.com Tue Sep  3 12:51:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2955 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!btnet!netcom.net.uk!ix.netcom.com!news
From: Michael Ravnitzky <MikeRav@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Gov't Tech Reports on Botany & Plant Sciences Available
Date: Tue, 03 Sep 1996 08:15:37 -0600
Organization: Netcom
Lines: 55
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Reply-To: MikeRav@ix.netcom.com
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DTIC, a government technical agency, has a large number of government 
technical reports on subjects related to botany and plant sciences.  
They can supply you with a technical report bibliography on just about 
any specific subject you want.  These are reports you probably haven't 
seen before in your area of interest.

You'll have to select your own keyword(s).  I suggest you select 
between two and six keyword(s).  Please select your keywords carefully 
and include plural(s) like I just did.

The fee is likely to be only a couple of dollars, but you have to 
agree to pay fees in advance so that they won't hold up the processing 
of the request to write back.

To get your list of reports, simply send a letter of request as 
follows:

-------------------------

To:	Defense Technical Information Center
    Attn:  DTIC-RSM (Kelly D. Akers, FOIA Manager)
    8725 John J. Kingman Road, Suite 0944
    Fort Belvoir, VA  22060-6128  USA
    Phone:  703-767-9194

Dear Ms. Akers:

I request the following records under the provisions of the Freedom of 
Information Act:

A computer generated technical report bibliography (all years) of 
reports on the subject(s)/keyword(s) of:

________________  OR   _________________  OR  ________________  OR 

 _______________   OR   _________________  OR   _______________

This is a request for DTIC records, please don't forward my request to 
NTIS.  Please include both classified and unclassified records in your 
search.  If any of the records are classified, please review them for 
release, or the release of nonsensitive portions.

I believe that I fall into the fee category "all other requesters" 
because I am an individual, noncommercial requester and this request 
is not being made for commercial purposes.  [[or else mention if you 
instead fall into the category "for profit business" or "educational 
or scientific organization" or "representative of the media"]]  But 
please do not hold up this request while you determine the proper fee 
category.  I also agree to pay up to $35 for reasonable fees 
associated with this purpose.

Sincerely,


____________________


From juliebeth@mail.utexas.edu Tue Sep  3 12:51:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2956 of sci.bio.botany
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From: julie beth wood <juliebeth@mail.utexas.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How to get "stevia" supersweet plant?
Date: 3 Sep 1996 14:49:37 GMT
Organization: University of Texas at Austin - Botany
Lines: 13
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To: MikeRav@ix.netcom.com

i'm sure you can get Stevia at any good health food store, in it's
dried and powdered form (perhaps in the bulk food section.).  if not, 
see if they can order it for you.  i know that the large Health Food 
Distributors (Tree of Life, etc.) carry it, but i don't know how 
popular it is.  it tastes like really sweet dried powdered grass...i 
definitely prefer table sugar, especially in my coffee.  :)


-- 
julie beth wood
Now conveniently located in Austin!




From Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk Sat Sep 14 11:33:01 EDT 1996
Article: 2957 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Charlie Butterworth <Charlie@cinchona.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: botanic gardens in Mexico
Date: Tue, 3 Sep 1996 10:50:49 +0100
Organization: zzzzzzz
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Last week I posted a thread asking for information on botanic gardens in
Mexico. I received a reply but lost the article due to upgrading to new
software.

I would like any information on botanic gardens in Mexico.

Thanks,

-- 
Charlie Butterworth


From reusche2@marshall.edu Sat Sep 14 11:33:02 EDT 1996
Article: 2958 of sci.bio.botany
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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Info Needed
Message-ID: <1996Sep3.153553.5565@hobbit>
From: "warrren reuschel" <reusche2@marshall.edu>
Date: Tue, 3 Sep 96 15:37:11 PDT
Nntp-Posting-Host: mue241.marshall.edu
To:  Denise Walters <dwalters@jetlink.net> 
In-Reply-To: Your message of Mon, 02 Sep 1996 23:29:06 GMT.<322b9838.0@news.jetlink.net>
Encoding:  13 TEXT , 27 MESSAGE 
Lines: 41

Denise
        It sounds very much like you are describing a member of the genus
Delchampia, a widespread South American plant.  Most of the information I
have found concerning this genus comes from the Flora of Costa Rica.  A
summary of the Flora of Costa Rica, genus Delchampia can be found at:
http://www.mobot.org/manual.plantas/010973/G011716.html

These files are in Spanish, so that might be a problem

Warren Reuschel
Botany Graduate Student
Marshall University, WV
reusche2@marshall.edu

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Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Info Needed
Message-ID: <322b9838.0@news.jetlink.net>
From: dwalters@jetlink.net (Denise Walters)
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 1996 23:29:06 GMT
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I don't know if this is the right place to ask, but I'll give it a shot:

Does anyone have any plant info on Dalechampi-something-or-other?
This is a vine I got at the local nursery.  I have never seen anything
like it and I can't find any reference to it in several big fat gardening
encyclopedias I have checked.

I need to know the proper fertilization, soil conditions, watering,
sun exposure, and propagation.  I'd also like to know where it came
from, if that's possible.  I just now realized that I must have temp-
orarily misplaced the tag off of it that had the name.  But I'm sure
it starts with "Dalechampi".

Thanks,
  Denise



From brateaver@aol.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:04 EDT 1996
Article: 2959 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,alt.sustainable.agriculture,rec.gardens,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Indicator plants
Date: 4 Sep 1996 01:23:13 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Hunger Signs in Crops is an old book, still very good photos in color. The
British have a new set of volumes, pics not quite so clear.

But both these show deficiencies in plants, not indicator or accumulator
plants. That is why I went to so much trouble to track down data on
indicators for the Primer UPDATE

B. Rateaver


From Paul@jprassoc.demon.co.uk Sat Sep 14 11:33:05 EDT 1996
Article: 2960 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Paul Robertson <Paul@jprassoc.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Carribean daisy?
Date: Wed, 04 Sep 96 10:57:31 GMT
Organization: Myorganisation
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Can anyone identify this daisy for a friend of mine:

It is common on garden walls in the Channel Islands. (UK / France).

It comes originally from the Carribean and has an English name which
reflects this, but doesn't seem to be in any of his books.

My friend was surprised to see it recently in Whitby (UK).

If you can help, please reply to me by e-mail.

Thanks,
-- 
Paul Robertson


From Alain.Gevaudan@cetiat.fr Sat Sep 14 11:33:06 EDT 1996
Article: 2961 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp0.mindspring.com!news.mindspring.com!newspump.sol.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sgi.com!esiee.fr!jussieu.fr!univ-lyon1.fr!news.asi.fr!news
From: Alain Gevaudan <Alain.Gevaudan@cetiat.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Orchids references
Date: Wed, 04 Sep 1996 16:48:51 -0700
Organization: Cetiat
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Hello !

my hobby is studying wild european orchids
I would be grateful if someone could help me to find the following 
old references :

Bianca 1842 Novae pl. Spec. prope Hyblam : 8 Ophrys incubacea
Steinmueller 1827 Neue Alp. 2 : 401 CUSTER Orchis chlorantha
Moessler 1828 Handb. ed. 2,2 : 1565 Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) 
Reichenb.

Thank you in advance for all indice
-- 
Alain GEVAUDAN
CETIAT - 27-29 bd 11 novembre 1918 - BP 2042
69603 Villeubanne Cedex
Email agevauda@cetiat.fr


From tyler@oconee.em.slb.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:08 EDT 1996
Article: 2962 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tyler@oconee.em.slb.com (Tinan)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Wed, 04 Sep 1996 18:19:15 GMT
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josephx@ix.netcom.com(X Marks The Spot) wrote:

>Just announced yesterday:  Within a year a product will be available,
>over the counter, that works much like sunscreen- only for poison ivy,
>sumac,etc.  I have no other details.  Does anyone else?

Don't know about that stuff, but this summer I found a great herbal
medicine for Poisin Ivy and bug bites, and cuts.

It is called  Wounded Warrier, and is from some company in Boone,
North Carolina.  It is sld by The Mast General Store in Boone. 

This stuff works great.... and lasts a long time.

It costs about $8.95 for a 4 oz bottle.  We have used it alot since we
purchased it, but the stuff really lasts a long time and we haven't
put a dent in the bottle yet.

Good luck and God Bless,
Tinpan




From tviehman@getnet.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:09 EDT 1996
Article: 2963 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Tyfani <tviehman@getnet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help
Date: Sun, 01 Sep 1996 13:34:58 -0600
Organization: GetNet, International
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I am in my first year of Community College and have a few questions for 
an environmental biology lab that I have looked all over for and am 
having a very hard time finding, if anyone can answer any of these 
questions please email me with your insight at tviehman@getnet.com  
thanks a ton!!

	-Octopus Cactus(native to Sonora, Mexico): when the tip of this 
cactus touches the soil it produces another plant.  Is this asexual or 
sexual reproduction?(isn't this asexual)?

	-Agave:succulent?(yes?)  What part is adapted for water 
storage?(leaves?)  Is it annual or perennial?(perennial?)  Is it a 
cactus?(no?)

	-Ocotillo: flowers are long, red, tubular, and borne out on the 
ends of the whiplike stems(flagelliflory).  They are designed to attract 
a particular pollinator, who is it?

	-What is a desert tree(other than the Mesquite) which belongs to 
the Pea family and also produces edible pods and seeds?(one has 
chlorophyll in it's bark)

	-Mammillarias are small inconspicous cacti that are often easy 
to overlook.  Despite their inconspicous nature they produce brilliant 
red colored fruits which are quite easy to see.  Why are the fruits so 
conspicuous?

	-Which mammal is very important in the pollination of of the 
Organ Pipe Cactus and later in the dispersal of it's seeds?  

	-Tesota, a desert tree with very hard dense wood that will sink 
in water, blooms in May with lavender flowers and sometimes the effect 
is quite spectacular, to what family of plants does this desert tree 
belong?

	
	Thank You very much for your time!


From aengel@netaxs.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:10 EDT 1996
Article: 2964 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!news1.erols.com!netaxs.com!usenet
From: Alan Engel <aengel@netaxs.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Taxol production by plant cell culture
Date: Wed, 04 Sep 1996 14:42:22 -0400
Organization: ISTA, Inc.
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A sample ConvertedKokai(tm) machine translation of 
a Japanese patent titled, "Taxol Production by Plant 
Cell Culture," is now on our web site at

http://www1.netaxs.com:8080/~aengel

Alan Engel
ISTA


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Sat Sep 14 11:33:11 EDT 1996
Article: 2965 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Info Needed
Date: Wed, 04 Sep 96 19:42:39 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 29
Message-ID: <50kpr1$pj7@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>
References: <322b9838.0@news.jetlink.net>
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X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #4

In article <322b9838.0@news.jetlink.net>,
   dwalters@jetlink.net (Denise Walters) wrote:
>I don't know if this is the right place to ask, but I'll give it a shot:
>
>Does anyone have any plant info on Dalechampi-something-or-other?
>This is a vine I got at the local nursery.  I have never seen anything
>like it and I can't find any reference to it in several big fat gardening
>encyclopedias I have checked.

It might be Dalechampia which is in the Euphorbiaceae.  I've heard that some 
species are in cultivation but do not know any specifics. Most euphorbs like a 
sandy, well-drained soil though.

The only other idea is Deschampsia, but those are grasses, not vines so I 
doubt thats it (unless someone switched tags at the nursery. :-()

Hope this helps

------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton Morse - Greenhouse Manager
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
75 North Eagleville Rd., Box U-42
University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269
E-Mail to: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu
WWW Server(s):
  Greenhouse: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/
  Rogaining:  http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/rogaine/rogaine.htm
  Pack Goats: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/packgoat/packgoat.htm
------------------------------------------------------------------


From ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu Sat Sep 14 11:33:13 EDT 1996
Article: 2966 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ifjed@nmsua.nmsu.edu (Son of Traven)
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: acorns as food - marginal
Date: Wed, 4 Sep 1996 21:53:09 GMT
Organization: Alamogordo Branch Community College
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <ifjed.3098.322DFA45@nmsua.nmsu.edu>
References: <501ld7$8p4@lilith.uab.es> <5080mq$c76@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> <Pine.SOL.3.91.960831162305.4970A-100000@sr.radiks.net>
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>Remember that acorns as a rule are high in tannins which destroy the food 
>value of proteins on a proportional basis.  To reduce this problem, the 
>acorn flour goes thru an intensive washing process to remove the tannins.
>---Jay Woods

This leaching does not affect the protein content and some oaks such as Q. 
gambeli are naturally low in tannins.



  
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
     
   
   
  
  
      


From mjlindst@aol.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:14 EDT 1996
Article: 2967 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mjlindst@aol.com (MJLindst)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: stumps
Date: 4 Sep 1996 20:30:27 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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NNTP-Posting-Host: newsbf02.mail.aol.com

What's the best way to kill a tree stump that keeps sending up shoots -
short of digging it out?


From amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca Sat Sep 14 11:33:16 EDT 1996
Article: 2968 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!portc01.blue.aol.com!newsstand.cit.cornell.edu!news.acsu.buffalo.edu!news.drenet.dnd.ca!crc-news.doc.ca!nott!uottawa!amorin
From: amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca (Antoine Morin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: BIODIDAC: a repository of images for teaching biology
Date: 4 Sep 1996 18:39:10 GMT
Organization: University of Ottawa
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http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca

Is the home site for the BIODIDAC image collection. All material is 
freely available for teaching, non-profit purposes. 

Currently it contains: 

* material that roughly covers an introduction to zoology at the 
  undergraduate level. 

* Plant material has started to appear and is now regularily added.



More information below, and at the web site.


Le projet BIODIDAC                     The BIODIDAC project
 
 
 Finance par Patrimoine Canada par      Funded by Heritage Canada,
 l'entremise du Regroupement des        through the Regroupement
 universites de la francophonie hors-   des universites de la francophonie
 Quebec, le projet vise a produire du   hors-Quebec, the project aims at
 materiel numerique pour                producing digital material to
 l'enseignement de la biologie en       support the teaching of biology in
 francais.                              french.

 Ce materiel, pour l'instant des        This material, either digitised
 diagrammes et photographies            line drawings or photographs with
 interpretees et numerises, est mis a   labels and descriptions, is made
 la disposition des interesses. Il      available to all interested
 peut etre copie, modifie, integre      parties for copying and use in
 dans des notes de cours ou du          lecture notes, class presentations
 materiel multimedia a la condition     or development of multimedia
 que ce soit a des fins educatives et   material, as long as it is for
 non-commerciales. BIODIDAC possede     teaching purposes and that there
 les droits a ce materiel (ou a obtenu  is  no profit involved. The key
 des detenteurs des droits la           point is that BIODIDAC owns all
 permission de reproduire, modifier,    rights to the material (or has
 et distribuer)et permet son            obtained from the owner permission
 utilisation et sa distribution a des   to reproduce, modify, and
 fins educatives.                       distribute) and allow duplication
                                        and use for teaching.
 
 
 Le materiel verse a BIODIDAC est       Although the material placed in
 developpe en francais sur un           the database is developped in
 microordinateur MSDOS. cependant le    french on an MSDOS machine, the
 format choisi permet l'utilisation a   digital format will allow
 partir d'autres types d'ordinateurs.   conversion and translation to
                                        other languages. The material is
                                        usable on both MAC and MSDOS
                                        platforms.
 
                                        

 STRUCTURE ET CONTENU DE LA BANQUE      STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF IMAGE BANK
 
 Au 8 janvier 1996, plus de 2200        As of Jan 8th, 1996, more
 elements ont ete verses a la banque    than 2200 elements have been posted
 et son accessible par le serveur ftp.  to the biodidac server. These
 ces elements peuvent etre regroupes    element fall in 4 categories:
 en 4 categories: des diagrammes noir   black and white line drawings,
 et blanc, des diagrammes couleur, des  coloured drawings, color photos,
 photographies, et des diagrammes et    and annotated photos and diagrams.
 photos annotes.
 
 Les diagrammes noir et blanc           Black and white diagrams are in
 respectent le standard GIF89a. Chaque  GIF files. Their size range from 5
 fichier occupe de 5 a 50k et contient  to 50k and their resolution is up
 des images ayant jusqu'a 1200x1200     to 1200x1200 pixels.
 pixels.                                Coloured diagrams use a maximum of
                                        16 colors from the standard
 Les diagrammes couleur sont aussi de   Microsoft Windows palette.
 format GIF89a et ne contiennets que
 16 couleurs de la palette standard de  Colour photos were digitized to
 Microsoft Windows.                     allow projection and have beed
                                        coulour reduced by optimizing a
 Les photographies ont ete numerisees   256 colour palette. They are also
 de maniere a permettre leur            in GIF files with resolutions of
 projection et contiennent jusqu'a 256  approximately 400x400 pixels.
 couleurs d'une palette optimisee.
 Elles sont dans des fichiers GIF       Interpreted and annotated diagrams
 egalement. leur resolution est de      and photos are Microsoft
 l'ordre de 400x400 pixels.             Powerpoint files. these are usable
                                        from both MSDOS and MacIntosh
 Les diagrammes et photos annotes       versions of PowerPoint. These
 respectent le format PPT de MicroSoft  files have been compressed using
 PowerPoint et peuvent etre utilises a  PKZIP to reduce disk space
 partir des versions Windows et         occupied and transfer times.
 MacIntosh de PowerPoint. les fichiers
 ont ete compresses et respectent le
 format PKZIP.
 

 Contactez Antoine Morin                Contact Antoine Morin
 (amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca) si vous       (amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca) for
 desirez des details supplementaires.   details.



--
Antoine Morin 
Biologie, Universite d'Ottawa
30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1N 6N5
amorin@uottawa.ca
http://benthos.bio.uottawa.ca/joueurs/amorin.htp
Visitez BIODIDAC (http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca)


From stop@the-light.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:17 EDT 1996
Article: 2969 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.onr.com!usenet
From: stop@the-light.com (Victor Engel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: help
Date: Thu, 05 Sep 1996 04:30:48 GMT
Organization: Onramp Access, Inc. 512-322-9200
Lines: 68
Message-ID: <50lrtd$61u@mari.onr.com>
References: <3229E562.3986@getnet.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: onramp2-11.onr.com
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Tyfani <tviehman@getnet.com> wrote:

>I am in my first year of Community College and have a few questions for 
>an environmental biology lab that I have looked all over for and am 
>having a very hard time finding, if anyone can answer any of these 
>questions please email me with your insight at tviehman@getnet.com  
>thanks a ton!!

>	-Octopus Cactus(native to Sonora, Mexico): when the tip of this 
>cactus touches the soil it produces another plant.  Is this asexual or 
>sexual reproduction?(isn't this asexual)?

I'm not familiar with the plant, but I can't imagine how it could be
sexual.

>	-Agave:succulent?(yes?)  What part is adapted for water 
>storage?(leaves?)  Is it annual or perennial?(perennial?)  Is it a 
>cactus?(no?)

Correct.

>	-Ocotillo: flowers are long, red, tubular, and borne out on the 
>ends of the whiplike stems(flagelliflory).  They are designed to attract 
>a particular pollinator, who is it?

Sounds like hummingbird fodder to me.

>	-What is a desert tree(other than the Mesquite) which belongs to 
>the Pea family and also produces edible pods and seeds?(one has 
>chlorophyll in it's bark)

Sorry, can't help you here.

>	-Mammillarias are small inconspicous cacti that are often easy 
>to overlook.  Despite their inconspicous nature they produce brilliant 
>red colored fruits which are quite easy to see.  Why are the fruits so 
>conspicuous?

Because the fruits of their grandparents were, and their parents
survived.

Seriously, though. I have a mammillaria (are you sure you spelled that
correctly?) that I grew from seed. Mammillarias are short plants with
breast shaped (and sized) growths covered in spines. The small fruits
are produced below the spines and doubtless require the aid of an
animal (me, for example) for dispersion. I never would have seen the
small fruits had they not been brightly colored. No, I did not eat
them.

>	-Which mammal is very important in the pollination of of the 
>Organ Pipe Cactus and later in the dispersal of it's seeds?  

This would be several species of bats, I think. Same with agave.

>	-Tesota, a desert tree with very hard dense wood that will sink 
>in water, blooms in May with lavender flowers and sometimes the effect 
>is quite spectacular, to what family of plants does this desert tree 
>belong?

Never heard of it.
>	
>	Thank You very much for your time!

-----------------------------------------------------------
Victor Engel                                   Vector Angle
Stop@The-Light.com                           lights@onr.com
http://the-light.com         http://www.onr.com/user/lights



From sigurdss@cc.helsinki.fi Sat Sep 14 11:33:18 EDT 1996
Article: 2970 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!nntp.inet.fi!news.funet.fi!news.helsinki.fi!not-for-mail
From: sigurdss@cc.helsinki.fi (Albert Sigurdsson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: minimum set of areas
Date: 5 Sep 1996 13:30:45 +0300
Organization: University of Helsinki
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <50ma4l$jji@vesuri.Helsinki.FI>
NNTP-Posting-Host: vesuri.helsinki.fi
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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Dear netters

I am working on a small project where I need to find a 'minimum set'
of areas having all the relevant species (66 rare species).  The data
is ready but I have yet to find an algorithm that allows me to do this
(e.g. in an Excel workspace).

Is there anyone out there willing and able to tell me what kind of
algoritms I need or refer me to the relevant literature where I can
find such algorithms ?


Thanks in advance,
        Albert S. Sigurdsson
        sigurdss@helsinki.fi
        www.helsinki.fi/~sigurdss



From bohmfalk@tcgcs.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:19 EDT 1996
Article: 2971 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!NewsWatcher!user
From: bohmfalk@tcgcs.com (John Bohmfalk)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stumps
Date: Thu, 05 Sep 1996 07:24:19 -0700
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <bohmfalk-0509960724200001@199.172.137.216>
References: <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 199.172.137.216

In article <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, mjlindst@aol.com (MJLindst)
wrote:

> What's the best way to kill a tree stump that keeps sending up shoots -
> short of digging it out?

Years ago, I knew of a product called "Amate" which was a paste which was
smeared on newly cut surfaces. It was transported into the roots and
killed them.  I don't know if this is still available or not, though. 
Even with this product, you still had to dig the stump out.

Good luck.

John


From tviehman@getnet.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:20 EDT 1996
Article: 2972 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp0.mindspring.com!news.mindspring.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!ddsw1!news.mcs.net!in-news.erinet.com!bug.rahul.net!rahul.net!a2i!ns2.mainstreet.net!sloth.swcp.com!news.dgsys.com!news.getnet.com!usenet
From: Tyfani <tviehman@getnet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: help
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 1996 12:32:14 -0600
Organization: GetNet, International
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <322B282E.30FA@getnet.com>
References: <3229E562.3986@getnet.com> <322B26EC.6B92@getnet.com>
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X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02Gold (Win95; I)

Tyfani wrote:
> 
> I searched some more and this is the only one that I cannot find.  On my paper
> some of the question was cut off by her xerox machine and I think that it says,
> Ironwood, but am not sure I know that it is something wood, anyways the question states:
> Ironwood? also called Tesota, is a desert tree with very hard dense wood that will sink
> in water.  The tree blooms in May with lavender flowersand sometimes the effect is quite
> spectacular.  To what family of plants does this desert tree belong?

	Please email me at tviehman@getnet.com if you know the answer to this.  Thanks!


From tviehman@getnet.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:21 EDT 1996
Article: 2973 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.akorn.net!news.his.com!en.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!ddsw1!news.mcs.net!in-news.erinet.com!bug.rahul.net!rahul.net!a2i!ns2.mainstreet.net!sloth.swcp.com!news.dgsys.com!news.getnet.com!usenet
From: Tyfani <tviehman@getnet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: help
Date: Mon, 02 Sep 1996 12:26:52 -0600
Organization: GetNet, International
Lines: 6
Message-ID: <322B26EC.6B92@getnet.com>
References: <3229E562.3986@getnet.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: phx-ip2-76.getnet.com
Mime-Version: 1.0
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X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02Gold (Win95; I)

I searched some more and this is the only one that I cannot find.  On my paper 
some of the question was cut off by her xerox machine and I think that it says, 
Ironwood, but am not sure I know that it is something wood, anyways the question states: 
Ironwood? also called Tesota, is a desert tree with very hard dense wood that will sink 
in water.  The tree blooms in May with lavender flowersand sometimes the effect is quite 
spectacular.  To what family of plants does this desert tree belong?


From sheddc@carr100.alleg.edu Sat Sep 14 11:33:23 EDT 1996
Article: 2974 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!das-news2.harvard.edu!cantaloupe.srv.cs.cmu.edu!fs7.ece.cmu.edu!speering.alleg.edu!news
From: sheddc@carr100.alleg.edu (Carlos Shedd)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Greenhouse management experts and aquaculture experts!!
Date: 5 Sep 1996 15:30:33 GMT
Organization: Allegheny College
Lines: 20
Message-ID: <50mrmp$lji@speering.alleg.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: carr100.alleg.edu

Does any one have any information about greenhouse management,  
aqauculture,  
Or does anyone know of anyone with expertice in greenhouse  
management?

Please reply to Carlos
		sheddc@alleg.edu


-- NewsGrazer, a NeXTstep(tm) news reader, posting --
M>UQR=&8P7&%N<VE[7&9O;G1T8FQ<9C!<9FUO9&5R;B!#;W5R:65R.WT*7&UA
M<F=L,3(P"EQM87)G<C$R,`I<<&%R9%QT>#$Q-3)<='@R,S`T7'1X,S0U-EQT
M>#0V,#A<='@U-S8P7'1X-CDQ,EQT>#@P-C1<='@Y,C$V7'1X,3`S-CA<='@Q
M,34R,%QF,%QB,%QI,%QU;&YO;F5<9G,R-%QF8S!<8V8P($1O97,@86YY(&]N
M92!H879E(&%N>2!I;F9O<FUA=&EO;B!A8F]U="!G<F5E;FAO=7-E(&UA;F%G
M96UE;G0L(&%Q875C=6QT=7)E+"`@7`I/<B!D;V5S(&%N>6]N92!K;F]W(&]F
M(&%N>6]N92!W:71H(&5X<&5R=&EC92!I;B!G<F5E;FAO=7-E(&UA;F%G96UE
M;G0_7`I<"E!L96%S92!R97!L>2!T;R!#87)L;W-<"@D)<VAE9&1C0&%L;&5G
)+F5D=5P*"GT*
`


From kps@office Sat Sep 14 11:33:24 EDT 1996
Article: 2975 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!csn!nntp-xfer-1.csn.net!ncar!imci4!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!demos!news.florin.ru!office!kps
From: kps@office (Konstantin P. Savov)
Newsgroups: bionet.software,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.systematics
Subject: FLORIN Home Page
Date: 5 Sep 1996 19:55:31 GMT
Organization: DataX/FLORIN, Inc.
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <50nb7j$iak@nic.florin.ru>
NNTP-Posting-Host: office.florin.ru
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.software:15654 bionet.plants:12051 sci.bio.botany:2975 sci.bio.misc:4935 sci.bio.systematics:1217


FLORIN Information System Home Page is available on

	http://www.florin.ru/florin/


FLORIN is an information system designed to deal with a wide range of
data about plants: taxonomy and nomenclature, geographic distribution,
herbarium and living collections, detailed information about plants
collected in the wild, bibliographic data, etc.  Personal MS-DOS and
multiuser Unix versions are available.  The System supprots data entry
and modification, query-by-example templates, configurable reports,
data browsing, loading and importing data, GIS interface for
geographic data, automated generation of labels for collections,
collection management, data protection and authorization, Internet
access, etc.

You are welcome!


--
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       Konstantin Savov       |    DataX/FLORIN, Inc.    Moscow, Russia    |
|                              |      Advanced Data Management Systems      |
|     E-mail:  kps@florin.ru   |  Voice: (095)158-9520  Fax: (095)158-5700  |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
               FLORIN Home Page: "http://www.florin.ru/florin/"


From nielsen@RUC.DK Sat Sep 14 11:33:25 EDT 1996
Article: 2976 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.ultranet.com!homer.alpha.net!uwm.edu!news.cse.psu.edu!news.math.psu.edu!news3.cac.psu.edu!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sgi.com!esiee.fr!jussieu.fr!oleane!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!01-newsfeed.univie.ac.at!02-newsfeed.univie.ac.at!newsfeed.sunet.se!news00.sunet.se!sunic!news99.sunet.se!news.uni-c.dk!b51.ruc.dk!nielsen
From: nielsen@RUC.DK (S›ren Laurentius Nielsen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Wavelengths of light required for photosynthesis.
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 1996 07:44:01 GMT
Organization: Roskilde Universitetscenter - Denmark
Lines: 33
Message-ID: <nielsen.59.322A9041@RUC.DK>
References: <01bb987e$29cca7c0$77faba9b@colobus.loc201.tandem.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: b51.ruc.dk
X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev A]

In article <01bb987e$29cca7c0$77faba9b@colobus.loc201.tandem.com> "Chris DiBona" <chrisd@loc201.tandem.com> writes:
>Path: news.uni-c.dk!nntp-oslo.UNINETT.no!nntp-trd.UNINETT.no!online.no!Norway.EU.net!mcsun!EU.net!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!wetware!UB.com!tandem!usenet
>From: "Chris DiBona" <chrisd@loc201.tandem.com>
>Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
>Subject: Wavelengths of light required for photosynthesis.
>Date: 2 Sep 1996 04:46:47 GMT
>Organization: Tandem Computers
>Lines: 20
>Message-ID: <01bb987e$29cca7c0$77faba9b@colobus.loc201.tandem.com>
>NNTP-Posting-Host: terry.fnord.tandem.com
>X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1155


>Hi,

>See subject, what wavelengths of light does photosynthesis require, I seem
>to remember that there 
>were two that it focused on 580 & another, also, is this a dead-center
>number, or does this really mean that chlorophyll will react to plus/minus
>20 NM in any direction? 

Photosynthesis requires light between 380 and 700 nm - also known as PhAR - 
Photosynthetically Available Radiation. The spectrum as two tops: A large one 
around 450 nm and a smaller one around 650 nm. You can look the spectrum up in 
any plant physiology text book.

regards,

Soren L. Nielsen
Dept. Life Sciences and Chemistry
Roskilde University
Denmark



From jrmase@paisano.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:26 EDT 1996
Article: 2977 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!realtime.net!news
From: jrmase@paisano.com (Rusty Mase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: help
Date: Thu, 05 Sep 1996 13:45:03 GMT
Organization: Environmental Technical Services Co.
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <322ed89c.4518639@news2.bga.com>
References: <3229E562.3986@getnet.com> <322B26EC.6B92@getnet.com>
Reply-To: jrmase@paisano.com
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X-Newsreader: Forte Agent .99e/32.227

On Mon, 02 Sep 1996 12:26:52 -0600, Tyfani <tviehman@getnet.com>
wrote:

>Ironwood? also called Tesota, is a desert tree with very hard dense wood that will sink 
>in water.  The tree blooms in May with lavender flowersand sometimes the effect is quite 
>spectacular.  To what family of plants does this desert tree belong?

There is no listing for tesota as a common name at the "master site"
for official plant names:

USDA, NRCS 1996.  The PLANTS database;
National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA  70874-4490 
http://plants.usda.gov/plants/totselec.html

But a search for tesota turns up the following result:

_Olneya tesota_ Gray  desert ironwood  Fabaceae

Rusty Mase




From BIEBUYCK@BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA Sat Sep 14 11:33:27 EDT 1996
Article: 2978 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.erols.net!quagga.ru.ac.za!und.ac.za!news.unp.ac.za!BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA!BIEBUYCK
From: BIEBUYCK@BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA (PAUL.BIEBUYCK)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stumps
Date: Fri, 6 Sep 1996 12:25:38 GMT
Organization: University of Natal , Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <BIEBUYCK.48.32301842@BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA>
References: <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <bohmfalk-0509960724200001@199.172.137.216>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 143.128.64.241

In article <bohmfalk-0509960724200001@199.172.137.216> bohmfalk@tcgcs.com (John Bohmfalk) writes:
>From: bohmfalk@tcgcs.com (John Bohmfalk)
>Subject: Re: stumps
>Date: Thu, 05 Sep 1996 07:24:19 -0700

>In article <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, mjlindst@aol.com (MJLindst)
>wrote:

>> What's the best way to kill a tree stump that keeps sending up shoots -
>> short of digging it out?

>Years ago, I knew of a product called "Amate" which was a paste which was
>smeared on newly cut surfaces. It was transported into the roots and
>killed them.  I don't know if this is still available or not, though. 
>Even with this product, you still had to dig the stump out.

>Good luck.

>John
I don't know if this product is available in the US? but "Chopper" is one of 
the best products for this kind of thing (It is produced by Cyanamid). 
Otherwise "Roundup" (Glyphosate) is pretty good.

Paul


From jkoster@hotmail.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:28 EDT 1996
Article: 2979 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.erols.net!surfnet.nl!ruu.nl!news
From: Koster <jkoster@hotmail.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology
Subject: Fructan
Date: Fri, 06 Sep 1996 18:35:48 +0200
Organization: Academic Computer Centre Utrecht, (ACCU)
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:2979 sci.bio.microbiology:4259

If you're interested in fructans, there's a whole page full of it at:
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/4409


From kraemer@HBOI.edu Sat Sep 14 11:33:30 EDT 1996
Article: 2980 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.ultranet.com!homer.alpha.net!uwm.edu!news.nap.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.corpcomm.net!news.gate.net!news
From: George Kraemer <kraemer@HBOI.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: acorns as food
Date: Fri, 06 Sep 1996 13:34:44 -0700
Organization: Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution
Lines: 28
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jordi juan-tresserras wrote:
> 
> I am working in a study about the acorn use as human food in the
> Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb area. If anyone know some
> bibliographic references or some recipes (porridge, stews, cakes,
> ..), please let me know.
> Thanks in advance for your collaboration,
> Yours,
> 
> Jordi
> 
> *************************************************************************> 
> Jordi Juan i Tresserras
> Unitat d'Arqueobotanica
> SERP/Dept.Prehistoria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia
> UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA
> Baldiri i Reixac, s/n   Torre B pis 11
> E-08028-Barcelona
> (Espanya, Union Europea)
> 
> tel/fax: +34.3.4248035
> e-mail: juan@trivium.gh.ub.es
> 
> "Cada epoca de la historia modifica el fogon, y cada pueblo come segun
> su alma, antes tal vez que segun su estomago" - Emilia Pardo Bazan
> **************************************************************************

try:  hz225wu@unidui.uni-duisburg.de


From Soren.Nylin@zoologi.su.se Sat Sep 14 11:33:31 EDT 1996
Article: 2981 of sci.bio.botany
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From: snylin@zoologi.su.se
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Plant Info Needed
Date: Wed, 04 Sep 1996 15:36:25 GMT
Organization: Stockholm University
Lines: 36
Message-ID: <50j8as$gsm@news.datakom.su.se>
References: <322b9838.0@news.jetlink.net>
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dwalters@jetlink.net (Denise Walters) wrote:

>I don't know if this is the right place to ask, but I'll give it a shot:

>Does anyone have any plant info on Dalechampi-something-or-other?
>This is a vine I got at the local nursery.  I have never seen anything
>like it and I can't find any reference to it in several big fat gardening
>encyclopedias I have checked.

>I need to know the proper fertilization, soil conditions, watering,
>sun exposure, and propagation.  I'd also like to know where it came
>from, if that's possible.  I just now realized that I must have temp-
>orarily misplaced the tag off of it that had the name.  But I'm sure
>it starts with "Dalechampi".

>Thanks,
>  Denise

My plant-book says Dalechampia is a genus of the family Euphorbiaceae,
most of the 110 species are American. Some have stinging glands. Yours
could be D. roezliana fro Mexico, an ornamental plant. This could help
you find some more info.


-------------------------------------------------------------------
Soren Nylin
Lecturer/Assistant professor
Dept of Zoology
Stockholm University
S-106 91 Stockholm
SWEDEN

Tel +46-8-164033
FAX +46-8-167715
EMAIL Soren.Nylin@zoologi.su.se



From kps@office Sat Sep 14 11:33:32 EDT 1996
Article: 2982 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kps@office (Konstantin P. Savov)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.systematics,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Databases on the Web
Date: 5 Sep 1996 20:05:28 GMT
Organization: DataX/FLORIN, Inc.
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.plants:12068 sci.bio.systematics:1218 sci.bio.botany:2982


The following botanical databases are currently available on the Web:

	Catalogue of Authentic Specimens of Moscow State University
	Herbarium (MW).

	Mosses of the former USSR, by Dr. Michael Ignatov.

	A Taxonomic Revision of Pseudodracontium (Araceae - Aroideae -
	Thomsonieae), by Dr. Michael Serebryanyi.

	Lotus database, by Dr. Tatyana Kramina.


All the databases mentioned can be found at http://www.florin.ru/florin/db


--
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       Konstantin Savov       |    DataX/FLORIN, Inc.    Moscow, Russia    |
|                              |      Advanced Data Management Systems      |
|     E-mail:  kps@florin.ru   |  Voice: (095)158-9520  Fax: (095)158-5700  |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
               FLORIN Home Page: "http://www.florin.ru/florin/"


From ork@umich.edu Sat Sep 14 11:33:33 EDT 1996
Article: 2983 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Rork Kuick <ork@umich.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 6 Sep 1996 19:23:16 GMT
Organization: Univ. of Michigan
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In article <50mocq$i1n@clark.zippo.com> thrasher,  writes:
> I'm a pharmacist and am not aware of such. However I do know of an
excellent 
> product called Rhus Tox that is a homeopathic remedy for poison ivy.
What it
> does is dose you with a minutely small (nobody said I wuz great in
english)
> amount of the poison ivy oil with the result that your body doesn't
recognize it
> as being a harmful substance, hence it reverses its allergic response. 

I'd like the low down.  I get two stories here in Michigan.  First is
that a person
acquires resistance via exposure.  I seem to become more resistant during
the 
year, and notice that folks who are rarely exposed have worse reactions. 
Also
DNR rangers here used to ingest ever increasing doses to acquire
resistance.
Second story is that a person will become sensitized (as for epoxies) by
repeated
exposures - that I may one day expect horrible reactions due to my near
constant
exposure to poison ivy.   I wonder if this is just a "sympathetic theory"
based 
on analogy to allegic reactions though.  Additional non-anecdotes
appreciated.


From taco@vms.cis.pitt.edu Sat Sep 14 11:33:34 EDT 1996
Article: 2984 of sci.bio.botany
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From: taco@vms.cis.pitt.edu (Dr. Thomas Anderson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: research assistant - China
Date: 6 Sep 1996 21:52:44 GMT
Organization: University of Pittsburgh
Lines: 27
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NNTP-Posting-Host: d1.atgw2.eps.pitt.edu

Dear Sir or Madam

I  am a recent college graduate interested in work as a research assistant
in field biology.  I am most suited for research in Asia, but am
interested in projects in South America and the US as well.

My credentials include an honors degree in field biology from Princeton
University, a thesis on genetic diversity in a Colorado wild flower, and
temperate plant collection experience.  In addition, I have extensive
experience with spoken and written Chinese, and recently finished a year
teaching English in China.

I am interested in any projects planned to begin before the 1997 fall
term, at which point (if all goes well) I will enter graduate school in
botany.

If you are planning or know of any projects interested in hiring research
assistants, please contact me either at  "taco@vms.cis.pitt.edu", or at
the address below.

Thanks for your time

Garrett Anderson
705 Redstone Rd.
Washington, PA
15301
(412) 228-3250


From joyce@mcs.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:35 EDT 1996
Article: 2985 of sci.bio.botany
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From: joyce@mcs.com (Joyce)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 7 Sep 1996 20:30:34 GMT
Organization: MCSNet Services
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IN THE MEANTIME, there is a plant called jewel-weed, that grows where poison ivy
grows.  It is about 1-3 feet high, with leaves sort of like goosfoot, and it 
has little orange, snapdragon-like flowers. The stems are very watery, and 
easily crushed.  Rubbing this liquid all over before possible exposure, or 
and ESPECIALLY after, even the most sensitive folks won't get it. It is a 
great antidote used by downstate Illinois farmers.

joyce@mcs.net
HERB HOMEPAGE at http://www.mcs.net/~joyce

In article <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu>, Rork Kuick <ork@umich.edu> says:
>
>In article <50mocq$i1n@clark.zippo.com> thrasher,  writes:
>> I'm a pharmacist and am not aware of such. However I do know of an
>excellent 
>> product called Rhus Tox that is a homeopathic remedy for poison ivy.
>What it
>> does is dose you with a minutely small (nobody said I wuz great in
>english)
>> amount of the poison ivy oil with the result that your body doesn't
>recognize it
>> as being a harmful substance, hence it reverses its allergic response. 
>
>I'd like the low down.  I get two stories here in Michigan.  First is
>that a person
>acquires resistance via exposure.  I seem to become more resistant during
>the 
>year, and notice that folks who are rarely exposed have worse reactions. 
>Also
>DNR rangers here used to ingest ever increasing doses to acquire
>resistance.
>Second story is that a person will become sensitized (as for epoxies) by
>repeated
>exposures - that I may one day expect horrible reactions due to my near
>constant
>exposure to poison ivy.   I wonder if this is just a "sympathetic theory"
>based 
>on analogy to allegic reactions though.  Additional non-anecdotes
>appreciated.


From Scott Brogan Sat Sep 14 11:33:37 EDT 1996
Article: 2986 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Scott Brogan
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Seed germination
Date: 7 Sep 1996 19:53:01 -0700
Organization: Laboratório de Biofisica, UnB, Brasília, D.F., Brasil
Lines: 3
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NNTP-Posting-Host: maq24.tba.com.br

Anyone know anything (or have any references) about how the metabolism of a
seed changes when it germinates? I´m not a botanist but I´m interested in
this, as there may be analogies to the transition from dormancy in animals.


From phyllo@tir.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:38 EDT 1996
Article: 2987 of sci.bio.botany
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From: phyllo@tir.com (Dan Hunt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: RE:Plant Info..Dameichampia
Date: Sat, 07 Sep 1996 21:13:31 GMT
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Tender,evergreen flowering plants Native to MexicoBelonging to the
euphorba Family
Minimum winter temp of 55 degrees
best potting medium consists of equal partspeat,leaf mold and loam
repoting is done in March
water freely in the summer months..wateronly when soil is quite dry in
winter
Hope this is helpful!




From rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk Sat Sep 14 11:33:39 EDT 1996
Article: 2988 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
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From: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk ("Roger Whitehead")
Subject: Re: acorns as food - marginal
Message-ID: <DxEv5r.Cu4@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Organization: Compulink Information eXchange
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> This leaching does not affect the protein content and some oaks such
> as Q. gambeli are naturally low in tannins.

According to the Livingstones' "Edible Plants & Animals" (Facts on File, 
1993), Quercus alba acorns are very low in tannin and can be eaten raw.

Also, they say, some Indian tribes mixed clay with acorn meal (about 
1:20 ratio) to make it sweet and to help it rise, like bread, when 
cooked.

Roger

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Roger Whitehead, Office Futures
14 Amy Road, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0PX, England
Tel +44 1883 713074; Fax +44 1883 716793
rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk)
.


From panna@erols.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:41 EDT 1996
Article: 2989 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Brenda Anna <panna@erols.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Sun, 08 Sep 1996 00:27:25 -0700
Organization: Riversdale Chamber Ensemble
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net>
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Joyce wrote:
> 
> IN THE MEANTIME, there is a plant called jewel-weed, that grows where poison ivy
> grows.  It is about 1-3 feet high, with leaves sort of like goosfoot, and it
> has little orange, snapdragon-like flowers. The stems are very watery, and
> easily crushed.  Rubbing this liquid all over before possible exposure, or
> and ESPECIALLY after, even the most sensitive folks won't get it. It is a
> great antidote used by downstate Illinois farmers.
> 
> joyce@mcs.net
> HERB HOMEPAGE at http://www.mcs.net/~joyce


That's very interesting! I"ve only heard of using jewelweed for nettle 
stings. Thanks for the tip! :)




From nielsen@RUC.DK Sat Sep 14 11:33:42 EDT 1996
Article: 2990 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nielsen@RUC.DK (S›ren Laurentius Nielsen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Conference anouncement - Studying Stress in Ecological Systems
Date: Thu, 5 Sep 1996 14:18:19 GMT
Organization: Roskilde Universitetscenter - Denmark
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Studying Stress in Ecological Systems: Pure and Applied Perspectives.

Announcement


21-24 June 1997
Roskilde University Denmark

 The main emphasis of this conference will be on ways of studying stress, ways of using stress as a
probe to study ecological processes, and ways of using insights from pure ecology as management
tools in applied ecology. 

Conference Venue - The conference will be held at Roskilde University, Denmark. In the Middle
Ages, Roskilde was the country's capital as well as a major Scandinavian religious center.  The
town, which is located about 30 km west of Copenhagen, has a famous cathedral dating back to
the twelfth century, which remains the official burial place for Danish royalty.  Celebrating its
25th anniversary in 1997, Roskilde University is located a few km from the town center.  Its eight
departments offer Bachelors, Masters and Ph.D. degrees to a total of about 6000 students.

Language - English will be the official language of the conference.

Travel - Roskilde is easily reached from Copenhagen's international airport and central train
station.

Accommodation - Various levels of accommodation will be available.  In addition, beautiful
camping sites are easily reached by car from Roskilde.

Proceedings - The abstracts of the conference will be published and a proceedings book of the
main contributions is also planned.

Scientific Programme - Five sessions will address a range of key issues in the study of ecological
stress.  Oral sessions will open with invited presentations, include contributed papers, and close
with an open discussion period.  In addition there will be an evening poster session/social, and a
round table discussion of key issues led by session chairs.  The session topics are as follows:

 * Adaptational Aspects: A Complication in Stress Studies?
 * Studying Stress in Organisms: Does the Individual Matter?
 * Studying Stress in Populations: What Can We Learn From Life-History Analyses?
 * Studying Stress in Ecosystems: Complexity as an Impediment or an Advantage?
 * Integrating Pure and Applied Perspectives in Stress Studies.

Key Dates: 

 * November 1996: Call for abstracts and details on accommodation, registration, fees and
 payment.
 
 * 1 February 1997: Deadline for submission of abstracts.

 * 15 March 1997: Notification to authors on acceptance and form of presentation.

 * 15 April 1997: Deadline for early registration fee.

Organizing Committee

Forbes, VE, Roskilde Univ, Denmark (Chair)
Calow, P, Univ of Sheffield, UK
Loeschcke, V, Aarhus Univ, Denmark
Nielsen, SL, Roskilde Univ, Denmark
Parker, ED, Aarhus Univ, Denmark

Invited Speakers/Chairs

Baird, D, Univ of Stirling, UK
Calow, P, Univ of Sheffield, UK
Depledge, MH, Univ of Plymouth, UK
Forbes, VE, Roskilde Univ, Denmark
Gray, J., Oslo Univ, Norway
Grime, JP, Univ of Sheffield, UK
Hoffmann, A, La Trobe Univ, Australia
Holloway, G, Univ of Reading, UK
Lam, PKS, City Univ, Hong Kong
Loeschcke, V, Aarhus Univ, DK
Maltby, L, Univ of Sheffield, UK
Nielsen, SL, Roskilde Univ, Denmark
Parker, ED, Aarhus Univ, Denmark
Sibly, R, Univ of Reading, UK


>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
 REPLY SLIP
Please return this reply slip by e-mail to the symposium secretariat to receive a registration pack.

Surname:                                                               
First name:                                                             
Profession/title:                                                      
Mailing address:                                                    
                                                                              
                                                                              
email:                                                                  

I intend to submit the following presentation(s):

                                                                              

                                                                              
                                                                              
                                                                              

Preferred form of presentation:      Oral:                   
                                                                              Poster:                
No. of registration packs required:            .







From cyli@visi.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:43 EDT 1996
Article: 2991 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cyli <cyli@visi.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Sun, 08 Sep 1996 03:23:31 -0700
Organization: http://www.visi.com/~cyli/
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Nettleweed is no real problem.  If you leave it alone, it'll stop itching 
in about 20 minutes.  I've found it useful when playing Splattball.  
Nobody believes anyone'll hide in a nettle patch.  Until I stand up and 
shoot them.  If I don't have to stand, they'll be completely baffled for 
long enough for up to 3 shots (hand pumped gun.).


Brenda Anna wrote:
> 
> Joyce wrote:
> >
> > IN THE MEANTIME, there is a plant called jewel-weed, that grows where poison ivy
> > grows.  It is about 1-3 feet high, with leaves sort of like goosfoot, and it
> > has little orange, snapdragon-like flowers. The stems are very watery, and
> > easily crushed.  Rubbing this liquid all over before possible exposure, or
> > and ESPECIALLY after, even the most sensitive folks won't get it. It is a
> > great antidote used by downstate Illinois farmers.
> >
> > joyce@mcs.net
> > HERB HOMEPAGE at http://www.mcs.net/~joyce
> 
> That's very interesting! I"ve only heard of using jewelweed for nettle
> stings. Thanks for the tip! :)

-- 
"If I die of curiosity, who will entertain you with naive questions?"
 
 I only answer my mail on an average of once every two months.  Be 
patient.

 http://www.visi.com/~cyli/


From edmelo@voicenet.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:45 EDT 1996
Article: 2992 of sci.bio.botany
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From: edmelo@voicenet.com (Ed Melo)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Mon, 09 Sep 96 02:36:39 GMT
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josephx@ix.netcom.com(X Marks The Spot) wrote:
>
>Just announced yesterday:  Within a year a product will be available,
>over the counter, that works much like sunscreen- only for poison ivy,
>sumac,etc.  I have no other details.  Does anyone else?

I believe that what you are referring to is a series of products made by 
Tec Laboratories .  They have a brand name of "Oak and Ivy".  You can call 
TEC at 1-800-ITCHING for more info. 

They have three products 

1.  A pre-exposure skin shield like you described,
2.  A skin cleanser  to be used after possible contact and 
3.  A product for drying out the blisters if you already have them

I bought all of the products this summer.  As I remember they ran between 
$5 - $8 each.  I got them over the counter at the drugstore.  I can't vouch 
fully for them with my limited experience.  I am not overly suseptible to 
poison ivy, though I have gotten it at times, so it may be more a matter of 
luck rather than of these products that has prevented my getting any "PI" 
so far.  The really suseptible members of my family are too gun shy to put 
themselves in harm's way (weeding, gardening) even with these new products. 


Hope this helps

Ed Melo


From bex@foscot.demon.co.uk Sat Sep 14 11:33:46 EDT 1996
Article: 2993 of sci.bio.botany
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From: *** <bex@foscot.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stumps
Date: Thu, 5 Sep 1996 23:09:38 +0100
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In article <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, MJLindst
<mjlindst@aol.com> writes
>What's the best way to kill a tree stump that keeps sending up shoots -
>short of digging it out?
Poisen it with a translocating herbicide such as glysophate. Spray the
young leaves and/or cut gashes all round the sides and on the top of the
stump and apply herbicide thickly with a brush.
If you don't want to use chemicals you could try covering it with light-
proof material eg heavy black polythene. No sunlight means no leaf
photosynthesis means eventually it should starve to death.
-- 
bex
How many trees have you planted this year ?


From bex@foscot.demon.co.uk Sat Sep 14 11:33:47 EDT 1996
Article: 2994 of sci.bio.botany
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From: *** <bex@foscot.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help (endophytic fungi)
Date: Thu, 5 Sep 1996 23:12:28 +0100
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Does anyone know if endophytic fungi exist in woody stems ? Some tree
care books say yes, some say no. If they do, are they in the xylem or
the phloem. 
Please, someone put me out of my misery.
-- 
bex
How many trees have you planted this year ?


From brianteas@aol.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:49 EDT 1996
Article: 2995 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brianteas@aol.com (BrianTeas)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: herbicides
Date: 9 Sep 1996 12:13:42 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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I am looking for current research and papers on herbicide regulation,
current trends, mechanisms, and past problems.  If anyone could help by
providing information, I would appreciate it.

Brian Teasdale
Univ. of South Florida
brianteas@aol.com


From heatxfr@broach.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:50 EDT 1996
Article: 2996 of sci.bio.botany
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From: heatxfr@broach.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need Help (Grow & Propigate) Papyrus
Date: 9 Sep 1996 17:24:28 GMT
Organization: Galaxy Star - Northeastern Oklahoma Internet
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I would like to ask this group if someone can help me to find
information on the net, about growing and propigating papyrus
in Oklahoma.

TIA

Craig


From urban_forestry@mbnet.mb.ca Sat Sep 14 11:33:51 EDT 1996
Article: 2997 of sci.bio.botany
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From: urban_forestry@mbnet.mb.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plants and Vitamins
Date: 9 Sep 1996 19:22:59 GMT
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I'm looking for any information on the use of vitamins (as we know them in human nutrition) as plant food through roots or  injected.


www.mbnet.mb.ca/city/parks/envserv/forestry/forest.html



From jperez@master.ivia.es Sat Sep 14 11:33:53 EDT 1996
Article: 2999 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Joan Perez <jperez@master.ivia.es>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: pollen counting
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 1996 12:13:17 -0700
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I want to know how many pollen grains are in an anther. I'm working in
Citrus varieties and I would like to know any method to estimate the
pollen grain number per flower.
I have read a simple method that uses an haemacytometer, is this a
Neubauer chamber?
I'm sure anybody can help me.
Thanks in advance

                        Joan Perez
        Instituto Valenciano Investigaciones Agrarias
                Valencia      Spain


From tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw Sat Sep 14 11:33:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3000 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw (tsicrad)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.technology,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Free Reagent grade Phycoerythrin
Date: 11 Sep 1996 08:45:51 GMT
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Please mail your name, affiliation, phone, FAX, and address to me. I will
contact to you soon.
My E mail:tricrad@ksts.seed.net.net  or tsicchen@ms2.hinet.net



From tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw Sat Sep 14 11:33:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3001 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw (tsicrad)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.food-science,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.technology,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Free reagent grade phycoerythrin
Date: 11 Sep 1996 08:48:01 GMT
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Please give me your name, affiliation, phone, fax, and address. I will 
contact to you soon.
My e mail:tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw  or tsicchen@ms2.hinet.net



From QFMF05A@prodigy.com Sat Sep 14 11:33:57 EDT 1996
Article: 3002 of sci.bio.botany
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From: QFMF05A@prodigy.com (Elizabeth Simnacher)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mentzelia decapetalia: Rare in N. Texas?
Date: 11 Sep 1996 04:49:34 GMT
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The director emeritus of a local nature center showed me slides of 
Mentzelia decapetalia. It is blooming nearby. He said it was very rare, 
blooms at night, narrowly escaped destruction by the road maintenance 
crews.

We are in Cedar Hill, a Dallas suburb. Does anyone know of this plant? Is 
it truly rare -- if not, is it rare in this area? I can find it in 
Shinners' Manual of the North Central Texas Flora and also in Manual of 
the Vascular Plants of Texas; both mention its range including Dallas 
County.

If it is rare, I will write a story about it for the Dallas Morning News 
saying that -- while it is still blooming. I'd love to get all the 
information I can about this plant.

Thank you.

Betsy Simnacher
you see my Prodigy address, also I am at:
74777.1320@compuserve.com



From poser@leland.Stanford.EDU Sat Sep 14 11:33:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3003 of sci.bio.botany
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From: poser@leland.Stanford.EDU (Patrick Tower)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help! Estimate of photosystems/chloroplast needed.
Date: 10 Sep 1996 15:54:11 -0700
Organization: Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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<Sorry for the repost; I hate typos.>

I'm a (very frustrated) research assistant.  I've been trying for months
(on and off) to quantify the number of chlorophyll (or, alternatively,
total pigment)  molecules in a given area of leaf.  I've found estimates
for the number of molecules per photosystem, the number of chloroplasts
per cell, and the number of cells per square millimeter of leaf area.  All
of these numbers are going to be ranges, but I'm trying to get a citable
reference to an estimate of at least the order of magnitude of the number
of photosystems in a chloroplast so that we can multiply up.

Any help would be greatly appreciated. I'm trying to find an answer ASAP,
so please pass on any info you have, even if it is only sketchy or needs
verifying.  This is one of my priority projects for the week.

TIA for your help.

-- 
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
           Patrick Tower                   poser@leland.stanford.edu
               http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~poser/index.html
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
"I like to skate on the other side of the ice...."     -Steven Wright


From philjs@yorku.ca Sat Sep 14 11:34:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3004 of sci.bio.botany
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From: philjs@yorku.ca (Phil Schappert)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: field guide to Florida wildflowers
Date: Fri, 06 Sep 1996 14:10:54 GMT
Organization: York University
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"James E. Taylor" <jetaylor@gate.net> wrote:

>I'm looking for a field guide to Florida wildflowers - particular focus on
>SW Florida - any suggestions?

The only one that I'm aware of is "Florida Wild Flowers and Roadside
Plants" by C.R. Bell & R.J. Taylor, Laurel Hill Press, Chapel Hill, 1982
(ISBN: 0-9608688-0-I). It's well worth it if you can find it. I got my copy
at Butterfly World in Coconut Creek, BTW.

Phil

---
Phil Schappert
Biology, York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
philjs@yorku.ca



From repfarm@sprynet.com Sat Sep 14 11:34:01 EDT 1996
Article: 3005 of sci.bio.botany
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From: repfarm@sprynet.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Water Hyacynths as food?
Date: 11 Sep 1996 07:02:11 GMT
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Looking for nutritional info on water hyacynths.  My water turtles eat them.  I was wanting to feed the excess ones to my iguanas, 
but would like to know what's in them first.  Any help would be appreciated.

James

Conservation through captive propagation.




From mk95528@navix.net Sat Sep 14 11:34:02 EDT 1996
Article: 3006 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ANTIQUE PLANT CLIPART
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 1996 17:21:50 GMT
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Anyone interested in a CD-ROM of copyright free Antique clipart of
plants of all kinds, drop us an e-mail. We will send you info about
our very rare CD-ROM of black and white line art plant images.
We used a desktop scanner to glean old engravings and woodcuts from a
ton of antique books. Any information before the year 1920 is
copyright free in the United States and Internationally to be totally
safe.
We are using our CD-ROM Writer to make custom copies for individuals
wanting a few other images to go on the CD at no extra charge,
providing the requests are not too large, and we can find the time to
look around for them. 
Anyway, if you are interested, send us an e-mail.

Sincerely;

Margie 


From stinger@nabalu.flas.ufl.edu Sat Sep 14 11:34:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3007 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stinger <stinger@nabalu.flas.ufl.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: minimum set of areas
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 1996 15:36:00 -0400
Organization: University of Florida
Lines: 36
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An easy place for you to look would be in the recent volume from the
National Botanical Institute of South Africa on the conservation of the
Southern African Flora.  I think that Brian Huntley must be the editor
and it probably came out in 1994.  It was the first issue of STRELITZIA
a new series from the NBI. (my copy is on loan so I can't give the
details) It has at least two chapters giving exactly the thing you seem
to be seeking.



Albert Sigurdsson wrote:
> 
> Dear netters
> 
> I am working on a small project where I need to find a 'minimum set'
> of areas having all the relevant species (66 rare species).  The data
> is ready but I have yet to find an algorithm that allows me to do this
> (e.g. in an Excel workspace).
> 
> Is there anyone out there willing and able to tell me what kind of
> algoritms I need or refer me to the relevant literature where I can
> find such algorithms ?
> 
> Thanks in advance,
>         Albert S. Sigurdsson
>         sigurdss@helsinki.fi
>         www.helsinki.fi/~sigurdss



-- 
Stinger Guala
209 Rolfs Hall
P.O. Box 110530
Gainesville, FL 32611-0530
USA


From stinger@nabalu.flas.ufl.edu Sat Sep 14 11:34:05 EDT 1996
Article: 3008 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stinger <stinger@nabalu.flas.ufl.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: field guide to Florida wildflowers
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 1996 15:26:44 -0400
Organization: University of Florida
Lines: 23
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The Guide to Florida Wildflowers by Walter Kingsley Taylor, 1992 Tayor
Publishing, Dallas Texas ISBN 0-87833-747-4

is pretty and reasonably well stocked with the common things. Although I
require a more technical text, I find my students in Local Flora (here
in N. Central FL) using this one extensively - you can't get a better
rec than that.

There will also be another very good one from Wendy Zomlefer out in a
year or so.

Richard Wunderlin's Guide the the Vascular Plants of Central Florida
1982 ISBN 0-8130-0748-8 is the standard Flora for the area now that Long
& Lakela is out of print but it has no pictures and can be very
difficult for the non-botanist to use.


-- 
Stinger Guala
209 Rolfs Hall
P.O. Box 110530
Gainesville, FL 32611-0530
USA


From mikaline@netcom.com Sat Sep 14 11:34:06 EDT 1996
Article: 3009 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: mikaline@netcom.com (m.lee)
Subject: Re: Water Hyacynths as food?
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repfarm@sprynet.com wrote:
: Looking for nutritional info on water hyacynths.  My water turtles eat them.  I was wanting to feed the excess ones to my iguanas, 
: but would like to know what's in them first.  Any help would be appreciated.

: James

: Conservation through captive propagation.

It's a heavy metal accumulator - here in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 
they pick up some stuff that prevented us from composting them way back 
when.  Used in sewage treatment.  Used to make paper in India.

ml


From bpaton@inforamp.net. Sun Sep 15 11:00:55 EDT 1996
Article: 3010 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bpaton@inforamp.net. (bill paton)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 14 Sep 1996 14:52:58 GMT
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>In article <50mocq$i1n@clark.zippo.com> thrasher,  writes:
> >> I'm a pharmacist and am not aware of such. However I do know of an
> >excellent 
> >> product called Rhus Tox that is a homeopathic remedy for poison ivy.
> >What it
> >> does is dose you with a minutely small (nobody said I wuz great in
> >english)
> >> amount of the poison ivy oil with the result that your body doesn't
> >recognize it
> >> as being a harmful substance, hence it reverses its allergic response. 
> >

I have used Rhus Tox and all it does is take the itch away-which it does
extremely effectively. There is another naturopathic stuff which if you
take it beforehand it will keep you from getting it.

Believe me, I take Poison Ivy very seriously.


From john@znet.com Sun Sep 15 11:00:57 EDT 1996
Article: 3011 of sci.bio.botany
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From: john@znet.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Woolemi Pines
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 96 03:05:16 GMT
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Could someone please direct me to the most up-to-date sources and
publications (on-line, too) pertaining to the classification and
current research regarding Woolemi Araucaria?  I am preparing a 
discussion with the Woolemi discovery being the highlight.  I have scoured the 
Australian www sources and haven't been able to find anything more recent than 
Nov. '95.  In particular, I need to know what the official name given to the 
trees is and what definitive genetic studies have been performed.

Thanks.

For the curious, here are some interesting starting points pertaining to the 
Woolemi discovery:

http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/RBG/News/woll.html

http://kaos.erin.gov.au:80/life/end_vuln/plants/liv_fossil.html

JF


From johnrr@teleport.com Sun Sep 15 11:00:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3012 of sci.bio.botany
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From: johnrr@teleport.com (JRR)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: herbicides
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 05:17:57 GMT
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You might start by pointing your webrowser to EXTOXNET.

John

brianteas@aol.com (BrianTeas) wrote:

>I am looking for current research and papers on herbicide regulation,
>current trends, mechanisms, and past problems.  If anyone could help by
>providing information, I would appreciate it.

>Brian Teasdale
>Univ. of South Florida
>brianteas@aol.com




From rbowen@fastlane.net Sun Sep 15 11:00:59 EDT 1996
Article: 3013 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Rick Bowen <rbowen@fastlane.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Sat, 14 Sep 1996 23:23:49 -0500
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Rork Kuick wrote:
> 
> In article <50mocq$i1n@clark.zippo.com> thrasher,  writes:
> > I'm a pharmacist and am not aware of such. However I do know of an
> excellent
> > product called Rhus Tox that is a homeopathic remedy for poison ivy.
> What it
> > does is dose you with a minutely small (nobody said I wuz great in
> english)
> > amount of the poison ivy oil with the result that your body doesn't
> recognize it
> > as being a harmful substance, hence it reverses its allergic response.
> 
> I'd like the low down.  I get two stories here in Michigan.  First is
> that a person
> acquires resistance via exposure.  I seem to become more resistant during
> the
> year, and notice that folks who are rarely exposed have worse reactions.
> Also
> DNR rangers here used to ingest ever increasing doses to acquire
> resistance.
> Second story is that a person will become sensitized (as for epoxies) by
> repeated
> exposures - that I may one day expect horrible reactions due to my near
> constant
> exposure to poison ivy.   I wonder if this is just a "sympathetic theory"
> based
> on analogy to allegic reactions though.  Additional non-anecdotes
> appreciated.

  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is 
full of shit! I have had it four times this year BEFORE the 4th of July.
I have had it at least 3 times a year since I was in the Boy Scouts. 
I am 33 yrs. old and have had it at least 30 times in my short life. I 
have caught it as late as Deceember and January in St.Louis, Mo. with 
snow, (1 to 2 ft.), on the ground. 
  If someone wants to ingest it, be my guest. The oil that causes the 
reaction, doesn't care whether it is your hand, arm, leg, private parts, 
(yes, very painful), or the INSIDE of your mouth and 
throat/trachyea,(sp?). That can get very dangerous. I have developed a 
very healthy respect for PI.
Rick
-- 
An untrue statement, left unchallenged,
to be accepted as fact, is still a lie.
A lie repeated often enough, is still a lie.
Eat healthy, Exercise regularly, Die anyway.   
NRA & TSRA Life Member
TIP #1822


From rcheung@ottawa.com Sun Sep 15 11:01:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3014 of sci.bio.botany
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From: skydiver@intranet.ca (Robin L. M. Cheung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Date: 15 Sep 1996 05:38:06 GMT
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Would anyone perhaps be able to tell me some information about 
Aeschynanthus javanicus?  I know that it is a temperate plant and that it is a 
monocot with somewhat waxy leaves.  Any other information would be great, 
like family name, characteristics, etc.

Thanks!

ttfn
-robin [Team OS/2]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robin L. M. Cheung  Carleton University (Biology III.5)  Ottawa, ON 
CANADA
        __|__                                
    _____(X)_____  <--- perfectly good      Arthur's Place BBS ISDN/V.34+
        0 ' 0           aeroplane           (613)523-3561 ISDN 1:163/457
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                \#/  <--- me                    
                 O                              Skydive!  CSPA A-5076
                                       http://chat.carleton.ca/~rcheung/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------



From yfbcards@postoffice.ptd.net Sun Sep 15 11:01:01 EDT 1996
Article: 3015 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yfbcards@postoffice.ptd.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: palm tree (nannorrhops ritchiana)
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 21:58:15 -0400
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Please if any body has a picture of this palm. I am desperate for this, it
is native of Afganistan and Pakistan. Please E-Mail or snail mail to me!

         troy Ruppert
         3873 Geryville Pike
         Pennsburg, Pa. 18073

         yfbcards@postoffice.ptd.net


From student@stclares.demon.co.uk Sun Sep 15 11:01:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3016 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Student" <student@stclares.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: edible fungi
Date: Sat, 14 Sep 1996 10:56:52 GMT
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How many species of edible fungi are there in Devon, England ?





From dsi2@expert.cc.purdue.edu Sun Sep 15 11:01:04 EDT 1996
Article: 3017 of sci.bio.botany
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From: dsi2@expert.cc.purdue.edu (Daniel Ingevaldson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Sterling Rose
Date: 15 Sep 1996 04:44:49 GMT
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I heard of a rare type of rose, called a 'sterling rose'.  
Apparently, it has a rare color, and it is thornless.
I am looking for a rare flower for a rare gift.  I have been
unable to find any information on it.  Please reply here or
to dsi@purdue.edu. 

Thanks

-Dan



From danobr@crl.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:15 EDT 1996
Article: 3018 of sci.bio.botany
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From: danobr@crl.com (Dan O'Brien)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
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i think poson ivy exposure, and the severity of the symptoms depends on 
the particular person. I've been exposed several times, and have never 
gotten the rash...go figure, now that i've said that, i'll get exposed 
and get a nasty rash tomorrow...  :(

--dan--



From bettyc@flyinggoat.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:16 EDT 1996
Article: 3019 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Betty Cunningham <bettyc@flyinggoat.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sterling Rose
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 04:48:26 -0700
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Daniel Ingevaldson wrote:
> 
> I heard of a rare type of rose, called a 'sterling rose'.
> Apparently, it has a rare color, and it is thornless.
> I am looking for a rare flower for a rare gift.  I have been
> unable to find any information on it.  Please reply here or
> to dsi@purdue.edu.

There is a hybrid Tea rose called "Sterling Silver' which is heavily 
scented, sort of a soft mauve-lavender, and is SPARSELY thorned.  The 
only non-thorned rose I know of (admittedly I don't know the more exotic 
species) is the Lady Bank's rose, which is small-flowered, either yellow 
or white, unscented, and climbs to 25 feet in California.

You want a good suggestion for a rose, ask in rec.gardens.roses

-Betty Cunningham


From g.pack@zetnet.co.uk Wed Sep 25 14:05:17 EDT 1996
Article: 3020 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Graeme Pack <g.pack@zetnet.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: seed germination
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 18:34:47 +0100
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Hi
I'm a veterinarian and have been asked a question by a client who is 
involved in aviculture that I can't answer.
He breeds birds and feeds them sprouted seeds amongst other things.  
The process of sprouting the seed is tedious and time consumeing.

The question is if sprouted seed has any nutritional benefits over 
unsprouted seeds?

I have given it some thought and wonder if there may be a change in 
the availability of nutrients when the seed germinates.  I've been 
told theres a substantial increase in the VIT E content?

Any help would be appreciated.

Regards

Graeme



From monique@bio.tamu.edu Wed Sep 25 14:05:19 EDT 1996
Article: 3021 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: penny royal/blue chohosh information sought
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 14:49:44 UNDEFINED
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>I'm looking or information on penny royal =?= blue chohosh

>This is the name of a herb, the tea (oral) of which a girl friend of mine is 
>using as a contraceptive. As i know nothing of this plant i'm a bit skeptical, 
>and this makes me uncomfortable with it's effectiveness. It's originally 
>supposed to be used by american indians (don't know if that's south or north a.).

>A medline search on above names returned nothing useful.


Oooooo.  Be careful.  Pennyroyal may be effective as a "contraceptive" because 
it can have abortifacient properties.  (It's one of the herbs strongly 
contraindicated for pregnant women.)  If you are trying to *prevent* 
conception, I would suggest something else.

M.D.R.


From mod@world.std.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:20 EDT 1996
Article: 3022 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
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From: mod@world.std.com (Glutenous Maximus)
Subject: Asparagus diuretic - "psycho-fact"?
Message-ID: <Dxs8Ay.3xG@world.std.com>
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I am looking for authoritative info to help in settling a friendly
dispute.  I have no particularly useful knowledge on this subject
but that hasn't prevented me from challenging somebody else's
assertion that asparagus is diuretic.  I claim that they have
instead probably just described a "psycho-fact" - since asparagus
does make the act of urinating more memorable, so to speak, they
may simply have convinced themselves that it's a diuretic because
it seems like they remember urinating after eating asparagus more
than they remember doing so after eating other foods.

So, I'd be obliged to anyone here who might shed a little light on
this by discussing the chemistry/botany/pharmacology of asparagus,
specifically: is asparagus diuretic and if so, what is the particular
plant-chemistry and physiology involved.  In other words, what are
the specific compounds in question (if any) and how do they act on
the human body.  And if it isn't already obvious, please understand
that I'm looking for more than just folk-wisdom, hearsay or herbal-
lore - not that they aren't frequently useful, but I don't regard
them as authoritative...

    [ And, no: I ain't no dang "watersports" weirdo! ]   ;->   ;->

Regards,
 ---------------------------------
 Michael O'Donnell     mod@std.com            Copyright (c) 1996
 ---------------------------------

P.S.  Here's something I posted to rec.food.cooking earlier - it's
      moderately interesting, but not quite relevant:


 From "On Food and Cooking"   by Harold McGee    ISBN 0-684-18132-0

  The Lily family: Asparagus, Leek, Onion

  Plants in the lily family are relatives of the grasses, and have
  structures more like them than like other vegetable plants.
  Asparagus is native to temperate Eurasia and is unique in having
  no leaves, properly speaking, but rather "phylloclades", or
  delicate photosynthetic branches.  It was known as a delicacy in
  Greek and Roman times, and later, high demand for it led to the
  use of many substitutes including young blackberry shoots and
  leeks, which were called "poor man's asparagus".  It remains
  expensive today because the shoots grow at different rates and
  must be harvested by hand.

  An odd side effect of asparagus has been known for centuries.  As
  the learned Frenchman Dr. Louis Lemery put it in his *Treatise of
  All Sorts of Foods* (1702) [...]  "Sparagrass eaten to Excess
  sharpen the Humours and heat a little, and therefore Persons of a
  bilious Constitution ought to use them moderately: They cause a
  filthy and disagreeable Smell in the Urine, as every Body knows."

  From 1956 until 1980 it was thought the excretion of odorous
  methyl mercaptan after eating asparagus was a dominant genetic
  trait; if you had the particular gene, you were a "stinker".  But
  a recent study found that *all* asparagus eaters excrete methyl
  mercaptan; it is the ability to *detect* its odor that varies
  from person to person.  The sulfur-containing amino acid
  methionine is suspected as the precursor in asparagus.


 I don't even want to *know* how they conducted that experiment...



From dmany@cam.org Wed Sep 25 14:05:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3023 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Daniel Many <dmany@cam.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How to control aphid populations?
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 17:06:29 -0700
Organization: Communications Accessibles Montreal, Quebec Canada
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Hi there!

I`m looking for information on biological or chemical control of aphids
on maples and linden.or any other kind of information on how to control
aphid populations. If you have personal experience or references on that
topic it would be greatly appreciated. 

Dan
e-mail: dmany@cam.org


From gadbermd@Walden.mo.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:23 EDT 1996
Article: 3024 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gadbermd@Walden.mo.net (Michael Gadberry)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Schools w/ good bio/botany programs?
Date: 16 Sep 1996 17:06:14 GMT
Organization: -=MO.NET=- MVP-Net, Inc's Missouri Operations
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Hi all,
	I am looking for recommendations of schools with good undergrad 
programs in life sciences/botany.  Eventually I would like to specialize 
in biodiversity preservation, seedbanks, etc.  Currently I am working as 
a LAN/WAN engineer w/ a degree in Computer Science and I would probably 
need to move to an area where I can continue working with networking 
while I finish my second degree.  Any suggestions?

Thanks in advance,

Mike Gadberry <gadbermd@mo.net>



From JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk Wed Sep 25 14:05:24 EDT 1996
Article: 3025 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jim A <JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Woolemi Pines
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 23:42:42 +0100
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In article <51frn3$s13@news>, john@znet.com writes
>Could someone please direct me to the most up-to-date sources and
>publications (on-line, too) pertaining to the classification and
>current research regarding Woolemi Araucaria?  I am preparing a 
>discussion with the Woolemi discovery being the highlight.  I have scoured the 
>Australian www sources and haven't been able to find anything more recent than 
>Nov. '95.  In particular, I need to know what the official name given to the 
>trees is and what definitive genetic studies have been performed.
>
>Thanks.
>
>For the curious, here are some interesting starting points pertaining to the 
>Woolemi discovery:
>
>http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/RBG/News/woll.html
>
>http://kaos.erin.gov.au:80/life/end_vuln/plants/liv_fossil.html
>
>JF
________________________________________________________________________
I found the same problem earlier this year.

Try contacting Ken Hill at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.

It might be a while before you get a reply, I gather he is very busy,
but a few weeks ago he sent me some recent information that was very
useful.

Ken_hill@rbgsyd.gov.au

-- 
With Best Regards
Jim A.


