The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS This entire issue is available as EJVCV2N1 PACKAGE Table of Contents _______________________ Special Issue: Cultural Dynamics of Virtual Culture Guest Editor: Jay Lemke, CUNY =============== CULTURAL DYNAMICS AND VIRTUAL CULTURE Jay Lemke City University of New York JLLBC@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU (Available as LEMKE V2N1, 475 lines) Abstract This introduction to the EJVC special issue _Cultural Dynamics and Virtual Culture_ provides an overview of the purposes and content of the special issue. It also seeks to sketch the broad outlines of a general conceptual approach to the dynamics of computer-mediated communication as a cul- tural subsystem and to the potential role of this subsystem in general processes of cultural change. COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK AND ACADEMIC CULTURE Leslie Regan Shade shade@Ice.CC.McGill.CA (Available as SHADE V2N1, 395 lines) Abstract [These notes were generously contributed to the special is- sue. They present several directions for further inquiry into the potential changes in academic culture and scholarly practices that may result from new electronic opportunities for collaboration and publication. They were written shortly before the founding of EJVC. JLL] CONTRADICTORY SPACES: PLEASURE AND THE SEDUCTION OF THE CYBORG DISCOURSE P. K. Jamison Indiana University jamisonp@ucs.indiana.edu (Available as JAMISON V2N1, 617 lines) Abstract I provide a brief exploration of the seduction of the cyborg discourse and the expanding integration of living organism and machine found in a variety of settings. The question I ask about cyborgs is, "What tension lies in a discourse that envisions machines as facilitators of pleasure?" The cyborg discourse, seen in relation to the concept of pleasure, is one example of a contradiction that is constructed during inquiry into the "meaning" of social reality. THE PSYCHODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF VIRTUAL REALITY Leslie D. Harris Susquehanna University lharris@einstein.susqu.edu (Available as HARRIS V2N1, 792 lines) Abstract This article explores the potential effects of virtual reality on our subsequent experiences of the world. If, as Daniel Dennet, Jerome Bruner, and others have argued, our past experiences in- fluence subsequent perceptions of the world, then VR experiences can have a profound effect on our conscious beings. Those expe- riences can become part of a perceptual and an emotional back- ground that changes the way we see things. At its best, virtual reality can allow us to transcend our limitations, to expand our emotional lives. At its worst, VR can become a form of torture, in which we subject ourselves to traumatic experiences that scar our emotional and perceptual lives. CYBORGS ARE US Andrew R. J. Yeaman Yeaman & Associates ayeaman@cudnvr.denver.colorado.edu (Available as YEAMAN V2N1, 1409 lines) Abstract Cyborg stories, although imaginary, can be informative. The transition from the machine to the cyborg corresponds to the movement from modern to postmodern society. Cyborgs reflect the reality of people and computers being blurred together. This article shows the aesthetics of criticism can bring about awareness of cyborg fictions as a cultural anaesthetic. Another purpose of this article is to use writing as a way of exploring the social reality of cyborgs. ***** Romancing the interface Joe Amato jAmato@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu fluid etchings of affect from print to post- print hand-to-hand and around or through which a membrane of light without and within an ordeal often of heart-to-heart in passions opposed a forum of homey selves hearing voices in the wild causality itself longing to be orphaned an absence of flesh and of or in blood a discourse punctuated curling about and marked of anonymous neighborhoods of others of various discomforts reworked through words a rehash of histories exchanging presencing and organs archived in seemingly omniscient sites to lurk witnessing to pay homage to what may be or merely seen but substance marks of such stuff a style always verging on di- and transgression a medium divided against itself failing to transfer of what absent necessity must always be becoming and in this failure thereof hope in lacking of deceptive permanences a bluff called of hardcopy that of what is meant is said and means simply a self transfixed or in the midst of that past that cannot presently be altered hence and of whereby this divergence may no pedantic simulation be locating but the sites of nor that is and not in these places to perform but to shimmer with the promise of their own failings their own ambiguities their own merging recitations going forth excepting without a why or how in hand then unequivocably why or how either or hand feeling death across time zones a way negotiating among public spaces until flair familiarities and connections distinguish of an ideological backdrop even these places modulated against lack of tenure publication name hidden variables even children what is missing to be used to incite toward love honesty recapitulation rejection cruelty here all might and yet an occasion too of against for peace brutalilties of faith buffer bits of fact conjoined for the sake of exposition purging a community its practices mysteriously to question or and launching toward high adventure economies of need [END] Romancing the Interface Michael Dickel dicke001@maroon.tc.umn.edu I WATCH YOUR STORY FLY BY ON THE UPLOAD FROM HERE TO THAT TEXT MACHINE OVER THERE SOMEWHERE, THE DISJOINT NATURE OF THE WORLD BECOMING EVER MORE INCOHERENT, LOST IN BYTE-SIZE MODULES ALONG TELEPHONE-WIRE STRINGS ATTACHED TO ALL THAT WE SAY BETWEEN US. AMONG THE LINSEED OIL FUMES AND THE IDIOSYNCRATIC REPRESENTATION OF SELF WE CALL ART-FULNESS THE DESCENDING LINE TRIPS THE METERED FOOT AND, MY HEAD SPINNING, I THINK: ALL THAT WHITE SPACE BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS AN AFFECTED STYLISTIC TREND, BETWEEN LINES A CRITICAL LIFE-LINE FOR CAREERS, BETWEEN LETTERS A LINGUISTIC ODDITY, BETWEEN US FOREVER HOLDS THE EMPTINESS THAT HAS DRAINED FROM MEANING. NO MATTER HOW MUCH CONCRETE YOU POUR INTO THE MOLD, THESE ARE STILL ONLY A FEW DARK SCRATCHES OF SENSE IN AN ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD, ********* MUSHy poem Michael Dickel dicke001@maroon.tc.umn.edu Connect me ******* You stand in a textual world looking for another. contents: You Her :hug Her You hug Her. She HUGS!! You. She says, "I missed You. It's been a long time." "I have never seen you to touch you You say, "I have never seen you to touch you." She puts her arm around your waist. She says, "Can't you feel me now?" look Her She stands in front of You, airy nothingness on the screen words glyphs icons through a conduit of electrons and photons You, airy nothingess on Her screen. words glyphs icons "I feel you. In here..." You say, "I feel you. In here..." She kisses You. :kiss Her. You kiss Her. :put arms around Her and pull Her closer. You put arms around Her and pull Her closer through the screen into your life untouched unknown possible woman possible man possible lover changing everything you touch everything you touch changing Her You never touching go Home [END] The VIRTUAL SQUARE ================== edited by James Shimabukuro (jamess@uhunix.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu) The Virtual Square is devoted to non-refereed opinion columns and essays. THE RATE OF CHANGE OF THE RATE OF CHANGE UseNet Indicators Are 7 Times As High in Jan, 1994 as Jan, 1993 7215703 Jan94 >> 1142783 Jan93 by Michael Hart (Available as SQARV2N1 HART, 373 lines) The CYBERSPACE MONITOR ====================== (Available as EJVCV2N1 MONITOR, 4,201 lines) ///////////////////// / TABLE OF CONTENTS / ///////////////////// SPECIAL INTERNET CONNECTIONS Scott Yanoff INFORMATION SOURCES John A. December INTERNET SERVICES FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Version 1.7 4 February 1994 Kevin Savetz NOTE: Permission has been granted to publish these files in the "Cyberspace Monitor" of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_. _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. If an article is re-published elsewhere it must include a statement that it was originally published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture. The EJVC Editors reserve the right to maintain permanent archival copies of all submissions and to provide print copies to appropriate indexing services for for indexing and microforming. _________________________________ _THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ON VIRTUAL CULTURE_ ISSN 1068-5327 EDITORIAL BORAD EJVC Founders Ermel Stepp, Marshall University, Editor-in-Chief M034050@Marshall.wvnet.edu Diane (Di) Kovacs, Kent State University, Co-Editor DKOVACS@Kentvm.Kent.edu A. Ralph Papakhian, Indiana University, Consulting Editor PAPAKHI@@IUBVM Editor, _The Cyberspace Monitor_ Algirdas Pakstas, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics a.pakstas@sedcs.mii2.Lt Editors, _Virtual Square_ Diane (Di) Kovacs, Kent State University DKOVACS@Kentvm.Kent.edu James Shimabukuro, University of Hawaii jamess@uhunix.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu Consulting Editors Anne Balsamo, Georgia Institute of Technology ab45@prism.gatech.edu Patrick (Pat) Conner, West Virginia University u47c2@WVNVM.WVNET.EDU Skip Coppola, Applied Technology, Inc. skip%aptech@bagend.atl.ga.us Cynthia J. Fuchs, George Mason University cfuchs@gmuvax.bitnet Stevan Harnad, Princeton University harnad@Princeton.EDU Edward M. (Ted) Jennings, University at Albany, SUNY EMJ69@ALBNYVMS Michael Joyce, Vassar MIJOYCE@vaxsar.vassar.edu or USERTFSG@UMICHUM Jay Lemke, City University of New York JLLBC@CUNYVM.BITNET Carl Eugene Loeffler, Carnegie Mellon University cel+@andrew.cmu.edu Willard McCarty, University of Toronto editor@EPAS.UTORONTO.CA James (Jim) Milles, Saint Louis University millesjg@sluvca.slu.edu Algirdas Pakstas, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics a.pakstas@sedcs.mii2.Lt A. Ralph Papakhian, Indiana University PAPAKHI@@IUBVM Bernie Sloan, University of Illinois, Champaign AXPBBGS@UICVMC.BITNET or b-sloan@uiuc.edu Allucquere Roseanne Stone, University of Texas, Austin success@emc.cc.utexas.edu Kali Tal, Viet Nam Generation kali@access.digex.com Associate Editors Robert J. (Bob) Beebe, Youngstown State University ad219@yfn.ysu.edu David W. Brown, Ball State University 01dwbrown@LEO.BSUVC.BSU.EDU Kathleen Burnett, Rutgers University BURNET@zodiac.rutgers.edu G. 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The message must read: GET EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS Use this file to identify particular articles or sections then send e-mail to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU with the command: GET where is the name of the article or section (e.g., author name) and is the V#N# of that issue of EJVC. The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 LEMKE V2N1 CULTURAL DYNAMICS AND VIRTUAL CULTURE Jay Lemke City University of New York JLLBC@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU ABSTRACT This introduction to the EJVC special issue _Cultural Dynamics and Virtual Culture_ provides an overview of the purposes and content of the special issue. It also seeks to sketch the broad outlines of a general conceptual approach to the dynamics of computer-mediated communication as a cul- tural subsystem and to the potential role of this subsystem in general processes of cultural change. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE [1] "Virtual culture" is a useful term for both the subcul- ture of computer-mediated human activity and for its tools and artefacts. In relation to this special issue of EJVC, the term "virtual culture" more specifically tries to generalize the experiential phenomena of "virtual reality" to include the virtual realities we construct in hypertext and hypermedia systems and the virtual communities we par- ticipate in through computer-mediated communication and in- formation access. There are virtual cultures of electronic discussion groups and remote data access on the internet, and virtual realities contructed through text and multimedia with which different users may interact in different ways, as well as the more spectacular virtual realities of real- time, multi-sensory immersion technologies. [2] "Cultural dynamics" is a perspective on human culture in general, one that foregrounds processes of change, and which assumes that human cultures are complex dynamic sys- tems of social practices and material, ecological processes. As such, cultural systems are not like inert objects: they must work constantly just to maintain themselves, and in- evitably they must also change, in ways small and large, more slowly or more quickly. [3] How do the phenomena of virtual culture play a role in the dynamic processes of social and cultural change? What models, paradigms, and opportunities do the various aspects of virtual culture now offer society and culture as a whole that may lead to wider and more profound changes in our fu- ture? What changes and trends now visible may develop or evolve into these possible futures? What are people actually doing today in the realms of virtual culture that has signficant potential for social and cultural change, locally and globally? [4] To better understand what is happening in virtual cul- ture, to make better choices as we participate in it and create it, we need some theoretical understanding of its wider social and cultural significance. The goal of this special issue is to focus scholarly intellectual discussion on particular examples and phenomena of virtual culture and their role in cultural dynamics generally. The articles in this issue embrace a diversity of theoretical perspectives, and include rich descriptions of lived virtual culture, its activities and artefacts, as well as specific visions for the future. [5] Culture is everywhere. In education and scholarship, in literature and the arts, in political and social institu- tions, in the workplace and the home. Virtual culture has the potential to transform all these social domains and our participation in them in many ways. Among the most profound kinds of cultural change, I believe, are changes in systems of values and perceived interests that guide actions and choices. No less significant are changes in social relations of power and privilege, from material power and control, to information and communication access. [6] The economics and politics of virtual culture; its material artefacts, processes, and human activivities; its role in our systems of meaning and value -- all must be in- terrogated if we are not to stumble blindly into the cyber- spaces of our future, or be led in directions we might not wish to go by those with greater power to pursue their own interests. [7] This special issue seeks to provide a nexus in the web of discussions of these issues, as a contribution to under- standing, and as a stimulus to debate. