From DHARRIS@upei.caFri Nov 3 20:42:04 1995 Date: Fri, 03 Nov 1995 13:13:06 -0400 (AST) From: Donald Harris To: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." Subject: Re: Canola September 26, 1995 CANOLA PAPERS Information on Canola production gleaned from the USDA and Penpages Canola Production Budget Summary of estimated costs and returns per acre, (Reduced Tillage Practices) Pennsylvania 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ITEM UNIT PRICE QUANTITY AMOUNT YOUR FARM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- $ $ RECEIPTS Canola bu 6.00 40.00 240.00 _________ ------- TOTAL RECEIPTS 240.00 _________ VARIABLE COST CUSTOM Apply calcium lime ton 25.00 0.50 12.50 _________ Soil test results acre 0.50 1.00 0.50 _________ FERTILIZER K lb 0.14 40.00 5.60 _________ N lb 0.26 135.00 35.10 _________ P lb 0.24 40.00 9.60 _________ OTHER Dry 1% 0.03 240.00 7.20 _________ SEED Canola seed lb 2.85 5.00 14.25 _________ OPERATOR LABOR Tractors hour 10.00 1.15 11.54 _________ Self-propelled Eq. hour 10.00 0.36 3.60 _________ DIESEL FUEL Tractors gal 0.93 4.73 4.40 _________ Self-propelled Eq. gal 0.93 1.48 1.37 _________ REPAIR & MAINTENANCE Tractors acre 2.70 1.00 2.70 _________ Self-propelled Eq. acre 5.47 1.00 5.47 _________ Implements acre 2.83 1.00 2.83 _________ INTEREST ON OP. CAP. acre 0.00 1.00 0.00 _________ ------- TOTAL VARIABLE COST 116.65 _________ RETURNS ABOVE VARIABLE COST 123.35 _________ FIXED COST Tractors acre 6.83 1.00 6.83 _________ Self-propelled Eq. acre 7.82 1.00 7.82 _________ Implements acre 6.17 1.00 6.17 _________ ------- TOTAL FIXED COST 20.82 _________ ------- TOTAL COST 137.47 _________ RETURNS TO LAND AND MANAGEMENT 102.53 _________ +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Author/Reviewer: G. Greaser, Sr. Research Associate Dept. of Ag. Economics and Rural Sociology, Penn State June 19, 1995 Document Number: 28503176 +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Keywords: AGRICULTURAL-ECONOMICS, AGRONOMY, BUDGET, CANOLA, COST, ECONOMICS, FIELD-CROP, GRAIN, GREASER-GEORGE, HARPER-JAYSON, HATLEY-ELWOOD, MANAGEMENT, PENN-STATE, PENN-STATE-COLLEGE-AG-SCIENCES, PRODUCTION, REDUCED-TILL . AGRONOMY GUIDE Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service West Lafayette, Indiana AY-272 Winter Canola -- An Alternative Crop in Indiana Ellsworth P. Christmas and Stephen S. Hawkins, Extension Specialists, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University Canola is a cool-season, annual oilseed crop. It is a member of the mustard family and, in the rosette form in the fall, looks very similar to broccoli or cabbage. In the spring it bolts, reaching a height of 3 to 5 feet, and produces bright yellow flowers. The small, spherical, dark-colored seed, weighing 50 pounds per bushel, contains 40% oil and a residual animal feed meal containing 37-38% protein. Canola is a type of rapeseed that has been developed to contain less than 2% erucic acid in the oil and less than 30 ppm glucosinolates in the meal. Canola is the coined name selected to identify those rapeseed cultivars which are genetically low in both erucic acid and glucosinolates. In January 1985 the Food and Drug Administration granted GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status, but required that it be labeled as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR). In fall 1988 the FDA permitted the use of the name canola or canola oil to be used as the generic name for low erucic acid rapeseed oil. Canola oil is a high quality vegetable oil used as both a cooking oil and a salad oil. The increasing demand for canola oil is caused in part by a health-conscious consumer trying to avoid high levels of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Like all vegetable oils, canola oil contains no cholesterol. The level of saturated fatty acids in canola oil is the lowest of all vegetable oils. Therefore, the level of unsaturated fatty acids is the highest of all vegetable oils with a large part consisting of monounsaturated fatty acids. Field Selection Canola is best-adapted to well-drained, medium-textured soils with moderate-to-high water-holding capacity. Canola does not tolerate water-logged soil conditions or soils with standing water during the fall and winter months. Entire fields of canola in Indiana have been lost as the result of excessive soil moisture. High clay or wet soils may also result in excessive heaving of the canola plants. Soils that crust easily should also be avoided. The site should be free of problem weeds such as quack grass, canada thistle, and wild mustard. Canola should not be grown on the same site more than once in five years and in most cases will follow wheat or set-aside. Canola may follow corn or soybeans, but the herbicide program for the corn or soybeans needs to be planned with due consideration to the canola crop. Fall Preplant Fertilization The pH and level of available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil should be determined by a soil test. A soil pH of 6.0-6.5 is recommended for canola production. Preplant fertilization should include no more than 30 pounds of available nitrogen (N) per acre. On dark-colored soils or in situations where carryover nitrogen is present, the preplant nitrogen rate should be reduced to zero. Under no circumstances should animal manures or high rates of nitrogen be applied before planting. In a number of cases, excessive fall nitrogen has resulted in increased fall growth, poor hardening of the plant, and significant winter death loss. The P rates may vary from 20 to 140 pounds per acre (Table 1) and the K rates from 0 to 120 pounds per acre (Table 2) depending on the soil test level and yield goal. Canola is very sensitive to phos-phorus and the recommended rates should not be reduced. Generally, the fertilizer is applied broadcast prior to the final disking. In those cases where ferti-lizer is applied in the furrow, the combined quantity of N and K should not exceed 10 pounds per acre. Even though canola has a high sulfur (S) requirement, lack of S is generally not a problem in Indiana. ____________________________________________________________ Table 1. Recommended Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates for Canola at Various Yield and Soil Test Levels. ____________________________________________________________ Bray P1 Soil P205 rate when bu./a. phosphorus test yield goal is test level level 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ ____________________________________________________________ lb./a. lb./a. ____________________________________________________________ 0-10 Deficient 90 120 120 140 11-20 Deficient 60 90 90 110 21-30 Deficient 30 60 60 90 31-50 Adequate 20 30 30 60 51-100 Optimum 20 20 20 20 101-300 High 0 0 0 0 >300 Excessive 0 0 0 0 ____________________________________________________________ Phosphorus fertilizer recommendations are made in Indiana based on the Bray P1 phosphorus soil test. Soils should be tested every two to four years. Soils with Bray P1 tests below 15 ppm or 30 pounds per acre are considered deficient and require phosphorus fertilizer for optimum canola production. The recommended rate of P2O5 given in Table 1 above, should be applied annually at or before planting. Following these recommendations should increase the P soil test level to the adequate range in three to five years. Soils with Bray P1 tests from 16 to 25 ppm or 31 to 50 pounds per acre are considered adequate for