From dteunis@uia.ua.ac.be Wed Sep 25 14:05:25 EDT 1996
Article: 3026 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dteunis@uia.ua.ac.be (Dirk Teunis)
Subject: penny royal/blue chohosh information sought
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Hi,

I'm looking or information on penny royal =?= blue chohosh

This is the name of a herb, the tea (oral) of which a girl friend of mine is 
using as a contraceptive. As i know nothing of this plant i'm a bit skeptical, 
and this makes me uncomfortable with it's effectiveness. It's originally 
supposed to be used by american indians (don't know if that's south or north a.).

A medline search on above names returned nothing useful.

I'm looking for - any information on this plant
                - the scientific name of this plant
                - articles published on the use of this plant as a contraceptive
                  in de medical or ethnobotanical literature.

e_mail preferred but not absolutely necessary

deGroeten
Dirk [*]




From tombruno@shout.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:27 EDT 1996
Article: 3027 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Bruno, Thomas A." <tombruno@shout.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 05:47:24 +0100
Organization: Thomas A. Bruno And Associates
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The only product I have ever found marketed to PREVENT poison ivy is 
STOKOGARD, available over the counter, but you may have to ask your 
pharmacist to order it.

Its a cream you apply to your skin which may come into contact with 
poison ivy.

-- 
Thomas A. Bruno;  Champaign/Urbana, Illinois
Voice:217.328.6000; Fax 217.328.6765
Visit my web page at http://www.shout.net/~tombruno/


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Wed Sep 25 14:05:28 EDT 1996
Article: 3028 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tissue Culture
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:11:14 -0400
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Hello,
Iam putting up a Plant Tissue Culture facility - and would like to know what 
are the Internet Resources available in this field. ( Mailing Lists, Usenet 
Groups, FTP's, Databases, Societies, etc. )

On checking up an 1994 posting about a Mailing List known as PLANT-TC supposed 
to be at vm1.spcs.umn.edu OR at uminn1.bitnet, I drew a blank.

Can anyone help ?

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Commercial corrrespondence welcome to my E-mail address directly *without 
disturbing the net*.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From margoli@ibm.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:29 EDT 1996
Article: 3029 of sci.bio.botany
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From: margoli@ibm.net (Larry Margolis)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 17 Sep 1996 04:12:27 GMT
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In <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>, Rick Bowen <rbowen@fastlane.net> writes:
|Rork Kuick wrote:
|>
|> I'd like the low down.  I get two stories here in Michigan.  First is
|> that a person acquires resistance via exposure.  I seem to become more
|> resistant during the year, and notice that folks who are rarely exposed
|> have worse reactions.  Also DNR rangers here used to ingest ever
|> increasing doses to acquire resistance.  Second story is that a person
|> will become sensitized (as for epoxies) by repeated exposures - that I
|> may one day expect horrible reactions due to my near constant exposure
|> to poison ivy.  I wonder if this is just a "sympathetic theory" based
|> on analogy to allegic reactions though.  Additional non-anecdotes
|> appreciated.
|
|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
|full of shit! I have had it four times this year BEFORE the 4th of July.
|I have had it at least 3 times a year since I was in the Boy Scouts.

I think much more frequent exposure than that is necessary.  Our
surveyor, the guy who put in our pool, and the guy who took down
a few trees for us all told us that they had acquired immunity
>from  frequent exposure.  These are folks who are constantly being
exposed in the course of their day-to-day work.

--
Larry Margolis, margoli@ibm.net



From stewart@peinet.pe.ca Wed Sep 25 14:05:30 EDT 1996
Article: 3030 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stewart@peinet.pe.ca (Paul Stewart C/O ABIOGEN)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: fish fertilizer
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 96 22:13:19 GMT
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Does anyone have experience with liquid fish fertilizer? I would like to hear 
>from  anyone who markets, sells or uses the stuff.

Thank You,

Paul Stewart
RR #2 Vernon Bridge
Prince Edward Island
CANADA  C0A 2E0
stewart@cycor.ca


From 76622.21@CompuServe.COM Wed Sep 25 14:05:32 EDT 1996
Article: 3031 of sci.bio.botany
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From: W. Lifton <76622.21@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.environment,sci.research.careers
Subject: SF area Plant Ecologist
Date: 16 Sep 1996 18:25:55 GMT
Organization: ENTRIX
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:3031 sci.environment:105662 sci.research.careers:13914

ENTRIX, Inc. is seeking a PLANT ECOLOGIST for our Walnut Creek, 
CA office.  A Bachelor's degree in Plant Ecology or related 
field is required; a Masters or Ph.D. is strongly preferred.  
Candidate must have experience in west coast plant ecology, 
terrestrial/habitat restoration and a minimum of 5 years 
professional experience.  We prefer a candidate with a good 
working knowledge of California and Federal Environmental 
regulations.  Working knowledge of wildlife ecology and GIS 
applications would be desirable.  We are looking for self 
motivated candidates who are team players, able to work as part 
of multi-disciplinary teams and have excellent communication 
and writing skills.  Duties will include, technical support, 
project management, assisting in the development of a 
terrestrial/habitat restoration practice and client 
development.  Forward resume by September 30 to:   Terrestrial 
and Wetland Services Manager, ENTRIX, Inc., 590 Ygnacio Valley 
Road, Suite 200,  Walnut Creek, CA 94596; or e-mail to:  
delnevo@slip.net.  Please send a resume including a list of 
publications and reports.  No phone inquiries please.  Equal 
Opportunity Employer; Minorities, Female, Handicapped 
encouraged to apply.


From john@znet.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:33 EDT 1996
Article: 3032 of sci.bio.botany
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From: john@znet.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Woolemi Pines
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 96 17:03:02 GMT
Organization: Just Enough
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In article <gYuPeFAiZIPyEws6@ampthill.demon.co.uk>,
   Jim A <JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk> wrote:
>In article <51frn3$s13@news>, john@znet.com writes
>>Could someone please direct me to the most up-to-date sources and
>>publications (on-line, too) pertaining to the classification and
>>current research regarding Woolemi Araucaria?  I am preparing a 
>>discussion with the Woolemi discovery being the highlight.  I have scoured the 
>>Australian www sources and haven't been able to find anything more recent than 
>>Nov. '95.  In particular, I need to know what the official name given to the 
>>trees is and what definitive genetic studies have been performed.
>>
>>Thanks.
>>
>>For the curious, here are some interesting starting points pertaining to the 
>>Woolemi discovery:
>>
>>http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/RBG/News/woll.html
>>
>>http://kaos.erin.gov.au:80/life/end_vuln/plants/liv_fossil.html
>>
>>JF
>________________________________________________________________________
>I found the same problem earlier this year.
>
>Try contacting Ken Hill at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.
>
>It might be a while before you get a reply, I gather he is very busy,
>but a few weeks ago he sent me some recent information that was very
>useful.
>
>Ken_hill@rbgsyd.gov.au

I've sent him an email.  Nothing.  I take it he's probably out tramping most of 
the time, which is to be expected.

Jim, if you could send me that "recent information", I'd greatly appreciate it 
as time is of the essence.   

BTW, I was informed by the Systematics Laboratory at the Univ. of Melbourne that 
the only published work on Wollemia was in Telopea, which I don't have access 
to. (Jones, W.G., Hill, K.D. & Allen, J.M. 1996. Wollemia nobilis, a new living
Australian genus and species in the Araucariaceae. Telopea, 6(2-3):
173-176.)  Apparently, they concluded it was not the "living fossil" they had 
thought but still a rare, new genus, nonetheless.  Any further light on the 
subject would GREATLY apprec.

Thanks.

JF



From cacorion@erols.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:34 EDT 1996
Article: 3033 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!rutgers!news.iag.net!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!hunter.premier.net!news1.erols.com!news
From: cacorion@erols.com
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 13:36:05 -0700
Organization: Erol's Internet Services
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I am deathly allergic to poison ivy - have to take steroids and such when 
I get it.  TECHNU makes a lotion that seems to work for me - it's at 
drugstores over the counter.  It can be put on before or after exposure. 
 

Bruno, Thomas A. wrote:
> 
> The only product I have ever found marketed to PREVENT poison ivy is
> STOKOGARD, available over the counter, but you may have to ask your
> pharmacist to order it.
> 
> Its a cream you apply to your skin which may come into contact with
> poison ivy.
> 
> --
> Thomas A. Bruno;  Champaign/Urbana, Illinois
> Voice:217.328.6000; Fax 217.328.6765
> Visit my web page at http://www.shout.net/~tombruno/



From physiology@colinst.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:35 EDT 1996
Article: 3034 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!howland.erols.net!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde.nde.swri.edu!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!malgudi.oar.net!triglav.iwaynet.net!port121
From: physiology@colinst.com (PG)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: MEASURE FERMENT: O2/CO2 GAS EXCHANGE
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 96 19:26:29 GMT
Organization: 
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We have developed Fermentation Gas Exchange Computer which measures
precisely oxygen consumption and CO2 production in multiple fermentors. It
employs one set of precision gas analyzers having 0.001% resolution.
Differential measurements of gas (O2 and CO2) levels at the input and output of
fermentor combined with gas mass flow measurements lead to precise measurement
of mg O2 consumed and mg CO2 produced. Equipment can work with wide range of
O2 and CO2 levels (0-100%) and can be used for aerobic as well as anaerobic
processes. It can be connected to a variety of commercial fermentors. If you like
to receive description of this instrument, please e-mail me your street address.

GHOSH
Internet: 75144.2413@compuserve.com



From jbumgarner@sciquest.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:36 EDT 1996
Article: 3035 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!rutgers!venus.sun.com!cs.utexas.edu!howland.erols.net!agate!leporello!bunn
From: "Joe Bumgarner, Jr." <jbumgarner@sciquest.com>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.food-science,sci.engr.chem,sci.engr.biomed,sci.engr.physics,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.laboratory,sci.misc,sci.physics.research,sci.electronics.equipment
Subject: WWW: SciQuest - A New Productivity Tool
Date: 17 Sep 1996 02:09:48 GMT
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From mgold@max.tiac.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:39 EDT 1996
Article: 3036 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!portc01.blue.aol.com!news-e2a.gnn.com!howland.erols.net!EU.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!news-in.tiac.net!posterchild!max.tiac.net!mgold
From: Mark Gold <mgold@max.tiac.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How to get "stevia" supersweet plant?
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 20:09:39 -0400
Organization: The Internet Access Company, Inc.
Lines: 96
Message-ID: <Pine.NEB.3.91.960916200724.14855B-100000@max.tiac.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: max.tiac.net
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cc: MikeRav@ix.netcom.com

>How to get "stevia" supersweet plant?
>From           Michael Ravnitzky <MikeRav@ix.netcom.com>
>Date           Tue, 03 Sep 1996 08:14:44 -0600
>Newsgroups     sci.bio.botany
>                                      
>Does anyone have information on how to get the "stevia" supersweet
>plant that I heard about on National Public Radio.  It is a couple of
>hundred times more sweet than sucrose (table sugar).  Is it limited to
>a particular climate area?  Can you buy it in a plant store?
>
>A carbon copy e-mail would be helpful, as I don't check here as often
>as I need to.
>
>Mike Ravnitzky
>MikeRav@ix.netcom.com

Michael,

I have enclosed an excerpt from a sweetener resource list on my web 
page.  It includes resources for stevia *plants*, powder, liquid 
extract, etc.  I hope this helps.

By the way, I also have some documents on my web page that can give you 
some general and scientific information about stevia.

Best Wishes,
                             - Mark
                          mgold@tiac.net
             http://www.tiac.net/users/mgold/health.html
(Web Information on Food & Nutrition, Yoga, Detoxification, Emotional
    Healing, Conditions, Preventive Dentistry, Sweetener Resources,
       Stevia, Editorials, Highly Toxic Substances: Aspartame/
            NutraPoison, Toxic Carpeting, Mercury Amalgam
               rBGH, Fluoride, MSG. Much more to come
                  Links to Holistic-Related Sites
                   Usenet Groups, Mailing Lists 
                     No Web Access? Email Me

***************
BEGIN ENCLOSURE
***************

                    Sunrider Distributors
                    ---------------------
          Peter Britos              Bay Mills Enterprizes
          (800) 326-0631            Scarborough, Ontario
          (404) 974-8690            416-754-2004
                                    E-mail  jlinnell@can.net
          Distributes liquid concentrate Stevia (SunnyDew).

          Cheryl's Herbs
          836 Hanley Industrial Court
          St. Louis, MO 63144
          (314) 963-4449
          (800) 231-5971
          (314) 963-4454 (FAX)
          email: pawgep@aol.com

          Consumer Direct
          640 South Perry Lane
          Suite #2
          Tempe, AZ  85281
          (800) 899-9908
          (602) 921-2160
          Sells liquid concentrate of Stevia 
          from Paraguay.

          Body Ecology Diet
          1266 West Paces Ferry Road
          Suite 505
          Atlanta, GA 30327
          (404) 266-1366
          (800) 896-7838
          Sells Stevia powder from China, recipe book.

          Richters Herbs
          Goodwood, ON  L0C 1A0, Canada
          Tel +1-905-640-6677  Fax 640-6641
          Info: info@richters.com
          Catalog Requests: catalog@richters.com
          Sells stevia plants

          Produce ala Carte
          3425 Foothill Blvd.
          La Cresenta, CA 91214
          818-541-0492
          Liquid, capsules and bulk Stevia

          Stephen J. Marsden
          The Herbal Advantage
          Route 3, Box 93
          Rogersville, MO 65742-909214
          Phone: 417-753-3999  Fax: 417-753-2000
          SMARSDEN@MAIL.ORION.ORG
          Sells stevia powder, extract, and plants, and t-shirts.
          Can ship same day small orders or up to hundreds of pounds.


From sscott@top.monad.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:40 EDT 1996
Article: 3037 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sover.net!news.monad.net!usenet
From: Stella Scott <sscott@top.monad.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 23:09:40 -0700
Organization: MonadNet
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Stephen wrote:
> 
> >16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
> >     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
> >     when cut?
> All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
> 'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
> answer??
> Please help
> Thanks in advance
> 
> Stephen
> stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk

Stephen
According to Grey's Manual by Asa Gray, 1869, the ancient name of
lettuce Lactùca 
sativa came from lac, milk, due to the milky juice that is seen when the
stem is cut or broken.  Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa)  or garden
varieties seems like a common enough answer.

Stella
sscott@top.monad.net


From bettyc@flyinggoat.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:42 EDT 1996
Article: 3038 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mindlink.net!uniserve!news.sol.net!newspump.sol.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news1.best.com!nntp1.best.com!usenet
From: Betty Cunningham <bettyc@flyinggoat.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 07:54:22 -0700
Organization: Best Internet Communications
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Stephen wrote:
> 
> >16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
> >     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
> >     when cut?
> All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
> 'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
> answer??
>>Cedar Creek    Natural History Area 


http://swan.lter.umn.edu/research/lists/taxon/t534.html
(I found this by looking up lactuca canadensis on the ALTA VISTA web search engine)
                                                                                     

534 Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae. Forb. Leaves alternate. Usually found in rosette form. 
Leaves are long with very deep teeth, after the plant has gotten large. Leaves are flimsy. 
When rosettes are small the teeth are generally smaller and not so deeply lobed but 
generally not possible to distinguish the different Lactuca species when they are
small so call them Lactuca sp. Flowering stalk branches many times and there is one flower 
per stalk. Flowers are small and yellow, and look like dandelions. Has a tan sap when a leaf 
vein is broken (don't know if this is characteristic of this species, or if all Lactuca 
species exhibit this). Name is from Latin "lac" for milk due to the milky sap. Similar
species: Lacuta biennis and other Lactuca species. Found in fields B and C.


From jmiguelr@idec.es Wed Sep 25 14:05:43 EDT 1996
Article: 3039 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mem.bellsouth.net!news.uoregon.edu!arclight.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!minerva.ibernet.es!artemis.ibernet.es!news
From: jmiguelr@idec.es (JmRM)
Newsgroups: own.health.bach_flowers,-,own.health.herbs,-,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help on ARANTO
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 21:54:00 GMT
Organization: A poorly-installed InterNetNews site
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <51hqlk$buj@artemis.ibernet.es>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mark1.idecnet.com
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Please anyone who knows the scientific name or any health property of
a herb called ARANTO  in Mexico, please e-mail me

thanks in advance

Jose Miguel Rguez
e-mail:  jmiguelr@idec.es
Canarias (Spain)



From bill@inforamp.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:44 EDT 1996
Article: 3040 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mindlink.net!van-bc!n1van.istar!van.istar!west.istar!ott.istar!istar.net!tor.istar!east.istar!news.inforamp.net!news
From: bill@inforamp.net (Bill Allen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Transexual Hops
Date: 17 Sep 1996 21:16:08 GMT
Organization: iSTAR Internet Inc.
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X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Hi All:
 If this is a common occurance please excuse my ignorance. I bought a
hop plant, to make my own beer with, about five years ago. It grew
very well and increased in size every year producing lots of female
flowers. Two years ago I moved out of the city (Toronto) and took a
section of the root mass with me. Last year it produced female cones
(flowers) but this year it produced tons of male flowers and no cones.
The only difference is that the climate here is slightly cooler and I
planted another variety of hop beside it. I can't see these things
changing the sex of my plant. Anyone have any ideas? Nuke it and start
again, councelling perhaps? 
				Thanks, Bill



From stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk Wed Sep 25 14:05:45 EDT 1996
Article: 3041 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!EU.net!news.mathworks.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!arclight.uoregon.edu!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!stephron.demon.co.uk
From: stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk ( Stephen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 10:43:27 GMT
Lines: 19
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>16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
>     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
>     when cut?
All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
answer??
Please help
Thanks in advance


Stephen
stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk

You know what would make a good story?
Something about a clown who makes people happy
but inside he's real sad.
Also, he has sever diarrhoea

Jack Handey


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Wed Sep 25 14:05:46 EDT 1996
Article: 3042 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.service.emory.edu!hobbes.cc.uga.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!news-mail-gateway!daemon
From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Citronella
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:06:53 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
Lines: 18
Sender: daemon@cs.yale.edu
Message-ID: <19960916220642.aaaa005wO@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: babyblue.cs.yale.edu
X-Unparseable-Date: 17 Sep 96 07:14 GMT+0500

Hello,
Citronella (oil) is supposed to be a mosquito repellant.

Can someone give more details about its properties and how it is extracted ?

What are the plants/herbs in which it is found and at what quantities(%)?

Is there any other plant/herb with mosquito repellant properties - if so what 
are the active ingredients.

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Wed Sep 25 14:05:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3043 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.service.emory.edu!hobbes.cc.uga.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!news-mail-gateway!daemon
From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tissue Culture
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:06:55 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
Lines: 21
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X-Unparseable-Date: 17 Sep 96 07:14 GMT+0500

Hello,
Iam putting up a Plant Tissue Culture facility - and would like to know what 
are the Internet Resources available in this field. ( Mailing Lists, Usenet 
Groups, FTP's, Databases, Societies, etc. )

On checking up an 1994 posting about a Mailing List known as PLANT-TC supposed 
to be at vm1.spcs.umn.edu OR at uminn1.bitnet, I drew a blank.

Can anyone help ?

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Commercial corrrespondence welcome to my E-mail address directly *without 
disturbing the net*.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Wed Sep 25 14:05:48 EDT 1996
Article: 3044 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.service.emory.edu!hobbes.cc.uga.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!news-mail-gateway!daemon
From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Citronella
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:10:53 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
Lines: 18
Sender: daemon@cs.yale.edu
Message-ID: <19960916221050.aaaa0068S@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: babyblue.cs.yale.edu
X-Unparseable-Date: 17 Sep 96 07:14 GMT+0500

Hello,
Citronella (oil) is supposed to be a mosquito repellant.

Can someone give more details about its properties and how it is extracted ?

What are the plants/herbs in which it is found and at what quantities(%)?

Is there any other plant/herb with mosquito repellant properties - if so what 
are the active ingredients.

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Wed Sep 25 14:05:49 EDT 1996
Article: 3045 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!newsserver.jvnc.net!paperboy.uconn.edu!florawww
From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 96 13:19:04 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 31
Message-ID: <51p0mm$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>
References: <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca>
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X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #4

In article <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca>,
   skydiver@intranet.ca (Robin L. M. Cheung) wrote:
>
>Would anyone perhaps be able to tell me some information about 
>Aeschynanthus javanicus?  I know that it is a temperate plant and that it is 
a 
>monocot with somewhat waxy leaves.  Any other information would be great, 
>like family name, characteristics, etc.
>
>Thanks!
>

A. javanicus is a synonym for Aeschynanthus radicans, the common lipstick 
plant. It is a gesneriad (Dicot, not monocot) and is native to Java and  
Malaysia, not temperate regions.  More info on this plant is available through 
our WWW collections database:

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num\890044.htm


------------------------------------------------------------------
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From stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk Wed Sep 25 14:05:50 EDT 1996
Article: 3046 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!arclight.uoregon.edu!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!stephron.demon.co.uk
From: stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk ( Stephen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 01:11:43 GMT
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <3243d01b.2708994@news.demon.co.uk>
References: <323f2f44.3456708@news.demon.co.uk>
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I would just like to take this opportunity to thank all the people who
contributed to helping me find this answer, whether by email or by
usenet. Thanks folks!!


Stephen
stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk

You know what would make a good story?
Something about a clown who makes people happy
but inside he's real sad.
Also, he has sever diarrhoea

Jack Handey


From skinbiology@pop.seanet.com Wed Sep 25 14:05:51 EDT 1996
Article: 3047 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!goliath.montclair.edu!newsserver.jvnc.net!newsserver2.jvnc.net!chi-news.cic.net!arclight.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!solaris.cc.vt.edu!news.seanet.com!usenet
From: Gina Lindley <skinbiology@pop.seanet.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 11:23:35 -0700
Organization: Skin Biology, Inc.
Lines: 7
Message-ID: <323EECA7.191E@pop.seanet.com>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.consumers.house:132598 rec.gardens:153013 misc.health.alternative:84437 sci.bio.botany:3047 misc.survivalism:30663 rec.backcountry:140423

There are very few products on the market that work well to alleviate 
the symptoms of poison ivy.  Skin Biology is currently test marketing a 
product called Protect & Restore which help repair damaged skin caused  
by eczema, acne, minor burns, minor wounds, and poison ivy.  It is a 
natural copper peptone based product that is very different from most 
products on the market. Visit Skin Biology's website at 
http://www.skinbiology.com or call for more information (800) 405-1912.


From jselegea@cedar.cic.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:53 EDT 1996
Article: 3048 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!cdc2.cdc.net!newsfeed.concentric.net!news.sojourn.com!condor.ic.net!news.cic.net!cedar.cic.net!jselegea
From: jselegea@cedar.cic.net (Jim Selegean)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: G.E.Hutchinson book wanted
Date: 16 Sep 1996 13:53:36 GMT
Organization: GLIN -- Great Lakes Information Network
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I'm taking a class on Aquatic Botany and am looking for one of the 
recommended texts.  The title is _A Treatise on Limnology_ Volume 3 - 
Limnological Botany.  Author is G. E. Hutchinson (1975).  It is out of 
print and I haven't had any luck at used book stores.  I would be very 
interested in purchasing this if someone has a copy no longer in use. 

Thanks,
Jim Selegean
<jselegea@great-lakes.net>




From R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl Wed Sep 25 14:05:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3049 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!sun4nl!surfnet.nl!rug.nl!ppsw131208.ppsw.rug.nl!R.Zwaagstra
From: R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl (Ronald Zwaagstra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: seed germination
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 12:21:22 GMT
Organization: Faculty Social Sciences Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <R.Zwaagstra.9.323FE942@ppsw.rug.nl>
References: <1996091318344866796@zetnet.co.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppsw131208.ppsw.rug.nl

In article <1996091318344866796@zetnet.co.uk> Graeme Pack <g.pack@zetnet.co.uk> writes:
>From: Graeme Pack <g.pack@zetnet.co.uk>
>Subject: seed germination
>Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 18:34:47 +0100

>Hi
>I'm a veterinarian and have been asked a question by a client who is 
>involved in aviculture that I can't answer.
>He breeds birds and feeds them sprouted seeds amongst other things.  
>The process of sprouting the seed is tedious and time consumeing.

>The question is if sprouted seed has any nutritional benefits over 
>unsprouted seeds?

>I have given it some thought and wonder if there may be a change in 
>the availability of nutrients when the seed germinates.  I've been 
>told theres a substantial increase in the VIT E content?

>Any help would be appreciated.

>Regards

>Graeme


I am not sure about vitamine E, but as far as I know most nutrients increase 
dramatically when seed germinates. If memory serves me, the amount of 
vitamine C incereases by about 600% in germinating alfalfa.

Ronald


From R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl Wed Sep 25 14:05:55 EDT 1996
Article: 3050 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!sun4nl!surfnet.nl!rug.nl!ppsw131208.ppsw.rug.nl!R.Zwaagstra
From: R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl (Ronald Zwaagstra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How to control aphid populations?
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 12:28:36 GMT
Organization: Faculty Social Sciences Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Lines: 27
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References: <323C9A05.758E@cam.org>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppsw131208.ppsw.rug.nl

In article <323C9A05.758E@cam.org> Daniel Many <dmany@cam.org> writes:
>From: Daniel Many <dmany@cam.org>
>Subject: How to control aphid populations?
>Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 17:06:29 -0700

>Hi there!

>I`m looking for information on biological or chemical control of aphids
>on maples and linden.or any other kind of information on how to control
>aphid populations. If you have personal experience or references on that
>topic it would be greatly appreciated. 

>Dan
>e-mail: dmany@cam.org

No need to go chemical. When you are already confronted with a large number 
of aphids you can kill most by a solution of 10% soft soap and water. Just 
spray a mist on them. Natural predetors of aphids are ladybugs and hoover 
flys, their larves love to eat aphids. Hooverflys are attrackted by open 
flowers like marigolds (and africans if that is what they are called in 
english). Try to grow some next year, you'll see that if helps to control 
the number of aphids. BTW, this kind of problems is often discussed in 
rec.gardens, you might take a look down there.

Ronald

Ro


From aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3051 of sci.bio.botany
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From: aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy L. Gordon)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 18 Sep 1996 20:37:26 GMT
Organization: Aqua Electric, Inc.
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com>
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In article <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com>, cacorion@erols.com says...
>
> TECHNU makes a lotion that seems to work for me - it's at 
>drugstores over the counter.  
>> STOKOGARD, available over the counter, but you may have to ask your
>> pharmacist to order it.


both of these products are used by our family.  A natural remedy when you run 
out is Jewel-weed, a tall sparsely-leafed plant that most often times grows 
right next to poison ivy.  

when smashed to a pulp and placed directly on the poison ivy (also oak and 
sumac) it has the same texture as an aloe plant and relieves poison within a 
matter of days.  

for the longest time i would acquire poison ivy from pulling the Jewelweed 
out of the garden and chucking it over the fence.  Then an herbalist clued me 
in.  

Best of luck,

Red Fox



From gordiet@intergate.bc.ca Wed Sep 25 14:05:57 EDT 1996
Article: 3052 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gordiet@intergate.bc.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Algae Studies
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 10:53:20 -0800
Organization: Internet Gateway Corporation
Lines: 81
Message-ID: <gordiet-1809961053200001@pm6s6.intergate.bc.ca>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pm6s6.intergate.bc.ca


   Studies on the Effect of Adding Algae to the Diets of Animals and Humans

Healing Effects:

Yamagushi (Japan Medical News. 1965) administered 2 grams of algae daily to
patients with gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, and chronic gastritis. Symptoms
such as stomach pain suppressive feelings in the stomach, heartburn, and
belching were eliminated. Saito and his associates (Medicationa and New Drugs,
1966) have used micro algae in treatment of cuts that resisted healing. They
reported fast healing and the almost immediate cessation of bleeding when micro
increased levels of body energy for a quick return to normal activities.


Growth Promotion Effects:

Animals which are fed a diet of whole dried algae have shown accelerated growth
rates when compare to those raised normal laboratory rations. Yamagushi and his
C0-workers observed greater weight increases and higher percentages of viable
offspring in mice, rats, swine, chickens, and silkworms. One study from a
sample of Japanese children who had been given 2 grams of algae every day for
112 days indicated that this dietary supplement produced weight and height
increase greater than the children who did not take the algae.


Elimination of Heavy Metals in the Human Body:

Professor S. Ichimaru and N. Ogino report the effectiveness of algae in
excreting cadminum accumulated in the bodies of "Itai itai" patients. They
comment that micro algae is one of the substances that discharges heavy metals
such as cadminum, lead, and mercury without the adverse side effects of
chelation therapy. Treatment of U.S. patients has shown that use of algae tends
to normalize eccessive and deficient conditions regarding all the minerals
necessary for a healthy body.


Mind-Brain Functions:

Dr. Gabriel Cousins, M.D., recently published a preliminary paper in the
Journal of Orthomoecular Society (Vol. III, No. 1 & 2, 1985) reporting that
certain blue green algaes partially reversed one case of Alzheimer's disease
and halted the progression of another. In about 70% to 80% of the people who
use it, it seems to particularly activate mind-brain functions. It has been a
boon to some people who do much mental work and want extra mental calarity and
concentration.


Life Extention:

Japanese biochemist have labelled the factor in blue-green algae responsible
for an increase in sustained physical and mental energy, and for rebalancing
cellular metabolism, the controlled growth factor (CFG). the CGF is not only a
general tonic which especially seems to affect the body's upper glands such as
the the thymus, but has specifically evidenced power as a tonic for life
extension, increasing the life of laboratory mice by 50%.


Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is preferred over other blue green algae because of
its rich source of natural nutrition. This algae contains no toxins or heavy
metals and is 95% assimilable in the digestive system due to the nature of the
glycogen cell wall and its subsequent rupturing during the freezing process..
Further the micro algae is frozen within minutes of harvesting & cleaning and
is maintained at zero degrees Celsius until it can be freeze-dried. The
freeze-dried pharmaceutical grade algae retains all of its heat sensitive
vitamins, enzymes and proteins.


References:

Cousens, Dr. Gabriel, "Conscious Eating", Santa Rosa, CA: Vision Books.

Kay, Bob, ""Microalgae as Food and Supplement," Critical Reviews in Food
Science and Nutrition, 30(6):555-573(1991).

Warren, Tom ."Beating Alzheimer's, New York: Avery Pub., 1991.

Gagne, Steve, "Energetics of Food", Santa Fe, NM: Spiral Sciences, 1990.

Christopher, Adam, "Lake Klamath Blue Green Algae." Body & Soul Magazine.

___________,"Green Giants." Delicious, July/August 1990, p34.


From rodind@wsdot.wa.gov Wed Sep 25 14:05:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3053 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dave Rodin <rodind@wsdot.wa.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Moss yogurt propigation
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 11:49:43 -0700
Organization: Washington State Department of Transportation
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I have heard that moss can be grown on fresh rock cuts by 
applying yogurt as a propigation medium.  Does anyone have any 
information on this or a good line on where I could look.  

This would be done in the Columbia River Gorge.
-- 
Dave Rodin - Regional Landscape Architect
Washington State Department of Transportation
Southwest Region
4200 Main Street
Vancouver, WA
rodind@wsdot.wa.gov



From mk95528@navix.net Wed Sep 25 14:05:59 EDT 1996
Article: 3054 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!nntp.netrex.net!sbcntrex!news.eecs.umich.edu!news.sojourn.com!cancer.vividnet.com!hunter.premier.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uuneo.neosoft.com!insync!pornstorm.eit.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-chi-13.sprintlink.net!news.ltec.net!news-admin
From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ANTIQUE CLIPART/CD
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 00:54:31 GMT
Organization: Navix: Aliant Communications Internet Services
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Message-ID: <323df64e.15008146@news.navix.net>
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Greetings-

Imagine having black and white plant line art clipart from old
woodcuts and engravings in digital format on one handy CD-ROM from the
pages of time. These antique images are from a ton of very rare
expensive copyright free antique books and publications.  
These very rare and expensive out of print books from many-many
antique stores and auction blocks over the years. Some books back as
far as 1635. 
For more information contact us anytime. Thankyou for your interest.

Sincerely;

Margie 


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Wed Sep 25 14:06:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3055 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: China Grass
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:06:51 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
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Hello,

Can someone help me with the botanical name of 'China Grass' ?.

Please give details about its properties and how it is to be grown.

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From bob@sky.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:01 EDT 1996
Article: 3056 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bob Batson <bob@sky.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Moss yogurt propigation
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 16:16:39 -0500
Organization: SkyNET Internet Services
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To: Dave Rodin <rodind@wsdot.wa.gov>
In-Reply-To: <32404447.4533@wsdot.wa.gov>

On Wed, 18 Sep 1996, Dave Rodin wrote:

> I have heard that moss can be grown on fresh rock cuts by 
> applying yogurt as a propigation medium.  Does anyone have any 
> information on this or a good line on where I could look.  
> 
> This would be done in the Columbia River Gorge.

            Moss + Beer (or Buttermilk) + Sugar = More Moss

  Well, that equation holds at least in the damp Pacific Northwest,
according to Oregon Master Gardener Laurie Gerloff. She suggests
establishing moss (in shady areas) by using your blender to mix a
handful of gathered moss with a can of beer or as much buttermilk and
one-half teaspoon of sugar, then spreading over bare soil, rocks, or the
tops of bricks sitting in a shallow pan of water. Once the moss has
become established, weak manure tea makes a good fertilizer
  We'd like to hear about your results if you try this, particularly if
you DON'T live in the Pacific Northwest.
  Referenmce: Laurie Gerloff, "Grow Moss," _The Garden Gate_, March
1996, 14. (Lane County Extension Service, 950 W. 13th Ave., Eugene, OR
97402.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Reprinted with permission from the June 1996 _HortIdeas_. Copyright 1996
by Greg and Pat Williams. _HortIdeas_ (ISSN 0742-8219) is published
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40328, USA.

====================================================================
Bob Batson                              L 39 12 14 N  94 33 16 W
bob@sky.net                             Kansas City
TCS - Mystic Fire Priest                USDA zone 5b
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Under the most controlled conditions, the experimental apparatus will
do exactly as it pleases.
 



From bae@oci.utoronto.ca Wed Sep 25 14:06:02 EDT 1996
Article: 3057 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bae@oci.utoronto.ca (Beverly Erlebacher)
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Message-ID: <Dxy7oC.Ays@oci.utoronto.ca>
Sender: news@oci.utoronto.ca
Organization: Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto
References: <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca>
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 21:57:48 GMT
Lines: 15

In article <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca> rcheung@ottawa.com writes:
>
>Would anyone perhaps be able to tell me some information about 
>Aeschynanthus javanicus?  I know that it is a temperate plant and that it is a 
>monocot with somewhat waxy leaves.  Any other information would be great, 
>like family name, characteristics, etc.

The only Aeschynanthus I know of is a tropical plant in the (dicot)
gesneriad family, often called Lipstick Vine or similar and used as
a hanging basket house plant.  "Javanicus" implies it comes from Java.
So if the plant you are thinking of is a temperate monocot, perhaps
you have the botanical name worng.

Beverly Erlebacher
Toronto, Ontario Canada


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3058 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: China Grass
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 96 13:30:16 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 27
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In article <19960916220639.aaaa005wS@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>,
   <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in> wrote:
>Hello,
>
>Can someone help me with the botanical name of 'China Grass' ?.
>
>Please give details about its properties and how it is to be grown.

Boehmeria nivea - Urticaceae

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num\850370.htm

Hope this helps....

Clint...

------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton Morse - Greenhouse Manager
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
75 North Eagleville Rd., Box U-42
University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269
E-Mail to: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu
WWW Server(s):
  Greenhouse: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/
  Rogaining:  http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/rogaine/rogaine.htm
  Pack Goats: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/packgoat/packgoat.htm
------------------------------------------------------------------


From sache@grignon.inra.fr Wed Sep 25 14:06:05 EDT 1996
Article: 3059 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!saphir.jouy.inra.fr!usenet
From: Ivan Sache <sache@grignon.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: What is bunchgrass ?
Date: 19 Sep 1996 06:02:15 GMT
Organization: INRA
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Is 'bunchgrass' a generic names for every kind of grass with a bunchy growth, or 
is it a specific grass (if yes, Latin name is welcomed) ?
T.I.A.

Ivan Sache
INRA - Plant Pathology
78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

Phone: +33.1.30.81.54.35
Fax    : + 33.1.30.81.53.06
E-mail: sache@grignon.inra.fr




From sgage@kear.tdsnet.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:06 EDT 1996
Article: 3060 of sci.bio.botany
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From: sgage@kear.tdsnet.com (Steve Gage)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 12:22:54 GMT
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stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk ( Stephen) wrote:

>>16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
>>     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
>>     when cut?
>All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
>'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
>answer??
>Please help
>Thanks in advance

Lactuca is the genus name for lettuce (the word "lettuce" derives from
Lactuca). There are many, many species of wild lettuce world-wide...


Regards,

Steve

     --------------------------------------
               sgage@kear.tdsnet.com
     --------------------------------------



From rcheung@ottawa.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:07 EDT 1996
Article: 3061 of sci.bio.botany
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From: skydiver@intranet.ca (Robin L. M. Cheung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Date: 19 Sep 1996 03:09:01 GMT
Organization: Skydive! CSPA A-5076
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In article <51p0mm$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>, 
ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu says...

>A. javanicus is a synonym for Aeschynanthus radicans, the common 
lipstick 
>plant. It is a gesneriad (Dicot, not monocot) and is native to Java and  
>Malaysia, not temperate regions.  More info on this plant is available 
through 
>our WWW collections database:

You're quite right, it is a dicot; I mistyped it.  It is interesting that the 
greenhousekeepers at Carleton University have put it in the "Temperate 
Greenhouse."  Perhaps it was in error or that was the only place they 
could find for it that it would live in...    I checked out the web  site; it 
looks rather useful and I shall keep it for the future.  Thanks!


-- 
ttfn
-robin [Team OS/2]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robin L. M. Cheung  Carleton University (Biology III.5)  Ottawa, ON 
CANADA
        __|__                                
    _____(X)_____  <--- perfectly good      Arthur's Place BBS ISDN/V.34+
        0 ' 0           aeroplane           (613)523-3561 ISDN 1:163/457
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                \#/  <--- me                    
                 O                              Skydive!  CSPA A-5076
                                       http://chat.carleton.ca/~rcheung/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------



From gipmans@pi.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:08 EDT 1996
Article: 3062 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gipmans@pi.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Dikke wortels/ Rootproblem Cucumbers
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 18:35:57 GMT
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I have a problem with roots in cucumberplants. After gemination of the
seeds the roots start getting thick. The first symtoms are that the
roots get light dark brown and than they start curling around and
after this the get thick.

This is a real big problem because the plant does not grow anymore.

My question is:
Does somebody have the same problem ??
Does someybody know what possibly causes this problem


Greetings Erik Gipmans



From ray@sirius.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:10 EDT 1996
Article: 3063 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.zeitgeist.net!sun.sirius.com!ppp157-sf2.sirius.com!user
From: ray@sirius.com
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 17:20:31 -0800
Organization: Sirius
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Can you describe Jewelweed more in detail, please?


In article <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net>, aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy
L. Gordon) wrote:
> both of these products are used by our family.  A natural remedy when you run 
> out is Jewel-weed, a tall sparsely-leafed plant that most often times grows 
> right next to poison ivy.

-- 
Katherine

"If you want to save the world and stuff, you've got to sing LOUD!"



From mk95528@navix.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:11 EDT 1996
Article: 3064 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.interpath.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!snunews.snu.ac.kr!news-penn.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-3.sprintlink.net!news.ltec.net!news-admin
From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ANTIQUE/CLIPART/PLANTS
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 19:59:12 GMT
Organization: Navix: Aliant Communications Internet Services
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <3241a5fe.646796@news.navix.net>
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X-Newsreader: Forte Agent .99e/16.227

Greetings-

Imagine having black and white plant line art clipart from old
woodcuts and engravings in digital format on one handy CD-ROM from the
pages of time. These antique images are from a ton of very rare
expensive copyright free antique books and publications.  
These very rare and expensive out of print books from many-many
antique stores and auction blocks over the years. Some books back as
far as 1635. 
We are a home based enterprise that delved into great expense and time
to make all this possible and make it available for everyone that
needs a copy and at a very reasonable price.
For more information contact us anytime. Thankyou for your interest.

Sincerely;

Margie 


From Martin.Collins@ncl.ac.uk Wed Sep 25 14:06:12 EDT 1996
Article: 3065 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!news.mathworks.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!warwick!news.ncl.ac.uk!usenet
From: Martin.Collins@ncl.ac.uk
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: filamentous green algae
Date: 19 Sep 1996 11:42:29 GMT
Organization: Newcastle University
Lines: 5
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I am looking for a good key to filimentous green algae which covers 
Briten and N.Europe. Any suggestion welcome.
Thanks,
Martin Collins



From mrjames@netsync.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:13 EDT 1996
Article: 3066 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!news.sgi.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!mica.netsync.net!usenet
From: mrjames@netsync.net (J.D. Richardson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stumps
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 01:23:24 GMT
Organization: netsync.net
Lines: 44
Message-ID: <51sro4$2ip@mica.netsync.net>
References: <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <bohmfalk-0509960724200001@199.172.137.216> <BIEBUYCK.48.32301842@BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA>
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BIEBUYCK@BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA (PAUL.BIEBUYCK) wrote:

>In article <bohmfalk-0509960724200001@199.172.137.216> bohmfalk@tcgcs.com (John Bohmfalk) writes:
>>From: bohmfalk@tcgcs.com (John Bohmfalk)
>>Subject: Re: stumps
>>Date: Thu, 05 Sep 1996 07:24:19 -0700

>>In article <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, mjlindst@aol.com (MJLindst)
>>wrote:

>>> What's the best way to kill a tree stump that keeps sending up shoots -
>>> short of digging it out?

>>Years ago, I knew of a product called "Amate" which was a paste which was
>>smeared on newly cut surfaces. It was transported into the roots and
>>killed them.  I don't know if this is still available or not, though. 
>>Even with this product, you still had to dig the stump out.

>>Good luck.

>>John
>I don't know if this product is available in the US? but "Chopper" is one of 
>the best products for this kind of thing (It is produced by Cyanamid). 
>Otherwise "Roundup" (Glyphosate) is pretty good.

>Paul

I use Roundup frequently for many tasks on my farm. Sprayed onto the
leaves on stump sprouts eventually works. Best of all is to brush or
spray the stump with Roundup just after you cut the tree down. 

Of course, the stump is still there. If you have a portable drill that
will drill 1/2 inch or large holes, drill holes about 5 inches into
the stump and shallower holes into any big primary roots that you can
see above ground. Fill the holes with potassium nitrate (available at
many ag supply stores for this purpose), or in bigger sacks from a
greenhouse/nursery supplier. Let the rain soak it in and absorb it. If
it would splash out, tie a thin piece of cloth over the holes.

Wait at least 8 weeks. Then put some kerosene on the stump to  light
it,  and it will glow/smolder and slowly burn itself up.  With some
types of woods, you have to do two applications, and double the time.
Just don't skimp on the number of holes or the potassium nitrate.



From dps@hyperion.haystack.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:14 EDT 1996
Article: 3067 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!usenet
From: Dwight Sipler <dps@hyperion.haystack.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 08:00:34 -0400
Organization: MIT Haystack Observatory
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <32428762.2515@hyperion.haystack.edu>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <ray-1909961720310001@ppp157-sf2.sirius.com>
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ray@sirius.com wrote:
> 
> Can you describe Jewelweed more in detail, please?
> 


Jewelweed is a moderately tall (2-4 feet) sparsely leaved plant that 
likes moist areas such as stream banks or drainage ditches. The stem is 
light green and weak (as I recall, it's hollow) so it breaks easily. It 
develops small (1/2 inch) yellow flowers in mid to late august. The 
flowers develop into seeds that are twisted together and which spring 
apart with some force when they develop sufficiently or when disturbed, 
>from  which comes another name for the plant, "touch-me-not".


From 101353.1757@CompuServe.COM Wed Sep 25 14:06:16 EDT 1996
Article: 3068 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!nntp.primenet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!news.production.compuserve.com!news
From: Cameron S Crook <101353.1757@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Flora of Montserrat
Date: 20 Sep 1996 13:06:38 GMT
Organization: Botnaical society of the British Isles
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <51u4su$72q$1@mhade.production.compuserve.com>
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.biology.tropical:1722 bionet.plants:12200 sci.bio.botany:3068

Hello there..

I am trying to get hold of a Checklist of the Flora of Montserrat 
(Leeward Islands, West Indies) or at least information on the 
endemic and rare vascular plants which occur on the island.

Can anyone help?

Please can you reply by e-mail.

Many thanks

Cameron

Cameron S Crook
Botanical Society of the British Isles
cameron_sc@bigfoot.com


From lesjones@usit.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:17 EDT 1996
Article: 3069 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.mathworks.com!news.PBI.net!j6.inktomi.com!re.hotwired.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-ana-7.sprintlink.net!news.usit.net!lesjones.ppp.usit.net!user
From: lesjones@usit.net (Les Jones)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 20 Sep 1996 03:46:24 GMT
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> In article <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net>, aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy
> L. Gordon) wrote:
> > both of these products are used by our family.  A natural remedy when you 
> > run out is Jewel-weed, a tall sparsely-leafed plant that most often times 
> > grows right next to poison ivy.

The idea that poison ivy and jewel weed grow together is a new one on me.
It's also included in the rec.backcountry distilled wisdom panel on poison
ivy as an email from a reader. 

Though I have occasionally seen jewel weed along what I considered dry
trails, it normally grows in very moist areas with generous amounts of
sunlight, and is most often seen along streams. Poison ivy, on the other
hand, grows in a wide variety of forest habitats and seems to get by with
a standard ration of water and sunlight.

If I had to name a cohabitant of jewel weed, I'd be more likely to say
stinging nettle, another plant that grows in moist areas and along
streams. The one time I was on a trail overgrown with stinging nettle I
used jewel weed juice to ease the sting.

Granted, it's a big world, and what I've observed is only in my little
corner of it (Southern Appalachians). I'd be interested to know if anyone
has references or observations that link the habitats of jewel weed and
poison ivy.

-- 
          | The Good Times Virus: still a hoax after all these years |
Les Jones |     http://www.public.usit.net/lesjones/goodtimes.html   |


From aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:18 EDT 1996
Article: 3070 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ptd.net!news
From: aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy L. Gordon)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 20 Sep 1996 17:29:01 GMT
Organization: Aqua Electric, Inc.
Lines: 25
Message-ID: <51uk8t$ssj@news2.ptd.net>
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in response to alot of email requests for more info.... here are some cool 
sites:

http://www.mtnlaurel.com/mtherbs.html

and 

http://www.ncnatural.com/wildflower/obnoxious.html

We use many Native American remedies in our house, and have found it to be 
very effective on stinging nettles, etc. as well.  

If I recall correctly, (and i'm guessing here) references were also made to 
the use of Jewelweed in the Fox Fire series and in a book entitled "Delaware 
Indian Folk Medicine"

Not positive, but fairly sure...

Best of Luck,

Red Fox




From sheddc@quig10.alleg.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:19 EDT 1996
Article: 3071 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.erols.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!das-news2.harvard.edu!cantaloupe.srv.cs.cmu.edu!fs7.ece.cmu.edu!speering.alleg.edu!news
From: sheddc@quig10.alleg.edu (Carlos Shedd)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Stupid Question
Date: 17 Sep 1996 12:24:28 GMT
Organization: Allegheny College
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <51m59s$i8i@speering.alleg.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: quig10.alleg.edu

Do you think that its worth having a greenhouse in an area where  
there is only 45 days of sunblight in a year??   	
			Sheddc@alleg.edu

-- NewsGrazer, a NeXTstep(tm) news reader, posting --
M>UQR=&8P7&%N<VE[7&9O;G1T8FQ<9C!<9FUO9&5R;B!#;W5R:65R.WT*7&UA
M<F=L,3(P"EQM87)G<C$R,`I<<&%R9%QT>#$Q-3)<='@R,S`T7'1X,S0U-EQT
M>#0V,#A<='@U-S8P7'1X-CDQ,EQT>#@P-C1<='@Y,C$V7'1X,3`S-CA<='@Q
M,34R,%QF,%QB,%QI,%QU;&YO;F5<9G,R-%QF8S!<8V8P($1O('EO=2!T:&EN
M:R!T:&%T(&ET<R!W;W)T:"!H879I;F<@82!G<F5E;FAO=7-E(&EN(&%N(&%R
M96$@=VAE<F4@=&AE<F4@:7,@;VYL>2`T-2!D87ES(&]F('-U;F)L:6=H="!I
F;B!A('EE87(_/R`@(`E<"@D)"5-H961D8T!A;&QE9RYE9'4*?0IL
`


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:20 EDT 1996
Article: 3072 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sgi.com!news.tamu.edu!HERBARIUM!monique
From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 13:22:30 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Message-ID: <monique.449.010A0F4A@bio.tamu.edu>
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Red Fox wrote:

>in response to alot of email requests for more info.... here are some cool 
>sites:

>http://www.mtnlaurel.com/mtherbs.html

>and 

>http://www.ncnatural.com/wildflower/obnoxious.html


Neither of these sites seems to work--and I slurped the URL's right out of 
your message and got Error 404--site not found-- for both.

Double check?
Monique Reed


From bbeer@u.washington.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:21 EDT 1996
Article: 3073 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!netnews.nwnet.net!news.u.washington.edu!bbeer
From: bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 20 Sep 1996 20:04:51 GMT
Organization: University of Washington, Seattle
Lines: 39
Message-ID: <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net>
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In article <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net>,
Larry Margolis <margoli@ibm.net> wrote:
>In <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>, Rick Bowen <rbowen@fastlane.net> writes:
>|Rork Kuick wrote:
>|>
>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
>|full of shit! I have had it four times this year BEFORE the 4th of July.
>|I have had it at least 3 times a year since I was in the Boy Scouts.
>
>I think much more frequent exposure than that is necessary.  Our
>surveyor, the guy who put in our pool, and the guy who took down
>a few trees for us all told us that they had acquired immunity
>from frequent exposure.  These are folks who are constantly being
>exposed in the course of their day-to-day work.

Allergies tend to get stronger with increased exposure.  Nobody reacts to 
poison ivy the first time they touch it; they have to be sensitized.  

I have heard of indians on the west coast ingesting small bits of it to 
increase resistance.  Evidently taking it internally is different, or the 
small amount?  My mom ate poison ivy as a kid (on a dare...she didn't get 
it on the first two dares, to roll in it and to rub it on herself).  When 
she ate it, she got it, everywhere, cost her a couple weeks in the 
hospital.  She's still allergic.  I think she ate quite a bit.

I know homeopathic people recommend taking honey saying that the pollen in 
it reduces sensitivity to pollen in the air.  This doesn't make a whole 
lot of sense to me, as pollen allergies tend to be to specific plants, and 
the pollen in honey comes from bee pollinated plants, not wind-pollinated 
plants that are the cause of most allergies.  And besides, it didn't work 
for me.  So I'm not going to rush out and eat any poison oak any time 
soon.

bob
-- 
 /========================================================================\
| Bob Beer         		      \   "A troubled mind                 |
| bbeer@u.washington.edu                \    is a troublemaker."           | 
| http://weber.u.washington.edu/~bbeer    \     - Edna St. Vincent Millay  | 


From tim.t.j.kedwards@gbjha.zeneca.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3074 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!olivea!biosci!biosci!not-for-mail
From: tim.t.j.kedwards@gbjha.zeneca.com (Tim Kedwards)
Newsgroups: sci.math,sci.bio.ecology,sci.environment,sci.math.num-analysis,sci.stat.consult,sci.stat.edu,sci.stat.math,bionet.population-bio,bionet.toxicology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.systematics
Subject: 2ND ANNOUNCEMENT : WORKSHOP ON MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY
Date: 20 Sep 1996 15:05:24 -0700
Organization: Zeneca Agrochemicals
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Please find attached below finalised details of the forthcoming workshop. If you require any further information feel free 
to contact me directly.

Regards,

Tim
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dr Tim Kedwards
ZENECA Agrochemicals
Ecological Risk Assessment Section
Jealott's Hill Research Station
Bracknell, UK
RG42 6ET

Tel:            +44 (0) 1344 414107
Fax:            +44 (0) 1344 414124
Email:          Tim.T.J.Kedwards@gbjha.zeneca.com
Disclaimer:-    'The opinions expressed herein are my personal opinions
                and do not necessarily represent those of my employer'

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A WORKSHOP ON MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY

Saturday, 16 November 1996, 8:30 - 5:30, Washington Hilton and Towers
Presented in conjunction with the SETAC 17th Annual Meeting, 
Washington, D.C.

Introduction

Frameworks for ecological risk assessment often culminate in the evaluation of effects under simulated or actual 
environmental conditions.  A fundamental objective of such semi-field and field studies is to investigate effects at the 
community and ecosystem level.  To this end, data are collected on a large number of ecological variables. Study types 
include manipulative experiments (artificial streams, mesocosms, terrestrial field trials), environmental monitoring 
(before/after, upstream/downstream), and ecological surveys (plants, bird census).

Data from these studies are usually evaluated by using univariate statistics (e.g. analysis of variance, 
concentration-response regression).  These techniques have limitations because it is only possible to look at a small number 
of variables within the ecosystem at any one time, limiting effects determination to the population level, whereas the 
objective is normally to understand effects at higher levels of organisation.

The advent of greater computing power and recent developments of new multivariate statistical tools has made available a 
variety of techniques (e.g. CANOCO, RIFFLE, PRIMER) with the potential to overcome some of these previous limitations.  
Consequently, there is growing interest among ecotoxicologists in applying such techniques to field studies in order to be 
able to generate true community and ecosystem endpoints.  This workshop will provide an excellent opportunity for interested 
individuals to meet and exchange views on these approaches and allow developers of the statistical approaches to discuss the 
development and application of the techniques.  

The objective of this workshop is to provide information on and  generate discussion of multivariate statistical techniques 
in ecotoxicological field studies, focusing on the application of techniques for generating community and ecosystem level 
statistics, rather than mathematical derivation.

Attendance will be limited to 100 people to maximise information exchange. 

Registration is first-come, first served.  The registration fee is $225, and forms can be obtained from the SETAC Office.

Workshop proceedings will be provided to all registrants at no additional cost, and will be available for purchase by others 
after the workshop.

SETAC Office, 1010 North 12th Avenue, Pensacola, Florida  32501
T +1 904-469-1500    F +1  904-469-9778    
E setac@setac.org,  http://www.setac.org
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FORMAT OF WORKSHOP

The format of the workshop has now been finalised.  It will be in two Sessions, the first comprising three presentations 
addressing the current situation concerning the analysis of ecotoxicological field studies. Professor Jim Kennedy, from the 
University of North Texas, will be speaking on designed experiments and the relative strengths and weaknesses of current 
analytical procedures. This will followed by a presentation from Dr Mike Harrass, AMOCO Corporation, outlining monitoring 
and survey work in ecotoxicology. The last presentation of the session will be given by Dr Tony Maciorowski, United States 
Environmental Protection Agency, and will provide a regulatory perspective of ecotoxicological field studies. 

The second Session aims to address the multivariate statistical methods currently used in ecotoxicology.  It will also 
include a review of new and novel methods currently being used elsewhere and which may prove beneficial in the 
ecotoxicological arena. The first presentation will be given by Tim Sparks from the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology in the 
UK.  Tim will review traditional multivariate methods and will give examples of their uses in ecology and ecotoxicology. The 
second presentation will be given by Professor Geoff Matthews (University of West Washington) addressing, amongst others, 
the non-metric clustering program RIFFLE which has successfully been used in ecotoxicological studies. This will be followed 
by a talk by Mr Paul van den Brink (SC-DLO, Netherlands) outlining the recent application of the CANOCO package to 
freshwater field testing. Dr Bob Clarke (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK) will present the application of the PRIMER package 
to similar studies. These latter three talks form the centre of current multivariate statistics expertise in the 
ecotoxicology. After a suitable discussion period the final talk will be presented by Professor Wojtek Krzanoswki 
(University of Exeter, UK), who will talk about new and novel methods of potential value to ecotoxicology but not yet 
implemented. 


 





From suzan@epix.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3075 of sci.bio.botany
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From: suzan@epix.net (Suzan)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 21:02:33 -0500
Organization: Architecture & Astrology
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <suzan-2009962102330001@qrvl-67ppp174.epix.net>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <ray-1909961720310001@ppp157-sf2.sirius.com> <32428762.2515@hyperion.haystack.edu>
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In article <32428762.2515@hyperion.haystack.edu>, Dwight Sipler
<dps@hyperion.haystack.edu> wrote:

||ray@sirius.com wrote:
||> 
||> Can you describe Jewelweed more in detail, please?
||> 
||
||
||Jewelweed is a moderately tall (2-4 feet) sparsely leaved plant that 
||likes moist areas such as stream banks or drainage ditches. 


It is also the antedote for stinging nettles which it usually grows along
side of in many places.

Suzan

*************************************************
"Live never to be ashamed if anything you do 
or say is published around the world...
even if what is published is not true." 
Richard Bach
************************************************


From psilocin12@aol.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:24 EDT 1996
Article: 3076 of sci.bio.botany
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From: psilocin12@aol.com (Psilocin12)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need info: Amorphophallus Rivierii
Date: 20 Sep 1996 14:48:08 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Can anyone offer me some first hand information on growing A. Rivierii? I
already have a few people helping me but I'm looking for a pool of
information to sort from.

Thanks in advance


Dude, You should have been here yesterday, it was double
overhead!-Psilocin12


From bf409@torfree.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:25 EDT 1996
Article: 3077 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
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From: bf409@torfree.net (Cody Armstrong)
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Message-ID: <Dy30r8.K86.0.queen@torfree.net>
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Organization: Toronto Free-Net
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Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 12:16:19 GMT
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Larry Margolis (margoli@ibm.net) wrote:
: In <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>, Rick Bowen <rbowen@fastlane.net> writes:
: |Rork Kuick wrote:
: |>
: |> I'd like the low down.  I get two stories here in Michigan.  First is
: |> that a person acquires resistance via exposure.  

not so!

: |> have worse reactions.  Also DNR rangers here used to ingest ever
: |> increasing doses to acquire resistance. 

A dangerous myth!

 Second story is that a person
: |> will become sensitized (as for epoxies) by repeated exposures - that I
: |> may one day expect horrible reactions due to my near constant exposure
: |> to poison ivy.  


: I think much more frequent exposure than that is necessary.  Our
: surveyor, the guy who put in our pool, and the guy who took down
: a few trees for us all told us that they had acquired immunity
: from frequent exposure.  These are folks who are constantly being
: exposed in the course of their day-to-day work.

Don't believe 'em Larry, they's bin out in the sun too long!


There are 5 types of allergies, 2 important to know in the poison ivy 
discussion.

Type 1- increased/developed sensitivity to allergen.eg: poison ivy
Most people will be non-allergic but can become allergic with repeated 
contact with the allergen. 
I used to completely immune (non-allergic) to poison ivy. I could handle 
it and show this talent off to my friends! One summer I was shocked to 
discover that I had became allergic....been allergic to it ever since.

Taber's Medical dictionary says:
" The oily resin urushiol (found on the of the leaves of poison ivy, oak 
and sumac) may be a potent sensitizer since in many cases subsequent 
contacts produce increasingly severe reactions..." 

quote from a med. report  "...It is suggested that this adverse host 
response and multiple symptomatology develop after prolonged 
environmental exposure. Once such "sensitivity" has occurred, individuals 
become sensitive to multiple other environmental exposures..."

Type 2- increased/developed resistance to allergen. Poison ivy is not in 
this class however many allergens are. Using the body's ability to 
develop resistance to allergens is the method in use in allergy shot 
treatments. (Small doses of allergens are injected regularily to build up 
the body's immunity to them)

Types 3-5   real allergy doctors can best describe.

Bottom line...if you are allergic, don't try to build up your resistance 
to poison ivy by coming in contact with it. Don't eat it, don't burn it 
either (PI smoke can be harmful).

If you're not allergic, don't push your luck or you too may loose this 
talent!

Urushiol has a very long "shelf life " too. One year I got some of the 
poison ivy stuff on a back pack. I put the pack away for the winter and 
didn't use it again for 6 months...and when I did use it I a got poison ivy 
rash on my back! Since urushiol is easily removed with soap and water, 
whenever I come in contact with PI I wash everything immediately, specially 
boots. 

This is quite a long post already so I guess I shouldn't add to it by 
telling you the story 'bout the kids I took camping, who had to take a 
squat in the woods, who didn't have any T.P. so they used leaves...
maybe next time I'll tell y'all what happened.

Cody
-- 



From levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:26 EDT 1996
Article: 3078 of sci.bio.botany
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From: levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu (Chuck Levine)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Books on Tape
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 03:06:14 GMT
Organization: University of Minnesota
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If anyone is familiar with any Botany or Horticulture type books
available on cassette tapes please e-mail the titles to me at 
levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu
Thanx;
Chuck



From mmmavocado@aol.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:27 EDT 1996
Article: 3082 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mmmavocado@aol.com (MMMavocado)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: British botany/ecology references?
Date: 20 Sep 1996 23:48:19 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Florida Southern College offers an academic term in England, each summer. 
In 1997, I'm hoping to offer a course in that program, which would be a
survey of the botany and ecology of Britain's plant communities.  

I would like to find background literature to prepare for the course but
am not finding many references to the subject, here in Florida.  Could
anyone in this group recommend books or other reference material?  Thanks.

Malcolm M. Manners
Chairman, Department of
Citrus and Ornamental Horticulture
Florida Southern College
111 Lake Hollingsworth Drive
Lakeland, FL 33801-5698  USA

mmmavocado@aol.com


From pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk Wed Sep 25 14:06:28 EDT 1996
Article: 3083 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Peter Selby <pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: British botany/ecology references?
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 10:32:40 +0100
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Message-ID: <1996092110324072338@zetnet.co.uk>
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In message <51voi4$6ks@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
        mmmavocado@aol.com (MMMavocado) writes: 

> Florida Southern College offers an academic term in England, each summer. 
> In 1997, I'm hoping to offer a course in that program, which would be a
> survey of the botany and ecology of Britain's plant communities.  

> I would like to find background literature to prepare for the course ....

The standard reference work on the flora is New Flora of the British 
Isles, by Clive Stace ISBN 0-521-42793-2.  This is an identification 
guide to the flora a provides keys and descriptions for all natives 
and aliens likely to be found in the wild - around 2000 species.  No 
many really compared to the USA.

Because UK is small in area these plants are packed together in many 
very different communities.  The way the species are distributed has 
also been affected by the Ice ages, separation of Britain and Ireland 
at separate times from continental Europe, climatic effects like the 
Gulf Stream and by the intervention of man through land management.

I live in Hampshire which is in the South of Britain and a Flora of 
the county has recently been published.  'The Flora of Hampshire' by 
Anne Brewis, Paul Bowman and Francis Rose ISBN 0-946589-53-4.  This 
contains a history of the vegetation and a description of present day 
habitats and vegetation for the county.  The county has an area of 
3,800 square km and 1400 established wild vascular plants, probably 
more than any other county of Britain.

The number of habitats described amounts to Coastal habitats, with 
three mudflat communities plus shingle and dune communities - no rock 
cliffs though.  Another large area is the New Forest, 20,000 hectares 
with Pasture Woodlands, Inclosures, Dry heaths and Valley Mires.  
Other habitats are tertiary heaths, wealden heaths and hythe bed 
heaths.  The centre of the county is renowned for its chalk 
grassland, with associaed chalk woodland.  Then there are Calcaerous 
fens and fen meadows, old acid meadows, and other meadows on commons 
- i.e. communally grazed meadows.  Woodland types include those of 
the hampshire basin, Tertiary region woodlands, the chalk plateau 
woodlands, chalk hangers, upper greensand hangers, gault woodlands 
lower greensand woodlands, wet and dry and former deer parks.  Other 
habitats include arable land, sunken lanes, waste lands, especially 
near the ports and churchyards.  There are also a range of aquatic habitats.

>From  this I hope you can see that although the overall area of UK is 
small all these habitats are packed in to a small area, like 
Hampshire.  I cvan however recommend the flora as a good description 
of many habitats and their floras, with lists of the many sites that 
can be visited, and distributions of the individual plants.

Hope this isn't too long for you,

Regards

 
 Pete Selby
(pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk)



From tonymurp@iol.ie Wed Sep 25 14:06:30 EDT 1996
Article: 3084 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Tony Murphy <tonymurp@iol.ie>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fucus vesiculosus photographs
Date: 22 Sep 1996 21:00:14 GMT
Organization: Ireland On-Line
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Can anybody let me know where I can get hold of a photograph of the 
bladderwrck alga on the WWW to down load and use for demonstration in 
class?



From monique@bio.tamu.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:31 EDT 1996
Article: 3085 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: pennyroyal
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 08:46:10 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Pertaining to the recent discussion about the abortifacient properties of 
pennyroyal.  Someone sent this on to me--I have no way of checking whether the 
incidents mentioned are true, but I repeat my original advice---pennyroyal is 
not for messing about with!
-______________________________-begin quote

I only have a recent bit of experience with pennyroyal.  As you have
probably already heard,..pennyroyal can, and has been for hundreds,  maybe
thousands of years as a abortive herb.

Apparently, recently, someone posted on the internet, that it can be used as
a abortive measure.  I work in a local hospital and just last week, we had a
25 y/o woman come in, 2-3 days after using pennyroyal for self abortion
(she read it on the internet).  She had apparently taken "2 tbsp" versus the
recommended.  She is now in frank liver and kidney failure, and IF
she survives, she will need a liver transplant.  She is in critical
condition on dyalisis.  She has been comatose most of the time.

We also heard thru the scuttlebutt of hospital grapevines, that another
local hospital has had a similar case with an equal bad outcome.  Who knows
how many other tragic cases there are out there.

I just wanted to let you know that pennyroyal is not a "safe" herb. 
__________________end quote_______

There you have it.  Just don't mess with it.

Monique Reed
Biology Department 
Texas A&M University


From wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:32 EDT 1996
Article: 3086 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com (wojcik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Date: 19 Sep 1996 19:22:04 GMT
Organization: Ford Motor Company / EFH Division
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Robin L. M. Cheung (skydiver@intranet.ca) wrote:
: In article <51p0mm$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>, 
: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu says...

: >A. javanicus is a synonym for Aeschynanthus radicans, the common 
: lipstick 
: >plant. It is a gesneriad (Dicot, not monocot) and is native to Java and  
: >Malaysia, not temperate regions.  More info on this plant is available 
: through 
: >our WWW collections database:

	For some beautiful graphics of several different Aeschynanthus
species and hybrids, check out the web site of the American Gloxinia and
Gesneriad Society at http://aggs.org

	Look under the Gesneriad Photo Gallery and check out the graphics
under Fibrous-Rooted Gesneriads. 
	Aeschynanthus are the perfect plant for indoors and for the
greenhouse.

- Al Wojcik
  Allen Park, Mich.



From phyllo@tir.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:34 EDT 1996
Article: 3087 of sci.bio.botany
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From: phyllo@tir.com (Dan Hunt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: RE:test question
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 23:29:34 GMT
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how about Ascleptias?



From phyllo@tir.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:35 EDT 1996
Article: 3088 of sci.bio.botany
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From: phyllo@tir.com (Dan Hunt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Datura/Brugsmania
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 23:33:07 GMT
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Anyone know of a source for any datura and/or brugsmania seed?  I have
found only one!
please respond via e-mail!
Phyllo@tir.com



From a2138174@smail.rrz.uni-koeln.de Wed Sep 25 14:06:36 EDT 1996
Article: 3089 of sci.bio.botany
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From: a2138174@smail.rrz.uni-koeln.de (Stephan Maseizik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Solanum tuberosum
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 16:08:59 GMT
Organization: Regional Computing Center, University of Cologne
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I'm starting a little work on conditions inducing tuberization of
Solanum tuberosum (subsp. andigena) and I'm interested to know how
tuberization and flowering are connected. In W.G. Burton, THE POTATO,
I found that removal of young tubers is stimulating flower production.
Does anybody know more about it? 
Is there anybody with experiences in grafting tobacco on potato?    

Thanks in advance,

Stephan Maseizik
e-mail: a2138174@smail.rrz.uni-koeln.de



From obriens@echo.sound.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:37 EDT 1996
Article: 3090 of sci.bio.botany
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From: obriens@echo.sound.net (John Obrien)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Date: 23 Sep 1996 12:25:43 GMT
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Suzan (suzan@epix.net) wrote:
: ||Jewelweed is a moderately tall (2-4 feet) sparsely leaved plant that 
: ||likes moist areas such as stream banks or drainage ditches. 

: It is also the antedote for stinging nettles which it usually grows along
: side of in many places.  : Suzan

I hadn't heard about that use of Jewelweed, but I have read that it is an
antidote for Poison Ivy, which it often grows close to.

--
   ,o888b,`?~~~~~                                           ~~~~~P',d888o,
 ,8888 888   ?~~~     John D. O'Brien  obriens@sound.net    ~~~P   888 8888,
 8888888P'    ~~~                                           ~~~     ?8888888
 888P'        ~~~     "When all the World recognizes        ~~~        `?888
 `88   O     d~~~       good as good, This in itself        ~~~b     O   88'
   `?._  _.o~~~~~       is Evil." Lao Tsu                   ~~~~~o._  _.P'


From elfont@shutter.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:38 EDT 1996
Article: 3091 of sci.bio.botany
Message-ID: <32453317.2A61@shutter.net>
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 08:37:43 -0400
From: elfont <elfont@shutter.net>
Organization: midwest photo wkshps
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Subject: Help Help Help Re: Seaside spurge (Euphorbia polygonifolia)
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HELP! I understand that this plant has laytex in its structure that
helps it survive on the beaches of the Great Lakes.  I'd like to know
where in the plant the laytex is located and how it helps the plant
survive.

Thanks much in advance - EE/elfont@shutter.net


From pmv100@psu.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:40 EDT 1996
Article: 3092 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pmv100@psu.edu (Peter Van Rossum)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Req: Info on Sweet Potato Diffusion
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 20:43:03 GMT
Organization: CAC
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Sorry to jump into this newsgroup without having first lurked around
a bit but I was wondering if anyone in this group might be of help
in a discussion going on in Sci.Archaeology.Mesoamerican.

Some posters have claimed that the spread of the sweet potato 
(Ipomoea Batatas) from the New World to Polynesia provides conclusive
evidence of human contact between the two regions.  I did some
research and came across the following quote:

"There are 5 major hypotheses to explain the introduction of I Batatas
 to the central and western Pacific, none of which can be either
 summarily dismissed or neatly confirmed:
 1. prehistoric introduction by South American Indian rafts drifting
    downstream and downwind
 2. prehistoric introduction on Polynesian canoes returning from a round
    trip to South America
 3. historical introduction by the Portuguese from the Atlantic
 4. historical introduction by Spaniards from the Pacific
 and
 5. natural dispersal by drifting capsules"
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"Purseglove (1968) suggests introduction ... by natural dispersal; the
 seeds are viable for more than 20 years; they are hard and dormant
 unless sacrificed; they are impervious to salt water; and they are not
 buoyant, but the capsule is.  I doubt that the seedlings could survive
 in the drift zone on an ocean beach, but conceivably capsules could
 have been picked up by some Polynesian beachcomber, or seeds might
 have germinated along the banks of a tidal estuary."

Above quotes are from:
Sauer, Jonathan D.
  1993 Historical Geography of Crop Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

The response from another poster is that the natural dispersion hypothesis
can't be completely disregarded but it is too unlikely to be considered
as a serious contender - yet so far he has not provided any cites for
his claim.

Does anyone know of any other recent research which would tend to
support or refute the hypothesis that the sweet potato could have spread
by natural processes?

Peter van Rossum
PMV100@PSU.EDU



From ptwilder@aol.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:41 EDT 1996
Article: 3093 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ptwilder@aol.com (PTWilder)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: African botany
Date: 23 Sep 1996 11:31:58 -0400
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My wife just came back from a trip to Zambia. She brought back a small bag
of seed pods she found attractive. (I know, I know, she shouldn't do
this.)

They are about 2-3 inches across, very hard, with several tear-shaped
lobes opened to expose the seeds inside.

What are they? Are they dangerous? 

Please e-mail me at PTWilder@aol.com.

Thanks.


From qra@aol.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:43 EDT 1996
Article: 3094 of sci.bio.botany
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From: qra@aol.com (QRA)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: 23 Sep 1996 16:06:16 -0400
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Jewel Weed (impatiens pallida) is also called touch-me-not and is closely
related to Spotted Jewel weed (I. capensis) and Balsam (I. balsamina). 
Both species of Jewel weed enjoy relatively damp, well drained areas. 
Balsam is commononly cultivated.


From Ivan@mindspring.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:44 EDT 1996
Article: 3095 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ivan@mindspring.com (Crazy)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 00:09:38 GMT
Organization: MindSpring Enterprises
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bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:

>>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
>>|full of shit! 

	As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
leave him with that. :-))
	We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.

				-= Ivan =-




From aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:45 EDT 1996
Article: 3096 of sci.bio.botany
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From: aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy L. Gordon)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 23 Sep 1996 21:41:46 GMT
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In article <monique.449.010A0F4A@bio.tamu.edu>, monique@bio.tamu.edu says...
>
>Red Fox wrote:
>
>>in response to alot of email requests for more info.... here are some cool 
>>sites:
>
>>http://www.mtnlaurel.com/mtherbs.html
>
>>and 
>
>>http://www.ncnatural.com/wildflower/obnoxious.html
>
>
>Neither of these sites seems to work--and I slurped the URL's right out of 
>your message and got Error 404--site not found-- for both.
>
>Double check?
>Monique Reed

not sure why, both worked for me using Netscape.  there was oodles of others 
when i used Excite engine.  Maybe just a search would do...

Best of luck,

RedFox



From wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:46 EDT 1996
Article: 3097 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com (wojcik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need info: Amorphophallus Rivierii
Date: 23 Sep 1996 18:29:01 GMT
Organization: Ford Motor Company / EFH Division
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Psilocin12 (psilocin12@aol.com) wrote:
: Can anyone offer me some first hand information on growing A. Rivierii? I
: already have a few people helping me but I'm looking for a pool of
: information to sort from.

: Thanks in advance

	Be sure to check out the home page of the International Aroid
Society. They have a page full of cultural information and lots of photos.
	They are at:
	http://www.mobot.org/IAS/Genera/Amorphophallus/amorph.html

================================================================================
 Al Wojcik                                 |  Ford Motor Company, USA
 e-mail  : wojcik@pmsrs4.pms.ford.com      |  I am NOT a spokesperson!
	What's the difference between ignorance and apathy? I don't
	know and I don't care.
================================================================================


From longj@alleg.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3098 of sci.bio.botany
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From: longj@pell2l5.alleg.edu (Jayne Long)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New Aquaponics Venture
Date: 23 Sep 1996 19:21:40 GMT
Organization: Allegheny College
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Reply-To: longj@alleg.edu
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We are involved in designing a new aquaponics facility in Northwest  
Pennsylvania. For anyone who has been associated with this type of  
venture, I would be interested in knowing if fish tanks were included  
in the greenhouse and what type of greenhouse was constructed.  Also,  
what type of covering material was used on the greenhouse.  

If fish were included in the greenhouse, what were your reasonings  
for doing so.  Also, if raising tilapia, did you have any problems  
with blue green algae and what were solutions.