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE: PRESENT AND ABSENT [8] A special feature of this special issue is the inclu- sion of poetic discourse (Amato and Dickel), offering us a distinctive sensibility and a medium of expression for the human response to virtual culture that is not limited by the specialized conventions of contemporary academic discourse. Discourse theory recognizes that poetic, narrative, conver- sational, and expository genres complement one another in our modern culture and that no view of culture as a phenomenon can pretend to richness of description if it limits itself to only one of these modalities of communica- tion. Conversational discussions of virtual culture are not included here, but take place through EJVC's associated listserv discussion group IRVC-L@byrd.mu.wvnet.edu. No nar- rative contributions were offered for the special issue, though sections of narrative do occur in some of the arti- cles. So, we are especially fortunate to be able to hear the poetic voice in our culture as we try to understand how that culture is being changed by our participation in the virtual communities of computer-mediated communication. [9] Two contributions to the special issue (Jamison and Yeaman) take up the metaphor of the cyborg to explore the ways in which we are already becoming integrated, as social personae and as interacting organisms, with the electronic extensions of our selves that network us into new kinds of communities in which we can be new kinds of human beings. Additional planned contributions extending these perspec- tives to issues of blurred and multiple gender identities and to the creation of a social persona in multi-user online interactive communities (MUDs and MOOs) could not be com- pleted in time for this issue, but will hopefully appear in EJVC in the future. [10] Two further contributions (Harris and Shade) look, respectively, at the psychodynamic effects of virtual expe- riences and at the implications for academic culture of vir- tual communities. The wider implications for the civic cul- ture of citizenship and a more detailed examination of the educational revolution presaged by on-line hypermedia are two more contributions that were proposed for this issue and which will hopefully still appear at some later time. [11] Leslie Regan Shade, in a set of early notes generously contributed to this issue, presciently focussed attention on the contradiction between lone-wolf competition for academic status and rewards vs. the co-operative and collaborative ethos which increasingly fast, easy, and convenient high- bandwidth CMC now encourages in the scholarly community. She suggests, and I would assert, that we ought to consider how competitive vs. collaborative scholarly practices play a part in the social construction of masculinity vs. other possible gender roles (see for example Lemke 1993a on gender and science). There are great opportunities here. Women can redefine scholarly roles by creating models of mutually sup- portive intellectual communities. Men can critically reexamine the negative effects of atavistic masculine competitive-aggressive values on the productivity and sanity of the academic system we have fashioned and still dominate. [12] Leslie Harris points to another, far more direct, way in which computer-mediated experiences, from video games to seamless virtual realities, may play a role in cultural evolution: by shaping the development of the psyche in the same ways that ordinary lived experiences do. This raises many questions about possible postmodern technologies of the self, and the potentially dangerous amplification of specific cultural ideologies through designed virtual expe- riences. All communications media strengthen the coupling of the social to the individual, and most of them amplify the social variants of a small number of individuals for con- sumption by larger populations (popular assemblies, print publications, broadcast media). CMC has the potential for a more horizontal organization of many-to-many, though the context of our present culture and its economics seems al- ready to be driving it back toward the vertical few-to-many paradigm that preserves the powers that be (cf. Lemke 1993b). [13] Harris is particularly sensitive to the limits of manipulation by virtual media that arise from the unpredict- able and diverse ways in which individuals will react to them, but also recognizes that the seamless verisimilitude of virtual experience could combine with the psychodynamics of desire to lead us much further into our own, or others', fantasies. As we develop new ways to balance Ego's reality- principles with the wish-fulfilling virtual realities of our desire, it is possible that human psychodynamics itself will evolve. The waking dreams of VR blur the lines we draw be- tween the day and the dream. [14] P. K. Jamison explores the present and historical am- bivalence toward the "cyborg" solution, the dream and night- mare of conjoining the human and the machine, resolving the cultural conflict between them and the ideologies they represent. Is the cyborg an expression of our fear of tech- nocratic mechanization of the humane? Or does it gove form to our dream of humanizing the machine? Do we fantasize an end to our struggle to avoid domination by and through tech- nology, by yielding to the enemy's embrace in the most in- timate and bodily way? assaying a victory through surrender? Or do we hope at last for a progressive human alliance with technology, to turn the tables on those who have so long used it against the rest of us, amplifying the ordinary hu- man into a power equal to any? [15] Perhaps the cyborg discourse only gives form to pres- ent realities, to our recognition, against the biases of our own culture, that we have never been autonomous individuals commanding external technologies, but have ever been nodes in the criss-crossing networks of social interactions and material processes that make up our ecological communities (cf. Lemke 1993c, 1994, in press). We are as much the projections of our technologies as they are extensions of ourselves. XXXXXX YYYYYY, in his article for the special is- sue, also explores deeply our uses of the cyborg image, from fantasies for possible futures to interpretations of present realities. [16] Yeaman examines the metaphors of common speech associ- ated with our interdependence on the technologies of the everyday, and the ambivalent feelings we have about how new technological ways of doing conflict with the common sense of prior experience. At the core of this ambivalence, and of Yeaman's analysis, is the real conflict between two cultural and ideological approaches to the adoption and use of new technologies: a technocratic rationalism, arrogant in its claims to universal definitions of the functional and the true, and a more circumspect postmodern humanism, ready to reflect, to critique, to question, to deny, and to resist. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR CULTURAL DYNAMICS [17] Technology cannot usefully mean just the artefacts a community produces, it must at least also mean the processes and social practices that contribute to their production. But once we shift perspective from things to activities, we see that things are participants in activities no less than are persons, social actors, organisms. It is the activities that are fundamental, that define a community and a culture. And these activities are physical, material processes, as well as social and cultural practices that have meanings for us. The participants in these processes/practices/activities are all sorts of what the semantics of our language calls "things" be they tools, organisms, or persons. The existence and the identity, the material function and the social mean- ing of a person, a computer, or a tree depend totally on the network of ecological processes and cultural activities, in- cluding meaning-making activities, that define an ecological-social system. [18] This "ecosocial" perspective (Lemke 1994, in press) teaches us to see double. To see a human community as both an ecosystem and a meaning system, to see its activities (including the "things" that participate in those ac- tivities) as both cultural practices, defined by their mean- ing relationships to other practices, and as material pro- cesses, defined by the network of their couplings to other material processes. Every action, every object, every hap- pening is part of two systems of happenings, enters into two kinds of relationships to other happenings: material rela- tionships of physical, chemical, and biological exchanges of matter and energy, and semiotic relationships of similarity and difference in cultural meaning and social value. In all matters in which humans participate, directly or indirectly, these two systems so strongly interact as to be for all in- tents and purposes a single, ecosocial system. [19] An ecosystem that includes a human community with its cultural beliefs and values is a material system many of whose processes cannot be described or predicted without reference to the actions of the humans in it, and so to the beliefs and values, the meanings of events, on which those actions are at least partly, and are often critically, based. Likewise, a human culture, as a dynamic, evolving system, is a system of meaning-making practices, both those that assign meanings and those that enact meaningful ac- tivities, and which do so at all times and places materially and physically, so constituting elements of an ecosystem which behaves according to the general laws of such systems. [20] It is only fairly recently that we have begun to un- derstand those laws, not simply of ecosystems, but of com- plex, dynamic, self-organizing open systems generally. These are systems defined as interdependent networks of doings, happenings, activities, in which, physically, chemically, biologically, and socially, the consequences of many doings provide inputs for or trigger other doings. These networks can be self-regulating, but they are not stable. In order for such systems to persist they have to transact with their external environments, changing them and changing themselves in the process, leading to the need for newly adaptive strategies of transaction each next time around. Such sys- tems tend to "colonize" their environments, leading to the production of supersystems which then have exactly the same dynamical logic. [21] In the case of large-scale, evolved self-organizing systems, like the Earth itself, this process also works from the top-down: larger systems differentiate and spin off sub- systems on smaller and smaller scales, meeting up with the emerging complexity rising from the smallest scales, to meet, at least from our human point of view, somewhere in the middle, in us. Not only are we composed of smaller self- organizing systems, our organs and cells, and function as constituents in larger ones, communities and ecosystems, but across all these scales, at each level the systems are spe- cial cases of the general logic of dynamic self-organization (see e.g. Salthe 1985, 1993). Human communities are not just _like_ ecosystems, they _are_ ecosystems, but ecosystems of a special kind, co-dependent with the human cultural meaning systems they support. [22] This is hardly the place to explore the general fea- tures of ecosocial dynamics and change in such systems (see Lemke 1994, in press), but I think that the conceptual per- spective I have just sketched may help in thinking about virtual culture. Of course we are already cyborgs, if by cyborg we mean that our behavior as organisms and as social actors depends as much on the processes we participate in with technological artefacts as on the processes we partici- pate in with other elements of the non-technological ecosystem. Indeed what are "we"? If we define human individ- uals as something more than just biological organisms, if we are defined by all the process that shape our developmental trajectories from conception to disintegration, then we are also social persons and actors, taught to conceptualize for ourselves a semblance of subjective experience, taught to conceptualize a self and an individual identity, by means of the meaning-making practices of our culture (Lemke 1993c). And the technologies of our community, artefacts and ac- tivities, play no small role today in shaping both the so- cial persona and even the bodily organism. How could it be otherwise if we conceive of human communities not as systems of doers _per se_, but as systems of doings, which in turn define the doers by their roles in these activities and pro- cesses? [23] Cyborg discourses foreground that fact that our own academic, intellectual culture has a certain horror of the bodily. The ways of the body, typically, are not our forte as individuals. We do not dwell on the vulnerability of our bodies to pain and the role of inflicted pain in the organi- zation of social systems. If we have to think of the bodily, we prefer to focus on its capacity for pleasure instead. The technological is itself a second body, and the cultural di- vide between scientific and humanistic perspectives refigures the more basic one between the bodily and the in- tellectual. At the level of the social, the community, the ecosystem, it is not so hard for us to identify with emerg- ing systems based on the virtual cultures made possible by new modes of technological communication. But at the level of the "cyborg" we are asked to make the same identification much more personally and intimately: to give up the illusory autonomy of the defended self, the social superiority of the intellectual over the technical, the protective line between the body and machines that hurt. [24] I believe that the profoundest cultural changes that may arise from the new cultures of computer-mediated com- munity will be in matters of the intimate body, in matters of fear and pain, of gender and sexuality, of body identity in relation to sensory vulnerability. If we focus only on enhancements and extensions, on powers to be gained, we merely reinforce the older framework of our traditional mas- culinist delusions of control. No self-organizing system can control itself; and no self-organizing system can be con- trolled from a lower sublevel within the system. We can fashion merely cybernetic machines that are not self- organizing, that project our fantasies of controlling our own and others' lives. But these machines, like ourselves, are born already integral parts of larger self-organizing systems. I believe that self-organizing virtual communities, and the cultural changes they represent, can best be concep- tualized by both seeing double (materially and semiotically) and looking multiply across all the levels of organization from global systems to local bodies. [25] I hope that the contributions to this special issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ will help all of us pose more difficult and profound questions about cultural dynamics and virtual culture, and fashion more useful im- ages, metaphors, and discourses for exploring them. I invite responses and discussion on the IRVC-L listgroup (via unix listserv at byrd.mu.wvnet.edu). WORKS CITED Lemke, J.L. 1993a. "Science, Masculinism, and the Gender System". (Paper presented at the University of Delaware, Oc- tober 1993. Available on email request from author.) -- . 