canola production. The recommended rate of P2O5 given in Table 1 should be applied annually or combined with the recommended rates for rotational crops and applied every two or three years prior to canola seeding. Following these recommendations would result in little change in the soil test levels over time. Bray P1 soil tests from 26 to 50 ppm or 51 to 100 pounds per acre are considered high. At this range of soil test levels the soil contains adequate residual P to meet the needs of 4 to 12 successive cropping seasons depending on the crop grown. However, due to the high P response found with winter canola, a small amount of P should be applied at seeding to encourage root development and improve winter hardiness. Farmers who wish to maintain soil tests at this level can do so by applying P2O5 at rates equivalent to those recommended for the same yield potential at adequate soil test levels. Bray P1 soil tests form 51 to 150 ppm or 101 to 300 pounds per acre are considered very high. No P fertilizer is needed for canola production at this soil test level. There are no agronomic reasons to apply fertilizer to maintain soil tests at these levels. Bray P1 soil tests above 150 ppm or 300 pounds per acre are considered excessive. While few adverse effects of these high levels to canola are known, the potential for adding P to ground and surface waters increases at these levels. No P fertilizers are needed for canola production. Soils with these P soil test levels would not be recommended as sites for the disposal of P-containing manures or sludges. ______________________________________________________________ Table 2. Recommended Potassium Fertilizer Rates for Canola at Various Yield and Soil Test Levels. ______________________________________________________________ Exchange Soil K20 rate when bu./a. potassium test yield goal is test level level 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ ______________________________________________________________ lb./a. lb./a. 0-80 Deficient 90 120 120 120 81-150 Deficient 60 90 90 90 151-210 Deficient 30 60 60 60 211-300 Adequate 20 30 30 30 301-400 Optimum 0 0 0 0 401-600 High 0 0 0 0 >600 Excessive 0 0 0 0 ______________________________________________________________ Potassium fertilizer recommendations are made in Indiana based on the exchangeable K soil test. For best results, soils should be tested every two to four years. Soils with exchangeable K soil tests below 150 ppm or 210 pounds per acre are considered deficient and require potassium fertilizer for optimum canola production. The recommended rate of K2O given in Table 2 should be applied annually at or before planting. Following these recommendations should increase the K soil test to the adequate range in three to five years. Soils with exchangeable K soil tests for 106 to 150 ppm or 211 to 300 pounds per acre are considered adequate for canola production. The recommended rate of K2O given in Table 2 should be applied annually or combined with the recommended rates for rotational crops and applied every two or three years prior to canola seeding. Following these recommendations should result in little change in soil test levels over time. Exchangeable K soil tests from 150 to 200 ppm or 301 to 400 pounds per acre are considered high. At this range of soil test levels the soil contains adequate residual K to meet the needs of 4 to 12 successive cropping seasons depending on the crop grown. Farmers who wish to maintain soil tests at this level can do so by applying K2O at rates equivalent to those recommended for the same yield potential at adequate soil test levels. Exchangeable K soil tests from 201 to 300 ppm or 401 to 600 pounds per acre are considered very high. No K fertilizer is needed for canola production at this soil test level. There are no agronomic reasons to apply fertilizer to maintain soil tests at these levels. Exchangeable K soil tests above 300 ppm or 600 pounds per acre are considered excessive. While few adverse effects of these high levels to canola are known, the potential for adding K to ground and surface waters increases at these levels. No K fertilizers are needed for canola production. Soils with these K soil test levels would not be recommended as sites for the disposal of K-containing manures or sludges. Variety Selection Currently there are a number of good varieties of winter canola available for planting in Indiana. Plant only canola quality varieties having oil with less than 2 percent erucic acid and meal with less than 30 parts per million of glucosinolates. Other characteristics of importance when selecting a canola variety include: winter-hardiness, yield-potential, lodging-resistance, disease-resistance, and acceptable seed quality. It is extremely important to use only certified seed since it assures the producer of true canola quality and freedom from contamination with mustards, high erucic acid rapeseed, and weed seeds. The seed tag should also state the variety name and the percent germinable seed. Until more is learned regarding seed-borne diseases, canola seed should be treated with a fungicide. It is never advisable for a producer to save and plant seed from year-to-year, since there is no assurance of purity, seed quality, or that canola quality is maintained. Seedbed Preparation Proper seedbed preparation is essential to establish a solid, uniform stand of canola. Since the seed is quite small, a clean and level seedbed that is granular, but firm, with good moisture is necessary to provide good seed-to-soil contact and rapid emergence. When canola is to follow wheat, the wheat stubble should be plowed within two to three weeks after wheat harvest. This will allow adequate time for the soil to firm and for the wheat seed to sprout to minimize volunteer wheat plants in the canola. The field should be disked lightly and firmed with a cultipacker or roller just prior to planting. Planting Date Canola requires at least 45 days of growth, after emergence in the fall, to develop adequate winter-hardiness. During this period, the plants need a minimum of 6 to 8 fully developed leaves before a killing frost occurs. The optimum planting dates in Indiana range from August 15 in the north to September 15 in the south. Planting later than the suggested dates can result in decreased winter survival, as well as reduced yields. Planting earlier than the suggested date can also result in decreased winter survival, particularly if bud formation and stem elongation occur in the fall prior to onset of winter dormancy. The proper planting date is the second most important factor to consider after site selection. Seeding Rate, Depth, and Method The proper seeding rate depends upon the seeding method. When canola is planted with a grain drill, a seeding rate of 10-12 seeds per square foot, approximately 4-5 pounds per acre, should result in a final stand of 6-8 plants per square foot. A grass or alfalfa seed attachment on the drill gives the most precise seeding rate and placement. However, most grain drills can be adjusted to seed at 10-12 seeds per square foot through the grain box. The seed needs to be checked inside the grain box to make sure it is not being ground or damaged by the fluted feed mechanism. A 3/8- to 1/2-inch planting depth, with very little downward pressure on the seed openers and light pressure on the press wheels, is recommended. Canola can also be broadcast-seeded. After a firm seedbed is prepared, the seed is broadcast at 6 to 8 pounds per acre, and a cultipacker is used to press the seed into the soil. A cultipacker seeder may also be used, but good soil moisture at the surface is required for stand establishment. Plant populations of 6 to 8 plants per square foot are considered ideal for top yields. Late-winter Topdressing Canola responds to nitrogen fertilizer applied in late winter while the plants are still dormant. The total nitrogen requirement for 45 bushels-per-acre yield is approximately 135 pounds of available nitrogen per acre. Of this 135 lb./a., 110 to 120 pounds should be supplied by nitrogen fertilizer and the balance from residual nitrogen in the soil. Topdressing in mid-February to early March, as the plant breaks dormancy, with 30 to 120 pounds N per acre (Table 3) complements the preplant-applied nitrogen to maximize the economic yield. ______________________________________________ Table 3. Recommended Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates to Top-dress Canola at Various Yield Levels and Soil Textures.