Reply to:

Jayne Long        Longj@alleg.edu

-- NewsGrazer, a NeXTstep(tm) news reader, posting --
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M<V\N("!!;'-O+"!I9B!R86ES:6YG('1I;&%P:6$L(&1I9"!Y;W4@:&%V92!A
M;GD@<')O8FQE;7,@=VET:"!B;'5E(&=R965N(&%L9V%E(&%N9"!W:&%T('=E
M<F4@<V]L=71I;VYS+EP*7`I297!L>2!T;SI<"EP*2F%Y;F4@3&]N9R`@("`@
5("`@3&]N9VI`86QL96<N961U"GT*
`


From ddtreadw@bulldog.unca.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:48 EDT 1996
Article: 3099 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.interpath.net!news.interpath.net!news
From: DanielleTreadwell <ddtreadw@bulldog.unca.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy-Wrong URL for NCNatural
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 1996 20:33:33 +0100
Organization: Interpath
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Greetings folks,
Correct URL for the NCNatural Poison Ivy page is
"http://NCNatural.com/wildflwr/obnxious.html".

There is also a photo of jewelweed on the page, as well as one of
stinging nettles. There are two varieties of jewelweed that I know of.
Impatiens capensis is an orange variety, Impatiens pallida is a yellow
variety. The flowers and general appearance are very similar except for
color.

We also have a Bulletin board set up which has had a lot of PI
discussion on it over the summer. The FDA has recently approved a
topical drug for prevention of PI. Should be ready by next summer.


From levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu Wed Sep 25 14:06:50 EDT 1996
Article: 3100 of sci.bio.botany
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From: levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu (Chuck Levine)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ginkgo from seeds?
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 03:08:47 GMT
Organization: University of Minnesota
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References: <4mdsp7$43d@nic.umass.edu> <4meilc$p4v@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <318ED6E4.6DE2@flyinggoat.com> <3198CB07.6C34@ibex.ca> <mattie-1505961915580001@207.12.7.110>
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Reposting article removed by rogue canceller.

I have grown them from seed several times and have almost a ginko
forest now. Some resources clain you need to stratify them , I have
not and the seeds germinated anyway. As I live in Climate zone 4 they
need to be grown indoors or very protected till 3 yrs old for the wood
to not freeze out and achieve a maturity hardy enouph to sdurvive.

chuck
mattie@aloha.net (melany chapin) wrote:

>In article <3198CB07.6C34@ibex.ca>, Achim Recktenwald <achim@ibex.ca> wrote:

>~ Betty Cunningham wrote:
>~ > 
>~ > Chief ROC wrote:
>~ > >
>~ > > I have been fascinated by ginkgos since the first time I saw one. Can
>~ > > someone tell me how to grow one from seed? When is the best time to
>~ > > harvest the seed? When is the best time to plant? What type of soil and
>~ > > how deep? Where can I obtain seed or seedling (better!)?
>~ > >
>~ > > Thank You Very Much;
>~ > > Richard
>~ 

>You can get seeds from "The Banana Tree" Rare Seed Catalogue at
>610-253-9589, FAX: 610-253-4864.

>Best wishes,

>mattie

>-- 
>After dark, all cats are leopards.   (Zuni proverb)
>We will be known by the tracks we leave. (Dakota)
>When the legends die, the dreams end; there is no more greatness (Shawnee)
>Every animal knows more than you do.  (Nez Perce)




From shaund@aa.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:51 EDT 1996
Article: 3101 of sci.bio.botany
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From: shaund@aa.net (Shaun Patrick Darragh)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 02:41:19 GMT
Organization: Alternate Access Incorporated
Lines: 26
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>bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:

>>>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
>>>|full of shit! 


Hey Robert,

	Sorry that you have trouble with poison ivy but, as with most allergic
reactions, peoples resistance varies and can increase, decrease, or
stay the same over one's lifetime.  Some people do report a decreasing
reaction over time.  Unfortunately this does not seem to be the case
for you.  Some folks like me are apparently lucky enough not to be
allergic at all....


Shaun 
-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_

If Bill Clinton were to walk across the Potomac tomorrow, right wingers would 
accuse him of refusing to bathe.....

"The way to see by Faith is to shut the eyes of Reason."
Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard 1758



From ernjay@concentric.net Wed Sep 25 14:06:52 EDT 1996
Article: 3102 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Ernest J. Klein" <ernjay@concentric.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 1996 23:21:40 -0700
Organization: KET Canada / Sol-RF Systems
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To: Crazy <Ivan@mindspring.com>
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Crazy wrote:
> 
> bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:
> 
> >>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
> >>|full of shit!
> 
>         As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
> forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
> something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
> tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
> running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
> That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
> down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
> a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
> running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
> say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
> bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
> leave him with that. :-))
>         We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
> course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
> cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
> 
>                                 -= Ivan =-From Traute Klein, the Bio-Gardener:
The Indians living by Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba have the only guaranteed 
cure for poison ivy which I know of and I have used it many times with 
complete overnight cure.  Dig some clay up in your garden, and we have 
lots of it in the prairies, or buy some at a craft supply store.  Spread 
a paste of wet clay it on the affected area.  Cover with plastic.  
Bandage.  If it's on your feet, just put the foot in a plastic bag and 
then in a sock.  If you do it right after the exposure, the blisters will 
disappear overnight.  If they return the next year, repeat the treatment. 
 The wet clay will also heal burns and draw out other poisons or 
infections.


From jkramer@lightlink.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:53 EDT 1996
Article: 3103 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jkramer@lightlink.com (tin - justin kramer)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Question: Why do some flowers open in the daytime and close at night? And vice-versa.
Date: 21 Sep 1996 02:20:14 GMT
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Reposting article removed by rogue canceller.

Hello,

	I was wondering if anyone could inform me on why flowers open 
and close at day/night. Technical or simple info would be appreciated. 
Thanks.

	PS. Please reply by e-mail, I don't check newsgroups very 
much.



From tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw Wed Sep 25 14:06:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3104 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw (tsicrad)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.food-science,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.technology,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Please contact to me for"free reagent grade phycoerythrin"
Date: 24 Sep 1996 08:28:40 GMT
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because of data lose, please mail me your data to me in order to contact
you further. Thanks.



From stevej@michamber.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:55 EDT 1996
Article: 3105 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Steve Johnson" <stevej@michamber.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 24 Sep 1996 09:41:20 GMT
Organization: Michigan Chamber of Commerce
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Ivan -

In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction. 
The
plant that has done that to me and my acquaintances is the burning nettle. 
For
me, my family and acquaintances who have had reactions to poison ivy (we
have
large amounts of poison ivy in the woods near our house), the reactions
start 
several hours to a day after contact.  They last up to several weeks.  I
have heard
that burning nettle can be cooked and eaten.  I bet that is what you have
eaten,
not poison ivy.

I have it on what I consider very reliable authority that burning or eating
poison ivy 
are very foolish; if it gets into your blood stream through inhalation or
ingestion, you 
can start breaking out everywhere, and have a much longer and more severe
reaction.
Hospitalization?  I can believe it.  Also, I have heard that repeated
exposure 
decreases resistance, so I agree with the original post from Robert Beer.

Round Up can be sprayed on poison ivy growing on the ground, with pretty
good
results.  Ortho sells a chemical equivalent.  For the stuff climbing up
tree trunks,
cut them off and paint brush killer on the stump.  We had some growing 20
feet
up in trees on the back of our yard, nice bright green, leaves 6" across,
pretty
berries hanging down.

If you are exposed, wash immediately and thoroughly with Fels Naptha soap. 
It
cuts the oils that cause the reaction.  An old technique that we have had
some
success with.  Once you have the reaction, about all you can do is *not*
wash
the area for at least a couple days, and use your favorite form of relief. 
Hope you
didn't use poison ivy for toilet paper!

All the above is just my opinion.  Go Vikings (4-0 after beating Green
Bay)!

Steve Johnson
A Minnesotan transplanted to Michigan


Crazy <Ivan@mindspring.com> wrote in article
<526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>...
> bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:
> 
> >>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
> >>|full of shit! 
> 
> 	As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
> forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
> something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
> tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
> running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
> That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
> down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
> a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
> running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
> say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
> bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
> leave him with that. :-))
> 	We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
> course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
> cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
> 
> 				-= Ivan =-
> 
> 
> 


From Ivan@mindspring.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3106 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ivan@mindspring.com (Crazy)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 16:43:07 GMT
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"Steve Johnson" <stevej@michamber.com> wrote:

>Ivan -

>In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction. 
>The plant that has done that to me and my acquaintances is the burning nettle. 
>For me, my family and acquaintances who have had reactions to poison ivy (we
>have large amounts of poison ivy in the woods near our house), the reactions
>start  several hours to a day after contact.  They last up to several weeks.  I
>have heard that burning nettle can be cooked and eaten.  I bet that is what you have
>eaten, not poison ivy.

	Maybe so. I have read some of the posts on this and it doesn't look
like anything that I've experienced. So we're either just very
different people, either the poison ivy's potency varies from place to
place, either we're talking about different plants altogether.

				-= Ivan =-





From cacorion@erols.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:57 EDT 1996
Article: 3107 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cacorion@erols.com
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 10:58:01 -0700
Organization: Erol's Internet Services
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Steve Johnson wrote:
> 
> Ivan -
> 
> In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction.
> The
> plant that has done that to me and my acquaintances is the burning nettle.
> For
> me, my family and acquaintances who have had reactions to poison ivy (we
> have
> large amounts of poison ivy in the woods near our house), the reactions
> start
> several hours to a day after contact.  They last up to several weeks.  I
> have heard
> that burning nettle can be cooked and eaten.  I bet that is what you have
> eaten,
> not poison ivy.
> 
> I have it on what I consider very reliable authority that burning or eating
> poison ivy
> are very foolish; if it gets into your blood stream through inhalation or
> ingestion, you
> can start breaking out everywhere, and have a much longer and more severe
> reaction.
> Hospitalization?  I can believe it.  Also, I have heard that repeated
> exposure
> decreases resistance, so I agree with the original post from Robert Beer.
> 
> Round Up can be sprayed on poison ivy growing on the ground, with pretty
> good
> results.  Ortho sells a chemical equivalent.  For the stuff climbing up
> tree trunks,
> cut them off and paint brush killer on the stump.  We had some growing 20
> feet
> up in trees on the back of our yard, nice bright green, leaves 6" across,
> pretty
> berries hanging down.
> 
> If you are exposed, wash immediately and thoroughly with Fels Naptha soap.
> It
> cuts the oils that cause the reaction.  An old technique that we have had
> some
> success with.  Once you have the reaction, about all you can do is *not*
> wash
> the area for at least a couple days, and use your favorite form of relief.
> Hope you
> didn't use poison ivy for toilet paper!
> 
> All the above is just my opinion.  Go Vikings (4-0 after beating Green
> Bay)!
> 
> Steve Johnson
> A Minnesotan transplanted to Michigan
> Poison ivy,sumac, oak, whatever - is slow and relentless.  I scraped my 
knee and was exposed at the same time.  A few days later I had the rash, 
and then my leg started to swell.  The rash grew into big blisters and my 
leg kept swelling.  I had to get a steroid shot and take a course of 
steroids to stop the immune response.  I've been exposed again since then 
 on my legs, and, since I got it into my bloodstream, it came up on my 
face, neck and back.  Once again I had to take steroids.  I haven't 
gotten it since but I have been around these plants.  Don't ever burn 
these plants as they can get into the respiratory tract via the little 
particles in the smoke.



From gourdead@cadvision.com Wed Sep 25 14:06:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3108 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Denis K. Gourdeau" <gourdead@cadvision.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Symposium on Spatial Information and the Environment
Date: 24 Sep 1996 04:25:05 GMT
Organization: CROWN OF THE CONTINENT
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The Symposium on Spatial Information and the Environment is approximately
one week away. The following message contains information on the
presentations that we are currently expecting. 

Whether you are a Geomatics (or Survey) Engineer, Geographer, Biologist,
Ecosystem Manager, GIS Technician or another professional working with
Spatial Information and the Environment this Symposium has something for
you. Registration information follows at the end of this message.

 

SYMPOSIUM 
on 
Spatial Information and the Environment

Preliminary Programme as of 19 September, 1996


Sept. 26  19:00  Icebreaker Reception
                 (Sponsored by Calgary Branch of 
                 Canadian Institute of Geomatics)


Sept. 27  08:30  Opening of Symposium, Welcome form the Superintendents   
of  Waterton Lakes and Glacier National Parks 

Overview of Crown of the Continent Ecosystem Data Atlas Projects



Data and Metadata Standards
Session Chair: G. Plunkett 
Friday , 27 September, 9:30 -- 11:30

Spatial Data and Spatial Metadata Standards in Widespread Use in Canada, G.
W. Plunkett and M. M. Allam, Earth Sciences Sector, Natural Resources
Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Spatial Data Exchange Formats and Standards: Comparative Study, Sorokin,
A.D., Research center "Geography of Hazards and Catastrophes", Institute of
Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Staromonetny per. 29, Moscow 109017 Russia

Open Geographic Datastore Interface (OGDI), C. Larouche and G. Clement,
Logiciels et Applications Scientifiques (L.A.S.) Inc., Montreal, PQ, Canada



Regional Georeferencing Challenges
Session Chair: W.A. Martin
Friday , 27 September, 12:30 -- 2:30

Georeferencing Challenges in the Crown of the Continent, J.A.R. Blais,
Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,
Canada

The Calgary and Edmonton NAD83 Experience, W. Newby, Consultant, Calgary
AB, Canada

Geo-corrections to Spatial Data and the Integration of CAD Data, W.A.
Martin, City of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada



Spatial Rendering and Visualization
Session Chair: J.D. Hughes
Friday , 27 September, 2:30 -- 4:30

Optimising Resource Analysis of Stratified Sequences with 3D Modeling, GIS,
Remote Sensing and 3D Visualization, J.D. Hughes, Geological Survey of
Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

Digital Geology Photogrammetry to Map the Foothills and Front Ranges,
Southeastern Cordillera NATMAP Project, D. Lebel and R. Da Roza, Geological
Survey of Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

Historical Terrain Reconstruction for the Creosote Sites on the Bow Rover
in Calgary, J.A.R. Blais, Department of Geomatics Engineering, University
of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, K. He, Consultant, Calgary AB, Canada, C.
Larouche, Logiciels et Applications Scientifiques Inc., Montreal, PQ,
Canada,
and C. Zheng, Imperial Oil, Calgary AB, Canada



Geoscience and Advanced Information Systems
Session Chair: H.A. Karimi
Saturday , 28 September, 8:30 -- 10:30

Open GISs for Solving Cross-Media Spatial Analysis and Modeling Problems,
H.A. Karimi, MCNC-North Carolina Supercomputing Center, Research Triangle
Park NC, USA

The challenges of constructing and managing the Southeastern Cordillera
NATMAP Geoscience Information System, D. Lebel, Geological Survey of
Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

Mobile GIS Data Acquistion using an Integrated, Multi-Sensor System, B.
Chaplin, C. Tao, M. Chapman,
Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, and N. ElSheimy, Research and Development Department,
Geofit, Inc., Laval, Quebec, Canada

A Web-Based Tool for Data Organization and Dissemination, R. Ford, R.
Righter, M. Sweet and P. Votava,
Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula MT USA



Ecological System Monitoring and Modeling
Session Chair: E.A. Johnson 
Saturday , 28 September, 10:30 -- 12:30

Regional Modeling of Water and Carbon Balances for Glacier National Park:
Prediction Variability Induced from Satellite and DEM Data Uncertainties,
J.D. White and S.W. Running, Numerical Terradynamics Simulation Group,
School of Forestry, University of Montana, MT, USA

Using Hillslop Geomorphology and Remote Sensing to Examine Landscape
Patterns of Vegetation Distribution., S.R.J. Bridge and E.A. Johnson,
Department of Biological Sciences and  Kananaskis Field Stations, Calgary,
AB, Canada

The Fire Frequency and Age Mosaic of a Mixedwwod Boreal Forest, J.M.H. Weir
and E.A. Johnson, Department of Biological Sciences and  Kananaskis Field
Stations, Calgary, AB, Canada

Potential for Integrated GIS-EPIC Model for Precision Farming, L.
Kryzanowski, T. Goddard, K. Cannon,
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB, Canada, and
C. Izaurralde and T. Martin, Department of Renewable Resources, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada



Environmental Statistics and Applications
Session Chair: L.Z. Florence
Saturday , 28 September, 1:30 -- 3:30

Environmental Statistics:  an evolving discipline, L.Z. Florence,
Statistical Support Services, Alberta Environmental Centre, Alberta
Research Council, Vegreville, AB, Canada

Computer intensive bootstrap and jackknife procedures for statistical
analysis when sample sizes are small, with application to monitoring
mercury levels in fish, Michelle Hiltz, Alberta Environmental Centre,
Vegreville, Alberta, Canada

Time Series Methods for Environmental Data, H. V. Nguyen, Alberta
Environmental Centre, Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB, Canada

Spatial Patterns Generated by Certain Iterated Systems, B.  Voorhees,
Center for Natural and Human  Science, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB,
Canada

Modelling Boundary Uncertainty in Geospatial Information Systems, A.A.
Alisheikh and J.A.R. Blais,
Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,
Canada


Saturday , 28 September, 4:00  Concluding Session



Posters

Adapting GIS Technology for Natural Resources Managers, C. Larouche, G.
Clement, Logiciels et Applications Scientifiques Inc., Montreal, PQ,
Canada; and F. Potvin, Ministere de l'Environnement et de la Faune, Quebec,
PQ, Canada



REGISTRATION FORM  (Conf. # 68055)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      
      SYMPOSIUM ON SPATIAL INFORMATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
                    September 26 - 28, 1996


Name  ____________________________________________________________________
                    ( first, last)                (For Badge)
Organization  ____________________________________________________________
Address  _________________________________________________________________
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Prov/State  ___________________________________  Postal/Zip Code _________
Work Phone  ____________________________  Fax ____________________________
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Registration fees include the Icebreaker Reception Thursday evening, lunch 
on Friday and Saturday, dinner on Friday, and the Proceedings. GST no.  
R108102864. All attendees  must  pre-register! (due to inclusion of meals).

REGISTRATION FEES:    Before September 9            After September 9

Regular              $150.00 ($140.19+$9.81)       $180.00 ($168.22+$11.78)
Students or 
Retired Persons      $100.00 ($93.46+$6.54)        $130.00 ($121.50+$8.50)
(ID required)

For those traveling to the Symposium from Calgary, bus service will be 
available leaving from from the locations listed below on Thursday 
September 26 and returning after the concluding Session on Saturday,  
September 28 at approximately 4:30 pm  (16:30 hrs).

Cardinal coach to Waterton         $65.00 ($60.75 + $4.25)
       3:00 pm (15:00 hrs) Arrivals level, Calgary Airport
       3:40 pm (15:40 hrs) Hospitality Inn, 135 Southland Drive S.E.

Alternative modes of transportation may be available if sufficient interest
is expressed. Rental cars are obviously available at the Calgary Airport.


Do you require vegetarian meals?   yes |__|


PAYMENT (IN CANADIAN FUNDS) MUST ACCOMPANY THIS FORM

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Please send registration form and total fees to the following:
***** Within 10 days of Symposium, please notify us by phone or fax ***** 

       Margaret-Anne Stroh
       The University of Calgary
       Conference Management Services
       1833 Crowchild Trail N. W.
       Calgary, AB   T2M 4S7
       Tel.: 403-220-6229  
       Fax.: 403-284-4184
       Email: mastroh@acs.ucalgary.ca



ACCOMMODATIONS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A block of rooms at the Bayshore Inn will be held until September 12
ranging from $65 upwards (plus applicable taxes) for single or double 
occupancy. Please book early as space and rates cannot be guaranteed 
after this date:
       Tel.: 403-859-2211 
       Fax.: 403-859-2291 
mentioning the Symposium Spatial Information and the Environment.



CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The organizers intend to publish the Proceedings of this Symposium in 
early 1997 with the sponsorship of the Canadian Institute of Geomatics. 
The full papers can be distributed in preprint format at the Symposium  
but the final versions will only be due at the end of October 1996 for 
the refereeing process prior to their publication. Specific format and 
other details will be posted later on.



From skroege@nswc.navy.mil Wed Sep 25 14:06:59 EDT 1996
Article: 3109 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
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From: skroege@nswc.navy.mil (Steven J. Kroeger)
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Message-ID: <1996Sep24.163936.25477@relay.nswc.navy.mil>
Sender: news@relay.nswc.navy.mil
Organization: NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER
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Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 16:39:36 GMT
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In article <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>, Ivan@mindspring.com (Crazy) writes:
|> bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:
|> 
|> >>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
|> >>|full of shit! 
|> 
|> 	As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
|> forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
|> something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
|> tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
|> running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
|> That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
|> down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
|> a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
|> running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
|> say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
|> bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
|> leave him with that. :-))
|> 	We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
|> course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
|> cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
|> 
|> 				-= Ivan =-
|> 
|> 
    Some folks have good immunity to poisonous plants, others merely have to look at
   a poisonous plant and they break out, my daughter for one. When she comes in contact
   with any of the common variety poisonous plants ends up looking like the young man
   who played in the movie with Cher called "Mask" I believe, not a pretty sight and it
   takes heavy meds and weeks to go away. Myself and my son on the other hand can just
   about take a bath in it without any real affects, a little itching is about it.

    Just my 2 cents
    Have a great day
    Steve Kroeger


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Wed Sep 25 14:07:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3110 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: African botany
Message-ID: <Dy8DGM.FBn@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
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ptwilder@aol.com (PTWilder) writes:

>My wife just came back from a trip to Zambia. She brought back a small bag
>of seed pods she found attractive. (I know, I know, she shouldn't do
>this.)

>They are about 2-3 inches across, very hard, with several tear-shaped
>lobes opened to expose the seeds inside.

>What are they? Are they dangerous? 

Depending on what diseases they may be carrying, they could wipe out
American agriculture as you know it.

Cheers,  Ian S.


-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From YourLogin@Sybase.com Wed Sep 25 14:07:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3111 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!news.mindspring.com!psinntp!psinntp!fyi.sybase.com!tribune.sybase.com!usenet
From: Your Name <YourLogin@Sybase.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info Re: Agave Ferox aka Century Plant
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 17:44:52 -0400
Organization: Sybase, INC
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Hi,

My friend and I were walking through the arboretum in Golden Gate park.
We were intriged by a plant called Agave Ferox and also known as the
Century Plant.  Could someone point us toward more information about
this plant on the Web, or tell us what it's common name refers to?

Another question:  We were told that the longest-lived organism is a
plant in the Arizona desert which spends most of it's life cycle in
dormancy.  Our source, a friendly forest ranger in Big Basin State Park,
didn't know the name of this plant.  Any guesses?

Any guesses with citations?

Thanks in advance,

Sloan and Sau-Ling


From maclin@village.ios.com Wed Sep 25 14:07:01 EDT 1996
Article: 3112 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!news.ios.com!usenet
From: maclin <maclin@village.ios.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 24 Sep 1996 23:38:32 GMT
Organization: Internet Online Services
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com> <1996Sep24.163936.25477@relay.nswc.navy.mil>
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I think that I have come into the Poison Ivy discussion a bit late, so 
forgive me if this has already been mentioned.  I have found that one of 
the best solutions to a poison ivy rash is the application of the juice 
>from  the stems of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis).  Jewelweed grows in 
moist locations and has orange or yellow spotted flowers in the fall.  
Once you have seen it it is fairly easy to recognise in the wild and is 
common in the eastern US.  If you make an infusion of jewelweed stems 
and mix it with corn starch to make a thick paste, the effects are nice 
also.  Just my 2 cents.

Ted Maclin

______________

Each man, one way
Each horse, one stance
Each church, one Buddha
Each master, to his own technique.





From yourname@uslink.net Wed Sep 25 14:07:02 EDT 1996
Article: 3113 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!mr.net!news.mr.net!uslink.net!dial-41
From: yourname@uslink.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: 24 Sep 1996 11:06:36 GMT
Organization: USLink Internet
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Message-ID: <528fbs$sil@news.uslink.net>
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The reason this plant is called 'jewelweed' is because when you place a leaf 
underwater it takes on a metallic sheen and reflects back in either gold or 
silver.  
				WyldRose

In article <526qjo$icl@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, qra@aol.com (QRA) wrote:
>Jewel Weed (impatiens pallida) is also called touch-me-not and is closely
>related to Spotted Jewel weed (I. capensis) and Balsam (I. balsamina). 
>Both species of Jewel weed enjoy relatively damp, well drained areas. 
>Balsam is commononly cultivated.


From margoli@ibm.net Wed Sep 25 14:07:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3114 of sci.bio.botany
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From: margoli@ibm.net (Larry Margolis)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 25 Sep 1996 01:56:06 GMT
Organization: The Village Waterbed
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <ray-1909961720310001@ppp157-sf2.sirius.com> <lesjones-1909962347360001@lesjones.ppp.usit.net>
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In <lesjones-1909962347360001@lesjones.ppp.usit.net>, lesjones@usit.net (Les Jones) writes:
>I'd be interested to know if anyone
>has references or observations that link the habitats of jewel weed and
>poison ivy.

Euell Gibbons, in "Stalking the Wild Asparagus", wrote:
   Jewelweed grows in the same kind of habitat as poison ivy,
   and the two plants are often found growing close together.

--
Larry Margolis, margoli@ibm.net



From SeeAddressatBottom@bigsky.net Wed Sep 25 14:07:04 EDT 1996
Article: 3115 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!iag.net!news.misty.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news
From: DSparrow <NotMyRealAddress@bigsky.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 1996 02:25:10 -0700
Organization: Big Sky Network Technologies
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com> <01bba9fd$189ec920$29b86dc6@stevej.voyager.net>
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Steve Johnson wrote:
> 
> Ivan -
> 
> In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction.
snip
> I have it on what I consider very reliable authority that burning or eating
> poison ivy
> are very foolish; if it gets into your blood stream through inhalation or
> ingestion, you
> can start breaking out everywhere, and have a much longer and more severe
> reaction.
> Hospitalization?  I can believe it.  
> 
snip
> Crazy <Ivan@mindspring.com> wrote in article
> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>...
snip
> >

> >       We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
> > course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
> > cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
> >
> >                               -= Ivan =-
>> 
	I don't know where Ivan grew up but I would put eating poison ivy in
the category of evolution in action - bound to weed out most of the
stupid. Sensitive people can get a severe reaction from bathing in a
stream that poison ivy grows beside, and people have died from breathing
the smoke from burning poison ivy.  It does sound like he's thinking of
nettles.
	A severe case may certainly require hospitalization - the allergic
reaction destroys tissue much like a chemical burn. If 20% of the body
surface is involved shock is possible.  If 40% is involved shock is
likely (numbers are from memory from advanced first aid 30 years ago so
not exact).  A girlfriend was once hospitalized for 5 days after we
rolled in some unclothed (I have never reacted, knock wood).  A
physician can prescribe steroids that greatly shorten the course of the
reaction.  A friend recently had it from his ankle to mid-thigh on both
legs - a solid mass of the usual oozing crusty sores. Oral steroids had
the rash nearly healed in 4 days.  So if you get it don't suffer
needlessly - see a doctor.
	  
-- 
		D Sparrow

"Taxes are not levied for the benefit of the taxed." -Robert Heinlein
To send me mail use dsparrow@bigsky.net, not the phony address above


From dps@hyperion.haystack.edu Wed Sep 25 14:07:05 EDT 1996
Article: 3116 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!usenet
From: Dwight Sipler <dps@hyperion.haystack.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 1996 06:16:08 -0400
Organization: MIT Haystack Observatory
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Larry Margolis wrote:
> 
> Euell Gibbons, in "Stalking the Wild Asparagus", wrote:
>    Jewelweed grows in the same kind of habitat as poison ivy,
>    and the two plants are often found growing close together.




In my experience, Jewelweed is found only in moist areas, while PI 
is *EVERYWHERE*. I would say that PI is likely to be found where 
Jewelweed is found, but the converse is not true.


From mallet@tours.inra.fr Wed Sep 25 14:07:06 EDT 1996
Article: 3117 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!saphir.jouy.inra.fr!mallet
From: mallet@tours.inra.fr (Serge.Mallet)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: cystus
Date: 25 Sep 1996 14:51:26 GMT
Organization: INRA
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Hi net people

I'm desesperately looking for a paper on Cystus cartography of Spain :

MARTIN BOLANOS, M et GUINEA LOPEZ, E. 1949 : Jarales y jajas (Cistografia
hispanica). Min. Agr. Dir. gen. montes, Caza y pesca fluvial, Inst. For.
Invest. y Exp., Vol 49, Madrid, 228 pages

Could anybody help me to find this paper ?

I would be very grateful

Serge

mallet@tours.inra.fr
 


From danobr@crl.com Fri Sep 27 14:43:41 EDT 1996
Article: 3018 of sci.bio.botany
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From: danobr@crl.com (Dan O'Brien)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Date: 14 Sep 1996 23:36:27 -0700
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i think poson ivy exposure, and the severity of the symptoms depends on 
the particular person. I've been exposed several times, and have never 
gotten the rash...go figure, now that i've said that, i'll get exposed 
and get a nasty rash tomorrow...  :(

--dan--



From bettyc@flyinggoat.com Fri Sep 27 14:43:42 EDT 1996
Article: 3019 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Betty Cunningham <bettyc@flyinggoat.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Sterling Rose
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 04:48:26 -0700
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Daniel Ingevaldson wrote:
> 
> I heard of a rare type of rose, called a 'sterling rose'.
> Apparently, it has a rare color, and it is thornless.
> I am looking for a rare flower for a rare gift.  I have been
> unable to find any information on it.  Please reply here or
> to dsi@purdue.edu.

There is a hybrid Tea rose called "Sterling Silver' which is heavily 
scented, sort of a soft mauve-lavender, and is SPARSELY thorned.  The 
only non-thorned rose I know of (admittedly I don't know the more exotic 
species) is the Lady Bank's rose, which is small-flowered, either yellow 
or white, unscented, and climbs to 25 feet in California.

You want a good suggestion for a rose, ask in rec.gardens.roses

-Betty Cunningham


From g.pack@zetnet.co.uk Fri Sep 27 14:43:43 EDT 1996
Article: 3020 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Graeme Pack <g.pack@zetnet.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: seed germination
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 18:34:47 +0100
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Hi
I'm a veterinarian and have been asked a question by a client who is 
involved in aviculture that I can't answer.
He breeds birds and feeds them sprouted seeds amongst other things.  
The process of sprouting the seed is tedious and time consumeing.

The question is if sprouted seed has any nutritional benefits over 
unsprouted seeds?

I have given it some thought and wonder if there may be a change in 
the availability of nutrients when the seed germinates.  I've been 
told theres a substantial increase in the VIT E content?

Any help would be appreciated.

Regards

Graeme



From monique@bio.tamu.edu Fri Sep 27 14:43:44 EDT 1996
Article: 3021 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: penny royal/blue chohosh information sought
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 14:49:44 UNDEFINED
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>I'm looking or information on penny royal =?= blue chohosh

>This is the name of a herb, the tea (oral) of which a girl friend of mine is 
>using as a contraceptive. As i know nothing of this plant i'm a bit skeptical, 
>and this makes me uncomfortable with it's effectiveness. It's originally 
>supposed to be used by american indians (don't know if that's south or north a.).

>A medline search on above names returned nothing useful.


Oooooo.  Be careful.  Pennyroyal may be effective as a "contraceptive" because 
it can have abortifacient properties.  (It's one of the herbs strongly 
contraindicated for pregnant women.)  If you are trying to *prevent* 
conception, I would suggest something else.

M.D.R.


From mod@world.std.com Fri Sep 27 14:43:45 EDT 1996
Article: 3022 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
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From: mod@world.std.com (Glutenous Maximus)
Subject: Asparagus diuretic - "psycho-fact"?
Message-ID: <Dxs8Ay.3xG@world.std.com>
Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 16:25:46 GMT
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:13897 sci.bio.botany:3022 bionet.plants:12137


I am looking for authoritative info to help in settling a friendly
dispute.  I have no particularly useful knowledge on this subject
but that hasn't prevented me from challenging somebody else's
assertion that asparagus is diuretic.  I claim that they have
instead probably just described a "psycho-fact" - since asparagus
does make the act of urinating more memorable, so to speak, they
may simply have convinced themselves that it's a diuretic because
it seems like they remember urinating after eating asparagus more
than they remember doing so after eating other foods.

So, I'd be obliged to anyone here who might shed a little light on
this by discussing the chemistry/botany/pharmacology of asparagus,
specifically: is asparagus diuretic and if so, what is the particular
plant-chemistry and physiology involved.  In other words, what are
the specific compounds in question (if any) and how do they act on
the human body.  And if it isn't already obvious, please understand
that I'm looking for more than just folk-wisdom, hearsay or herbal-
lore - not that they aren't frequently useful, but I don't regard
them as authoritative...

    [ And, no: I ain't no dang "watersports" weirdo! ]   ;->   ;->

Regards,
 ---------------------------------
 Michael O'Donnell     mod@std.com            Copyright (c) 1996
 ---------------------------------

P.S.  Here's something I posted to rec.food.cooking earlier - it's
      moderately interesting, but not quite relevant:


 From "On Food and Cooking"   by Harold McGee    ISBN 0-684-18132-0

  The Lily family: Asparagus, Leek, Onion

  Plants in the lily family are relatives of the grasses, and have
  structures more like them than like other vegetable plants.
  Asparagus is native to temperate Eurasia and is unique in having
  no leaves, properly speaking, but rather "phylloclades", or
  delicate photosynthetic branches.  It was known as a delicacy in
  Greek and Roman times, and later, high demand for it led to the
  use of many substitutes including young blackberry shoots and
  leeks, which were called "poor man's asparagus".  It remains
  expensive today because the shoots grow at different rates and
  must be harvested by hand.

  An odd side effect of asparagus has been known for centuries.  As
  the learned Frenchman Dr. Louis Lemery put it in his *Treatise of
  All Sorts of Foods* (1702) [...]  "Sparagrass eaten to Excess
  sharpen the Humours and heat a little, and therefore Persons of a
  bilious Constitution ought to use them moderately: They cause a
  filthy and disagreeable Smell in the Urine, as every Body knows."

  From 1956 until 1980 it was thought the excretion of odorous
  methyl mercaptan after eating asparagus was a dominant genetic
  trait; if you had the particular gene, you were a "stinker".  But
  a recent study found that *all* asparagus eaters excrete methyl
  mercaptan; it is the ability to *detect* its odor that varies
  from person to person.  The sulfur-containing amino acid
  methionine is suspected as the precursor in asparagus.


 I don't even want to *know* how they conducted that experiment...



From dmany@cam.org Fri Sep 27 14:43:46 EDT 1996
Article: 3023 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Daniel Many <dmany@cam.org>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: How to control aphid populations?
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 17:06:29 -0700
Organization: Communications Accessibles Montreal, Quebec Canada
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Hi there!

I`m looking for information on biological or chemical control of aphids
on maples and linden.or any other kind of information on how to control
aphid populations. If you have personal experience or references on that
topic it would be greatly appreciated. 

Dan
e-mail: dmany@cam.org


From gadbermd@Walden.mo.net Fri Sep 27 14:43:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3024 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gadbermd@Walden.mo.net (Michael Gadberry)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Schools w/ good bio/botany programs?
Date: 16 Sep 1996 17:06:14 GMT
Organization: -=MO.NET=- MVP-Net, Inc's Missouri Operations
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Hi all,
	I am looking for recommendations of schools with good undergrad 
programs in life sciences/botany.  Eventually I would like to specialize 
in biodiversity preservation, seedbanks, etc.  Currently I am working as 
a LAN/WAN engineer w/ a degree in Computer Science and I would probably 
need to move to an area where I can continue working with networking 
while I finish my second degree.  Any suggestions?

Thanks in advance,

Mike Gadberry <gadbermd@mo.net>



From JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk Fri Sep 27 14:43:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3025 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jim A <JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Woolemi Pines
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 23:42:42 +0100
Organization: Hunua Ranges
Lines: 33
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <gYuPeFAiZIPyEws6@ampthill.demon.co.uk>
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In article <51frn3$s13@news>, john@znet.com writes
>Could someone please direct me to the most up-to-date sources and
>publications (on-line, too) pertaining to the classification and
>current research regarding Woolemi Araucaria?  I am preparing a 
>discussion with the Woolemi discovery being the highlight.  I have scoured the 
>Australian www sources and haven't been able to find anything more recent than 
>Nov. '95.  In particular, I need to know what the official name given to the 
>trees is and what definitive genetic studies have been performed.
>
>Thanks.
>
>For the curious, here are some interesting starting points pertaining to the 
>Woolemi discovery:
>
>http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/RBG/News/woll.html
>
>http://kaos.erin.gov.au:80/life/end_vuln/plants/liv_fossil.html
>
>JF
________________________________________________________________________
I found the same problem earlier this year.

Try contacting Ken Hill at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.

It might be a while before you get a reply, I gather he is very busy,
but a few weeks ago he sent me some recent information that was very
useful.

Ken_hill@rbgsyd.gov.au

-- 
With Best Regards
Jim A.


From dteunis@uia.ua.ac.be Fri Sep 27 14:43:49 EDT 1996
Article: 3026 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: dteunis@uia.ua.ac.be (Dirk Teunis)
Subject: penny royal/blue chohosh information sought
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Hi,

I'm looking or information on penny royal =?= blue chohosh

This is the name of a herb, the tea (oral) of which a girl friend of mine is 
using as a contraceptive. As i know nothing of this plant i'm a bit skeptical, 
and this makes me uncomfortable with it's effectiveness. It's originally 
supposed to be used by american indians (don't know if that's south or north a.).

A medline search on above names returned nothing useful.

I'm looking for - any information on this plant
                - the scientific name of this plant
                - articles published on the use of this plant as a contraceptive
                  in de medical or ethnobotanical literature.

e_mail preferred but not absolutely necessary

deGroeten
Dirk [*]




From tombruno@shout.net Fri Sep 27 14:43:50 EDT 1996
Article: 3027 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Bruno, Thomas A." <tombruno@shout.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 05:47:24 +0100
Organization: Thomas A. Bruno And Associates
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.consumers.house:132343 rec.gardens:152739 misc.health.alternative:84236 sci.bio.botany:3027 misc.survivalism:30576 rec.backcountry:140105

The only product I have ever found marketed to PREVENT poison ivy is 
STOKOGARD, available over the counter, but you may have to ask your 
pharmacist to order it.

Its a cream you apply to your skin which may come into contact with 
poison ivy.

-- 
Thomas A. Bruno;  Champaign/Urbana, Illinois
Voice:217.328.6000; Fax 217.328.6765
Visit my web page at http://www.shout.net/~tombruno/


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Fri Sep 27 14:43:51 EDT 1996
Article: 3028 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tissue Culture
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:11:14 -0400
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Hello,
Iam putting up a Plant Tissue Culture facility - and would like to know what 
are the Internet Resources available in this field. ( Mailing Lists, Usenet 
Groups, FTP's, Databases, Societies, etc. )

On checking up an 1994 posting about a Mailing List known as PLANT-TC supposed 
to be at vm1.spcs.umn.edu OR at uminn1.bitnet, I drew a blank.

Can anyone help ?

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Commercial corrrespondence welcome to my E-mail address directly *without 
disturbing the net*.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From margoli@ibm.net Fri Sep 27 14:43:52 EDT 1996
Article: 3029 of sci.bio.botany
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From: margoli@ibm.net (Larry Margolis)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 17 Sep 1996 04:12:27 GMT
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In <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>, Rick Bowen <rbowen@fastlane.net> writes:
|Rork Kuick wrote:
|>
|> I'd like the low down.  I get two stories here in Michigan.  First is
|> that a person acquires resistance via exposure.  I seem to become more
|> resistant during the year, and notice that folks who are rarely exposed
|> have worse reactions.  Also DNR rangers here used to ingest ever
|> increasing doses to acquire resistance.  Second story is that a person
|> will become sensitized (as for epoxies) by repeated exposures - that I
|> may one day expect horrible reactions due to my near constant exposure
|> to poison ivy.  I wonder if this is just a "sympathetic theory" based
|> on analogy to allegic reactions though.  Additional non-anecdotes
|> appreciated.
|
|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
|full of shit! I have had it four times this year BEFORE the 4th of July.
|I have had it at least 3 times a year since I was in the Boy Scouts.

I think much more frequent exposure than that is necessary.  Our
surveyor, the guy who put in our pool, and the guy who took down
a few trees for us all told us that they had acquired immunity
>from  frequent exposure.  These are folks who are constantly being
exposed in the course of their day-to-day work.

--
Larry Margolis, margoli@ibm.net



From stewart@peinet.pe.ca Fri Sep 27 14:43:53 EDT 1996
Article: 3030 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stewart@peinet.pe.ca (Paul Stewart C/O ABIOGEN)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: fish fertilizer
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 96 22:13:19 GMT
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Does anyone have experience with liquid fish fertilizer? I would like to hear 
>from  anyone who markets, sells or uses the stuff.

Thank You,

Paul Stewart
RR #2 Vernon Bridge
Prince Edward Island
CANADA  C0A 2E0
stewart@cycor.ca


From 76622.21@CompuServe.COM Fri Sep 27 14:43:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3031 of sci.bio.botany
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From: W. Lifton <76622.21@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.environment,sci.research.careers
Subject: SF area Plant Ecologist
Date: 16 Sep 1996 18:25:55 GMT
Organization: ENTRIX
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:3031 sci.environment:105662 sci.research.careers:13914

ENTRIX, Inc. is seeking a PLANT ECOLOGIST for our Walnut Creek, 
CA office.  A Bachelor's degree in Plant Ecology or related 
field is required; a Masters or Ph.D. is strongly preferred.  
Candidate must have experience in west coast plant ecology, 
terrestrial/habitat restoration and a minimum of 5 years 
professional experience.  We prefer a candidate with a good 
working knowledge of California and Federal Environmental 
regulations.  Working knowledge of wildlife ecology and GIS 
applications would be desirable.  We are looking for self 
motivated candidates who are team players, able to work as part 
of multi-disciplinary teams and have excellent communication 
and writing skills.  Duties will include, technical support, 
project management, assisting in the development of a 
terrestrial/habitat restoration practice and client 
development.  Forward resume by September 30 to:   Terrestrial 
and Wetland Services Manager, ENTRIX, Inc., 590 Ygnacio Valley 
Road, Suite 200,  Walnut Creek, CA 94596; or e-mail to:  
delnevo@slip.net.  Please send a resume including a list of 
publications and reports.  No phone inquiries please.  Equal 
Opportunity Employer; Minorities, Female, Handicapped 
encouraged to apply.


From john@znet.com Fri Sep 27 14:43:55 EDT 1996
Article: 3032 of sci.bio.botany
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From: john@znet.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Woolemi Pines
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 96 17:03:02 GMT
Organization: Just Enough
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In article <gYuPeFAiZIPyEws6@ampthill.demon.co.uk>,
   Jim A <JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk> wrote:
>In article <51frn3$s13@news>, john@znet.com writes
>>Could someone please direct me to the most up-to-date sources and
>>publications (on-line, too) pertaining to the classification and
>>current research regarding Woolemi Araucaria?  I am preparing a 
>>discussion with the Woolemi discovery being the highlight.  I have scoured the 
>>Australian www sources and haven't been able to find anything more recent than 
>>Nov. '95.  In particular, I need to know what the official name given to the 
>>trees is and what definitive genetic studies have been performed.
>>
>>Thanks.
>>
>>For the curious, here are some interesting starting points pertaining to the 
>>Woolemi discovery:
>>
>>http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/RBG/News/woll.html
>>
>>http://kaos.erin.gov.au:80/life/end_vuln/plants/liv_fossil.html
>>
>>JF
>________________________________________________________________________
>I found the same problem earlier this year.
>
>Try contacting Ken Hill at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.
>
>It might be a while before you get a reply, I gather he is very busy,
>but a few weeks ago he sent me some recent information that was very
>useful.
>
>Ken_hill@rbgsyd.gov.au

I've sent him an email.  Nothing.  I take it he's probably out tramping most of 
the time, which is to be expected.

Jim, if you could send me that "recent information", I'd greatly appreciate it 
as time is of the essence.   

BTW, I was informed by the Systematics Laboratory at the Univ. of Melbourne that 
the only published work on Wollemia was in Telopea, which I don't have access 
to. (Jones, W.G., Hill, K.D. & Allen, J.M. 1996. Wollemia nobilis, a new living
Australian genus and species in the Araucariaceae. Telopea, 6(2-3):
173-176.)  Apparently, they concluded it was not the "living fossil" they had 
thought but still a rare, new genus, nonetheless.  Any further light on the 
subject would GREATLY apprec.

Thanks.

JF



From cacorion@erols.com Fri Sep 27 14:43:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3033 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!rutgers!news.iag.net!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!hunter.premier.net!news1.erols.com!news
From: cacorion@erols.com
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 13:36:05 -0700
Organization: Erol's Internet Services
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net>
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I am deathly allergic to poison ivy - have to take steroids and such when 
I get it.  TECHNU makes a lotion that seems to work for me - it's at 
drugstores over the counter.  It can be put on before or after exposure. 
 

Bruno, Thomas A. wrote:
> 
> The only product I have ever found marketed to PREVENT poison ivy is
> STOKOGARD, available over the counter, but you may have to ask your
> pharmacist to order it.
> 
> Its a cream you apply to your skin which may come into contact with
> poison ivy.
> 
> --
> Thomas A. Bruno;  Champaign/Urbana, Illinois
> Voice:217.328.6000; Fax 217.328.6765
> Visit my web page at http://www.shout.net/~tombruno/



From physiology@colinst.com Fri Sep 27 14:43:57 EDT 1996
Article: 3034 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!newsjunkie.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!howland.erols.net!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde.nde.swri.edu!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!malgudi.oar.net!triglav.iwaynet.net!port121
From: physiology@colinst.com (PG)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: MEASURE FERMENT: O2/CO2 GAS EXCHANGE
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 96 19:26:29 GMT
Organization: 
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Distribution: world
Message-ID: <51kcic$2sb@triglav.iwaynet.net>
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We have developed Fermentation Gas Exchange Computer which measures
precisely oxygen consumption and CO2 production in multiple fermentors. It
employs one set of precision gas analyzers having 0.001% resolution.
Differential measurements of gas (O2 and CO2) levels at the input and output of
fermentor combined with gas mass flow measurements lead to precise measurement
of mg O2 consumed and mg CO2 produced. Equipment can work with wide range of
O2 and CO2 levels (0-100%) and can be used for aerobic as well as anaerobic
processes. It can be connected to a variety of commercial fermentors. If you like
to receive description of this instrument, please e-mail me your street address.

GHOSH
Internet: 75144.2413@compuserve.com



From jbumgarner@sciquest.com Fri Sep 27 14:43:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3035 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!rutgers!venus.sun.com!cs.utexas.edu!howland.erols.net!agate!leporello!bunn
From: "Joe Bumgarner, Jr." <jbumgarner@sciquest.com>
Newsgroups: sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.food-science,sci.engr.chem,sci.engr.biomed,sci.engr.physics,sci.med.pharmacy,sci.med.laboratory,sci.misc,sci.physics.research,sci.electronics.equipment
Subject: WWW: SciQuest - A New Productivity Tool
Date: 17 Sep 1996 02:09:48 GMT
Organization: SciQuest
Lines: 20
Approved: bunn@leporello.berkeley.edu (sci.physics.research)
Message-ID: <51l19c$del@agate.berkeley.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture:13920 sci.bio.botany:3035 sci.bio.food-science:3477 sci.engr.chem:17937 sci.engr.biomed:7479 sci.med.pharmacy:34609 sci.med.laboratory:2290 sci.misc:18191 sci.physics.research:4772 sci.electronics.equipment:6994

Searching for a laboratory vendor?  Wasting time browsing through
catalogs,  playing "phone tag," or holding in customer service queues? 
A FREE, comprehensive "buyer's guide" and communications tool,
consisting of over 2000 vendors, is now available for scientists,
researchers, and purchasing agents at

                        "http://sciquest.com"

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locating, qualifying, and communicating with multiple vendors
simultaneously.  So check us out and start saving time with SciQuest -
the first place to look!

________________________________________________________________________

jbumgarner@sciquest.com     "SciQuest - Internet Solutions for Science"
Joe Bumgarner, Jr.          "http://sciquest.com"
Site Director               919-786-1770
________________________________________________________________________



From mgold@max.tiac.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3036 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!portc01.blue.aol.com!news-e2a.gnn.com!howland.erols.net!EU.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!news-in.tiac.net!posterchild!max.tiac.net!mgold
From: Mark Gold <mgold@max.tiac.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How to get "stevia" supersweet plant?
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 20:09:39 -0400
Organization: The Internet Access Company, Inc.
Lines: 96
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cc: MikeRav@ix.netcom.com

>How to get "stevia" supersweet plant?
>From           Michael Ravnitzky <MikeRav@ix.netcom.com>
>Date           Tue, 03 Sep 1996 08:14:44 -0600
>Newsgroups     sci.bio.botany
>                                      
>Does anyone have information on how to get the "stevia" supersweet
>plant that I heard about on National Public Radio.  It is a couple of
>hundred times more sweet than sucrose (table sugar).  Is it limited to
>a particular climate area?  Can you buy it in a plant store?
>
>A carbon copy e-mail would be helpful, as I don't check here as often
>as I need to.
>
>Mike Ravnitzky
>MikeRav@ix.netcom.com

Michael,

I have enclosed an excerpt from a sweetener resource list on my web 
page.  It includes resources for stevia *plants*, powder, liquid 
extract, etc.  I hope this helps.

By the way, I also have some documents on my web page that can give you 
some general and scientific information about stevia.

Best Wishes,
                             - Mark
                          mgold@tiac.net
             http://www.tiac.net/users/mgold/health.html
(Web Information on Food & Nutrition, Yoga, Detoxification, Emotional
    Healing, Conditions, Preventive Dentistry, Sweetener Resources,
       Stevia, Editorials, Highly Toxic Substances: Aspartame/
            NutraPoison, Toxic Carpeting, Mercury Amalgam
               rBGH, Fluoride, MSG. Much more to come
                  Links to Holistic-Related Sites
                   Usenet Groups, Mailing Lists 
                     No Web Access? Email Me

***************
BEGIN ENCLOSURE
***************

                    Sunrider Distributors
                    ---------------------
          Peter Britos              Bay Mills Enterprizes
          (800) 326-0631            Scarborough, Ontario
          (404) 974-8690            416-754-2004
                                    E-mail  jlinnell@can.net
          Distributes liquid concentrate Stevia (SunnyDew).

          Cheryl's Herbs
          836 Hanley Industrial Court
          St. Louis, MO 63144
          (314) 963-4449
          (800) 231-5971
          (314) 963-4454 (FAX)
          email: pawgep@aol.com

          Consumer Direct
          640 South Perry Lane
          Suite #2
          Tempe, AZ  85281
          (800) 899-9908
          (602) 921-2160
          Sells liquid concentrate of Stevia 
          from Paraguay.

          Body Ecology Diet
          1266 West Paces Ferry Road
          Suite 505
          Atlanta, GA 30327
          (404) 266-1366
          (800) 896-7838
          Sells Stevia powder from China, recipe book.

          Richters Herbs
          Goodwood, ON  L0C 1A0, Canada
          Tel +1-905-640-6677  Fax 640-6641
          Info: info@richters.com
          Catalog Requests: catalog@richters.com
          Sells stevia plants

          Produce ala Carte
          3425 Foothill Blvd.
          La Cresenta, CA 91214
          818-541-0492
          Liquid, capsules and bulk Stevia

          Stephen J. Marsden
          The Herbal Advantage
          Route 3, Box 93
          Rogersville, MO 65742-909214
          Phone: 417-753-3999  Fax: 417-753-2000
          SMARSDEN@MAIL.ORION.ORG
          Sells stevia powder, extract, and plants, and t-shirts.
          Can ship same day small orders or up to hundreds of pounds.


From sscott@top.monad.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3037 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.sover.net!news.monad.net!usenet
From: Stella Scott <sscott@top.monad.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 23:09:40 -0700
Organization: MonadNet
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References: <323f2f44.3456708@news.demon.co.uk>
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Stephen wrote:
> 
> >16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
> >     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
> >     when cut?
> All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
> 'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
> answer??
> Please help
> Thanks in advance
> 
> Stephen
> stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk

Stephen
According to Grey's Manual by Asa Gray, 1869, the ancient name of
lettuce Lactùca 
sativa came from lac, milk, due to the milky juice that is seen when the
stem is cut or broken.  Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa)  or garden
varieties seems like a common enough answer.

Stella
sscott@top.monad.net


From bettyc@flyinggoat.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:01 EDT 1996
Article: 3038 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!sun-net.ncren.net!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mindlink.net!uniserve!news.sol.net!newspump.sol.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news1.best.com!nntp1.best.com!usenet
From: Betty Cunningham <bettyc@flyinggoat.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 07:54:22 -0700
Organization: Best Internet Communications
Lines: 24
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Stephen wrote:
> 
> >16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
> >     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
> >     when cut?
> All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
> 'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
> answer??
>>Cedar Creek    Natural History Area 


http://swan.lter.umn.edu/research/lists/taxon/t534.html
(I found this by looking up lactuca canadensis on the ALTA VISTA web search engine)
                                                                                     

534 Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae. Forb. Leaves alternate. Usually found in rosette form. 
Leaves are long with very deep teeth, after the plant has gotten large. Leaves are flimsy. 
When rosettes are small the teeth are generally smaller and not so deeply lobed but 
generally not possible to distinguish the different Lactuca species when they are
small so call them Lactuca sp. Flowering stalk branches many times and there is one flower 
per stalk. Flowers are small and yellow, and look like dandelions. Has a tan sap when a leaf 
vein is broken (don't know if this is characteristic of this species, or if all Lactuca 
species exhibit this). Name is from Latin "lac" for milk due to the milky sap. Similar
species: Lacuta biennis and other Lactuca species. Found in fields B and C.


From jmiguelr@idec.es Fri Sep 27 14:44:02 EDT 1996
Article: 3039 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mem.bellsouth.net!news.uoregon.edu!arclight.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!minerva.ibernet.es!artemis.ibernet.es!news
From: jmiguelr@idec.es (JmRM)
Newsgroups: own.health.bach_flowers,-,own.health.herbs,-,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help on ARANTO
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 21:54:00 GMT
Organization: A poorly-installed InterNetNews site
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <51hqlk$buj@artemis.ibernet.es>
NNTP-Posting-Host: mark1.idecnet.com
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

Please anyone who knows the scientific name or any health property of
a herb called ARANTO  in Mexico, please e-mail me

thanks in advance

Jose Miguel Rguez
e-mail:  jmiguelr@idec.es
Canarias (Spain)



From bill@inforamp.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3040 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mindlink.net!van-bc!n1van.istar!van.istar!west.istar!ott.istar!istar.net!tor.istar!east.istar!news.inforamp.net!news
From: bill@inforamp.net (Bill Allen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Transexual Hops
Date: 17 Sep 1996 21:16:08 GMT
Organization: iSTAR Internet Inc.
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Hi All:
 If this is a common occurance please excuse my ignorance. I bought a
hop plant, to make my own beer with, about five years ago. It grew
very well and increased in size every year producing lots of female
flowers. Two years ago I moved out of the city (Toronto) and took a
section of the root mass with me. Last year it produced female cones
(flowers) but this year it produced tons of male flowers and no cones.
The only difference is that the climate here is slightly cooler and I
planted another variety of hop beside it. I can't see these things
changing the sex of my plant. Anyone have any ideas? Nuke it and start
again, councelling perhaps? 
				Thanks, Bill



From stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk Fri Sep 27 14:44:04 EDT 1996
Article: 3041 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!EU.net!news.mathworks.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!arclight.uoregon.edu!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!stephron.demon.co.uk
From: stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk ( Stephen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 1996 10:43:27 GMT
Lines: 19
Message-ID: <323f2f44.3456708@news.demon.co.uk>
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>16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
>     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
>     when cut?
All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
answer??
Please help
Thanks in advance


Stephen
stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk

You know what would make a good story?
Something about a clown who makes people happy
but inside he's real sad.
Also, he has sever diarrhoea

Jack Handey


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Fri Sep 27 14:44:05 EDT 1996
Article: 3042 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.service.emory.edu!hobbes.cc.uga.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!news-mail-gateway!daemon
From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Citronella
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:06:53 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
Lines: 18
Sender: daemon@cs.yale.edu
Message-ID: <19960916220642.aaaa005wO@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: babyblue.cs.yale.edu
X-Unparseable-Date: 17 Sep 96 07:14 GMT+0500

Hello,
Citronella (oil) is supposed to be a mosquito repellant.

Can someone give more details about its properties and how it is extracted ?

What are the plants/herbs in which it is found and at what quantities(%)?

Is there any other plant/herb with mosquito repellant properties - if so what 
are the active ingredients.

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Fri Sep 27 14:44:06 EDT 1996
Article: 3043 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.service.emory.edu!hobbes.cc.uga.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!news-mail-gateway!daemon
From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tissue Culture
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:06:55 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
Lines: 21
Sender: daemon@cs.yale.edu
Message-ID: <19960916220643.aaaa005wW@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: babyblue.cs.yale.edu
X-Unparseable-Date: 17 Sep 96 07:14 GMT+0500

Hello,
Iam putting up a Plant Tissue Culture facility - and would like to know what 
are the Internet Resources available in this field. ( Mailing Lists, Usenet 
Groups, FTP's, Databases, Societies, etc. )

On checking up an 1994 posting about a Mailing List known as PLANT-TC supposed 
to be at vm1.spcs.umn.edu OR at uminn1.bitnet, I drew a blank.

Can anyone help ?

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Commercial corrrespondence welcome to my E-mail address directly *without 
disturbing the net*.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Fri Sep 27 14:44:07 EDT 1996
Article: 3044 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.service.emory.edu!hobbes.cc.uga.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!news-mail-gateway!daemon
From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Citronella
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:10:53 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
Lines: 18
Sender: daemon@cs.yale.edu
Message-ID: <19960916221050.aaaa0068S@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: babyblue.cs.yale.edu
X-Unparseable-Date: 17 Sep 96 07:14 GMT+0500

Hello,
Citronella (oil) is supposed to be a mosquito repellant.

Can someone give more details about its properties and how it is extracted ?

What are the plants/herbs in which it is found and at what quantities(%)?

Is there any other plant/herb with mosquito repellant properties - if so what 
are the active ingredients.

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:08 EDT 1996
Article: 3045 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!newsserver.jvnc.net!paperboy.uconn.edu!florawww
From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 96 13:19:04 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 31
Message-ID: <51p0mm$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>
References: <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca>
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X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #4

In article <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca>,
   skydiver@intranet.ca (Robin L. M. Cheung) wrote:
>
>Would anyone perhaps be able to tell me some information about 
>Aeschynanthus javanicus?  I know that it is a temperate plant and that it is 
a 
>monocot with somewhat waxy leaves.  Any other information would be great, 
>like family name, characteristics, etc.
>
>Thanks!
>

A. javanicus is a synonym for Aeschynanthus radicans, the common lipstick 
plant. It is a gesneriad (Dicot, not monocot) and is native to Java and  
Malaysia, not temperate regions.  More info on this plant is available through 
our WWW collections database:

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num\890044.htm


------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton Morse - Greenhouse Manager
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
75 North Eagleville Rd., Box U-42
University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269
E-Mail to: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu
WWW Server(s):
  Greenhouse: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/
  Rogaining:  http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/rogaine/rogaine.htm
  Pack Goats: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/packgoat/packgoat.htm
------------------------------------------------------------------


From stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk Fri Sep 27 14:44:09 EDT 1996
Article: 3046 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk ( Stephen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 01:11:43 GMT
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I would just like to take this opportunity to thank all the people who
contributed to helping me find this answer, whether by email or by
usenet. Thanks folks!!


Stephen
stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk

You know what would make a good story?
Something about a clown who makes people happy
but inside he's real sad.
Also, he has sever diarrhoea

Jack Handey


From skinbiology@pop.seanet.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:09 EDT 1996
Article: 3047 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gina Lindley <skinbiology@pop.seanet.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 11:23:35 -0700
Organization: Skin Biology, Inc.
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There are very few products on the market that work well to alleviate 
the symptoms of poison ivy.  Skin Biology is currently test marketing a 
product called Protect & Restore which help repair damaged skin caused  
by eczema, acne, minor burns, minor wounds, and poison ivy.  It is a 
natural copper peptone based product that is very different from most 
products on the market. Visit Skin Biology's website at 
http://www.skinbiology.com or call for more information (800) 405-1912.


From jselegea@cedar.cic.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:10 EDT 1996
Article: 3048 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jselegea@cedar.cic.net (Jim Selegean)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: G.E.Hutchinson book wanted
Date: 16 Sep 1996 13:53:36 GMT
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I'm taking a class on Aquatic Botany and am looking for one of the 
recommended texts.  The title is _A Treatise on Limnology_ Volume 3 - 
Limnological Botany.  Author is G. E. Hutchinson (1975).  It is out of 
print and I haven't had any luck at used book stores.  I would be very 
interested in purchasing this if someone has a copy no longer in use. 

Thanks,
Jim Selegean
<jselegea@great-lakes.net>




From R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl Fri Sep 27 14:44:11 EDT 1996
Article: 3049 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!sun4nl!surfnet.nl!rug.nl!ppsw131208.ppsw.rug.nl!R.Zwaagstra
From: R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl (Ronald Zwaagstra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: seed germination
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 12:21:22 GMT
Organization: Faculty Social Sciences Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
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In article <1996091318344866796@zetnet.co.uk> Graeme Pack <g.pack@zetnet.co.uk> writes:
>From: Graeme Pack <g.pack@zetnet.co.uk>
>Subject: seed germination
>Date: Fri, 13 Sep 1996 18:34:47 +0100

>Hi
>I'm a veterinarian and have been asked a question by a client who is 
>involved in aviculture that I can't answer.
>He breeds birds and feeds them sprouted seeds amongst other things.  
>The process of sprouting the seed is tedious and time consumeing.

>The question is if sprouted seed has any nutritional benefits over 
>unsprouted seeds?

>I have given it some thought and wonder if there may be a change in 
>the availability of nutrients when the seed germinates.  I've been 
>told theres a substantial increase in the VIT E content?

>Any help would be appreciated.

>Regards

>Graeme


I am not sure about vitamine E, but as far as I know most nutrients increase 
dramatically when seed germinates. If memory serves me, the amount of 
vitamine C incereases by about 600% in germinating alfalfa.

Ronald


From R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl Fri Sep 27 14:44:12 EDT 1996
Article: 3050 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!sun4nl!surfnet.nl!rug.nl!ppsw131208.ppsw.rug.nl!R.Zwaagstra
From: R.Zwaagstra@ppsw.rug.nl (Ronald Zwaagstra)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: How to control aphid populations?
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 12:28:36 GMT
Organization: Faculty Social Sciences Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
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In article <323C9A05.758E@cam.org> Daniel Many <dmany@cam.org> writes:
>From: Daniel Many <dmany@cam.org>
>Subject: How to control aphid populations?
>Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 17:06:29 -0700

>Hi there!

>I`m looking for information on biological or chemical control of aphids
>on maples and linden.or any other kind of information on how to control
>aphid populations. If you have personal experience or references on that
>topic it would be greatly appreciated. 

>Dan
>e-mail: dmany@cam.org

No need to go chemical. When you are already confronted with a large number 
of aphids you can kill most by a solution of 10% soft soap and water. Just 
spray a mist on them. Natural predetors of aphids are ladybugs and hoover 
flys, their larves love to eat aphids. Hooverflys are attrackted by open 
flowers like marigolds (and africans if that is what they are called in 
english). Try to grow some next year, you'll see that if helps to control 
the number of aphids. BTW, this kind of problems is often discussed in 
rec.gardens, you might take a look down there.

Ronald

Ro


From aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:13 EDT 1996
Article: 3051 of sci.bio.botany
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From: aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy L. Gordon)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 18 Sep 1996 20:37:26 GMT
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In article <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com>, cacorion@erols.com says...
>
> TECHNU makes a lotion that seems to work for me - it's at 
>drugstores over the counter.  
>> STOKOGARD, available over the counter, but you may have to ask your
>> pharmacist to order it.


both of these products are used by our family.  A natural remedy when you run 
out is Jewel-weed, a tall sparsely-leafed plant that most often times grows 
right next to poison ivy.  

when smashed to a pulp and placed directly on the poison ivy (also oak and 
sumac) it has the same texture as an aloe plant and relieves poison within a 
matter of days.  

for the longest time i would acquire poison ivy from pulling the Jewelweed 
out of the garden and chucking it over the fence.  Then an herbalist clued me 
in.  

Best of luck,

Red Fox



From gordiet@intergate.bc.ca Fri Sep 27 14:44:14 EDT 1996
Article: 3052 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gordiet@intergate.bc.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Algae Studies
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 10:53:20 -0800
Organization: Internet Gateway Corporation
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   Studies on the Effect of Adding Algae to the Diets of Animals and Humans

Healing Effects:

Yamagushi (Japan Medical News. 1965) administered 2 grams of algae daily to
patients with gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, and chronic gastritis. Symptoms
such as stomach pain suppressive feelings in the stomach, heartburn, and
belching were eliminated. Saito and his associates (Medicationa and New Drugs,
1966) have used micro algae in treatment of cuts that resisted healing. They
reported fast healing and the almost immediate cessation of bleeding when micro
increased levels of body energy for a quick return to normal activities.


Growth Promotion Effects:

Animals which are fed a diet of whole dried algae have shown accelerated growth
rates when compare to those raised normal laboratory rations. Yamagushi and his
C0-workers observed greater weight increases and higher percentages of viable
offspring in mice, rats, swine, chickens, and silkworms. One study from a
sample of Japanese children who had been given 2 grams of algae every day for
112 days indicated that this dietary supplement produced weight and height
increase greater than the children who did not take the algae.


Elimination of Heavy Metals in the Human Body:

Professor S. Ichimaru and N. Ogino report the effectiveness of algae in
excreting cadminum accumulated in the bodies of "Itai itai" patients. They
comment that micro algae is one of the substances that discharges heavy metals
such as cadminum, lead, and mercury without the adverse side effects of
chelation therapy. Treatment of U.S. patients has shown that use of algae tends
to normalize eccessive and deficient conditions regarding all the minerals
necessary for a healthy body.


Mind-Brain Functions:

Dr. Gabriel Cousins, M.D., recently published a preliminary paper in the
Journal of Orthomoecular Society (Vol. III, No. 1 & 2, 1985) reporting that
certain blue green algaes partially reversed one case of Alzheimer's disease
and halted the progression of another. In about 70% to 80% of the people who
use it, it seems to particularly activate mind-brain functions. It has been a
boon to some people who do much mental work and want extra mental calarity and
concentration.


Life Extention:

Japanese biochemist have labelled the factor in blue-green algae responsible
for an increase in sustained physical and mental energy, and for rebalancing
cellular metabolism, the controlled growth factor (CFG). the CGF is not only a
general tonic which especially seems to affect the body's upper glands such as
the the thymus, but has specifically evidenced power as a tonic for life
extension, increasing the life of laboratory mice by 50%.


Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is preferred over other blue green algae because of
its rich source of natural nutrition. This algae contains no toxins or heavy
metals and is 95% assimilable in the digestive system due to the nature of the
glycogen cell wall and its subsequent rupturing during the freezing process..
Further the micro algae is frozen within minutes of harvesting & cleaning and
is maintained at zero degrees Celsius until it can be freeze-dried. The
freeze-dried pharmaceutical grade algae retains all of its heat sensitive
vitamins, enzymes and proteins.


References:

Cousens, Dr. Gabriel, "Conscious Eating", Santa Rosa, CA: Vision Books.

Kay, Bob, ""Microalgae as Food and Supplement," Critical Reviews in Food
Science and Nutrition, 30(6):555-573(1991).

Warren, Tom ."Beating Alzheimer's, New York: Avery Pub., 1991.

Gagne, Steve, "Energetics of Food", Santa Fe, NM: Spiral Sciences, 1990.

Christopher, Adam, "Lake Klamath Blue Green Algae." Body & Soul Magazine.

___________,"Green Giants." Delicious, July/August 1990, p34.


From rodind@wsdot.wa.gov Fri Sep 27 14:44:15 EDT 1996
Article: 3053 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dave Rodin <rodind@wsdot.wa.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Moss yogurt propigation
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 11:49:43 -0700
Organization: Washington State Department of Transportation
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I have heard that moss can be grown on fresh rock cuts by 
applying yogurt as a propigation medium.  Does anyone have any 
information on this or a good line on where I could look.  

This would be done in the Columbia River Gorge.
-- 
Dave Rodin - Regional Landscape Architect
Washington State Department of Transportation
Southwest Region
4200 Main Street
Vancouver, WA
rodind@wsdot.wa.gov



From mk95528@navix.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:16 EDT 1996
Article: 3054 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!nntp.netrex.net!sbcntrex!news.eecs.umich.edu!news.sojourn.com!cancer.vividnet.com!hunter.premier.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uuneo.neosoft.com!insync!pornstorm.eit.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-chi-13.sprintlink.net!news.ltec.net!news-admin
From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ANTIQUE CLIPART/CD
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 00:54:31 GMT
Organization: Navix: Aliant Communications Internet Services
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Message-ID: <323df64e.15008146@news.navix.net>
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Greetings-

Imagine having black and white plant line art clipart from old
woodcuts and engravings in digital format on one handy CD-ROM from the
pages of time. These antique images are from a ton of very rare
expensive copyright free antique books and publications.  
These very rare and expensive out of print books from many-many
antique stores and auction blocks over the years. Some books back as
far as 1635. 
For more information contact us anytime. Thankyou for your interest.

Sincerely;

Margie 


From VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in Fri Sep 27 14:44:16 EDT 1996
Article: 3055 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.rdu.bellsouth.net!news.ece.uc.edu!babbage.ece.uc.edu!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ycc.yale.edu!yale!news-mail-gateway!daemon
From: <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: China Grass
Date: 16 Sep 1996 22:06:51 -0400
Organization: Yale CS Mail/News Gateway
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X-Unparseable-Date: 17 Sep 96 07:15 GMT+0500

Hello,

Can someone help me with the botanical name of 'China Grass' ?.

Please give details about its properties and how it is to be grown.

Please send a CC to my E-Mail address as I might miss your answer in the 
usenet.

Thank You

Arvind S. Venkatachalam

E-mail :  venkat.freeway@sm8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in


From bob@sky.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:17 EDT 1996
Article: 3056 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bob Batson <bob@sky.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Moss yogurt propigation
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 16:16:39 -0500
Organization: SkyNET Internet Services
Lines: 41
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To: Dave Rodin <rodind@wsdot.wa.gov>
In-Reply-To: <32404447.4533@wsdot.wa.gov>

On Wed, 18 Sep 1996, Dave Rodin wrote:

> I have heard that moss can be grown on fresh rock cuts by 
> applying yogurt as a propigation medium.  Does anyone have any 
> information on this or a good line on where I could look.  
> 
> This would be done in the Columbia River Gorge.

            Moss + Beer (or Buttermilk) + Sugar = More Moss

  Well, that equation holds at least in the damp Pacific Northwest,
according to Oregon Master Gardener Laurie Gerloff. She suggests
establishing moss (in shady areas) by using your blender to mix a
handful of gathered moss with a can of beer or as much buttermilk and
one-half teaspoon of sugar, then spreading over bare soil, rocks, or the
tops of bricks sitting in a shallow pan of water. Once the moss has
become established, weak manure tea makes a good fertilizer
  We'd like to hear about your results if you try this, particularly if
you DON'T live in the Pacific Northwest.
  Referenmce: Laurie Gerloff, "Grow Moss," _The Garden Gate_, March
1996, 14. (Lane County Extension Service, 950 W. 13th Ave., Eugene, OR
97402.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Reprinted with permission from the June 1996 _HortIdeas_. Copyright 1996
by Greg and Pat Williams. _HortIdeas_ (ISSN 0742-8219) is published
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====================================================================
Bob Batson                              L 39 12 14 N  94 33 16 W
bob@sky.net                             Kansas City
TCS - Mystic Fire Priest                USDA zone 5b
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Under the most controlled conditions, the experimental apparatus will
do exactly as it pleases.
 



From bae@oci.utoronto.ca Fri Sep 27 14:44:18 EDT 1996
Article: 3057 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bae@oci.utoronto.ca (Beverly Erlebacher)
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Message-ID: <Dxy7oC.Ays@oci.utoronto.ca>
Sender: news@oci.utoronto.ca
Organization: Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto
References: <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca>
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 21:57:48 GMT
Lines: 15

In article <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca> rcheung@ottawa.com writes:
>
>Would anyone perhaps be able to tell me some information about 
>Aeschynanthus javanicus?  I know that it is a temperate plant and that it is a 
>monocot with somewhat waxy leaves.  Any other information would be great, 
>like family name, characteristics, etc.

The only Aeschynanthus I know of is a tropical plant in the (dicot)
gesneriad family, often called Lipstick Vine or similar and used as
a hanging basket house plant.  "Javanicus" implies it comes from Java.
So if the plant you are thinking of is a temperate monocot, perhaps
you have the botanical name worng.

Beverly Erlebacher
Toronto, Ontario Canada


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:19 EDT 1996
Article: 3058 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: China Grass
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 96 13:30:16 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <51p1bl$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>
References: <19960916220639.aaaa005wS@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>
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In article <19960916220639.aaaa005wS@babyblue.cs.yale.edu>,
   <VENKAT.FREEWAY@SM8.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.in> wrote:
>Hello,
>
>Can someone help me with the botanical name of 'China Grass' ?.
>
>Please give details about its properties and how it is to be grown.

Boehmeria nivea - Urticaceae

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num\850370.htm

Hope this helps....

Clint...

------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton Morse - Greenhouse Manager
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
75 North Eagleville Rd., Box U-42
University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269
E-Mail to: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu
WWW Server(s):
  Greenhouse: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/
  Rogaining:  http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/rogaine/rogaine.htm
  Pack Goats: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/packgoat/packgoat.htm
------------------------------------------------------------------


From sache@grignon.inra.fr Fri Sep 27 14:44:20 EDT 1996
Article: 3059 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!saphir.jouy.inra.fr!usenet
From: Ivan Sache <sache@grignon.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: What is bunchgrass ?
Date: 19 Sep 1996 06:02:15 GMT
Organization: INRA
Lines: 13
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Is 'bunchgrass' a generic names for every kind of grass with a bunchy growth, or 
is it a specific grass (if yes, Latin name is welcomed) ?
T.I.A.

Ivan Sache
INRA - Plant Pathology
78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

Phone: +33.1.30.81.54.35
Fax    : + 33.1.30.81.53.06
E-mail: sache@grignon.inra.fr




From sgage@kear.tdsnet.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:21 EDT 1996
Article: 3060 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.tds.net!news
From: sgage@kear.tdsnet.com (Steve Gage)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Quiz question.. Can anyone here help??
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 1996 12:22:54 GMT
Organization: TDS Telecom - Madison, WI
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <51m1jf$2em@news2.tds.net>
References: <323f2f44.3456708@news.demon.co.uk>
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stephen@stephron.demon.co.uk ( Stephen) wrote:

>>16.  Which plant derives it's name from the Latin
>>     for _ of milk _ because of the milky liquid it can exude
>>     when cut?
>All I have been able to find is a tiny reference to this
>'Lactuca canadensis - Asteraceae' but is there a more commonly named
>answer??
>Please help
>Thanks in advance

Lactuca is the genus name for lettuce (the word "lettuce" derives from
Lactuca). There are many, many species of wild lettuce world-wide...


Regards,

Steve

     --------------------------------------
               sgage@kear.tdsnet.com
     --------------------------------------



From rcheung@ottawa.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3061 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.mindlink.net!van-bc!n1van.istar!van.istar!west.istar!ott.istar!istar.net!news.trytel.on.ca	!usenet
From: skydiver@intranet.ca (Robin L. M. Cheung)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Date: 19 Sep 1996 03:09:01 GMT
Organization: Skydive! CSPA A-5076
Lines: 32
Message-ID: <51qdgd$p03@news.trytel.on.ca>
References: <51g4nu$our@news.trytel.on.ca> <51p0mm$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>
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In article <51p0mm$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>, 
ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu says...