1993b. "Education, Cyberspace, and Change." Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture (EJVC-L@KENTVM), March 1993. [GET LEMKE V1N1, LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU; ftp /pub/ejvc direc- tory of byrd.mu.wvnet.edu; gopher gopher.cic.net under EJVC Archives, Electronic Journals.] Also Arlington VA: ERIC Documents Service (ED 356 767), 1993. -- . 1993c. "Semiotics, Subjectivity, and Science" (Paper presented at the CUNY Developmental Psychology seminar, Oc- tober 1993. Available via cs-gopher.uchicago.edu as Lemke CUNYPSY paper in the Language and Culture archives, Jan94.) -- . 1994. "Discourse, Dynamics, and Social Change." Cul- tural Dynamics 6(1): 243-275. [Special issue, Language as Cultural Dynamic, M.A.K. Halliday, Issue Editor]. (also via cs-gopher.uchicago.edu as Lemke Cultural Dynamics paper in the Language and Culture archives, Dec93). -- . (in press). _Textual Politics: Discourse and Social Dynamics_. London: Taylor & Frances / Falmer Press. Salthe, S. 1985. _Evolving Hierarchical Systems_. New York: Columbia University Press. -- . 1993. _Development and Evolution: Complexity and Change in Biology._ Cambridge MA: MIT Press. _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. If an article is re-published elsewhere it must include a statement that it was originally published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture. The EJVC Editors reserve the right to maintain permanent archival copies of all submissions and to provide print copies to appropriate indexing services for for indexing and microforming. _________________________________ _________________________________ _THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ON VIRTUAL CULTURE_ ISSN 1068-5327 Ermel Stepp, Marshall University, Editor-in-Chief M034050@Marshall.wvnet.edu Diane (Di) Kovacs, Kent State University, Co-Editor DKOVACS@Kentvm.Kent.edu ____________________________ GOPHER Instructions ____________________________ GOPHER to gopher.cic.net 70 ____________________________ Anonymous FTP Instructions ____________________________ ftp byrd.mu.wvnet.edu login anonymous password: users' electronic address cd /pub/ejvc type EJVC.INDEX.FTP get filename (where filename = exact name of file in INDEX) quit LISTSERV Retrieval Instructions _______________________________ Send e-mail addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM (Bitnet) or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU Leave the subject line empty. The message must read: GET EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS Use this file to identify particular articles or sections then send e-mail to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU with the command: GET where is the name of the article or section (e.g., author name) and is the V#N# of that issue of EJVC The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 SHADE V2N1 COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK AND ACADEMIC CULTURE Leslie Regan Shade shade@Ice.CC.McGill.CA ABSTRACT [These notes were generously contributed to the special is- sue. They present several directions for further inquiry into the potential changes in academic culture and scholarly practices that may result from new electronic opportunities for collaboration and publication. They were written shortly before the founding of EJVC. JLL] [1] Janice Radway (1988) is one scholar who has mused about the possibilities of an altered research practice which would involve extensive collaboration and whose purpose would be to "map the complex, collective production of 'pop- ular culture' across the terrain of everyday life". Col- laboration would be "not a panacea solution to all of the problems involved in elaborating an appropriate point of view for the study of the cultural terrain but as a practi- cal, though flawed, way of overcoming some of the limita- tions of the individual scholar". Her proposed project would involve ethnographic fieldwork conducted by a team of scholars who "would fan out across a range of sites" in or- der to study how leisure and play are "elaborated within and across a range of different practices". The purpose of the collaborative team would be to "collectively and compara- tively survey" the range of leisure activities, such as var- ious hobbies and avocations, that individuals in a single heterogeneous community engage in (she doesn't specify what kind of community). Although Radway doesn't elaborate the practicalities of how such a collaborative project would be carried out (management of the investigative team, funding, problems with co-authorship, and communication between team- members), her idea is interesting in that she is attempting to transcend the constraints of the lone scholar and expand the ethnographic enterprise to include groups of col- laborators, so that a potentially unwieldy project can be- come an actual reality. [2] Radway's ruminations have yet to materialize, at least to my knowledge, but certainly her idea of scholarly col- laboration has become a recent and very tangible reality in the academic community with the proliferation and use of "groupware". Here, "groupware" applications will be defined as including electronic mail and wide-area computer- conferencing systems (e.g., scholarly computer conferences known as "lists" available through the various networks such as Bitnet, Usenet, Internet). This paper will explore the notion of collaboration in the scholarly community through examination of some of the more recent uses of groupware designed for the communication studies field (electronic journals and conferences); and delve into some of the prob- lematics involved in designing and supporting Computer- Supported Cooperative-Work (CSCW). [3] Michael Schrage, in Shared Minds (1990) explores the texture of collaboration in the workplace and various crea- tive fields: why it is necessary, what makes it successful, and what some of the new collaborative designs and tools do. He believes that these tools (typically sophisticated computer systems which allow for interactive shared spaces involving video and sound, although it can include the mundane blackboard and chalk) will create a fundamental par- adigm shift and alter our sense of community. For Schrage, collaboration, both conceptual and technical, is a neces- sary way of coping with the increasing complexity of every- day life in an era of specialization. [4] Collaboration in the humanistic and social sciences has always met with some resistance. In a publish-or-perish en- vironment which tends to exalt the lone scholar, the act of co-authoring papers has always been a dubious enterprise - who gets top billing? In the typical politicized university environment where funding is as cantankerous as national deficit woes, graduate students quickly become used to guarding their research agendas. The feminist community, at least on paper,and in line with elaborating new concep- tions of what feminist research would involve, seems to be one of the few groups to encourage collaborative interac- tion with other scholars and with their research subjects. Nonetheless, it does seem that given the diverse cross and trans-disciplinary nature of much of communications studies, solitary research endeavors are not very practical anymore. There is increasing evidence, furthermore, that, via tech- nological intermediation, the nature and role of scholarly collaboration and publishing are being transformed in very exciting ways. [5] Ann Okerson (1991) suggests that electronic scholarly journals (defined as those delivered via networks) will sup- plant paper scholarly journals and hence, change,and perhaps improve,the nature of scholarly discourse. (Currently, of some 30 networked journals in diverse subject areas,eight are refereed or lightly refereed, and there exist at least 100 networked electronic newsletters). Electronic journal advocates cite as some of the advantages of computer networking over print publication the speed of dissemina- tion, the relatively low costs of production and dissemina- tion, and the ability to proliferate scholarship more widely as well as the potential to link it up with interconnected databases. One of the advantages electronic journals have over their paper counterparts, of course, is that they bypass the "serials crisis" whereby individual libraries are unable to purchase journals because of their skyrocket- ing subscription costs. Electronic formats of journals allow for individual retrieval of an entire issue or one article, and such retrieval can be done either by an intermediary (i.e., librarian) or by the scholar him/herself. (We assume that academic computing connections allow for relatively free access to Bitnet or Internet). For Okerson, electron- ic journals force us to re-think the nature of both informal and formal systems of scholarly communication. She believes that communication will be altered in "ways that are most effective and comfortable for specific disciplines and indi- viduals, utilizing electronic conversations, squibbs, mega- journals, consensus journals, and models not yet dreamt of. Diverse forms of academic currency co-exist, and fewer writ- ings are considered the 'last word' on any subject". Lindsay (1991) has further suggested that electronic journals would be ideal forums for extending critical peer review by the dissemination of proposals, hypotheses, experimental de- signs, and criticism. Here would be created a space to "reward those who excel at idea generation but eschew the later stages...[a space] devoted to projects destined to be inconclusive". [6] Most of the electronic journals are university-based, and pose a challenge to traditional publishers. Have aca- demics regained control of the distribution of their intel- lectual output, or are electronic journals not accorded the same stature as their printed competition? Will the same amount of credibility and prestige be accorded to publishing in electronic journals? Will academics need to be persuaded to contribute articles and referee in electronic journals? [7] There are, of course, technical and legal difficulties with electronic publishing. In the technical arena, users must have access to computer systems and/or be somewhat knowledgeable about networking systems. As well, "network communication can be clunky, cranky, and inconsistent", and therefore serve only the most computer-literate or tena- cious. There are limitations on what can be sent over the network; it is only text-based now, and this can be restric- tive.The design of electronic journals is still in its in- fancy, and reading electronic text can be a grievous task. Usually ASCII formats must be used as the display because word-processing systems are not universally compatible with the variety of computing equipment that can display text. Convincing scholars to convert to electronic texts will re- quire improvements in legibility (advanced video monitors) and more flexiblility in manipulating text. [8] In the legal venue, the problematic of copyright and pricing is extremely contentious, and will have to be hashed out in the international arena. Network users might be frus- trated as well by the chaos created by a firm lack of bibli- ographic control. And what happens to access, if, in the fu- ture, networks are no longer subsidized but are in private hands? Harrison, et. al (1991) describe the approach they took in designing an electronic journal for the communica- tion studies field. The Electronic Journal of Communica- tion/La Review Electronique de Communication (EJC/REC) was strategically introduced within the broader context of an electronic service known as Comserve, to lend both more credibility to it and access to a wider public. As well, they insured that the journal would be available through university libraries via diskettes, and investigated the possibilities for bibliographic control of the journal through standard citation sources. [9] Started in 1986, Comserve is an electronic information and discussion resource that uses national and global com- puter networks (Bitnet,Internet,etc.) to provide various services to communication scholars and students. These ser- vices include a "white pages" directory; indexes to a multi- plicity of disciplinary journals; a database containing var- ious research and teaching information, and approximately 20 online conferences relevant to teaching and research. These