* ______________________________________________ Cation Nitrogen rate when exchange bu./a. yield goal is capacity 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ ______________________________________________ meq/100g. lb./a. ______________________________________________ <6 60 70 90 120 7-10 50 60 80 110 11-30 40 50 70 100 >30 30 40 60 90 ______________________________________________ * Assumes 30 lb./a. N was applied at seeding. ______________________________________________ Weed Control Very little is known regarding weed problems with canola production in Indiana. A first step in minimizing weed competition is to plant the crop in a clean seedbed. The second key to good weed control is the establishment of a good stand of 6 to 8 plants per square foot in the fall. The vigorous early growth habit of canola permits the crop to compete well with most common weeds in the fall and early spring, without the use of herbicides. A possible exception is when canola is planted following a small grain crop and the volunteer grain becomes a problem. Trifluralin, preplant incorporated, is the only herbicide registered for grass control in canola. However, research from some other states indicates that yield reduction can occur when trifluralin is used and the canola plants become stressed in the fall. There are no herbicides registered for broadleaf weed control in canola. Avoid fields with a history of wild mustard because of a potential cross-pollination problem, as well as direct competition. Canada thistle- or quack grass-infested fields should also be avoided. Since canola is a broadleafed plant, it is sensitive to residual herbicides used for control of broadleaf weeds in the preceding crop. A good stand of canola is also competitive in the late winter and early spring and normally outgrows spring-emerging weeds. It breaks dormancy in March, before many weeds germinate, and provides complete ground cover to prevent weed growth in spring. Pest Problems and Their Control Since canola is relatively new to Indiana, little is known about insect and disease problems. As a member of the mustard family, canola could be attacked by the diseases and insects that attack other domesticated and wild members of this family of plants. Presently, very few pesticides are registered in the United States for use on canola. Therefore, it is very important to follow a crop rotation which includes canola no more than once in five years. Diseases most likely to damage canola in Indiana are the damping off or seedling blight fungi (Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium spp.) and Sclerotinia stem rot. The Rhizoctonia, Fusarium. and Pythium fungi are present throughout Indiana and may cause stand establishment problems in wet soils. Captan is registered in Indiana as a seed treatment on canola and may help control these seedling diseases. Additionally, when conditions are favorable, Rhizoctonia crown rot can be a problem in late winter or early spring. Sclerotinia stem rot is a serious disease which can occur in the spring during wet weather and warm temperatures and is most often observed after flowering begins. The white mold girdles the stem, resulting in premature bleaching of the plants and resultant low seed yields. Infected plants are highly visible among the remaining healthy green plants in the field. The hard, black sclerotia (resting bodies of the fungus) may be found inside the affected stems, branches, or pods. The sclerotia can remain viable for up to 7 years when buried in the soil. Crop rotation and cultural practices are the primary methods of Sclerotinia control. Canola should not be planted in a rotation within five years of a susceptible crop which has had symptoms of Sclerotinia stem rot, and should not follow itself in the same field for a four-year period. Crops susceptible to Sclerotinia in Indiana include soybeans, red clover, sunflower, and alfalfa. Wild members of the mustard family are also susceptible. Cereals and grasses are immune to the disease and can precede canola in the rotation. Blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) is a very serious disease of crops of the mustard family and can be devastating in canola. The disease has not been positively identified in Indiana. Blackleg can be easily spread on the seed of canola. To avoid the introduction or spread of the disease, only certified seed should be used and fungicide seed treatment is suggested. Pseudocercosporella capsillae and Alternaria Brassicae are two foliar diseases to which canola is susceptible. So far, these two diseases have not been observed in Indiana at levels to cause an economic crop loss. Insects known to attack canola include aphids, cabbage seedpod weevil, flea beetles, lygus bugs, cutworms, and other caterpillars. All of these insects have been observed in canola fields in Indiana; however, none of them has reached populations approaching the economic threshold. Crop rotation and control of volunteer canola and wild members of the mustard family are good precautions to help control insects and diseases that can attack canola. Harvest Considerations Canola grows to a height of 3 to 5 feet and is direct-combined with a grain head. The small, spherical seed is contained in pod-like structures that are 3 to 5 inches long. Seed maturity begins at the base of the plant and progresses toward the top. This may result in uneven maturity which could cause shattering of some of the lower pods before desired harvest maturity is attained. Harvest must wait until there are a minimum of green seeds in the pods and seed moisture drops below 10%. If the moisture meter does not have a canola chart, use the rapeseed chart or contact the manufacturer of the meter for a canola/rapeseed chart or a conversion chart. Since seed moisture decreases rapidly at maturity, fields should be monitored daily to prevent excessive shattering due to delayed harvest. The crop should be cut about 12 to 24 inches above the soil surface, just below the lowest seed pods. Cutting the canola stalk a great deal lower can result in excessive green stalk material in the seed. Before harvesting, the combine should be thoroughly checked for holes or potential points where the seeds might leak from the combine. Points that should be checked include the table, grain tank, feeder housing, and the lower inspection or clean-out doors on the elevators. When holes are found, they should be covered with duct tape. Most combine