>A. javanicus is a synonym for Aeschynanthus radicans, the common 
lipstick 
>plant. It is a gesneriad (Dicot, not monocot) and is native to Java and  
>Malaysia, not temperate regions.  More info on this plant is available 
through 
>our WWW collections database:

You're quite right, it is a dicot; I mistyped it.  It is interesting that the 
greenhousekeepers at Carleton University have put it in the "Temperate 
Greenhouse."  Perhaps it was in error or that was the only place they 
could find for it that it would live in...    I checked out the web  site; it 
looks rather useful and I shall keep it for the future.  Thanks!


-- 
ttfn
-robin [Team OS/2]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robin L. M. Cheung  Carleton University (Biology III.5)  Ottawa, ON 
CANADA
        __|__                                
    _____(X)_____  <--- perfectly good      Arthur's Place BBS ISDN/V.34+
        0 ' 0           aeroplane           (613)523-3561 ISDN 1:163/457
                \_/                         (613)523-3784 33.6 1:163/458       
                \#/  <--- me                    
                 O                              Skydive!  CSPA A-5076
                                       http://chat.carleton.ca/~rcheung/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------



From gipmans@pi.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3062 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.interpath.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!ncar!csn!nntp-xfer-1.csn.net!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!univ-lyon1.fr!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!surfnet.nl!halley.pi.net!news
From: gipmans@pi.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Dikke wortels/ Rootproblem Cucumbers
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 18:35:57 GMT
Organization: Planet Internet
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I have a problem with roots in cucumberplants. After gemination of the
seeds the roots start getting thick. The first symtoms are that the
roots get light dark brown and than they start curling around and
after this the get thick.

This is a real big problem because the plant does not grow anymore.

My question is:
Does somebody have the same problem ??
Does someybody know what possibly causes this problem


Greetings Erik Gipmans



From ray@sirius.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:23 EDT 1996
Article: 3063 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ray@sirius.com
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 17:20:31 -0800
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Can you describe Jewelweed more in detail, please?


In article <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net>, aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy
L. Gordon) wrote:
> both of these products are used by our family.  A natural remedy when you run 
> out is Jewel-weed, a tall sparsely-leafed plant that most often times grows 
> right next to poison ivy.

-- 
Katherine

"If you want to save the world and stuff, you've got to sing LOUD!"



From mk95528@navix.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:24 EDT 1996
Article: 3064 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.interpath.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!snunews.snu.ac.kr!news-penn.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-3.sprintlink.net!news.ltec.net!news-admin
From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ANTIQUE/CLIPART/PLANTS
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 19:59:12 GMT
Organization: Navix: Aliant Communications Internet Services
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Greetings-

Imagine having black and white plant line art clipart from old
woodcuts and engravings in digital format on one handy CD-ROM from the
pages of time. These antique images are from a ton of very rare
expensive copyright free antique books and publications.  
These very rare and expensive out of print books from many-many
antique stores and auction blocks over the years. Some books back as
far as 1635. 
We are a home based enterprise that delved into great expense and time
to make all this possible and make it available for everyone that
needs a copy and at a very reasonable price.
For more information contact us anytime. Thankyou for your interest.

Sincerely;

Margie 


From Martin.Collins@ncl.ac.uk Fri Sep 27 14:44:25 EDT 1996
Article: 3065 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!news.mathworks.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!warwick!news.ncl.ac.uk!usenet
From: Martin.Collins@ncl.ac.uk
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: filamentous green algae
Date: 19 Sep 1996 11:42:29 GMT
Organization: Newcastle University
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I am looking for a good key to filimentous green algae which covers 
Briten and N.Europe. Any suggestion welcome.
Thanks,
Martin Collins



From mrjames@netsync.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:26 EDT 1996
Article: 3066 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!news.sgi.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!mica.netsync.net!usenet
From: mrjames@netsync.net (J.D. Richardson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stumps
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 01:23:24 GMT
Organization: netsync.net
Lines: 44
Message-ID: <51sro4$2ip@mica.netsync.net>
References: <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <bohmfalk-0509960724200001@199.172.137.216> <BIEBUYCK.48.32301842@BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA>
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BIEBUYCK@BOTANY.UNP.AC.ZA (PAUL.BIEBUYCK) wrote:

>In article <bohmfalk-0509960724200001@199.172.137.216> bohmfalk@tcgcs.com (John Bohmfalk) writes:
>>From: bohmfalk@tcgcs.com (John Bohmfalk)
>>Subject: Re: stumps
>>Date: Thu, 05 Sep 1996 07:24:19 -0700

>>In article <50l6v3$9kp@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, mjlindst@aol.com (MJLindst)
>>wrote:

>>> What's the best way to kill a tree stump that keeps sending up shoots -
>>> short of digging it out?

>>Years ago, I knew of a product called "Amate" which was a paste which was
>>smeared on newly cut surfaces. It was transported into the roots and
>>killed them.  I don't know if this is still available or not, though. 
>>Even with this product, you still had to dig the stump out.

>>Good luck.

>>John
>I don't know if this product is available in the US? but "Chopper" is one of 
>the best products for this kind of thing (It is produced by Cyanamid). 
>Otherwise "Roundup" (Glyphosate) is pretty good.

>Paul

I use Roundup frequently for many tasks on my farm. Sprayed onto the
leaves on stump sprouts eventually works. Best of all is to brush or
spray the stump with Roundup just after you cut the tree down. 

Of course, the stump is still there. If you have a portable drill that
will drill 1/2 inch or large holes, drill holes about 5 inches into
the stump and shallower holes into any big primary roots that you can
see above ground. Fill the holes with potassium nitrate (available at
many ag supply stores for this purpose), or in bigger sacks from a
greenhouse/nursery supplier. Let the rain soak it in and absorb it. If
it would splash out, tie a thin piece of cloth over the holes.

Wait at least 8 weeks. Then put some kerosene on the stump to  light
it,  and it will glow/smolder and slowly burn itself up.  With some
types of woods, you have to do two applications, and double the time.
Just don't skimp on the number of holes or the potassium nitrate.



From dps@hyperion.haystack.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:27 EDT 1996
Article: 3067 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Dwight Sipler <dps@hyperion.haystack.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 08:00:34 -0400
Organization: MIT Haystack Observatory
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <ray-1909961720310001@ppp157-sf2.sirius.com>
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ray@sirius.com wrote:
> 
> Can you describe Jewelweed more in detail, please?
> 


Jewelweed is a moderately tall (2-4 feet) sparsely leaved plant that 
likes moist areas such as stream banks or drainage ditches. The stem is 
light green and weak (as I recall, it's hollow) so it breaks easily. It 
develops small (1/2 inch) yellow flowers in mid to late august. The 
flowers develop into seeds that are twisted together and which spring 
apart with some force when they develop sufficiently or when disturbed, 
>from  which comes another name for the plant, "touch-me-not".


From 101353.1757@CompuServe.COM Fri Sep 27 14:44:28 EDT 1996
Article: 3068 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!nntp.primenet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.compuserve.com!news.production.compuserve.com!news
From: Cameron S Crook <101353.1757@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: bionet.biology.tropical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Flora of Montserrat
Date: 20 Sep 1996 13:06:38 GMT
Organization: Botnaical society of the British Isles
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <51u4su$72q$1@mhade.production.compuserve.com>
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.biology.tropical:1722 bionet.plants:12200 sci.bio.botany:3068

Hello there..

I am trying to get hold of a Checklist of the Flora of Montserrat 
(Leeward Islands, West Indies) or at least information on the 
endemic and rare vascular plants which occur on the island.

Can anyone help?

Please can you reply by e-mail.

Many thanks

Cameron

Cameron S Crook
Botanical Society of the British Isles
cameron_sc@bigfoot.com


From lesjones@usit.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:29 EDT 1996
Article: 3069 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.mathworks.com!news.PBI.net!j6.inktomi.com!re.hotwired.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-ana-7.sprintlink.net!news.usit.net!lesjones.ppp.usit.net!user
From: lesjones@usit.net (Les Jones)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 20 Sep 1996 03:46:24 GMT
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> In article <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net>, aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy
> L. Gordon) wrote:
> > both of these products are used by our family.  A natural remedy when you 
> > run out is Jewel-weed, a tall sparsely-leafed plant that most often times 
> > grows right next to poison ivy.

The idea that poison ivy and jewel weed grow together is a new one on me.
It's also included in the rec.backcountry distilled wisdom panel on poison
ivy as an email from a reader. 

Though I have occasionally seen jewel weed along what I considered dry
trails, it normally grows in very moist areas with generous amounts of
sunlight, and is most often seen along streams. Poison ivy, on the other
hand, grows in a wide variety of forest habitats and seems to get by with
a standard ration of water and sunlight.

If I had to name a cohabitant of jewel weed, I'd be more likely to say
stinging nettle, another plant that grows in moist areas and along
streams. The one time I was on a trail overgrown with stinging nettle I
used jewel weed juice to ease the sting.

Granted, it's a big world, and what I've observed is only in my little
corner of it (Southern Appalachians). I'd be interested to know if anyone
has references or observations that link the habitats of jewel weed and
poison ivy.

-- 
          | The Good Times Virus: still a hoax after all these years |
Les Jones |     http://www.public.usit.net/lesjones/goodtimes.html   |


From aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:30 EDT 1996
Article: 3070 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.ptd.net!news
From: aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy L. Gordon)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 20 Sep 1996 17:29:01 GMT
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in response to alot of email requests for more info.... here are some cool 
sites:

http://www.mtnlaurel.com/mtherbs.html

and 

http://www.ncnatural.com/wildflower/obnoxious.html

We use many Native American remedies in our house, and have found it to be 
very effective on stinging nettles, etc. as well.  

If I recall correctly, (and i'm guessing here) references were also made to 
the use of Jewelweed in the Fox Fire series and in a book entitled "Delaware 
Indian Folk Medicine"

Not positive, but fairly sure...

Best of Luck,

Red Fox




From sheddc@quig10.alleg.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:30 EDT 1996
Article: 3071 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!newsgate.duke.edu!news.mathworks.com!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.erols.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!das-news2.harvard.edu!cantaloupe.srv.cs.cmu.edu!fs7.ece.cmu.edu!speering.alleg.edu!news
From: sheddc@quig10.alleg.edu (Carlos Shedd)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Stupid Question
Date: 17 Sep 1996 12:24:28 GMT
Organization: Allegheny College
Lines: 13
Message-ID: <51m59s$i8i@speering.alleg.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: quig10.alleg.edu

Do you think that its worth having a greenhouse in an area where  
there is only 45 days of sunblight in a year??   	
			Sheddc@alleg.edu

-- NewsGrazer, a NeXTstep(tm) news reader, posting --
M>UQR=&8P7&%N<VE[7&9O;G1T8FQ<9C!<9FUO9&5R;B!#;W5R:65R.WT*7&UA
M<F=L,3(P"EQM87)G<C$R,`I<<&%R9%QT>#$Q-3)<='@R,S`T7'1X,S0U-EQT
M>#0V,#A<='@U-S8P7'1X-CDQ,EQT>#@P-C1<='@Y,C$V7'1X,3`S-CA<='@Q
M,34R,%QF,%QB,%QI,%QU;&YO;F5<9G,R-%QF8S!<8V8P($1O('EO=2!T:&EN
M:R!T:&%T(&ET<R!W;W)T:"!H879I;F<@82!G<F5E;FAO=7-E(&EN(&%N(&%R
M96$@=VAE<F4@=&AE<F4@:7,@;VYL>2`T-2!D87ES(&]F('-U;F)L:6=H="!I
F;B!A('EE87(_/R`@(`E<"@D)"5-H961D8T!A;&QE9RYE9'4*?0IL
`


From monique@bio.tamu.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:31 EDT 1996
Article: 3072 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sgi.com!news.tamu.edu!HERBARIUM!monique
From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 13:22:30 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <monique.449.010A0F4A@bio.tamu.edu>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <51uk8t$ssj@news2.ptd.net
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Red Fox wrote:

>in response to alot of email requests for more info.... here are some cool 
>sites:

>http://www.mtnlaurel.com/mtherbs.html

>and 

>http://www.ncnatural.com/wildflower/obnoxious.html


Neither of these sites seems to work--and I slurped the URL's right out of 
your message and got Error 404--site not found-- for both.

Double check?
Monique Reed


From bbeer@u.washington.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:33 EDT 1996
Article: 3073 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!netnews.nwnet.net!news.u.washington.edu!bbeer
From: bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 20 Sep 1996 20:04:51 GMT
Organization: University of Washington, Seattle
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net>
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In article <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net>,
Larry Margolis <margoli@ibm.net> wrote:
>In <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>, Rick Bowen <rbowen@fastlane.net> writes:
>|Rork Kuick wrote:
>|>
>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
>|full of shit! I have had it four times this year BEFORE the 4th of July.
>|I have had it at least 3 times a year since I was in the Boy Scouts.
>
>I think much more frequent exposure than that is necessary.  Our
>surveyor, the guy who put in our pool, and the guy who took down
>a few trees for us all told us that they had acquired immunity
>from frequent exposure.  These are folks who are constantly being
>exposed in the course of their day-to-day work.

Allergies tend to get stronger with increased exposure.  Nobody reacts to 
poison ivy the first time they touch it; they have to be sensitized.  

I have heard of indians on the west coast ingesting small bits of it to 
increase resistance.  Evidently taking it internally is different, or the 
small amount?  My mom ate poison ivy as a kid (on a dare...she didn't get 
it on the first two dares, to roll in it and to rub it on herself).  When 
she ate it, she got it, everywhere, cost her a couple weeks in the 
hospital.  She's still allergic.  I think she ate quite a bit.

I know homeopathic people recommend taking honey saying that the pollen in 
it reduces sensitivity to pollen in the air.  This doesn't make a whole 
lot of sense to me, as pollen allergies tend to be to specific plants, and 
the pollen in honey comes from bee pollinated plants, not wind-pollinated 
plants that are the cause of most allergies.  And besides, it didn't work 
for me.  So I'm not going to rush out and eat any poison oak any time 
soon.

bob
-- 
 /========================================================================\
| Bob Beer         		      \   "A troubled mind                 |
| bbeer@u.washington.edu                \    is a troublemaker."           | 
| http://weber.u.washington.edu/~bbeer    \     - Edna St. Vincent Millay  | 


From tim.t.j.kedwards@gbjha.zeneca.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:34 EDT 1996
Article: 3074 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!olivea!biosci!biosci!not-for-mail
From: tim.t.j.kedwards@gbjha.zeneca.com (Tim Kedwards)
Newsgroups: sci.math,sci.bio.ecology,sci.environment,sci.math.num-analysis,sci.stat.consult,sci.stat.edu,sci.stat.math,bionet.population-bio,bionet.toxicology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.systematics
Subject: 2ND ANNOUNCEMENT : WORKSHOP ON MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY
Date: 20 Sep 1996 15:05:24 -0700
Organization: Zeneca Agrochemicals
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Please find attached below finalised details of the forthcoming workshop. If you require any further information feel free 
to contact me directly.

Regards,

Tim
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dr Tim Kedwards
ZENECA Agrochemicals
Ecological Risk Assessment Section
Jealott's Hill Research Station
Bracknell, UK
RG42 6ET

Tel:            +44 (0) 1344 414107
Fax:            +44 (0) 1344 414124
Email:          Tim.T.J.Kedwards@gbjha.zeneca.com
Disclaimer:-    'The opinions expressed herein are my personal opinions
                and do not necessarily represent those of my employer'

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A WORKSHOP ON MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY

Saturday, 16 November 1996, 8:30 - 5:30, Washington Hilton and Towers
Presented in conjunction with the SETAC 17th Annual Meeting, 
Washington, D.C.

Introduction

Frameworks for ecological risk assessment often culminate in the evaluation of effects under simulated or actual 
environmental conditions.  A fundamental objective of such semi-field and field studies is to investigate effects at the 
community and ecosystem level.  To this end, data are collected on a large number of ecological variables. Study types 
include manipulative experiments (artificial streams, mesocosms, terrestrial field trials), environmental monitoring 
(before/after, upstream/downstream), and ecological surveys (plants, bird census).

Data from these studies are usually evaluated by using univariate statistics (e.g. analysis of variance, 
concentration-response regression).  These techniques have limitations because it is only possible to look at a small number 
of variables within the ecosystem at any one time, limiting effects determination to the population level, whereas the 
objective is normally to understand effects at higher levels of organisation.

The advent of greater computing power and recent developments of new multivariate statistical tools has made available a 
variety of techniques (e.g. CANOCO, RIFFLE, PRIMER) with the potential to overcome some of these previous limitations.  
Consequently, there is growing interest among ecotoxicologists in applying such techniques to field studies in order to be 
able to generate true community and ecosystem endpoints.  This workshop will provide an excellent opportunity for interested 
individuals to meet and exchange views on these approaches and allow developers of the statistical approaches to discuss the 
development and application of the techniques.  

The objective of this workshop is to provide information on and  generate discussion of multivariate statistical techniques 
in ecotoxicological field studies, focusing on the application of techniques for generating community and ecosystem level 
statistics, rather than mathematical derivation.

Attendance will be limited to 100 people to maximise information exchange. 

Registration is first-come, first served.  The registration fee is $225, and forms can be obtained from the SETAC Office.

Workshop proceedings will be provided to all registrants at no additional cost, and will be available for purchase by others 
after the workshop.

SETAC Office, 1010 North 12th Avenue, Pensacola, Florida  32501
T +1 904-469-1500    F +1  904-469-9778    
E setac@setac.org,  http://www.setac.org
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FORMAT OF WORKSHOP

The format of the workshop has now been finalised.  It will be in two Sessions, the first comprising three presentations 
addressing the current situation concerning the analysis of ecotoxicological field studies. Professor Jim Kennedy, from the 
University of North Texas, will be speaking on designed experiments and the relative strengths and weaknesses of current 
analytical procedures. This will followed by a presentation from Dr Mike Harrass, AMOCO Corporation, outlining monitoring 
and survey work in ecotoxicology. The last presentation of the session will be given by Dr Tony Maciorowski, United States 
Environmental Protection Agency, and will provide a regulatory perspective of ecotoxicological field studies. 

The second Session aims to address the multivariate statistical methods currently used in ecotoxicology.  It will also 
include a review of new and novel methods currently being used elsewhere and which may prove beneficial in the 
ecotoxicological arena. The first presentation will be given by Tim Sparks from the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology in the 
UK.  Tim will review traditional multivariate methods and will give examples of their uses in ecology and ecotoxicology. The 
second presentation will be given by Professor Geoff Matthews (University of West Washington) addressing, amongst others, 
the non-metric clustering program RIFFLE which has successfully been used in ecotoxicological studies. This will be followed 
by a talk by Mr Paul van den Brink (SC-DLO, Netherlands) outlining the recent application of the CANOCO package to 
freshwater field testing. Dr Bob Clarke (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK) will present the application of the PRIMER package 
to similar studies. These latter three talks form the centre of current multivariate statistics expertise in the 
ecotoxicology. After a suitable discussion period the final talk will be presented by Professor Wojtek Krzanoswki 
(University of Exeter, UK), who will talk about new and novel methods of potential value to ecotoxicology but not yet 
implemented. 


 





From suzan@epix.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:35 EDT 1996
Article: 3075 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!arclight.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!news2.epix.net!qrvl-67ppp174.epix.net!user
From: suzan@epix.net (Suzan)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 1996 21:02:33 -0500
Organization: Architecture & Astrology
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <suzan-2009962102330001@qrvl-67ppp174.epix.net>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <ray-1909961720310001@ppp157-sf2.sirius.com> <32428762.2515@hyperion.haystack.edu>
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In article <32428762.2515@hyperion.haystack.edu>, Dwight Sipler
<dps@hyperion.haystack.edu> wrote:

||ray@sirius.com wrote:
||> 
||> Can you describe Jewelweed more in detail, please?
||> 
||
||
||Jewelweed is a moderately tall (2-4 feet) sparsely leaved plant that 
||likes moist areas such as stream banks or drainage ditches. 


It is also the antedote for stinging nettles which it usually grows along
side of in many places.

Suzan

*************************************************
"Live never to be ashamed if anything you do 
or say is published around the world...
even if what is published is not true." 
Richard Bach
************************************************


From psilocin12@aol.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:36 EDT 1996
Article: 3076 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp0.mindspring.com!news.mindspring.com!newspump.sol.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!hunter.premier.net!news.mathworks.com!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!portc01.blue.aol.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: psilocin12@aol.com (Psilocin12)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need info: Amorphophallus Rivierii
Date: 20 Sep 1996 14:48:08 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Can anyone offer me some first hand information on growing A. Rivierii? I
already have a few people helping me but I'm looking for a pool of
information to sort from.

Thanks in advance


Dude, You should have been here yesterday, it was double
overhead!-Psilocin12


From bf409@torfree.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:37 EDT 1996
Article: 3077 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
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From: bf409@torfree.net (Cody Armstrong)
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Message-ID: <Dy30r8.K86.0.queen@torfree.net>
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Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 12:16:19 GMT
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Larry Margolis (margoli@ibm.net) wrote:
: In <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>, Rick Bowen <rbowen@fastlane.net> writes:
: |Rork Kuick wrote:
: |>
: |> I'd like the low down.  I get two stories here in Michigan.  First is
: |> that a person acquires resistance via exposure.  

not so!

: |> have worse reactions.  Also DNR rangers here used to ingest ever
: |> increasing doses to acquire resistance. 

A dangerous myth!

 Second story is that a person
: |> will become sensitized (as for epoxies) by repeated exposures - that I
: |> may one day expect horrible reactions due to my near constant exposure
: |> to poison ivy.  


: I think much more frequent exposure than that is necessary.  Our
: surveyor, the guy who put in our pool, and the guy who took down
: a few trees for us all told us that they had acquired immunity
: from frequent exposure.  These are folks who are constantly being
: exposed in the course of their day-to-day work.

Don't believe 'em Larry, they's bin out in the sun too long!


There are 5 types of allergies, 2 important to know in the poison ivy 
discussion.

Type 1- increased/developed sensitivity to allergen.eg: poison ivy
Most people will be non-allergic but can become allergic with repeated 
contact with the allergen. 
I used to completely immune (non-allergic) to poison ivy. I could handle 
it and show this talent off to my friends! One summer I was shocked to 
discover that I had became allergic....been allergic to it ever since.

Taber's Medical dictionary says:
" The oily resin urushiol (found on the of the leaves of poison ivy, oak 
and sumac) may be a potent sensitizer since in many cases subsequent 
contacts produce increasingly severe reactions..." 

quote from a med. report  "...It is suggested that this adverse host 
response and multiple symptomatology develop after prolonged 
environmental exposure. Once such "sensitivity" has occurred, individuals 
become sensitive to multiple other environmental exposures..."

Type 2- increased/developed resistance to allergen. Poison ivy is not in 
this class however many allergens are. Using the body's ability to 
develop resistance to allergens is the method in use in allergy shot 
treatments. (Small doses of allergens are injected regularily to build up 
the body's immunity to them)

Types 3-5   real allergy doctors can best describe.

Bottom line...if you are allergic, don't try to build up your resistance 
to poison ivy by coming in contact with it. Don't eat it, don't burn it 
either (PI smoke can be harmful).

If you're not allergic, don't push your luck or you too may loose this 
talent!

Urushiol has a very long "shelf life " too. One year I got some of the 
poison ivy stuff on a back pack. I put the pack away for the winter and 
didn't use it again for 6 months...and when I did use it I a got poison ivy 
rash on my back! Since urushiol is easily removed with soap and water, 
whenever I come in contact with PI I wash everything immediately, specially 
boots. 

This is quite a long post already so I guess I shouldn't add to it by 
telling you the story 'bout the kids I took camping, who had to take a 
squat in the woods, who didn't have any T.P. so they used leaves...
maybe next time I'll tell y'all what happened.

Cody
-- 



From levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:38 EDT 1996
Article: 3078 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!agate!spool.mu.edu!newshub.tc.umn.edu!newsstand.tc.umn.edu!usenet
From: levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu (Chuck Levine)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Books on Tape
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 03:06:14 GMT
Organization: University of Minnesota
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If anyone is familiar with any Botany or Horticulture type books
available on cassette tapes please e-mail the titles to me at 
levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu
Thanx;
Chuck



From mmmavocado@aol.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:39 EDT 1996
Article: 3082 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.acsu.buffalo.edu!newsstand.cit.cornell.edu!portc01.blue.aol.com!newstf01.news.aol.com!newsbf02.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: mmmavocado@aol.com (MMMavocado)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: British botany/ecology references?
Date: 20 Sep 1996 23:48:19 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Florida Southern College offers an academic term in England, each summer. 
In 1997, I'm hoping to offer a course in that program, which would be a
survey of the botany and ecology of Britain's plant communities.  

I would like to find background literature to prepare for the course but
am not finding many references to the subject, here in Florida.  Could
anyone in this group recommend books or other reference material?  Thanks.

Malcolm M. Manners
Chairman, Department of
Citrus and Ornamental Horticulture
Florida Southern College
111 Lake Hollingsworth Drive
Lakeland, FL 33801-5698  USA

mmmavocado@aol.com


From pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk Fri Sep 27 14:44:40 EDT 1996
Article: 3083 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.atl.bellsouth.net!news.acsu.buffalo.edu!newsstand.cit.cornell.edu!portc01.blue.aol.com!newsxfer2.itd.umich.edu!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cs.utexas.edu!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-200.sprintlink.net!news.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!newsfeed.internetmci.com!btnet!zetnet.co.uk!usenet
From: Peter Selby <pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: British botany/ecology references?
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 10:32:40 +0100
Lines: 58
Message-ID: <1996092110324072338@zetnet.co.uk>
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X-Mailer: ZIMACS Version 1.09x 10002512

In message <51voi4$6ks@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
        mmmavocado@aol.com (MMMavocado) writes: 

> Florida Southern College offers an academic term in England, each summer. 
> In 1997, I'm hoping to offer a course in that program, which would be a
> survey of the botany and ecology of Britain's plant communities.  

> I would like to find background literature to prepare for the course ....

The standard reference work on the flora is New Flora of the British 
Isles, by Clive Stace ISBN 0-521-42793-2.  This is an identification 
guide to the flora a provides keys and descriptions for all natives 
and aliens likely to be found in the wild - around 2000 species.  No 
many really compared to the USA.

Because UK is small in area these plants are packed together in many 
very different communities.  The way the species are distributed has 
also been affected by the Ice ages, separation of Britain and Ireland 
at separate times from continental Europe, climatic effects like the 
Gulf Stream and by the intervention of man through land management.

I live in Hampshire which is in the South of Britain and a Flora of 
the county has recently been published.  'The Flora of Hampshire' by 
Anne Brewis, Paul Bowman and Francis Rose ISBN 0-946589-53-4.  This 
contains a history of the vegetation and a description of present day 
habitats and vegetation for the county.  The county has an area of 
3,800 square km and 1400 established wild vascular plants, probably 
more than any other county of Britain.

The number of habitats described amounts to Coastal habitats, with 
three mudflat communities plus shingle and dune communities - no rock 
cliffs though.  Another large area is the New Forest, 20,000 hectares 
with Pasture Woodlands, Inclosures, Dry heaths and Valley Mires.  
Other habitats are tertiary heaths, wealden heaths and hythe bed 
heaths.  The centre of the county is renowned for its chalk 
grassland, with associaed chalk woodland.  Then there are Calcaerous 
fens and fen meadows, old acid meadows, and other meadows on commons 
- i.e. communally grazed meadows.  Woodland types include those of 
the hampshire basin, Tertiary region woodlands, the chalk plateau 
woodlands, chalk hangers, upper greensand hangers, gault woodlands 
lower greensand woodlands, wet and dry and former deer parks.  Other 
habitats include arable land, sunken lanes, waste lands, especially 
near the ports and churchyards.  There are also a range of aquatic habitats.

>From  this I hope you can see that although the overall area of UK is 
small all these habitats are packed in to a small area, like 
Hampshire.  I cvan however recommend the flora as a good description 
of many habitats and their floras, with lists of the many sites that 
can be visited, and distributions of the individual plants.

Hope this isn't too long for you,

Regards

 
 Pete Selby
(pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk)



From tonymurp@iol.ie Fri Sep 27 14:44:41 EDT 1996
Article: 3084 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!swrinde!news-relay.us.dell.com!natinst.com!cs.utexas.edu!nntp.primenet.com!hunter.premier.net!news1.erols.com!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!iol!usenet
From: Tony Murphy <tonymurp@iol.ie>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fucus vesiculosus photographs
Date: 22 Sep 1996 21:00:14 GMT
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Can anybody let me know where I can get hold of a photograph of the 
bladderwrck alga on the WWW to down load and use for demonstration in 
class?



From monique@bio.tamu.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:42 EDT 1996
Article: 3085 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!udel-eecis!netnews.com!news2.cais.net!news.cais.net!news.mathworks.com!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!news.tamu.edu!HERBARIUM!monique
From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: pennyroyal
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 08:46:10 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Pertaining to the recent discussion about the abortifacient properties of 
pennyroyal.  Someone sent this on to me--I have no way of checking whether the 
incidents mentioned are true, but I repeat my original advice---pennyroyal is 
not for messing about with!
-______________________________-begin quote

I only have a recent bit of experience with pennyroyal.  As you have
probably already heard,..pennyroyal can, and has been for hundreds,  maybe
thousands of years as a abortive herb.

Apparently, recently, someone posted on the internet, that it can be used as
a abortive measure.  I work in a local hospital and just last week, we had a
25 y/o woman come in, 2-3 days after using pennyroyal for self abortion
(she read it on the internet).  She had apparently taken "2 tbsp" versus the
recommended.  She is now in frank liver and kidney failure, and IF
she survives, she will need a liver transplant.  She is in critical
condition on dyalisis.  She has been comatose most of the time.

We also heard thru the scuttlebutt of hospital grapevines, that another
local hospital has had a similar case with an equal bad outcome.  Who knows
how many other tragic cases there are out there.

I just wanted to let you know that pennyroyal is not a "safe" herb. 
__________________end quote_______

There you have it.  Just don't mess with it.

Monique Reed
Biology Department 
Texas A&M University


From wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:43 EDT 1996
Article: 3086 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!ukma!jobone!ef2007!pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com!wojcik
From: wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com (wojcik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Aeschynanthus javanicus
Date: 19 Sep 1996 19:22:04 GMT
Organization: Ford Motor Company / EFH Division
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <51s6gs$6l0@ef2007.efhd.ford.com>
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Robin L. M. Cheung (skydiver@intranet.ca) wrote:
: In article <51p0mm$pg8@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>, 
: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu says...

: >A. javanicus is a synonym for Aeschynanthus radicans, the common 
: lipstick 
: >plant. It is a gesneriad (Dicot, not monocot) and is native to Java and  
: >Malaysia, not temperate regions.  More info on this plant is available 
: through 
: >our WWW collections database:

	For some beautiful graphics of several different Aeschynanthus
species and hybrids, check out the web site of the American Gloxinia and
Gesneriad Society at http://aggs.org

	Look under the Gesneriad Photo Gallery and check out the graphics
under Fibrous-Rooted Gesneriads. 
	Aeschynanthus are the perfect plant for indoors and for the
greenhouse.

- Al Wojcik
  Allen Park, Mich.



From phyllo@tir.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:44 EDT 1996
Article: 3087 of sci.bio.botany
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From: phyllo@tir.com (Dan Hunt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: RE:test question
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 23:29:34 GMT
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how about Ascleptias?



From phyllo@tir.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:45 EDT 1996
Article: 3088 of sci.bio.botany
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From: phyllo@tir.com (Dan Hunt)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Datura/Brugsmania
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 23:33:07 GMT
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Anyone know of a source for any datura and/or brugsmania seed?  I have
found only one!
please respond via e-mail!
Phyllo@tir.com



From a2138174@smail.rrz.uni-koeln.de Fri Sep 27 14:44:46 EDT 1996
Article: 3089 of sci.bio.botany
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From: a2138174@smail.rrz.uni-koeln.de (Stephan Maseizik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Solanum tuberosum
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 16:08:59 GMT
Organization: Regional Computing Center, University of Cologne
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I'm starting a little work on conditions inducing tuberization of
Solanum tuberosum (subsp. andigena) and I'm interested to know how
tuberization and flowering are connected. In W.G. Burton, THE POTATO,
I found that removal of young tubers is stimulating flower production.
Does anybody know more about it? 
Is there anybody with experiences in grafting tobacco on potato?    

Thanks in advance,

Stephan Maseizik
e-mail: a2138174@smail.rrz.uni-koeln.de



From obriens@echo.sound.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3090 of sci.bio.botany
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From: obriens@echo.sound.net (John Obrien)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Followup-To: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Date: 23 Sep 1996 12:25:43 GMT
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Suzan (suzan@epix.net) wrote:
: ||Jewelweed is a moderately tall (2-4 feet) sparsely leaved plant that 
: ||likes moist areas such as stream banks or drainage ditches. 

: It is also the antedote for stinging nettles which it usually grows along
: side of in many places.  : Suzan

I hadn't heard about that use of Jewelweed, but I have read that it is an
antidote for Poison Ivy, which it often grows close to.

--
   ,o888b,`?~~~~~                                           ~~~~~P',d888o,
 ,8888 888   ?~~~     John D. O'Brien  obriens@sound.net    ~~~P   888 8888,
 8888888P'    ~~~                                           ~~~     ?8888888
 888P'        ~~~     "When all the World recognizes        ~~~        `?888
 `88   O     d~~~       good as good, This in itself        ~~~b     O   88'
   `?._  _.o~~~~~       is Evil." Lao Tsu                   ~~~~~o._  _.P'


From elfont@shutter.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:48 EDT 1996
Article: 3091 of sci.bio.botany
Message-ID: <32453317.2A61@shutter.net>
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 08:37:43 -0400
From: elfont <elfont@shutter.net>
Organization: midwest photo wkshps
X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.0b8Gold (Win95; I)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help Help Help Re: Seaside spurge (Euphorbia polygonifolia)
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net>
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HELP! I understand that this plant has laytex in its structure that
helps it survive on the beaches of the Great Lakes.  I'd like to know
where in the plant the laytex is located and how it helps the plant
survive.

Thanks much in advance - EE/elfont@shutter.net


From pmv100@psu.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:49 EDT 1996
Article: 3092 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pmv100@psu.edu (Peter Van Rossum)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Req: Info on Sweet Potato Diffusion
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 20:43:03 GMT
Organization: CAC
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev B]

Sorry to jump into this newsgroup without having first lurked around
a bit but I was wondering if anyone in this group might be of help
in a discussion going on in Sci.Archaeology.Mesoamerican.

Some posters have claimed that the spread of the sweet potato 
(Ipomoea Batatas) from the New World to Polynesia provides conclusive
evidence of human contact between the two regions.  I did some
research and came across the following quote:

"There are 5 major hypotheses to explain the introduction of I Batatas
 to the central and western Pacific, none of which can be either
 summarily dismissed or neatly confirmed:
 1. prehistoric introduction by South American Indian rafts drifting
    downstream and downwind
 2. prehistoric introduction on Polynesian canoes returning from a round
    trip to South America
 3. historical introduction by the Portuguese from the Atlantic
 4. historical introduction by Spaniards from the Pacific
 and
 5. natural dispersal by drifting capsules"
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
"Purseglove (1968) suggests introduction ... by natural dispersal; the
 seeds are viable for more than 20 years; they are hard and dormant
 unless sacrificed; they are impervious to salt water; and they are not
 buoyant, but the capsule is.  I doubt that the seedlings could survive
 in the drift zone on an ocean beach, but conceivably capsules could
 have been picked up by some Polynesian beachcomber, or seeds might
 have germinated along the banks of a tidal estuary."

Above quotes are from:
Sauer, Jonathan D.
  1993 Historical Geography of Crop Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

The response from another poster is that the natural dispersion hypothesis
can't be completely disregarded but it is too unlikely to be considered
as a serious contender - yet so far he has not provided any cites for
his claim.

Does anyone know of any other recent research which would tend to
support or refute the hypothesis that the sweet potato could have spread
by natural processes?

Peter van Rossum
PMV100@PSU.EDU



From ptwilder@aol.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:50 EDT 1996
Article: 3093 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ptwilder@aol.com (PTWilder)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: African botany
Date: 23 Sep 1996 11:31:58 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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My wife just came back from a trip to Zambia. She brought back a small bag
of seed pods she found attractive. (I know, I know, she shouldn't do
this.)

They are about 2-3 inches across, very hard, with several tear-shaped
lobes opened to expose the seeds inside.

What are they? Are they dangerous? 

Please e-mail me at PTWilder@aol.com.

Thanks.


From qra@aol.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:51 EDT 1996
Article: 3094 of sci.bio.botany
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From: qra@aol.com (QRA)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: 23 Sep 1996 16:06:16 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Jewel Weed (impatiens pallida) is also called touch-me-not and is closely
related to Spotted Jewel weed (I. capensis) and Balsam (I. balsamina). 
Both species of Jewel weed enjoy relatively damp, well drained areas. 
Balsam is commononly cultivated.


From Ivan@mindspring.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:51 EDT 1996
Article: 3095 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ivan@mindspring.com (Crazy)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 00:09:38 GMT
Organization: MindSpring Enterprises
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu>
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bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:

>>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
>>|full of shit! 

	As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
leave him with that. :-))
	We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.

				-= Ivan =-




From aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:53 EDT 1996
Article: 3096 of sci.bio.botany
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From: aquaele@postoffice.ptd.net (Tracy L. Gordon)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 23 Sep 1996 21:41:46 GMT
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In article <monique.449.010A0F4A@bio.tamu.edu>, monique@bio.tamu.edu says...
>
>Red Fox wrote:
>
>>in response to alot of email requests for more info.... here are some cool 
>>sites:
>
>>http://www.mtnlaurel.com/mtherbs.html
>
>>and 
>
>>http://www.ncnatural.com/wildflower/obnoxious.html
>
>
>Neither of these sites seems to work--and I slurped the URL's right out of 
>your message and got Error 404--site not found-- for both.
>
>Double check?
>Monique Reed

not sure why, both worked for me using Netscape.  there was oodles of others 
when i used Excite engine.  Maybe just a search would do...

Best of luck,

RedFox



From wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3097 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!seismo!news.er.usgs.gov!jobone!ef2007!pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com!wojcik
From: wojcik@pmsrs4.pd9.ford.com (wojcik)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need info: Amorphophallus Rivierii
Date: 23 Sep 1996 18:29:01 GMT
Organization: Ford Motor Company / EFH Division
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <526ktd$en0@ef2007.efhd.ford.com>
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Psilocin12 (psilocin12@aol.com) wrote:
: Can anyone offer me some first hand information on growing A. Rivierii? I
: already have a few people helping me but I'm looking for a pool of
: information to sort from.

: Thanks in advance

	Be sure to check out the home page of the International Aroid
Society. They have a page full of cultural information and lots of photos.
	They are at:
	http://www.mobot.org/IAS/Genera/Amorphophallus/amorph.html

================================================================================
 Al Wojcik                                 |  Ford Motor Company, USA
 e-mail  : wojcik@pmsrs4.pms.ford.com      |  I am NOT a spokesperson!
	What's the difference between ignorance and apathy? I don't
	know and I don't care.
================================================================================


From longj@alleg.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3098 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!math.ohio-state.edu!news.cis.ohio-state.edu!nntp.sei.cmu.edu!fs7.ece.cmu.edu!speering.alleg.edu!news
From: longj@pell2l5.alleg.edu (Jayne Long)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New Aquaponics Venture
Date: 23 Sep 1996 19:21:40 GMT
Organization: Allegheny College
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Reply-To: longj@alleg.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: pell2l5.alleg.edu

We are involved in designing a new aquaponics facility in Northwest  
Pennsylvania. For anyone who has been associated with this type of  
venture, I would be interested in knowing if fish tanks were included  
in the greenhouse and what type of greenhouse was constructed.  Also,  
what type of covering material was used on the greenhouse.  

If fish were included in the greenhouse, what were your reasonings  
for doing so.  Also, if raising tilapia, did you have any problems  
with blue green algae and what were solutions.

Reply to:

Jayne Long        Longj@alleg.edu

-- NewsGrazer, a NeXTstep(tm) news reader, posting --
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M=V5R92!I;F-L=61E9"!I;B!T:&4@9W)E96YH;W5S92!A;F0@=VAA="!T>7!E
M(&]F(&=R965N:&]U<V4@=V%S(&-O;G-T<G5C=&5D+B`@06QS;RP@=VAA="!T
M>7!E(&]F(&-O=F5R:6YG(&UA=&5R:6%L('=A<R!U<V5D(&]N('1H92!G<F5E
M;FAO=7-E+B`@7`I<"DEF(&9I<V@@=V5R92!I;F-L=61E9"!I;B!T:&4@9W)E
M96YH;W5S92P@=VAA="!W97)E('EO=7(@<F5A<V]N:6YG<R!F;W(@9&]I;F<@
M<V\N("!!;'-O+"!I9B!R86ES:6YG('1I;&%P:6$L(&1I9"!Y;W4@:&%V92!A
M;GD@<')O8FQE;7,@=VET:"!B;'5E(&=R965N(&%L9V%E(&%N9"!W:&%T('=E
M<F4@<V]L=71I;VYS+EP*7`I297!L>2!T;SI<"EP*2F%Y;F4@3&]N9R`@("`@
5("`@3&]N9VI`86QL96<N961U"GT*
`


From ddtreadw@bulldog.unca.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:55 EDT 1996
Article: 3099 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.interpath.net!news.interpath.net!news
From: DanielleTreadwell <ddtreadw@bulldog.unca.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy-Wrong URL for NCNatural
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 1996 20:33:33 +0100
Organization: Interpath
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References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <51uk8t$ssj@news2.ptd.net <monique.449.010A0F4A@bio.tamu.edu>
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Greetings folks,
Correct URL for the NCNatural Poison Ivy page is
"http://NCNatural.com/wildflwr/obnxious.html".

There is also a photo of jewelweed on the page, as well as one of
stinging nettles. There are two varieties of jewelweed that I know of.
Impatiens capensis is an orange variety, Impatiens pallida is a yellow
variety. The flowers and general appearance are very similar except for
color.

We also have a Bulletin board set up which has had a lot of PI
discussion on it over the summer. The FDA has recently approved a
topical drug for prevention of PI. Should be ready by next summer.


From levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu Fri Sep 27 14:44:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3100 of sci.bio.botany
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From: levi0052@maroon.tc.umn.edu (Chuck Levine)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Ginkgo from seeds?
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 1996 03:08:47 GMT
Organization: University of Minnesota
Lines: 38
Message-ID: <R.51vm39$b7h@epx.cis.umn.edu>
References: <4mdsp7$43d@nic.umass.edu> <4meilc$p4v@newsbf02.news.aol.com> <318ED6E4.6DE2@flyinggoat.com> <3198CB07.6C34@ibex.ca> <mattie-1505961915580001@207.12.7.110>
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Reposting article removed by rogue canceller.

I have grown them from seed several times and have almost a ginko
forest now. Some resources clain you need to stratify them , I have
not and the seeds germinated anyway. As I live in Climate zone 4 they
need to be grown indoors or very protected till 3 yrs old for the wood
to not freeze out and achieve a maturity hardy enouph to sdurvive.

chuck
mattie@aloha.net (melany chapin) wrote:

>In article <3198CB07.6C34@ibex.ca>, Achim Recktenwald <achim@ibex.ca> wrote:

>~ Betty Cunningham wrote:
>~ > 
>~ > Chief ROC wrote:
>~ > >
>~ > > I have been fascinated by ginkgos since the first time I saw one. Can
>~ > > someone tell me how to grow one from seed? When is the best time to
>~ > > harvest the seed? When is the best time to plant? What type of soil and
>~ > > how deep? Where can I obtain seed or seedling (better!)?
>~ > >
>~ > > Thank You Very Much;
>~ > > Richard
>~ 

>You can get seeds from "The Banana Tree" Rare Seed Catalogue at
>610-253-9589, FAX: 610-253-4864.

>Best wishes,

>mattie

>-- 
>After dark, all cats are leopards.   (Zuni proverb)
>We will be known by the tracks we leave. (Dakota)
>When the legends die, the dreams end; there is no more greatness (Shawnee)
>Every animal knows more than you do.  (Nez Perce)




From shaund@aa.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:57 EDT 1996
Article: 3101 of sci.bio.botany
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From: shaund@aa.net (Shaun Patrick Darragh)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 02:41:19 GMT
Organization: Alternate Access Incorporated
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <527hpi$pe2@Holly.aa.net>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>
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>bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:

>>>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
>>>|full of shit! 


Hey Robert,

	Sorry that you have trouble with poison ivy but, as with most allergic
reactions, peoples resistance varies and can increase, decrease, or
stay the same over one's lifetime.  Some people do report a decreasing
reaction over time.  Unfortunately this does not seem to be the case
for you.  Some folks like me are apparently lucky enough not to be
allergic at all....


Shaun 
-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_

If Bill Clinton were to walk across the Potomac tomorrow, right wingers would 
accuse him of refusing to bathe.....

"The way to see by Faith is to shut the eyes of Reason."
Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard 1758



From ernjay@concentric.net Fri Sep 27 14:44:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3102 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!news.kei.com!news.texas.net!newsfeed.concentric.net!news-master!news
From: "Ernest J. Klein" <ernjay@concentric.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 1996 23:21:40 -0700
Organization: KET Canada / Sol-RF Systems
Lines: 34
Message-ID: <32477DF4.2EA@concentric.net>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>
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Crazy wrote:
> 
> bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:
> 
> >>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
> >>|full of shit!
> 
>         As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
> forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
> something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
> tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
> running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
> That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
> down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
> a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
> running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
> say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
> bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
> leave him with that. :-))
>         We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
> course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
> cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
> 
>                                 -= Ivan =-From Traute Klein, the Bio-Gardener:
The Indians living by Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba have the only guaranteed 
cure for poison ivy which I know of and I have used it many times with 
complete overnight cure.  Dig some clay up in your garden, and we have 
lots of it in the prairies, or buy some at a craft supply store.  Spread 
a paste of wet clay it on the affected area.  Cover with plastic.  
Bandage.  If it's on your feet, just put the foot in a plastic bag and 
then in a sock.  If you do it right after the exposure, the blisters will 
disappear overnight.  If they return the next year, repeat the treatment. 
 The wet clay will also heal burns and draw out other poisons or 
infections.


From jkramer@lightlink.com Fri Sep 27 14:44:59 EDT 1996
Article: 3103 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!nntp0.mindspring.com!news.mindspring.com!newspump.sol.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!hunter.premier.net!news.mathworks.com!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!portc01.blue.aol.com!newsstand.cit.cornell.edu!news.acsu.buffalo.edu!news.drenet.dnd.ca!crc-news.doc.ca!nott!bcarh189.bnr.ca!nrchh45.rich.nt.com!ferret.ocunix.on.ca!resurrect
From: jkramer@lightlink.com (tin - justin kramer)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Question: Why do some flowers open in the daytime and close at night? And vice-versa.
Date: 21 Sep 1996 02:20:14 GMT
Organization: ART MATRIX - LIGHTLINK
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Reposting article removed by rogue canceller.

Hello,

	I was wondering if anyone could inform me on why flowers open 
and close at day/night. Technical or simple info would be appreciated. 
Thanks.

	PS. Please reply by e-mail, I don't check newsgroups very 
much.



From tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw Fri Sep 27 14:45:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3104 of sci.bio.botany
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From: tsicrad@ksts.seed.net.tw (tsicrad)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.food-science,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.technology,sci.med.immunology
Subject: Please contact to me for"free reagent grade phycoerythrin"
Date: 24 Sep 1996 08:28:40 GMT
Organization: SEEDNET InterNetNews News System
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because of data lose, please mail me your data to me in order to contact
you further. Thanks.



From stevej@michamber.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:02 EDT 1996
Article: 3105 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Steve Johnson" <stevej@michamber.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 24 Sep 1996 09:41:20 GMT
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Ivan -

In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction. 
The
plant that has done that to me and my acquaintances is the burning nettle. 
For
me, my family and acquaintances who have had reactions to poison ivy (we
have
large amounts of poison ivy in the woods near our house), the reactions
start 
several hours to a day after contact.  They last up to several weeks.  I
have heard
that burning nettle can be cooked and eaten.  I bet that is what you have
eaten,
not poison ivy.

I have it on what I consider very reliable authority that burning or eating
poison ivy 
are very foolish; if it gets into your blood stream through inhalation or
ingestion, you 
can start breaking out everywhere, and have a much longer and more severe
reaction.
Hospitalization?  I can believe it.  Also, I have heard that repeated
exposure 
decreases resistance, so I agree with the original post from Robert Beer.

Round Up can be sprayed on poison ivy growing on the ground, with pretty
good
results.  Ortho sells a chemical equivalent.  For the stuff climbing up
tree trunks,
cut them off and paint brush killer on the stump.  We had some growing 20
feet
up in trees on the back of our yard, nice bright green, leaves 6" across,
pretty
berries hanging down.

If you are exposed, wash immediately and thoroughly with Fels Naptha soap. 
It
cuts the oils that cause the reaction.  An old technique that we have had
some
success with.  Once you have the reaction, about all you can do is *not*
wash
the area for at least a couple days, and use your favorite form of relief. 
Hope you
didn't use poison ivy for toilet paper!

All the above is just my opinion.  Go Vikings (4-0 after beating Green
Bay)!

Steve Johnson
A Minnesotan transplanted to Michigan


Crazy <Ivan@mindspring.com> wrote in article
<526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>...
> bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:
> 
> >>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
> >>|full of shit! 
> 
> 	As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
> forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
> something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
> tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
> running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
> That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
> down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
> a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
> running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
> say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
> bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
> leave him with that. :-))
> 	We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
> course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
> cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
> 
> 				-= Ivan =-
> 
> 
> 


From Ivan@mindspring.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3106 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ivan@mindspring.com (Crazy)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 16:43:07 GMT
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"Steve Johnson" <stevej@michamber.com> wrote:

>Ivan -

>In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction. 
>The plant that has done that to me and my acquaintances is the burning nettle. 
>For me, my family and acquaintances who have had reactions to poison ivy (we
>have large amounts of poison ivy in the woods near our house), the reactions
>start  several hours to a day after contact.  They last up to several weeks.  I
>have heard that burning nettle can be cooked and eaten.  I bet that is what you have
>eaten, not poison ivy.

	Maybe so. I have read some of the posts on this and it doesn't look
like anything that I've experienced. So we're either just very
different people, either the poison ivy's potency varies from place to
place, either we're talking about different plants altogether.

				-= Ivan =-





From cacorion@erols.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3107 of sci.bio.botany
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From: cacorion@erols.com
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 10:58:01 -0700
Organization: Erol's Internet Services
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Steve Johnson wrote:
> 
> Ivan -
> 
> In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction.
> The
> plant that has done that to me and my acquaintances is the burning nettle.
> For
> me, my family and acquaintances who have had reactions to poison ivy (we
> have
> large amounts of poison ivy in the woods near our house), the reactions
> start
> several hours to a day after contact.  They last up to several weeks.  I
> have heard
> that burning nettle can be cooked and eaten.  I bet that is what you have
> eaten,
> not poison ivy.
> 
> I have it on what I consider very reliable authority that burning or eating
> poison ivy
> are very foolish; if it gets into your blood stream through inhalation or
> ingestion, you
> can start breaking out everywhere, and have a much longer and more severe
> reaction.
> Hospitalization?  I can believe it.  Also, I have heard that repeated
> exposure
> decreases resistance, so I agree with the original post from Robert Beer.
> 
> Round Up can be sprayed on poison ivy growing on the ground, with pretty
> good
> results.  Ortho sells a chemical equivalent.  For the stuff climbing up
> tree trunks,
> cut them off and paint brush killer on the stump.  We had some growing 20
> feet
> up in trees on the back of our yard, nice bright green, leaves 6" across,
> pretty
> berries hanging down.
> 
> If you are exposed, wash immediately and thoroughly with Fels Naptha soap.
> It
> cuts the oils that cause the reaction.  An old technique that we have had
> some
> success with.  Once you have the reaction, about all you can do is *not*
> wash
> the area for at least a couple days, and use your favorite form of relief.
> Hope you
> didn't use poison ivy for toilet paper!
> 
> All the above is just my opinion.  Go Vikings (4-0 after beating Green
> Bay)!
> 
> Steve Johnson
> A Minnesotan transplanted to Michigan
> Poison ivy,sumac, oak, whatever - is slow and relentless.  I scraped my 
knee and was exposed at the same time.  A few days later I had the rash, 
and then my leg started to swell.  The rash grew into big blisters and my 
leg kept swelling.  I had to get a steroid shot and take a course of 
steroids to stop the immune response.  I've been exposed again since then 
 on my legs, and, since I got it into my bloodstream, it came up on my 
face, neck and back.  Once again I had to take steroids.  I haven't 
gotten it since but I have been around these plants.  Don't ever burn 
these plants as they can get into the respiratory tract via the little 
particles in the smoke.



From gourdead@cadvision.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:05 EDT 1996
Article: 3108 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in1.uu.net!ott.istar!istar.net!van.istar!west.istar!n1van.istar!van-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news.agtac.net!news.cadvision.com!usenet
From: "Denis K. Gourdeau" <gourdead@cadvision.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Symposium on Spatial Information and the Environment
Date: 24 Sep 1996 04:25:05 GMT
Organization: CROWN OF THE CONTINENT
Lines: 265
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NNTP-Posting-Host: agte228.cadvision.com
X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1155

The Symposium on Spatial Information and the Environment is approximately
one week away. The following message contains information on the
presentations that we are currently expecting. 

Whether you are a Geomatics (or Survey) Engineer, Geographer, Biologist,
Ecosystem Manager, GIS Technician or another professional working with
Spatial Information and the Environment this Symposium has something for
you. Registration information follows at the end of this message.

 

SYMPOSIUM 
on 
Spatial Information and the Environment

Preliminary Programme as of 19 September, 1996


Sept. 26  19:00  Icebreaker Reception
                 (Sponsored by Calgary Branch of 
                 Canadian Institute of Geomatics)


Sept. 27  08:30  Opening of Symposium, Welcome form the Superintendents   
of  Waterton Lakes and Glacier National Parks 

Overview of Crown of the Continent Ecosystem Data Atlas Projects



Data and Metadata Standards
Session Chair: G. Plunkett 
Friday , 27 September, 9:30 -- 11:30

Spatial Data and Spatial Metadata Standards in Widespread Use in Canada, G.
W. Plunkett and M. M. Allam, Earth Sciences Sector, Natural Resources
Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Spatial Data Exchange Formats and Standards: Comparative Study, Sorokin,
A.D., Research center "Geography of Hazards and Catastrophes", Institute of
Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Staromonetny per. 29, Moscow 109017 Russia

Open Geographic Datastore Interface (OGDI), C. Larouche and G. Clement,
Logiciels et Applications Scientifiques (L.A.S.) Inc., Montreal, PQ, Canada



Regional Georeferencing Challenges
Session Chair: W.A. Martin
Friday , 27 September, 12:30 -- 2:30

Georeferencing Challenges in the Crown of the Continent, J.A.R. Blais,
Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,
Canada

The Calgary and Edmonton NAD83 Experience, W. Newby, Consultant, Calgary
AB, Canada

Geo-corrections to Spatial Data and the Integration of CAD Data, W.A.
Martin, City of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada



Spatial Rendering and Visualization
Session Chair: J.D. Hughes
Friday , 27 September, 2:30 -- 4:30

Optimising Resource Analysis of Stratified Sequences with 3D Modeling, GIS,
Remote Sensing and 3D Visualization, J.D. Hughes, Geological Survey of
Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

Digital Geology Photogrammetry to Map the Foothills and Front Ranges,
Southeastern Cordillera NATMAP Project, D. Lebel and R. Da Roza, Geological
Survey of Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

Historical Terrain Reconstruction for the Creosote Sites on the Bow Rover
in Calgary, J.A.R. Blais, Department of Geomatics Engineering, University
of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, K. He, Consultant, Calgary AB, Canada, C.
Larouche, Logiciels et Applications Scientifiques Inc., Montreal, PQ,
Canada,
and C. Zheng, Imperial Oil, Calgary AB, Canada



Geoscience and Advanced Information Systems
Session Chair: H.A. Karimi
Saturday , 28 September, 8:30 -- 10:30

Open GISs for Solving Cross-Media Spatial Analysis and Modeling Problems,
H.A. Karimi, MCNC-North Carolina Supercomputing Center, Research Triangle
Park NC, USA

The challenges of constructing and managing the Southeastern Cordillera
NATMAP Geoscience Information System, D. Lebel, Geological Survey of
Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

Mobile GIS Data Acquistion using an Integrated, Multi-Sensor System, B.
Chaplin, C. Tao, M. Chapman,
Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, and N. ElSheimy, Research and Development Department,
Geofit, Inc., Laval, Quebec, Canada

A Web-Based Tool for Data Organization and Dissemination, R. Ford, R.
Righter, M. Sweet and P. Votava,
Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula MT USA



Ecological System Monitoring and Modeling
Session Chair: E.A. Johnson 
Saturday , 28 September, 10:30 -- 12:30

Regional Modeling of Water and Carbon Balances for Glacier National Park:
Prediction Variability Induced from Satellite and DEM Data Uncertainties,
J.D. White and S.W. Running, Numerical Terradynamics Simulation Group,
School of Forestry, University of Montana, MT, USA

Using Hillslop Geomorphology and Remote Sensing to Examine Landscape
Patterns of Vegetation Distribution., S.R.J. Bridge and E.A. Johnson,
Department of Biological Sciences and  Kananaskis Field Stations, Calgary,
AB, Canada

The Fire Frequency and Age Mosaic of a Mixedwwod Boreal Forest, J.M.H. Weir
and E.A. Johnson, Department of Biological Sciences and  Kananaskis Field
Stations, Calgary, AB, Canada

Potential for Integrated GIS-EPIC Model for Precision Farming, L.
Kryzanowski, T. Goddard, K. Cannon,
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB, Canada, and
C. Izaurralde and T. Martin, Department of Renewable Resources, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada



Environmental Statistics and Applications
Session Chair: L.Z. Florence
Saturday , 28 September, 1:30 -- 3:30

Environmental Statistics:  an evolving discipline, L.Z. Florence,
Statistical Support Services, Alberta Environmental Centre, Alberta
Research Council, Vegreville, AB, Canada

Computer intensive bootstrap and jackknife procedures for statistical
analysis when sample sizes are small, with application to monitoring
mercury levels in fish, Michelle Hiltz, Alberta Environmental Centre,
Vegreville, Alberta, Canada

Time Series Methods for Environmental Data, H. V. Nguyen, Alberta
Environmental Centre, Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB, Canada

Spatial Patterns Generated by Certain Iterated Systems, B.  Voorhees,
Center for Natural and Human  Science, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB,
Canada

Modelling Boundary Uncertainty in Geospatial Information Systems, A.A.
Alisheikh and J.A.R. Blais,
Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,
Canada


Saturday , 28 September, 4:00  Concluding Session



Posters

Adapting GIS Technology for Natural Resources Managers, C. Larouche, G.
Clement, Logiciels et Applications Scientifiques Inc., Montreal, PQ,
Canada; and F. Potvin, Ministere de l'Environnement et de la Faune, Quebec,
PQ, Canada



REGISTRATION FORM  (Conf. # 68055)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      
      SYMPOSIUM ON SPATIAL INFORMATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
                    September 26 - 28, 1996


Name  ____________________________________________________________________
                    ( first, last)                (For Badge)
Organization  ____________________________________________________________
Address  _________________________________________________________________
City  ____________________________________________________________________
Prov/State  ___________________________________  Postal/Zip Code _________
Work Phone  ____________________________  Fax ____________________________
Email  ___________________________________________________________________

Registration fees include the Icebreaker Reception Thursday evening, lunch 
on Friday and Saturday, dinner on Friday, and the Proceedings. GST no.  
R108102864. All attendees  must  pre-register! (due to inclusion of meals).

REGISTRATION FEES:    Before September 9            After September 9

Regular              $150.00 ($140.19+$9.81)       $180.00 ($168.22+$11.78)
Students or 
Retired Persons      $100.00 ($93.46+$6.54)        $130.00 ($121.50+$8.50)
(ID required)

For those traveling to the Symposium from Calgary, bus service will be 
available leaving from from the locations listed below on Thursday 
September 26 and returning after the concluding Session on Saturday,  
September 28 at approximately 4:30 pm  (16:30 hrs).

Cardinal coach to Waterton         $65.00 ($60.75 + $4.25)
       3:00 pm (15:00 hrs) Arrivals level, Calgary Airport
       3:40 pm (15:40 hrs) Hospitality Inn, 135 Southland Drive S.E.

Alternative modes of transportation may be available if sufficient interest
is expressed. Rental cars are obviously available at the Calgary Airport.


Do you require vegetarian meals?   yes |__|


PAYMENT (IN CANADIAN FUNDS) MUST ACCOMPANY THIS FORM

       Visa   |__|   Mastercard |__|   Money Order |__|
       Cheque |__|   (Payable to The University of Calgary)  

       Credit Card Number  __________________________________________
       Expiry Date         ______________________

       Name of Card Holder __________________________________________
       
       Signature           __________________________________________

Please send registration form and total fees to the following:
***** Within 10 days of Symposium, please notify us by phone or fax ***** 

       Margaret-Anne Stroh
       The University of Calgary
       Conference Management Services
       1833 Crowchild Trail N. W.
       Calgary, AB   T2M 4S7
       Tel.: 403-220-6229  
       Fax.: 403-284-4184
       Email: mastroh@acs.ucalgary.ca



ACCOMMODATIONS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A block of rooms at the Bayshore Inn will be held until September 12
ranging from $65 upwards (plus applicable taxes) for single or double 
occupancy. Please book early as space and rates cannot be guaranteed 
after this date:
       Tel.: 403-859-2211 
       Fax.: 403-859-2291 
mentioning the Symposium Spatial Information and the Environment.



CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The organizers intend to publish the Proceedings of this Symposium in 
early 1997 with the sponsorship of the Canadian Institute of Geomatics. 
The full papers can be distributed in preprint format at the Symposium  
but the final versions will only be due at the end of October 1996 for 
the refereeing process prior to their publication. Specific format and 
other details will be posted later on.



From skroege@nswc.navy.mil Fri Sep 27 14:45:06 EDT 1996
Article: 3109 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.sgi.com!sdd.hp.com!night.primate.wisc.edu!nntp!skroege
From: skroege@nswc.navy.mil (Steven J. Kroeger)
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Message-ID: <1996Sep24.163936.25477@relay.nswc.navy.mil>
Sender: news@relay.nswc.navy.mil
Organization: NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 16:39:36 GMT
Lines: 35
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.consumers.house:133290 rec.gardens:154014 misc.health.alternative:85054 sci.bio.botany:3109 misc.survivalism:31005 rec.backcountry:141392

In article <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>, Ivan@mindspring.com (Crazy) writes:
|> bbeer@u.washington.edu (Robert Beer) wrote:
|> 
|> >>|  FWIW, IMHO anyone who says repeated exposure increases resistance is
|> >>|full of shit! 
|> 
|> 	As kids, we spent a lot of time in the backcountry. running in the
|> forest in shorts and whatever not. Poison ivy was a daily experience:
|> something unpleasant, but hardly viewed as dangerous, much less
|> tragic. You got burnt a little bit so you say "Ouch!" and you keep
|> running. Then you do exactly the same thing next day. Hospitals?? :-))
|> That's a new one for me. It was treated in the same manner as falling
|> down and loosing some skin on your knee, or something like that. When
|> a six years old would get in the bush and get in poision ivy, he'd be
|> running back to his momma, crying and carrying on. She'd look at him,
|> say something like: "You shoulda known better than running in the
|> bush. Be a man now and shut up! It won't kill you, you know." and
|> leave him with that. :-))
|> 	We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
|> course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
|> cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
|> 
|> 				-= Ivan =-
|> 
|> 
    Some folks have good immunity to poisonous plants, others merely have to look at
   a poisonous plant and they break out, my daughter for one. When she comes in contact
   with any of the common variety poisonous plants ends up looking like the young man
   who played in the movie with Cher called "Mask" I believe, not a pretty sight and it
   takes heavy meds and weeks to go away. Myself and my son on the other hand can just
   about take a bath in it without any real affects, a little itching is about it.

    Just my 2 cents
    Have a great day
    Steve Kroeger


From staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au Fri Sep 27 14:45:07 EDT 1996
Article: 3110 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!enews.sgi.com!news.sgi.com!nntp-hub2.barrnet.net!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!munnari.OZ.AU!bunyip.cc.uq.oz.au!planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au!staplei
From: staplei@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au (Ian Staples)
Subject: Re: African botany
Message-ID: <Dy8DGM.FBn@planet.mh.dpi.qld.gov.au>
Organization: Qld Department of Primary Industries
X-Newsreader: NN version 6.5.0 #2 (NOV)
References: <526ahe$chm@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 09:38:45 GMT
Lines: 22

ptwilder@aol.com (PTWilder) writes:

>My wife just came back from a trip to Zambia. She brought back a small bag
>of seed pods she found attractive. (I know, I know, she shouldn't do
>this.)

>They are about 2-3 inches across, very hard, with several tear-shaped
>lobes opened to expose the seeds inside.

>What are they? Are they dangerous? 

Depending on what diseases they may be carrying, they could wipe out
American agriculture as you know it.

Cheers,  Ian S.


-- 

Ian Staples                        E-mail : I.Staples@dpi.qld.gov.au
c/- P.O. Box 1054 MAREEBA          Phone  : +61 (0)70 928 555 Home 924 847
Queensland Australia 4880            Fax  : +61 (0)70 923 593   "   "   "


From YourLogin@Sybase.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:08 EDT 1996
Article: 3111 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!news.mindspring.com!psinntp!psinntp!fyi.sybase.com!tribune.sybase.com!usenet
From: Your Name <YourLogin@Sybase.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Info Re: Agave Ferox aka Century Plant
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 1996 17:44:52 -0400
Organization: Sybase, INC
Lines: 17
Message-ID: <3245B354.6CB9@Sybase.com>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net>
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Hi,

My friend and I were walking through the arboretum in Golden Gate park.
We were intriged by a plant called Agave Ferox and also known as the
Century Plant.  Could someone point us toward more information about
this plant on the Web, or tell us what it's common name refers to?

Another question:  We were told that the longest-lived organism is a
plant in the Arizona desert which spends most of it's life cycle in
dormancy.  Our source, a friendly forest ranger in Big Basin State Park,
didn't know the name of this plant.  Any guesses?

Any guesses with citations?

Thanks in advance,

Sloan and Sau-Ling


From maclin@village.ios.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:09 EDT 1996
Article: 3112 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!news.ios.com!usenet
From: maclin <maclin@village.ios.com>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 24 Sep 1996 23:38:32 GMT
Organization: Internet Online Services
Lines: 21
Message-ID: <529rdo$23r@news.ios.com>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com> <1996Sep24.163936.25477@relay.nswc.navy.mil>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.consumers.house:133357 rec.gardens:154055 misc.health.alternative:85078 sci.bio.botany:3112 misc.survivalism:31020 rec.backcountry:141430

I think that I have come into the Poison Ivy discussion a bit late, so 
forgive me if this has already been mentioned.  I have found that one of 
the best solutions to a poison ivy rash is the application of the juice 
>from  the stems of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis).  Jewelweed grows in 
moist locations and has orange or yellow spotted flowers in the fall.  
Once you have seen it it is fairly easy to recognise in the wild and is 
common in the eastern US.  If you make an infusion of jewelweed stems 
and mix it with corn starch to make a thick paste, the effects are nice 
also.  Just my 2 cents.

Ted Maclin

______________

Each man, one way
Each horse, one stance
Each church, one Buddha
Each master, to his own technique.





From yourname@uslink.net Fri Sep 27 14:45:10 EDT 1996
Article: 3113 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!mr.net!news.mr.net!uslink.net!dial-41
From: yourname@uslink.net
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: 24 Sep 1996 11:06:36 GMT
Organization: USLink Internet
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <528fbs$sil@news.uslink.net>
References: <525vk7$r4r@guitar.sound.net> <526qjo$icl@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: dial-41.uslink.net
X-Newsreader: News Xpress Version 1.0 Beta #3

The reason this plant is called 'jewelweed' is because when you place a leaf 
underwater it takes on a metallic sheen and reflects back in either gold or 
silver.  
				WyldRose

In article <526qjo$icl@newsbf02.news.aol.com>, qra@aol.com (QRA) wrote:
>Jewel Weed (impatiens pallida) is also called touch-me-not and is closely
>related to Spotted Jewel weed (I. capensis) and Balsam (I. balsamina). 
>Both species of Jewel weed enjoy relatively damp, well drained areas. 
>Balsam is commononly cultivated.


From margoli@ibm.net Fri Sep 27 14:45:11 EDT 1996
Article: 3114 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.stealth.net!newsfeed.uk.ibm.net!news-m01.ny.us.ibm.net!news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net!news
From: margoli@ibm.net (Larry Margolis)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: 25 Sep 1996 01:56:06 GMT
Organization: The Village Waterbed
Lines: 12
Message-ID: <52a3fm$11bu@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <323CDBDC.18C0@shout.net> <323DBA35.4B92@erols.com> <51pmi6$don@news2.ptd.net> <ray-1909961720310001@ppp157-sf2.sirius.com> <lesjones-1909962347360001@lesjones.ppp.usit.net>
Reply-To: margoli@ibm.net
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu misc.consumers.house:133386 rec.gardens:154066 misc.health.alternative:85093 sci.bio.botany:3114 misc.survivalism:31029 rec.backcountry:141445

In <lesjones-1909962347360001@lesjones.ppp.usit.net>, lesjones@usit.net (Les Jones) writes:
>I'd be interested to know if anyone
>has references or observations that link the habitats of jewel weed and
>poison ivy.

Euell Gibbons, in "Stalking the Wild Asparagus", wrote:
   Jewelweed grows in the same kind of habitat as poison ivy,
   and the two plants are often found growing close together.

--
Larry Margolis, margoli@ibm.net



From SeeAddressatBottom@bigsky.net Fri Sep 27 14:45:12 EDT 1996
Article: 3115 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!iag.net!news.misty.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news
From: DSparrow <NotMyRealAddress@bigsky.net>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 1996 02:25:10 -0700
Organization: Big Sky Network Technologies
Lines: 49
Message-ID: <3248FA75.621A@bigsky.net>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <51l8fb$3goo@news-s01.ny.us.ibm.net> <51utd3$gt@nntp1.u.washington.edu> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com> <01bba9fd$189ec920$29b86dc6@stevej.voyager.net>
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Steve Johnson wrote:
> 
> Ivan -
> 
> In my experience, poison ivy does not give an immediate, burning reaction.
snip
> I have it on what I consider very reliable authority that burning or eating
> poison ivy
> are very foolish; if it gets into your blood stream through inhalation or
> ingestion, you
> can start breaking out everywhere, and have a much longer and more severe
> reaction.
> Hospitalization?  I can believe it.  
> 
snip
> Crazy <Ivan@mindspring.com> wrote in article
> <526g3j$l7u@camel0.mindspring.com>...
snip
> >

> >       We ate it too - on a regular basis. You pick it with gloves, of
> > course, and you boil it well. It is very tasty with rice, or as a
> > cream soup. I haven't heard anyone doing it in the States though.
> >
> >                               -= Ivan =-
>> 
	I don't know where Ivan grew up but I would put eating poison ivy in
the category of evolution in action - bound to weed out most of the
stupid. Sensitive people can get a severe reaction from bathing in a
stream that poison ivy grows beside, and people have died from breathing
the smoke from burning poison ivy.  It does sound like he's thinking of
nettles.
	A severe case may certainly require hospitalization - the allergic
reaction destroys tissue much like a chemical burn. If 20% of the body
surface is involved shock is possible.  If 40% is involved shock is
likely (numbers are from memory from advanced first aid 30 years ago so
not exact).  A girlfriend was once hospitalized for 5 days after we
rolled in some unclothed (I have never reacted, knock wood).  A
physician can prescribe steroids that greatly shorten the course of the
reaction.  A friend recently had it from his ankle to mid-thigh on both
legs - a solid mass of the usual oozing crusty sores. Oral steroids had
the rash nearly healed in 4 days.  So if you get it don't suffer
needlessly - see a doctor.
	  
-- 
		D Sparrow

"Taxes are not levied for the benefit of the taxed." -Robert Heinlein
To send me mail use dsparrow@bigsky.net, not the phony address above


From dps@hyperion.haystack.edu Fri Sep 27 14:45:12 EDT 1996
Article: 3116 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.mathworks.com!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!usenet
From: Dwight Sipler <dps@hyperion.haystack.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 1996 06:16:08 -0400
Organization: MIT Haystack Observatory
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Larry Margolis wrote:
> 
> Euell Gibbons, in "Stalking the Wild Asparagus", wrote:
>    Jewelweed grows in the same kind of habitat as poison ivy,
>    and the two plants are often found growing close together.




In my experience, Jewelweed is found only in moist areas, while PI 
is *EVERYWHERE*. I would say that PI is likely to be found where 
Jewelweed is found, but the converse is not true.


From mallet@tours.inra.fr Fri Sep 27 14:45:13 EDT 1996
Article: 3117 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!saphir.jouy.inra.fr!mallet
From: mallet@tours.inra.fr (Serge.Mallet)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: cystus
Date: 25 Sep 1996 14:51:26 GMT
Organization: INRA
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Hi net people

I'm desesperately looking for a paper on Cystus cartography of Spain :

MARTIN BOLANOS, M et GUINEA LOPEZ, E. 1949 : Jarales y jajas (Cistografia
hispanica). Min. Agr. Dir. gen. montes, Caza y pesca fluvial, Inst. For.
Invest. y Exp., Vol 49, Madrid, 228 pages

Could anybody help me to find this paper ?

I would be very grateful

Serge

mallet@tours.inra.fr
 


From sloan@sybase.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:15 EDT 1996
Article: 3118 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Sloan Looney <sloan@sybase.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Agave Ferox aka Century Plant
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 1996 11:14:05 -0700
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CC: sloan

Hi,

My friend and I were walking through the arboretum in Golden Gate park
in San Francisco and we were intriged by a plant called Agave Ferox and
also known as the Century Plant.  Could someone point us toward more
information about this plant on the Web, or tell us what it's common
name refers to?

Another question:  We were told that the longest-lived organism is a
plant in the Arizona desert which spends most of it's life cycle in
dormancy.  Our source, a friendly forest ranger in Big Basin State Park,
didn't know the name of this plant.  Any guesses?

Any guesses with citations ;-)

Thanks in advance,

Sloan and Sau-Ling


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Fri Sep 27 14:45:16 EDT 1996
Article: 3119 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Info Re: Agave Ferox aka Century Plant
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 96 17:09:12 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 28
Message-ID: <52bss4$42l@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <323B84D5.3957@fastlane.net> <3245B354.6CB9@Sybase.com>
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In article <3245B354.6CB9@Sybase.com>, Your Name <YourLogin@Sybase.com> wrote:

>Another question:  We were told that the longest-lived organism is a
>plant in the Arizona desert which spends most of it's life cycle in
>dormancy.  Our source, a friendly forest ranger in Big Basin State Park,
>didn't know the name of this plant.  Any guesses?

Probably the Bristlecone Pine
P. aristata - to 2000 years
P. longaeva - to 5000 years known and extarpolated/carbon dating specimens to 
8200 years.

Info from Mabberly, the plant book but any good text on southwest plants 
should cover them.