conferences include ones devoted to the study of CMC, mass communications, medical communications, gender, job announc- ements, new book announcements, a CCA newsline, etc. Professional academics and students can subscribe to any and all conferences and solicit help, with respondents able to reply to the original poster or to the group as a whole. Comserve boasts a membership of over 20,000 individuals, who have sent more than 250,000 commands, "from nearly every major academic institution in the United States, Canada, and Mexico (as well as in 35 other countries)", with approxi- mately 5,000 individuals maintaining subscriptions to one or more of Comserve's electronic conferences. [10] Does this electronic interchange foster collabora- tion? Presumably so. Some of the advantages CMC users boast about is the ability to access a wealth of information; the ability to share ideas and information with like-minded col- leagues; and the ability to locate new colleagues and kindred spirits - and by transcending time and space limita- tions! Jennings (1991), however,mentions the initial fas- cination some academics had with networks, lists and bul- letin boards as a medium, and "the nagging we felt as we wasted our time in extended and stimulating, but profes- sionally unproductive conversations." [11] As well, users of CMC tend to like to write about their experiences with CMC, and so, a new and growing sub- field within communication studies has emerged. Research has focused on both the micro and macro levels of CMC: human- computer interaction (see Heim, Walther); organizational im- pact of e-mail/networking (see Sproul & Kiesler); the role of networking in international politics (see Frederick);the historical shift from oral-to-print-to-electronic Xanadu cultures (see Bolter; Brent; Harnad); post-structuralist takes on hypertext (see Poster, Landow) and postmodern reflections on the "consensual hallucination" dubbed "cyberspace" (see Benedikt, Moulthrop). [12] Fortunately, due to some important and timely research on the impact of collaborative computing (networking, e- mail, hypermedia, and various windowing environments), scholars don't have to feel stranded in the ethernet.Computer-supported cooperative-work (CSCW) examines how people work in groups and how technology can support them. As Kling (1991) puts it, CSCW is not a field, "it is an arena, in which people from many fields gather to demonstrate their work and learn from others". [13] CSCW places an emphasis on examining the interconnec- tedness of individual and group behavior and the nature of workplace environments. CSCW systems, in Kling's opinion, should attempt to support "interesting means for reducing the complications of intellectual teamwork". What is par- ticularly promising and refreshing about CSCW is its empha- sis on designing technological artifacts to fit the needs of people's work activities and enhance their task-building. As Norman (1991) puts it, "technology alone cannot provide the answers when we deal with human activities. The tasks, the culture, the social structure, and the individual human are all essential components of the job, and unless the com- putational tools fit 'seamlessly' within this structure, the result will be failure". [14] I don't think that it is pure coincidence that the ideas generated about CSCW sound analogously like the tenets of social constructivism. Case histories of technological systems delve into the myriad social actors (human and not- so-human) that impact on their design, development, and dif- fusion. Such a methodology, is, in essence, collaborative by virtue of its insistence on consorting with a multiplicity of agencies and diverse instrumentalities. Given that the scholarly enclave is changing rapidly due to its electronic buddies, a CSCW examination into the academic arena would be a propitious endeavor indeed. WORKS CITED Benedikt, Michael, ed. Cyberspace:first steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1991. Bolter, Jay David. Writing Space: the computer, hypertext, and the history of writing. Hillsdale, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Asooc. Pub., 1991. Brent, Doug. "Oral Knowledge, Typographic Knowledge, Elec- tronic Knowledge:Speculations on the History of Ownership". E- Journal v.1, issue 3 (November 1991). Frederick, Howard H. Global Communication and International Relations. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1992. Harnad, Stevan. "Post-Gutenberg Galaxy: The Fourth Revolu- tion in the Means of Production of Knowledge." The Public- Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 39-53. Harrison, Teresa M., Timothy Stephen, and James Winter. "OnlineJournals: Disciplinary Designs for Electronic Scholarship." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 25-38. Heim. Michael. Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987. Jennings, Edward M. "EJournal: An Account of the First Two Years." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 91-110. Kling, Rob. "Cooperation, coordination and control in computer-supported work". Communications of the ACM v.34, n.12 (December 1991):83-88. Landow, George P. Hypertext: the convergence of contemporary critical theory and technology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hop- kins Univ. Press, 1991. Lindsay, Robert K. "Electronic journals of proposed re- search". E-Journal v.1, issue 1 (March 1991). Moulthrop, Stuart. "You say you want a revolution?: hyper- text and the laws of media". Postmodern Culture, v.1.n.3 (May 1991). Norman, Donald A. "Collaborative computing: collaboration first, computing second". Communications of the ACM v.34, n.12 (December 1991):88-90. Okerson, Ann. "The Electronic Journal: What, Whence, and When?" The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 5-24. Poster, Mark. The Mode of Production. Polity Press, 1990. Radway, Janice, "Reception study: ethnography and the prob- lems of dispersed audience and nomadic subjects". Cultural Studies v.2, n.3 (1988):359-76. Schrage, Michael. Shared Minds: the new technologies of collaboration. NY: Random House, 1990. Sproul, Lee; Sara Kiesler. Connections: new ways of working in the networked organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991. Walter, Joseph. "Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction". Communication Research v.19, n.1 (1992):52-90. _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. If an article is re-published elsewhere it must include a statement that it was originally published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture. The EJVC Editors reserve the right to maintain permanent archival copies of all submissions and to provide print copies to appropriate indexing services for for indexing and microforming. _________________________________ _________________________________ _THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ON VIRTUAL CULTURE_ ISSN 1068-5327 Ermel Stepp, Marshall University, Editor-in-Chief M034050@Marshall.wvnet.edu Diane (Di) Kovacs, Kent State University, Co-Editor DKOVACS@Kentvm.Kent.edu ____________________________ GOPHER Instructions ____________________________ GOPHER to gopher.cic.net 70 ____________________________ Anonymous FTP Instructions ____________________________ ftp byrd.mu.wvnet.edu login anonymous password: users' electronic address cd /pub/ejvc type EJVC.INDEX.FTP get filename (where filename = exact name of file in INDEX) quit LISTSERV Retrieval Instructions _______________________________ Send e-mail addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM (Bitnet) or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU Leave the subject line empty. The message must read: GET EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS Use this file to identify particular articles or sections then send e-mail to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU with the command: GET where is the name of the article or section (e.g., author name) and is the V#N# of that issue of EJVC The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 JAMISON V2N1 CONTRADICTORY SPACES: PLEASURE AND THE SEDUCTION OF THE CYBORG DISCOURSE P. K. Jamison Indiana University jamisonp@ucs.indiana.edu ABSTRACT I provide a brief exploration of the seduction of the cyborg discourse and the expanding integration of living organism and machine found in a variety of settings. The question I ask about cyborgs is, "What tension lies in a discourse that envisions machines as facilitators of pleasure?" The cyborg discourse, seen in relation to the concept of pleasure, is one example of a contradiction that is constructed during inquiry into the "meaning" of social reality. 1 Cyborg-Pleasure-Seduction [1] CYBORG. I have discussed the cyborg in previous work (Jamison, 1992-1993). One dictionary definition of cyborg reads "a person whose physiological functioning is aided by, or dependent on, a mechanical or electronic device" (Webster's New Unabridged Dictionary). But, such definitions only hint at the actual experience of symbiosis of machine and human, and misses the depth of the cyborg image as it has been imagined in films, videos, books, popular magazines, and computer games. What is missing is a conceptualization that goes beyond the human-machine dyad as a technical relation, and imagines the cyborg "person" as a multiplicity of social experiences, desires, and complexities as hinted by Toffler (1970), Haraway (1990), Gibson and Sterling (1991), among others. Therefore, it is more appropriate to envision the cyborg, much like Haraway (1990), as a "discourse about the integration of organism and machine. The organism could be plant, animal, or other living thing (a virus, for example). The machine can be artifact, technique or a construction (instructional systems, for example). Curriculum, then, is a cyborg" (Jamison, 1992-1993). [2] PLEASURE. I envision cyborg pleasure as an experience that has both social (group and individual) and technological implications. In fact, cyborg pleasure is one of the primary outcomes promoted in depictions of the integration of technological systems with social systems. A social system "consists of individuals with their specific interests, capabilities, and values" and, as in any technological society, the behavior of individuals "depends upon their particular characteristics and upon the context set by the technological system" (Scholz, 1990, p. 235). The representation of the possibility of cyborg pleasure assists the promotion of an aesthetic dimension to human-machine relations. This aesthetic dimension, though, tends to "trivialize" the relationship. In a discussion on modern organizations, Witkin (1990) explores the emergence of the "machine aesthetic" and its impact on organizational life. This type of aesthetic exploits the "rational and technical features of mechanisation," that are "appropriate to the demands of modern organizations" (p. 325). As Witkin illustrates, the aesthetic dimension in organizational life is "closely identified with sensuous gratification, with the experience of pleasure, and of pleasing the senses" (p. 327). However, the aesthetic experience is much more, and pleasure alone does not fully describe the aesthetic dimension; "while these are certainly important in aesthetic experience, this aspect has to be seen in the context of the importance of the aesthetic as a mode of understanding, as a mode of knowing, and as intelligence" (p. 327). Thus, pleasure, as it is often promoted in relation to the cyborg discourse, assigns the "aesthetic to the sphere of consumption and conspicuous leisure" and the "separation of the sensuous aspect of aesthetic experience from knowing and understanding" (p. 327) has resulted in a lack of exploration of the substance of the social impact of the cyborg (not just its presentation), and a lack of concern for the integral role that cyborg pleasure plays in social relations and social development. [3] SEDUCTION. Seduction, in this essay, refers to a wide array of experiences, relations, and kinds of knowing about the world altered through the cyborg discourse. The goal of the cyborg discourse is seen as more than the creation of an underlying feeling of one being willingly lead astray and persuaded to commit sin. The cyborg discourse induces particular social relations; its image and discourse is both alluring, as it "leads us away," entices, and fascinates societies in order to win over, attract, entrap, charm, infatuate, and captivate. But, in the wake of reckless abandonment, something must also be relinquished, resigned, surrendered. The seduction of the cyborg discourse impacts humans, organisms, and social relations in a variety of ways. For example, it is seductive to imagine the replacement of points of human frailty with machines. The potential for replacement also signifies other kinds of loss. [4] In the cyborg discourse, the human body is no longer a place, but a collection of "parts." In particular, women's bodies become extremely fragmented. Hoyt (1993) in a discussion of the female body describes the womb as a "place" and suggests that modern women do not have wombs, "I think the reason that modern women don't have them is because a womb is a place and a uterus is a part. It is more agreeable to remove parts from women than places. I am troubled over women having their wombs removed. I have read that our bodies contain stories. If their wombs are removed, does that mean they can't remember certain things, or does the ghost of memory live like the ghost of a arm or leg which has been amputated" (p.2). Indeed, the body is often symbolized as replaceable and secondary to the mind in cyborg discourse. The continued separation of the body and mind dismisses the idea that the body "knows." It is important to explore how the cyborg discourse seduces women, and fails to embrace woman's body as a "body of knowledge" that is a "vessel and discourse about physical contents and social realities. the female body is still the site of power for others. a woman's agency is not valued. for woman, her body is her social reality. fragments of women's knowledge and experience are expressed through type and graphic. the body, a living typeface, reflects the social landscape" (Jamison, 1992-1993). [5] It is highly likely, then, that the cyborg discourse reconceptualizes social motifs that have long been in place into new seductive ideologies. True knowledge and experience are represented in the possibility of heightened sensual awareness, the bodily cavorting of living organisms playfully situated in a cognitive trance through the result of relations with machines (again, machine as artifact, technique, or construction) inducing feelings of desire, experience, "knowing" that even for a fleeting moment might result in overwhelming transcendence. Such images are highly seductive at a time when many feel sublimated to the "hard" reality of late industrial society. 