manuals include instructions on recommended settings for harvesting rapeseed. These should be the first settings for the combine. If header losses occur, check to make certain the reel speed is equal to the ground speed of the combine. The cross auger should be set just low enough to provide an even flow of material from the table. If the clearance is too close, pods will be threshed on the table, causing excessive seed loss. Cylinder speeds should be initially set in the range of 400 to 750 rpm, with the concave clearance from 5/8-to 3/4-inch in front and 1/4-to 3/8-inch at the rear. The fan speed should be set at about 3/ 4 of that used for wheat. With the combine properly adjusted, make a pass across the field with the combine running at capacity. Just before reaching the end of the field, stop the combine and check for seed loss from the header, leaks in various components of the combine, and seed being blown out the back of the combine. The crop residue behind the combine should also be checked for broken or crushed seed. Check the tank for cleanliness of the seed. If seed loss is occurring, recheck the items above and adjust accordingly. If broken seeds are found, or if there is excessive foreign material in the tank, the concave clearance should be opened wider and/or the cylinder speed reduced. The combine should also be checked for the amount of material being returned. If the returns are too high, the air flow may be too low, the top sieve may be too widely opened, or the cylinder and/or concave is over-threshing. Seed moisture content of less than 8% is required for safe storage of canola. It will be essential to have some air flow through the seed shortly after binning to achieve uniform moisture throughout the bin. Most of the canola grown in the Midwest has been delivered directly to the collection point for marketing the crop. Marketing In recent harvests, seed was sold to one of a number of elevators in the state. In most cases, the seed was shipped directly to the processor in Hamilton or Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Typically a train carload of canola from several growers is collected before it is shipped for processing. Prices received for canola are based on the Winnipeg, Manitoba market, less shipping costs, grain elevator handling fees, and conversion rates of the Canadian dollar to U.S. dollar. Since canola is 40% oil, its price will depend to a great extent on the market price for vegetable oils. Therefore, price will tend to rise and fall with the soybean oil market and the cash market of soybeans at the time of sale. The final price of canola, paid to the producer, is dependent on more than the Winnipeg rapeseed futures market and the price of soybeans. The local quoted price is subject to discounts for damaged seed, foreign material, garlic, green seed, and moisture. Cost of Production and Economics Canola production inputs are essentially the same as for wheat. This is because the same equipment is used to produce the two crops and labor requirements are similar. With the exception of N, where canola has a higher requirement, all other costs will be similar. Thus, a wheat yield of 60 bushels per acre (@$3.50/bu.) and a canola yield of 45 bushels per acre (@$5.00/bu.) will give the same net return per acre. Summary 1. Arrange a market for the seed before planting this alternative crop. 2. Select well-drained fields with good water-holding capacity. 3. Do not select a site with perennial weed or wild mustard problems or with a history of Sclerotinia stem rot. 4. Prepare a clean, smooth, and firm seedbed. 5. Apply recommended P and K fertilizers according to soil test levels and no more than 30 lb. of N at planting. 6. Select a canola quality variety with good winter-hardiness and yield potential. 7. Plant during the optimum planting dates for a given geographic area of the state. 8. Seed 4 to 5 pounds per acre at 3/8-to 1/2-inch depth with a grain or grass drill, or broadcast seed at 6 to 8 pounds per acre and press seed into soil with a cultipacker. 9. Top-dress in late winter with 30 to 120 pounds additional N per acre. 10. Harvest when seed is less than 10% moisture. REV 8/92(5M) ______________________________________________________________________ Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, State of Indiana, Purdue University and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating. H.A. Wadsworth, Director, West Lafayette, IN. Issued in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. It is the policy of the Cooperative Extension Service of Purdue University that all persons shall have equal opportunity and access to our programs and facilities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Canola Production Budget Estimated operation and input item costs per acre, (Reduced Tillage Practices) Pennsylvania 1993 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SIZE TRAC. OPERATION OR MONTH TIMES AND LABOR MATERIAL TOTAL OR ITEM UNIT PERF. OVER EQUIP. HOURS COST COST COSTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- $ $ $ $ SOIL TEST Jul 1.0 Soil test results acre 0.50 0.50 LIME FIELDS Aug 1.0 Apply calcium lime ton 12.50 12.50 PLOW Aug 1.0 Chisel plow 12 ft 7.10 0.32 3.20 10.30 DISK FIELDS Aug 2.0 Disk harrow 12 ft 8.45 0.43 4.34 12.79 FERTILIZE Aug 1.0 Spin spreader 300 bu 1.79 0.10 1.00 2.79 N lb 7.80 7.80 P lb 9.60 9.60 K lb 5.60 5.60 PLANT Sep 1.0 Grain drill 12 ft 2.81 0.14 1.40 4.21 Canola seed lb 14.25 14.25 FERTILIZE Mar 1.0 Spin spreader 300 bu 1.79 0.10 1.00 2.79 N lb 27.30 27.30 HARVEST Jul 1.0 Combine-SB/WH 13 Ft 14.65 0.36 3.60 18.25 HAULING Jul 0.5 Grain cart 250 bu 0.98 0.06 0.60 1.58 DRYING Jul 1.0 Dry 1% 7.20 7.20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOTALS 37.58 15.14 84.75 137.47 INTEREST ON OP. CAP. 0.00 TOTAL COSTS 137.47 +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Author/Reviewer: G. Greaser, Sr. Research Associate Dept. of Ag. Economics and Rural Sociology, Penn State June 19, 1995 Document Number: 28503177 +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Keywords: AGRICULTURAL-ECONOMICS, AGRONOMY, BUDGET, CANOLA, COST, ECONOMICS, FIELD-CROP, GRAIN, GREASER-GEORGE, HARPER-JAYSON, HATLEY-ELWOOD, MANAGEMENT, PENN-STATE, PENN-STATE-COLLEGE-AG-SCIENCES, PRODUCTION, REDUCED-TILL . Name: G04280 Canola: A Promising Oilseed (50 cents) Agricultural publication G04280 -- Reviewed October 1, 1993 J. Alan Weber, Robert L. Myers and Harry C. Minor Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia J. Alan Weber was a senior in Agricultural Economics at the time this publication was written. Canola is a promising alternative crop for Missouri because it is relatively easy to produce, requires no new investment of equipment, and offers competitive profits. Canola offers farmers an opportunity to help control soil erosion, produce a high-quality winter oilseed crop, and diversify cropping operations. Missouri grain producers today rely upon a few traditional crops such as corn, grain sorghum, soybeans and wheat. Canola and other alternative crops can help reduce the income risk associated with market fluctuations or weather/pest production losses affecting these primary crops. History Canola is a specific type of rapeseed developed in the 1970s. Rapeseed crops have been grown for thousands of years: Sanskrit writings from 2,000 BC refer to their cultivation. Until the 1940s, rapeseed was grown for lamp fuel, cooking oil and as a forage. During World War II, acreage