------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton Morse - Greenhouse Manager
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
75 North Eagleville Rd., Box U-42
University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269
E-Mail to: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu
WWW Server(s):
  Greenhouse: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/
  Rogaining:  http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/rogaine/rogaine.htm
  Pack Goats: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/packgoat/packgoat.htm
------------------------------------------------------------------


From faganjohns@aol.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:17 EDT 1996
Article: 3120 of sci.bio.botany
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From: faganjohns@aol.com (FaganJohns)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: herbicides
Date: 20 Sep 1996 23:52:31 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Reposting article removed by rogue canceller.

The best place that I know is a book called "The Herbicide Handbook of the
Weed Science Society of America".  This book is renued every 2 years or
so, and tells you all of the herbicides currently in use, how to use them,
how they work, toxicity,  chemical makeup, and how long it takes for them
to break down microbally and photatically.  It also gives info on which
ones are made illegal for what uses each year (it grows each year since it
costs so much to do new research on old herbicides).  Other sources would
be your local farm - seed store, who have lots of pamphlets on herbicide
law and regulation.  Good luck.

C. Fagan Johnson Jr. 


From root Fri Sep 27 14:45:18 EDT 1996
Article: 3121 of sci.bio.botany
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From: <root>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: hemp plants
Date: 25 Sep 1996 08:30:32 GMT
Organization: Intel
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To: hmcmahon@tcd.ie
X-URL: news:sci.bio.botany

has anyone got any hemp seeds to give me???????



From Adolf.Muehl@univie.ac.at Fri Sep 27 14:45:19 EDT 1996
Article: 3122 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Adolf.Muehl@univie.ac.at (Adolf Muehl)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need advice to germinate walnuts.
Date: 25 Sep 1996 12:28:34 GMT
Organization: Universität Wien
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I have a tree in the garden with lots of nuts this year and I would like
to have some more. I have put some nuts into the ground last fall without
success. Any advice for grwing walnuts form seed would be 
appreciated.


From bt5a007@rrz-cip-1.rrz.uni-haburg.de Fri Sep 27 14:45:20 EDT 1996
Article: 3123 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Marcus Hoberg <bt5a007@rrz-cip-1.rrz.uni-haburg.de>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Info Re: Agave Ferox aka Century Plant
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 1996 14:20:12 -0700
Organization: Institute of Applied Botany, UNI-Hamburg
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Sloan and Sau-Ling wrote:
> [...]
> Another question:  We were told that the longest-lived organism is a
> plant in the Arizona desert which spends most of it's life cycle in
> dormancy.  Our source, a friendly forest ranger in Big Basin State Park,
> didn't know the name of this plant.  Any guesses? Any guesses with 
> citations? Thanks in advance, Sloan and Sau-Ling

Hei,

the longest-living plants are trees, because they are able to renew their 
active cells livelong. Sequoiadendron giganteum e.g. might get 4000 years 
old! But the oldest plant known is a Pinus longaeva (= P. aristata p.p.), 
that is about 4844 years old {Strasburger (1991) Lehrbuch der Botanik, 33. 
Aufl., Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1030 S..}

Hope that helps,
Marcus.


From mk95528@navix.net Fri Sep 27 14:45:21 EDT 1996
Article: 3124 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!dimensional.com!csn!nntp-xfer-1.csn.net!csn!nntp-xfer-2.csn.net!symbios.com!southwind.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-chi-8.sprintlink.net!news.ltec.net!news-admin
From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ANTIQUE/CD/PLANTS/CLIPART
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 1996 02:02:06 GMT
Organization: MARGIE'S ENTERPRISES
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Greetings-

Imagine having special black and white plant line art clipart from old
woodcuts and engravings in digital format from the sands of time.
Then imagine having this on one handy CD-ROM from these
pages of time. 
Then imagine plant clipart has not been available until now.
Then imagine how easy small in house desktop publishing can be using a

handy CD of plant clipart. 
These antique images are from a ton of very rare expensive copyright 
free antique books and publications.  
We have gleaned antique stores and auction blocks over the years. Some

books go as far back as 1635. 
We are a home based enterprise that delved into great expense and time
to make all this possible so everyone can finally have a copy, and at
a very reasonable price.
Never before has this kind of project been accomplished. Especially, 
black and white line art of plants. 
For more information on our exclusive CD-ROM contact us anytime. 
Thankyou for your interest in bringing these amazing images back into
the light again.

Sincerely;

Margie 


From ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu Fri Sep 27 14:45:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3125 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!newsserver.jvnc.net!paperboy.uconn.edu!florawww
From: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu (Clinton Morse)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need info: Amorphophallus Rivierii
Date: Wed, 25 Sep 96 17:03:19 GMT
Organization: University of Connecticut
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <52bsh4$42l@bellboy.ucc.uconn.edu>
References: <51uot8$nca@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
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In article <51uot8$nca@newsbf02.news.aol.com>,
   psilocin12@aol.com (Psilocin12) wrote:
>Can anyone offer me some first hand information on growing A. Rivierii? I
>already have a few people helping me but I'm looking for a pool of
>information to sort from.

search for amorphophallus at our collections web site:

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/homepage.htm

It will return a link to A. konjac (syn. A. Rivierii)
There is a culture page linked as well as the IAS site which has very detailed 
Amorphophallus info from Dr. Wilbert Hettersheid.

Clint...

------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton Morse - Greenhouse Manager
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
75 North Eagleville Rd., Box U-42
University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269
E-Mail to: ebgadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu
WWW Server(s):
  Greenhouse: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/
  Rogaining:  http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/rogaine/rogaine.htm
  Pack Goats: http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/packgoat/packgoat.htm
------------------------------------------------------------------


From nowakm@uni-duesseldorf.de Fri Sep 27 14:45:23 EDT 1996
Article: 3126 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!news.gtn.com!RRZ.Uni-Koeln.DE!news.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de!usenet
From: "Michael Nowak" <nowakm@uni-duesseldorf.de>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology
Subject: Landscape ecology of fuchsia
Date: 25 Sep 1996 19:10:47 GMT
Organization: Heinrich Heine Universitaet Duesseldorf
Lines: 5
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A friend of mine is searching for informations a for lecture about the
landscape ecology of fuchsia in the Anden. She got only informations about
the morphology of fuchsia and little about their diversity. We hope anybody
can help Claudia. Please write answers per email to me.
Michael Nowak


From mk95528@navix.net Fri Sep 27 14:45:24 EDT 1996
Article: 3127 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!spool.mu.edu!newspump.sol.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!tezcat!news.sprintlink.net!news-chi-8.sprintlink.net!news.ltec.net!news-admin
From: mk95528@navix.net (mk95528)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PLANT CLIPART/CD/ONLY HERE!
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 00:43:31 GMT
Organization: MARGIE'S ENTERPRISES
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <3249d1a2.5453997@news.navix.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: xyp74p16.ltec.net
X-Newsreader: Forte Agent .99e/16.227

Hello-

Imagine having special black and white plant line art clipart from old
woodcuts and engravings in digital format from the sands of time.
Then imagine having this on one handy CD-ROM from these
pages of time. 
Then imagine a huge collection of black and white plant clipart on CD
has not been available until now.
Then imagine how easy small in house desktop publishing can now be
using a handy CD of plant clipart. 
These antique images are are gleaned and scanned from a ton of very
rare expensive copyright free antique books and publications we have
collected for 25 years.  
We are a home based enterprise that delved into great expense and time
to make all this possible so everyone can finally have a copy, and at
a very reasonable price.
For more information on this exclusive CD-ROM of over 1400 black and
white line art images, drop us an e-mail. 
Thankyou for your interest in helping us bring these images back into
the light again.

Sincerely;

Margie 


From boardman@SUNDIAL.NET Fri Sep 27 14:45:25 EDT 1996
Article: 3128 of sci.bio.botany
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From: boardman@SUNDIAL.NET (CraigBoardman)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 96 10:07:08 GMT
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In article <32490668.684A@hyperion.haystack.edu>,
   Dwight Sipler <dps@hyperion.haystack.edu> wrote:
>Larry Margolis wrote:
>> 
>> Euell Gibbons, in "Stalking the Wild Asparagus", wrote:
>>    Jewelweed grows in the same kind of habitat as poison ivy,
>>    and the two plants are often found growing close together.
>
>
>
>
>In my experience, Jewelweed is found only in moist areas, while PI 
>is *EVERYWHERE*. I would say that PI is likely to be found where 
>Jewelweed is found, but the converse is not true.

Before you step in PI again, stock up on Catalyst Altered Water which will 
take away the rash and the itch for a fraction of the cost of the creams or 
sprays. Check it out...it's good for sunburn, wounds, and crotch rot, too.

====================================
Craig Boardman
boardman@sundial.net
http://www.nethomes.com/alter.health
====================================


From jens@ngb.se Fri Sep 27 14:45:25 EDT 1996
Article: 3129 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jens Weibull <jens@ngb.se>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Request: Exotic Poa seed
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 08:52:29 -0700
Organization: Nordic Gene Bank
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A retired breeder here in Sweden is doing some taxonomic studies on Poa 
(Sectio Ochlopoa) and would like to obtain seed of the following species: 
Poa nipponica Koidz., P. acroleuca Steud., P. hisauchi Honda and P. 
crassinervis Honda (all Japanese) and P. maroccana Nannf., P. 
schimperiana A. Rich., P. rivularis Maire et Trub, P. dimorphantha Murb., 
P. nephelophila Bor and P. infirma Kunth. (Old World spp.). Apologies for 
any misspellings! I would appreciate any assistance in obtaining seed of 
them.

Thanks!
Jens Weibull
-- 
!    Dr Jens Weibull	!
!    Nordic Gene Bank	!
!   Tel +46-40 461790	!
!   Fax +46-40 462188	!
!   http://www.ngb.se   !
!     _  	        !
!      \    /\      	!
!       \  /           	!
!        \/.~~~~~~./   	!
!        (°  7 7 7 )  	!
!        /`~/~~~\~\´   	!
!   ____/__/_____\_\___	!


From jens@ngb.se Fri Sep 27 14:45:26 EDT 1996
Article: 3130 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jens Weibull <jens@ngb.se>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Request: Exotic Poa seed
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 08:52:12 -0700
Organization: Nordic Gene Bank
Lines: 24
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CC: bionet.plants

A retired breeder here in Sweden is doing some taxonomic studies on Poa 
(Sectio Ochlopoa) and would like to obtain seed of the following species: 
Poa nipponica Koidz., P. acroleuca Steud., P. hisauchi Honda and P. 
crassinervis Honda (all Japanese) and P. maroccana Nannf., P. 
schimperiana A. Rich., P. rivularis Maire et Trub, P. dimorphantha Murb., 
P. nephelophila Bor and P. infirma Kunth. (Old World spp.). Apologies for 
any misspellings! I would appreciate any assistance in obtaining seed of 
them.

Thanks!
Jens Weibull
-- 
!    Dr Jens Weibull	!
!    Nordic Gene Bank	!
!   Tel +46-40 461790	!
!   Fax +46-40 462188	!
!   http://www.ngb.se   !
!     _  	        !
!      \    /\      	!
!       \  /           	!
!        \/.~~~~~~./   	!
!        (°  7 7 7 )  	!
!        /`~/~~~\~\´   	!
!   ____/__/_____\_\___	!


From mrjames@netsync.net Fri Sep 27 14:45:27 EDT 1996
Article: 3131 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!newspump.sol.net!news.inc.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-chi-8.sprintlink.net!mica.netsync.net!usenet
From: mrjames@netsync.net (J.D. Richardson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need advice to germinate walnuts.
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 11:47:30 GMT
Organization: netsync.net
Lines: 14
Message-ID: <52dqht$k0l@mica.netsync.net>
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Adolf.Muehl@univie.ac.at (Adolf Muehl) wrote:

>I have a tree in the garden with lots of nuts this year and I would like
>to have some more. I have put some nuts into the ground last fall without
>success. Any advice for grwing walnuts form seed would be 
>appreciated.

No need to remove the husk if black walnuts. Stratify the nuts. This
means put them  in damp sand and let them freeze/get very cold for
several weeks. I do mine in an old metal trashcan, with bottom mostly
cut out, and hardware cloth covering the bottom and the top so
squirrels cannot get them. Rain and snow fall freely on the open top
of the can. Remove in early spring and plant. 



From mbleeker@euronet.nl Fri Sep 27 14:45:28 EDT 1996
Article: 3132 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mbleeker@euronet.nl (Marco_Bleeker)
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: European Botany Sites Wanted
Date: 26 Sep 1996 21:13:15 GMT
Organization: EuroNet Internet
Lines: 30
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Looking for WWW sites in Europe, about botany or 
fieldbiology. I am currently re-organising my "External 
Links" page, at 

http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/urlists/biourl_e.html

and realised how overwhelming the Anglo-Saxon grip on the
Internet is. Or is it? For instance, looking at garden 
sites, in Europe (except Holland) I have only 2: Kew and 
Edinburgh. Since I am in Europe, I'd like to promote the 
European Internet more. This is not (just) chauvinism:
>from  the botany / fieldwork point-of-view we also have a
lot in common: the species.

So, I am sure there are some fine WWW sites on-line about 
European gardens, wildflowers, butterflies, and there must 
be some good university and other research sites dealing 
with related topics like ecology, taxonomy. Please come 
forward, and put yourself on this Chez Marco's list of 
Botany and Fieldbiology Links. You'll increase your 
visibility; we have on average 35 "hits" a day (gross). 
This week a bit more :-)

Thank you, bye, Marco

-- 
<mbleeker@euronet.nl>------------------<Marco Bleeker, Amsterdam, NL>
<CHEZ MARCO'S BOTANY PAGES>---<http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/>
<Plants Programs Pictures>------------------------------<nl-en-de-fr>



From bness@puc.edu Fri Sep 27 14:45:29 EDT 1996
Article: 3134 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bryan Ness <bness@puc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: What is bunchgrass ?
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 11:52:35 -0700
Organization: Pacific Union College
Lines: 15
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References: <51qnl7$50t@saphir.jouy.inra.fr>
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Ivan Sache wrote:
> 
> Is 'bunchgrass' a generic names for every kind of grass with a bunchy growth, or
> is it a specific grass (if yes, Latin name is welcomed) ?
> T.I.A.
> 

Actually bunchgrass is used both as a general name for grasses like you
describe and as a part of the common name for some species.  For
example, Agropyron spicatum is sometimes called "wheat bunchgrass" and
several species of Festuca include bunchgrass as a part of their common
name.

Bryan Ness
Associate Professor of Biology


From mgriskey@nas.edu Fri Sep 27 14:45:30 EDT 1996
Article: 3135 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mark Griskey <mgriskey@nas.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Great Science Resource
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 15:20:05 -0700
Organization: National Academy of Sciences
Lines: 10
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The National Academy Press has put more than 1000 Books On-line free for
the reading.  The National Academy Press is the publisher for the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the
Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council.  The on-line
publications are in the Reading Room section of the site.  This can be
reached through the main page:

http://www.nap.edu

This is a great science resource, so be sure to check it out.


From jens@ngb.se Fri Sep 27 14:45:31 EDT 1996
Article: 3136 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jens Weibull <jens@ngb.se>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Request: exotic Poa seed
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 1996 14:42:31 -0700
Organization: Nordic Gene Bank
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A retired breeder here in Sweden is doing some taxonomic studies on Poa 
(Sectio Ochlopoa) and would like to obtain seed of some Japanese species: 
Poa nipponica Koidz., P. acroleuca Steud., P. hisauchi Honda and P. 
crassinervis Honda. He is also interested in some Old World spp.: P. 
maroccana Nannf., P. schimperiana A. Rich., P. rivularis Maire et Trub, 
P. dimorphantha Murb., P. nephelophila Bor and P. infirma Kunth. Any 
misspelling are unintentional!
Anybody knowing where I can get hold of these, please send me a line.

Thanks!
Jens Weibull
-- 
!    Dr Jens Weibull	!
!    Nordic Gene Bank	!
!   Tel +46-40 461790	!
!   Fax +46-40 462188	!
!   http://www.ngb.se   !
!     _  	        !
!      \    /\      	!
!       \  /           	!
!        \/.~~~~~~./   	!
!        (°  7 7 7 )  	!
!        /`~/~~~\~\´   	!
!   ____/__/_____\_\___	!


From maclin@village.ios.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:32 EDT 1996
Article: 3137 of sci.bio.botany
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From: maclin <maclin@village.ios.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Req: Info on Sweet Potato Diffusion
Date: 24 Sep 1996 23:50:18 GMT
Organization: Internet Online Services
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Just curious, but has anyone checked to see if sweet potato grows on 
unpopulated Polynesian islands?  



Ted Maclin

_______________

Each man, one way
Each horse, one stance
Each church, one Buddha
Each master, to his own technique




From sclash27@execpc.com Fri Sep 27 14:45:33 EDT 1996
Article: 3139 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gregory L. Schultz" <sclash27@execpc.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: passiflora subpeltata germination
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 1996 17:41:11 -0700
Organization: Chiles Forever
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I just got my order of passiflora subpeltata seeds from Thompson & 
Morgan.  I opened the little envelope and all I saw was little brown and 
white crumbs.  Was that the seeds?  I planted the little crumbs 1/4 inch 
deep in moist soil, wrapped the container in plastic and set it in a warm 
place.  I am going to check the container on christmas day for 
germination.  Does that sound like the right recipe for germination?




From monique@bio.tamu.edu Wed Oct 16 22:44:21 EDT 1996
Article: 3180 of sci.bio.botany
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From: monique@bio.tamu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Can fruit tree branches be tansplanted onto rainforest treess?
Date: Tue, 1 Oct 1996 14:57:08 UNDEFINED
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Lines: 42
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X-Newsreader: Trumpet for Windows [Version 1.0 Rev B final beta #1]


>I read an article in New Scientist magazine recently about how the main 
>reasson farmers are burning rainforest trees and planting crops is because 
>they have no other means to survive, and without burning every season, the 
>soil becomes drained of nutrients.  The article said that simply gathering 
>fruit from the rainforest trees to sell would be impossible because there 
>is only fruit on some trees.  I was wondering if there was a way to 
>transplant fruit tree branches onto rainforest trees.  The fruit would be 
>well nourished by the enormous trees, and you could place the transplanted 
>branches near the ground for easy harvesting year after year.  This could 
>end the burning of our rainforests.
>The main questions I have are: Is this possible? Do fruit tree branches 
>have to be grafted only to certain trees? Would the branches have to be 
>all the way up in the sunlight?  
>I am an engineering student and know little 
about the field of botany, but 
>this plan seems possible to me.>-- >-Matt Gangemi

Unfortunately, where grafting is possible at all, it is usually only possible 
within a species or within a very, very closely related group of species.  
E.g. apples on apples or Citrus on Poncirus.  Usually, plants are grafted 
while still quite young, so your large rainforest trees would not be suitable 
to graft on to.  (Sometimes plants are "topworked" to put new varieties on an 
older tree, but in the case of a rainforest giant, this would mean putting the 
grafts waaaay up in the canopy.)

At present, it seems that the best alternative is finding new uses and 
markets for rainforest products harvested sustainably so that there is an 
incentive to keep the forests intact. 

(Incidentally, burning every season does NOT keep the soil from being drained. 
 Most of the nutrients in a rainforest ecosystem are tied up in the 
plants--when you burn them, there goes all the fertility.  The land is burned 
to make space for crops, but since the soil itself tends to be thin and poor, 
the soil is "worn out" after a few years and new patches are burned.  This, 
along with clearing rainforest for cattle pasture,  is probably the most 
destructive way of life on the planet--don't get me started on what poor 
farmers in rainforest countries are forced to do to simply survive!)

Monique Reed
Texas A&M



From stop@the-light.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3181 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stop@the-light.com (Victor Engel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: N. American Dactylorhizas
Date: Wed, 02 Oct 1996 04:19:37 GMT
Organization: Onramp Access, Inc. 512-322-9200
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hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase) wrote:

Your message was empty, much to my disappointment, since this genus
holds my interest.



-----------------------------------------------------------
Victor Engel                                   Vector Angle
Stop@The-Light.com                           lights@onr.com
http://the-light.com         http://www.onr.com/user/lights



From stop@the-light.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:23 EDT 1996
Article: 3182 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stop@the-light.com (Victor Engel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Grafting Albino Live Oak
Date: Wed, 02 Oct 1996 04:23:52 GMT
Organization: Onramp Access, Inc. 512-322-9200
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I know of a live oak that has an albino gene. Evidently there is also
another nearby tree (or else self pollination is taking place) that
also has an albino gene, because many of the seedlings at the base of
this tree are albinos.

Unfortunately, since the leaves do not provide nourishment to the baby
trees, they soon die, after producing only a half dozen or so leaves,
no doubt the full power of a single acorn. I would like to graft one
of these plants onto a green live oak but need some advice on how best
to do this on so young a plant, if it is even possible. Any
suggestions?
-----------------------------------------------------------
Victor Engel                                   Vector Angle
Stop@The-Light.com                           lights@onr.com
http://the-light.com         http://www.onr.com/user/lights



From gates@gates.demon.co.uk Wed Oct 16 22:44:24 EDT 1996
Article: 3183 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gates <gates@gates.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany,bionet.agroforestry
Subject: Re: Uptake and translocation of heavy metals
Date: Wed, 2 Oct 1996 15:57:35 +0100
Organization: beth
Lines: 34
Distribution: world
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In article <325102AC.191@forst.tu-dresden.de>, Joerg Burkhardt
<burkhard@forst.tu-dresden.de> writes
>Hi!
>
>I am searching informations about uptake, translocation and accumulation
>of URANIUM and LEAD in plants. Respectively I am interested on conifers
>and deciduous trees.
>
>Our first results show, that uranium in roots is very high (up to 700
>ppm). In needles we found up to 50 ppm, and in wood nothing.
>We examined trees growing on uranium tailings in the Erzgebirge,
>Germany.
>
>Greetings, Joerg
I am sorry that I cannot answer your question but would like to add a
little comment.

While tops are chipped for log making (fires) and garden dressings
what's in the wood gets into the atmosphere eventually.  That seems
likely to be confined to cfc's on your evidence (whole logging industry
rubs hands together and makes coffee) so disposal of waste timber, say
>from  buildings and wood products seems less important than say needles
and roots which no-one ever considers.  So, (whole logging industry now
throws up hands in horror sending coffee flying), do stumps/roots
/needles require burning in special incinerators to exclude air and
scrub residual gasses?  Shurely shumwun shud shay?   Best Regards,  
-- 
Les Ballard         Les@gates.demon.co.uk


c/o BM: Gates of Annwn
London WC1N 3XX   U.K.       44+(0)1708 670431

Turnpike evaluation. For Turnpike information, mailto:info@turnpike.com


From falk@arc.ab.ca Wed Oct 16 22:44:25 EDT 1996
Article: 3184 of sci.bio.botany
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From: falk@arc.ab.ca (Alfred Falk)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry
Subject: Re: jewelweed
Date: Wed, 02 Oct 96 18:57:47 GMT
Organization: Alberta Research Council
Lines: 36
Message-ID: <52uduc$qnk@mercury.arc.ab.ca>
References: <50k6kc$dhk@ohnasn01.sinet.slb.com> <50ptn4$7dr@lastactionhero.rs.itd.umich.edu> <50sm1a$7g7@Nntp1.mcs.net> <51egsa$m7s@news.inforamp.net> <32 <324C36A5.1B50@en.com> <52oqua$8je@barad-dur.nas.com>
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In article <52oqua$8je@barad-dur.nas.com>, hox@nas.com (John or Sonja Hoxeng) wrote:
>In article <324C36A5.1B50@en.com>, Sue Hohman <rogers@en.com> says:
>>
>>Dwight Sipler wrote:
>>> 
>>> ray@sirius.com wrote:
>>> >
>>> > Can you describe Jewelweed more in detail, please?
>>> >
>>> 
>>> Jewelweed is a moderately tall (2-4 feet) sparsely leaved plant that
>>> likes moist areas such as stream banks or drainage ditches. The stem is
>>> light green and weak (as I recall, it's hollow) so it breaks easily. It
>>> develops small (1/2 inch) yellow flowers in mid to late august. The
>>> flowers develop into seeds that are twisted together and which spring
>>> apart with some force when they develop sufficiently or when disturbed,
>>> from which comes another name for the plant, "touch-me-not".

>Maybe someone knows what I have in my yard.  The woman who gave it to me
>called it the poor man's orchid.  It is about six or seven feet tall and
>has purple flowers that look exactly like the flowers on my orange jewel
>weed only larger.  The seed pods also explode like the jewel weed but of
>course they are also larger.  I am certain it is closely related but I
>don't know exactly what it is.  Anyone out there know?

Sounds like Himalayan Impatiens, a.k.a. "Policeman's Helmet".  Same genus 
(Impatiens) as Jewelweed and garden impatiens.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alfred Falk                       falk@arc.ab.ca              A L B E R T A
Information Systems Dept          (403) 450-5185            R E S E A R C H
Box 8330, Station F                                           C O U N C I L 
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
T6H 5X2
http://saturn.arc.ab.ca/~falk/                     http://www.arc.ab.ca/


From maclin@village.ios.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:26 EDT 1996
Article: 3185 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!wizard.pn.com!news.gte.com!news-in.tiac.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!news.ios.com!usenet
From: maclin <maclin@village.ios.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,rec.gardens
Subject: seeking job in Boulder area
Date: 2 Oct 1996 22:40:51 GMT
Organization: Internet Online Services
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X-URL: file:///DATA/resume2
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.bio.botany:3185 sci.bio.ecology:22530 rec.gardens:155256

I tried posting this once, but I don't think it went out.  If this is a 
repeat for you, please forgive me.

I am posting this resume for a friend.  She is currently working as a 
community horticulture intern at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, but she 
will be moving to Boulder at the end of October.
 
Please feel free to forward this resume to anyone you happen to know in 
the Boulder area working in environmental education, botany, 
horticulture, or ecology.
 
For more info, try calling her at home, at the BBG (718-622-4433), or 
e-mail a message to her c/o me.
 
Thanks,
 
Ted Maclin, Coordinator
Children's Garden Program
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
maclin@village.ios.com
 
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Selina Wood Rossiter
 
305 5th Ave., #2A                                     P.O. Box 1256
Brooklyn, NY 11215                                    Boulder, CO 80306
(718) 369-4901                                        starting Oct. 30

EDUCATION:
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.  7 of 8 courses toward 
Horticulture Certificate. Anticipated certification Oct. 1996.
 
Bates College, Lewiston, ME. Bachelor of Art in American History, May 
1993. GPA 3.2/4.0 with four semesters on Dean's List. Spring semester 
1992 at Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. Intensive course work in 
Spanish language and history including home-stay.
 
The Mountain School, Vershire, VT. Selected to spend high school 
semester on working farm.  Curriculum involved farm and forest work and 
rigorous academics focused on environmentalism. Fall semester 1987.
 
HORTICULTURE EXPERIENCE:
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.
-Community Horticulture Intern. Year long internship with Brooklyn 
GreenBridge program. Program extends Garden resources throughout 
Brooklyn, provides technical assistance and materials, promotes 
conservation and strengthens communities through gardening. Specific 
duties: Wrote 'Marigold Magic' activity for City Kids Get Green! an
adult leader's guide with garden ecology acitivies for children, 
published by GreenBridge. Developed and lead adult workshops on 
effectively implementing children's gardens in community spaces using 
City Kids booklet.  Constructed and maintained coldframe for use in 
workshops on growing vegetables and season extending.  Planned and 
maintained demonstration vegetable garden for use in gardening 
workshops. Researched and wrote gardening tip sheets.  Worked closely 
with program Director on: supply distributions, computer-based record 
keeping, data management, field visits, annual events and planning for 
Third International Congress on Education in Botanic Gardens, Teaching 
for the 21st Century: Botanic Garden Education for a New Millennium, 
Sept. 1996. October 1995-present.
 
-Children's Garden Intern. Developed and taught eight week plant 
curriculum and hands-on urban gardening for eight-year olds. Supervised 
two junior instructors and helped maintain Children's Garden.  Worked 
with hearing impaired children, nursing home patients and assisted in 
outreach in Brooklyn public schools. Independent project: designed 
planting plan for Discovery Garden implemented Fall 1995. April-August
1995.
 
New England Wildflower Society, Garden in the Woods, Framingham, MA. 
Horticultural Intern.  Participated in all aspects of native plant 
propagation: seed collecting, storing and sowing, soil making, 
transplanting, maintenance of stock beds and general organic nursery 
management. Worked with horticulturist to maintain 45 acres of habitat 
gardens, paths and natural areas.  Helped design and install new beds.  
Assisted with plant record-keeping, labeling and interpretation through 
signage, tours and articles. Learned use of front-end loader, back hoe 
and leaf shredder. April-August 1994.
 
Society for Preservation of New England Antiquities, Lyman Estate 
Greenhouses, Waltham, MA. Greenhouse Assistant. Helped manage historic 
plant collection, operate greenhouse sales and special events. Tasks 
included integrated pest management, propagation and horticultural 
maintenance such as weeding, composting, pruning and watering. November 
1993-April 1994.
 
Land's Sake Organic Farm, Weston, MA. Farm worker. Helped maintain 30 
acre organic farm which provides food for various Boston shelters. 
Cultivated and harvested flowers and vegetables. Spring 1991, 1992, 1993 
and Fall 1993, 1994.
 
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION EXPERIENCE:
Chilmark Community Center, Chilmark, MA. Nature Director. Organized and 
expanded summer nature program. Directed and led on- and off-site 
environmental activities for children aged 5-14. Summer 1993.
 
Massachusetts Audubon Society, Drumlin Farm Day Camp, Lincoln, MA.
Teacher-Naturalist for first grade program including natural history and 
farm curriculum. Promoted to Group Leader of same program for third 
summer. Expanded duties included developing curriculum, coordinating, 
supervising and evaluating all camp activities and teaching staff of 
four. Summer 1990-1992.
 
OTHER:
-Ongoing freelance garden design, installation and maintenance since 
Spring 1993
-Microsoft Word Windows and Access; WordPerfect
-Working knowledge of Spanish
-Earned three college varsity letters for cross country running




From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Wed Oct 16 22:44:27 EDT 1996
Article: 3186 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Dactylorhizas in N. America (2nd try!)
Date: 2 Oct 1996 18:32:26 GMT
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	The only known native dactylorchid in N. America is Dactylorhiza
aristata which has spread from Siberia across the Aleutians into Alaska.
But there are now three known sites in Canada of accidentally introduced
European dactylorchids:  At Timmins, Ontario, (first found in 1960), at
Tilt Cove in NE Newfoundland (1989) and now this summer right here in St
John's.  This is recognised as one of the most difficult groups of orchids
to put names to because of bewildering variation in colonies and ready
hybridisation, but we are pretty sure that the St John's plant is the one
known in English as the Leopard Marsh-Orchid, like most of this group its
scientific name is in doubt, but we have settled for D. majalis ssp.
praetermissa var junialis for now!  (Whatever it is preceded by, the name
"junialis" also seems to be generally accepted.  I am not a professional
botanist and am certainly not qualified to get into the argument!).  The
Tilt Cove plants also seem to be a form (in the broad sense) of D. majalis
ssp. praetermissa but have not yet been tied in with any known European
taxon.  We are in contact with Dr Richard Bateman, one of the UK experts
in the group, and have provided him with slides and specimens.  Both the
Newfoundland populations are quite large, comprising several hundred
plants, and, while only recently disovered by botanists, have been known
to local residents for tens of years.   More information on the
Newfoundland discoveries can be found in the current (Sept 1996) issue of
the North American Native Orchid Journal.

	We suspect that the identification of the Timmins plant is in need
of revision and I would like to hear from anyone who has seen them,
especially if they can provide detailed descriptions.

	I should also like to hear of any other unpublished observations
	of dactylorchids in N. America.

	Howard Clase    hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca


From smittola@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:28 EDT 1996
Article: 3187 of sci.bio.botany
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From: smittola@aol.com (SMITTOLA)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Low Soil pH Treatment?
Date: 2 Oct 1996 22:51:11 -0400
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We grow an acre of commercial cut roses in a greenhouse.
All are grown in ground beds and are injector fed every irrigation.  Soil
and tissue test are perfomed monthly and feed mix is adjusted as needed. 
We have been fighting low soil pH's for a couple of years (4.5-5.5). Roses
grow ideal at 5.7-6.7 for maximun feed uptake. 

We have limed the beds several times, but since the it cannot be worked
into the ground with the rose bushes in place, we have to relie on a very
slow breakdown from the irrigation.  These lime treatments have hardly
brought the  pH up at all.  I have now started injecting Pottasium
Hydroxide (KOH) in with our feed, which of coarse is a strong base. I am
putting the total feed solution out at a pH of 9.2 and EC@1.85. I had to
adjust the K in the stock solution to balance out to the 4 meq/l that I
normally feed.  After using the KOH for about six months, I am finally
starting to see the pH climb to about 5-6 pH.  The plants look really
good, but I'd still like to get to the mid 6 pH range.

Does any one have any other suggestions or experience in this area? 

Steve Schmidt


From Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw Wed Oct 16 22:44:29 EDT 1996
Article: 3188 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Zygamann.bbs@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw (Âûª¸ÄÑ)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Flora of Vietnam
Date: 03 Oct 1996 07:12:21 GMT
Organization: ²MµØ¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç BBS
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X-Filename: sci.botany/M.844326742.A

Could anybody tell me in which flora I can find some
Cornus sp. (Cornuaceae) native to the N. Vietnam?
Many thanks!
--
Shen-Horn Yen
Laboratory of Natural Resource Conservation
Department of Biology & Institute of Life Science
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: +886 7 531 6171 3505 Fax: +886 7 531 9333
--
¡° Origin: ¥Í©R¬ì¾Ç BBS ¡» From: 140.112.80.55


From pandoc@ix.netcom.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:29 EDT 1996
Article: 3189 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Charles P. McCarthy" <pandoc@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Low Soil pH Treatment?
Date: Thu, 03 Oct 1996 02:11:16 -0700
Organization: Netcom
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SMITTOLA wrote:
[edit]
> We have been fighting low soil pH's for a couple of years (4.5-5.5). 
[edit]
>After using the KOH for about six months, I am finally
> starting to see the pH climb to about 5-6 pH.  The plants look really
> good, but I'd still like to get to the mid 6 pH range.
> 
> Does any one have any other suggestions or experience in this area?

Sounds like you're on the right track.  You should hit 6.5 in approx. 
3 mos. 

"If it ain't broke don't fix it."  And if what you're doing's working,
don't mess with it!  Once you achieve your target pH you can titrate
your KOH dosage down to a maintainence level, and you're all set... at
least until aphids get lawyers!

Good luck,

Charlie


From smittola@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:30 EDT 1996
Article: 3190 of sci.bio.botany
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From: smittola@aol.com (SMITTOLA)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: seeking job in Boulder area
Date: 4 Oct 1996 00:24:49 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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>I am posting this resume for a friend.  She is currently >working as a 
>community horticulture intern at the Brooklyn Botanic >Garden, but she 
>will be moving to Boulder at the end of October.

I would have her contact the Colorado Greenhouse Grower's Association in
Denver and ask for a free copy of the 1996 Rocky Mtn. Horticulture Buyer's
Guide. This has a listing of most of the commercial greenhouse and garden
center's, ect.; in the state listed. Then have her mail out plenty of
those resumes. Telephone # is 1-303-427-8132

Good Luck, she'll like it here in Colorado!

Steve Schmidt (commercial rose grower)



From smittola@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:31 EDT 1996
Article: 3191 of sci.bio.botany
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From: smittola@aol.com (SMITTOLA)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Low Soil pH Treatment?
Date: 4 Oct 1996 00:13:05 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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>Sounds like you're on the right track.  You should hit 6.5 in >approx. 
>3 mos. 

>"If it ain't broke don't fix it."  And if what you're doing's >working,
>don't mess with it!  Once you achieve your target pH you >can titrate
>your KOH dosage down to a maintainence level, and you're >all set... at
>least until aphids get lawyers!

>Good luck,

>Charlie

Ha, Ha, or until lawyers get aphids.

Thanks Charlie for the info. I hope your right about the three months to
hit the 6.5 pH range. Our soil has a fairly high Cation Exchange Capacity
(CEC) of 28.28, I would guess this explains why the change is so slow.
This is a heavy clay loom type.

Is there a formula that can be used to calculate the amount of a base
material required to change the pH in a liquid feed system assuming the
CEC and pH of the media is known?

Thanks,

Steve Schmidt


From mgriskey@nas.edu Wed Oct 16 22:44:32 EDT 1996
Article: 3192 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Mark Griskey <mgriskey@nas.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.aquaria,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.botany
Subject: On-Line Book, Biodiversity II
Date: Fri, 04 Oct 1996 13:49:51 -0700
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.aquaria:24500 sci.bio.fisheries:2519 sci.bio.botany:3192

I have come across an interesting book called Biodiversity II.  This
book is published by the Joseph Henry Press, an imprint of the National
Academy Press who publishes for the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of 
Medicine and the National Research Council. 

The book is edited by E.O. Wilson (as well as Marjorie Reaka-Kudla at U
of Maryland and Don Wilson at the Smithsonian) and continues the call
for conserving the precious biological resources on Earth and in a
readable fashion actually tells us what we can do to help.  I wouldn't
have expected less of this cast of the stars of the biodiversity
movement.  Have a look--it's free to read!

http://www.nap.edu/bookstore/enter2.cgi?0309052270

This is a nice site, and apparently they have over 1000 books on-line
free to read. The URL is:

http://www.nap.edu


From pandoc@ix.netcom.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:34 EDT 1996
Article: 3193 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Charles P. McCarthy" <pandoc@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Low Soil pH Treatment?
Date: Thu, 03 Oct 1996 23:47:47 -0700
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SMITTOLA wrote:
[edit]
> Is there a formula that can be used to calculate the amount of a base
> material required to change the pH in a liquid feed system assuming the
> CEC and pH of the media is known? 
> Thanks, 
> Steve Schmidt

Steve,

My specialty is in clinical medicine so its best to take my advice with 
2 grains of salt and have your lawyer call me in the morning.

I think the CEC would be equivilent to buffer capacity, and you could
obviously calculate the amount of base equivilents required to produce a
target pH.  However, I think a problem arises in determining your
working volume.  This would be dependent on complex factors unique to
your soil, and could vary significantly over time even if you could
measure it reasonably accurately.  The chance of over shooting your
target pH with 
a resultant unknown effect on micropopulations could produce bigger
problems then can be forseen.  

I would tend to be conservative and continue on your current course of
treatment. If you wish to expedite matters, the simplest, safest, and
sanest approach might be to mulch, mulch, mulch and mulch.  This process
tends toward the acidic.  The hard part is deciding whom to make mulch
out of!

Best of luck always,

Charlie


From dbacon@chatt.mindspring.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:35 EDT 1996
Article: 3194 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Daniel Earl Bacon <dbacon@chatt.mindspring.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fall
Date: Fri, 04 Oct 1996 14:20:31 -0700
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I'm looking for technical information on the changing color, falling leaves, and budding of 
trees.  Example :  Oak trees at a min. temp of 45 degree with 7 hr. sunlight etc. will cause the 
leaves to change.   Or at what max/min temp will cause a Dogwood to bud and blank days to form 
leaves.     

Has this been demonstrated in the lab?

The last question.   Why will a dead tree keep its leaves in the fall after it turns brown in 
the summer and the live tree looses the leaves?


Any help would be grateful




-- 
The test to know if you are intelligent.
An intelligent person alters his view or even his beliefs to fit the facts; while an 
unintelligent person alters the facts to fit his views or beliefs
				Daniel Bacon


From rhidalgo@spin.com.mx Wed Oct 16 22:44:36 EDT 1996
Article: 3195 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "René Hidalgo Salinas" <rhidalgo@spin.com.mx>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New tropical wildlife page on Internet
Date: 4 Oct 1996 18:47:09 GMT
Organization: Grupo Gogol S. A. de C. V.
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-- We are a group of Mexican Biologist who are working with the carnivoroe
community of the tropical dry forest in the west cost of Mexico. We have
in our study zone 16 species of carnivoroes includig 6 of cats
(Jaguars,Cougars, Ocelots, Jaguaroundis, Bobcats and Margays), 2 of dogs
(Coyotes and foxes), 5 mustelids (3 diferent skunks, includig the little
pygmy skunk of 250gr) and 3 of procyonids (coatimundis, raccons and
ringtails).

We have a new WWW page in the Internet, in this page we explain the
objetives of our study and haw we work with the animals. We have too
some good pictures of the animals.

I would like that you visit and send your comments and suggestions our
page in this adress:

        http://spin.com.mx/~rhidalgo/home.html
        
        The page is now in spanish but i hape taht in a few days we can
have an
english version

        Four your attention I Say thank you

        Im sorry if my english is not very good

                                Mircea



   René Hidalgo Salinas
   E-mail: rhidalgo@spin.com.mx


From billy@melness.demon.co.uk Wed Oct 16 22:44:36 EDT 1996
Article: 3196 of sci.bio.botany
From: billy@melness.demon.co.uk (billy macdonald)
Subject: paclitaxel
Message-ID: <844455607snz@melness.demon.co.uk>
Date: Fri, 04 Oct 96 19:00:07 GMT
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I am interested in finding out about any work on the production
of paclitaxel, by biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and semi-synthetic
processes.
thanks in advance :-)
-- 
billy macdonald
http://www.melness.demon.co.uk


From pandoc@ix.netcom.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:37 EDT 1996
Article: 3197 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Charles P. McCarthy" <pandoc@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Fall
Date: Fri, 04 Oct 1996 13:47:34 -0700
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Daniel Earl Bacon wrote:
[edit]
> The last question.   Why will a dead tree keep its leaves in the fall after it turns brown in
> the summer and the live tree looses the leaves?
> 
> Any help would be grateful
[edit]

Just a stab at this last query:  the metabolism of hormones responsible
for the pinching off process of the leaves would probably be halted or
greatly inhibited in a non-photosynthesizing plant.

Good luck,

Charlie 

Charles P. McCarthy, Clinical Specialist
Healthcare Consulting and
   Medical Research
Professor Emeritus of Pantherapeuticological Medicine
Carmichael, CA USA
*************************************************************
********* NON LICET SUI COMMODA CAUSA NOCERE ALTERI *********
*************************************************************


From gemvg1@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:38 EDT 1996
Article: 3198 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gemvg1@aol.com (GEMVG1)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PLEASE, PLEASE HELP!!!
Date: 4 Oct 1996 18:31:15 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Please can anyone help me? I am doing a school investigation into limiting
factors of photosynthesis, and so far it has turned out really rubbish.
Can anyone tell me some advanced methods of measuring rate of
photosynthesis or just generally give me any help? I would be so grateful
if this was possible. Thanks a lot, Claire.

Please contact me at :gemvg1@aol.com


From wesselingh@bio.uva.nl Wed Oct 16 22:44:40 EDT 1996
Article: 3199 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wesselingh@bio.uva.nl (Renate A. Wesselingh)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: germination cloud forest species
Date: Thu, 03 Oct 1996 16:05:19 +0200
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Hello,

I am searching information regarding germination requirements of a number
of tropical cloud forest species. In my research I collected seeds from
Ardisia glanduloso-marginata (and two other Ardisia species), Palicourea
brenesii, Palicourea salicifolia, and Zanthoxylum melanostictum. Only the
latter species shows some germination under 'normal' conditions (in
greenhouse in petri dishes, temperatures 20 C and higher, at least 12 h
daylight). All seeds have been collected in the Cordillera de Talamanca in
Costa Rica, between 2000 and 2600 m above sea level. This montane forest
habitat has not been subject of study very often, and not much information
on germination is available. If anyone out there can give me some leads
for these or related species, I'd be most grateful. I also have small
samples of Styrax argenteus and Ilex pallida.

Renate Wesselingh

-- 
:Renate A. Wesselingh, Inst. for Systematics and Population Biology :
:UvA, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands             :
:wesselingh@bio.uva.nl..............................................:


From ljm@eden.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:41 EDT 1996
Article: 3200 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ljm@eden.com (Laura Jauregui)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,soc.culture.brazil,soc.culture.argentina,rec.travel.latin-America
Subject: Paraguay: "The Mbaracayu Forest Reserve"
Date: Sat, 05 Oct 96 11:46:32 PST
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Paraguay: "The Mbaracayu Forest Reserve"                                          
                                                        
  Mbaracayu, an Atlantic inland forest which once was connected
  to the Amazon, is home to various threatened species, including
  jaguars,  tapirs, white winged nightjars, bush dogs, giant
  armadillos, Hyacinth  Macaws, caiman. An island in a sea of
  deforastation affecting the South American forests, this land had
  become the property of the International Finance Coorporation
  (IFC), as a result of the bankrupcy of a plywood mill operator who
  had used the forest as collateral.                                              
                                             
  In a society which lacked a philanthropic tradition and interest in
  the environment,in a country governed by one of the longest-lasting
  and most corrupt military dictatorships in world history where
  environmental issues were consistently being ignored, the Fundacion
  Moises Bertoni had the conviction to fight the uphill battle to save
  this land and succeed.
 
  Raul Gauto, FMB's executive directorwon The Nature Conservancy's
  prestigious John Dunning prize for his work in protecting Mbaracayu.
  Five years later, FMB won the equally impressive Clifford Messinger
  award for its work in promoting the conservation of biodiversity in
  Paraguay.
 
  Against all odds, the Fundacion Bertoni feels assured that "they
  have helped to create something that will last forever."
 
General Information Article:
    http://www.envirolink.org/oneworld/hammer/bertoni/index.html
Science Article:
    http://www.envirolink.org/oneworld/hammer/bertoni/article2.html
Sustainable Preservation Article:
    http://www.envirolink.org/oneworld/hammer/bertoni/article3.html

About The Amazon Project Art,
 
  The art accompanying this article is from The Usko-Ayar (Quecha term
  for "Spiritual Prince") art school. An institution devoted to the
  rescue and preservation of the knowledge and the traditions of the
  indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon. Their art is a
  documentation of the flora, fauna, and culture of the Amazon, and
  it promotes and preserves the traditional knowledge of medicinal  
  and other plants of this region.                                                
                                             
Laura Jauregui                                                                    
                                             
OneWorld Magazine
  http://www.envirolink.org/oneworld



From daniel.vallauri@cemagref.fr Wed Oct 16 22:44:42 EDT 1996
Article: 3201 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Daniel VALLAURI <daniel.vallauri@cemagref.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Highest forest in the world ?
Date: 5 Oct 1996 15:06:30 GMT
Organization: C.I.C.G. , Grenoble
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Some authors record the highest trees and forests around 4700 meters above sea level in Sichuan 
(China) and eastern Tibet. Any confirmation and datas (species composition, forest structure) 
or other records.

Thanks for any information



From shannon@som-uky.campus.mci.net Wed Oct 16 22:44:43 EDT 1996
Article: 3202 of sci.bio.botany
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From: shannon@som-uky.campus.mci.net (shannon wagoner)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: i need a place to order fruit trees from
Date: Sun, 06 Oct 1996 04:18:37 GMT
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From svalji@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:43 EDT 1996
Article: 3203 of sci.bio.botany
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From: svalji@aol.com (SValji)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: AAAH! I'M STUCK!!!
Date: 6 Oct 1996 13:27:26 -0400
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Please Help.

I am currently conducting reseach into the osmotic potential of onions and
recently discovered that the O.P. becomes less negative as the bulbs age.
Why?

Many Thanks,



From cxdb@musica.McGill.CA Wed Oct 16 22:44:45 EDT 1996
Article: 3204 of sci.bio.botany
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From: murray baron <cxdb@musica.McGill.CA>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: preserving cut flowers
Date: 6 Oct 1996 20:32:15 GMT
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I discovered that certain food-colourings, when added to the water in which certain cut flowers were 
added, preserved the life of the petals.  What is known about preseverving cut flowers?  What determines 
how long a flower will continue to survive in a vase  of water?  



Murray Baron
Dept. of Medicine
McGill University
cxdb@musica.mcgill.ca


From DocDrew@worldnet.att.net Wed Oct 16 22:44:46 EDT 1996
Article: 3205 of sci.bio.botany
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From: DocDrew@worldnet.att.net (Andrew Poulos)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: antimicrobial properties of foods/plants
Date: Mon, 07 Oct 1996 01:32:03 GMT
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     I am seeking information on the antimicrobial properties of foods
and plants. More specifically I need information concerning folk
medicine in the Mexican state of Yucatan. I believe this falls under
the general category of ethnobotany. Please recommend any books,
journal articles, and/or web sites that you may know of. Thank you.



From sclash27@execpc.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3206 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gregory L. Schultz" <sclash27@execpc.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Other botany news groups
Date: Sun, 06 Oct 1996 20:41:19 -0700
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Are there any other botany news groups, or is this it?



From brateaver@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3207 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Nettles
Date: 7 Oct 1996 03:26:34 -0400
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You don't need an expensive cream. As soon as you feel the stinging, just
rub the spot with a leaf of dandelion, or lamb'squarters, or sowthistle,
or malva. These are calcium accumulator plants and the calcium is
instantly released when you bruise the leaf , and it is the calcium that
neutralizes the sting from acid.

B. Rateaver


From brateaver@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:48 EDT 1996
Article: 3208 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: 7 Oct 1996 03:31:42 -0400
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I have read and heard that black people are not susceptible to it, so are
hired to get rid of that plant. Also, some people take shots which I think
are a week dose of the poison, over weeks, and thus get some kind of
immunity to it.

I cannot bear the itch, so I just stay away from the woody areas. How
crazy to live here. In the Madagascar rain forest I never had to worry
about anything horrible like poison oak.

B. Rateaver


From yuku@io.org Wed Oct 16 22:44:50 EDT 1996
Article: 3209 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology,alt.archaeology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: pharaoh drug use
Followup-To: sci.archaeology,alt.archaeology,sci.bio.botany
Date: 7 Oct 1996 16:12:30 GMT
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I've been reading recently a fairly curious work, SAILING TO
PARADISE, 1994, by Jim Bailey. He also wrote GOD-KINGS AND THE
TITANS, 1973, that received quite a mixed reception in its time.
Suffice it to say that he is an extreme hyper-diffusionist and
believes that extensive across-the-ocean voyages and trade were the
rule before and during the Bronze Age, and petered out from the
beginning of the Iron Age. He tries to show that extensive pure
copper deposits from the Great Lakes area were exported to Europe
across the Atlantic around 5,000 years ago. These views are rather
extreme, and I'm quite sceptical about this, myself.
 
Did someone else read this book, and what do you think?
 
Now, one snippet of information from this book is curious, in light
of the recent discussion of Egyptian mummies, and drug use at that
time (re: cocaine and tobacco traces found in mummies).
 
"A botanist, Galletly Wilson, working in the Karamajong area of
Uganda, argues that tobacco, a native American plant, was used
across Africa as snuff long before the arrival of the Portuguese.
And that the indigenous American sweet potato was also in use in
Uganda before the days of Columbus." (p. 95)
 
Can anyone provide any info about the work of this Mr. Wilson?
 
Thanks in advance,
 
Yuri.



From yuku@io.org Wed Oct 16 22:44:51 EDT 1996
Article: 3210 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Other botany news groups
Date: 7 Oct 1996 16:19:47 GMT
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Gregory L. Schultz (sclash27@execpc.com) wrote:
: Are there any other botany news groups, or is this it?

And, also, what about mailing lists?

Yuri.

--
             #%    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto    %#
  --  a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Students achieving Oneness will move on to Twoness   ===   W. Allen


From gullfilm@mailbox.uq.edu.au Wed Oct 16 22:44:52 EDT 1996
Article: 3211 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Larry Zetlin <gullfilm@mailbox.uq.edu.au>
Newsgroups: rec.animals.wildlife,rec.aquaria.marine.reefs,rec.birds,rec.video,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.ethology,sci.bio.misc,sci.edu,sci.environment,sci.geo.rivers+lakes,sci.misc
Subject: Announce: Australian widlife/environment website
Date: Sun, 06 Oct 1996 10:25:01 -0700
Organization: Gulliver Films
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Gulliver Films announces a new website featuring info and many gifs
about Australia's wildlife and ecosystems.  Schools, students and
researches may use the photos and text, without copyright restrictions,
for non commercial purposes. 
Smaller gifs link to quite large pictures.

see: http://www.uq.edu.au/gulliver/



From Pinstride@gnn.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:53 EDT 1996
Article: 3212 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Pinstride@gnn.com (John Jamison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: A Good Garden Database
Date: Mon, 07 Oct 1996 15:06:00
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Does anyone know of a good gardening or native plant 
database, downloadable from the Web, that includes fields 
for cultural requirements, flower color, size, etc?

I keep hoping to find this as a comma-delimited text file 
that I can import to a database program on my own hard 
drive.

I am not looking in this instance for researchable 
databases that cannot be downloaded as complete files.

Thanks if you can help.

I garden in the mountains of North Carolina. Zone 6B.



From mehudson@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3213 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mehudson@aol.com (Mehudson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Soybean non-food uses
Date: 7 Oct 1996 17:17:33 -0400
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I am looking for info on uses of soybean other than food. For example, the
use of soy ink in printing. Please reply to fdeh1229.acc.fau.edu.
Thanks!


From carnes@sweng.stortek.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:55 EDT 1996
Article: 3214 of sci.bio.botany
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From: carnes@sweng.stortek.com (Steve Carnes)
Subject: Re: seeking job in Boulder area
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maclin <maclin@village.ios.com> writes:
> Please feel free to forward this resume to anyone you happen to know in 
> the Boulder area working in environmental education, botany, 
> horticulture, or ecology.
  snip
> -Earned three college varsity letters for cross country running

Well, even if she can't get a horticulture job, she *is* moving to the
running capital of North America!

p.s. Have her write to the Denver Botanic Garden -- maybe Panayote
Kalais (or however he spells his name these days) in the alpine gardens
can give her some pointers...




From buckholz@ix.netcom.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3215 of sci.bio.botany
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From: buckholz@ix.netcom.com(Susan H. Buckholz )
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: 7 Oct 1996 23:50:50 GMT
Organization: Netcom
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In <53abku$m27@newsbf02.news.aol.com> brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
writes: 
>
>I have read and heard that black people are not susceptible to it, so
are
>hired to get rid of that plant. Also, some people take shots which I
think
>are a week dose of the poison, over weeks, and thus get some kind of
>immunity to it.
>
>I cannot bear the itch, so I just stay away from the woody areas. How
>crazy to live here. In the Madagascar rain forest I never had to worry
>about anything horrible like poison oak.
>
>B. Rateaver
you had something to worry about..BIG FAT KILLER MOSQUITOES!!!
AAAAAAAHHH!!!!!!
             --tom


From gardinbe@nt.net Wed Oct 16 22:44:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3216 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ben Gardiner <gardinbe@nt.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Absorption in plant stems?
Date: Sun, 06 Oct 1996 16:16:38 -0400
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Hi there,
	I am in a grade 11 biology class, & we just finished taking a 
class on how plants create root pressure. The textbook says that the 
water, once absorbed through the root hairs, travels towards the 
endodermis in between the cell walls, by "absortion". The endodermis 
cells then pumps salts into themselves to change the diffusion gradient 
of the water, & draw water in, then the water gets pumped up the xylem. 
	My question is: What stops the water from diffusing into the 
parenchyma cells which it travels between to get to the endodermis? 
&
	Once the water get's inside the endodermis cells, what makes it 
go into the vascular bundle, instead of the parenchyma cells( which are 
full of starches & sugars, so would suck up water)?
	The textbook is not clear on this at all, & my teracher does no 
know the answer, could someone help me out. If so, please e-mail me 
(don't post, as I won't be able to retreive it), at gardinbe@nt.net. 
Thanx for you time
	(the ever searching) Ben Gardiner



From gf1003@mailserv.uni-giessen.de Wed Oct 16 22:44:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3217 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Gerwin Kasperek <gf1003@mailserv.uni-giessen.de>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Flora of Vietnam
Date: Tue, 8 Oct 1996 08:56:14 +0200
Organization: University of Giessen, Germany
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Maybe you could have a look into "Guide to Standard Floras of the world", 
I think the editor is FRODIN or somehow like that. This helpful book is 
published in Great Britain (Oxford University Press !?).
Sorry for not giving an exact citation out of my mind, but I hope it 
helps somehow!


---------------------------------------
Dipl.-Biol. Gerwin Kasperek
Institut fuer Pflanzenoekologie
Justus Liebig-Universitaet Giessen
Heinrich Buff-Ring 38
D - 35392 Giessen
- Germany -
gerwin.kasperek@bot2.bio.uni-giessen.de
---------------------------------------





From stop@the-light.com Wed Oct 16 22:44:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3218 of sci.bio.botany
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From: stop@the-light.com (Victor Engel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Dactylorhizas in N. America (2nd try!)
Date: Mon, 07 Oct 1996 02:55:00 GMT
Organization: Onramp Access, Inc. 512-322-9200
Lines: 11
Message-ID: <539v64$36u@mari.onr.com>
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hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase) wrote:

>	I should also like to hear of any other unpublished observations
>	of dactylorchids in N. America.

Thanks for the repost. I suggest you also post on rec.gardens.orchids.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Victor Engel                                   Vector Angle
Stop@The-Light.com                           lights@onr.com
http://the-light.com         http://www.onr.com/user/lights



From Carrie_Walter@mail.fws.gov Wed Oct 16 22:45:00 EDT 1996
Article: 3219 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Carrie Walter <Carrie_Walter@mail.fws.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Announcement of 4 new FWS WWW Servers
Date: Mon, 07 Oct 1996 11:28:26 -0700
Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Lines: 31
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September 27, 1996


Hi Folks,

I am pleased to announce that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has 
launched four new World Wide Web servers.  This effort supports our goal 
of sharing our data and information.

The new World Wide Web servers are:

Ecosystem Approach to Fish and Wildlife Conservation Fishery Program
FWS Data Administration
Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge


You can access these sites through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 
Home Page at

http://www.fws.gov/

Thanks.  ...al

============================================================ 
Dr. Alan R. Fisher
National Data Administrator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
303-275-2320
Internet mail: Alan_Fisher@mail.fws.gov 
FWS-Mail:      Fisher, Alan
============================================================


From Carrie_Walter@mail.fws.gov Wed Oct 16 22:45:01 EDT 1996
Article: 3220 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Carrie Walter <Carrie_Walter@mail.fws.gov>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Announcement of 4 new FWS WWW Servers
Date: Mon, 07 Oct 1996 11:27:36 -0700
Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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September 27, 1996


Hi Folks,

I am pleased to announce that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has 
launched four new World Wide Web servers.  This effort supports our goal 
of sharing our data and information.

The new World Wide Web servers are:

Ecosystem Approach to Fish and Wildlife Conservation Fishery Program
FWS Data Administration
Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge


You can access these sites through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 
Home Page at

http://www.fws.gov/

Thanks.  ...al

============================================================ 
Dr. Alan R. Fisher
National Data Administrator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
303-275-2320
Internet mail: Alan_Fisher@mail.fws.gov 
FWS-Mail:      Fisher, Alan
============================================================


From r.page@bio.gla.ac.uk Wed Oct 16 22:45:02 EDT 1996
Article: 3221 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Roderic Page <r.page@bio.gla.ac.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ANNOUNCE: Advances in Plant Molecular Systematics
Date: Tue, 08 Oct 1996 12:24:00 +0000
Organization: University of Glasgow
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Advances in Plant Molecular Systematics

University of Glasgow, U.K. August 13-15, 1997

The conference will focus on recent advances and developments in the 
rapidly expanding field of plant molecular systematics, with talks 
given by key international speakers. A broad spectrum of the
taxonomic hierarchy will be included, ranging from infra-specific 
variation and population differentiation to high-level phylogeny. 
Particular attention will be given to the applicability of different 
approaches at different taxonomic levels, and the meeting will reflect 
the importance of the linkage between molecular population genetics 
and phylogeny reconstruction to the understanding of evolutionary 
patterns and processes among plants. The integration of molecular and
non-molecular data sets will also be emphasised. 

For more details and to be placed on the mailing list visit the 
conference home page at 
http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/plant_meeting.html 

Pete Hollingsworth


From Piers@indhort.demon.co.uk Wed Oct 16 22:45:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3222 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Piers Trehane <Piers@indhort.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Flora of Vietnam
Date: Tue, 8 Oct 1996 17:02:11 +0100
Organization: Index Hortensis Project
Lines: 24
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In article <Pine.A32.3.91.961008085009.16582A-100000@d1.hrz.uni-
giessen.de>, Gerwin Kasperek <gf1003@mailserv.uni-giessen.de> writes
>
>Maybe you could have a look into "Guide to Standard Floras of the world", 
>I think the editor is FRODIN or somehow like that. This helpful book is 
>published in Great Britain (Oxford University Press !?).
>Sorry for not giving an exact citation out of my mind, but I hope it 
>helps somehow!
>

David G. Frodin's masterwork is actually published by Cambridge
University Press ( 1984, re-printed 1986).

Library of Congress number: 82-4501
ISBN: 0 521 23688 6

Scholarship at its best IMHO!

-- 
Piers Trehane
Rapporteur, International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
piers@indhort.demon.co.uk

Turnpike evaluation. For Turnpike information, mailto:info@turnpike.com


From newcombg@bcc.orst.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:03 EDT 1996
Article: 3223 of sci.bio.botany
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From: newcombg@bcc.orst.edu (Gene Newcomb)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: ALGAL BLOOM
Date: 8 Oct 1996 22:07:41 GMT
Organization: Oregon State University
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In article <ajewell-2708561425090001@mshs14.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us>, 
ajewell@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us says...
>   What we'de like to know is:
>     How are phosphates used in photosynthesis?
Phosphates are a component of the very important
energy-transfer compound adenosine tri-phosphate.  
This moves the energy derived from sunlight into 
the process of making carbohydrates from carbon 
dioxide and water,that is, photosyntheses. If 
you look in an plant physiology textbook, you 
should be able to find out more than you ever 
wanted to know.

>     How do plants use nitrates? 
Nitrogen derived from nitrates is used in many 
ways in plants.  The simplest thing to say is 
it is present in every amino acid and thus in 
every protein, but many other compounds in plants
also have nitrogen in them. To be useful to the
plants the NO3 of nitrate has to be reduced to 
NH2, this is accomplished using the energy from 
the above mentioned adenosine triphosphate.
>     What is the name of the common Green Algae found in streams all 
over
>North America?
I don't think that there is a single answer to 
this question.  Depending on the characteristics 
of the stream, slow water or fast, warm or cold, 
etc, many different kinds of algae can be present.
One thing you might be interested in trying is 
collecting samples of water from a nice clear 
stream and adding different amounts of nitrates 
and phosphates to them. You probably can produce a
nice algal bloom in a bottle.
>



From ajewell@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Wed Oct 16 22:45:05 EDT 1996
Article: 3224 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ajewell@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Andrew Jewell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: ALGAL BLOOM
Date: 8 Oct 1996 20:40:07 GMT
Organization: Siskiyou County Office of Education
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We are students of Mount Shasta High School. We are doing a science
experiment about the relationship between algea growth and the amount of
nitrates and phosphates present in the water supply.
      
      We know that phosphates are a key ingredient in photosynthesis.
      That nitrates are an essential nutrient for all plants.
      We know that a body of water which is overly rich in nutrients,
namely                      phosphates will cause the aquatic vegetation
to grow far beyond it's normal rate, resulting in an algal bloom.
      We know that algea absorbs nutrients directly from the water.
      
   What we'de like to know is:
     How are phosphates used in photosynthesis?
     How do plants use nitrates? 
     What is the name of the common Green Algae found in streams all over
North America?

-we've been trying to identify it through books and our
closest             guess is volvox-

      We would appreciate any help you could give us.

                                       Sincerely,
                                       Andrew Jewell
                                       Bryce Gunkel
                                       Mt. Shasta High School
                                       Mt. Shasta, CA 
                                       ajewell@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us


From bae@oci.utoronto.ca Wed Oct 16 22:45:06 EDT 1996
Article: 3225 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
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From: bae@oci.utoronto.ca (Beverly Erlebacher)
Subject: Re: AAAH! I'M STUCK!!!
Message-ID: <DyywLo.Ivy@oci.utoronto.ca>
Sender: news@oci.utoronto.ca
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Date: Tue, 8 Oct 1996 17:29:48 GMT
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In article <538q5u$3la@newsbf02.news.aol.com> svalji@aol.com (SValji) writes:
>I am currently conducting reseach into the osmotic potential of onions and
>recently discovered that the O.P. becomes less negative as the bulbs age.
>Why?

Think about osmotic pressure for a moment.  It is related to the number
of molecules per unit volume on either side of a semi-permeable membrane.
One way that the number of molecules changes in a biological system is by
the polymerization of small molecules into large ones and the reverse.

Now think:  what large polymeric molecule is found in quantity in a
storage organ like a bulb?  what small molecule is it made up of?

Or you could read your textbook.

Beverly Erlebacher
Toronto, Ontario Canada


From antony@flextool.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:07 EDT 1996
Article: 3226 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Antony <antony@flextool.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: FlexTool
Date: Tue, 08 Oct 1996 21:58:39 -0500
Organization: Flexible Intelligence Group LLC
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Hi:

The FlexTool product suite of soft computing tools are available
for building computationally intelligent systems.

Check out our web page. http://www.flextool.com

Regards

Antony.
-- 
Flexible Intelligence Group, LLC.
Box 861477, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486-0013, USA.
Voice: (205) 345-5166
Fax:   (205) 345-5095
http://www.flextool.com
info@flextool.com


From nahrunh@citec.qld.gov.au Wed Oct 16 22:45:08 EDT 1996
Article: 3227 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Helen+Paul <nahrunh@citec.qld.gov.au>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Seeds of Helenium and Heliopsis
Date: 9 Oct 1996 03:27:31 GMT
Organization: Dept. of Natural Resources, Qld
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Hi there,

We are chasing seeds of a few varieties of Helenium and Heliopsis for 
some work on Weed Bio-Control research.  We have seed of Helenium 
montanum so we don't need that species but we need at least six species 
of the two genera to continue our work.  Apparently these genera grow 
mainly (or only) in North America, so people in that region might have 
some idea about these plants.

If you know of any contacts that may have seed of these species, we would 
be pleased if you could pass on their details to us.

Please send any email replies to: rogersma@exchange.lands.qld.gov.au

Thanks very much.  Regards,

Michele Rogers
Assistant Scientist
Alan Fletcher Research Station
Department of Natural Resources
PO Box 36
Sherwood 4075 Queensland
Australia



From healingpgs@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:09 EDT 1996
Article: 3228 of sci.bio.botany
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From: healingpgs@aol.com (HealingPgs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: antimicrobial properties of foods/plants
Date: 9 Oct 1996 03:53:39 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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In article <539mkp$rvf@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net>,
DocDrew@worldnet.att.net (Andrew Poulos) writes:

>More specifically I need information concerning folk
>medicine in the Mexican state of Yucatan. I believe this falls under
>the general category of ethnobotany. Please recommend any books,

I'd look for works by Richard Schultes (although he concentrated on the
Amazon).  Michael Moore's Los Remedios deals with the American Southwest,
but does mention the Mexican use of certain native plants and gives the
Spanish name for these plants (very useful).  Earthly Goods by Christopher
Joyce deals with ethnobotanical finds around the world.  It's been a
couple years since I read it, but I think there may be material in it that
you could use.  

For more general works on the properties of plants, there is:
Herbal Drugs & Phytopharmaceuticals, pub. 1994
Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of Pharmacognosy, pub. 1992 (may be
out of print)
The German Commission E Monographs (to be published in English this fall)

Hope this helps.  By the way, I'm noticing a real gapin  the herbal works
on the subject of Mexico and Central America (other than Rose Arvigo's
stuff on Belize).  I'd appreciate information on any titles that deal with
this region.  Please e-mail as I don't check this newsgroup often.

Regards,
Rosemary, Healing Pages Bookstore, Seattle, WA
e-mail: healingpgs@aol.com
http://members.aol.com/healingpgs/index.htm

Links to other herb sites at:
http://members.aol.com/healingpgs/other.htm


From amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca Wed Oct 16 22:45:10 EDT 1996
Article: 3229 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Antoine Morin <amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca>
Newsgroups: fr.bio.general,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.paleontology,sci.edu
Subject: Bi-monthly post: BIODIDAC
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http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca

Is the home site for the BIODIDAC image collection. All material is 
freely available for teaching, non-profit purposes. 

Currently it contains: 

* material that roughly covers an introduction to zoology at the 
  undergraduate level. 

* Plant material has started to appear and is now regularily added.



More information below, and at the web site.


Le projet BIODIDAC                     The BIODIDAC project
 
 
 Finance par Patrimoine Canada par      Funded by Heritage Canada,
 l'entremise du Regroupement des        through the Regroupement
 universites de la francophonie hors-   des universites de la francophonie
 Quebec, le projet vise a produire du   hors-Quebec, the project aims at
 materiel numerique pour                producing digital material to
 l'enseignement de la biologie en       support the teaching of biology in
 francais.                              french.

 Ce materiel, pour l'instant des        This material, either digitised
 diagrammes et photographies            line drawings or photographs with
 interpretees et numerises, est mis a   labels and descriptions, is made
 la disposition des interesses. Il      available to all interested
 peut etre copie, modifie, integre      parties for copying and use in
 dans des notes de cours ou du          lecture notes, class presentations
 materiel multimedia a la condition     or development of multimedia
 que ce soit a des fins educatives et   material, as long as it is for
 non-commerciales. BIODIDAC possede     teaching purposes and that there
 les droits a ce materiel (ou a obtenu  is  no profit involved. The key
 des detenteurs des droits la           point is that BIODIDAC owns all
 permission de reproduire, modifier,    rights to the material (or has
 et distribuer)et permet son            obtained from the owner permission
 utilisation et sa distribution a des   to reproduce, modify, and
 fins educatives.                       distribute) and allow duplication
                                        and use for teaching.
 
 
 Le materiel verse a BIODIDAC est       Although the material placed in
 developpe en francais sur un           the database is developped in
 microordinateur MSDOS. cependant le    french on an MSDOS machine, the
 format choisi permet l'utilisation a   digital format will allow
 partir d'autres types d'ordinateurs.   conversion and translation to
                                        other languages. The material is
                                        usable on both MAC and MSDOS
                                        platforms.
 
                                        

 STRUCTURE ET CONTENU DE LA BANQUE      STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF IMAGE BANK
 
 Au 8 janvier 1996, plus de 2200        As of Jan 8th, 1996, more
 elements ont ete verses a la banque    than 2200 elements have been posted
 et son accessible par le serveur ftp.  to the biodidac server. These
 ces elements peuvent etre regroupes    element fall in 4 categories:
 en 4 categories: des diagrammes noir   black and white line drawings,
 et blanc, des diagrammes couleur, des  coloured drawings, color photos,
 photographies, et des diagrammes et    and annotated photos and diagrams.
 photos annotes.
 
 Les diagrammes noir et blanc           Black and white diagrams are in
 respectent le standard GIF89a. Chaque  GIF files. Their size range from 5
 fichier occupe de 5 a 50k et contient  to 50k and their resolution is up
 des images ayant jusqu'a 1200x1200     to 1200x1200 pixels.
 pixels.                                Coloured diagrams use a maximum of
                                        16 colors from the standard
 Les diagrammes couleur sont aussi de   Microsoft Windows palette.
 format GIF89a et ne contiennets que
 16 couleurs de la palette standard de  Colour photos were digitized to
 Microsoft Windows.                     allow projection and have beed
                                        coulour reduced by optimizing a
 Les photographies ont ete numerisees   256 colour palette. They are also
 de maniere a permettre leur            in GIF files with resolutions of
 projection et contiennent jusqu'a 256  approximately 400x400 pixels.
 couleurs d'une palette optimisee.
 Elles sont dans des fichiers GIF       Interpreted and annotated diagrams
 egalement. leur resolution est de      and photos are Microsoft
 l'ordre de 400x400 pixels.             Powerpoint files. these are usable
                                        from both MSDOS and MacIntosh
 Les diagrammes et photos annotes       versions of PowerPoint. These
 respectent le format PPT de MicroSoft  files have been compressed using
 PowerPoint et peuvent etre utilises a  PKZIP to reduce disk space
 partir des versions Windows et         occupied and transfer times.
 MacIntosh de PowerPoint. les fichiers
 ont ete compresses et respectent le
 format PKZIP.
 

 Contactez Antoine Morin                Contact Antoine Morin
 (amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca) si vous       (amorin@aix1..uottawa.ca) for
 desirez des details supplementaires.   details.



Antoine Morin 
Biologie, Universite d'Ottawa
30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1N 6N5
amorin@uottawa.ca
http://benthos.bio.uottawa.ca/joueurs/amorin.htp
Visitez BIODIDAC (http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca)



From gutz@crow.ewd.dreo.dnd.ca Wed Oct 16 22:45:10 EDT 1996
Article: 3230 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!howland.erols.net!news3.cac.psu.edu!news.cse.psu.edu!news.cc.swarthmore.edu!netnews.upenn.edu!dsinc!news.acsu.buffalo.edu!news.drenet.dnd.ca!nouvelles.e33.dreo.dnd.ca!crow.ewd.dreo.dnd.ca!gutz
From: gutz@crow.ewd.dreo.dnd.ca (Lorne Gutz)
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: 9 Oct 1996 17:01:13 GMT
Organization: Defence Research Establishment Ottawa (DREO)
Lines: 26
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In article <53abku$m27@newsbf02.news.aol.com>,
BRateaver <brateaver@aol.com> wrote:
>I have read and heard that black people are not susceptible to it, so are
>hired to get rid of that plant. Also, some people take shots which I think
>are a week dose of the poison, over weeks, and thus get some kind of
>immunity to it.

	Its not the color of your skin that makes one immune.  I'm
blonde and have walked through it for years in my bare feet.  My wife
is immune and so are my two daughters.  My oldest has given to her SO
on more than one occasion though.  All she has to do is walk through
it and touch him and he gets it.
>
>I cannot bear the itch, so I just stay away from the woody areas. How
>crazy to live here. In the Madagascar rain forest I never had to worry
>about anything horrible like poison oak.
>
>B. Rateaver

	Every part of the world has its vices, mennises, or horrors.
There is no poison oak on the artic islands of Canada.  They have
polar bears...now they will actually stock a two legged critter for
days just to get a tasty snack.

Lorne



From dteunis@uia.ua.ac.be Wed Oct 16 22:45:12 EDT 1996
Article: 3231 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!howland.erols.net!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!univ-lyon1.fr!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!swsbe6.switch.ch!news.belnet.be!news.vub.ac.be!hnets.uia.ac.be!news
From: dteunis@uia.ua.ac.be (Dirk Teunis)
Subject: antimicrobial properties of foods/plants
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Date: Tue, 8 Oct 1996 23:11:17 GMT
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{antimicrobial properties of plants}.

Ik know this isn't exactly what your searching for but last week i made the  following observation.

It is the end of summer and a number of plant i have can't survive the cold. To  prevent them from dying i take cuttings at this time. When putting these cutting  in water the water will turn milky due to microbial growt after a few days. But  not with one of the plants here the water stays clear and these's about a 100%  rooting in this species. 

When i took this water and used it for another plant species it remained clear  (unlike a controle from the second species).

Name of the first species : Brugmansia (unsure about the species, but i suspect  it's versicolor).

deGroeten
Dirk [*]




From 105170.726@compuserve.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:13 EDT 1996
Article: 3232 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!newsgate.compuserve.com!newsmaster
From: <105170.726@compuserve.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: PLANTS, IONS & OZONE ????
Date: 9 Oct 1996 18:51:17 GMT
Organization: CompuServe Incorporated
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Does anyone have any information on this?  I recently purchased a electronic
device called Plasma-Pure from Zenion Industries.  I bought it to help clean
the air in my home but soon realized my house plants were responding to it
by growing much faster and healthier.

I contacted Zenion and they advised me the negative ions in the air usually
increase the plants iron intake during respiration.  They also said the very low
level of ozone produced by the device restores natures ambient levels (10-
15ppb) indoors which helps to retard the incident of mold mildew and
infectuous elements.