2 Images of Pleasure and Seduction: Angels and Dragons [6] There are angels and dragons in the cyborg discourse, and both are necessary to understanding its importance in the development of social relations. [7] The angels of cyborg discourse "provide an image that works across multiple layers of meaning" (Lather, 1993, p. 10). While, as Lather suggests, "angelizing is dangerous practice: sentimentalizing, romanticizing, otherwizing, resonant with images of vacuous cherubs and/or simpering Christianity" the angels of the cyborg discourse are placed into action whenever societies are "faced with the unbearable" (p. 11). Information culture, the environment of the cyborg, is alien to most humans but is made to feel safe and secure. Tempered with heavenly transcendence, cyborgs are viewed by humans seemingly frozen in the earthen base of material culture. The unbearable visible is made opaque through the less visible, less tangible reality of angels. And, such images are not new to human-machine discourse. The dials and faces of the ornate diapasons (organ clocks) of Handel and Clay created during the 1700s were decorated with figures of angels floating above humans (Dirksen, 1987). Earth and heaven, together, were embedded within the mechanics, devices, and scales of organs and clocks. A strange juxtaposition between human and machine, technics and art; i.e., time, change, aesthetics, pleasure, and social reality has surrounded and embraced humans for centuries. [8] In an attempt to promote greater interaction between humans and computers, companies that develop cybernetic technologies participate in a variety of seductive strategies that embody the cyborg discourse. Some of these strategies persuade individuals to concede to particular philosophies, such as the argument that technical artifacts and instrumental reasoning are necessary for effective social development. For example, companies such as IBM publish their own magazines (like "Multimedia") that act as "informed advertising." In recent popular magazines, such as "Wired" and "Kids and Computers," articles suggest the potential for realms of cyborg possibility, amidst calls for social responsibility, management, and balance (Donovan, 1993; Leslie, 1993; and Schwartz, 1993). Such magazines reveal new technologies and their use among the "public" in well written and illustrated articles. The magazines are attractive and educational, but more importantly, they sell the cyborg discourse. Such seductive acts employ pleasure in visual, textual, and experiential ways in both media products (books, magazines, computer and video) and social/educational frameworks (Papert's "Logo", cognitive "constructivism," and "educational technology"). These utopic visions of human-machine relations are the angels of cyborg discourse. [9] Conversely, in an attempt to criticize the technologizing of social reality, other representations of the cyborg that depict unpleasant and misanthropic qualities (a lack of pleasure, a displacement of the individual and of social relationships) have been developed that negatively frame the cyborg discourse. These are the dragons of the cyborg discourse, and unlike humans "dragons are creatures of chaos" (Sievers, 1990, p. 211). Dragons, like cyborgs, intimate uncertainty. In dystopic discourse, the cyborg is a symbol of coming to terms with postmodern life: chaos and uncertainty mark the end of reason, and what is left of human reason (often confused with life itself) can only be continued through the unfortunate symbiosis of a necessary human and machine relationship, the cyborg. Films such as Lang's (1926) "Metropolis" (1926), Scott's "Blade Runner" (1982), and Crichton's "Westworld" (1974) are examples of the dystopic vision. Others, such as Chaplin's "Modern Times" (1936), express the tragedy of the human- technology relationship in seemingly comic mishaps. In texts, such as Lem's "Futurological Congress" (1974), Gibson and Sterling's "Difference Engine" (1991), Gibson's "Mona Lisa Overdrive" (1988), Piercy's "He, She and It" (1991), Crichton's "Jurassic Park" (1990), and Vonnegut's "Cat's Cradle" (1963), the absence of pleasure acts to signify dysfunctional social relationships and the contradictory moment in which humans and machines are embedded. [10] While the dystopic view might be criticized for creating a "dark vision of the future" that generates a society of "future-haters" and "technophobes" (Toffler, 1970, p. 263), the utopic view promotes an "ironclad consensus about the future of freedom" (p. 263) that accentuates "maximum individual choice" (p. 263) as the democratic ideal and a "refusal to imagine the future " (p. 215) in any other way. [11] In most traditional utopic views of human-machine symbiosis, the cyborg impacts societies, individuals, artifacts, and living in separate and clearly identifiable ways, such as changes in time, work, and sexual relations. However, in the dystopic postmodern analysis, the human-machine dyad is situated in integrated, dynamic, open, social relations that are constantly changing. The social reality of the cyborg is not "fixed." Furthermore, this implies that the seduction of the cyborg is embedded in social relations, and that each influences changes in the other. There is, then, necessarily a utopic-dystopic polarization embedded in the human-machine discourse that situates the cyborg within a contradictory space. [12] The greater meaning of either the utopic or dystopic perspective relies on the existence of this contradictory space. Therefore, the dystopic is itself utopic, and the utopic is dystopic. While I draw attention to the angel in relation to the utopic discourse and the dragon in relation to the dystopic discourse, paradoxically angels and dragons signify possibility and limitation across both perspectives. For example, one might think of Rutger Hauer's role in "Blade Runner" and imagine a dark angel, one who is situated perilously between dark and light. In "Metropolis," the character Maria, her arms draped with loose cloth and reaching towards the heavens, is obviously a traditional female angel figure. Both films rely primarily on the dystopic view as central to their stories, but they employ angel figures throughout their discourse as signs of possibility and hope. [13] In the utopic discourse, pleasure is utilized as a seductive element to draw attention to the benefits of the human-machine relationship. In the dystopic discourse, cyborg social reality has possibilities, but also severe limitations. Therefore, to inquire into the human-machine relationship in more meaningful ways, these examples suggest that the "cyborg" is best examined as a social discourse rather than as a strategy or artifact, and that it might be better to explore, as some would argue, the notion of "social technologies." In this way, I am not merely questioning the mechanical or structural qualities of particular social (educational) frameworks and media (computers), but I am gaining insight into the meaning- making of the cyborg discourse and its implications for societies. 3 Cyborgs, History and Chaos [14] Like the angel and dragon, the cyborg has a history, despite the lack of evidence of its actual existence, "Today we may be convinced that there is no such thing as a dragon and that dragons never really existed, but nevertheless we are surrounded by countless symbolic representations which prove that there were times in which our predecessors considered dragons to be as real as either the particular hero who attempted to kill it or the horse he rode upon" (Sievers, 1990a, p. 208). [15] An exploration of pleasure in relation to the cyborg discourse deconstructs the meaning of cyborg history present in many social frameworks. Rather than focus on outcomes, goals, or behaviors of the human-machine dyad, the examination of the cyborg as a discourse of pleasure provides an opportunity to pursue questions of meaning, relationship, and freedom in education and society. For example, I believe the cyborg discourse perpetuates the historical illusion of democratic culture (preceded by the notion that technology promotes social progress) in which the embodiment of pleasure acts to signify democracy. [16] Still, several studies on work, organizational culture, computerized information systems (CIS), networks, and human-machine dyads (such as the "symbolic value of the CIS" or the "organizational symbolism" of computer culture) indicate the desire to explore, interpret, and reveal more than the efficiency of cyborgs and their supposed capability to undo the "problems" of late industrial society (Pihlajamaki, 1990; Scholz, 1990; Sievers, 1990b; Tatum, 1994; Witkin, 1990). There is a desire to understand and to make meaning of the developing history of cyborgs, the development of their behavior and culture; the two interconnected through hands, wires and electronic mechanisms that bend the technological discourse towards cultural as well as digital ears. [17] The connection between the cyborg with an(other) cyborg is important too, not just the connection between the human and the machine. This is a history, under construction, too. Cyborgs suggest desire, and as such become "desiring-machines" (Ronell, 1989, p. 454) that once again conjure up images of seduction and aesthetics, albeit through "the psychological breakdown of social reality. the prosthetic extension of human discourse through communication. machines. psychology. mental illness. psyche" (Jamison, 1992- 1993). The cyborg age is witnessing the ongoing juxtaposition of art and technics (Mumford, 1952), pleasure and purpose, but as much for the cyborg, as the human. Oddly enough, there is the strong likelihood that the only witness to cyborg history and of the desire for humans to obtain pleasure through the cyborg discourse, will in the end, be the cyborg. 4 Contradictory Spaces [18] An examination of the cyborg discourse unveils the contradictions of the illusion; when faced with the possibility of pleasure and fantasy in utopic cyborg worlds, societies in turn choose to acquire, learn about, and explore such pleasure through technical paths. The cyborg appears to provide greater levels of pleasure that humans cannot attain without cybernetic machines: a seductively wired existence tied to a particular kind of knowing not previously experienced through technologies such as television and radio. In the recent film "Demolition Man" (1993), even sexual relations are experienced through a virtual reality system which has been promoted as better than human sexual relations due to its efficiency, safety, and cleanliness. The brain (the mind), not the body, continues to be constructed as the site for experience. [19] It is important to acknowledge that the conceptualization of the pleasure of the cyborg discourse is often dictated by two technocratic premises: technological determinism and technological instrumentalism. In order to achieve pleasure, the cyborg discourse maintains the utility and necessity of inherited past knowledge and experience of pleasure (determinism), and the application of knowledge and technology as means to an end, i.e., the attainment of pleasure: instrumentalism. Pleasure is no longer a subjective ongoing experience, but an object to be captured, marketed, sold, and experienced immediately. The commodification of the knowledge and experience of pleasure raises some disturbing questions (Jamison, 1992). For example, there is the possibility that only particular conceptualizations of pleasure might be manifested throughout the cyborg discourse. While there is not room to fully discuss this problem here, it is important to consider the other forms of pleasure in social relations, such as intimidation and terror, that manifest themselves through domination. The cyborg discourse, then, is not only a discourse about the domination of societies through machines and electronics, but is also about the promotion of particular social realities through the domination of social relations and representations (as in Lem's (1967) "Futurological Congress"). The cyborg discourse becomes a psychological, social, and political deviation, not merely a hardware development. If one thinks about pleasure and seduction as being not only confined to individual human-machine interactions, but also influencing the construction of psychological, social, and political interactions, cyborgs are seen as highly constructive and value laden social systems, that are certainly not neutral. Cyborgs, like all technology, embody social discourses (Jamison, 1992). [20] The utopic and dystopic views of humans and cyborgs present extreme visions of human-machine lifeworlds that cannot provide any final understanding of the cyborg discourse. But, the existence of their opposition and the contradictory space created between their polarization, provides a break, juncture, or space in which to explore greater meanings about the cyborg discourse. Pleasure, while only one aspect of the cyborg discourse, is contradictory, and as such is a particularly powerful human emotion that shapes human-machine relationships and social frameworks in paradoxically seductive ways. WORKS CITED Crichton, M. (1990). Jurassic park. New York: Knopf. Dirksen, P. (1987). George Frideric Handel (ca. 1738): Twenty pieces for a musical clock. Utrecht, Netherlands: Diapason Press. Donovan F. (1993). Making the school connection. Kids and Computers, a Magazine for Parents. 