increased dramatically because rapeseed was used as a lubricant for steam ships, but use declined with the advent of the diesel engine. Rapeseed grown in the past has had moderate levels of a compound called erucic acid. Research in the 1960s indicated the acid could be harmful. A breeding program initiated in Canada began producing rapeseed varieties with low erucic acid content. In 1978, varieties with less than 2 percent erucic acid were trademarked as "Canola." In 1985, the USDA granted canola oil GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status for use in foods. This led to sales of canola oil in the United States, with only part of the demand met by U.S. producers. Canola oil has achieved worldwide commodity status and is extensively used in Japan, Canada and other countries. Description Canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties have been developed as both summer and winter annuals. The winter type is best adapted for Missouri conditions and is seeded early in the fall, with two leaf-like cotyledons emerging five to 10 days after seeding. Seedlings go dormant in winter, with loss of the above-ground material. The plant remains alive as long as the crown, a thickened storage structure below the soil line, does not die. New leaf tissue is generated in early spring. A single stalk forms that reaches 12 to 20 inches in height by the start of the flowering stage. During the flowering stage, the main stem and branches reach 4 to 5 feet in height, with bright yellow flowers forming continuously near the tip of the growing stem and branches. Pods develop upward along the stem, starting about 18 inches above the soil. Pods are narrow and about 1 to 3 inches long, each containing 15 to 40 small round seeds. Uses of canola Food. Canola is one of the most efficient oil-producing crops available. About 40 percent of the seed weight is oil. Canola produces a high-quality, edible oil that appears to have superior cooking characteristics compared to other vegetable oils. Canola oil has only 6 percent saturated fat, lower than any other vegetable oil. It is also composed of 58 percent monounsaturated fat, a desirable trait to certain consumers. Livestock. Canola meal, the part of the seed left after the oil is extracted, is of value to the livestock industry. Unlike meal from high erucic acid rapeseed, canola meal is low in glucosinolates. Large amounts of glucosinolates affect growth rate, cause swelling of the thyroid gland and make meal less palatable for livestock. Canola, by definition, has less than 30 micromoles of glucosinolates per gram of seed, so its meal is a safe protein source in animal feeds. Canola meal contains from 32 to 38 percent protein. Feeding trials suggest that canola meal can be substituted into animal feeds with comparable feed value to soybean meal. Industrial uses. Canola is not used for specific industrial purposes at present. Advancements in technology, however, could develop new uses for canola oil, as has happened for soybeans and other oilseed crops (see Special Note). Marketing canola For a new crop to be successful, markets must be established. The marketing system for canola is still relatively young, but many steps have been taken to put the necessary infrastructure into place. Several elevators in Missouri have agreed to take canola seed from farmers. Approximately 2,000 acres of canola were planted in the state in the fall of 1990. Missouri's agroclimatic conditions are considered to have excellent potential for canola. The state also has a ready market for meal as a livestock feed. Producers should consider forward contracting as a marketing alternative until more local markets are developed. Canola offers producers several benefits. It is excellent for double-cropping and is potentially more profitable than wheat, although more risk is associated with growing canola at this stage of development. Canola also spreads labor needs, provides a cash flow in June or July and requires no extra production equipment. Canola offers Missouri farmers the opportunity to grow a superior-quality oilseed with a high market value. Input costs are slightly higher compared with winter wheat, in part because nitrogen and seed costs can be greater. Research indicates that yields with current varieties would probably average 30 to 40 bushels per acre in actual farm production. Gross revenues will usually be $200 or less per acre ($5/bushel x 40 bu/acre yield). Future outlook Prospects for canola appear to be very good. Market analysts predict up to a tenfold expansion in U.S. consumption. The 1990 Farm Bill also enhances opportunities for growing canola. Under the new Farm Bill provisions, canola can be planted on triple base or nonpayment acres. It also allows canola to be grown on 0/92 acres. Under the 0/92 option, canola or any other minor oilseed can be planted on base payment acres and the producer will still be eligible for deficiency payments on the enrolled acreage. At current rates, 500,000 acres of canola would have to be planted in the United States merely to replace the nation's annual imports. An adequate number of U.S. processing plants does not yet exist to crush this amount of canola seed (less than 100,000 acres were grown in the United States in 1990-1991). As with most new crops, problems do exist. At present, there is no established grower base for canola. Only a limited number of varieties are available, and most are not perfectly adapted to the regions where they are being grown. Problems also exist with storage and handling. Most storage problems are related to air-flow problems and lack of experience. Handling problems are due to the lack of an established system for delivery to processing facilities. If these problems are overcome and consumer and industry interest increases, some optimistic projections predict up to 5 million acres of canola could be grown annually in the United States by the end of this decade. How to grow canola The most logical place for canola in a crop rotation is as a replacement for winter wheat. But since canola must be planted by early to mid-September in Missouri, producers may find it difficult to plant it following full-season summer grain crops. Canola can follow winter wheat as part of a crop rotation, or it can be planted after corn, grain sorghum or soybeans, if earlier maturing varieties of those crops are planted or if they are taken off as silage. Soybeans can be double cropped after canola in a similar fashion to double cropping after wheat. Site selection. In general, the best soil for canola is soil that produces high wheat yields. Three main conditions can reduce plant stands and yield potential for canola: (1) lack of soil moisture in the planting zone, (2) soil crusting, (3) waterlogging. Producers should pay close attention to their field selection and base their decisions on soil characteristics such as moisture content, texture, structure, etc. Canola prefers loam-type soils that are well drained, and it will not tolerate waterlogged conditions. A poorly drained soil can result in root disease and increased winter kill. Canola will tolerate a wide range of pH conditions, but it does best with soil pH between 5.3 and 7.5. Finally, select fields that are free of wild garlic and mustard because these weeds will result in a lower-quality product and possible dockage. Choosing a variety. Growers should use only certified seed. Certified seed has tested germination and purity, which will