They are sending me some research literature but in the meantime I am doing
a little investigating on my own.  Any input would be appreciated.

Thanks

Barbara


From kalae@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:14 EDT 1996
Article: 3233 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!gwu.edu!not-for-mail
From: kalae@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu (Kala Ladenheim)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: antimicrobial properties of foods/plants
Date: 9 Oct 1996 19:49:04 -0400
Organization: The George Washington University
Lines: 24
Message-ID: <53hdlg$p9b@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu>
References: <539mkp$rvf@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> <53flm3$ki0@newsbf02.news.aol.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 128.164.127.252

In article <53flm3$ki0@newsbf02.news.aol.com>,
HealingPgs <healingpgs@aol.com> wrote:
>In article <539mkp$rvf@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net>,
>DocDrew@worldnet.att.net (Andrew Poulos) writes:
>
>>More specifically I need information concerning folk
>>medicine in the Mexican state of Yucatan. I believe this falls under
>>the general category of ethnobotany. Please recommend any books,
I have a copy of "Huastec Mayan Ethnobotany" by Janis B. Alcorn-- 
University of Texas Press, Austin 1984,
ISBN 0-292-71543-9

This might be useful?

-- 
Kala Ladenheim
202-467-2258 (w)/202-986-2930 (h)
Center for Health Outcomes Improvement Research (CHOIR)
The George Washington University 
1001 22nd Street NW
Suite 700
Washington, DC 20037 
http://gwis2.circ.gwu.edu/~kalae



From balogh@balogh.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:15 EDT 1996
Article: 3234 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!wizard.pn.com!news.gte.com!news-in.tiac.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!news.shout.net!news
From: "Pamela Burns-Balogh" <balogh@balogh.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Flora of Vietnam
Date: 10 Oct 1996 08:49:18 GMT
Organization: Shouting Ground Technologies
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <01bbb688$0b0dc580$65b8fdcc@balogh>
References: <3F2TCM$kf4@bbs.life.nthu.edu.tw><Pine.A32.3.91.961008085009.16582A-100000@d1.hrz.uni-giessen.de> <vf5wrDADsnWyEw1p@indhort.demon.co.uk>
NNTP-Posting-Host: poola-101.shout.net
X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1155

I just looked in the latest Cambridge University Press catalog and this
book is out of print...

Pam Balogh

Piers Trehane <Piers@indhort.demon.co.uk> wrote in article  > >Maybe you
could have a look into "Guide to Standard Floras of the world", 
 


From david@westons.co.uk Wed Oct 16 22:45:16 EDT 1996
Article: 3235 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!howland.erols.net!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!univ-lyon1.fr!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!news.grnet.gr!btnet-feed2!news.moose.co.uk!not-for-mail
From: "David Weston" <david@westons.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Tree roots - student needs help
Date: 10 Oct 1996 20:43:21 GMT
Organization: Westons
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I am working on a project to find an easy method for determining whether a
tree root is dead or alive. The roots I am concerned with are thin fibrous
roots. The test needs to be quick an reliable.

Does anyone have any suggestions - if so please mail me

Thankyou in advance

David Weston
david@westons.co.uk




From sheddc@bio107.alleg.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:17 EDT 1996
Article: 3236 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!newspump.sol.net!howland.erols.net!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!news.cis.ohio-state.edu!nntp.sei.cmu.edu!fs7.ece.cmu.edu!speering.alleg.edu!news
From: sheddc@bio107.alleg.edu (Carlos Shedd)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: shroom-room!!!
Date: 10 Oct 1996 23:04:45 GMT
Organization: Allegheny College
Lines: 9
Message-ID: <53jved$4bd@speering.alleg.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: bio107.alleg.edu

Ok has anyone heard of growing mushrooms indoors??  

-- NewsGrazer, a NeXTstep(tm) news reader, posting --
M>UQR=&8P7&%N<VE[7&9O;G1T8FQ<9C!<9FUO9&5R;B!#;W5R:65R.WT*7&UA
M<F=L,3(P"EQM87)G<C$R,`I<<&%R9%QT>#$Q-3)<='@R,S`T7'1X,S0U-EQT
M>#0V,#A<='@U-S8P7'1X-CDQ,EQT>#@P-C1<='@Y,C$V7'1X,3`S-CA<='@Q
M,34R,%QF,%QB,%QI,%QU;&YO;F5<9G,R-%QF8S!<8V8P($]K(&AA<R!A;GEO
L;F4@:&5A<F0@;V8@9W)O=VEN9R!M=7-H<F]O;7,@:6YD;V]R<S\_("`*?0IO
`


From kpatters@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us Wed Oct 16 22:45:18 EDT 1996
Article: 3237 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!olivea!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!coatlique.cisnet.net!sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us!mshs36.sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us!user
From: kpatters@sisnet.ssku.k12.ca.us (Krishna Patterson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Life Cycle of radish
Date: 10 Oct 1996 21:03:59 GMT
Organization: Mt. Shasta High School
Lines: 9
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To whom this may consern:  We are two Life Sci. students from Mt. Shasta
High school and we are working on a project.  We would appreciate it very
much if you could help us answer this question that we are stuck on.  We
need to know about the life cycle of a radish.  We need to know by Fri.
10-11-96.  
Thank you for your help and cooperation.

                                                   Thanks.
                                                   Krishna and Jason.


From larix@well.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:20 EDT 1996
Article: 3238 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!boulder!usenet
From: Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Highest forest in the world ?
Date: Thu, 10 Oct 1996 16:10:54 -0600
Organization: University of Colorado at Boulder
Lines: 13
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See Wang, Chi-Wu's excellent The Forests of China, published by Harvard
University, Maria Moors Cabot Foundation Publication Nr. 5, 1961, LCCN
61-11934, and you could make inquiries at the RBG Edinburgh, or the
Gothenburgh Botanic Gardens, both of which have made expeditions to
Sichuan and Yunnan recently. Last I heard, logging is ruining most of
China's upland forests,...

Cheers!

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeffrey J Wagner; P.O. Box 433, Niwot, CO 80544; 
phone: (303)652-3674; fax: (303) 652-3676; e-mail: larix@well.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------


From abeato@ibm.net Wed Oct 16 22:45:21 EDT 1996
Article: 3239 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!news-m01.ny.us.ibm.net!news-s01.ca.us.ibm.net!usenet
From: abeato@ibm.net (Affonso Beato)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: HELP with Heliconia info
Date: Thu, 10 Oct 1996 23:54:54 GMT
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I need web address or any info on Herliconias

Thanks

Affonso



From Yourname@somwhere.COM Wed Oct 16 22:45:22 EDT 1996
Article: 3240 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!esiee.fr!jussieu.fr!oleane!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!news.rccn.net!global-one.pt!rain.fr!ai.alienor.fr!usenet
From: Yourname@somwhere.COM (Your Name)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: cherche laboratoire de recherche
Date: 11 Oct 1996 12:05:42 GMT
Organization: Somewhere
Lines: 7
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tout laboratoire de recherche interessé par l'analyse biologique de la 
résine du pin maritime peut envoyer un mail a Jean-Robert.BOS@wanadoo.fr
cette résine serait neutre grace a un nouveau procédé de gemmage en vase 
clos




From syoung@direct.ca Wed Oct 16 22:45:23 EDT 1996
Article: 3241 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!newsfeed.direct.ca!news
From: syoung@direct.ca
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Toxic Pits
Date: Fri, 11 Oct 1996 18:55:29 GMT
Organization: Canada Internet Direct, Inc.
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I have several preserving cookbooks that suggest using pits from fruits
such as apricots, cherries, and peaches as a flavoring agent.   Am I
correct in saying that these pits contain the toxin hydrocyanic acid?  I
also understand that hydrocyanic acid is the substance that gives almonds
their flavor.   That would explain to me why use of cherry, apricot, or
peach pits would give an almond flavor.  But anyhow, I'm curious to know
more about this as I do not want to feed anyone toxic preserves.  Is it
dangerous to use pits for flavoring?

Thanks in advance for any and all replies.

Cassie Laibrook
syoung@direct.ca


From blights@cpgsv1.am.doe.ca Wed Oct 16 22:45:24 EDT 1996
Article: 3242 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!arclight.uoregon.edu!nntp.primenet.com!howland.erols.net!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in3.uu.net!newsfeed.pitt.edu!newsflash.concordia.ca!sunqbc.risq.net!pollux.cmc.doe.ca!usenet
From: "Steve Blight" <blights@cpgsv1.am.doe.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Fall colours late this year?
Date: 11 Oct 1996 19:04:57 GMT
Organization: Canadian Meteorological Centre
Lines: 10
Message-ID: <01bbb7a6$48737180$e8e5878e@p06stblig.SID.NCR.DOE.CA>
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X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1155

I live in eastern Ontario, an area dominated by maples.  I believe that in
normal years, the majority of maple leaves would have already turned
orange, yellow and red.  However, I  (and several others) have noticed that
the colours are not nearly as bright this year, and seem very late in
turning.  There are still plenty of green leaves out there in the woods.  I
was wondering if there are others who have noticed this, and if anyone can
explain why?  Or is my observation not really correct, and that this is a
relatively normal year?  Any thoughts out there?

Steve Blight


From gadbermd@mo.net Wed Oct 16 22:45:26 EDT 1996
Article: 3243 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.uoregon.edu!news.u.washington.edu!netnews.worldnet.att.net!uunet!news-in2.uu.net!News.MO.NET!usenet
From: gadbermd@mo.net (Mike Gadberry)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,alt.folklore.herbs
Subject: Re: antimicrobial properties of foods/plants
Date: 11 Oct 1996 20:41:13 GMT
Organization: -=MO.NET=- MVP-Net, Inc's Missouri Operations
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In article <539mkp$rvf@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net>, 
DocDrew@worldnet.att.net says...
>
>
>     I am seeking information on the antimicrobial properties of foods
>and plants. More specifically I need information concerning folk
>medicine in the Mexican state of Yucatan. I believe this falls under
>the general category of ethnobotany. Please recommend any books,
>journal articles, and/or web sites that you may know of. Thank you.
>

Andrew,

	You may want to try the ethnobotany database at the National 
Agricultural Library.  Spend a minute or two reading the help info,the database 
isn't the most user friendly in the world.

	http://probe.nal.usda.gov:8300/

Ciao,

Mike G. <gadbermd@mo.net>



From yuku@io.org Wed Oct 16 22:45:26 EDT 1996
Article: 3244 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!iag.net!newspump.sol.net!howland.erols.net!news.mathworks.com!uunet!news-in2.uu.net!news2.interlog.com!news1.io.org!yuku
From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.archaeology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: pineapple in Pompeii
Date: 12 Oct 1996 05:14:16 GMT
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Yuri Kuchinsky (yuku@io.org) wrote:
: George Black (gblack@midland.co.nz) wrote:

: : I've gone through most of my reference but I find nothing about
: pineapples in : Pompei.

: Yesterday I actually tried to look it up, but the volume I needed was in
: another library at the U of T. I have to make another trip sometime later.

Here's a follow-up to the pineapple discussion. Elmer Drew Merrill 
discusses it in a book about Cooks's voyages published in '54. In this 
book he admits that the Pompeii fresco looks very much like pineapple. 
There's also another American plant that is apparently portrayed on the 
same fresco (sap-apple?). 

U of Toronto doesn't have the Italian book where this info was published,
in '50. But the following info arrived by e-mail. I remove the name of
the person from whom it arrived, as they apparently don't want to post in
Usenet.

-------- begin quote ------

>> The reference in the _Man across the sea_ is slightly garbled (quite
>>apart from my imperfect memory). The correct reference is

>> D. Casello, La frutta nelle pitture Pompeiane
>>
>> in
>> Pompeiana : raccolta di studi per il secondo centenario degli scavi
>>di Pompei / [edited by Amedeo Maiuri].  Napoli : Gaetano Macchiaroli
>>Editore, 1950.
>>
>>
>>It discusses the fruit appearing in the paintings. There's only  a
>>couple of paragraphs about the supposed pineapple, with one poor
>>quality illustration. Quote from p. 367:
>>"sul larario a destra entrando nella Casa dell'Efebo, si trova
>>dipinta una infruttescenza di Ananasso (fig. 46) di medie dimensioni,
>>di colore rosso, provvista del caratteristico ciuffo di foglie, la
>>quale dimostra che questa specie tropicale e anche orginaria
>>dell'Asia o dall'Africa e che conosciuta dai nostra avi prima della
>>scoperta dell'America."

>>--with no further supporting argument.

--------- end quote --------

I think the Italian text makes a mistake. Pineapple is now known to be a
native American plant. 

All the best,

Yuri.
--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From student@stclares.demon.co.uk Wed Oct 16 22:45:27 EDT 1996
Article: 3245 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Student" <student@stclares.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Types of Edible Fungi in Devon UK ?
Date: Sat, 12 Oct 1996 10:14:49 GMT
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Please can someone tell me  how many types of edible fungi there are in
Devon, and maybe give me a few examples of the tasty ones, and if possible
how to prepare them for consumption. 



From student@stclares.demon.co.uk Wed Oct 16 22:45:28 EDT 1996
Article: 3246 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Student" <student@stclares.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help, edible Fungi in Devon, UK ?
Date: Sat, 12 Oct 1996 09:56:17 GMT
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Please can someone tell me how many types of edible fungi there are in
Devon, and maybe give me a 'short' list of examples.



From ataylor@jinx.umsl.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:29 EDT 1996
Article: 3247 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Salt <ataylor@jinx.umsl.edu>
Newsgroups: misc.consumers.house,rec.gardens,misc.kids.pregnancy,misc.health.alternative,sci.bio.botany,alt,skincare,alt.folklore.urban,misc.survivalism,rec.backcountry,alt.cuddle
Subject: Re: Poison Ivy News Group?
Date: Wed, 09 Oct 1996 16:39:03 -0500
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BRateaver wrote:
> 
> I have read and heard that black people are not susceptible to it, so are
> hired to get rid of that plant. 

Cuts-----------------------

Ehhh?!?  Some of us black people may not catch it easily, but probably
no higher a percentage of us than other colors of people, including the
beigy/pink ones.  

Anne "I have the keloid scars to prove it" Taylor


From ryangco@sccs.swarthmore.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:30 EDT 1996
Article: 3248 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ryangco@sccs.swarthmore.edu (coolbean)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: carcinogenic medicinal plants
Date: 12 Oct 1996 17:39:11 GMT
Organization: Swarthmore College
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Does anyone know about the methods for testing if "medicinal plants"
are carcinogenic or mutagenic?  We are studying the Ames method and were
wondering
what others there were.  Also, if you know of any links that deal with
this topic, I would really appreciate your help.  Any literature on the
subject would really help too.  Thanks very much.

please reply to ryangco@sccs.swarthmore.edu

Anna

-- 
http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/~ryangco


From kshreder@ucsd.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:31 EDT 1996
Article: 3249 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Kevin Shreder <kshreder@ucsd.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Updated WWWsite:  The Antibody Resource Page
Date: Sat, 12 Oct 1996 12:20:51 -0700
Organization: University of California at San Diego
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Updated WWWsite:  The Antibody Resource Page

The Antibody Resource Page, the first website devoted to bringing together the vast 
number of resources about antibodies on the net, has recently been updated.  The page is 
designed to be browsed by the novice or expert and is divided into several sections:

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
ONLINE JOURNALS 
THE STUDY OF ANTIBODY RECOGNITION
RESOURCES TO FIND ANTIBODIES
SEARCHABLE DATABANKS AND DATABASES
ANNOUNCEMENTS
MISCELLANEOUS RESOURCES

The fourth section is particularly large and contains information on ways to find 
antibodies (including how to obtain Linscott's Directory and the Manufacturers' 
Specifications and Reference Synopsis (MSRS) catalog), a large list of online companies 
that sell antibodies or antibody related products (over 60 links!), and a list of companies 
that sell antibodies that are not online.

I am always looking for new information and new links, so if you know of something, 
please contact me.  Or just contact me to let me know what you think of the page!

The URL for the Antibody Resource Page is:

http://www-chem.ucsd.edu/Faculty/goodman/antibody.html/abpage.html


Kevin Shreder, Ph.D.
University of California at San Diego
kshreder@ucsd.edu


From gross@acsu.buffalo.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:32 EDT 1996
Article: 3250 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gross@acsu.buffalo.edu
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: rhododendron genetics
Date: Sun, 13 Oct 1996 15:04:09 GMT
Organization: Roswell Park Cancer Institute
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Does anyone have information on formal genetic analysis on
rhododendrons?  Classical or molecular DNA markers?
Thanks.


--
Kenneth W. Gross, PhD.
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
Roswell Park Cancer Institute
gross@acsu.buffalo.edu


From 40099@utech.net Wed Oct 16 22:45:33 EDT 1996
Article: 3251 of sci.bio.botany
Message-ID: <32601F5D.63D7@utech.net>
Date: Sat, 12 Oct 1996 15:44:45 -0700
From: loligo <40099@utech.net>
X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02E-KIT  (Win16; U)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: mycology
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Can anyone send me some good mycology website addresses 
or newsgroups
                   Thank You
                    loligo@utech.net


From oliveira@fiu.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:34 EDT 1996
Article: 3252 of sci.bio.botany
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From: oliveira@fiu.edu (Manoel Oliveira)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Help with my science project
Date: Sun, 06 Oct 1996 18:18:31 GMT
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Hi, 

I'm a seventh grade student in Miami, trying to research how music
affects plant growth for my Science Project. Can anyone suggest any
good references for my topic?

Thanks!

Andre Oliveira



From albachhu@mtu.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:35 EDT 1996
Article: 3253 of sci.bio.botany
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From: albachhu@mtu.edu (Amy Bachhuber)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: shroom-room!!!
Date: 11 Oct 1996 08:12:38 -0400
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Carlos Shedd (sheddc@bio107.alleg.edu) wrote:
: Ok has anyone heard of growing mushrooms indoors??  

Yes, I have...

On a package of dried Shitakes I bought there was an order form to buy a
log (to be placed indoors) to grow fresh American Shitakes.  Look in the
international section of a gourmet food store.

Amy


From brateaver@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:36 EDT 1996
Article: 3254 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Help me identify "Sheepshower"
Date: 13 Oct 1996 20:44:17 -0400
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Anything with oxalic acid in it---be sure to cook with milk, or if used
raw in salad, be sure to drink milk with it, or eat plain yogurst. If you
don't, the oxalic acid tends to pick up calcium from bone to make calcium
oxalate crystals.  Milk can provide the calcium, so no need for the acid
to take it from bones or teeth.

B. Rateaver


From brateaver@aol.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:37 EDT 1996
Article: 3255 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com (BRateaver)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stumps
Date: 13 Oct 1996 20:48:07 -0400
Organization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364)
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Easy, just spread oil on the cut surface. Can also use salt, but that
might get into soil you want to use someday. can nail in some copper
nails, but that is slow. You can paint with a copper salt solution.  Oil
is the best, as some soil organism will digest and break down any remnant
in your soil after stump is removed.

B. Rateaver


From gwayner@peop.tdsnet.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:38 EDT 1996
Article: 3256 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gary Wayner" <gwayner@peop.tdsnet.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Orchid Books For Sale
Date: 14 Oct 1996 02:22:31 GMT
Organization: Natural History Books
Lines: 6
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Arditti's Orchid Biology: Reviews & Perspectives.  I have copies of Volumes
3 & 4 for sale @ $ 25 each + shipping.  Both titles are in print @ $ 65
each.  These are new copies in dj's.  Contact me at
gwayner@peop.tdsnet.com.  Also, I would be glad to email my catalog to
anyone interested in either ascii or winword format.
Thank you,


From gblack@midland.co.nz Wed Oct 16 22:45:39 EDT 1996
Article: 3257 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gblack@midland.co.nz (George Black)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.archaeology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: pineapple in Pompeii
Date: Mon, 14 Oct 96 21:38:43 GMT
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>U of Toronto doesn't have the Italian book where this info was published,
>in '50. But the following info arrived by e-mail. I remove the name of
>the person from whom it arrived, as they apparently don't want to post in
>Usenet.
>

>I think the Italian text makes a mistake. Pineapple is now known to be a
>native American plant. 
>
>All the best,
>
>Yuri.
Thanks. Yes, I had a suspicion that it would be something like that.
Regards.

Some people can stay longer in an hour than others can in a week

gblack@midland.co.nz


From sache@grignon.inra.fr Wed Oct 16 22:45:40 EDT 1996
Article: 3258 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ivan Sache <sache@grignon.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: mycology
Date: 14 Oct 1996 06:57:45 GMT
Organization: INRA
Lines: 21
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To: 40099@utech.net
X-URL: news:32601F5D.63D7@utech.net

loligo <40099@utech.net> wrote:
>Can anyone send me some good mycology website addresses 
>or newsgroups

The following URLs:

http://www.keil.ukans.edu/~fungi/
http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/botcryp.html#fungi

give updated and by-subject lists of URLS linked to various aspects of mycology 
(genetics, taxonomy, databases, mycophagy, plant pathology etc...)

Ivan Sache
INRA - Plant Pathology
78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

Phone: +33.01.30.81.54.35
Fax    : + 33.01.30.81.53.06
E-mail: sache@grignon.inra.fr




From juliebeth@mail.utexas.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:41 EDT 1996
Article: 3259 of sci.bio.botany
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From: juliebeth@mail.utexas.edu (julie beth wood)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: fire ecology
Date: 14 Oct 1996 13:46:20 GMT
Organization: University of Texas at Austin - Botany
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Does anyone know of any good, classic sources on fire ecology/management
in the california chaparral?

thanks!

julie beth wood
Now conveniently located in Austin!


From mrjames@netsync.net Wed Oct 16 22:45:42 EDT 1996
Article: 3260 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mrjames@netsync.net (J.D. Richardson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Need seed source for Norway Spruce
Date: Mon, 14 Oct 1996 16:03:38 GMT
Organization: netsync.net
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Hello. I am desperately trying to find a seed source for Picea abies
(Norway Spruce). 

I'm looking for at least a pound of seed, not a packet. 

Can you help me?

Thank you.

Jim Richardson




From JamesJoy@internetMCI.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:43 EDT 1996
Article: 3261 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.interpath.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-stk-3.sprintlink.net!news.seanet.com!news-out.internetmci.com!news.internetMCI.com!news-admin
From: James Campbell & Joy Watson <JamesJoy@internetMCI.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Algae
Date: Mon, 14 Oct 1996 00:26:55 -0700
Organization: InternetMCI
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Can anyone send mesome good algae website addresses or newsgroups


Thank you

James Campbell
Gallaudet University
12jcampbell@gallua.gallaudet.edu


From J.Green@tpp.uq.edu.au Wed Oct 16 22:45:45 EDT 1996
Article: 3262 of sci.bio.botany
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From: J.Green@tpp.uq.edu.au (Jodie Green)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Proteacea classification
Date: 15 Oct 1996 01:18:22 GMT
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What is the most recent Proteacea classification available? ie 
classification into subfamilies and tribes, and, if you know, what is 
it? 

Jodie Green  CRC Tropical Plant Pathology,Brisbane, Australia.



From mhoemann@rz.uni-osnabrueck.de Wed Oct 16 22:45:45 EDT 1996
Article: 3263 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mhoemann@rz.uni-osnabrueck.de (Mark Hoemann)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: New Zealand plants - Stilbocarpo
Date: 14 Oct 1996 20:42:13 GMT
Organization: Universitaet Osnabrueck
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Hi,
I´m living in Germany and was for 2 Years ago in New Zealand.
I collected seeds and now everything is growing well.
Now my question. I have plant of the genus Stilbocarpa, i don´t no which 
species cause they dont´flowered yet. But the winter is coming.
Does somebody know if these plants are hardy???
Thany a lot
Mark 


From altenber@acpub.duke.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:46 EDT 1996
Article: 3264 of sci.bio.botany
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From: altenber@acpub.duke.edu (Lee Altenberg)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant to identify
Date: 15 Oct 1996 06:42:13 -0400
Organization: Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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I need help in identifying a strange plant growing on my property here on Maui.
I have put pictures of the plant on my Web site for easy access:
http://pueo.mhpcc.edu/~altenber/PLANT/

A taxonomic identification, or pointers to where I might find someone
to help, will be greatly appreciated.
=======================================================================
Lee Altenberg, Ph.D.

Research Affiliate, University of Hawai`i at Manoa
Office:	Maui High Performance Computing Center
	550 Lipoa Parkway, Suite 100
	Kihei, Maui HI 96753
Phone:	(808) 879-5077 x 296 (work), (808) 879-5018 (fax)
E-mail: altenber@mhpcc.edu <NeXTMail and MIME: altenber@pueo.mhpcc.edu>
Web:	¬http://pueo.mhpcc.edu/~altenber/
=======================================================================


From marfy1@interaccess.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:47 EDT 1996
Article: 3265 of sci.bio.botany
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From: marfy1@interaccess.com (marfy1)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Anthocyanins and Flowers
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 1996 06:21:56 GMT
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I am looking for an assistantship at a  graduate school/university  in
the US to study anthocyanins in flowers.  If anyone has any
information please forward reply to SMessenger@aol.com  


From larix@well.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:48 EDT 1996
Article: 3266 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need seed source for Norway Spruce
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 1996 00:09:41 -0600
Organization: University of Colorado at Boulder
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Most larger seed firms should have plenty in stock. Go to Lawyer's
Website in Montana, or call Sheffield's. Alternatively you can nearly
alwys get good seed from Europe. Try Frost's in Denmark,...


-------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeffrey J Wagner; P.O. Box 433, Niwot, CO 80544; 
phone: (303)652-3674; fax: (303) 652-3676; e-mail: larix@well.com
-------------------------------------------------------------------


From manhart@bio.tamu.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:49 EDT 1996
Article: 3267 of sci.bio.botany
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From: manhart@bio.tamu.edu (Jim Manhart)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Algae
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 1996 09:09:56 -0600
Organization: Dept. Biology, Texas A&M University
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In article <3261EB3F.6228@internetMCI.com>, James Campbell & Joy Watson
<JamesJoy@internetMCI.com> wrote:

> Can anyone send mesome good algae website addresses or newsgroups
> 
> 
> Thank you
> 
> James Campbell
> Gallaudet University
> 12jcampbell@gallua.gallaudet.edu

Web Sites:
http://www.ucr.edu/pril/peten/images/el_eden/algae_images.html
http://condor.depaul.edu:80/~rmccourt/PSA/PSA_home.html
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8300/
http://www.botany.duke.edu/DCMB/chlamy.htm
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/bryolab/greenplantpage.html


Newsgroup:

bionet.chlamydomonas


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970-491-7551, FAX 970-491-0649


From gfox@ucsd.edu Wed Oct 16 22:45:50 EDT 1996
Article: 3268 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Gordon A. Fox" <gfox@ucsd.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Help -- controlling whiteflies on succulen collection
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 1996 15:17:30 -0700
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If anyone has any useful suggestions, I'd appreciate it. We have an 
outdoor collection of a few hundred potted succulents, some of which 
(especially Fouquieria, which seems surprising, Pelargonium, some 
Apocynaceae, like Pachypodium, and some Bombacaceae) are favorites of the 
local whitefly species. 

Problem is that every insecticide suggested by the local nursery types 
(e.g., Isotox, malathion, a few others) causes some of these to defoliate 
or otherwise express their unhappiness, so at the moment the only control 
measure I'm using is insecticidal soap alone -- which, of course, just 
kills those it contacts immediately. 

Since this is all outdoors and the whiteflies are locally abundant, I 
can't imagine that any biological controls are likely to be very 
effective.  

All the succulent books provide is generic advice like "use a systemic 
insecticide," but never suggest particular ones (or particular ones to 
avoid).

Any suggestions, either on systemics or on some other measure I haven't 
thought of?

Thanks.

Gordon


From yuku@io.org Wed Oct 16 22:45:51 EDT 1996
Article: 3269 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Pompeian Pineapples
Date: 15 Oct 1996 16:37:00 GMT
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Berlant@cyberix.com wrote:
: In article <53n9f8$4mu@news1.io.org>, yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky) wrote:

: As strange as it may initially seem, the fruits in these Pompeian frescoes 
: are, in all likelihood, stylized pomegranates. The pomegranate's smooth 
: surface differs significantly from the pineapple's rough, segmented surface. 

Thanks for your contribution, Steve. I'm aware of many mythological
references to the pomegranate. It plays a great role in Judaism and was
an especially sacred plant for the Jerusalem temple worship. 
Nevertheless, I'm not persuaded that it's so easy to mix it up with the
pineapple. They look REALLY different on the tree, because of the huge
leaves at the top of the pineapple fruit.

Yours,

Yuri.
--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From yuku@io.org Wed Oct 16 22:45:52 EDT 1996
Article: 3270 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pompeian Pineapples
Date: 15 Oct 1996 16:47:55 GMT
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[ Article crossposted from sci.archaeology ]
[ Author was Berlant@cyberix.com ]
[ Posted on 13 Oct 1996 12:42:24 GMT ]

In article <53n9f8$4mu@news1.io.org>, yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky) wrote:
>Yuri Kuchinsky (yuku@io.org) wrote:
>: George Black (gblack@midland.co.nz) wrote:
>
>: : I've gone through most of my reference but I find nothing about
>: pineapples in : Pompei.
>
>: Yesterday I actually tried to look it up, but the volume I needed was in
>: another library at the U of T. I have to make another trip sometime later.
>
>Here's a follow-up to the pineapple discussion. Elmer Drew Merrill 
>discusses it in a book about Cooks's voyages published in '54. In this 
>book he admits that the Pompeii fresco looks very much like pineapple. 
>There's also another American plant that is apparently portrayed on the 
>same fresco (sap-apple?). 
>
>U of Toronto doesn't have the Italian book where this info was published,
>in '50. But the following info arrived by e-mail. I remove the name of
>the person from whom it arrived, as they apparently don't want to post in
>Usenet.
>
>-------- begin quote ------
>
>>> The reference in the _Man across the sea_ is slightly garbled (quite
>>>apart from my imperfect memory). The correct reference is
>
>>> D. Casello, La frutta nelle pitture Pompeiane
>>>
>>> in
>>> Pompeiana : raccolta di studi per il secondo centenario degli scavi
>>>di Pompei / [edited by Amedeo Maiuri].  Napoli : Gaetano Macchiaroli
>>>Editore, 1950.
>>>
>>>
>>>It discusses the fruit appearing in the paintings. There's only  a
>>>couple of paragraphs about the supposed pineapple, with one poor
>>>quality illustration. Quote from p. 367:
>>>"sul larario a destra entrando nella Casa dell'Efebo, si trova
>>>dipinta una infruttescenza di Ananasso (fig. 46) di medie dimensioni,
>>>di colore rosso, provvista del caratteristico ciuffo di foglie, la
>>>quale dimostra che questa specie tropicale e anche orginaria
>>>dell'Asia o dall'Africa e che conosciuta dai nostra avi prima della
>>>scoperta dell'America."
>
>>>--with no further supporting argument.
>
>--------- end quote --------
>
>I think the Italian text makes a mistake. Pineapple is now known to be a
>native American plant. 
>
>All the best,
>
>Yuri.

As strange as it may initially seem, the fruits in these Pompeian frescoes 
are, in all likelihood, stylized pomegranates. The pomegranate's smooth 
surface differs significantly from the pineapple's rough, segmented surface. 
However, the reason why the former came to be depicted like the latter can be 
understood by considering that: 

1) Pompeii was heavily influenced by ancient Greek culture; 	
2) The Pompeians are reported to have imported Greek artists to paint their 
frescos; and, 
3) It was particularly Persephone's eating of the seeds of the pomegranate 
that caused her to die in the winter and be resurrected in the spring, in the 
popular ancient Greek myth of Demeter. 

Accordingly, Greek painters evidently began depicting pomegranates with a red, 
seedy pulp which eventually became stylized to appear like the segmented 
surface of a pineapple. Hence, the fruits are red ["Di colore rosso"] like 
pomegranates, rather than yellow like pineapples.  

When the early Christian Church incorporated and "reinterpreted" pagan themes 
in its effort to attract followers, the pomegranate became the symbol of 
Christ's resurrection. Pomegranates resembling pineapples, thus, also appear 
on, for example, the Templar Church in London, about which Paul Gans wrote the 
following message some time ago: 

 >In message <4a2sdr$g3c@cmcl2.NYU.EDU> Paul J. Gans wrote (with deletions)
 ". . . during my recent trip to London I managed to get to the Templar Church 
in London.  Over the portal to the Church (dedicated in 1185 if memory serves) 
are some carvings. Two of them are round with striations and look for all the 
world like hand grenades. A guide present assured everyone that they were 
pineapples and that nobody had a clue as to how they had gotten on a 12th 
century carving.

I had my doubts and indeed, when I got back home and consulted a medievalist 
with some training in art history I was laughingly told that this was a common 
misinterpretation. The carvings were pomegranates, a typical medieval symbol 
of fertility and afterlife." 

That is not to say, however, that these pomegranates were undoubtedly intended 
as Christian symbols, for it is well-known that the Templars' many pagan 
beliefs caused the church to regard them as heretics. It is, therefore, very 
possible that pomegranates were put on the Templar Church to serve a dual 
purpose: i.e., although they were outwardly Christian, they were regarded 
otherwise by the Templars.

The history of the pomegranate as an esoteric symbol is actually far more 
complex; for, as Friedreich Muthman, in the, perhaps, definitive work on the 
subject, Der Granatapfel, pointed out: 1) What appear to be pomegranates were 
depicted in Assyrian art long before they appeared in Greek art; and, 2) the 
Phrygian god Attis was born of a virgin who conceived him by putting a ripe 
almond or pomegranate in her bosom.  

But, in either case, it is likely that these enigmatic Pompeian fruits are 
indeed stylized pomegranates.

Regards,

Steve Berlant

--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From jrmase@paisano.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:53 EDT 1996
Article: 3271 of sci.bio.botany
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From: jrmase@paisano.com (Rusty Mase)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Importing Exsiccatae
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 1996 17:24:05 GMT
Organization: Environmental Technical Services Co.
Lines: 7
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I need to get some information on bringing dried plant specimens from
Central America back to the US (Texas).  There must be some process
required and I was hoping someone might educate me on how to approach
this.

Rusty Mase
jrmase@wetlands.com


From ccshf@bath.ac.uk Wed Oct 16 22:45:54 EDT 1996
Article: 3272 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
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From: ccshf@bath.ac.uk (Henry Ford)
Subject: plant chemical databases
Organization: Bath University Computing Services, UK
Message-ID: <DzD1L8.F2I.B.midge@bath.ac.uk>
Date: Wed, 16 Oct 1996 08:43:56 GMT
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I am searching for plant chemical databases. Any info will be gratefully
received, collated and reposted on the net.
Thanks
Henry Ford


From scotmark@cybergate.com Wed Oct 16 22:45:55 EDT 1996
Article: 3273 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Howard Lichtenstein <scotmark@cybergate.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: help with lichen project
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 1996 19:15:10 -0700
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My son is working on a 7 th grade science project to separate the algae
and fungus in a lichen. We plan to put some distrupted lichen from the
Sierra Nevada Mountains in California in Sabouroud's dextrose agar in
the dark and hope that the fungus will grow on its own. We will check
for spores.  Also we will put some dusrupted lichen in sterile water in
the light and hope that the algae will grow. We will look for green
color or view some under a microscope. We would appreciate any advice or
references people can share.


From balent@toulouse.inra.fr Wed Oct 16 22:45:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3274 of sci.bio.botany
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From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?G=E9rard?= Balent <balent@toulouse.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: bionet.agroforestry,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.environment
Subject: Invasibility of Acacia mearnsii (decurens)
Date: Wed, 16 Oct 1996 09:51:13 +0200
Organization: INRA-SAD Toulouse
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu bionet.agroforestry:3695 sci.bio.botany:3274 sci.bio.ecology:22734 sci.environment:108246

We are starting a research work (PhD) on the invasion of agricultural
landscape in a tropical island (Reunion Island - Indian Ocean) by Acacia
mearnsii with special focus on dispersion process (phenology, seed-bank
predation), consequences on landscape biodiversity (using bird
communities, spiders or bugs) and acacia mearnsii stand management and
use by farmers.
Therefore I'm interested by all kind of informations (books, journal
articles, research projects...) on relationships between Acacia mearnsii
population dynamics and landscape management problems.
Thank you
-----------------
G=E9rard Balent  =

UMR 5552 "Ecologie Terrestre" (CNRS-Universit=E9 Paul Sabatier)
INRA-SAD Toulouse, BP 27, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex
Phone: +33 61 28 52 58; Fax: +33 61 73 20 77; e-mail:
balent@toulouse.inra.fr


From balent@toulouse.inra.fr Wed Oct 16 22:45:56 EDT 1996
Article: 3275 of sci.bio.botany
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From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?G=E9rard?= Balent <balent@toulouse.inra.fr>
Newsgroups: bionet.agroforestry,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.environment
Subject: Dispersion strategy of Acacia mearnsii
Date: Wed, 16 Oct 1996 11:07:17 +0200
Organization: INRA-SAD Toulouse
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I have a PhD student starting a research work on landscape colonisation
process by Acacia mearnsii on a tropical volcanic island of Indian
Ocean: Reunion Island.
I'm seeking informations on dispersion strategy (phenology, seed-bank,
predation) and impacts on landscape biodiversity (patch dynamics,
landscape fragmentation) of this tree species.
Thank you.
------------------
G=E9rard Balent  =

UMR 5552 "Ecologie Terrestre" (CNRS-Universit=E9 Paul Sabatier)
INRA-SAD Toulouse, BP 27, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex
Phone: +33 61 28 52 58; Fax: +33 61 73 20 77; e-mail:
balent@toulouse.inra.fr


From mvrird@iol.ie Wed Oct 16 22:45:57 EDT 1996
Article: 3276 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Liam Kiely <mvrird@iol.ie>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Need seed source for Norway Spruce
Date: 16 Oct 1996 13:03:53 GMT
Organization: Ireland On-Line
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To: mrjames@netsync.net

hello jim. I have no seed 



From leif.klingstrom@ldecs.ericsson.se Wed Oct 16 22:45:58 EDT 1996
Article: 3277 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Leif Klingstrom <leif.klingstrom@ldecs.ericsson.se>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Where to obtain acorns?
Date: Wed, 16 Oct 1996 16:04:46 +0100
Organization: Ericsson
Lines: 13
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Does anyone know where I can obtain seeds (acorns) of any or all
of the following species?

Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Castanopsis chrysophylla)
Lithocarpus henryi
Quercus fusiformis
Quercus hypoleucoides
Quercus semecarpifolia
Quercus suber v. occidentalis
Quercus turbinella

Leif Klingstrom
leif.klingstrom@ldecs.ericsson.se


From Stop@The-Light.com Mon Dec  9 11:55:47 EST 1996
Article: 3561 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stop@The-Light.com (Victor Engel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Oxygen production
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 1996 08:15:20 GMT
Organization: Onramp Access, Inc. 512-322-9200
Lines: 18
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"Timothy J. Hummer" <wcpgoa@penn.com> wrote:

>Tim Hummer
>wcpgoa@penn.com
>
>Can anyone help me with a couple of numbers?  I need the oxygen production
>of an acre of forest, an acre of lawn and an acre of crop grass (any). 
>Thanks!
>
I don't think there is enough information here. However, you can
determine the oxygen production per acre if you know the rate of
organic material accumulation. The accumulation will depend not only
on whether you are looking at a forest, vs. a lawn, but also on
environmental factors.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Victor Engel                                   Vector Angle
Stop@The-Light.com                           lights@onr.com
http://the-light.com         http://www.onr.com/user/lights


From Stop@The-Light.com Mon Dec  9 11:55:48 EST 1996
Article: 3562 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Stop@The-Light.com (Victor Engel)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Guard Cells in Leaves
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 1996 08:11:26 GMT
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The scope of this question is too great for a simple Usenet post,
IMHO. Briefly, the function of guard cells is to open/close the
stomata. The stomata serve as the respiratory organs of plants,
transporting oxygen, CO2, and water. The factors dictating their use
depends upon the type of plant and recent environmental conditions.
For example, dessert plants typically open their stomata only at night
to prevent dehydration. However, since this limits photosynthesis
during the day, this technique is not typically used where water is
plentiful.

"Tammer Riad" <kriad@worldnet.att.net> wrote:

>Could someone please explain the function of guard cells in leaves, the
>factors that dictate when they open and close, and the theories surrounding
>them?
>
>Tammer Riad

-----------------------------------------------------------
Victor Engel                                   Vector Angle
Stop@The-Light.com                           lights@onr.com
http://the-light.com         http://www.onr.com/user/lights


From brateaver@aol.com Mon Dec  9 11:55:49 EST 1996
Article: 3563 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant movement visuals?
Date: 25 Nov 1996 08:46:34 GMT
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You ought to show students the video:Life in the Soil, which is $50 from
WSAA, 8554 Melrose Ave, West Hollywood, CA 90069  Ph 310-657-7202    fax
310-657-3884  
email wsaala@igc.apc.org

This is the most striking, amazing video you have ever seen, absolutely
the best.

B. Rateaver


From enrico.rodari@jrc.it Mon Dec  9 11:55:50 EST 1996
Article: 3564 of sci.bio.botany
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From: ENRICO RODARI <enrico.rodari@jrc.it>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: freshwater plants
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 1996 11:21:06 -0500
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Gabriele Borsani
chiau2@imiucca.csi.unimi.it

Please could any one help me with any information on the ecology of the
following freshwater macrophytes: Vallisneria spiralis, Myriophyllum
spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Lagarosiphon major and Elodea densa.


From hbuschmann@aol.com Mon Dec  9 11:55:51 EST 1996
Article: 3565 of sci.bio.botany
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From: hbuschmann@aol.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Spirogyra
Date: 25 Nov 1996 12:39:25 GMT
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Of cause it is photoautotrophic!

H. Buschmann
Univ. Hohenheim
Inst. f. Botanik (210)
D-70593 Stuttgart
Germany


From vrg@post1.com Mon Dec  9 11:55:52 EST 1996
Article: 3566 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vrg@post1.com (Veronica)
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Subject: Re: Krebs Cycle, Help Me!
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Have you tried the library?  Wonderful place -- lots of good
information there.

94035871@postoffice.csu.edu.au (Stephen Chalmers) wrote:

>Some time ago, in a galaxy surprisingly close to this one,
>sz9@aol.com wrote:
>
>>Does anyone have, or know ,where I can find a graphic or chart that will
>>help with basic understanding of, glycolysis-->Krebs-->Electron Transfer.
>>If so, I would be very thankful. Please email me with any info.
>>      Thanks in advance.
>Try "Microbiology Principles and Applications" 2nd Edition
>Jacquelyn G. Black ISB 0-13-582917-8 published by
>Prentice-Hall.Inc Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 07632 pages
>121-123 and others. Has a good chart.
>
>
>Stephen Chalmers        |"Bother!" said Pooh as he realised
>Lavington NSW           |that his leg cutter had failed to
>Australia                    |lure the cunning Piglet into a
>chuckc@albury.net.au         |false stroke.
>94035871@postoffice.csu.edu.au
>http://albury.net.au/~chuckc
>



From burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch Mon Dec  9 11:55:53 EST 1996
Article: 3567 of sci.bio.botany
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From: burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Message-ID: <1996Nov25.153852.47140@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
Date: 25 Nov 96 15:38:52 MET
References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org>
Organization: University of Basel, Switzerland
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4478 sci.bio.botany:3567

> These two plants, _ipomoea_ and _lagenaria_, are central in many
> debates about diffusion. Indeed, the validity of the hypothesis
> about human-assisted diffusion of the sweet potato across the
> Pacific is accepted by great many reputable botanists and
> archaeologists. 
Yuri, as long as you keep posting such claims, I will reply
and simply state you are wrong for the benefit of newcomers.
They should not get wrong impressions.
Please show me this great many reputable botanists and 
archeologists?  I still claim that a majority does not
believe that human assisted diffusions explains the transmission.

> We accept as given that these plants have been domesticated, _lagenaria_
> in Africa, and _ipomoea_ in America, and that they then appeared in
> locations across the oceans.

Already you base your facts on assumptions, very bad.
It has already been proposed that 1000's of years ago,
these plants were not as domesticated as nowadays,
something that clearly needs further investigation.


 The question is, Was the transmission
> human-assisted, or did it just happen of itself, i.e. these _domesticated_
> plants somehow travelled by themselves, carried by the waves, and
> established themselves in new lands -- thereupon to be "re-domesticated"?
> By the way, the latter version almost sounds "new-agey", doesn't it?
>  
> Myself, I, following many highly qualified and competent scholars,
> am on the side of the human-assisted version of events. So, let us
> ask, what would our opponents need to do to falsify this
> human-assisted hypothesis?
>  
> (Let us assume here that the seeds _can_ travel that far in salt
> water and still remain fertile. This assumption may be valid for
> _lagenaria_. For _ipomoea_, no persuasive model of "auto-diffusion"
> has been suggested. Is someone finally going to mention "the African
> swallow" here, of the Monty Python fame?)

Evidence has been presented in this newsgroup that
the seeds of the sweet potato can remain fertile in sea water
for long times and it floats.  Why do you ignore this?



> Suppose the seeds did, somehow, arrive to new shores. First, the
> opponents of diffusion by humans would have to demonstrate that the
> plants in question can survive by themselves in the wild in the new
> area. This should be easy enough to do: prove that these plants
> exist now in the wilderness -- growing by themselves without human
> protection from encroaching jungle (highly unlikely, IMO). Have such
> evidence been available? Not to my knowledge.

Have you not read all the replies, there clearly
are reports for the sweet potato that it can grow under
special circumstances, i.e. on a perturbed piece of land,
as happens for example through a hurricane. (are hurricanes
rare, no, they happen all the time, so here we have
a omnipresent agent that can clear ground and wash seeds
miles inland).


 _If_ you find such
> back-up information, then you can further hypothesize that these
> former domesticates have been found in the wild and "re-
> domesticated" by natives. More reliance on chance.
>  
> For _lagenaria_ one possible scenario has been suggested: an African
> gourd has washed up on a beach in the Amazon delta area, was picked
> up by an inquiring native, and domesticated thereupon. Obviously,
> the chances of this happening don't seem very high, but such a
> possibility cannot be discounted offhand. Nevertheless, as
> agriculture was unknown in S America at that time, this would have
> been quite a feat! 
Was it unknown?  the earlist pottery does stem from the Amazon,
pottery usually goes along with the earlist forms of agriculture.

But a domestication could have been
> "involuntary", someone in these groups suggested. The seeds were
> thrown into a dump and grew... But this is still a "domestication"
> of sorts. So, our opponents wish to insist, the domestication of
> _lagenaria_ just happen to signify an independent invention of
> agriculture in the Americas. What an incredible coincidence!
> Lagenaria (that, on good evidence, was the first domesticated plant
> in Africa) ALSO became such a plant in the Americas -- but without
> any human contact! Wow!

> 
> Again, what are the chances of a native FINDING a gourd on the
> beach? The chances of a gourd arriving at all are not that great to
> start with, but our opponents invite us to suppose that, on top of
> that remote chance, the natives would also patrol all the beaches
> all day long, so that they find it upon arrival! A Christmas present
> from Africa?
So, what are the chances of some people arriving alive
on some boat?  Even less, wow!


>  
> To come back to the _ipomoea_. Has someone suggested a potato
> washing up on the beach in SE Asia? I hope not. That whole argument
> about a native finding the plant on the beach and domesticating it
> is non-existent for the potato (as opposed to a gourd). This is why
> the sweet potato is still the best candidate for human-assisted
> diffusion. _Ipomoea_ is always propagated through cuttings! It is
> never even grown from seeds by tribal peoples. Why? Because it is a
> highly domesticated plant in need of constant care, and it is not
> even clear that it _can_ grow from seeds in normal conditions. 
>
You totally ignore several references presented here
that they can grow from the seeds.

I think your only intention is to exasperate the other readers
of this newsgroup.





> While opinion on the gourd is still rather divided, specialists in
> the field agree, on the whole, that the sweet potato was brought out
> of the Americas to Polynesia, and likely even to the Asian mainland
> -- by seafarers -- well before Columbus.

Specialist in the field agree that you are making false
claims.








From burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch Mon Dec  9 11:55:54 EST 1996
Article: 3568 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!EU.net!sun4nl!surfnet.nl!swidir.switch.ch!scsing.switch.ch!ubaclu.unibas.ch!burglin
From: burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Message-ID: <1996Nov25.160921.47141@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
Date: 25 Nov 96 16:09:21 MET
References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org> <1996Nov25.153852.47140@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
Organization: University of Basel, Switzerland
Lines: 28
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4479 sci.bio.botany:3568

>> (Let us assume here that the seeds _can_ travel that far in salt
>> water and still remain fertile. This assumption may be valid for
>> _lagenaria_. For _ipomoea_, no persuasive model of "auto-diffusion"
>> has been suggested. Is someone finally going to mention "the African
>> swallow" here, of the Monty Python fame?)
> 
> Evidence has been presented in this newsgroup that
> the seeds of the sweet potato can remain fertile in sea water
> for long times and it floats.  Why do you ignore this?

Here is the reference again, in case you forgot:

"Purseglove (1968) suggests introduction ... by natural dispersal; the
 seeds are viable for more than 20 years; they are hard and dormant
 unless sacrificed; they are impervious to salt water; and they are not
 buoyant, but the capsule is.  I doubt that the seedlings could survive
 in the drift zone on an ocean beach, but conceivably capsules could
 have been picked up by some Polynesian beachcomber, or seeds might
 have germinated along the banks of a tidal estuary."

Above quotes are from:
Sauer, Jonathan D.
  1993 Historical Geography of Crop Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press.


(and not to forgot occasional storms that can throw
things miles inland).



From wh_reid@pnl.gov Mon Dec  9 11:55:56 EST 1996
Article: 3569 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wh_reid@pnl.gov (William H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: plant movement visuals?
Date: 22 Nov 1996 04:29:16 GMT
Organization: Battelle, PNNL
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<snip>
> Does anyone know where you can get material showing plants moving? 
<snip>
I don't have the material now, but I once caught two aspects of 'movement'
in a series of stills.  I'd germinated Pinus aristata seeds on agar in
plastic Petri's.  I then inverted the dishes on a light scope and was able
to bring them into focus (through the thickish plastic) at 100 and 400x as
I recall. The root tips seemed be shedding living cells as they grew.  I
watched and photographed the growth (or at least translation across the
field), the slow shedding of cells, and the cytoplasmic circulation within
the cells.  This was on Askell Love's Zeiss Ultraphot in Boulder around
1970.  It was distinct enough that once could now video it, especially
with a time lapse.
Bill
-- 
William H. Reid, Sr. Res. Sci.  <wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov>
Environmental Technology, K6-84   
Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, WA 99352-0999 USA <http://www.pnl.gov>


From pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk Mon Dec  9 11:55:57 EST 1996
Article: 3570 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Peter Selby <pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: freshwater plants
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 1996 19:37:13 GMT
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X-Mailer: ZIMACS Version 1.09y5 10002512

In message <3299C772.5ADA@imiucca.csi.unimi.it>
        ENRICO RODARI <enrico.rodari@jrc.it> writes: 

> Gabriele Borsani
> chiau2@imiucca.csi.unimi.it

> Please could any one help me with any information on the ecology of the
> following freshwater macrophytes: Vallisneria spiralis, Myriophyllum
> spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Lagarosiphon major and Elodea densa.


Ceratophyllum demersum Native in UK, growing in Ponds and slow moving streams.

Lagarosiphon major Introduced into UK Ponds, Canals Slow Rivers.

Vallisneria spiralis Introduced into UK, but not usually permanent.  
Slow rivers and canals, often where water is heated.

Myriophyllum spicatum Native in UK in base rich ponds, lakes and slow 
rivers, mostly lowland.

Elodea densa  Not found in UK.

Hope this helps.

-- 
 Pete Selby
(pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk)



From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:55:58 EST 1996
Article: 3571 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd domestication/diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 25 Nov 1996 19:55:37 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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References: <Pine.HPP.3.91.961025080003.29635A-100000@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>  <56visi$f0k@news1.io.org> <1996Nov22.004148.47134@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <579ui9$fo@news1.io.org> <pmv100.72.3298C054@psu.edu>
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Peter van Rossum (pmv100@psu.edu) wrote:

[Yuri:]
: >I merely wish to point out here that the human-assisted transmission of
: >the sweet potato is _the hypothesis_ that has the support of the _majority
: >opinion_ among the specialists in the field. That's all. We have already
: >gone over this area in detail with Peter van Rossum. 

: From our past
: discussions, I thought we were in agreement that if the Sweet Potato arrived
: in Polynesia prior to the 16th century (and I think at present there's 
: sufficient evidence to support such an interpretation), there are two major 
: possibilities.  The Sweet Potato might have been transmitted by transoceanic
: human voyages OR it might have been transmitted by a natural dispersal.

: You tend to the human-asssisted hypothesis based on the fact that you believe
: a natural dispersal to have been too unlikely to be worth considering, I lean
: to the natural dispersal because I see no good artifactual evidence of South
: American/Polynesian contact.

: So we're at an impasse, and neither interpretation can at present be 
: discounted on the basis of the dispersal of the Sweet Potato alone. 
: Please let me know if you disagree with this conclusion.

This is a fair summary. Yet you have not suggested a likely mechanism for
such a natural dispersal. I have started a new thread where I come back to
this discussion. 

Best,

Yuri.
--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:00 EST 1996
Article: 3572 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!hammer.uoregon.edu!arclight.uoregon.edu!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!newsfeeder.servtech.com!news1.io.org!yuku
From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd domestication/diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 25 Nov 1996 19:50:44 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lines: 72
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References: <Pine.HPP.3.91.961025080003.29635A-100000@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>   <579ui9$fo@news1.io.org> <1996Nov24.201008.47137@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
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burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch wrote:

: Don't hide behind semantics.

OK.

: Here is what you wrote:

: Diffusion of Lagenaria is _only one_ of the great
: many pieces of evidence for across-the-ocean human contacts in earliest
: antiquity. The across-the-Pacific diffusion of the sweet potato _ipomoea
: batatas_ is the best evidence for human assisted diffusion, it seems. It
: is native to the Americas, and was found across the Pacific in
: pre-Columbian times.

: The first sentence is a clear statement of "evidence"! No "seems" etc.

Of course it's evidence! What else is it?

: The second sentence states also the "is the best evidence".
: The way you tag the "it seems" at the end does not really
: convey that this is not "real" evidence but mere speculation.
: As a matter of fact, "it seems" in your sentence could simply mean that
: the sweat-potato seems to be the best evidence, in contrast
: to perhaps corn, or something else.

And I never claimed I have complete and total "proof". Which is what I'm
trying to point out to you...

[Yuri:]
: > I merely wish to point out here that the human-assisted transmission of
: > the sweet potato is _the hypothesis_ that has the support of the _majority
: > opinion_ among the specialists in the field. That's all. We have already
: > gone over this area in detail with Peter van Rossum. 

: Where do you get the fact from. 

>From  the scholarly literature. We've been through this with Peter
already...

: You have cited a few
: sources,  that does't make it the majority.  I am sure
: 90% of archeologists would state that human-assisted transmission
: is not the majority-supported hypothesis. 

Thomas, you obviously missed the discussion I had with Peter. I suggest
you go back to the old posts and read them. I am talking about the
majority of the _botanists_ who dealt with this matter (not that many
botanists have dealt with this matter).

: Given how
: often you state that you don't have time to go to the library
: to read up material, how can you make such factless statements.

I cannot do your work for you, Thomas. If I went to the library for every
quibble that anyone throws at me, I'd have to sleep and eat in the
library. And the libraries at the U of T do not allow food in the stacks!
<grin>

By the way, see my further comments about plant diffusion in a new thread 
in these groups.

Regards,

Yuri.

--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From pettennude@usa.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:02 EST 1996
Article: 3573 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!enews.sgi.com!ix.netcom.com!news
From: "Paul E. Pettennude" <pettennude@usa.net>
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd domestication/diffusion
Date: 25 Nov 1996 21:31:37 GMT
Organization: Home
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References: <Pine.HPP.3.91.961025080003.29635A-100000@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>  <56visi$f0k@news1.io.org> <1996Nov22.004148.47134@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <pmv100.73.3298C31F@psu.edu>
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

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Any plant which can germinate without human assistance can not be
considered as such because both its arrival and planting are suspect.  You
need a plant like maize/corn which can only be grown with human
intervention in quantities (larger than that with a bird might propigate). 
Once you've got such a plant you can point to diffusion.  You also need to
research the other plants to determine their ability to remain
suspended/floating in salt water for "x" period of time.  Coconut, gourds,
etc. can float for weeks and wind up on some tropical shore and grow.  The
same goes for yams.  I doubt that any of you out there are "country boys". 
My grandmother, bless her heart, was from the southern state of Alabama. 
Yams are a big consumable there.  I can tell you from personal experience. 
It's almost impossible to kill off yams once they've started to grow
(without herbicides).  Just drop one on the ground and in a week the damn
thing is growing.

Paul Pettennude



Peter van Rossum <pmv100@psu.edu> wrote in article
<pmv100.73.3298C31F@psu.edu>...
> In article <1996Nov22.004148.47134@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch writes:
> >> There's a long list of other plants that have been suggested as
evidence. 
> >> Cotton, peanuts, yam, plantain, taro, coconut, calabash, maize,
> >> grain-amaranths, and others. The degrees of certainty for each vary. 
> >> 
> >> Yuri.
> >
> >I know the paper in Nature that shows something like a
> >maize cob on in the hand of a goddess in India.
> >Unfortunatly, nobody ever cites the reply a few issues
> >later, which shows other statues, where it becomes clear
> >that the item that they hold in the hand is not a maize cob.
> >In addition, there is no historic, nor archeological record
> >of any maize in India before the Conquest.
> >
> >Thomas
> 
> While we're at it I think we can also strike the coconut,  the bottle
gourd,
> and cotton off the list as good indicators of human contact.  
> 
> The coconut is emimently capable of having been naturally dispersed.
> 
> The bottle gourd is also a good candidate for natural dispersal (see
Yuri's 
> website for data by Mr. Baker on this).  Given that the bottle gourd has
> been found in the New World in levels dating back to at least 7000 B.C.
we've
> got two possibilities: 1. it was naturally dispersed, or 2. it was
dispersed 
> by transoceanic voyagers by 7000 B.C.  I don't know which seems more
> plausible to you but without solid supporting artifactual evidence of
contact 
> by 7000 B.C. I see no reason to rely on humans as the primary mechanism.
> 
> In the past cotton was used as a good indicator of Old/New World contacts

> because New World tetraploid cottons was formed by the cross-breeding of
> an Old *and* and New World variety.  Again cotton can be naturally 
> dispersed and recent genetic mapping indicates that this Old/New World
> hybridization event took place some 1-2 Million Years Ago (Wendel 1989). 
I 
> think evenYuri will concede that this is too early for human
intervention, so
> a natural dispersal is the much more plausible scenario.
> 
> As for the other plants Yuri lists I do not at present have the time to
look 
> into them (end of semester and all) but I will over Christmas break if no
one
> else has.
> 
> Peter van Rossum
> PMV100@PSU.EDU
> 
> 
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<html><head></head><BODY bgcolor=3D"#FFFFFF"><p><font size=3D2 =
color=3D"#000000" face=3D"Georgia">Any plant which can germinate without =
human assistance can not be considered as such because both its arrival =
and planting are suspect. &nbsp;You need a plant like maize/corn which =
can only be grown with human intervention in quantities (larger than =
that with a bird might propigate). &nbsp;Once you've got such a plant =
you can point to diffusion. &nbsp;You also need to research the other =
plants to determine their ability to remain suspended/floating in salt =
water for &quot;x&quot; period of time. &nbsp;Coconut, gourds, etc. can =
float for weeks and wind up on some tropical shore and grow. &nbsp;The =
same goes for yams. &nbsp;I doubt that any of you out there are =
&quot;country boys&quot;. &nbsp;My grandmother, bless her heart, was =
>from  the southern state of Alabama. &nbsp;Yams are a big consumable =
there. &nbsp;I can tell you from personal experience. &nbsp;It's almost =
impossible to kill off yams once they've started to grow (without =
herbicides). &nbsp;Just drop one on the ground and in a week the damn =
thing is growing.<br><br>Paul Pettennude<br><br><br><br>Peter van Rossum =
&lt;<font color=3D"#0000FF"><u>pmv100@psu.edu</u><font =
color=3D"#000000">&gt; wrote in article &lt;<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>pmv100.73.3298C31F@psu.edu</u><font =
color=3D"#000000">&gt;...<br>&gt; In article &lt;<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>1996Nov22.004148.47134@yogi.urz.unibas.ch</u><font =
color=3D"#000000">&gt; <font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch</u><font =
color=3D"#000000"> writes:<br>&gt; &gt;&gt; There's a long list of other =
plants that have been suggested as evidence. <br>&gt; &gt;&gt; Cotton, =
peanuts, yam, plantain, taro, coconut, calabash, maize,<br>&gt; &gt;&gt; =
grain-amaranths, and others. The degrees of certainty for each vary. =
<br>&gt; &gt;&gt; <br>&gt; &gt;&gt; Yuri.<br>&gt; &gt;<br>&gt; &gt;I =
know the paper in Nature that shows something like a<br>&gt; &gt;maize =
cob on in the hand of a goddess in India.<br>&gt; &gt;Unfortunatly, =
nobody ever cites the reply a few issues<br>&gt; &gt;later, which shows =
other statues, where it becomes clear<br>&gt; &gt;that the item that =
they hold in the hand is not a maize cob.<br>&gt; &gt;In addition, there =
is no historic, nor archeological record<br>&gt; &gt;of any maize in =
India before the Conquest.<br>&gt; &gt;<br>&gt; &gt;Thomas<br>&gt; =
<br>&gt; While we're at it I think we can also strike the coconut, =
&nbsp;the bottle gourd,<br>&gt; and cotton off the list as good =
indicators of human contact. &nbsp;<br>&gt; <br>&gt; The coconut is =
emimently capable of having been naturally dispersed.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; =
The bottle gourd is also a good candidate for natural dispersal (see =
Yuri's <br>&gt; website for data by Mr. Baker on this). &nbsp;Given that =
the bottle gourd has<br>&gt; been found in the New World in levels =
dating back to at least 7000 B.C. we've<br>&gt; got two possibilities: =
1. it was naturally dispersed, or 2. it was dispersed <br>&gt; by =
transoceanic voyagers by 7000 B.C. &nbsp;I don't know which seems =
more<br>&gt; plausible to you but without solid supporting artifactual =
evidence of contact <br>&gt; by 7000 B.C. I see no reason to rely on =
humans as the primary mechanism.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; In the past cotton was =
used as a good indicator of Old/New World contacts <br>&gt; because New =
World tetraploid cottons was formed by the cross-breeding of<br>&gt; an =
Old *and* and New World variety. &nbsp;Again cotton can be naturally =
<br>&gt; dispersed and recent genetic mapping indicates that this =
Old/New World<br>&gt; hybridization event took place some 1-2 Million =
Years Ago (Wendel 1989). &nbsp;I <br>&gt; think evenYuri will concede =
that this is too early for human intervention, so<br>&gt; a natural =
dispersal is the much more plausible scenario.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; As for =
the other plants Yuri lists I do not at present have the time to look =
<br>&gt; into them (end of semester and all) but I will over Christmas =
break if no one<br>&gt; else has.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Peter van =
Rossum<br>&gt; <font color=3D"#0000FF"><u>PMV100@PSU.EDU</u><font =
color=3D"#000000"><br>&gt; <br>&gt; </p>
</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></f=
ont></body></html>
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From monra@redestb.es Mon Dec  9 11:56:04 EST 1996
Article: 3574 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!howland.erols.net!feed1.news.erols.com!phase2.worldnet.att.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!minerva.ibernet.es!diana.ibernet.es!not-for-mail
From: "Ramón de Zubiaur" <monra@redestb.es>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Arbutus unedo
Date: 26 Nov 1996 00:44:48 GMT
Organization: Redes TB
Lines: 576
Message-ID: <01bbdb33$37868b40$b59be0c2@10.0.1.1.inf>
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Tengo una buena colección de Fotografias de Botanica especialidad forestal
(pictures plants forestry)
I like pictures botanyc plants
Je veu des fotografies des plantes forestiers
Quiero fotografias de plantas forestales
Quiero aumentar mi coleccion de fotografias 
Gracias
Thank
monra@redestb.es
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end



From monra@redestb.es Mon Dec  9 11:56:05 EST 1996
Article: 3575 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!howland.erols.net!feed1.news.erols.com!phase2.worldnet.att.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!minerva.ibernet.es!diana.ibernet.es!not-for-mail
From: "Ramón de Zubiaur" <monra@redestb.es>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Acacia dealbata
Date: 26 Nov 1996 00:40:48 GMT
Organization: Redes TB
Lines: 482
Message-ID: <01bbdb32$a92d8100$b59be0c2@10.0.1.1.inf>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp181.mad.redestb.es
X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1155

Tengo una buena colección de Fotografias de Botanica especialidad forestal
(pictures plants forestry)
I like pictures botanyc plants
Je veu des fotografies des plantes forestiers
Quiero fotografias de plantas forestales
Gracias thank
monra@redestb.es
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end



From monra@redestb.es Mon Dec  9 11:56:07 EST 1996
Article: 3576 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!uunet!in3.uu.net!minerva.ibernet.es!diana.ibernet.es!not-for-mail
From: "Ramón de Zubiaur" <monra@redestb.es>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Ginkgo biloba
Date: 26 Nov 1996 00:33:35 GMT
Organization: Redes TB
Lines: 514
Message-ID: <01bbdb31$a4d00fc0$b59be0c2@10.0.1.1.inf>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp181.mad.redestb.es
X-Newsreader: Microsoft Internet News 4.70.1155

Tengo una buena colección de Fotografias de Botanica especialidad forestal
(pictures plants forestry)
I like pictures botanyc plants
Je veu des fotografies des plantes forestiers
Quiero fotografias de plantas forestales
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=^?@I?G%,_P"BM$+&$F/-<VNF[?F\_-<RE]%/_]F/
`
end



From taguebw@wfu.edu Mon Dec  9 11:56:08 EST 1996
Article: 3577 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.wfu.edu!news
From: taguebw@wfu.edu
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: MS/PhD in Plant Science at Wake Forest
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 10:49:25 -0500
Organization: Wake Forest University
Lines: 124
Message-ID: <329B1185.1BE2@wfu.edu>
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The Plant Sciences Faculty of the Department of Biology  at Wake 
Forest University welcomes applications from qualified students 
interested in the Plant Sciences for positions in our Graduate Program 
in Biology leading to the Master of Science or Doctor of Philosophy 
degrees.
http://www.wfu.edu/Academic-departments/Biology/

Graduate Studies in Biology at Wake Forest University

	Our Graduate Program in Biology offers programs of study leading to 
either the M.S. degree or the Ph.D. degree, with approximately equal 
numbers of students pursuing each degree.  The program is kept small; 
currently 25 students are pursuing their degrees with one of the 
twenty biology faculty. Entering students are given either Teaching 
Assistantships or Research Assistantships, as well as scholarships 
that cover the full cost of tuition.  
	For MasterÕs students, the two year program of study is based on the 
interests and experiences of the student and is designed in close 
consultation with a faculty committee. Our program is intended to 
broaden the students expertise in a broad range of subjects and 
techniques related to the plant sciences and to biology as a whole. In 
addition to the successful completion of coursework, MasterÕs 
candidates are required to carry out a research program in 
collaboration with his or her faculty advisor and to write a thesis 
describing the results. Our graduates have been successful in 
continuing teaching or research careers, and many go on to pursue 
advanced degrees.
	For Ph.D. students, the 4 year program of study is similar but with a 
greater emphasis on designing and carrying out independent research. 
Ph.D. candidates are required to teach for one year; many of our 
graduates have found this to be an invaluable experience. Ph.D 
students and some Masters students also participate in our Graduate 
Tutorial. Each year, three international leaders in biology come to 
the campus, usually for a week, for intensive interaction with our 
students. Our recent Ph.D. graduates have had success in finding 
academic positions at four-year colleges and universities and in 
securing positions in industry. 
	Master and Graduate students typically take lecture and laboratory 
courses in their area of specialization, both on this campus and at 
the Hawthorne Campus of the Bowman Gray School of Medicine. An 
important component of the coursework is the seminar courses offered 
by each of the four Focus Groups. These seminar courses usually 
revolve around current research in a specific area and require student 
presentations on research results.  The courses are team taught to 
provide the perspectives of several faculty and to develop 
student-faculty interactions. Recent topics from the Plant Sciences 
group have included Plant Molecular and Classical Genetics, 
Photosynthesis, and Co-evolution of Plants and Insects. Students also 
participate in a weekly department seminar series which brings 
prominent biologist to our campus and a graduate student forum in 
which students present their work or a recent published paper to an 
audience of their peers. 

The Plant Sciences Group

The members of the Plant Sciences Group at Wake Forest cover the 
entire range of plant biology. The group utilizes a wide variety of 
techniques and perspectives to understand the special adaptations and 
life strategies of green plants. Interests range from the molecular 
biology of development, to the biochemistry and physiology of plant 
growth and environmental responses, to the analysis of taxonomy and 
evolution using molecular tools..

Dr. Mark Jaffe: 	The physiology of plant responses to light, gravity, 
wind and touch
Dr. Kathleen Kron:	Morphological and molecular approaches to phylogeny 
of the blueberry family
Dr. Gloria Muday: 	The role of auxin in gravitropism, light response 
and plant development
Dr. Brian Tague: 	Molecular genetic analysis of photomorphogenesis in 
Arabidopsis thaliana


The Department of Biology

The approximately 20 member of the Biology faculty are highly diverse 
in their research interests and this diversity is one of the great 
strengths of the Department. Faculty and students who have related 
interests have formed Focus Groups in the areas of (1) Ecology, 
Evolution and Systematics, (2) Physiology and Behavior, (3) Cellular 
and Molecular Biology, and (4) Plant Sciences. These Focus Groups not 
only act as vehicles to enhance research projects and collaborations 
but also as forums for weekly meetings of faculty and students to 
discuss recent advances in their respective fields. The department has 
the necessary facitlites to carry out modern biological research 
including several green houses; a microscopy facility which includes a 
scanning electron microscope, light, fluorescent, and inverted 
microscopes with computer-aided image analysis; an animal care 
facility; an oligonucleotide synthesis facility; equipment for animal 
and cell culture; and laboratories equipped for experimentation 
ranging from molecular biology to organismal physiology

The University.

Wake Forest University is  committed to both excellence in teaching 
and in scholarship. Undergraduate classes are small, with an average 
faculty:student ratio of 1:18. A new initiative, ÒThe Plan for the 
Class of 2000Ó, will further improve this ratio with the hiring of 40 
additional faculty throughout the university. This initiative will 
also result in an extensively networked computer system, putting Wake 
Forest on the cutting edge of computer-assisted learning.

The Community

Wake Forest University is located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, a 
city of approximately
150,000 and remarkable for its history and diverse cultural 
activities. The Blue Ridge Mountains are two hours west and one hour 
north of Winston-Salem and beaches of North Carolina and South 
Carolina can be reached in four or five hours by car. The city 
supports its own symphony, an active Arts Council, Little Theatre, and 
is the site for numerous other theatrical, cultural and sporting 
activities.

If you have any question about the Graduate Program in Biology, you 
are most welcome to
call the Department of Biology at (910) 759-5323 to speak with the 
Chairperson of the Graduate
Committee or to contact any individual faculty member for additional 
information. You are invited to visit the Biology Department Homepage 
which contains additional information about Wake Forest, the 
Department and the research interests of each faculty member:

http://www.wfu.edu/Academic-departments/Biology/


From gleesona@oup.co.uk Mon Dec  9 11:56:09 EST 1996
Article: 3578 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!ukma!jobone!news2.acs.oakland.edu!nntp.coast.net!howland.erols.net!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!uknet!lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk!news.ox.ac.uk!news.oup.co.uk!usenet
From: "Adrian Gleeson" <gleesona@oup.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology.paleo,sci.anthropology,sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.astro.amateur,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.chem,sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.misc,sci.classics,sci.chem.analytical,sci.ch
Subject: Re: Make money!
Date: 26 Nov 1996 10:40:05 GMT
Organization: Oxford University Press
Lines: 45
Message-ID: <01bbdb84$148d6f40$2e0a50c2@MONTY.OUP.CO.UK>
References: <329AB68F.14EE@phosworks.se>
NNTP-Posting-Host: pc04026.oup.co.uk
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.anthropology.paleo:14919 sci.anthropology:28275 sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4496 sci.astro.amateur:66031 sci.bio.ecology:23644 sci.bio.botany:3578 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:5655 sci.bio.entomology.misc:4181 sci.chem:79607 sci.bio.paleontology:11247 sci.bio.misc:6363 sci.classics:15361 sci.chem.analytical:6926



lars westin <lars@phosworks.se> wrote in article
<329AB68F.14EE@phosworks.se>...
> THIS IS THE FAIREST MOST HONEST WAY I KNOW TO SHARE THE WEALTH!
> 
> Hello!!
> 
> Would you like to make thousands of dollars, quickly, legally, with NO
> CATCH?  Then keep reading......please take five minutes to read this
> article- it will change your life, just like it did mine.  It's true!
> you can make up to or over $50,000 dollars in 4-6 weeks, maybe sooner! I
> SWEAR I'M NOT LYING TO YOU, AND THIS IS NOT A SCAM!  If you're
> interested, keep reading; if you're not, I apologize for wasting your
> time.
>      Here we go,  A little while back, I was browsing through these
> newsgroups, just like you are now, and came across an article similar to
> this that said you could make thousands of dollars in weeks, with only
> an initial investment of $5! So, I thought, "Yeah, right, must be a
> scam".
> but I was curious, like most of us, so I kept reading.  Anyway, it said
> that you send $1 to each of the 5 names and addresses stated in the
> article.  You then place your own name and address in the article  at
> the bottom of the list at #5, and post the article in at least 200
> newsgroups (there are thousands).  No catch, that was it!
>      So after thinking it over, talking to a few people first, I tried
> 
>>BIG SNIP

Flame ON:

These chain letters (or E-mail in this case) really piss me off, I cannot
believe that the senders think that people are so moronic that they would
just send their money out the door to a perfect stranger.  I guess some sad
individuals might think they can get something for nothing, send a few
dollars and get thousands back!  There's no such thing as a free lunch. 
These things ARE scams, some sucker parts with their cash and gets nothing
back.

Please ignore this pile of crap, don't send any money, just ignore it. 
It's bad enough that he spammed 200 newsgroups.

FLAME OFF

Hmm I feel better now, nothing like venting a bit of spleen!