6, 10-16, 20. Gibson, W. and Sterling, B. (1991). Difference Engine. New York: Bantam Books. Gibson, W. (1988). Mona Lisa overdrive. Toronto: Bantam Books. Giroux, H. (1993). Reclaiming the social: pedagogy, resistance, and politics in celluloid culture. In Jim Collins, et al. (Eds.), Film Theory Goes to the Movies (37-55). AFI Film Readers Series. New York: Routledge. Haraway, D. (1990). A manifesto for cyborgs: science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. In Linda J. Nicholson (Ed.), Feminism/Postmodernism (190- 233). New York: Routledge. Hoyt, S., King, S., Lyons, J., and Robinson, S.A. (1993). Fragments for a body of knowledge. Long Beach, CA: FHP Hippodrome Gallery. Jamison, P. (1992). Adopting a critical stance towards technology. Unpublished dissertation. Indiana University. Jamison, P. (1992-1993). Unauthorized theories: visual essays on cyborgs, women, and technosciences. 15th Annual Bergamo Conference for Curriculum Theorizing, Dayton, Ohio and the Annual Society for the Social Studies of Science Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Lather, P. (1993). A curriculum of angels: on (not) writing about the lives of women with HIV/AIDS. 15th Annual Bergamo Conference for Curriculum Theorizing, Dayton, Ohio. Lem, S. (1974). The futurological congress. New York: Seabury Press. Leslie, J. (1993). Kids connecting. Wired. November, 90-93. Mumford, L. (1952). Art and technics. New York: Columbia University Press. Piercy, M. (1991). He, she, and it: a novel. New York: Knopf. Pihlajamaki, K. (1990). The organizational sensory system. In Barry Turner (Ed.), Organizational symbolism (237-255). New York: Walter de Gruyter. Pyle, F. (1993). Making cyborgs, making humans: of terminators and blade runners. In Jim Collins, et al. (Eds.), Film Theory Goes to the Movies (227-241). AFI Film Readers Series. New York: Routledge. Ronell, A. (1989). The telephone book, technology, schizophrenia, electric speech. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Scholz, C. (1990). The symbolic value of computerized information systems. In Pasquale Gagliardi (Ed.), Symbols and Artifacts: Views of the Corporate Landscape (233-253). New York: Walter de Gruyter. Schwartz, P. (November 1993). Shock wave (anti) warrior. Wired. November, 61-65, 120-122. Shelley, M. (1818, 1967). Frankenstein. New York: Bantam Books. Sievers, B. (1990a). Curing the monster: some images of and considerations about the dragon. In Pasquale Gagliardi (Ed.), Symbols and Artifacts: Views of the Corporate Landscape (207-231). New York: Walter de Gruyter. Sievers, B. (1990b). Zombies or people - What is the product of work? (Some considerations about the relation between human and nonhuman systems in regard to the socio-technical systems paradigm). In Barry Turner (Ed.), Organizational symbolism, 83-93. New York: Walter de Gruyter. Tatum, J.S. (1994). Technology and values: getting beyond the "device paradigm" impasse. Science, Technology, & Human Values. Winter, 19(1), 70-87. Toffler, A. (1970). Future shock. New York: Bantam Books. Vonnegut, K. (1963). Cat's Cradle. New York: Delacorte Press. Witkin, R. W. (1990). The aesthetic imperative of a rational-technical machinery: a study in organizational control through the design of artifacts. In Pasquale Gagliardi (Ed.), Symbols and Artifacts: Views of the Corporate Landscape (325-337). New York: Walter de Gruyter. FILMS CITED Chaplin, C. (1936, 1985). Modern Times. Farmington Hill, MI: Playhouse Video. Crichton, M. (1974). West World. Lang, F. (1926, 1984). Metropolis. Sandy Hook, Connecticut: Video Images. Scott, R. (1982). Blade Runner. Los Angeles: Embassy Home Entertainment. _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. If an article is re-published elsewhere it must include a statement that it was originally published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture. The EJVC Editors reserve the right to maintain permanent archival copies of all submissions and to provide print copies to appropriate indexing services for for indexing and microforming. _________________________________ _________________________________ _THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ON VIRTUAL CULTURE_ ISSN 1068-5327 Ermel Stepp, Marshall University, Editor-in-Chief M034050@Marshall.wvnet.edu Diane (Di) Kovacs, Kent State University, Co-Editor DKOVACS@Kentvm.Kent.edu ____________________________ GOPHER Instructions ____________________________ GOPHER to gopher.cic.net 70 ____________________________ Anonymous FTP Instructions ____________________________ ftp byrd.mu.wvnet.edu login anonymous password: users' electronic address cd /pub/ejvc type EJVC.INDEX.FTP get filename (where filename = exact name of file in INDEX) quit LISTSERV Retrieval Instructions _______________________________ Send e-mail addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM (Bitnet) or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU Leave the subject line empty. The message must read: GET EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS Use this file to identify particular articles or sections then send e-mail to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU with the command: GET where is the name of the article or section (e.g., author name) and is the V#N# of that issue of EJVC The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 HARRIS V2N1 THE PSYCHODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF VIRTUAL REALITY Leslie D. Harris Susquehanna University lharris@einstein.susqu.edu ABSTRACT This article explores the potential effects of virtual reality on our subsequent experiences of the world. If, as Daniel Dennet, Jerome Bruner, and others have argued, our past experiences in- fluence subsequent perceptions of the world, then VR experiences can have a profound effect on our conscious beings. Those expe- riences can become part of a perceptual and an emotional back- ground that changes the way we see things. At its best, virtual reality can allow us to transcend our limitations, to expand our emotional lives. At its worst, VR can become a form of torture, in which we subject ourselves to traumatic experiences that scar our emotional and perceptual lives. [1] For those of us who spend too much time playing computer games, the following is a common experience. Instead of grading student essays or writing that important article, we spend the late afternoon staring at the computer screen, trying to master our favorite driving game. We gently pull at the joy stick to make the virtual car gracefully turn those corners, we click on buttons to change gears, and we press various keys to accelerate and decelerate. Because we're still learning the various courses, we turn on the "indestructible" button so that crashes do not disable our virtual automobile. As we play the game more frequently, we become accustomed to how the road appears to approach us on the screen, how the joystick allows us to negotiate the turns, and (if others are equally bad computer drivers), how the windshield temporarily appears when we have smashed into the guard rail. Of course, those crashes cause no permanent damage to the virtual car; under the File menu awaits the next run at Le Mans, or Monte Carlo, or wherever we wish to test our computer driving skill (or lack of skill). [2] Having wasted inordinate amounts of time, we leave the office to drive home. Something, however, is wrong. The actual car has a steering wheel, not a joystick; we need to use our feet to control the speed, and the road approaches us differently as we drive. We feel disoriented, as if needing to relearn the experience of driving an actual automobile. We also cannot drive with the same reckless abandon--crashes have real (and extremely expensive) consequences. They can even be fatal. [3] What I have described above is what I would call the "reality-making" effect of our experiences. What we perceive as real depends upon our past experiences, and our reactions to the world are influenced by those experiences. When we learned to drive a car, for example, we gained an internalized sense of driving. Each time we drove, our "driving script" (as artificial intelligence theorists would call it) became more and more detailed, and we needed to attend less and less to the specific details of the process. We could think about that stack of papers or that important article, even while we were changing lanes, making turns, or pulling into the driveway. Each new experience of driving expanded upon and reinforced the past "script," and that script came into play each time we drove, governing how we reacted to the world. [4] Playing the computer driving game rewrites our "driving script." The more time we spend playing, the more significant the rewriting. We begin to take the virtual world as normal (as actual)--the way the road appears on the screen, the way the joystick controls the "car," and so on. Reconfronting the actual world reveals the extent of the rewriting. We feel momentarily disoriented because the virtual and actual scripts conflict. We are no longer sure what is "real," and we must allow our new experiences to write over the changes that the computer game inscribed. The reality re-making effect of these driving games should make us wonder, therefore, about the psychological effects of the more vivid form of computer- simulation known as "virtual reality," in which the virtual world becomes three-dimensional and our participation becomes more direct. [5] Jerome Bruner calls our internal scripts of the world (like the "driving script" I describe above) "neural 'models of the world' stored in the brain" (Bruner 46). According to Bruner, the common psychological reaction of surprise indicates "a response to violated presupposition" (Bruner 46). We presuppose that the world will be a certain way based on our past experiences of the world, and when something diverts from the typical (i.e., from our internalized "models of the world"), we are surprised and must somehow account for the discrepancy. As surprise reveals, we compare each new experience with what we have experienced in the past; those past experiences make up a series of "possible worlds" against which we view the actual world. With more typical experiences, we fit the new into the old. As Bruner puts it, "what human perceivers do is to take whatever scraps they can extract from the stimulus input, and if these conform to expectancy, to read the rest from the model [of the world] in their head" (Bruner [1986], 47). In other words, perception is not a purely immediate response to neutral visual (or other sensory) stimuli. Perception involves a more complex process of "world making" (Bruner 96)--of constructing a unified conception of the world based on the new and the old. [6] In _Consciousness Explained_, Daniel Dennett describes this process in more detail. He summarizes what he calls "the 'analysis-by-synthesis' model of perception" (12): the tasks of perception are completed--objects are identified, recognized, categorized--by generate-and- test cycles. In such a cycle, one's current expectations and interests shape hypotheses for one's perceptual systems to confirm or disconfirm, and a rapid sequence of such hypothesis generations and confirmations produces the ultimate product, the ongoing, updated 'model' of the world of the perceiver. (12). Speech perception in our native language (or in a foreign language that we understand) provides an illuminating example of the process Dennett describes above. When we (English- speakers) perceive speech in English, we conceptualize the sensory input _as_ speech in English. That is, "we have a clear sense of boundaries between words . . . based on the grammatical structure of the language, not on the physical structure of the acoustic wave" (Dennett 51-52). In contrast, "we hear speech in foreign languages [that is, in those languages we don't understand] as a jumbled, unsegmented rush of sounds" (Dennett 51). Before we knew English (that is, when we were infants), we did not perceive sounds spoken in English as _words_ (or as meaningful speech acts); we heard only the sounds. Once we learn the language, however, our "Background" (Searle 143) knowledge of English forms part of the "expectations" Dennett describes above. We expect to hear words in a proper syntactic order, and so we use the "model in our head" of English (that is, our internalized understanding of the rules of English grammar and syntax) in the process of perceiving and making sense of what we hear. Perception is thus governed by expectation, by knowledge of the world, and by past experience, as well as by the "raw data" perceived. It involves an intermingling of input and interpretation, as we use various mental faculties to construct what Dennett calls in the passage above "the ongoing, updated 'model' of the world of the perceiver." [5] In advancing his own theory of consciousness, Dennett discusses various instances of misperception in which Background knowledge and expectation cause us to misinterpret the events perceived. One example that he discusses in detail is "Koler's color phi phenomenon" (120). The original _phi_ phenomenon involved two adjacent spots lit successively, giving rise to an illusion of motion. As Dennett explains, "if two or more small spots separated by as much as 4 degrees of visual angle are briefly lit in rapid succession, a single spot seems to move back and forth" (114). This phi phenomenon (utilized by motion pictures and by rapidly flashing cards that also give the illusion of motion) suggests that we perceive motion based on a change in position. The same object (or what we think is the same object) appears to consciousness in one position and then in a slightly different position, and by combining the various "drafts" of the world, we perceive an object that moved from one position to the other, traversing the distance in between. [6] According to Dennett, this interpretation doesn't involve an "Orwellian revision" (118) of the data, in which we perceive as discrete events "the spot at point A" and then "the spot at point B" and then rewrite the experience as motion (as Orwell's main character in _1984_ rewrote history). Because of the "temporal smear" of the point of view of the subject" (136) and "spatial smearing" (152) of events as they are processed in the brain, we have a "stream" (135) of mental contents that can influence behavior, be inscribed in memory, and be reported in speech acts (or in button-pushings as versions of speech acts). We assert that we saw a spot moving because (in making the