help ensure a proper stand. Proper populations of canola quickly cover the soil and will suppress weeds. Certified seed also will prevent problems caused by weed seeds, mustard seeds, and rapeseed with a high erucic acid content. New varieties are being released by private companies each year, with generally better adaptation to specific regions. Winter survival ability is probably the key factor to consider when selecting a variety for Missouri conditions. Check with seed companies that sell canola to obtain their recommendations for varieties suitable to your situation (see table on seed sources). Field preparation. Canola requires special considerations for seedbed preparation. The seedbed should be essentially weed-free. Excessive trash on the field can cause poor stands and result in weed problems. No-tilling canola in corn or wheat stubble is not recommended. The final seedbed should be firm and well packed. A coarse soil can cause poor seed placement, but a soil that is too fine can contribute to soil crusting. Canola is a small-seeded crop and has difficulty breaking through a crusted soil. In order to retain soil moisture, the soil should not be tilled excessively. Fertilizer should be applied according to soil test results. Canola and winter wheat have comparable fertility needs, except that canola requires more nitrogen, roughly 90 to 150 pounds per acre. It is recommended to apply 30 pounds preplant during the fall and topdressing the remaining nitrogen (60 to 120 lbs./acre) in the spring. If too much nitrogen is applied in the fall, canola can grow excessively and be more susceptible to winter freezing. Phosphorus and potassium should be applied in the fall. Rates usually range from 50 to 60 pounds per acre. Canola may be sensitive to sulfur deficiencies. Soils that are low in organic matter may require up to 20 pounds per acre of sulfur. These levels should be monitored because excessive sulfur can increase the glucosinolate content of the meal, reducing marketing opportunities. Canola is also sensitive to the amount of boron in the soil. Soil tests indicating less than 5 ppm of boron should prompt a small application of boron. It should be noted that most fields in Missouri are unlikely to need sulfur or boron for canola production. Planting. Canola is generally planted between late August and mid-September in Missouri. Sept. 15 appears to be an optimum planting date in central Missouri. Date of planting is critical for canola, because the plant must reach the eight to 11 leaf stage before a killing frost to develop winter hardiness, yet it must not grow excessively. Seedbed preparation and good seed-to-soil contact are also important factors to a good establishment of canola. Existing small grains equipment can be used to plant canola, but the seedbed must be more uniform and trash-free than for wheat. Excessive trash can cause uneven germination and weed problems. Canola is a small-seeded crop and should be planted shallow. While it can emerge from depths of 1-1/2 inches, MU research suggests a planting depth of around 1/2 inch. A seeding rate of 6 to 8 pounds per acre is recommended. Row spacing is usually 7 to 10 inches. The narrow rows and high seeding rate allow the plant canopy to cover the soil quickly and provide better competition for weeds. Weed control. When a good stand of canola is established, the dense growth of leaves usually makes the crop a strong competitor against weeds. A population of four to five plants per square foot provides a canopy that can suppress most broadleaf weeds, especially summer annual weeds. There is only one herbicide currently registered for use with canola, trifluralin (Treflan), which controls common broadleafs and grasses. Proper tillage and crop rotations, along with a preplant herbicide such as Treflan, help minimize the amount of damage caused by weeds. It is important to note that canola is sensitive to atrazine, and yield reductions can occur in fields with atrazine carry-over. Insects. Insects have not yet caused economic losses of canola in Missouri. This fact could change, however, as more acres of canola are planted. Insects can attack the plant in the fall and spring. Common pests include flea beetles, cutworms, aphids, grasshoppers, lygus bugs and various caterpillars. Diseases. Several diseases pose potential problems for canola in the future. Sclerotinia stem rot is identified by premature death of the plant. Avoiding excessive nitrogen applications and rotating with crops that are not hosts to sclerotinia help reduce this disease. Alternaria black spot, blackleg stem canker, the root rot complex and downy mildew may also prove to be problems. Control of these diseases can be enhanced by planting certified seed and establishing a crop rotation. Continuously planting canola on the same land is not recommended. Harvesting. Winter canola generally matures at about the same time as winter wheat, typically in late June or early July. Canola matures from the bottom pods to the top of the plant. Although this process is not uniform, it occurs quickly. Therefore, timing is very important to prevent shattering and to minimize the number of green seeds and dockage at the elevator. The moisture content and the color of seeds and stems can be used to determine when the crop is ready. Most modern moisture testers can be used to determine the moisture content of canola. If the moisture is greater than 10 percent, harvest should be delayed. It is important to monitor fields closely because moisture content can drop by 1 percent per day during normal summer conditions. Ideally, canola should be harvested between 8 and 10 percent moisture. Canola should be combined directly with a grain head. In some areas it is swathed and combined at a later date, but Missouri's weather conditions are not usually conducive for swathing. Before harvest, the combine should be checked thoroughly for any small holes in the grain table, grain tank and augers. Holes can be fixed with either duct tape or a caulking compound. Combine cylinder speed, grain table reel speed and ground speed should be reduced to minimize shattering losses and to handle the large volume of material. The concave should be set to allow the crop to be threshed without breaking up too much of the stem. Excessive threshing of the stems will cause the sieves to be overloaded and result in improperly cleaned grain. Because of the small size of the canola seed, the cleaning operation depends more upon the shaking of the pans, rather than the amount of air. Therefore, screen settings should be set narrow and the fan speed should be reduced. The lower sieves should be closed down to 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch. Handling and storage. Regular grain handling equipment can be used with canola, but truck beds need to be checked for cracks or any holes that would allow the small seeds to escape. The canola seed is only 3/64 to 3/32 inch in diameter and is very light in weight. Holes should be taped or caulked and tarps are essential during transport. If canola is stored for more than a few days, the moisture must be less than 9 percent. Producers may also need to cover the bin floors with a screen mesh to prevent canola seeds from falling through the floor. Proper aeration is essential since canola will typically heat up after harvest. Bins should only be filled two-thirds full. Canola should be stored at 8 to 9 percent moisture for a long storage life. The storage life