From adriaena@bthpor.rsd.bel.alcatel.be Mon Dec  9 11:56:10 EST 1996
Article: 3579 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!goliath.montclair.edu!newsserver.jvnc.net!newsserver2.jvnc.net!imci5!news.internetMCI.com!peerfeed.internetmci.com!dciteleport.com!feed1.news.erols.com!news.idt.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!EU.net!Belgium.EU.net!news.bel.alcatel.be!usenet
From: adriaena@bthpor.rsd.bel.alcatel.be (Fons Adriaensen)
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology.paleo,sci.anthropology,sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.astro.amateur,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.chem,sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.misc,sci.classics,sci.chem.analytical,sci.chem.electrochem,sci.crypt,sci.econ
Subject: Re: Make money!
Date: 26 Nov 1996 16:22:25 GMT
Organization: Alcatel Telecom
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <ADRIAENA.96Nov26172225@bthpor.rsd.bel.alcatel.be>
References: <329AB68F.14EE@phosworks.se> <57f3ek$147@dfw-ixnews12.ix.netcom.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 138.203.9.12
In-reply-to: Alan \"Uncle Al\" Schwartz's message of 26 Nov 1996 15:47:32 GMT
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.anthropology.paleo:14920 sci.anthropology:28279 sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4497 sci.astro.amateur:66045 sci.bio.ecology:23647 sci.bio.botany:3579 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:5656 sci.bio.entomology.misc:4182 sci.chem:79619 sci.bio.paleontology:11253 sci.bio.misc:6364 sci.classics:15363 sci.chem.analytical:6927 sci.chem.electrochem:5351 sci.crypt:55127 sci.econ:61095

In article <57f3ek$147@dfw-ixnews12.ix.netcom.com> Alan \"Uncle Al\" Schwartz <uncleal0@ix.netcom.com> writes:

> 
> This message has been sent to postmaster@phosworks.se and 
> abuse@phosworks.se as well as the sender.  Everybody who reads this 
> should in turn send it to those three addresses.  Let us send in 
> THOUSANDS of complaints.  lars westin <lars@phosworks.se> is a spamming 
> bastard.
> 
I informed his postmaster earlier today and received
an answer one hour later.
The problem (newbie) has been dealt with.
No need to attack phosworks.se any more.

-- 
Fons Adriaensen
ALCATEL TELECOM



From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:12 EST 1996
Article: 3580 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!goliath.montclair.edu!newsserver.jvnc.net!news.edu.tw!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!news.mathworks.com!uunet!in2.uu.net!news2.interlog.com!news1.io.org!yuku
From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: coconut diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 26 Nov 1996 16:56:48 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lines: 32
Message-ID: <57f7gg$bgd@news1.io.org>
References: <Pine.HPP.3.91.961025080003.29635A-100000@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>  <56visi$f0k@news1.io.org> <1996Nov22.004148.47134@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <pmv100.73.3298C31F@psu.edu> <01bbdaed$ecfe1740$7394d9ce@tekdiver>
NNTP-Posting-Host: zot.io.org
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2ovr]
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4498 sci.bio.botany:3580

Paul E. Pettennude (pettennude@usa.net) wrote:

: You also need to
: research the other plants to determine their ability to remain
: suspended/floating in salt water for "x" period of time.  Coconut, gourds,
: etc. can float for weeks and wind up on some tropical shore and grow.

Paul,

I have a question for you and others. We know the coconut was native to
the Old World (most likely India). So why, at Columbus' arival, so few
coconuts were growing in the New World (mostly in the relatively narrow
area of Columbia's Pacific coast)? If the diffusion was natural, i.e.
non-human-assisted, they should have been all over the tropical America,
right? (Of course we are all aware how important was/is coconut as a
sorce of food for native peoples.) 

On the other hand, the proponents of the human-assisted hypothesis
suggest that the arrival of coconut was quite late historically, and thus
its spread did not proceed very far by the time of Columbus. Makes more
sense to me...

Yours,

Yuri.

--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch Mon Dec  9 11:56:13 EST 1996
Article: 3581 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!ukma!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!paperboy.wellfleet.com!news-w.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!chi-news.cic.net!feed1.news.erols.com!howland.erols.net!EU.net!Austria.EU.net!01-newsfeed.univie.ac.at!swidir.switch.ch!scsing.switch.ch!ubaclu.unibas.ch!burglin
From: burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd domestication/diffusion
Message-ID: <1996Nov26.143711.47143@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
Date: 26 Nov 96 14:37:11 MET
References: <Pine.HPP.3.91.961025080003.29635A-100000@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>    <57ctak$n8u@news1.io.org>
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Organization: University of Basel, Switzerland
Lines: 110
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4499 sci.bio.botany:3581

> : Here is what you wrote:
> 
> : Diffusion of Lagenaria is _only one_ of the great
> : many pieces of evidence for across-the-ocean human contacts in earliest
> : antiquity. The across-the-Pacific diffusion of the sweet potato _ipomoea
> : batatas_ is the best evidence for human assisted diffusion, it seems. It
> : is native to the Americas, and was found across the Pacific in
> : pre-Columbian times.
> 
> : The first sentence is a clear statement of "evidence"! No "seems" etc.
> 
> Of course it's evidence! What else is it?

Well, seems that it is my turn now of accusing you of not
knowing English:
evidence: from Webster's dictionary
something that furnishes proof, indication

So, you say that lagenaria is one of the great many pieces
that furnishes proof for contact.
Obviously, you are mixing this totally up:
the evidence is:  Lagenaria is in Polynesia, an
undisputed fact, since there are C14 dates of around 900 AD,
if I remember correctly (way to late for the Olmecs, by the way).
This fact is not evidence for human contact, since
other alternatives have been presented.
As a matter of fact, the following facts exist:
 the
 seeds are viable for more than 20 years; they are hard and dormant
 unless sacrificed; they are impervious to salt water; and they are not
 buoyant, but the capsule is.
Further oceanographic studies show, that items can float
around the world within 2 years.
Tsunamis, hurricans, etc. occur every year that can blow
even large objects long distances inland.
The seeds can grow without human assistance.

Thus, all these points suggest (note, I do not talk of
evidence like you do), that the dispersal occured without
human assistance.


> 
> : The second sentence states also the "is the best evidence".
> : The way you tag the "it seems" at the end does not really
> : convey that this is not "real" evidence but mere speculation.
> : As a matter of fact, "it seems" in your sentence could simply mean that
> : the sweat-potato seems to be the best evidence, in contrast
> : to perhaps corn, or something else.
> 
> And I never claimed I have complete and total "proof". Which is what I'm
> trying to point out to you...
>
Again, obviously you have problems with the English language,
A sentence like " the great
 many pieces of evidence for across-the-ocean human contacts"

simply means that there is ample proof, for which there is not.

 
> [Yuri:]
> : > I merely wish to point out here that the human-assisted transmission of
> : > the sweet potato is _the hypothesis_ that has the support of the _majority
> : > opinion_ among the specialists in the field. That's all. We have already
> : > gone over this area in detail with Peter van Rossum. 
> 
> : Where do you get the fact from. 
> 
> From the scholarly literature. We've been through this with Peter
> already...
> 
> : You have cited a few
> : sources,  that does't make it the majority.  I am sure
> : 90% of archeologists would state that human-assisted transmission
> : is not the majority-supported hypothesis. 
> 
> Thomas, you obviously missed the discussion I had with Peter. I suggest
> you go back to the old posts and read them. I am talking about the
> majority of the _botanists_ who dealt with this matter (not that many
> botanists have dealt with this matter).
Ok, fair enough, I can ask Peter.  Nevertheless, I'd claim
that > 90 % of the botanists don't know much about archaeology.

> 
> : Given how
> : often you state that you don't have time to go to the library
> : to read up material, how can you make such factless statements.
> 
> I cannot do your work for you, Thomas. If I went to the library for every
> quibble that anyone throws at me, I'd have to sleep and eat in the
> library. And the libraries at the U of T do not allow food in the stacks!
> <grin>
Neither can I make the work for you. You make the claims,
it is not up to us to prove your claims.

> 
> By the way, see my further comments about plant diffusion in a new thread 
> in these groups.
> 
> Regards,
> 
> Yuri.

Best wishes
Thomas







From uncleal0@ix.netcom.com Mon Dec  9 11:56:14 EST 1996
Article: 3582 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!ukma!jobone!news2.acs.oakland.edu!condor.ic.net!news.sojourn.com!cancer.vividnet.com!news.wildstar.net!news.ecn.uoknor.edu!feed1.news.erols.com!howland.erols.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!news.webspan.net!ix.netcom.com!news
From: Alan \"Uncle Al\" Schwartz <uncleal0@ix.netcom.com>
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology.paleo,sci.anthropology,sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.astro.amateur,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.chem,sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.misc,sci.classics,sci.chem.analytical,sci.chem.electrochem,sci.crypt,sci.econ
Subject: Re: Make money!
Date: 26 Nov 1996 15:47:32 GMT
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To: lars@phosworks.se,postmaster@phosworks.se,,abuse@phosworks.se
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.anthropology.paleo:14922 sci.anthropology:28281 sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4500 sci.astro.amateur:66050 sci.bio.ecology:23649 sci.bio.botany:3582 sci.bio.entomology.lepidoptera:5657 sci.bio.entomology.misc:4183 sci.chem:79624 sci.bio.paleontology:11254 sci.bio.misc:6367 sci.classics:15364 sci.chem.analytical:6929 sci.chem.electrochem:5352 sci.crypt:55130 sci.econ:61103

lars westin <lars@phosworks.se> wrote:
>THIS IS THE FAIREST MOST HONEST WAY I KNOW TO SHARE THE WEALTH!
>
>Hello!!
>
>Would you like to make thousands of dollars, quickly, legally, with NO
>
>CATCH?  Then keep reading......please take five minutes to read this
>
>article- it will change your life, just like it did mine.  It's true!
>
>you can make up to or over $50,000 dollars in 4-6 weeks, maybe sooner! I
>
>SWEAR I'M NOT LYING TO YOU, AND THIS IS NOT A SCAM!  If you're
>
>interested, keep reading; if you're not, I apologize for wasting your
>
>time.

 [100 line snip]

This message has been sent to postmaster@phosworks.se and 
abuse@phosworks.se as well as the sender.  Everybody who reads this 
should in turn send it to those three addresses.  Let us send in 
THOUSANDS of complaints.  lars westin <lars@phosworks.se> is a spamming 
bastard.

   1) Spamming is unacceptable.  The spam list for this posting is 
sci.anthropology.paleo,sci.anthropology,sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.
astro.amateur,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.lepidopte
ra,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.chem,sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.misc,sci
classics,sci.chem.analytical,sci.chem.electrochem,sci.crypt,sci.econ

   2) Ponzi pyramid schemes for "creating" wealth are mathematically 
impossible.

   3) Ponzi schemes in the United States, where this was posted, are 
Federal felonies.

GET THIS SPAMMING BASTARD, lars westin <lars@phosworks.se> OFF THE NET!

-- 
Alan "Uncle Al" Schwartz
UncleAl0@ix.netcom.com ("zero" before @)
http://www.ultra.net.au/~wisby/uncleal.htm
 (Toxic URL! Unsafe for children, Democrats, and most mammals)
"Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?"  The Net!




From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:15 EST 1996
Article: 3583 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 26 Nov 1996 17:39:33 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch wrote:

[Yuri:]
: > (Let us assume here that the seeds _can_ travel that far in salt
: > water and still remain fertile. This assumption may be valid for
: > _lagenaria_. For _ipomoea_, no persuasive model of "auto-diffusion"
: > has been suggested. Is someone finally going to mention "the African
: > swallow" here, of the Monty Python fame?)

: Evidence has been presented in this newsgroup that
: the seeds of the sweet potato can remain fertile in sea water
: for long times and it floats.  Why do you ignore this?

And how did they ever get to the sea water, Thomas? I think you confuse
the arguments for lagenaria with the ones for ipomoea. Lagenaria gourds
were used as flotation devices, as you may or may not know. Was somebody
using potatoes as flotation devices? Let me know if you find out about
it... 

: > For _lagenaria_ one possible scenario has been suggested: an African
: > gourd has washed up on a beach in the Amazon delta area, was picked
: > up by an inquiring native, and domesticated thereupon. Obviously,
: > the chances of this happening don't seem very high, but such a
: > possibility cannot be discounted offhand. Nevertheless, as
: > agriculture was unknown in S America at that time, this would have
: > been quite a feat! 

: Was it unknown? 

Presumably so. If lagenaria was the earliest domesticated plant in
America, as seems likely, then it was unknown. Logical?

: the earlist pottery does stem from the Amazon,
: pottery usually goes along with the earlist forms of agriculture.

Usually it DOES NOT, Thomas. The earliest pottery that we know about, in
Japan, was made by coastal gatherers/fisherfolk. Learn more about it from
the book edited by our friend John Hoopes. The articles there state
clearly that pottery-agriculture link, assumed previously, is
substantially discredited.

: > Again, what are the chances of a native FINDING a gourd on the
: > beach? The chances of a gourd arriving at all are not that great to
: > start with, but our opponents invite us to suppose that, on top of
: > that remote chance, the natives would also patrol all the beaches
: > all day long, so that they find it upon arrival! A Christmas present
: > from Africa?

: So, what are the chances of some people arriving alive
: on some boat?  Even less, wow!

Well, if the gourd can float to the shore of America, why couldn't
shipwrecked sailors on their rafts float to the coast of America? They
have one added advantage that they can purposefully direct themselves to
the shore...

Best,

Yuri.
--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From jktaber@onramp.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:16 EST 1996
Article: 3584 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "John K. Taber" <jktaber@onramp.net>
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Subject: Re: Make money!
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 13:09:53 -0600
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Adrian Gleeson wrote:
> 
> lars westin <lars@phosworks.se> wrote in article
> <329AB68F.14EE@phosworks.se>...
> > THIS IS THE FAIREST MOST HONEST WAY I KNOW TO SHARE THE WEALTH!

[snip]
> 
> Flame ON:
> 
> These chain letters (or E-mail in this case) really piss me off, I cannot
> believe that the senders think that people are so moronic that they would
> just send their money out the door to a perfect stranger. 

It's the senders, in this case purporting to be Lars Westin in Sweden, who
are the morons, not the people. 

Lars Westin, or whoever he is, is a moron who believes people will send
him money. 

Let's hope Sweden, if that's where he is, puts him in prison where he can
suffer the company of other morons.

-- 
============================================================================
Access to quick cash is a necessity for those spur-of-the-moment plans.
     --from an IBM Southwest Federal Credit Union newsletter to members.


From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:17 EST 1996
Article: 3585 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 26 Nov 1996 17:55:14 GMT
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Here, for Thomas, and others, is an excerpt from an old post (slightly
edited) that deals with some of these matters and contains useful
references (this discussion was with Peter van Rossum):

Best wishes,

Yuri.

Subject:      [9]Re: Sweet Potatos and Silver Bullets
From:         [10]yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Date:         1996/09/26
Newsgroups:   sci.archaeology

	...

Here we go, Peter -- bits and pieces from my webpage, and some other
stuff:

Needham clearly believes that the human-assisted transmission for sweet
potato is the mainstream view. I trust Needham.

>From  Joseph Needham, TRANS-PACIFIC ECHOES:

"...in the case of the sweet potato (_Ipomoea batatas_) it is ... fairly
sure that there was a connection between S. America and Polynesia, though
whether the Peruvians took it, or the Polynesians came and fetched it,
remains quite unknown. But the transfer is accepted on all hands." (p. 61)

A wealth of material on this and other issues can be found in Riley, C.
L., et al, eds, MAN ACROSS THE SEA; PROBLEMS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN CONTACTS,
Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, 1971, p. 343. (Cited by Needham.)

This book contains a lot of info about the potato. 

**********

The following comes from SEED TO CIVILIZATION, by Charles Heiser (New
edition, 1990, Harvard U. P.). He is quite a famous scholar of the
origins of agriculture.

It should be noted that Heiser is no diffusionist. In fact he's often a
significant _opponent_ of diffusionists. Yet he accepts human-assisted
diffusion for the sweet potato! Significant. For other plants in question
he's careful to hedge his bets and to qualify his language.

      At the time of the European discovery of the New World,
      the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was widely cultivated
      in tropical America and was also being grown on some of
      the Pacific islands. ... The presence of the plant on
      either side of the Pacific at such an early date poses
      several interesting questions -- among them, how and when
      did it get across the ocean? ... While either the
      introduction of seeds by some natural means or an
      independent domestication remain a possibility, it
      seems _far more likely_ that people were responsible for
      the introduction of the sweet potato from the Americas
      to the Pacific region. There are two ways in which this
      might have occurred. ... (p. 139)

I hope this answers your objections satisfactorily. He has a lot more on
this, so refer to the book if you're interested.

*********

More info about sweet potato can also be found in the following important
volume, ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE, C. A. Reed, ed., Mouton (Proceedings of
the IX International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological
Sciences). This thick volume includes much more important material about
diffusion, including an article by George C. Carter, A HYPOTHESIS
SUGGESTING A SINGLE ORIGIN FOR AGRICULTURE (where he also deals with 
potato). 

	...


--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From pmv100@psu.edu Mon Dec  9 11:56:18 EST 1996
Article: 3587 of sci.bio.botany
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From: pmv100@psu.edu (Peter van Rossum)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 01:38:17 GMT
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This is a repost of an error plagued article I posted and quickly canceled,
I apologise to anyone who waded through both copies (especially the
first one) - Pete

In article <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org> yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky) writes:
>These two plants, _ipomoea_ and _lagenaria_, are central in many
>debates about diffusion. Indeed, the validity of the hypothesis
>about human-assisted diffusion of the sweet potato across the
>Pacific is accepted by great many reputable botanists and
>archaeologists. 

And as has been pointed out the validity of the natural dispersal 
of sweet potato has also been accepted by many reputable botanists.

>(Let us assume here that the seeds _can_ travel that far in salt
>water and still remain fertile. This assumption may be valid for
>_lagenaria_. For _ipomoea_, no persuasive model of "auto-diffusion"
>has been suggested. Is someone finally going to mention "the African
>swallow" here, of the Monty Python fame?)

Your statement that there is no persuasive model of "auto-diffusion" 
of Lagenaria Siceraria and Ipomoea Batatas is just incorrect (unless 
of course you mean "to me, Yuri, there is no persuasive model...").  

For Lagenaria siceraria [the bottle gourd], "Whitaker and Carter
demonstrated that gourds could float in sea water for at least 347 
days - ample time to have crossed the Atlantic by floating - and that 
the seeds still retain their viability.  In fact, these scientists 
found that the seeds would still germinate after having remained in 
these gourds for six years" (Heiser 1979:101).

And as Mr. Burglin has also posted for Ipomoea batatas, "Purseglove
(1968).. [showed]...the seeds are viable for more than 20 years, they 
are hard and dormant unless scarified; they are impervious to salt 
water; and they are not buoyant, but the capsule is." (Sauer 1993:41)

Modes of autodiffusion for both species have been presented, if they 
were not persuasive then no botanists would even consider them.

Finally, while it is obviously ludicruous for an African swallow to 
carry a coconut (the basis of the Monty Python skit) there is no reason 
not to postulate birds as a dispersal mechanism for small seeds.  In 
quotes below you will see that botanists regularly regard bird action 
as one means of plant dispersal so you shouldn't just pooh pooh it away.

>Suppose the seeds did, somehow, arrive to new shores. First, the
>opponents of diffusion by humans would have to demonstrate that the
>plants in question can survive by themselves in the wild in the new
>area. This should be easy enough to do: prove that these plants
>exist now in the wilderness -- growing by themselves without human
>protection from encroaching jungle (highly unlikely, IMO). Have such
>evidence been available? Not to my knowledge. 

Then read on and see that for both it has been shown that what they 
require are disturbed environments, not necessarily human care.

>_If_ you find such
>back-up information, then you can further hypothesize that these
>former domesticates have been found in the wild and "re-
>domesticated" by natives. More reliance on chance
> 
>For _lagenaria_ one possible scenario has been suggested: an African
>gourd has washed up on a beach in the Amazon delta area, was picked
>up by an inquiring native, and domesticated thereupon. Obviously,
>the chances of this happening don't seem very high, but such a
>possibility cannot be discounted offhand. Nevertheless, as
>agriculture was unknown in S America at that time, this would have
>been quite a feat! But a domestication could have been
>"involuntary", someone in these groups suggested. The seeds were
>thrown into a dump and grew... But this is still a "domestication"
>of sorts. So, our opponents wish to insist, the domestication of
>_lagenaria_ just happen to signify an independent invention of
>agriculture in the Americas. What an incredible coincidence!
>Lagenaria (that, on good evidence, was the first domesticated plant
>in Africa) ALSO became such a plant in the Americas -- but without
>any human contact! Wow!
>
>Again, what are the chances of a native FINDING a gourd on the
>beach? The chances of a gourd arriving at all are not that great to
>start with, but our opponents invite us to suppose that, on top of
>that remote chance, the natives would also patrol all the beaches
>all day long, so that they find it upon arrival! A Christmas present
>from Africa?

Your model that for Lagenaria siceraria to survive after a transoceanic
voyage it would need human action is just incorrect.  As you have 
elsewhere noted, Heiser is not averse to accepting the possibility of 
pre-16th  century Old/New World contacts, let's see what his model is:

"a large number of people believe that the gourd [Lagenaria siceraria] 
must have floated across the ocean.  Many others, on the contrary, feel 
that it must have been introduced by man.  To tally up the numbers who 
hold one or the other of these views might be interesting, but it would 
solve nothing."(p. 101-102)

"I do not think I have any preconceived ideas in regard to transoceanic
diffusion before Columbus.  In fact, I have sometimes been criticized 
for straddling the fence." (p. 103-104)

pp. 105-110 Heiser summarizes Lathrap's arguments for why Lathrap
believes the gourd to be a human introduction from Africa to South
America.

"That a gourd soon disappears from a cultivated area, once cultivation 
is abandoned, is probably not unlikely.  Gourds are dependant upon 
disturbed areas...such disturbed areas today are usually created by man, 
but natural disturbances such as river flooding, forest fires, earthquakes, 
and landslides do occur without man's aid." (p. 113)

"Man has made it [Lagenaria siceraria] a domesticated plant, but even 
so it does not require the pampering that many of our domesticates do.  
In many places the plants are given no cultivation after the seeds are 
started.  In this connection it is perhaps pertinent to mention that the 
Indians of Virginia believed that it was unlucky to plant gourds, so they 
simply scattered seeds on the ground to start new plantings." (p. 113)

"The botanist Henri Pittier collected a specimen, now in the United States
National Herbarium (4138), growing along a beach at Viento Frio in
Panama.  I am not claiming that this plant resulted from a transoceanic
voyage, only that it proves it will grow on a beach.  Moreover, I am not 
sure it is necessary to prove this [although he just did], for strong 
waves, perhaps the result of a hurricane, might carry gourds inland to a 
suitable site for growth." (p. 115)

"the time has come for an alternative hypothesis [to Lathrap's].  Very 
simply it is this - the gourd floated to America." (p. 114)

"Such a hypothesis of long-distance dispersal by natural means might 
have caused raised eyebrows among past generations of botanists, who were
trying to explain all discontinuous distributions across oceans by means 
of hypothetical land bridges or lost continentss.  Today, however, it is 
widely accepted that there are many examples of long-distance dispersal 
of plants by birds, wind, or water currents and subsequent establishment 
in the New World." (p. 115)

"So I claim it is likely that a gourd, probably wild, became established 
in the Americas after floating across the ocean." (p. 116)

So Heiser makes it clear that Lagenaria siceraria can survive without 
man's aid - contrary to what you seem to be claiming above.

>To come back to the _ipomoea_. Has someone suggested a potato
>washing up on the beach in SE Asia? I hope not. That whole argument
>about a native finding the plant on the beach and domesticating it
>is non-existent for the potato (as opposed to a gourd). This is why
>the sweet potato is still the best candidate for human-assisted
>diffusion. _Ipomoea_ is always propagated through cuttings! It is
>never even grown from seeds by tribal peoples. Why? Because it is a
>highly domesticated plant in need of constant care, and it is not
>even clear that it _can_ grow from seeds in normal conditions. 

It is actually clear that Ipomoea batatas CAN grow from seeds which 
are naturally dispersed.   Athough Yen (1974) does tend to conclude 
that humans are more likely means for its Polynesian origin, he does 
cite (on pp. 235-239) a number of examples of its localized dispersal 
and growth without the care of humans.  You are just incorrect when 
you say that there isn't evidence that it can grow without the care 
of humans.
 
>While opinion on the gourd is still rather divided, specialists in
>the field agree, on the whole, that the sweet potato was brought out
>of the Americas to Polynesia, and likely even to the Asian mainland
>-- by seafarers -- well before Columbus.
> 
>Yuri.

So for both Ipomoea batatas and Lagenaria siceraria there is evidence 
that their respective transoceanic dispersals could have been the 
result of natural processes.  For each a possible autodispersal 
mechanism has been proposed and for each it has been demonstrated that 
they can propagate without human intervention.  So the question remains
open as to whether their dispersal was the result of human or natural
actions.  Without convincing supporting artifactual evidence of contact
I will continue to lean to the natural hypotheses.

Peter van Rossum
PMV100@PSU.EDU

Heiser, Charles
  1979 "The Gourd Book." Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press.

Sauer, Jonathan D.
  1993 "Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster." 
Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Yen, D.E.
  1974 "The Sweet Potato and Oceania: An Essay in Ethnobotany." Bernice
P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, no. 236. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.




From pettennude@usa.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:19 EST 1996
Article: 3588 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Paul E. Pettennude" <pettennude@usa.net>
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: coconut diffusion
Date: 27 Nov 1996 01:43:52 GMT
Organization: Home
Lines: 123
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References: <Pine.HPP.3.91.961025080003.29635A-100000@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>  <56visi$f0k@news1.io.org> <1996Nov22.004148.47134@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <pmv100.73.3298C31F@psu.edu> <01bbdaed$ecfe1740$7394d9ce@tekdiver> <57f7gg$bgd@news1.io.org>
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Yuri,

I read all of Columbus' journals again before responding.  No where does he
discuss coconuts.  What is your source for coconuts being restricted to a
narrow band of Columbia?  Which variety of coconut was this?

I know that Caribbean coconuts were brought into Belize and Yucatan by the
British.  I think you'll find there's an indigenous species in the
Caribbean.

I called Dr. Ray Porter, one of the world's specialists on tropical plants.
He's looking further into his notes but off the top of his head he says you
might be confused.

Your coconut idea was presented to him without prejudice just to get his
reaction.  His findings will be interesting.  Hope you're right on this
one.

I'll also pass your comments on to Fairchild Gardens, the largest
collection of palms in the world.  It's located here in Miami.  One of
their botanists will surely know the answer.

Thanks,

Paul Pettennude


Yuri Kuchinsky <yuku@io.org> wrote in article <57f7gg$bgd@news1.io.org>...
> Paul E. Pettennude (pettennude@usa.net) wrote:
> 
> : You also need to
> : research the other plants to determine their ability to remain
> : suspended/floating in salt water for "x" period of time.  Coconut,
gourds,
> : etc. can float for weeks and wind up on some tropical shore and grow.
> 
> Paul,
> 
> I have a question for you and others. We know the coconut was native to
> the Old World (most likely India). So why, at Columbus' arival, so few
> coconuts were growing in the New World (mostly in the relatively narrow
> area of Columbia's Pacific coast)? If the diffusion was natural, i.e.
> non-human-assisted, they should have been all over the tropical America,
> right? (Of course we are all aware how important was/is coconut as a
> sorce of food for native peoples.) 
> 
> On the other hand, the proponents of the human-assisted hypothesis
> suggest that the arrival of coconut was quite late historically, and thus
> its spread did not proceed very far by the time of Columbus. Makes more
> sense to me...
> 
> Yours,
> 
> Yuri.
> 
> --
>            **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
>   -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
>  
> Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
> unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal
> 
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<html><head></head><BODY bgcolor=3D"#FFFFFF"><p><font size=3D3 =
color=3D"#000000" face=3D"Times New Roman">Yuri,<br><br>I read all of =
Columbus' journals again before responding. &nbsp;No where does he =
discuss coconuts. &nbsp;What is your source for coconuts being =
restricted to a narrow band of Columbia? &nbsp;Which variety of coconut =
was this?<br><br>I know that Caribbean coconuts were brought into Belize =
and Yucatan by the British. &nbsp;I think you'll find there's an =
indigenous species in the Caribbean.<br><br>I called Dr. Ray Porter, one =
of the world's specialists on tropical plants. He's looking further into =
his notes but off the top of his head he says you might be =
confused.<br><br>Your coconut idea was presented to him without =
prejudice just to get his reaction. &nbsp;His findings will be =
interesting. &nbsp;Hope you're right on this one.<br><br>I'll also pass =
your comments on to Fairchild Gardens, the largest collection of palms =
in the world. &nbsp;It's located here in Miami. &nbsp;One of their =
botanists will surely know the answer.<br><br>Thanks,<br><br>Paul =
Pettennude<br><br><br>Yuri Kuchinsky &lt;<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>yuku@io.org</u><font color=3D"#000000">&gt; wrote =
in article &lt;<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>57f7gg$bgd@news1.io.org</u><font =
color=3D"#000000">&gt;...<br>&gt; Paul E. Pettennude (<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>pettennude@usa.net</u><font color=3D"#000000">) =
wrote:<br>&gt; <br>&gt; : You also need to<br>&gt; : research the other =
plants to determine their ability to remain<br>&gt; : suspended/floating =
in salt water for &quot;x&quot; period of time. &nbsp;Coconut, =
gourds,<br>&gt; : etc. can float for weeks and wind up on some tropical =
shore and grow.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Paul,<br>&gt; <br>&gt; I have a =
question for you and others. We know the coconut was native to<br>&gt; =
the Old World (most likely India). So why, at Columbus' arival, so =
few<br>&gt; coconuts were growing in the New World (mostly in the =
relatively narrow<br>&gt; area of Columbia's Pacific coast)? If the =
diffusion was natural, i.e.<br>&gt; non-human-assisted, they should have =
been all over the tropical America,<br>&gt; right? (Of course we are all =
aware how important was/is coconut as a<br>&gt; sorce of food for native =
peoples.) <br>&gt; <br>&gt; On the other hand, the proponents of the =
human-assisted hypothesis<br>&gt; suggest that the arrival of coconut =
was quite late historically, and thus<br>&gt; its spread did not proceed =
very far by the time of Columbus. Makes more<br>&gt; sense to =
me...<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Yours,<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Yuri.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; =
--<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;** =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto &nbsp;&nbsp;**<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;-- a webpage like any other... &nbsp;<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>http://www.io.org/~yuku</u><font color=3D"#000000"> =
&nbsp;--<br>&gt; &nbsp;<br>&gt; Most of the evils of life arise from =
man's being <br>&gt; unable to sit still in a room &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. Pascal<br>&gt; </p>
</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></body></h=
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From brianh@gov.nb.ca Mon Dec  9 11:56:20 EST 1996
Article: 3589 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!ukma!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!paperboy.wellfleet.com!news-w.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!newsjunkie.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!news.ptd.net!news.ptd.net!news.fast.net!news-out.internetmci.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!dciteleport.com!phase2.worldnet.att.net!uunet!in1.uu.net!ott.istar!istar.net!news.nstn.ca!coranto.ucs.mun.ca!news.unb.ca!agate.nbnet.nb.ca!news
From: Brian Hoyle <brianh@gov.nb.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology
Subject: Re: Spirogyra
Date: 26 Nov 1996 19:27:18 GMT
Organization: NB Dept of the Environment
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When I was growing up, there was a jazz group called Spirogyra. 
They seemed to get their energy from the sax player and the 
percussionist.....but you are talking about something else, I 
bet. Ah well, even a microbiologist can have fun.



From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:21 EST 1996
Article: 3590 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 26 Nov 1996 17:13:06 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch wrote:

[Yuri:]
: > These two plants, _ipomoea_ and _lagenaria_, are central in many
: > debates about diffusion. Indeed, the validity of the hypothesis
: > about human-assisted diffusion of the sweet potato across the
: > Pacific is accepted by great many reputable botanists and
: > archaeologists. 

: Yuri, as long as you keep posting such claims, I will reply
: and simply state you are wrong for the benefit of newcomers.
: They should not get wrong impressions.
: Please show me this great many reputable botanists and 
: archeologists?  I still claim that a majority does not
: believe that human assisted diffusions explains the transmission.

Thomas,

I have pointed out to you that this has been answered already. Obviously
you haven't followed this discussion, but here's an old post to bring you
up to speed. This is an excerpt from my earlier discussion with Peter van
Rossum: 

[begin quote]

Subject:      [8]Re: Sweet Potatos and Silver Bullets
From:         [9]yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Date:         1996/09/26
Newsgroups:   sci.archaeology

	...

Well, what do you know, Peter... It seems like I found what you wanted to
see already!

How about this quote:

"The current consensus is that the sweet potato originated in the
Americas and was taken thence into the Pacific in pre-Columbian times"
(Donald D. Brand, in MAN ACROSS THE SEA, Texas UP, 1971, p. 356) [A long
list of references is given in a footnote at the bottom of the page.]

	...

[end quote]

Hope this helps,

Yuri.

--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From pettennude@usa.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:22 EST 1996
Article: 3591 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Paul E. Pettennude" <pettennude@usa.net>
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: 27 Nov 1996 02:04:12 GMT
Organization: Home
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Yuri,

Needham is saying what we've been trying to say.  Look at his words "fairly
certain".  My old granddaddy would have called this conjecture.  He also
goes on to say he isn't sure which way the sweet potato went. 

"Fairly certain" is a great way to begin writing a theory.  In archaeology
a theory is just that-- a theory.  Until you come up with the "smoking
potato", you can't say for sure that it actually happened as theorized.

Someday when the genetics folks get some funding and do DNA analysis on the
evolution of the sweet potato, we'll know for sure or maybe we'll still be
fairly certain and the debate will endure.

Paul Pettennude  



Yuri Kuchinsky <yuku@io.org> wrote in article <57fau2$bgd@news1.io.org>...
> Here, for Thomas, and others, is an excerpt from an old post (slightly
> edited) that deals with some of these matters and contains useful
> references (this discussion was with Peter van Rossum):
> 
> Best wishes,
> 
> Yuri.
> 
> Subject:      [9]Re: Sweet Potatos and Silver Bullets
> From:         [10]yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
> Date:         1996/09/26
> Newsgroups:   sci.archaeology
> 
> 	...
> 
> Here we go, Peter -- bits and pieces from my webpage, and some other
> stuff:
> 
> Needham clearly believes that the human-assisted transmission for sweet
> potato is the mainstream view. I trust Needham.
> 
> From Joseph Needham, TRANS-PACIFIC ECHOES:
> 
> "...in the case of the sweet potato (_Ipomoea batatas_) it is ... fairly
> sure that there was a connection between S. America and Polynesia, though
> whether the Peruvians took it, or the Polynesians came and fetched it,
> remains quite unknown. But the transfer is accepted on all hands." (p.
61)
> 
> A wealth of material on this and other issues can be found in Riley, C.
> L., et al, eds, MAN ACROSS THE SEA; PROBLEMS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN CONTACTS,
> Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, 1971, p. 343. (Cited by Needham.)
> 
> This book contains a lot of info about the potato. 
> 
> **********
> 
> The following comes from SEED TO CIVILIZATION, by Charles Heiser (New
> edition, 1990, Harvard U. P.). He is quite a famous scholar of the
> origins of agriculture.
> 
> It should be noted that Heiser is no diffusionist. In fact he's often a
> significant _opponent_ of diffusionists. Yet he accepts human-assisted
> diffusion for the sweet potato! Significant. For other plants in question
> he's careful to hedge his bets and to qualify his language.
> 
>       At the time of the European discovery of the New World,
>       the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was widely cultivated
>       in tropical America and was also being grown on some of
>       the Pacific islands. ... The presence of the plant on
>       either side of the Pacific at such an early date poses
>       several interesting questions -- among them, how and when
>       did it get across the ocean? ... While either the
>       introduction of seeds by some natural means or an
>       independent domestication remain a possibility, it
>       seems _far more likely_ that people were responsible for
>       the introduction of the sweet potato from the Americas
>       to the Pacific region. There are two ways in which this
>       might have occurred. ... (p. 139)
> 
> I hope this answers your objections satisfactorily. He has a lot more on
> this, so refer to the book if you're interested.
> 
> *********
> 
> More info about sweet potato can also be found in the following important
> volume, ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE, C. A. Reed, ed., Mouton (Proceedings of
> the IX International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological
> Sciences). This thick volume includes much more important material about
> diffusion, including an article by George C. Carter, A HYPOTHESIS
> SUGGESTING A SINGLE ORIGIN FOR AGRICULTURE (where he also deals with 
> potato). 
> 
> 	...
> 
> 
> --
>            **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
>   -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
>  
> Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
> unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal
> 
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<html><head></head><BODY bgcolor=3D"#FFFFFF"><p><font size=3D3 =
color=3D"#000000" face=3D"Times New Roman">Yuri,<br><br>Needham is =
saying what we've been trying to say. &nbsp;Look at his words =
&quot;fairly certain&quot;. &nbsp;My old granddaddy would have called =
this conjecture. &nbsp;He also goes on to say he isn't sure which way =
the sweet potato went. <br><br>&quot;Fairly certain&quot; is a great way =
to begin writing a theory. &nbsp;In archaeology a theory is just that-- =
a theory. &nbsp;Until you come up with the &quot;smoking potato&quot;, =
you can't say for sure that it actually happened as =
theorized.<br><br>Someday when the genetics folks get some funding and =
do DNA analysis on the evolution of the sweet potato, we'll know for =
sure or maybe we'll still be fairly certain and the debate will =
endure.<br><br>Paul Pettennude &nbsp;<br><br><br><br>Yuri Kuchinsky =
&lt;<font color=3D"#0000FF"><u>yuku@io.org</u><font =
color=3D"#000000">&gt; wrote in article &lt;<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>57fau2$bgd@news1.io.org</u><font =
color=3D"#000000">&gt;...<br>&gt; Here, for Thomas, and others, is an =
excerpt from an old post (slightly<br>&gt; edited) that deals with some =
of these matters and contains useful<br>&gt; references (this discussion =
was with Peter van Rossum):<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Best wishes,<br>&gt; =
<br>&gt; Yuri.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Subject: =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[9]Re: Sweet Potatos and Silver =
Bullets<br>&gt; From: =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[10]<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>yuku@io.org</u><font color=3D"#000000"> (Yuri =
Kuchinsky)<br>&gt; Date: =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1996/09/26<br>&gt; =
Newsgroups: &nbsp;&nbsp;sci.archaeology<br>&gt; <br>&gt; =
&#009;...<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Here we go, Peter -- bits and pieces from my =
webpage, and some other<br>&gt; stuff:<br>&gt; <br>&gt; Needham clearly =
believes that the human-assisted transmission for sweet<br>&gt; potato =
is the mainstream view. I trust Needham.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; From Joseph =
Needham, TRANS-PACIFIC ECHOES:<br>&gt; <br>&gt; &quot;...in the case of =
the sweet potato (_Ipomoea batatas_) it is ... fairly<br>&gt; sure that =
there was a connection between S. America and Polynesia, though<br>&gt; =
whether the Peruvians took it, or the Polynesians came and fetched =
it,<br>&gt; remains quite unknown. But the transfer is accepted on all =
hands.&quot; (p. 61)<br>&gt; <br>&gt; A wealth of material on this and =
other issues can be found in Riley, C.<br>&gt; L., et al, eds, MAN =
ACROSS THE SEA; PROBLEMS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN CONTACTS,<br>&gt; Univ. of =
Texas Press, Austin, 1971, p. 343. (Cited by Needham.)<br>&gt; <br>&gt; =
This book contains a lot of info about the potato. <br>&gt; <br>&gt; =
**********<br>&gt; <br>&gt; The following comes from SEED TO =
CIVILIZATION, by Charles Heiser (New<br>&gt; edition, 1990, Harvard U. =
P.). He is quite a famous scholar of the<br>&gt; origins of =
agriculture.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; It should be noted that Heiser is no =
diffusionist. In fact he's often a<br>&gt; significant _opponent_ of =
diffusionists. Yet he accepts human-assisted<br>&gt; diffusion for the =
sweet potato! Significant. For other plants in question<br>&gt; he's =
careful to hedge his bets and to qualify his language.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At the time of the European =
discovery of the New World,<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) =
was widely cultivated<br>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in =
tropical America and was also being grown on some of<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Pacific islands. ... The =
presence of the plant on<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;either side of the Pacific at such =
an early date poses<br>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;several =
interesting questions -- among them, how and when<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;did it get across the ocean? ... =
While either the<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;introduction of seeds by some =
natural means or an<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;independent domestication remain a =
possibility, it<br>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seems _far =
more likely_ that people were responsible for<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the introduction of the sweet potato =
>from  the Americas<br>&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the =
Pacific region. There are two ways in which this<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;might have occurred. ... (p. =
139)<br>&gt; <br>&gt; I hope this answers your objections =
satisfactorily. He has a lot more on<br>&gt; this, so refer to the book =
if you're interested.<br>&gt; <br>&gt; *********<br>&gt; <br>&gt; More =
info about sweet potato can also be found in the following =
important<br>&gt; volume, ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE, C. A. Reed, ed., =
Mouton (Proceedings of<br>&gt; the IX International Congress of =
Anthropological and Ethnological<br>&gt; Sciences). This thick volume =
includes much more important material about<br>&gt; diffusion, including =
an article by George C. Carter, A HYPOTHESIS<br>&gt; SUGGESTING A SINGLE =
ORIGIN FOR AGRICULTURE (where he also deals with <br>&gt; potato). =
<br>&gt; <br>&gt; &#009;...<br>&gt; <br>&gt; <br>&gt; --<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;** =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto &nbsp;&nbsp;**<br>&gt; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;-- a webpage like any other... &nbsp;<font =
color=3D"#0000FF"><u>http://www.io.org/~yuku</u><font color=3D"#000000"> =
&nbsp;--<br>&gt; &nbsp;<br>&gt; Most of the evils of life arise from =
man's being <br>&gt; unable to sit still in a room &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B. Pascal<br>&gt; </p>
</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></body></h=
tml>
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From burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch Mon Dec  9 11:56:25 EST 1996
Article: 3592 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.columbia.edu!panix!feed1.news.erols.com!howland.erols.net!surfnet.nl!swidir.switch.ch!swsbe6.switch.ch!scsing.switch.ch!ubaclu.unibas.ch!burglin
From: burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Message-ID: <1996Nov27.001630.47152@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
Date: 27 Nov 96 00:16:30 MET
References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org>  <57f8f2$bgd@news1.io.org>
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Organization: University of Basel, Switzerland
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> 
> [Yuri:]
> : > These two plants, _ipomoea_ and _lagenaria_, are central in many
> : > debates about diffusion. Indeed, the validity of the hypothesis
> : > about human-assisted diffusion of the sweet potato across the
> : > Pacific is accepted by great many reputable botanists and
> : > archaeologists. 
> 
> : Yuri, as long as you keep posting such claims, I will reply
> : and simply state you are wrong for the benefit of newcomers.
> : They should not get wrong impressions.
> : Please show me this great many reputable botanists and 
> : archeologists?  I still claim that a majority does not
> : believe that human assisted diffusions explains the transmission.
> 
> Thomas,
> 
> I have pointed out to you that this has been answered already. Obviously
> you haven't followed this discussion, but here's an old post to bring you
> up to speed. This is an excerpt from my earlier discussion with Peter van
> Rossum: 
> 
> [begin quote]
> 
> Well, what do you know, Peter... It seems like I found what you wanted to
> see already!
> 
> How about this quote:
> 
> "The current consensus is that the sweet potato originated in the
> Americas and was taken thence into the Pacific in pre-Columbian times"
> (Donald D. Brand, in MAN ACROSS THE SEA, Texas UP, 1971, p. 356) [A long
> list of references is given in a footnote at the bottom of the page.]
> 
> [end quote]
> 
> Hope this helps,
> 
> Yuri.

Thanks for providing the reference.

Now, the issue is the !current! consensus.
the references in that book from 1971 must certainly be
older than 25 years (given it's 1996).

So, basically, we still don't know what the current consensus
is.  My claim that the majority supports non-human
assisted diffusion is as valid as your claim.

Thomas





From jmpii@pacbell.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:25 EST 1996
Article: 3593 of sci.bio.botany
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From: User <jmpii@pacbell.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Latin name of "queen of the night" in dutch knows as "koningin van de nacht"
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 1996 22:02:26 -0800
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bram dijkema wrote:
> 
> I'm looking for the latin name of a flower/plant that in dutch is
> called "Koningin van de nacht" which translates to "queen of the
> night". People 've been telling me that only blossoms during the
> night, presumably only once in its lifetime.
> 
> Anybody any idea ?
> 
> Bram
> Bram Dijkema (bram.dijkema@iaf.nl)

"Queen of the Night" is also called Reina-de-la-noche.  The 
Nightblooming cereus or Cereus greggii.  Found in the N. American 
southwest desert.

J. Pittman


From larix@well.com Mon Dec  9 11:56:26 EST 1996
Article: 3594 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com>
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 08:23:23 -0600
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Hey y'all,
This thread has been fascinating at times and ridiculous at times.  I
was just wondering though if you might want to start a
"Gourd and Sweetpotato Diffusion News Group"?  How about it?
Thanks!
Jeff
 

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeffrey J Wagner; P.O. Box 433, Niwot, CO 80544; 
phone: (303)652-3674; fax: (303) 652-3676; e-mail: larix@well.com
-------------------------------------------------------------------


From chuckc@albury.net.au Mon Dec  9 11:56:27 EST 1996
Article: 3595 of sci.bio.botany
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From: 94035871@postoffice.csu.edu.au (Stephen Chalmers)
Newsgroups: aus.gardens,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Kurrajong problem
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 12:01:15 GMT
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Has anyone noticed a problem with Kurrajongs (Brachychiton
populneus) in their area this season? We've had no end of
trouble with quite large trees dying back to an alarming
extent.

The narrower stems (i.e the still green ones) have a black
or dark brown lesion that is reminiscent of some sort of
fungus, or a necrotic organism. Obviously circulation is 
being cut off through the cambium layer.

With some instances, we have noticed a sooty mould, but I
think these ones have suffered aphid attack. Maybe they are
a vector for something more damaging. We can find nothing in
the literature that approximates the symptoms.

We did treat the sooty mould specimen with maldison and
white oil, and I think it had some effect. It was difficult,
as the tree is 15m high, and has at least that spread.

Any ideas appreciated.

Regards, Stephen Chalmers.
Stephen Chalmers        |"Bother!" said Pooh as he realised
Lavington NSW           |that his leg cutter had failed to
Australia                     |lure the cunning Piglet into a
chuckc@albury.net.au         |false stroke.
94035871@postoffice.csu.edu.au
http://albury.net.au/~chuckc



From molab@ww.co.nz Mon Dec  9 11:56:28 EST 1996
Article: 3596 of sci.bio.botany
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From: molab@ww.co.nz (R Molony)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: coconut diffusion
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 17:23:02 GMT
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yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky) wrote:

>Paul E. Pettennude (pettennude@usa.net) wrote:

>: You also need to
>: research the other plants to determine their ability to remain
>: suspended/floating in salt water for "x" period of time.  Coconut, gourds,
>: etc. can float for weeks and wind up on some tropical shore and grow.

>Paul,

>I have a question for you and others. We know the coconut was native to
>the Old World (most likely India). So why, at Columbus' arival, so few
>coconuts were growing in the New World (mostly in the relatively narrow
>area of Columbia's Pacific coast)? If the diffusion was natural, i.e.
>non-human-assisted, they should have been all over the tropical America,
>right? (Of course we are all aware how important was/is coconut as a
>sorce of food for native peoples.) 

>On the other hand, the proponents of the human-assisted hypothesis
>suggest that the arrival of coconut was quite late historically, and thus
>its spread did not proceed very far by the time of Columbus. Makes more
>sense to me...

>Yours,

>Yuri.

>--
>           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
>  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
> 
>Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
>unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal

coconut may have originated in pacific region
fossil coconuts are known in NZ from late Miocene period



From kto@ccr.jussieu.fr Mon Dec  9 11:56:29 EST 1996
Article: 3597 of sci.bio.botany
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From: KONTO <kto@ccr.jussieu.fr>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: buprest & thuyas
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 12:48:31 +0100
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Does somebody know how can I save my thuyas from this disease?!

I tried with "lindane", on the tree, on the earth, I made holes in the
wood and I filled them with insecticide, my thuyas are still dying...

How can I kill the enemy when it is in the wood?

People told me to cut the ill thuyas, but a neighbor did it: The new
ones got ill either..    

Apologizes for my so poor English..
thank You for any e-mailed answer or idea..

andre' (from Paris)


From a.s.ross.1.@.student.derby.ac.uk Mon Dec  9 11:56:30 EST 1996
Article: 3598 of sci.bio.botany
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From: a.s.ross.1.@.student.derby.ac.uk
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: TIMBREL, GARLON 4 AND TRICLOPYR
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 13:19:13 +0000
Organization: University of Derby
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PLEASE, DOES ANYBODY KNOWS HOW TIMBREL OR GARLON 4 (TWO NAMES FOR THE 
SAME PRODUCT) AND TRICLOPYR (ACTIVE AGENT)ARE ABSORBED, TRANSLOCATED 
OR WHICH IS THEIR TARGET SITE?

IF YOU CAN HELP ME PLEASE E-MAIL ME DIRECTLY ON:

T.TOMAT1@STUDENT.DERBY.AC.UK


From vulpia@sonic.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:31 EST 1996
Article: 3599 of sci.bio.botany
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From: vulpia@sonic.net (Nancy Harrison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Oak groups/pages
Date: 27 Nov 1996 14:19:29 GMT
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Does anyone know of any newsgroups or web pages devoted to Oak species
(Quercus) in general? Are there any Oak specialists currently reading
this newsgroup? If so, could you email me : vulpia@sonic.net? TIA!
-- 
---Nancy Harrison, SRJC Life Sciences, Santa Rosa CA 95401
   http://www.sonic.net/~vulpia/index.html (with link to CNPS in Sonoma 
County)



From robert.roszak@univ-lille1.fr Mon Dec  9 11:56:32 EST 1996
Article: 3600 of sci.bio.botany
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From: robert.roszak@univ-lille1.fr (Robert ROSZAK)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: clathrin or caveollin antibodies
Date: 27 Nov 1996 15:47:21 GMT
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Dear netters,
we are working on endocytosis in some plants and are looking for 
antibodies against clathrin or caveollin proteins. Any antibodies will be 
welcome because to our knoledge, such antibodies don't exist in plants.
Thanks a lot for any reply,

Robert ROSZAK
Equipe de Physiologie et Génétique Moléculaire Végétale
Bat SN2-USTL
F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
FRANCE

tel (33) 20 43 65 96
fax (33) 20 43 68 49
e-mail : robert.roszak@univ-lille1.fr



From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:33 EST 1996
Article: 3601 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: coconut diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
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R Molony (molab@ww.co.nz) wrote:
: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky) wrote:

: >I have a question for you and others. We know the coconut was native to
: >the Old World (most likely India). So why, at Columbus' arival, so few
: >coconuts were growing in the New World (mostly in the relatively narrow
: >area of Columbia's Pacific coast)? If the diffusion was natural, i.e.
: >non-human-assisted, they should have been all over the tropical America,
: >right? (Of course we are all aware how important was/is coconut as a
: >sorce of food for native peoples.) 

: >On the other hand, the proponents of the human-assisted hypothesis
: >suggest that the arrival of coconut was quite late historically, and thus
: >its spread did not proceed very far by the time of Columbus. Makes more
: >sense to me...

: coconut may have originated in pacific region
: fossil coconuts are known in NZ from late Miocene period

Dear R Molony,

A point well taken. But this only seems to strengthen this argument I'm
trying to make here. 

Best,

Yuri.
--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal



From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:35 EST 1996
Article: 3602 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: 28 Nov 1996 15:58:56 GMT
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burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch wrote:

[Yuri quoted:]
: > "The current consensus is that the sweet potato originated in the
: > Americas and was taken thence into the Pacific in pre-Columbian times"
: > (Donald D. Brand, in MAN ACROSS THE SEA, Texas UP, 1971, p. 356) [A long
: > list of references is given in a footnote at the bottom of the page.]

: Thanks for providing the reference.

: Now, the issue is the !current! consensus.
: the references in that book from 1971 must certainly be
: older than 25 years (given it's 1996).

: So, basically, we still don't know what the current consensus
: is.  My claim that the majority supports non-human
: assisted diffusion is as valid as your claim.

Thomas,

As I pointed out before, this sort of research seemed to have petered out
in the last 20 or so years. (I'd be greatful if someone can provide more
recent references.) So your point is rather mute.

Best,

Yuri.
--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From BOULL@AgResearch.cri.nz Mon Dec  9 11:56:36 EST 1996
Article: 3603 of sci.bio.botany
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From: BOULL@AgResearch.cri.nz (Lawrence Boul)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology
Subject: Re: Spirogyra
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 96 01:22:49 GMT
Organization: AgResearch, Lincoln
Lines: 18
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In article <57fgam$qu6@agate.nbnet.nb.ca>,
   Brian Hoyle <brianh@gov.nb.ca> wrote:
>When I was growing up, there was a jazz group called Spirogyra. 
>They seemed to get their energy from the sax player and the 
>percussionist.....but you are talking about something else, I 
>bet. Ah well, even a microbiologist can have fun.
>

One of our senior scientists has a yacht named 'spirogyra'.  
so obviously from the wind!

Lawrence

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Disclaimer: The above is a personal opinion and does not reflect the
            official view of AgResearch Ltd.
----------------------------------------------------------------------



From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:37 EST 1996
Article: 3604 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: coconut diffusion
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Date: 29 Nov 1996 16:59:05 GMT
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Paul E. Pettennude (pettennude@usa.net) wrote:

: Yuri,

: I read all of Columbus' journals again before responding.  No where does he
: discuss coconuts.  What is your source for coconuts being restricted to a
: narrow band of Columbia? 

Dear Paul,

So you got Dr. Ray Porter involved in this? I would be interested to hear
his considered opinion on this, and yet you really didn't need to go to
such lengths to obtain this info! The answer was available all along on
my webpage... You see, we had almost exactly the same discussion earlier
with another contributor. Actually the pineapple was in western Panama,
but, you know, once upon a time Panama and Columbia were one and the same
country anyway... :)

: Which variety of coconut was this?

I'm not quite sure.

: I know that Caribbean coconuts were brought into Belize and Yucatan by the
: British.  I think you'll find there's an indigenous species in the
: Caribbean.

I doubt it very much.

: I called Dr. Ray Porter, one of the world's specialists on tropical plants.
: He's looking further into his notes but off the top of his head he says you
: might be confused.

I hope he gives this a second thought...

: Your coconut idea was presented to him without prejudice just to get his
: reaction.  His findings will be interesting.  Hope you're right on this
: one.

I know I'm right.

: I'll also pass your comments on to Fairchild Gardens, the largest
: collection of palms in the world.  It's located here in Miami.  One of
: their botanists will surely know the answer.

It will be interesting to hear from them.

The following is a part of an article that is available from my webpage,
and also from DejaNews. On my webpage, it is link #13 under the heading:
Palaeo-ethno-botany, at 

www.io.org/~yuku/dif/a26.htm

[begin quote]   
  
Subject:      Re: trans-Pacific contacts
From:         yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Date:         1996/08/26
Newsgroups:   sci.anthropology,sci.archaeology

[This post was a reply to Jeffrey Baker]

	...

: I would not be surprised if the coconut made its appearance in
: Prehispanic times, but, as I said before, I am unaware of any evidence
: for its appearance. Could you provide the names of the sites where it
: has been found?

OK.

: As with the bottle gourd, the coconut can propagate after long ocean
voyages.

True.

: Perhaps you should try examining some of the botanical literature on the
: bottle gourd's ability to survive long periods of immersion in salt water.

Yes, and I have already.

The following follows closely SEED TO CIVILIZATION, by Charles Heiser (New
edition, 1990, Harvard U. P.). He is quite a famous scholar of the origins
of agriculture.

It should be noted that Heiser is no diffusionist. In fact he's often a
significant _opponent_ of diffusionists. Yet he accepts human-assisted
diffusion for the sweet potato! Significant. For other plants in question
he's careful to hedge his bets and to qualify his language.

As far as coconut is concerned.

      The place of origin of the coconut has been the subject
      of some controversy in the past. There were some who
      held that it was a native of the New World, primarily
      because all of its close relatives are American. ...
      While it is true that the coconut does have most of its
      closer relatives among the American palms, there is now
      general agreement among botanists that it originated in
      the Indo-Pacific region. ...

      The coconut was present in both Asia and the Americas
      previous to 1492. At that time, however, it was known
      only from western Panama in the Americas, and its wide
      distribution in the New World came about in historical
      times. Its presence in Panama previous to the arrival of
      the Spanish can _probably_ be explained without invoking
      human aid, for coconuts are able to float in sea water
      ... It was grown in India by 1000 b.c. but it may not
      have been first domesticated there. (p. 166) [underline
      mine]

[Yuri:]
Of course, diffusionists counter these arguments. They point to the fact
that coconuts will have extreme difficulty propagating on their own. But I
will not get into this discussion -- too technical, and the case is too
close to call. I will only note that if coconut came to the Americas on
its own, it should have spread far wider than Panama. The fact that it was
established in such a narrow area before Columbus points to its rather
late arrival to the Americas, hence, human-assisted diffusion.

[end quote]

I hope this is satisfactory, Paul.

Best wishes,

Yuri.

p.s. Paul, I think there's some glitch in your newsreader settings,
because it keeps affixing html files to your posts which makes them very
long. Also, you posts arrive as mime format files, which is unusual in 
Usenet...

             #%    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto    %#
  --  a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --

I find that a great part of the information I have was 
acquired by looking up something and finding something 
else on the way             =====             F. Adams



From hoopes@ukans.edu Mon Dec  9 11:56:38 EST 1996
Article: 3605 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "John W. Hoopes" <hoopes@ukans.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 1996 02:23:55 -0600
Organization: University of Kansas
Lines: 23
Message-ID: <329FEF1B.6EBA@ukans.edu>
References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org> <1996Nov25.153852.47140@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <57f8f2$bgd@news1.io.org>
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Yuri Kuchinsky wrote:

> How about this quote:
> 
> "The current consensus is that the sweet potato originated in the
> Americas and was taken thence into the Pacific in pre-Columbian times"
> (Donald D. Brand, in MAN ACROSS THE SEA, Texas UP, 1971, p. 356)
 
[snip}

> Hope this helps,

Yuri,

     It seems that even short chronological disjunctions give you
problems!  As I've pointed out before (when I dared to get involved in
these threads), you tend to place a great deal of confidence in
out-of-date sources.  Your "current" consensus was published 25 years
ago, when bell-bottoms and love beads were the height of fashion.  1971
was a year to remember, but there ain't no way a 1971 publication can be
considered up-to-date!

John Hoopes


From hoopes@ukans.edu Mon Dec  9 11:56:39 EST 1996
Article: 3606 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "John W. Hoopes" <hoopes@ukans.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 1996 02:35:38 -0600
Organization: University of Kansas
Lines: 22
Message-ID: <329FF1DA.7133@ukans.edu>
References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org> <1996Nov25.153852.47140@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <57fa0l$bgd@news1.io.org>
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Yuri Kuchinsky wrote:
> 
> Well, if the gourd can float to the shore of America, why couldn't
> shipwrecked sailors on their rafts float to the coast of America? They
> have one added advantage that they can purposefully direct themselves to
> the shore...

If they were drifting from the Pacific islands to the Americas, chances
are they would have been swept far south across vast stretches of ocean,
into cold and inhospitable currents.  Without adequate clothing and
fresh water, they would have died en route.  Maybe their rafts arrived,
but empty.  The far southern Pacific is not the greatest place to be a
castaway.

In fact, floating craft with loads of sweet potatoes could have drifted
westward into the islands without any people on them.  If you don't know
where you're going, it's awfully hard to prepare for the trip...  The
biggest problem about westward ocean journeys would not have been
adequate supplies of food, but sufficient fresh water for drinking as
one floated through the tropics.

John


From hoopes@ukans.edu Mon Dec  9 11:56:41 EST 1996
Article: 3607 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "John W. Hoopes" <hoopes@ukans.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 1996 02:41:15 -0600
Organization: University of Kansas
Lines: 15
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References: <57fau2$bgd@news1.io.org>
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Yuri Kuchinsky wrote:
> 
> This thick volume includes much more important material about
> diffusion, including an article by George C. Carter, A HYPOTHESIS
> SUGGESTING A SINGLE ORIGIN FOR AGRICULTURE (where he also deals with
> potato).

Yuri,

     Before cite George "Older Than You Think" Carter as an authority,
you might want to look at some of the other things he has written.  He
inspires about as much confidence as do Jeffrey "Psychic Archaeology"
Goodman or Barry Fell...

John


From bornette@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr Mon Dec  9 11:56:41 EST 1996
Article: 3608 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bornette@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr (Gudrun BORNETTE)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: riverine wetlands
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 21:20:07 +0100
Organization: URA 1974
Lines: 31
Message-ID: <bornette-2611962120070001@e-chiarello.univ-lyon1.fr>
NNTP-Posting-Host: e-chiarello.univ-lyon1.fr

Here is the announcement of the web site of our research group
"riverine wetlands: succession and restoration"
where you will find our publication list (abstracts are presently added)
our topics and the links to numerous journals concerned with ecology
here are the key words:
AQUATIC PLANTS, RIVERINE WETLANDS, HYDROBIOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM
DYNAMICS, SUCCESSION, DISTURBANCE, DRIFT, MODELLING, PREDICTION,
RESTORATION,ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, HYDROSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, LARGE
RIVERS, BED INCISION, GROUNDWATER

pardon me for cross-posting !
- -- 
                    \\ \\\ |///  //
                     \\ \\\|/// //
                      \\  ~ ~  //
                       (  @ @  )
- ---------------------oOOo-(_)-oOOo------------------------ 
|        Dr Gudrun BORNETTE chargee de recherche CNRS     |
|                      ESA CNRS 5023                      |
|     ECOLOGIE des EAUX DOUCES et des GRANDS FLEUVES      |
|       FRESHWATER and RIVER ECOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT        |
|           Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1              |
|               69622 VILLEURBANNE CEDEX                  |
|     Tel : (33) 72 43 12 94 - Fax : (33) 72 43 11 41     |
|         Email : bornette@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr         |
|   Visit our site : http://limnologie.univ-lyon1.fr      |
|                                         Oooo            |
 --------------------------oooO-----------(  )------------
                           (  )           ) /
                            \ (          (_/
                             \_)


From bornette@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr Mon Dec  9 11:56:42 EST 1996
Article: 3609 of sci.bio.botany
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From: bornette@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr (Gudrun BORNETTE)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: freshwater plants
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 21:19:43 +0100
Organization: URA 1974
Lines: 38
Message-ID: <bornette-2611962119430001@e-chiarello.univ-lyon1.fr>
References: <3299C772.5ADA@imiucca.csi.unimi.it>
NNTP-Posting-Host: e-chiarello.univ-lyon1.fr

In article (Dans l'article) <3299C772.5ADA@imiucca.csi.unimi.it>,
enrico.rodari@jrc.it wrote (écrivait) :

> Gabriele Borsani
> chiau2@imiucca.csi.unimi.it
> 
> Please could any one help me with any information on the ecology of the
> following freshwater macrophytes: Vallisneria spiralis, Myriophyllum
> spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Lagarosiphon major and Elodea densa.
see the web site of our research group
"riverine wetlands: succession and restoration"
where you will find our publication list (abstracts are presently added)

here are the key words:
AQUATIC PLANTS, RIVERINE WETLANDS, HYDROBIOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM
DYNAMICS, SUCCESSION, DISTURBANCE, DRIFT, MODELLING, PREDICTION,
RESTORATION,ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, HYDROSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, LARGE
RIVERS, BED INCISION, GROUNDWATER

                    \\ \\\ |///  //
                     \\ \\\|/// //
                      \\  ~ ~  //
                       (  @ @  )
- ---------------------oOOo-(_)-oOOo------------------------ 
|        Dr Gudrun BORNETTE chargee de recherche CNRS     |
|                      ESA CNRS 5023                      |
|     ECOLOGIE des EAUX DOUCES et des GRANDS FLEUVES      |
|       FRESHWATER and RIVER ECOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT        |
|           Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1              |
|               69622 VILLEURBANNE CEDEX                  |
|     Tel : (33) 72 43 12 94 - Fax : (33) 72 43 11 41     |
|         Email : bornette@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr         |
|   Visit our site : http://limnologie.univ-lyon1.fr      |
|                                         Oooo            |
 --------------------------oooO-----------(  )------------
                           (  )           ) /
                            \ (          (_/
                             \_)


From JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk Mon Dec  9 11:56:43 EST 1996
Article: 3610 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jim A <JimA@ampthill.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: New Zealand
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 1996 20:46:20 +0000
Organization: Hunua Ranges
Lines: 26
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <cboe5AAcc1myEwTw@ampthill.demon.co.uk>
References: <3293ACA5.6D2C@ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de>
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In article <3293ACA5.6D2C@ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de>, Matthias Klein
<unc805@ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de> writes
>Hello everybody,
>
>I'm going to New Zealand for a holiday trip in March and I want to learn
>something about the flora in NZ first. Does anybody know a book or
>website dealing with the flora of NZ, something with pictures if
>possible.
>
>
>Matthias Klein
>MKlein@uni-bonn.de
________________________________________________________________________
When you get there look out for the Kauri tree in the northern parts -
Agathis Australis.  In fact the Matakohe Kauri Museum (North of
Auckland) is a real must to visit.

Books that I have worth looking at are:-

Native New Zealand flowering plants - J.T. Salmon ISBN 0-7900-0223-X
Native trees of New Zealand - J.T. Salmon ISBN 0-7900-0104-7

These are very well illustrated.
-- 
With Best Regards
Jim A.


From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:45 EST 1996
Article: 3611 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 30 Nov 1996 17:17:05 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org> <1996Nov25.153852.47140@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <57fa0l$bgd@news1.io.org> <329FF1DA.7133@ukans.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4561 sci.bio.botany:3611

John W. Hoopes (hoopes@ukans.edu) wrote:
: Yuri Kuchinsky wrote:

: > Well, if the gourd can float to the shore of America, why couldn't
: > shipwrecked sailors on their rafts float to the coast of America? They
: > have one added advantage that they can purposefully direct themselves to
: > the shore...

: If they were drifting from the Pacific islands to the Americas, chances
: are they would have been swept far south across vast stretches of ocean,
: into cold and inhospitable currents.  Without adequate clothing and
: fresh water, they would have died en route.  Maybe their rafts arrived,
: but empty.  The far southern Pacific is not the greatest place to be a
: castaway.

: In fact, floating craft with loads of sweet potatoes could have drifted
: westward into the islands without any people on them.  If you don't know
: where you're going, it's awfully hard to prepare for the trip...  The
: biggest problem about westward ocean journeys would not have been
: adequate supplies of food, but sufficient fresh water for drinking as
: one floated through the tropics.

John,

The studies of ocean currents and prevailing winds in the area have been
done. They show that such journeys are possible. There's a strong current
that moves across the Pacific towards Ecuador coast. 

Sailors have been able to survive on disabled and drifting craft for many
months. They can get fresh water from rainfall, and also from fish that
they can catch. Again, studies have been done in this area. Perhaps you
should learn more about this if you're really interested in these
theories.

Yours,

Yuri.
--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:46 EST 1996
Article: 3612 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: coconut diffusion
Date: 30 Nov 1996 17:28:17 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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CORRECTION:

Yuri Kuchinsky (yuku@io.org) wrote:

: Actually the pineapple was in western Panama... [etc]

Apologies for this silly mistake I made in yesterday's post. I meant, of
course, to say: 

Actually the coconut was in western Panama...

I guess that earlier discussion of pineapple somehow got me off track...

Yuri.


From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:47 EST 1996
Article: 3613 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Date: 30 Nov 1996 17:04:15 GMT
Organization: Internex Online (shell.io.org), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lines: 31
Message-ID: <57ppef$g66@news1.io.org>
References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org> <1996Nov25.153852.47140@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <57f8f2$bgd@news1.io.org> <329FEF1B.6EBA@ukans.edu>
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John W. Hoopes (hoopes@ukans.edu) wrote:
: Yuri Kuchinsky wrote:

: > "The current consensus is that the sweet potato originated in the
: > Americas and was taken thence into the Pacific in pre-Columbian times"
: > (Donald D. Brand, in MAN ACROSS THE SEA, Texas UP, 1971, p. 356)

:      It seems that even short chronological disjunctions give you
: problems!  As I've pointed out before (when I dared to get involved in
: these threads), you tend to place a great deal of confidence in
: out-of-date sources.  Your "current" consensus was published 25 years
: ago, when bell-bottoms and love beads were the height of fashion.  1971
: was a year to remember, but there ain't no way a 1971 publication can be
: considered up-to-date!

John,

Can you show me that the consensus have changed since then? Until such
time as when you will be able to do so, what is the point of your
objection? 

Yours,

Yuri.

--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From marknclair@aol.com Mon Dec  9 11:56:47 EST 1996
Article: 3614 of sci.bio.botany
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From: marknclair@aol.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Christmas Trees
Date: 30 Nov 1996 10:22:45 GMT
Organization: AOL, http://www.aol.co.uk
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Can anyone help me with some information regarding the History of the
Christmas tree, particularly in the UK
TIA
Claire 
Southbank University London


From burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch Mon Dec  9 11:56:48 EST 1996
Article: 3615 of sci.bio.botany
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From: burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: coconut diffusion
Message-ID: <1996Dec1.223721.47165@yogi.urz.unibas.ch>
Date: 1 Dec 96 22:37:21 MET
References: <57kcbf$bgv@news1.io.org>
Followup-To: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Organization: University of Basel, Switzerland
Lines: 38
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.archaeology.mesoamerican:4580 sci.bio.botany:3615

> : >I have a question for you and others. We know the coconut was native to
> : >the Old World (most likely India). So why, at Columbus' arival, so few
> : >coconuts were growing in the New World (mostly in the relatively narrow
> : >area of Columbia's Pacific coast)? If the diffusion was natural, i.e.
> : >non-human-assisted, they should have been all over the tropical America,
> : >right? (Of course we are all aware how important was/is coconut as a
> : >sorce of food for native peoples.) 
> 
> 
> : coconut may have originated in pacific region
> : fossil coconuts are known in NZ from late Miocene period
> 

I looked up the ocean currents in the Atlas.
As a matter of fact, the restricted occurance of Coconut
in a belt from Panama to Columbia would make a
lot of sense when then coconut drifted just across.
There are two large "circular currents", on in the northern
hemisphere in the Pacific rotating clockwise, going
west a little north of the equator, and there is a second
big one in the southern hemisphere, going counterclockwise.
(this one coming from the south gives the rich fishing
grounds at the coast of Peru) and also running west a little
south of the equator.
In the center along the equator is is a narrow countercurrent
which goes from west to east.  this hits the coasts of
Panama and Columbia.  So, thus this would suggest that
coconuts could have floated using that current and drifted
ashore there.
If human assistance had been involved, we would expect
much more widespread distributions.

Thomas Burglin







From tgwong@leland.Stanford.EDU Mon Dec  9 11:56:49 EST 1996
Article: 3616 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ted Wong <tgwong@leland.Stanford.EDU>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: WANTED: California seeds
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 1996 16:57:44 -0800
Organization: Stanford University
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I am a graduate student doing a study of ecotypic variation
in phenology in LAYIA PLATYGLOSSA and LUPINUS BICOLOR.  For
a first-year pilot study, I am looking for seeds of both
species from as many wild California populations as possible.

If you have any Layia platyglossa or Lupinus bicolor seeds
you could give or sell to me, or if you could point me toward
potential sources, I would appreciate it greatly.  I've
already been in touch with Larner Seeds in Bolinas, S & S Seeds
in Carpenteria, and The Theodore Payne Fdn in Sun Valley.

Respond by e-mail.  Thanks in advance.

---------------------------------------------------------
Ted Wong	               tgwong@leland.stanford.edu
Dept. of Biological Sciences	      Stanford University
---------------------------------------------------------



From gullfilm@mailbox.uq.edu.au Mon Dec  9 11:56:50 EST 1996
Article: 3617 of sci.bio.botany
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From: gullfilm@mailbox.uq.edu.au
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.ethology,sci.bio.fisheries,sci.bio.misc,sci.edu,sci.environment,sci.geo.rivers+lakes,sci.misc
Subject: Wildlife clips and pics. This week:Flying Foxes.
Date: Sat, 30 Nov 1996 12:52:08 GMT
Organization: Prentice Centre, University of Queensland
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Please visit:
http://www.uq.edu.au/gulliver/
to download a 10 sec Quicktime clip of Flying Foxes.

Also info and pics of Australian wildlife and ecosystems, available to
students, teachers, etc..  No commercial use please.

Placed by Gulliver Film Productions, Australia.


From yuku@io.org Mon Dec  9 11:56:51 EST 1996
Article: 3618 of sci.bio.botany
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From: yuku@io.org (Yuri Kuchinsky)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology.mesoamerican,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: coconut diffusion
Date: 2 Dec 1996 16:42:30 GMT
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burglin@ubaclu.unibas.ch wrote:

[Yuri:]
: > : >I have a question for you and others. We know the coconut was
native to : > : >the Old World  ... . So why, at Columbus'
arival, so few : > : >coconuts were growing in the New World (mostly in
the relatively narrow : > : >area of Columbia's Pacific coast)? If the
diffusion was natural, i.e.  : > : >non-human-assisted, they should have
been all over the tropical America, : > : >right? (Of course we are all
aware how important was/is coconut as a : > : >sorce of food for native
peoples.) 

: I looked up the ocean currents in the Atlas.
: As a matter of fact, the restricted occurance of Coconut
: in a belt from Panama to Columbia would make a
: lot of sense when then coconut drifted just across.
: There are two large "circular currents", on in the northern
: hemisphere in the Pacific rotating clockwise, going
: west a little north of the equator, and there is a second
: big one in the southern hemisphere, going counterclockwise.
: (this one coming from the south gives the rich fishing
: grounds at the coast of Peru) and also running west a little
: south of the equator.
: In the center along the equator is is a narrow countercurrent
: which goes from west to east.  this hits the coasts of
: Panama and Columbia.  So, thus this would suggest that
: coconuts could have floated using that current and drifted
: ashore there.

Thanks for providing this info, Thomas. Yes, the currents in the Pacific
do seem favourable. Some people even said that the Pacific can be
considered a sort of an "inland sea", not unlike the Mediterranean...

: If human assistance had been involved, we would expect
: much more widespread distributions.

I don't follow your logic here. It seems to me, that if human assistance
was involved (if coconut arrived very early -- with human assistance),
the distribution should have been a lot wider. 

If the coconut arrived all by itself, this should have happened very
early. Thus, the humans would have been sure to see its usefulness as
food, and would have spread it very wide.

On the other hand, a narrow distribution is entirely consistent with the
version I suggested in my previous post: the coconut arrived with human
assistance, but rather late.

Best,

Yuri.

--
           **    Yuri Kuchinsky in Toronto   **
  -- a webpage like any other...  http://www.io.org/~yuku  --
 
Most of the evils of life arise from man's being 
unable to sit still in a room    ||    B. Pascal


From vcp@tpts1.seed.net.tw Mon Dec  9 11:56:52 EST 1996
Article: 3619 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Vincent P. Chu" <vcp@tpts1.seed.net.tw>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: stomata and waxy leaves
Date: Sun, 01 Dec 1996 13:41:24 +0800
Organization: Vcp Technology Inc
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I am a high school sophmore doing a lab comparing the number of stomata
on waxy leaves and less waxy leaves. (Wax as in the cutin produced by
the palisade mesophyll cells.) It turns out that the more waxy leaves
have less stomta per mm sqrd. than the less waxy leaves. I would be most
grateful is someone could help me with this. Please reply to 
vcp@tpts1.seed.net.tw

Thanks
~vince


From REHJames@worldnet.att.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:53 EST 1996
Article: 3620 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Hayden James" <REHJames@worldnet.att.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.technology
Subject: Mutation of Protozoans
Date: 3 Dec 1996 21:59:16 GMT
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Thank You for your answers.  I have a couple of more questions to ask
concerning microbes found in the aquarium.  Is it possible to mutate the
microbes in the tank by adding different chemicals causing the organisms to
change its way of function or eating etc?  If so how would this be possible
and what procedures would I have to go through?  Finally what organisms
would must easily mutate?