assertion), we probe into the complex, multi-layered stream of consciousness, eliciting a provisional "final draft" of the world. That "final draft" depends not only on the sensory input (the two lighted spots), but also upon our expectations and understanding of the world. We tend to perceive the "normal case"--the one that most closely matches our understanding of the way things work in the world. [7] The "color phi phenomenon" involves an even greater misinterpretation of the "raw data." According to Dennett, during an experiment conducted by Paul Kolers and Michael von Grnau, "Two different colored spots were lit for 150msec each (with a 50msec interval); the first spot seemed to begin moving and then change color abruptly _in the middle of its illusory passage_ toward the second location" (114). Dennett continues, "the illusory content, _red-switching-to-green-in- midcourse_, cannot be created until _after_ some identification of the second, green spot occurs in the brain" (115). In other words, we couldn't have anticipated that the color would change to green. We must have identified the new color before perceiving the illusory event of a red spot changing to green midway in its supposed passage. [8] As with the simple phi phenomenon, Dennett proposes a "multiple drafts" theory of consciousness to explain these "misperceptions." The events that we perceive don't run in some "Cartesian theater" in the mind, in which the time of presentation to consciousness (the running of the supposed film-like representation of the world) mirrors the occurrence of the events. The "color phi phenomenon" belies this interpretation of consciousness, since the spot never really moved, and it certainly didn't change color at an apparent midpoint between the two illuminations. That apparent change in color at the midpoint of the supposed path must derive from an interpretive synthesis of what Dennett calls the various "drafts" of the world present to consciousness, a synthesis generated by the probe of the subject's responding to the investigators' questions. One "draft" of the world (involving, actually, multiple drafts, since various regions and capabilities of the brain are involved) indicates the spot in the first posi- tion with the first color, and another group of drafts indicate the spot in the new position with the new color. In reporting our consciousness of the event (or in inscribing the event in memory), we combine these multifarious drafts in a kind of editing process, using our Background knowledge of the world as an element of the ultimate version. We thus perceive (and report) the phenomenon _as_ a spot moving and changing color midway, even though technically that is not what occurred. Dennett asserts, "There is no reality of conscious experience independent of the effects of various vehicles of content on subsequent action (and hence, of course, on memory)" (132). As the "color phi phenomenon" reveals, one important such "vehicle of content" in perceptual experiences is our understanding of the way the world works, an understanding that is based on our earlier experiences of that world. [9] Those experiences that influence how we perceive and react to current reality do not have to be of "actual" events. In _Physics and Beyond_, Werner Heisenberg describes a walking tour through Denmark with the famous Danish physicist, Niels Bohr. Upon reaching Kronborg castle, Bohr made the following comment: Isn't it strange how this castle changes as soon as one imagines that Hamlet lived here? As scientists we believe that a castle consists only of stones, and [we] admire the way the architect put them together. The stone, the green roof with its patina, the wood carvings in the church, constitute the whole castle. None of this should be changed by the fact that Hamlet lived here, and yet it is changed completely. Suddenly the walls and the ramparts speak a different language. The courtyard becomes an entire world, a dark corner reminds us of the darkness in the human soul, we hear Hamlet's "To be or not to be." . . .(Heisenberg 51) When we perceive Kronborg Castle with the presumption that "Hamlet lived here" (that is, when we perceive the castle _as_ Hamlet's castle), the nature of the perceptual experience changes, even though nothing of the "raw data" (the stones, the roof, the carvings, etc.) has changed. These emotional overtones are not added to the "raw" perception; they are part of the new experience, one to which our attitudes about _Shakespeare's_ Hamlet (and not about the historical Hamlet) contribute. They are like the "sensuous properties" (Dennett 51) that accompany speech, those properties of intonation (as well as the emotional colorings of accent and style) that influence the meaning of the utterance and that are therefore part of the utterance. Bohr's observation suggests that along with memory and our Background presuppositions about how the world works, fiction is one of those "vehicles of content" that influence how we perceive the world. In other words, our experiences that occur while we read fiction can become inherent parts of our later experiences of the world. [10] Our emotional reactions to literature attest to the extraordinary power of virtual worlds. As David Lewis reveals, literary works create virtual (i.e., possible) worlds -- worlds (in the instance of narrative fiction) "in which the fiction is told . . . as known fact" (Lewis [1983] 266). Those possible worlds create the "_illusion of life_" --we experience them as if they were real, because (despite the changes from the real that make them fiction and not fact), they involve the forces, laws, and human interactions that are the stuff of real life. This "illusion of life" is strongest in drama, when the actions are presented in real time before our eyes. We see an actor go through the motions of stabbing another with a rapier, and we experience Hamlet being fatally stabbed by Laertes. We hear a speech being delivered by an actor, yet we also experience Horatio's final good-bye to Hamlet, upon the latter's death. "Good night, sweet Prince, / And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest" (V.ii.364-65), Horatio says, and we cry true tears as we mourn the loss of a noble courtier. [11] Like the experience of drama and of literature in general, experiences of virtual reality _are_ actual, in that they repli- cate the way we perceive reality, and they elicit true emotional responses. They resemble drama ("fictional" actions presented in real time), but with virtual reality _we_ become part of the drama; we participate in the action. The "virtual" of "virtual reality" denotes "as if actual." VR involves a computer- generated three-dimensional environment that attempts to approach actual experience as much as possible (the Enterprise's "Holo-Deck" being the epitome of the virtual world). In comparing VR technology to a flight simulator, Howard Rheingold states: Virtual reality is also a simulator, but instead of looking at a flat, two-dimensional screen and operating a joystick, the person who experiences VR is surrounded by a three-dimensional computer-generated repesentation, and is able to move around in the virtual world and see it from different angles, to reach into it, grab it, and reshape it. (Rheingold 17) VR provides the computer equivalent of what linguists call a "possible world"--a world "that resembles our actual state of affairs as much as" (Lewis [1973] 1) the computer hardware and software (and the specific program) allow. Like fiction, that environment can incorporate changes from the actual--allowing the existence of dragons, dinosaurs, or various mythical creatures. However, the experiencing of the environment must mimic the actual in order to be "virtual"; in other words (as philosophers would put it), all other things must be equal. We must perceive the virtual world as we do the real world (involving a three-dimensional sense of perspective and depth, with sensory inputs apparently bombarding us from all sides), or it will not have the crucial characteristic of appearing real--of being a virtual reality environment. [12] Just as attending a drama (or reading a novel) can transform us, so experiences of virtual reality can have benefi- cial or deleterious consequences. In the _Star Trek: The Next Generation_ episode in which Captain Picard falls in love, for example, the Captain's playing the Ressiccan flute with his fellow officer (at the place where the Jeffries tubes join) contributes to his falling in love (and to his expressing that love physically). Indeed, the physical intimacy interrupts the playing and can be seen as a direct outgrowth of that playing. As Picard later explains, his music carries a tremendous emo- tional charge. That music is linked to his virtual experience "on" Catanh (in which he became the inhabitant Caiman), when he "learned" to play the flute. By discussing "my music," in fact (as he does in the later episode), he repeats the words of his "son," Bataille (named after his close friend), a son who existed in the virtual world. [13] Picard's experience on Catanh falls somewhere between a dream and computer-generated virtual reality. Like a dream, the actual Captain Picard remains prone and immobile during his extended "life" on Catanh. He is thus not actually moving, even when he experiences motion in his virtual life on Catanh. Also like a dream (or perhaps more like a play or novel), the time sequence is not continuous; there are several gaps during which the story jumps ahead in time. Unlike a dream, however, the events proceed in a regular fashion, without contradiction or violation of temporal logic. Like computer-generated virtual reality, on the other hand, the probe that causes Picard to "live" a full adult life on Catanh could be (and probably is) an instantiation of a computer program. The designers of the probe could possibly have anticipated some of the reactions of the chosen subject, but not all the reactions. The probe must somehow interact with the mind (and therefore the personality) of Captain Picard; it must be flexible in order to produce the complex experience of life on Catanh. And that is indeed what Picard experiences: a full, virtual-reality "life" on Catanh. [14] What is crucial about Picard's experience of super- virtual reality ("super" because it involves brain stimulation only, bypassing the need for input from external senses) is the transformative effect of that experience. Picard gets to "live" the life that he chose to forgo when he decided on a career in Star Fleet. He experiences love, marriage, a longterm relations- hip, fatherhood, and old age. He develops friendships and ties to the community in ways that would not have been possible in his "actual" life on the Enterprise, in which his role as Captain distances him from his crew. He can eventually fall in love with a fellow crew member in his "real life" because he experienced the feelings of love, commitment, and intimacy "on" Catanh. He has developed a greater emotional depth as a result of his virtual life, a depth that has become intertwined with his music and that has informed his "actual" existence, allowing him to live a fuller life on the Enterprise. [15] Like Picard's super-virtual reality, our computer- generated virtual reality can allow us to experience aspects of life that are not open to us in our daily existence. Most of us are not futuristic warriors battling villains or monsters. In VR, we can experience what it would be like to be such a warrior, without actually putting our lives at risk. Similarly, most pilots won't fly under the conditions that can be presented in a flight simulator. Yet practicing to fly under those conditions helps the pilot experience the anxiety and fear that would ac- company such dangerous flights, as he or she learns to maneuver the virtual plane. Should a dangerous situation arise during an actual flight, the pilot can react with more ease and confidence, since the earlier virtual experience helped prepare him/her for the actual experience of flight under adverse conditions. Al- though the two-dimensional driving game warns us about altering the conditions so that they divert too far from the real (since virtual indestructibility can lead to actual recklessness), the experience of transcending our limitations can enrich us as people, just as they do for Jean-Luc Picard. They can help us develop elements of our personality not necessarily available to us in our everyday lives. [16] Yet we have given only half the picture. With both Catanh and the flight simulator, we are assuming the benevolence of the "programmers"--that is, of those who design the virtual world and determine how it will react to the actions of the subject. The flight simulator is intended to train future pilots; the inhabitants of Catanh wanted to give their chosen subject a full experience of life on the planet, so that he (Picard, in the episode) could describe that life to others. We cannot assume, however, the benevolence of the creators of VR. As we shall see, flight simulators can be programmed with a bias, and virtual experiences can become means of torture. [17] In _Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan_, the movie begins with what appears to be a battle scene between the Enterprise (with a Vulcan female as captain) and the Romulans. Hopelessly outnumbered, the inexperienced Vulcan "captain" loses the battle, as several characters appear to be killed. We learn immediately afterward that this battle was a computer simulation of combat (that is, virtual combat), and that no one was truly killed. Furthermore, the program was designed with a bias: whoever commands the ship enters an "impossible situation," in which defeat is inevitable (unless, like the young James T. Kirk, one reprograms the simulator). The deceit is justified as being beneficial to the psychological health of the cadet. Despite the humiliation of the defeat, Admiral Kirk explains, losing a virtual battle forces the ensign-in-training to face his or her mortality--to experience death (as Kirk sup- posedly never has--and doesn't appear to have suffered as a result). Such a biased simulation borders on manipulation. Al- though the cadet chose to participate in the exercise, he/she does not know of its true nature