of canola will double for every 10-degree temperature drop below 77 degrees F or 1 percent moisture reduction below 9 percent moisture. Drying is possible, but high temperatures during drying can change the seed composition and reduce its quality. Seeds also will become brittle and can be damaged during handling if the moisture content is less than 6 percent. Storage problems such as mites and mold can be prevented by close inspection and proper bin treatment prior to harvest. Special note on industrial rapeseed Industrial rapeseed and canola have very similar growth characteristics, but industrial rapeseed has large amounts of erucic acid. Erucic acid is an inedible seed oil component of value in industry. Many uses of industrial rapeseed have been developed for the marketplace. Erucamide, a derivative of erucic acid, has a unique lubricating property that allows its use as an "anti-block" agent and also a "slip agent." Paints and coatings sometimes include brassylic acid, which can be produced as another derivative of industrial rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil also can be manufactured into lightweight durable plastics such as Nylon 1313 for use in industry. Industrial rapeseed and canola have specific uses based on their erucic acid content. Growing canola near industrial rapeseed can alter both crops' erucic acid content. Insects can cross-pollinate them and produce a seed that is too high in erucic acid to be marketed as canola and too low to be used in industry. Expanded acreage in Missouri may require creating production zones for the two types of rapeseed to prevent cross-pollination problems. Companies that sell canola varieties: Pioneer Hybrid International, Inc. (Allelix Crop Technologies), Executive Plaza Suite 307, 1800 Business Park Drive, Clarksville, TN 37040. Phone 1-800-525-3319. Ameri-Can Pedigreed Seed Company, 7664 Moore Road, Memphis, TN 38119. Phone 1-800-322-6652. Canola, Inc., 8910 Purdue Road, Suite 150, Indianapolis, IN 46268. Phone 1-800-365-3461. To order, request G04280, Canola: A Promising Oilseed (50 cents). * Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Ronald J. Turner, Director, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Missouri and Lincoln University, Columbia, Missouri 65211. * University Extension does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability or status as a Vietnam-era veteran in employment or programs. * If you have special needs as addressed by the Americans with Disabilities Act and need this publication in an alternative format, write ADA Officer, Extension and Agricultural Information, 1-98 Agriculture Building, Columbia, MO 65211, or call (314) 882-8237. Reasonable efforts will be made to accommodate your special needs. #8 5/92 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS NEW AND OLD CROPS OFFER ALTERNATIVE OPPORTUNITIES Alternative agricultural crops -- those which can be grown in addition to or in place of more conventional commodities -- offer American farmers a number of ways to diversity their output, bolster their competitive advantage, and increase their income. Economists Katharine Buckley at USDA's Economic Research Service (ERS) and Michael Dicks, formerly of ERS, recently looked at some of the alternative agricultural opportunities available to U.S. farmers. "Developing new crops and products could raise farm income while reducing government subsidies and crop surpluses, the trade deficit, and the potential adverse environmental effects of farm production," the economists explain. Alternate opportunities (defined as any new enterprise, product, or production or processing technique) can help U.S. farmers and rural economies by increasing the competitive advantage of their current enterprises or offering them profitable ways to diversity their output. Import substitution (using a domestic crop or product in place of an import) offers one measure of the market potential for alternative enterprises. "Substituting new crops or products for currently imported items could add as much as $15-$20 billion per year to U.S. farmers' income," Buckley and Dicks estimate. A new crop or product's ability to successfully compete with or displace established crops or products will determine its economic longevity. For a new crop or product intended as an industrial input to carve out a market niche, it must offer either better quality at competitive prices, or equal quality at lower prices. It must be of consistent quality and quantity, and processors must be able to convert it into several final products. A new crop with a variety of uses Worldwide production of canola (an edible rapeseed with low to zero levels of erucic acid in its oil and low to zero levels of glucosinolates in its meal) has boomed in recent years. The key element driving this expansion is the fact that canola oil contains the lowest level of saturated fat and the highest level of unsaturated fat of any edible vegetable oil. Some research indicates that these nutritional attributes can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and certain types of cancer. Canola imports began to rise sharply in 1985, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accorded it the status of "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). The import value of canola oil reached $64 million in 1988, up almost three-fold from the previous year. Canola meal is a high-quality feedstuff with a protein content of 37-38 percent, making it worth 70-80 percent of one dollar's worth of soybean meal (with a protein content of 44 percent). New applications for an old crop In addition to their widespread use in food and feed, soybeans are an excellent source of several industrial products, of which printer's ink has attracted the most attention. Soy-oil ink is used for printing in color as well as in black and white, and its advantages over traditional inks include less ruboff, sharper, brighter colors, and easier press cleanup. It also allows more copies to be printed per volume of ink -- colored pigments blend more easily with soy-oil than with petroleum-based oil, so the ink can be applied in a thinner layer. "The American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA) has indicated that at least one-third (more than 1,000) of all U.S. newspapers are using soy-oil ink," the economists state, "and most will probably switch to using it within two years because of its superior color quality." The price of soy-oil ink currently exceeds that of petroleum ink by about 50-60 percent -- largely because more steps are required to manufacture it. Nevertheless, more than 35 commercial ink companies are now making soy-oil ink under licenses granted by the ANPA, and research to eliminate some of the production steps is under way. If all domestic newspaper publishers used only soy-based ink for black and white and color, they would stimulate an annual demand for the oil of about 350 million pounds. Assuming yields of 11 pounds of oil per bushel, some 31.8 million bushels of soybeans per year would be needed to support the newspaper industry. Soy-based ink could replace U.S. ink imports, which totaled roughly 980 million pounds in 1987. Soy-oil can also be used to suppress dust in grain elevators. When applied to the grain in small amounts (0.02 percent by weight), it has reduced the dust by up to 99 percent. Indeed, tests on corn, wheat, and soybeans treated with soy-oil have shown that it has no effect on odor, grade, drying