Thank You

Hayden A. James




From embryo@singnet.com.sg Mon Dec  9 11:56:54 EST 1996
Article: 3621 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "4Ts" <embryo@singnet.com.sg>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: what is Mahuang???
Date: 2 Dec 1996 11:59:17 GMT
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I've heard of this herb Mahuang..can someone tell me what kind of herd is
this ..the properties...etc..a chinese herb???



From muttiah@brcsun0.tamu.edu Mon Dec  9 11:56:55 EST 1996
Article: 3622 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "r.s.muttiah" <muttiah@brcsun0.tamu.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Allometric measurement
Date: 3 Dec 1996 15:24:29 GMT
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Would appreciate any references to non-destructive measurement
of plant biomass by allometric measurement of stem diameter/length.



From larix@well.com Mon Dec  9 11:56:56 EST 1996
Article: 3623 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mistletoe
Date: Tue, 03 Dec 1996 10:40:24 -0600
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Mistletoe is supposed to be a hemiparasite- it has chlorophyll but it
needs to have a host to absorb inorganic nutrients.  Is this correct,
and has there been any speculation about how this line of plants
descended from something else?


-------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeffrey J Wagner; P.O. Box 433, Niwot, CO 80544; 
phone: (303)652-3674; fax: (303) 652-3676; e-mail: larix@well.com
-------------------------------------------------------------------


From bex@foscot.demon.co.uk Mon Dec  9 11:56:57 EST 1996
Article: 3624 of sci.bio.botany
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From: *** <bex@foscot.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Estimating Tree Age
Date: Sun, 1 Dec 1996 22:56:42 +0000
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In article <32a66251.5859179@news.onr.com>, Victor Engel <Stop@The-
Light.com> writes
>
>"Steve Blight" <blights@cpgsv1.am.doe.ca> wrote:
>
>>I am interested in finding a way to estimate the age of hardwoods
>>(specifically northern red oak and sugar maple) simply by measuring
>>diameter and estimating height.  It is only for my own interest (I own a
>>woodlot), so I do not want to core or cut down any trees to generate
>>correlations.  I have done considerable research in libraries, but have
>>drawn a blank so far.  Does anybody have any ideas?
>>
>>Steve Blight
>>Ottawa, Ontario
>
>
According to the late Alan Mitchell (highly respected dendrologist) the
average growth of a tree, measured at five feet up is one inch a year.
He includes Red Oak (Quercus rubra) in a list of exceptions that average
two to three inches a year, describing it as having particularly fast
early growth. (Whether this is the same species as your Northern Red Oak
I don't know).
Hope this helps.
-- 
bex


From jbumgarner@sciquest.com Mon Dec  9 11:56:58 EST 1996
Article: 3625 of sci.bio.botany
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From mrjames@netsync.net Mon Dec  9 11:56:59 EST 1996
Article: 3626 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mrjames@netsync.net (J.D. Richardson)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.ecology,sci.bio.microbiology,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.technology
Subject: Re: Mutation of Protozoans
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"Hayden James" <REHJames@worldnet.att.net> wrote:

>Thank You for your answers.  I have a couple of more questions to ask
>concerning microbes found in the aquarium.  Is it possible to mutate the
>microbes in the tank by adding different chemicals causing the organisms to
>change its way of function or eating etc?  If so how would this be possible
>and what procedures would I have to go through?  Finally what organisms
>would must easily mutate?
..........................

I don't recommend building the device, but I recall that in the 1950's
or 60's, Scientific American Magazine, in their "Amateur Scientists"
column, had full plans to build your own X-ray machine. 

"Grow your own Mutes at Home."   ; )

I was going to make such a machine, but was at that age where I
suddenly discovered girls, and lost all interest in X rays.


From MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il Mon Dec  9 11:57:00 EST 1996
Article: 3627 of sci.bio.botany
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From: MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il (Jonathan B. Marder)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: endosymbiotic theory
Date: Tue, 03 Dec 96 10:01:32 GMT
Organization: Hebrew University
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In article <19961202175000.MAA16766@ladder01.news.aol.com>,
   brianteas@aol.com wrote:
>I am researching why there are different types of chlorplasts (membranes
>and pigments) in algae and terrestrial plants and was wondering if anyone
>had a good simple explanation as to why.  This is for general introductory
>purposes.  I understand the reasoning behind the endosymbiotic theory but
>there are still such differences.
>
>Brian 

This is a really interesting question. Chloroplasts of terrestrial plants and 
green algae are apparently related to prokaryotes like Prochloron or 
Prochlorothrix. These bacteria have chlorophylls a and b but no 
phycobilisomes.

The situation is different for rhodophytes (red algae) where the plastids 
(rhodoplasts) appear to be like cyanobacteria i.e. they have no chlorophyll b,
but do have phycobilisomes. This is also true for Cyanophora paradoxa, a 
eukaryote with a cyanobacterium-like plastid.

Thus we have evidence for at least two types of plastid pointing to two 
separate endosymbiotic events in evolution.

BTW It seems that relatives of purple non-sulphur photosynthetic bacteria also 
found their way into eukarotes, but lost their photosynthetic capacity. It is 
to this bacterial group that mitochondria are most closely related. 




Jonathan B. Marder             ,      Department of Agricultural Botany
E-mail: MARDER@agri.huji.ac.il |      The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Phone: (08 or +9728) 9481918   | /\/  Faculty of Agriculture
Fax:   (08 or +9728) 9467763   |/  \  P.O.Box 12, Rehovot 76100, ISRAEL
     http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/~marder


From billaf@dnc.net Mon Dec  9 11:57:01 EST 1996
Article: 3628 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Bill LaFollette <billaf@dnc.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Ginko Biloba
Date: Tue, 03 Dec 1996 22:27:17 -0800
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Could someone tell me, or send me to a site for information on growing
Ginko Biloba in the pacific northwest


From jan.wesenberg@lu.hioslo.no Mon Dec  9 11:57:02 EST 1996
Article: 3629 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jan Wesenberg <jan.wesenberg@lu.hioslo.no>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mistletoe
Date: Wed, 04 Dec 1996 11:47:51 +0200
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The mistletoe shares this "way of life" (named semiparasitism) with
quite a lot of other plants, many of them rather unrelated to the
mistletoe. This means that the transition to semiparasitism has occured
several separate times in different branches of the angiosperm tree.

The most widely known semiparasitic plants in the northern temperate
regions is the subfamily Rhinanthoideae of Scrophulariaceae, containing
genera such as Melampyrum, Euphrasia, Pedicularis, Castilleja and others
(I don't know the English names). They are herbaceous plants widespread
in northern mountain, forest, meadow and mire vegetation. They are
completely unrelated to mistletoe (that is, they are of course also
floweing plants).

Your question therefore has at least two independent meanings. The first
one is: how did the Mistletoe family arise? This is an ordinary
phylogenetic question, and the answer depends upon the answerer's point
of view upon plant systematics. First one must understand that the
ancestors of almost any modern plant group are extinct and what they
looked like is almost for certain completely unknown. So the only
possible way to search for the origin of a floweing plant family is in
most cases to search for sister groups, not ancestors. The standard
answer to this (apparently unchallanged by new systematic treatments) is
that Viscaceae (the mistletoe family) is closely related to several
other mostly parasitic/semiparasitic families and together with them
constitute the order Santalales. In traditional works Santalales are
regarded part of a large branch of angiosperms called the tetracyclic
rosids. In newer works this large branch is usually regarded an
artificial assemblage. R. F. Thorne (1992 - sorry, this is not his
latest version!), e.g., places Santalales together with the
holoparasitic (nonphotosynthetic) order Balanophorales in a superorder
of their own, Santalanae, and does not indicate the possible
relationships of this to other angiosperm superorders. In the now rather
famous molecular systematic treatment of Chase & al (1993, in Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard.), Santalales (including Viscaceae) appear as a
sister group to a clade consisting of the caryophyllid families
(carnations, cacti, spinach and others), the Polygonales (rhubarbs,
sorrels, docks) and the insectivorous families Droseraceae and
Nepenthaceae. Together, this large assemblage constiutes one of the
major branches of the cladogram. If this picture will be confirmed by
future research, nobody knows.

In the other meaning, how did semiparasitism arise, it is a different
question. Of course, the transition to semiparasitism involves some
advanced ecological and physiological transformations, including the
ability to search for a host and to attach to it in order to get the
water and minerals from it. Such transformations do of course have a
genetic basis, and must have given the plants an increased fitness,
channeled through population genetic processes in some ancient
populations, in a concrete ancient environment. It is even possible that
several of the necessary steps arose as parts of adaptations to
completely other phenomena than semiparasitism - and only later on
served as preadaptations facilitating the transition. I am not very much
into what is known about this transition, perhaps you will receive
better answers to this than mine. But, on the other hand, there are so
many other strange adaptations among plants, also involving very precise
and advanced transformations (adaptations to full parasitism,
insectivory, to different modes of pollination and seed dispersal, to
arid climates, to aquatic life and so on) - so why not semiparasitism?
In this light it does not seem that strange or unique.


From petnick@aol.com Mon Dec  9 11:57:04 EST 1996
Article: 3630 of sci.bio.botany
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From: petnick@aol.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Secondary Teacher has question
Date: 4 Dec 1996 17:45:15 GMT
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Hi:

I have a student doing a science project studying growth rate of spider
plants and
the effect of music on the growth.It is controled, rock and classic are
the variables. Any suggestions I can give her on how to embellish her 
project. If so I can be reached at petnick@aol.com

Peter Judson, Montreal Quebec


From mvirch@bnr.ca Mon Dec  9 11:57:05 EST 1996
Article: 3631 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mvirch@bnr.ca (Mitchell Virchick P225)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Pin Oak definition needed
Date: 4 Dec 1996 17:57:43 GMT
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I live in the eastern Piedmont area of North Carolina.  People on my street call a certain tree a "Pin Oak", but my Audubon field guide shows a leaf for the Pin Oak which looks a lot more like an oak leaf with pinnate rather than rounded edges.  The closest thing I can find, leaf-wise, to this tree which my neighbors call "Pin Oak" are the leaves of Ash trees.  I also don't think this "Pin Oak" yields acorns.  Can any Piedmont person elaborate on what people seem to mistakenly call a Pin Oak? 
-- 


From corelli@leland.stanford.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:06 EST 1996
Article: 3632 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Richard J. Corelli, M.D." <corelli@leland.stanford.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Rare & Endangered Plants of San Mateo and Santa Clara County
Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 22:23:54 -0800
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Please see web page at
http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~corelli/botany.html
for information on ordering new book on the rare and endangered plants of
San Mateo and Santa Clara County. Also located here are extensive plant
lists for a number of parks and open space areas [Edgewood Park, Montara
Mountain, Pescadero Marsh,  etc]


From jiyoder@ucdavis.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:07 EST 1996
Article: 3633 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Joh I. Yoder" <jiyoder@ucdavis.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Triphysaria
Date: Wed, 04 Dec 1996 10:19:07 -0800
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I am interested in uderstanding the genetic basis of parasitism in the
Scrophulariaceae. For a model we are using Triphysaria pusilla. This is
fairly recent name, I think it use to go by Orthocarpus. IN any case, I
would like to identify as many different populations of this as
possible, prefereable with some information or seeds of neighboring host
plants.

Does any one out there know of some T. pusilla populations? I would be
much appreciative if you could send me any seeds you come across in your
wild flower searches.

Let me know if you share a common interest.

John Yoder
Professor
university of California, Davis

jiyoder@ucdavis.edu


From wh_reid@pnl.gov Mon Dec  9 11:57:08 EST 1996
Article: 3634 of sci.bio.botany
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From: wh_reid@pnl.gov (William H. Reid)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Mistletoe
Date: 6 Dec 1996 03:18:51 GMT
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> Mistletoe is supposed to be a hemiparasite- it has chlorophyll but it
> needs to have a host to absorb inorganic nutrients.  

It is, also, no doubt getting water from the tree, as on the local Juniper
there.
Don't know on evolutionary origins speculation, but there is a fair
literature with much onthe (also) highly evolved seed dispersal mechanisms
(explosive release, sticky seeds, etc.). Go over to EPO Biology at C.U.and
check with Yan Linhart or Jane Bock.
Bill
-- 
William H. Reid, Sr. Res. Sci.  <wh_reid@ccmail.pnl.gov>
Environmental Technology, K6-84   
Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, WA 99352-0999 USA <http://www.pnl.gov>


From arthurv@awod.com Mon Dec  9 11:57:09 EST 1996
Article: 3635 of sci.bio.botany
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From: arthurv@awod.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion (errata)
Date: 5 Dec 1996 21:38:10 -0800
Organization: Zip News
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NNTP-Posting-Host: chs0168.awod.com

In article <585ekp$cob@lana.zippo.com>, arthurv@awod.com says...
>
>In article <57pq6h$g66@news1.io.org>, yuku@io.org says...
>>
>>John W. Hoopes (hoopes@ukans.edu) wrote:
>>: Yuri Kuchinsky wrote:
>>
>>: > Well, if the gourd can float to the shore of America, why couldn't
>>: > shipwrecked sailors on their rafts float to the coast of America? They
>>: > have one added advantage that they can purposefully direct themselves to
>>: > the shore...
>>
>>: If they were drifting from the Pacific islands to the Americas, chances
>>: are they would have been swept far south across vast stretches of ocean,
>>: into cold and inhospitable currents.  Without adequate clothing and
>>: fresh water, they would have died en route.  Maybe their rafts arrived,
>>: but empty.  The far southern Pacific is not the greatest place to be a
>>: castaway.
>>
>>: In fact, floating craft with loads of sweet potatoes could have drifted
>>: westward into the islands without any people on them.  If you don't know
>>: where you're going, it's awfully hard to prepare for the trip...  The
>>: biggest problem about westward ocean journeys would not have been
>>: adequate supplies of food, but sufficient fresh water for drinking as
>>: one floated through the tropics.
>>
>>John,
>>
>>The studies of ocean currents and prevailing winds in the area have been
>>done. They show that such journeys are possible. There's a strong current
>>that moves across the Pacific towards Ecuador coast. 
>>
>>Sailors have been able to survive on disabled and drifting craft for many
>>months. They can get fresh water from rainfall, and also from fish that
>>they can catch. Again, studies have been done in this area. Perhaps you
>>should learn more about this if you're really interested in these
>>theories.
>>
>
>Hi y'all,
>
>A fellow researcher directed my attention to this thread. He provided me printed copies of previous discussions, and I did not come across mention of the "Kon-Tiki Theory."
>
> The Kon Tiki voyage certainly gave credence to the idea that ancient people using materials available in South America at that time (e.g., reed, rope or some type of rope material, etc) could have built reed boats and could have reached the outermost South Pacific Islands. In addition, linguistic evidence certainly supports a parallel route to the Spanish galleon's "batata" route 

- - - stuff deleted - - - -

oops... my mistake here. The theoretical routes should read:

Possible prehistoric: "kumara" line from S. America to Polynesia/New Zealand
Spanish 16th century (the galleons): "kamote" line from Mexico to the Philippines

Spanish 15th century (to Europe) : Aje,camote,batatas ---> to Africa, India, Indonesia, and thereabouts = "batata line"


Hope this clarifies a few things.

Arthur

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

e-mail: arthurv@awod.com
the sweetpotato homepage: http://www2.linknet.net/s_potato

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-


From vcp@tpts1.seed.net.tw Mon Dec  9 11:57:10 EST 1996
Article: 3636 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Vincent P. Chu" <vcp@tpts1.seed.net.tw>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stomata and waxy leaves-what I need help on
Date: Sun, 01 Dec 1996 13:49:45 +0800
Organization: SEEDNET InterNetNews News System
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To: vcp@tpts1.seed.net.tw

Vincent P. Chu wrote:
> 
> I am a high school sophmore doing a lab comparing the number of stomata
> on waxy leaves and less waxy leaves. (Wax as in the cutin produced by
> the palisade mesophyll cells.) It turns out that the more waxy leaves
> have less stomta per mm sqrd. than the less waxy leaves. I would be most
> grateful is someone could help me with this. Please reply to
> vcp@tpts1.seed.net.tw
> 
> Thanks
> ~vince

This Vince again, I forgot to tell you what I need help on.(read
previous message) I cannot explain *why* does the waxy leaf have less
stomta than the less waxy
leaf. 
Thanks
thanks again



From nshubin@sas.upenn.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:11 EST 1996
Article: 3637 of sci.bio.botany
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From: nshubin@sas.upenn.edu (Neil Shubin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Graduate Program
Date: 6 Dec 1996 19:17:59 GMT
Organization: University of Pennsylvania
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   The Department of Biology of the University of Pennsylvania invites
applications for training in ecology and evolutionary biology.  We
currently  have an NSF-sponsored training grant available to support
doctoral students* beginning in Fall 1997.  The new 5-year training
initiative will provide students with a solid background in basic science
while giving them the tools to become effective problem solvers in areas
that affect both the natural biological world and social systems.  The
curriculum includes instruction in environmental law, public policy, and
science writing.  Students interested in a wide variety of ecological,
evolutionary, and paleontological problems are encouraged to apply.

   The core faculty are members of the Biology Department at Penn and
adjunct faculty at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the
nearby Stroud Water Research Center, and the Conservation Research Center
in Front Royal, Va.  A policy seminar will be taught by Dan Janzen, a
world expert in biological and political issues related to the
conservation of biodiversity.  Additional courses will involve members of
the Philadelphia legal community and professional journalists.

   The faculty are well-equipped to supervise a wide variety of
dissertation research topics.  Their field sites are distributed
world-wide, and many are involved in the collection of long-term data
sets.  Examples of research interests include behavioral ecology (Dorothy
Cheney, John Smith), freshwater and marine community ecology (Clyde
Goulden, David Hart, Peter Petraitis), physiological ecology/population
biology of plants and animals (Brenda Casper, Art Dunham), biodiversity
and animal-plant interactions (Dan Janzen), and evolution and systematics
(Dominique Didier, Neil Shubin).  Paul Sniegowski, who studies the
evolution of natural mutation rates, joins the Biology Department in
January.  Students will be encouraged to take advantage of campus-wide
programs in computational biology, paleobiology, and environmental
sciences.

   A number of natural habitats are easily accessible from the Penn
campus--coastal and freshwater marshes, the pinelands of New Jersey,
hardwood forests, and serpentine barrens.  The Academy of Natural Sciences
houses one of the best natural history libraries in the country and
several major collections, including mollucs, diatoms, fishes and birds. 
Students commonly use resources at the American Museum of Natural History
(N.Y.C.) and the Smithsonian (Washington, D.C.).  The Morris Arboretum and
the Tyler Arboretum are within an hour¹s drive.  Some students conduct
their field research overseas.

   We encourage applications from women and minorities.  The deadline for
applications is January 15 of each year, for the following fall.  For more
information concerning this training grant contact:

Dr. Brenda Casper
E-Mail address:  bcasper@sas.upenn.edu
or
Dr. Neil Shubin
E-Mail address:  nshubin@sas.upenn.edu

or if a Graduate Division School of Arts and Sciences application packet
is needed, contact:

Allan M. Aiken
E-Mail address:  aaiken@sas.upenn.edu




*This NSF-sponsored training grant is limited to the support of United
States citizens and landed residents only.


From msachs@uiuc.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:12 EST 1996
Article: 3638 of sci.bio.botany
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From: msachs@uiuc.edu (Marty Sachs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maize
Date: Fri, 06 Dec 1996 17:59:51 -0600
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In article <32A8306E.3C95@well.com>, Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com> wrote:

:I read in the paper recently that the US is trying to ram millions of
:tons of gentically altered maize down European throats, and that the
:Europeans won't buy it.  The article said that the corn contained a gene
:that is resistant to antibiotics and that would make it less susceptible
:to attacks by the corn borer.  The Europeans say that introducing any
:exotic organism like that into the foodchain is irresponsible and
:dangerous, and that in all likelihood it would make for more "super
:organisms" like the e-coli strain that is killing people now.  
:I have 2 questions:
:Is that kind of maize already widely used in the US?
:and
:What is the connection between the gene and the insect pest?
:Thanks!


Jeff,

IMHO, the greatest example of genetic engineering is the conversion of
teosinte into domesticated maize that was accomplished by Native American
farmers ~10,000 years ago.  Everything done to maize since, pales by
comparison.  It's puzzling to me that when genetic improvements are made by
so-called 'conventional' breeding methods, it doesn't raise any red flags,
even though this frequently includes introducing a gene from one species
into another.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Marty Sachs                 msachs@uiuc.edu     (217) 244-0864

         Maize Genetics Cooperation - Stock Center    
S123 Turner Hall            maize@uiuc.edu [stock requests]
1102 S. Goodwin Ave.        (217) 333-6631 [phone]
Urbana, IL  61801-4798      (217) 333-6064 [FAX]
                http://www.uiuc.edu/ph/www/maize [URL]
----------------------------------------------------------------


From benda-s@netmedia.net.il Mon Dec  9 11:57:13 EST 1996
Article: 3639 of sci.bio.botany
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From: benda-s@netmedia.net.il (Slomo)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Chayotte (chrystopfine, mirlition, chou-chou)
Date: Fri, 06 Dec 1996 14:04:45 GMT
Organization: NetMedia
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I am am looking for informatiuon, about this fruis botaniucal family, 
climate  conditions,  how to grow and its propagation.

benda-s@netmedia.net.il (Shlomo ben david)



From qra@aol.com Mon Dec  9 11:57:14 EST 1996
Article: 3640 of sci.bio.botany
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From: qra@aol.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stomata and waxy leaves-what I need help on
Date: 7 Dec 1996 15:49:54 GMT
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Dear Vince

What they told me in college was that the existence of a heavy wax coating
on leaves is generally an adaptation to dry conditions (or at least
conditions in which the plant needs to conserve water).  The decreased
number of stomata on such leaves is another such adaptation.  A plant with
these adaptations is generally refered to as being xerophytic (pronounced
"zero-fit-ick").  Hope this helps.

(8^)  Q-RAH!


From imiller@hal.intranet.ca Mon Dec  9 11:57:16 EST 1996
Article: 3641 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Ian Miller <imiller@hal.intranet.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Mushroom Picture Search
Date: Fri, 06 Dec 1996 09:18:54 -0500
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G'Day G'Day from the Ottawa Valley:

I'm searching for colour photos/slides of a variety of mushrooms.
If anyone has any, or information as to where I might acquire them, I'd
sure appreciate hearing from you.

My e-mail address is   imiller@hal.intranet.ca

Thanks for your help.

Ian Miller


From cale@owlnet.rice.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:17 EST 1996
Article: 3642 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Carolyn Mary Lee <cale@owlnet.rice.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: chinese privet
Date: Sat, 07 Dec 1996 11:58:07 -0600
Organization: Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Hi, I'm a Rice University undergraduate and in our Ecology lab we're
studying pattern dispersion for the Houston Arboretum.  I was wondering
if anyone knew anything about the chinese privet like what sort of
climate and soil conditions it grows in, does it like to grow in
sunlight or shade, water retention, etc.  Any information would be
helpful.... we're getting desperate.  


thanks


Carolyn


From mk95528@navix.net Mon Dec  9 11:57:18 EST 1996
Article: 3643 of sci.bio.botany
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From: mk95528@navix.net (Margie Krick)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: FREE BOOKS
Date: Fri, 06 Dec 1996 18:50:53 GMT
Organization: Navix: Aliant Communications Internet Services
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A excellent easy to understand free 36 page winemaking book is
available for download to your favorite word processor at rec.crafts.
winemaking newsgroup. Feel free to distribute this free book to your
friends all you want as long as the electronic book remains like it is
now. It was posted 12-05-96. I can also e-mail the copy to you in two
parts if you like.
We also have a free 66 page electronic health book we can e-mail to
you too. Just request the health book and we can e-mail  that yo you
in three parts.

Happy Winemaking-

Richard
http://www.alice.net/pers/antiqque.htm


From larix@well.com Mon Dec  9 11:57:19 EST 1996
Article: 3644 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: maize
Date: Fri, 06 Dec 1996 08:40:50 -0600
Organization: University of Colorado at Boulder
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I read in the paper recently that the US is trying to ram millions of
tons of gentically altered maize down European throats, and that the
Europeans won't buy it.  The article said that the corn contained a gene
that is resistant to antibiotics and that would make it less susceptible
to attacks by the corn borer.  The Europeans say that introducing any
exotic organism like that into the foodchain is irresponsible and
dangerous, and that in all likelihood it would make for more "super
organisms" like the e-coli strain that is killing people now.  
I have 2 questions:
Is that kind of maize already widely used in the US?
and
What is the connection between the gene and the insect pest?
Thanks!
Jeff
 

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeffrey J Wagner; P.O. Box 433, Niwot, CO 80544; 
phone: (303)652-3674; fax: (303) 652-3676; e-mail: larix@well.com
-------------------------------------------------------------------


From Jean.Ibell.2@massey.ac.nz Mon Dec  9 11:57:20 EST 1996
Article: 3645 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jean.Ibell.2@massey.ac.nz
Newsgroups: alt.books.technical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: BRITISH FLORA BOOK: INFO NEEDED
Date: Mon, 09 Dec 1996 10:01:45 +1200
Organization: Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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I am wanting to purchase a book on the flora of Britain for my brother 
and his wife who live in Bristol, Britain. Both are botanists so I am 
after a title neither too simplisitic yet not too "scientific". 
Certainly, it must have good illustrations/photos. Possibly the most 
logical type of book would be one dealing with trees and shrubs. If 
anyone reading this message knows of any titles they think would be 
appropriate, I would greatly appreciate their input. If possible, please 
email me.

Thanks for your help

Jonathan Ibell
Palmerston North
New Zealand


From Ellis@howl.demon.co.uk Mon Dec  9 11:57:21 EST 1996
Article: 3646 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!cnn.Princeton.EDU!cbgw1.lucent.com!cbgw3.lucent.com!news.pbi.net!news.mathworks.com!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!mail2news.demon.co.uk!howl.demon.co.uk!Ellis
From: Ellis@howl.demon.co.uk (Ellis Grover)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.agriculture
Subject: Sugar Cane
Date: Sun, 08 Dec 96 14:46:58 GMT
Organization: -
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I'm selling for $10 "The Growing of Sugar Cane" by Roger Humbert (1963),
710 pages, it is no use to me but a great book if you are interested
in sugar cane growing (*very* interested)  Postage extra. Please email
me if you'd like more info. Thanks. 
-- 
Ellis Grover



From jlee@monmouth.com Mon Dec  9 11:57:23 EST 1996
Article: 3647 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!news.new-york.net!news.interactive.net!node2.frontiernet.net!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in3.uu.net!205.164.220.8!news.monmouth.com!news
From: jlee@monmouth.com (John Lee)
Newsgroups: sci.techniques.testing.misc,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.research
Subject: Heavy Metal Testing in plants
Date: Sun, 08 Dec 1996 23:36:40 GMT
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Hi,
	I'm a Sophomore at the Ocean Township High School in NJ.  For
my Honors biology class, each person has to do an orginal research
project that will be presented to the NJ Junior Academy of Science.
	For my project, I'm doing research to see if crop plants will
take in heavy metals if municipal sludge is used to fetilize the soil.

	My question is, what's the best/easiest way for me to detect
heavy metals, such as Mercury, Lead, or Cadmium.  What kind of
equipment do I need?  How would I be able to do this?

	Thank you.

	Johnie Lee



From baron@enterprise.net Mon Dec  9 11:57:24 EST 1996
Article: 3648 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!news-server.ncren.net!interpath!news.interpath.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-fw-22.sprintlink.net!www.nntp.primenet.com!nntp.primenet.com!ix.netcom.com!netcom.net.uk!netcom-uk-feed0!news.enterprise.net!usenet
From: baron@enterprise.net (Peter Baron)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Botanical type books at reduced prices
Date: Sat, 07 Dec 1996 14:57:19 GMT
Organization: Enterprise PLC - Internet Services
Lines: 8
Message-ID: <58c0mo$7g6@news.enterprise.net>
NNTP-Posting-Host: max02-103.enterprise.net
X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82

My Catalogue 79 contains lots of recently published botanical books at
redsuced prices, please return this email for a copy.

Best wishes,

Peter Baron




From jrbouldin@ucdavis.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:25 EST 1996
Article: 3649 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!news_server.cs.unc.edu!news-server.ncren.net!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!portal.gmu.edu!news.sprintlink.net!news-dc-9.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-hub.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!news.bbnplanet.com!su-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.sgi.com!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!info.ucla.edu!news.ucdavis.edu!usenet
From: jim bouldin <jrbouldin@ucdavis.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Estimating Tree Age
Date: Wed, 04 Dec 1996 13:19:05 -0800
Organization: University of California at Davis
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Steve Blight wrote:
> 
> I am interested in finding a way to estimate the age of hardwoods
> (specifically northern red oak and sugar maple) simply by measuring
> diameter and estimating height.  It is only for my own interest (I own a
> woodlot), so I do not want to core or cut down any trees to generate
> correlations.  I have done considerable research in libraries, but have
> drawn a blank so far.  Does anybody have any ideas?
> 
> Steve Blight
> Ottawa, Ontario

Steve you're going to have to either core some trees or get some data
>from  the USFS or Canadian forest service on the growth rates relative to
site factors.  Try the Northeast Forest Experiment Station of the USFS
(not sure where located).  Also I think sugar maple is pretty shade
tolerant, so age-diameter correlations are likely to be highly variable.
Red Oak I'm not sure about, but being an oak it's likely to be less
shade tolerant and therefore easier to predict age from diameter.


From arthurv@awod.com Mon Dec  9 11:57:27 EST 1996
Article: 3650 of sci.bio.botany
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From: arthurv@awod.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: bottle gourd and sweet potato diffusion
Date: 4 Dec 1996 19:13:29 -0800
Organization: Zip News
Lines: 60
Sender: usenet@ftp.zippo.com
Message-ID: <585ekp$cob@lana.zippo.com>
References: <57a8t6$6da@news1.io.org> <1996Nov25.153852.47140@yogi.urz.unibas.ch> <57fa0l$bgd@news1.io.org> <329FF1DA.7133@ukans.edu> <57pq6h$g66@news1.io.org>
NNTP-Posting-Host: chs0001.awod.com

In article <57pq6h$g66@news1.io.org>, yuku@io.org says...
>
>John W. Hoopes (hoopes@ukans.edu) wrote:
>: Yuri Kuchinsky wrote:
>
>: > Well, if the gourd can float to the shore of America, why couldn't
>: > shipwrecked sailors on their rafts float to the coast of America? They
>: > have one added advantage that they can purposefully direct themselves to
>: > the shore...
>
>: If they were drifting from the Pacific islands to the Americas, chances
>: are they would have been swept far south across vast stretches of ocean,
>: into cold and inhospitable currents.  Without adequate clothing and
>: fresh water, they would have died en route.  Maybe their rafts arrived,
>: but empty.  The far southern Pacific is not the greatest place to be a
>: castaway.
>
>: In fact, floating craft with loads of sweet potatoes could have drifted
>: westward into the islands without any people on them.  If you don't know
>: where you're going, it's awfully hard to prepare for the trip...  The
>: biggest problem about westward ocean journeys would not have been
>: adequate supplies of food, but sufficient fresh water for drinking as
>: one floated through the tropics.
>
>John,
>
>The studies of ocean currents and prevailing winds in the area have been
>done. They show that such journeys are possible. There's a strong current
>that moves across the Pacific towards Ecuador coast. 
>
>Sailors have been able to survive on disabled and drifting craft for many
>months. They can get fresh water from rainfall, and also from fish that
>they can catch. Again, studies have been done in this area. Perhaps you
>should learn more about this if you're really interested in these
>theories.
>

Hi y'all,

A fellow researcher directed my attention to this thread. He provided me printed copies of previous discussions, and I did not come across mention of the "Kon-Tiki Theory."

 The Kon Tiki voyage certainly gave credence to the idea that ancient people using materials available in South America at that time (e.g., reed, rope or some type of rope material, etc) could have built reed boats and could have reached the outermost South Pacific Islands. In addition, linguistic evidence certainly supports a parallel route to the Spanish galleon's "batata" route (vs. the "kumara" route that is further south?). The people in ancient South America could have taken such boat voyages due West -- how else could those huge statues on Easter Island been erected? It has been suggested that some of these ancient seafarers (not the statues) could have ventured further westward, resulting in the intentional or unintentional introduction of the sweetpotato (a likely staple on board).

There is no definitive evidence that supports human-mediated pre-historic introduction of the sweetpotato from South America into the South Pacific, except for linguistic and other circumstancial evidence that we are all aware of. The same applies to "supposed" natural causes e.g., capsules drifting across the vast ocean. However, I have actually seen sweetpotato capsules germinating given the proper environmental conditions. Otherwise, these hardy fruits have to be scarified with acid or by physical means in order to get routine germination. Again, circumstancial evidence to suggest that if capsules could have survived the transport process, whether by water or air, they certainly could have germinated once deposited on land. Again, many assumptions here.

Of course, we can always go back several eons, back to when the continents were still drifting apart. How else to explain the sweetpotato's apparent pantropical distribution?

I do not know  much about the gourd in this thread, but I have certainly worked with sweetpotatoes for quite a while now, hence my 2 cents.

Sincerely,

Arthur

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

e-mail: arthurv@awod.com
the sweetpotato homepage: http://www2.linknet.net/s_potato


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-


From hschmahl@duchesse.zdv.Uni-Mainz.DE Mon Dec  9 11:57:27 EST 1996
Article: 3651 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in1.uu.net!204.253.208.40!insync!Gamma.RU!srcc!demos!news.uni-stuttgart.de!news.ruhr-uni-bochum.de!news.rwth-aachen.de!newsserver.rrzn.uni-hannover.de!news.dkrz.de!news.rrz.uni-hamburg.de!news.uni-mainz.de!duchesse.zdv.Uni-Mainz.DE!hschmahl
From: Helmut Schmahl <hschmahl@duchesse.zdv.Uni-Mainz.DE>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: PLEASE, PLEASE HELP!!!
Date: Wed, 4 Dec 1996 16:36:08 +0100
Organization: Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Germany
Lines: 15
Message-ID: <Pine.OSF.3.95.961204163455.27869C-100000@duchesse.zdv.Uni-Mainz.DE>
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Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
To: GEMVG1 <gemvg1@aol.com>
In-Reply-To: <53437j$fuf@newsbf02.news.aol.com>


Dear Claire,
We just read your posting. I am not a biologist and don't know what you
are looking. However, I am demonstrating this newsgroup to two friends who
study biology. Therefore please excuse this test message.

Helmut

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Helmut Schmahl, Historisches Seminar Abteilung I, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, 
		Tel. 06131/395404 (dienstl.), 
		Tel./FAX (priv.): 06731/45298;	
		from U.S. phone/FAX: 011-49-6731-45298.
		E-Mail: hschmahl@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de



From hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca Mon Dec  9 11:57:28 EST 1996
Article: 3652 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.erols.net!cam-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.bbnplanet.com!su-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!arclight.uoregon.edu!news.bc.net!torn!news.unb.ca!coranto.ucs.mun.ca!morgan.ucs.mun.ca!hclase
From: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca (Howard Clase)
Newsgroups: alt.books.technical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: BRITISH FLORA BOOK: INFO NEEDED
Date: 9 Dec 1996 14:58:33 GMT
Organization: Memorial University of Newfoundland
Lines: 22
Message-ID: <58h9ep$udn@coranto.ucs.mun.ca>
References: <32AB3AC9.7B2D@uni.massey.ac.nz>
NNTP-Posting-Host: plato.ucs.mun.ca
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.books.technical:10135 bionet.plants:13102 sci.bio.botany:3652

Jean,

	I tried to e-mail this but it got bounced back.  Try E-mailing me
if you want any more information.

	I suggest "The Illustrated Flora of Britain and N. Europe" by
Christopher Grey-Wilson and Marjorie Blamey, who's one of the best botanical
illustrators in the UK at present.  It's 25 pounds, but worth every new
penny.  It has botanical keys, brief descriptions and the marvellous
illustrations.   (There is also a field guide by Fitter, Fitter and Blamey
for #9.99, but it is less well printed and only has 1500 plants instead of
2500, published by Collins.)  If you want more details, like ISBN and
publisher for the Illustrated Flora let me know.

	The currently recommended botanical flora is called the New English
Flora or something like that, but I haven't seen it myself.  This is the
kind that's full of botanical words and has no coloured pictures, but it's
what you need if you really want to identify plants.

		Howard Clase	hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca




From jdglowac@facstaff.wisc.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:29 EST 1996
Article: 3653 of sci.bio.botany
From: John Glowacki <jdglowac@facstaff.wisc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.techniques.testing.misc,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.research
Subject: Re: Heavy Metal Testing in plants
Date: 9 Dec 1996 14:23:59 GMT
Organization: UW-Madison
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Distribution: inet
Message-ID: <58h7dv$1l34@news.doit.wisc.edu>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.techniques.testing.misc:645 sci.agriculture:17018 sci.bio.botany:3653 sci.bio.technology:7226 sci.research:12488

jlee@monmouth.com (John Lee) wrote:
>Hi,
>	I'm a Sophomore at the Ocean Township High School in NJ.  For
>my Honors biology class, each person has to do an orginal research
>project that will be presented to the NJ Junior Academy of Science.
>	For my project, I'm doing research to see if crop plants will
>take in heavy metals if municipal sludge is used to fetilize the soil.
>
>	My question is, what's the best/easiest way for me to detect
>heavy metals, such as Mercury, Lead, or Cadmium.  What kind of
>equipment do I need?  How would I be able to do this?
>
>	Thank you.
>
>	Johnie Lee
>

One method is with an "Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer", better known 
as "AA".  Before analysis you need to get the plant tissue into solution 
using an acid digestion.  

I would suggest contacting your local University for help in this 
venture.  Also, NJ has many many private environmental labs.  They maybe 
able to offer assistence.

Another good contact would be "AWRA", American Water Resources 
Association.  http://www.uwin.siu.edu/~awra/index.html  They might offer 
some good leads.

Good luck.  You should find some good usable data.  You might even 
contact your state dept. of Natural Resources.  They probibly allready 
have data on this.



From jdglowac@facstaff.wisc.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:30 EST 1996
Article: 3654 of sci.bio.botany
From: John Glowacki <jdglowac@facstaff.wisc.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.techniques.testing.misc,sci.agriculture,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.technology,sci.research
Subject: Re: Heavy Metal Testing in plants
Date: 9 Dec 1996 14:24:44 GMT
Organization: UW-Madison
Lines: 33
Distribution: inet
Message-ID: <58h7fc$1l34@news.doit.wisc.edu>
References: <58fjgk$fln@news.monmouth.com>
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To: jlee@monmouth.com
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu sci.techniques.testing.misc:646 sci.agriculture:17019 sci.bio.botany:3654 sci.bio.technology:7227 sci.research:12489

jlee@monmouth.com (John Lee) wrote:
>Hi,
>	I'm a Sophomore at the Ocean Township High School in NJ.  For
>my Honors biology class, each person has to do an orginal research
>project that will be presented to the NJ Junior Academy of Science.
>	For my project, I'm doing research to see if crop plants will
>take in heavy metals if municipal sludge is used to fetilize the soil.
>
>	My question is, what's the best/easiest way for me to detect
>heavy metals, such as Mercury, Lead, or Cadmium.  What kind of
>equipment do I need?  How would I be able to do this?
>
>	Thank you.
>
>	Johnie Lee
>

One method is with an "Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer", better known 
as "AA".  Before analysis you need to get the plant tissue into solution 
using an acid digestion.  

I would suggest contacting your local University for help in this 
venture.  Also, NJ has many many private environmental labs.  They maybe 
able to offer assistence.

Another good contact would be "AWRA", American Water Resources 
Association.  http://www.uwin.siu.edu/~awra/index.html  They might offer 
some good leads.

Good luck.  You should find some good usable data.  You might even 
contact your state dept. of Natural Resources.  They probibly allready 
have data on this.



From Jeremy@landru.uml.pdx.edu Mon Dec  9 11:57:31 EST 1996
Article: 3655 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!news.sgi.com!news.mathworks.com!howland.erols.net!portc02.blue.aol.com!newsjunkie.ans.net!newsfeeds.ans.net!news.lava.net!nntp.reed.edu!usenet.ee.pdx.edu!odin.cc.pdx.edu!sh250-43.uml.pdx.edu!user
From: Jeremy@landru.uml.pdx.edu (Jeremy O'Leary)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: stomata and waxy leaves-what I need help on
Date: 7 Dec 1996 23:26:21 GMT
Organization: Portland State University UML
Lines: 27
Message-ID: <Jeremy-0712961531280001@sh250-43.uml.pdx.edu>
References: <32A11C79.2FA4@tpts1.seed.net.tw> <19961207154900.KAA16390@ladder01.news.aol.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: sh250-43.uml.pdx.edu

A reduced number of stomata can also be do to a higher level of CO2 in the air.




In article <19961207154900.KAA16390@ladder01.news.aol.com>, qra@aol.com wrote:

> Dear Vince
> 
> What they told me in college was that the existence of a heavy wax coating
> on leaves is generally an adaptation to dry conditions (or at least
> conditions in which the plant needs to conserve water).  The decreased
> number of stomata on such leaves is another such adaptation.  A plant with
> these adaptations is generally refered to as being xerophytic (pronounced
> "zero-fit-ick").  Hope this helps.
> 
> (8^)  Q-RAH!

-- 
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeremy O'Leary, Portland State University
University MicroComputer Lab
(503) 725-8364
jeremy@Landru.uml.pdx.edu
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From jan.wesenberg@lu.hioslo.no Fri Dec 13 12:09:06 EST 1996
Article: 3656 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jan Wesenberg <jan.wesenberg@lu.hioslo.no>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: Hermaphroditic Plants???
Date: Mon, 09 Dec 1996 11:54:29 +0200
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kjohn95416@aol.com wrote:
> 
> I was wondering if a plant that was hermaphroditic pollenated itself,
> would there be any genetic variation or would the plant's seeds create an
> almost exact copy of itself?  Would the plants seeds produce
> hermaphroditic offspring.  I'm trying to settle a dispute with my roomate.
>  Any help would be great.  E-mail me or post in newsgroup
> 
> Kjohn95416@aol.com

The answer is, that depends.

This is not a hypothetical question. It is well known that most plant
species are hermaphrodites. Although many (most?) of them have different
kinds of mechanisms ensuring or promoting cross-pollination, there is
still a substantial number of plant species which regularly
self-pollinate. Some are exclusive selfers. This is typical for many
plants in arctic or alpine environments, where pollinating insects may
be scarce and the season is short. It is also typical for many weeds or
other short-lived plants of arid or frequently disturbed habitats, which
often statistically have very little time for producing ripe seed after
their own germination, before they are killed by drought or by the next
disturbance of the soil.

Whether the offspring produced by selfing will be an exact copy of the
parent plant, depends on the heterozygosity of the parent. Any one locus
in the genome of a diploid plant can be either homozygous or
heterozygous. The offspring will of course be exactly as the parent at
the homozygous loci. But at the heterozygous loci there wil be produced
offspring that is homozygous for one of the alleles, heterozygous, or
homozygous for the second allele - in the proportion 1:2:1. When a locus
which was heterozygous in the parent turns out homozygous in an
offspring individual, the locus is said to have been fixed. As there is
an enormous number of loci in the genome, different loci will be fixed
in different daughter plants, and a parent plant which is not completely
homozygous will therefore produce offspring plants which differ
genetically one from another. But, whereas the total offspring of a
cross-pollinating pair of parents can have as a maximum four alleles
present for any one locus, there will only be at most two alleles
present among the offspring at each locus when there is only one parent.
There is a theoretical possibility that a daughter plant could be
produced that is genetically identical with its self-pollinating parent,
but as long as the number of heterozygous loci is high, the chance is
very small (0.5 ** the number of heterozygous loci in the parent). 

The average heterozygosity of any daughter plant produced by selfing
will be half of that of the mother. Therefore, if you take a plant from
a cross-pollinating population and force it to self-pollinate (supposed
it has no self-incompatibility system preventing it), for each
generation the heterozygosity of the offspring population will be
halfed, i.e. the heterozygosity of the individuals will decline
exponentially. That means, the offspring will become more and more like
each other, and the parent, after each self-pollination.

Species that are normally self-pollinated, on the other hand, usually
have undergone innumerable generations of selfing, and the individuals
therefore tend to be completely homozygous, that means all their loci
are fixed. A completely homozygous plant individual will, when
self-pollinating, produce offspring that is identical to the parent. If
such species are genetically variable at all, then the genetical
variation tends to be between different populations or between different
parts of the geographical range of the species, and usually not within
any one population. This is because given enough time, the chance is
high that all individuals present in a population stem from a common
ancestor plant somewhen in the past, and if it was completely
homozygous, then all the individuals will be genetically identical. Of
course, this is not always the case - the species or population may be
to young or have a too complicated prehistory for this process to have
reached this stage.

There are at least three phenomena which modify this picture: 

- Many selfing plant species are not exclusive selfers. That means,
there is some amount of cross-pollination. If there also is some amount
af migration between populations, or at least a good mixing of
individuals within the population, the population can manage to maintain
some amount of heterozygosity over time.

- Many regularly selfing plants are polyploids, even if they act as
diploids in the meiosis. They may behave as completely homozygous in
that they produce offspring that is identical to the parent, but each
individual will contain several copies of each locus, and therefore may
have different alleles fixed at each of the parallel loci. This is
called fixed heterozygosity - that is, heterozygosity not within any
locus, but between different copies of a locus.

- Of course, in a selfing species, just as in a cross-pollinating
species, there will arise fresh mutations. There is therefore a constant
supply of new alleles, the fate of which, as always, is controlled by
the processes of genetic drift and natural selection. The difference
between a selfing mutant and a outcrossing mutant is that in the selfing
one the road to fixation of the mutant allele is short, and therefore
selection plays a more important role compared to genetic drift than in
a cross-pollinating species. In a selfing species, the amount of
heterozygosity produced by mutation is rather marginal compared to the
heterozygosity which can be maintained in a cross-pollinating species.

So, to summarize - if you take a plant from a species which is "used to"
cross-polinate, but which is capable of self-pollinating, and force it
to self-pollinate, the offspring will typically still be variable and
different from the parent, although within narrower limits than if the
offspring was produced by cross-pollination. If, on the other hand, you
look at the offspring of an individual of a species which is normally
self-pollinating, the offspring will typically be identical with each
other and the parent.

So, it seems that both of you won?


From 101521.3471@CompuServe.COM Fri Dec 13 12:09:07 EST 1996
Article: 3657 of sci.bio.botany
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From: John Sanderson <101521.3471@CompuServe.COM>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: SHARE IN OUR SUCCESS
Date: 8 Dec 1996 01:29:09 GMT
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Due to rapid growth in this lucrative market we require distributors immediately for our PC SOFTWARE programs. Please reply via e-mail to: 101521.3471@compuserve.com for further information.



Please disregard this message if it has been posted to an incorrect newsgroup, this message will NOT be posted again.
-- 



From pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk Fri Dec 13 12:09:08 EST 1996
Article: 3658 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Peter Selby <pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: BRITISH FLORA BOOK: INFO NEEDED
Date: Sun, 8 Dec 1996 21:17:24 GMT
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The Scientific book is New Flora of the British Isles by Clive Stace 
ISBN 0-521-42793-2

The best for illustrations and not too simplistic is The Wild Flower 
Key by Francis Rose ISBN 0-7232-2419-6, but it may be out of print.

The best trees alone is A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and 
Europe by Alan Mitchell ISBN 0 00 219217 9

These are pretty much the standard botanical works in Britain, so I 
should check what yur brother has got before buying.

Regards

-- 
 Pete Selby
(pete.selby@zetnet.co.uk)



From larix@well.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:10 EST 1996
Article: 3659 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maize
Date: Sun, 08 Dec 1996 08:35:21 -0600
Organization: University of Colorado at Boulder
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<,...It's puzzling to me that when genetic improvements are made by
so-called 'conventional' breeding methods, it doesn't raise any red
flags, even though this frequently includes introducing a gene from one
species into another.>

Marty, conventional breeding methods use plants from the same genus, and
usually the same species, do they not?  In the kind of engineering that
the paper is talking about the genes in the new plant are from entirely
different orders,...

Thanks!
Jeff


From balogh@balogh.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:11 EST 1996
Article: 3660 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Pamela Burns-Balogh" <balogh@balogh.com>
Newsgroups: alt.books.technical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: BRITISH FLORA BOOK: INFO NEEDED
Date: 10 Dec 1996 10:03:52 GMT
Organization: Balogh Scientific Books
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.books.technical:10138 bionet.plants:13114 sci.bio.botany:3660

There is also the forthcoming series Illustrated Flora of Great Britain and
Ireland coming out- but this will be expensive and in 6 volumes I believe..
Pam
-- 
Balogh Scientific Books
http://www.balogh.com

Howard Clase <hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca> wrote in article
<58h9ep$udn@coranto.ucs.mun.ca>...
> Jean,
> 
> 	I tried to e-mail this but it got bounced back.  Try E-mailing me
> if you want any more information.
> 
> 	I suggest "The Illustrated Flora of Britain and N. Europe" by
> Christopher Grey-Wilson and Marjorie Blamey, who's one of the best
botanical
> illustrators in the UK at present.  It's 25 pounds, but worth every new
> penny.  It has botanical keys, brief descriptions and the marvellous
> illustrations.   (There is also a field guide by Fitter, Fitter and
Blamey
> for #9.99, but it is less well printed and only has 1500 plants instead
of
> 2500, published by Collins.)  If you want more details, like ISBN and
> publisher for the Illustrated Flora let me know.
> 
> 	The currently recommended botanical flora is called the New English
> Flora or something like that, but I haven't seen it myself.  This is the
> kind that's full of botanical words and has no coloured pictures, but
it's
> what you need if you really want to identify plants.
> 
> 		Howard Clase	hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca
> 
> 
> 


From rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk Fri Dec 13 12:09:13 EST 1996
Article: 3661 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: alt.books.technical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
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From: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk ("Roger Whitehead")
Subject: Re: BRITISH FLORA BOOK: INFO NEEDED
Message-ID: <E278rM.567@cix.compulink.co.uk>
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>  The currently recommended botanical flora is called the New English
> Flora or something like that

The currently definitive British flora is Clive Stace's New Flora of the 
British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0 521 42793 2. It's 
thick, heavy, printed in distressed Courier and with an inadequate index, 
but it's the best.

Roger

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

Roger Whitehead,
Director,
Office Futures, 14 Amy Road, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0PX
Tel: +44 1883 713074; fax +44 1883 716793
.


From msachs@uiuc.edu Fri Dec 13 12:09:14 EST 1996
Article: 3662 of sci.bio.botany
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From: msachs@uiuc.edu (Marty Sachs)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maize
Date: Sun, 08 Dec 1996 13:58:24 -0600
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In article <32AAD226.2525@well.com>, Jeff Wagner <larix@well.com> wrote:

:<,...It's puzzling to me that when genetic improvements are made by
:so-called 'conventional' breeding methods, it doesn't raise any red
:flags, even though this frequently includes introducing a gene from one
:species into another.>
:
:Marty, conventional breeding methods use plants from the same genus, and
:usually the same species, do they not?  In the kind of engineering that
:the paper is talking about the genes in the new plant are from entirely
:different orders,...

Jeff,

There are plenty of examples where wide-crosses are used to introduce
desirable traits from one species to another.  For example the 'ht3' gene,
which confers resistance to the fungal pathogen Helminthosporium turcicum,
was introduced into maize (Zea mays) from Tripsacum floridanum.  Subsequent
backcrossing with maize and selection for resistance resulted in maize
carrying a gene from another genus.  So essentially, a gene from Tripsacum
was cloned into maize by 'conventional' breeding methods.

I anticipate that you're now going to argue that at least in this case it's
a plant gene going into another plant.  Well, in nature, some bacterial
species introduce their genes into plants.  This is not unusual.  The best
known example of this is 'Agrobacterium tumefaciens' which causes crown
gall disease in plants.  'Agrobacterium' actually introduces some of its
genes into the plant genome, these genes are expressed in the plant
creating a food factory that produces specific nutrients that feed the
bacteria and allow it to grow and reproduce.  The only thing that
'biotechnologists' have done is replace the bacteria's own genes with genes
that confer agronomically desirable traits (which in many cases could have
been introduced by conventional breeding, but via 'Agrobacterium', the
process is faster).  In other cases like BT, the bacterial protein spores
have been used for decades world-wide as a spray to control insect pests
>from  crops.  While this kills larvae of certain insects, it is very safe to
be consumed by humans and other animals whether as residue after spraying
or if it were produced in vegatative parts of the plants.

Are there genes that I wouldn't want introduced into crops?  Sure! 
However, is what's now going into plants dangerous?  After strenuous tests
by USDA, FDA and other agencies, the answer IMHO is no.  In fact,
petrochemical-based pesticide residues from non-biotech plants would confer
a risk to the food supply that can be avoided.  In fact, if a gene were
introduced into crop plants that can confer resistance to fungal pathogens
that produce aflatoxin and/or other natural toxins, the food supply would
be much safer.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Marty Sachs                 msachs@uiuc.edu     (217) 244-0864

         Maize Genetics Cooperation - Stock Center    
S123 Turner Hall            maize@uiuc.edu [stock requests]
1102 S. Goodwin Ave.        (217) 333-6631 [phone]
Urbana, IL  61801-4798      (217) 333-6064 [FAX]
                http://www.uiuc.edu/ph/www/maize [URL]
----------------------------------------------------------------


From ranger@america.net Fri Dec 13 12:09:15 EST 1996
Article: 3663 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Annette and Scott Ranger" <ranger@america.net>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: chinese privet
Date: 10 Dec 1996 12:50:39 GMT
Organization: Ranger Enterprises
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Ligustrum sinense occurs in just about all our 159 counties in Georgia, and
I consider it to be one of our most noxious weeds.  My reasons for this fit
with your question about where it grows:
1) it likes low wetlands and the nearly saturated soils nearby
2) it thrives in low light areas under a very dense wetland forest canopy
3) it thrives in all Georgia climates, from the hot, humid summers of the
lower coastal plain to the cool winters of the mountains, but it is far
less common in the mountains than the piedmont and coastal plain
4) it reproduces wildly with large fruit production
5) birds seem to love the fruits and spread the seeds widely
6) it takes over low wetlands by outcompeting native plants.

Scott Ranger

Carolyn Mary Lee <cale@owlnet.rice.edu> wrote in article
<32A9B02F.3574@owlnet.rice.edu>...
> Hi, I'm a Rice University undergraduate and in our Ecology lab we're
> studying pattern dispersion for the Houston Arboretum.  I was wondering
> if anyone knew anything about the chinese privet like what sort of
> climate and soil conditions it grows in, does it like to grow in
> sunlight or shade, water retention, etc.  Any information would be
> helpful.... we're getting desperate.  
> 
> 
> thanks
> 
> 
> Carolyn

> 


From brineil@msn.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:16 EST 1996
Article: 3664 of sci.bio.botany
From: "brian cain" <brineil@msn.com>
Subject: Re: Hermaphroditic Plants???
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kjohn95416@aol.com wrote in article
<19961209061700.BAA04371@ladder01.news.aol.com>...
> I was wondering if a plant that was hermaphroditic pollenated itself,
> would there be any genetic variation or would the plant's seeds create an
> almost exact copy of itself? 
> Kjohn95416@aol.com
> 

My understanding is that most flowering plants have self incompatability
sytems which mainly screen out pollen from the same plant when it lands on
the stigma and prevents it from developing any further to fertilise the
egg. I believe that some species do undergo self pollination but would not
think that they would necessarily produce hermaphroditic offspring. The
offspring would be genetically identical to the parent plant but might not
be exactly the same because its development would be dependent on its
enviroment - shade, moisture, and all the other enviromental factors which
can affect a plants development.



From arynx@nntp.best.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:17 EST 1996
Article: 3665 of sci.bio.botany
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From: arynx@nntp.best.com (Arynx)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Tracker database
Date: 6 Dec 1996 20:11:22 GMT
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The following item may be of interest to readers of this newsgroup.
It appeared in a recent issue of Netsurfer Digest, a free, useful and 
occasionally amusing e-zine covering various things and events in cyberspace.

The Digest can be found at: http://www.netsurf.com/nsd/

HUNTING THE WILD PETUNIA, OR ANY OTHER PLANT 

The Plant Tracker is a no-nonsense botanical database covering all uses
of common plants. From one interface you can search on either the
binomial or common names, usage, growing conditions, or any
combination of factors. In case you can't think of the term to search on,
there are lists of term descriptions for the various medicinal uses, edible
uses, soil types, moisture levels, etc. Amazingly, there really are 101
things to do with kudzu (well, more like 25 or so).
"http://www.axis-net.com/pfaf/" 


From brateaver@aol.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:18 EST 1996
Article: 3666 of sci.bio.botany
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From: brateaver@aol.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: maize
Date: 10 Dec 1996 03:41:51 GMT
Organization: AOL http://www.aol.com
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I remember when some lovely-sounding reasons were given for how marvelous,
how wonderful, how useful, how saving the DDT was. Yeah.

B. Rateaver


From kjohn95416@aol.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:20 EST 1996
Article: 3667 of sci.bio.botany
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From: kjohn95416@aol.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Hermaphroditic Plants???
Date: 9 Dec 1996 06:17:40 GMT
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I was wondering if a plant that was hermaphroditic pollenated itself,
would there be any genetic variation or would the plant's seeds create an
almost exact copy of itself?  Would the plants seeds produce
hermaphroditic offspring.  I'm trying to settle a dispute with my roomate.
 Any help would be great.  E-mail me or post in newsgroup



Kjohn95416@aol.com


From horty@choillan.dacom.co.kr Fri Dec 13 12:09:21 EST 1996
Article: 3668 of sci.bio.botany
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From: "Tae-Ho Han" <horty@choillan.dacom.co.kr>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,comp.ai.genetic,sci.agriculture,sci.agriculture.fruit,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology,tw.bbs.rec.flower
Subject: Q(Price of Computer in Netherlands)
Date: 11 Dec 1996 10:38:15 GMT
Organization: PRIVATE
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Does anybody know how much the computer is
in the Netherlands?
I have a computer here in Korea, planning to abroad, and sufferring 
if I need to bring the computer there so I don't need to buy 
another one or give it to my sister and get the new one.

But don't know how much it will be.....

Let me know if you have price list.... 


From godfrey@jacana.demon.co.uk Fri Dec 13 12:09:22 EST 1996
Article: 3669 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!jacana.demon.co.uk!godfrey
From: Godfrey Jackson <godfrey@jacana.demon.co.uk>
Newsgroups: alt.books.technical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: BRITISH FLORA BOOK: INFO NEEDED
Date: Mon, 9 Dec 1996 20:43:45 +0000
Organization: Data Pacific
Lines: 15
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <qZ35JCABoHryEwdi@jacana.demon.co.uk>
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Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.books.technical:10144 bionet.plants:13140 sci.bio.botany:3669

Hi,

>I am wanting to purchase a book on the flora of Britain for my brother 
>and his wife who live in Bristol, Britain. Both are botanists so I am 

If I were a botonist living in England, the last thing I would want
is a book of British Flora of which there are plenty in my local
library.

I would be far more grateful for a Flora of New Zealand and of
Australia.

-- 
Godfrey Jackson                     Jacana House, Rampton, Cambridge CB4 4QG
+44 (0)1954 251114                  godfrey@jacana.demon.co.uk


From MKlein@uni-bonn.de Fri Dec 13 12:09:23 EST 1996
Article: 3670 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Matthias Klein <unc805@ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Aconitum carmichle
Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1996 12:45:56 -0800
Organization: RHRZ - University of Bonn (Germany)
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Hello everybody,

does anybody know the species Aconitum carmichle?
I want to know if there are toxins in it like they are in A. napellus
and how the species can be cultivated.

Thanks in advance
Matthias   MKlein@uni-bonn.de


From MKlein@uni-bonn.de Fri Dec 13 12:09:24 EST 1996
Article: 3671 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Matthias Klein <unc805@ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,bionet.plants
Subject: Re: Aconitum carmichle
Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1996 13:02:49 -0800
Organization: RHRZ - University of Bonn (Germany)
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Matthias Klein wrote:
> 
> Hello everybody,
> 
> does anybody know the species Aconitum carmichle?
> I want to know if there are toxins in it like they are in A. napellus
> and how the species can be cultivated.
> 
> Thanks in advance
> Matthias   MKlein@uni-bonn.de
I think, the correct spelling is A. carmichaeli(i), Sorry
-- 

Matthias Klein
Institut fuer Pharmazeutische Biologie
Nussallee 6
53115 Bonn
Tel.: 0228-732431
Fax.: 0228-733250
e-mail: MKlein@uni-bonn.de


From janczek@aol.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:25 EST 1996
Article: 3672 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!csulb.edu!hammer.uoregon.edu!hunter.premier.net!feed1.news.erols.com!news.bbnplanet.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!portc02.blue.aol.com!audrey01.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: janczek@aol.com (JanCzek)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: chemistry of brown algae (PHAEOPHYCEA)
Date: 11 Dec 1996 14:39:35 GMT
Organization: AOL http://www.aol.com
Lines: 30
Message-ID: <19961211143900.JAA24086@ladder01.news.aol.com>
References: <32A4EC83.5@ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ladder01.news.aol.com
X-Admin: news@aol.com

If you are working on algae you may be interested in using our ( Columbus
Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA,   O2/CO2 Respirometer which short
description follows:

Universal O2/CO2 Respirometer

New respirometer is intended for testing and modeling in the laboratory
gas exchanges during aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation/bioremediation.It

can also be used to measure respiration of alga,fungi, 
bacterial response to antybiotics and toxins, respiration of soil  etc. 
Up to 80 sample chambers ( variety of sizes)  can be connected to
Micro-Oxymax  
Respirometer which is equipped with O2 and CO2, analyzers 
.Optional CH4 and H2S, H2 are also avilable.  Sample 
chambers can be refreshed from the compress gas bottles or 
>from  the Columbus Instruments programmable gas blender. 
Respirometer is capable to measure head space gas 
exchanges on 24h basis. Multiple experiments of different 
length can be conducted in the same time using liquid or 
solid samples.
Due to the exceptionally high sensitivity 0.2 uL of gas /h, 
Bioremediation Respirometer can monitor very slow  
biodegradation processes of plastics, hydrocarbons, 
explosives, creozote as well as respiration of insects, aquatic plants and
fish.
If you need more information and application notes please 
send your street address to:
Jan Czekajewski, Ph.D.
e-mail:janczek


From janczek@aol.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:26 EST 1996
Article: 3673 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!news.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!howland.erols.net!portc02.blue.aol.com!audrey01.news.aol.com!not-for-mail
From: janczek@aol.com (JanCzek)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Measuring bacteria, algae, yeast respiration
Date: 11 Dec 1996 14:43:05 GMT
Organization: AOL http://www.aol.com
Lines: 26
Message-ID: <19961211144200.JAA24221@ladder01.news.aol.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: ladder01.news.aol.com
X-Admin: news@aol.com

Universal O2/CO2 Respirometer

New respirometer is intended for testing and modeling in the laboratory
gas exchanges during aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation/bioremediation.It

can also be used to measure respiration of alga,fungi, 
bacterial response to antybiotics and toxins, respiration of soil  etc. 
Up to 80 sample chambers ( variety of sizes)  can be connected to
Micro-Oxymax  
Respirometer which is equipped with O2 and CO2, analyzers 
.Optional CH4 and H2S, H2 are also avilable.  Sample 
chambers can be refreshed from the compress gas bottles or 
>from  the Columbus Instruments programmable gas blender. 
Respirometer is capable to measure head space gas 
exchanges on 24h basis. Multiple experiments of different 
length can be conducted in the same time using liquid or 
solid samples.
Due to the exceptionally high sensitivity 0.2 uL of gas /h, 
Bioremediation Respirometer can monitor very slow  
biodegradation processes of plastics, hydrocarbons, 
explosives, creozote as well as respiration of insects, aquatic plants and
fish.
If you need more information and application notes please 
send your street address to:
Jan Czekajewski, Ph.D.
e-mail:janczek


From janczek@aol.com Fri Dec 13 12:09:28 EST 1996
Article: 3674 of sci.bio.botany
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From: janczek@aol.com (JanCzek)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Re: WWW: New Scientific Product Search Engine
Date: 11 Dec 1996 14:41:49 GMT
Organization: AOL http://www.aol.com
Lines: 30
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X-Admin: news@aol.com

If you need to measure respiration of bacteria, algae, yeast, insects or
test biodegradation of polutants you may be interested in our Universal
O2/CO2 Respirometer.

Universal O2/CO2 Respirometer

New respirometer is intended for testing and modeling in the laboratory
gas exchanges during aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation/bioremediation.It

can also be used to measure respiration of alga,fungi, 
bacterial response to antybiotics and toxins, respiration of soil  etc. 
Up to 80 sample chambers ( variety of sizes)  can be connected to
Micro-Oxymax  
Respirometer which is equipped with O2 and CO2, analyzers 
.Optional CH4 and H2S, H2 are also avilable.  Sample 
chambers can be refreshed from the compress gas bottles or 
>from  the Columbus Instruments programmable gas blender. 
Respirometer is capable to measure head space gas 
exchanges on 24h basis. Multiple experiments of different 
length can be conducted in the same time using liquid or 
solid samples.
Due to the exceptionally high sensitivity 0.2 uL of gas /h, 
Bioremediation Respirometer can monitor very slow  
biodegradation processes of plastics, hydrocarbons, 
explosives, creozote as well as respiration of insects, aquatic plants and
fish.
If you need more information and application notes please 
send your street address to:
Jan Czekajewski, Ph.D.
e-mail:janczek


From W.R.Pasterkamp@wbmt.tudelft.nl Fri Dec 13 12:09:29 EST 1996
Article: 3675 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Wim Pasterkamp <W.R.Pasterkamp@wbmt.tudelft.nl>
Newsgroups: bionet.plants,comp.ai.genetic,sci.agriculture,sci.agriculture.fruit,sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.microbiology,tw.bbs.rec.flower
Subject: Re: Q(Price of Computer in Netherlands)
Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1996 13:42:51 +0100
Organization: Delft University
Lines: 18
Message-ID: <32AFFDCB.41C67EA6@wbmt.tudelft.nl>
References: <01bbe74e$cc03ff60$0f02000a@magicall2.dacom.co.kr>
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That depends on what you want of course, specify your needs!
Also, do you want one of the big names (Compaq, IBM, Mac, etc.) or do
you
want a compatible ?

-Wim.

Tae-Ho Han wrote:
> 
> Does anybody know how much the computer is
> in the Netherlands?
> I have a computer here in Korea, planning to abroad, and sufferring
> if I need to bring the computer there so I don't need to buy
> another one or give it to my sister and get the new one.
> 
> But don't know how much it will be.....
> 
> Let me know if you have price list....


From rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk Fri Dec 13 12:09:30 EST 1996
Article: 3676 of sci.bio.botany
Newsgroups: alt.books.technical,bionet.plants,sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!rutgers!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.erols.net!news.mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!unlisys!btnet-feed2!news.compulink.co.uk!cix.compulink.co.uk!usenet
From: rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk ("Roger Whitehead")
Subject: Re: BRITISH FLORA BOOK: INFO NEEDED
Message-ID: <E2B1Bp.t0@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Organization: Compulink Information eXchange
X-Newsreader: Virtual Access
Date: Thu, 12 Dec 1996 14:23:49 GMT
Lines: 22
Xref: newz.oit.unc.edu alt.books.technical:10145 bionet.plants:13146 sci.bio.botany:3676


A popular new book is Richard Mabey's Flora Britannica 
(Sinclair-Stevenson, 1996. ISBN 1 85619 377 2). It deals with the 
ancient and modern uses and folklore of about a thousand species of 
tress, shrubs and herbs, and is the result of a four-year project. It 
will tell even experienced botanists a lot about the social context of 
the subjects of their work or hobby and is well illustrated with many 
good colour photographs. It costs UKP30.00.

If your brother and his wife do not already have it, it would make an 
excellent Xmas present.

Roger (who has no connection with the book or its production, other than 
as a pleased purchaser)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

Roger Whitehead,
Director,
Office Futures, 14 Amy Road, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0PX
Tel: +44 1883 713074; fax +44 1883 716793
.


From webmaster@www.botany.utexas.edu Fri Dec 13 12:09:31 EST 1996
Article: 3677 of sci.bio.botany
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From: Will McKenna <webmaster@www.botany.utexas.edu>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany
Subject: Plant Cell Biologist faculty position open at The University of Texas at Austin
Date: Tue, 10 Dec 1996 17:48:13 -0600
Organization: The University of Texas at Austin, Botany Department
Lines: 50
Message-ID: <32ADF6BD.69FD@www.botany.utexas.edu>
Reply-To: webmaster@www.botany.utexas.edu
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POSITION: Assistant/Associate Professorship

RESPONSIBILITIES: The successful applicant will be expected to establish
a vigorous externally funded research program using diverse genetic,
molecular and cellular approaches in the study of plant cell biology and
to supervise graduate students at the Ph.D. level. The successful
applicant will have the opportunity to develop a course in his or her
area of expertise and will be expected to participate in undergraduate
teaching in support of the Botany or Biology curriculum.

QUALIFICATIONS: A Ph.D. is required and postdoctoral experience is
preferred. A commitment to excellence in research and teaching is
expected.

BOTANY AT UT, AUSTIN: The Botany Department at the University of Texas
at Austin is currently composed of 18 faculty that have expertise in a
wide range of areas, from systematic and evolutionary biology to
cellular
regulation and gene expression. The Department is particularly active in
graduate training with more than 60 students currently pursuing Ph.D.
degrees. Interaction among faculty and students in different areas is
encouraged, as is interaction with faculty in other departments.

Further development of the life sciences at UT-Austin is currently a
high priority for the University. Considerable resources are directed
toward this end, particularly to the development of cellular and
molecular biology campus-wide. The salient features of this program
include a new building (to be completed in 1997), and Institute of
Cellular and Molecular Biology, 4-5 endowed chairs, and other faculty
positions.

STARTING DATE: August, 1997

APPLICATION: Applicants should submit curriculum vitae, a statement of
research goals/plans, a statement of teaching interests, three to five
reprints, and arrange to have three letters of recommendation sent to : 

Dr. James Mauseth                               Telephone: 512-471-3189
Chairman, Search Committee                      FAX: 512-471-3878
Department of Botany    
The University of Texas
Austin, Texas 78713-7640

For further information or questions, contact: J.MAUSETH@MAIL.UTEXAS.EDU 

Review of applications will begin February 14, 1997. 
-- 
Will McKenna
Webmaster - University of Texas at Austin Botany Department
http://www.botany.utexas.edu/


From amorin@uottawa.ca Fri Dec 13 12:09:32 EST 1996
Article: 3678 of sci.bio.botany
Path: newz.oit.unc.edu!concert!gatech!rutgers!uwm.edu!news-peer.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!howland.erols.net!feed1.news.erols.com!cpk-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.bbnplanet.com!su-news-hub1.bbnplanet.com!news.Stanford.EDU!biosci!biosci!not-for-mail
From: Antoine Morin <amorin@uottawa.ca>
Newsgroups: sci.bio.botany,sci.bio.entomology.misc,sci.bio.fisheries,bionet.protista,sci.bio.ecology,bionet.plants,bionet.plants.education,sci.bio.misc,sci.bio.paleontology,sci.bio.herp,fr.bio.general,bionet.general
Subject: BIODIDAC: an image repository to teach biology
Date: 12 Dec 1996 21:56:57 -0800
Organization: Biologie, Université d'Ottawa
Lines: 102
Sender: daemon@net.bio.net
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <32AFDD8C.261A@uottawa.ca>
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http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca

Is the home site for the BIODIDAC image collection. All material is 
freely available for teaching, non-profit purposes. 

Currently it contains: 

* material that roughly covers an introduction to zoology at the 
  undergraduate level. 

* Plant material has started to appear and is now regularily added.



More information below, and at the web site.


Le projet BIODIDAC                     The BIODIDAC project
 
 
 Finance par Patrimoine Canada par      Funded by Heritage Canada,
 l'entremise du Regroupement des        through the Regroupement
 universites de la francophonie hors-   des universites de la francophonie
 Quebec, le projet vise a produire du   hors-Quebec, the project aims at
 materiel numerique pour                producing digital material to
 l'enseignement de la biologie en       support the teaching of biology in
 francais.                              french.

 Ce materiel, pour l'instant des        This material, either digitised
 diagrammes et photographies            line drawings or photographs with
 interpretees et numerises, est mis a   labels and descriptions, is made
 la disposition des interesses. Il      available to all interested
 peut etre copie, modifie, integre      parties for copying and use in
 dans des notes de cours ou du          lecture notes, class presentations
 materiel multimedia a la condition     or development of multimedia
 que ce soit a des fins educatives et   material, as long as it is for
 non-commerciales. BIODIDAC possede     teaching purposes and that there
 les droits a ce materiel (ou a obtenu  is  no profit involved. The key
 des detenteurs des droits la           point is that BIODIDAC owns all
 permission de reproduire, modifier,    rights to the material (or has
 et distribuer)et permet son            obtained from the owner permission
 utilisation et sa distribution a des   to reproduce, modify, and
 fins educatives.                       distribute) and allow duplication
                                        and use for teaching.
 
 
 Le materiel verse a BIODIDAC est       Although the material placed in
 developpe en francais sur un           the database is developped in
 microordinateur MSDOS. cependant le    french on an MSDOS machine, the
 format choisi permet l'utilisation a   digital format will allow
 partir d'autres types d'ordinateurs.   conversion and translation to
                                        other languages. The material is
                                        usable on both MAC and MSDOS
                                        platforms.
 
                                        

 STRUCTURE ET CONTENU DE LA BANQUE      STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF IMAGE BANK
 
 Au 8 janvier 1996, plus de 2200        As of Jan 8th, 1996, more
 elements ont ete verses a la banque    than 2200 elements have been posted
 et son accessible par le serveur ftp.  to the biodidac server. These
 ces elements peuvent etre regroupes    element fall in 4 categories:
 en 4 categories: des diagrammes noir   black and white line drawings,
 et blanc, des diagrammes couleur, des  coloured drawings, color photos,
 photographies, et des diagrammes et    and annotated photos and diagrams.
 photos annotes.
 
 Les diagrammes noir et blanc           Black and white diagrams are in
 respectent le standard GIF89a. Chaque  GIF files. Their size range from 5
 fichier occupe de 5 a 50k et contient  to 50k and their resolution is up
 des images ayant jusqu'a 1200x1200     to 1200x1200 pixels.
 pixels.                                Coloured diagrams use a maximum of
                                        16 colors from the standard
 Les diagrammes couleur sont aussi de   Microsoft Windows palette.
 format GIF89a et ne contiennets que
 16 couleurs de la palette standard de  Colour photos were digitized to
 Microsoft Windows.                     allow projection and have beed
                                        coulour reduced by optimizing a
 Les photographies ont ete numerisees   256 colour palette. They are also
 de maniere a permettre leur            in GIF files with resolutions of
 projection et contiennent jusqu'a 256  approximately 400x400 pixels.
 couleurs d'une palette optimisee.
 Elles sont dans des fichiers GIF       Interpreted and annotated diagrams
 egalement. leur resolution est de      and photos are Microsoft
 l'ordre de 400x400 pixels.             Powerpoint files. these are usable
                                        from both MSDOS and MacIntosh
 Les diagrammes et photos annotes       versions of PowerPoint. These
 respectent le format PPT de MicroSoft  files have been compressed using
 PowerPoint et peuvent etre utilises a  PKZIP to reduce disk space
 partir des versions Windows et         occupied and transfer times.
 MacIntosh de PowerPoint. les fichiers
 ont ete compresses et respectent le
 format PKZIP.
 

 Contactez Antoine Morin                Contact Antoine Morin
 (amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca) si vous       (amorin@aix1.uottawa.ca) for
 desirez des details supplementaires.   details.