characteristics, mold growth, or milling and baking qualities. The tests also indicated that treating grain with soy-oil may improve insect control. FDA has approved the treatment for use, and USDA's Federal Grain Inspection Service is considering the matter. The economists note that the industrial application of existing and new agricultural products may offer U.S. producers a real chance to expand their markets. But they caution that promising crops and products must be studied carefully to determine their economic viability and biological sustainability. Resource: USDA +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Provider: Ag Information Services -- News & Publications, Penn State March 20, 1995 Document Number: 28302127 +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Keywords: AGRICULTURAL-ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURE, ALTERNATIVE-CROP, CANOLA, CORNELL, CORNELL-AG-LIFE-SCIENCES, CORNELL-NEWS-RELEASE, ECONOMICS, FARM, FARM-MANAGEMENT, FIELD-CROP, MEDIA-RESOURCE, NEW-YORK, NEWS-RELEASE, PENN-STATE, PENN-STATE-COLLEGE-AG-SCIENCES, PENNSYLVANIA, SOYBEAN . #6 12/93 FIELD CROPS CANOLA GROWERS FACE SEVERAL HURDLES Canola oil is gaining in popularity with U.S. consumers. Its use in this country increased 223 percent between 1987 and 1992, from 263 million pounds to 849 million pounds. However, it still accounts for less than 5 percent of the vegetable oils market. Some consumers prefer canola oil for health reasons, because it has the lowest level of saturated fat among the major vegetable oils, according to economist George Douvelis of USDA's Economic Research Service. A diet with less saturated fat reduces the risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer, according to medical research. The 1988 Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health urged Americans to lower their intake of fat, especially saturated fat. Canola has 6 percent saturated fat, safflower oil 9 percent, sunflower seed oil 11 percent, corn oil 13 percent, olive oil 14 percent, soybean oil 15 percent, peanut oil 18 percent, cottonseed oil 27 percent, and palm oil 51 percent, Douvelis says. Canola oil first appeared on U.S. grocery shelves in 1985. It is used as a cooking oil, in margarine, and in snack foods. Congress gave canola production a boost in the 1990 Farm Act--formally titled the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act--by establishing loan programs for minor oilseeds (canola, sunflower seed, rape-seed, flaxseed, mustard seed, and safflower). The legislation also permitted canola growers to plant canola on up to 15 percent of their wheat, feed grain, cotton, and rice base acres and on wheat and feed grain 0-92 acres without losing government benefits. Growers Face Problems All of this would seem to be good news for U.S. farmers interested in diversifying into canola. But you'd be hard pressed to convince Robert Nixon of that. He's one of several farmers in Orange County, Virginia, who tried growing canola for the first time in 1991. After harvest, Nixon could not find a local buyer who would pay what he considered a reasonable price for his canola crop. He finally shipped it to Canada, with the transportation costs cutting deeply into his profits. In previous years, he could have taken his seed to a plant in Augusta, Georgia, to be crushed into oil. But that facility, owned by the Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM), no longer processes canola. It is now used for other oilseeds. This illustrates the dilemma for the fledgling canola industry. Unless there's a large amount of canola planted, processors like ADM can't justify investing in crushing plants. And if crushing facilities are not available, farmers are unlikely to switch to the crop. Canola competes with soybeans. The prices that canola oil and meal can command are driven by the prices of soybean products, Douvelis says. Soybean oil is the leading vegetable oil in the United States, accounting for 70 percent of the market in 1991. "Chickens are a crucial part of the formula," he says. "They eat a lot of soybean meal and thus are very important to the soybean industry. Soybean meal is also used in feeding other types of livestock." Canola meal is a less valuable livestock feed than soybean meal, Douvelis says, because it's lower in protein and has a higher roughage content. That adds to the financial uncertainty facing canola producers, the economist says. Competition Abroad Another reason that U.S. canola acreage has not been increasing rapidly is the availability of a large supply of canola oil on the international market, mainly in Canada, Douvelis says. In 1992/93, the total U.S. supply of canola oil is expected to be 917 million pounds, of which only 28 million pounds, or 3 percent, will be produced domestically and the rest imported. In 1991, about 80 percent of U.S. canola oil imports came from Canada. Canadian farmers have much more experience with canola than do U.S. farmers, says Paul Raymer, a University of Georgia agronomist. "Canada has been working on canola since 1940, while the United States has been working on it only since 1985," Raymer says. "That accounts for the large difference in production. Canada has been able to develop the infrastructure to support the crop, the chemicals to control pests, and a seed industry." Agronomic Uncertainties Plant breeders haven't yet developed canola varieties that are well-suited to many areas of the United States. During the winter of 1991, for instance, virtually all the canola acreage in Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri was lost to winterkill. A lack of pesticides for use on canola is another problem facing producers. "The agricultural chemical companies find it more profitable to develop products for larger acreage crops or crops that need a lot of protection," explains Jim Gray, crop protection manager for InterMountain Canola, the largest U.S. marketer of canola oil. U.S. canola acreage is relatively small, so chemical companies have little incentive to develop canola-related pesticides, Gray says. Labeling Guidelines Could Help A boost for the U.S. canola industry could come from new Federal regulations for nutritional labeling of food. To quality for the label "low in saturated fat," under the new guidelines, an oil can have no more than 1 gram of saturated fatty acid per serving, with not more than 15 percent of its calories derived from saturated fat. "Canola oil is the only vegetable widely available at this time that meets the FDA standard," says John Weihrauch, a nutritionist with USDA's Human Nutrition Information Service. He adds that the only other vegetable oils that meet the standard--high-oleic-acid safflower oil, almond oil, apricot kernel oil, and hazelnut oil--are currently available in relatively small quantities. The FDA standard could therefore mean an increase in canola oil purchases. Resource: USDA # # # # +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Provider: Ag Information Services -- News & Publications, Penn State November 23, 1993 Document Number: 28302556 +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Keywords: AGRICULTURE, AGRONOMIC-CROP, ALTERNATIVE-CROP, CANOLA, CORNELL, CORNELL-AG-LIFE-SCIENCES, CORNELL-NEWS-RELEASE, CROP-PRODUCTION, FAT, FIELD-CROP, MEDIA-RESOURCE, NEW-YORK, NEWS-RELEASE, OIL, PENN-STATE, PENN-STATE-COLLEGE-AG-SCIENCES, PENNSYLVANIA, SMALL-BUSINESS-DEVELOPMENT, SMALL-SCALE-FARM-ALTERNATIVE, SUSTAINABLE-AGRICULTURE .