beforehand. The paternalistic Academy has determined that the experience is beneficial, and they therefore subject their cadets to it (like hazing in a fra- ternity, but not so extreme). [18] Admittedly, the manipulation and deceit involved are minimal. Unless we are James T. Kirk, we cannot win every battle, and we all must eventually die. The experience is a futuristic version of memento mori--a remembrance that each of us must die. The humbling experience leads not to the recklessness of the virtually indestructible computer driver, but to the carefulness (one hopes) of a Star Fleet captain who is responsible for the lives of his or her crew. [19] This benign manipulation reveals, however, that the possibility for manipulation in virtual reality is real. The vir- tual world results from computer simulation; a human being (or more likely teams of human beings) programmed what the participant will see and experience. As with other products of human technological invention, virtual reality can be used for benevolent or malevolent ends, depending on the motivation of the programmers and of those who use the technology for their own ends. They may have more sinister motives that work against the interests of the participants. In the original Star Trek pilot episode ("The Menagerie," incorporated in the regular series as "The Cage"), for example, the inhabitants of Talos 4 subject Captain Pike to various virtual experiences as a form of conditioning. If he "behaved"--that is, if he acted according to the wishes of his captors--he would be rewarded with a pleasant experience, such as a picnic with horses and with his beautiful companion, Vera. If he "misbehaved" (acted against the wishes of his captors), he was punished with unpleasant experiences-- with deadly battles and with sensations of pain. The goal of those on Talos 4 was to breed a race of human captives who would experience the strong emotions that they could no longer feel, since they themselves spent too much time engaged in mental pursuits. They needed Pike to want to remain with his female companion if they were to be successful. That is, they wanted him to fall in love, choosing to live the rest of his life in virtual rather than actual reality, feeling true pleasure and pain (despite his virtual life), and giving birth to real off- spring. As Vera correctly warns Captain Pike, the pain and pleasure resulting from virtual experiences are real, even if the experiences themselves are illusory. [20] _Star Trek: The Next Generation_ also explores the issue of manipulation through a modified form of virtual reality. In the episode in which Jordi LaForge is captured by the Romulans, he is subjected to experiences that he perceives as real, because his brain is stimulated in exactly the same way as it would be if he were having true perceptions of the world. Although his experience thus outwardly resembles the "super-virtual reality" that Captain Picard experienced, the motives of Jordi's captors are much more sinister than those of the inhabitants of Catanh. The Romulans attempt to overwrite Jordi's personality--to turn him into a killer who will do their bidding. They partially succeed, in that he attempts to commit murder, and he must be "deprogrammed" at the end to help him recover what happened and heal his psychological scars. [21] Jordi's experience is, of course, a fiction. "Super-virtual reality" doesn't exist, and Dennett argues that such a rich replication of the world (allowed to Captain Picard but not actually to Jordi) is impossible. Dennett considers in detail what would be involved if "evil scientists" attempted to actual- ize the famous "brain in the vat" (3) thought experiment (by placing a subject's brain in a vat and stimulating it so that the subject thinks that he/she is still interacting in the world--an experience somewhat similar to Picard's and La Forge's). Accord- ing to Dennett, "our evil scientists will be swamped by _combinatorial explosion_ as soon as they give you [the subject] any genuine exploratory powers in this imaginary world" (5). There will be "too many possibilities to store" (5), too many events and perspectives of the world to anticipate and to account for. What both _Next Generation_ episodes reveal, however, is that virtual experiences can become part of our emotional Background. The events simulated are fictional; the VR monsters don't exist in the real world, although they do "exist" in the possible world created by the programmer. Despite the illusory nature of the virtual world, however, the emotions we experience while participating in VR are real. We experience true fear or exhilaration, more intensely than we do when we are viewing a gripping movie or reading an engrossing novel, because with VR we are directly involved. And as the two _Next Generation_ episodes reveal, these experiences can influence our future "world-making" (to use Bruner's term), becoming "vehicles of content" (Dennett 132) that contribute to our current perceptions. If how we presently experience the world is partly determined by how we have experienced the world in the past, we must be very careful when we choose to "live" in worlds created by others, for these virtual-reality experiences also become part of our past life. [22] An extreme form of this world-rewriting effect of past experiences is the psychological condition known as Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). War veterans, child-abuse victims, and others who "have been exposed to traumatic situations" (Brende 79) reexperience those situations even when removed from the source of stress. They adapt to the original highly dangerous environment, and they subsequently perceive and react to the world as if it contained similar dangers. They have "learn[ed] what they live[d]." The American Psychiatric Association describes the disorder as follows: The essential feature is the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is generally outside the range of usual human experience. The characteristic symptoms involve reexperiencing the traumatic event; numbing of responsiveness to, or reduced involvement with, the external world; and a variety of autonomic dysphoric, or cognitive symptoms. ... Reexperiencing of the trauma [is] evidenced by at least one of the following: 1) recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event 2) recurrent dreams of the event 3) sudden acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were reoccurring, because of an association with an environmental or ideational stimulus. (236, 238) Two aspects of the American Psychiatric Association's description are crucial. The first is the cause of PTSD: "a psychologically traumatic event that is generally outside the range of usual human experience" (236). Luckily, few of us have the misfortune of fighting in a war. However, virtual reality increases the ease of experiencing events "outside the range of usual human experience," since the programmer is limited only by his/her ability to make the events appear real. If those events are "psychologically traumatic" ones, then virtual reality can become not necessarily a form of recreation, but a means of fostering Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. [23] Also crucial is the American Psychiatric Association's description of the "Reexperiencing of the trauma," which involves the "sudden acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were reoccurring, because of an association with an environmental or ideational stimulus" (238). In other words, like Proust's experience with "la madeleine" in _A la Recherche du Temps Perdu_, some event or "stimulus" in the present triggers a reexperiencing of the past. The sufferer of PTSD mistakenly perceives the current situation as extremely dangerous, because (to use Dennett's term), the past memory has become a dominant "vehicle of content" contributing to the consciousness of present reality. As one Vietnam veteran describes it: "'When I got home from 'Nam, I'd walk down to the river on our land and the water and the thick bushes made me think I was back in 'Nam. I had to take a gun with me 'cause I'd see the VC and start firing'" (Brende 80). Another veteran states: "'For the first two years after I returned from Vietnam, if I heard a helicopter overhead, I'd hit the ground and take cover immediately'" (Brende 82). These veterans resemble the computer-driving-game enthusiast, but with much more intense reactions; their scripts or "neural 'models of the world' stored in the brain" (Bruner 46) were rewritten by their war-time events, and these scripts contribute to how they currently perceive the world. The "expectations" fueling their "generate- and-test cycles" (Dennett 12) are governed by their past life, and so ostensibly harmless events or objects (rivers and bushes or helicopters) are perceived as signs of danger. [24] Repeated traumatic experiences of warfare are much more extreme than an afternoon spent playing "Dactyl Nightmare" (a virtual reality game). However, experiences that are much less severe than the trauma of war have similar (although less pronounced) effects. As Brende and Parson explain: While such symptoms are common in war veterans, they also occur in others who have been exposed to traumatic situations. Dr. [Mardi J.] Horowitz undertook an interesting experiment testing "normal people" watching disturbing movies, and found that they too, for a period after, were plagued by intrusive images and memories. (79-80) In Horowitz's actual experiment, "college students and enlisted men in military service" (Horowitz 64) were shown various silent films of six to nine minutes in length. The films were chosen with different stressful contents: a film called "It Didn't Have to Happen" that showed "woodshop accidents" (Horowitz 64), a documentary film called _John_ that shows the lapse into "lethargy, despair and withdrawal" of "an eighteen-month-old boy whose mother has just died" and who is placed in a "foundling home" (Horowitz 71), an erotic film depicting "a loving heterosexual couple enjoying foreplay and intercourse" (Horowitz 71)--"stressful because of the absence of immediate potential for reduction and arousal" (Horowitz 72)--and finally a "neutral contrast film" called "The Runner," showing a man "running through the countryside meeting people along the way" (Horowitz 64). After viewing these films, subjects were asked in two different segments to perform a "signal detection task" (Horowitz 64) that, although boring, "demanded continuous attention" (Horowitz 65) to various tones. After each segment, subjects reported their "mental contents, defined as 'any thoughts, feelings, visual images, other images, observations, . . . memories, or anything else that occurs in the mind'" (Horowitz 65). According to Horowitz's findings, those subjects who viewed the stressful films reported "_more intrusive thoughts, more repetitions of film contents, and more visual images_" (Horowitz 64) than those who viewed the neutral film. The subjects' emotional states were also affected by the films. As Horowitz reports it, "Pleasantness, interest and happiness were greatest after the erotic film. Sadness and anger were greatest after the separation film. Contempt was rated equally high for the bodily injury and separation films. Fear, nervousness, physical sensations, pain and disgust were greatest after the bodily injury film" (73-75). [25] These films were only six- to nine-minute silent films. Despite their short duration, they had noticeable affects on the emotional states of the subjects, as well as on the attentiveness that the subjects brought to the signal-detection task. That is, the films changed (temporarily) how the subjects experienced the world. These results suggest the even more pronounced effects of full-length films and especially of virtual reality experi- ences. Those of use who have seen horror movies (after giving up on computer driving games) or those of us whose friends attend such movies know the effects. Afterwards, we perceive the world as a much more threatening place. Previously benign dark corners become potential hiding places for deadly creatures. People walking behind us become potential members of the "living dead," ready to tear us to bits. In short, our newly aroused anxieties contribute to how we perceive and experience the world around us. [26] Virtual reality would have a greater effect. In film (as in drama), we are mere audience members, vicariously experiencing the events through identifications with the characters. With virtual reality, on the other hand, we become inhabitants of the virtual world--the film reality becomes our reality, our temporary world. As we do with films, therefore, we must exercise our freedom to choose the virtual world in which we temporarily inhabit; we must have knowledge of that world before we choose to exist in it. We must also recognize that VR programmers fall somewhere between Descartes' "evil genius," bent on deceiving him, and God, who insures that what he believes really exists. Such programmers can help us develop as human beings, or they can subject us to events that permanently change our emotional landscapes. WORKS CITED American Psychiatric Association. _Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III_. Third Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1980. Brende, Joel Osler, and Parson, Erwin Randolph. _Vietnam Veterans: The Road to Recovery_. New York, Plenum Press, 1985. Bruner, Jerome. _Actual Minds, Possible Worlds_. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986. Dennett, Daniel C. _Consciousness Explained_. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991. Heisenberg, Werner. _Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations_. Trans. Arnold J. Pomerans. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1971. Horowitz, Mardi Jon. _Stress Response Syndromes_. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1976. Lewis, David. _Counterfactuals_. Oxford: Basil Blackwell & Mott Limited, 1973. Lewis, David. _Philosophical Papers_. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. Mills, Gordon. _Hamlet's Castle: The Study of Literature as a Social Experience_. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976. Rheingold, Howard. _Virtual Reality_. New York: Summit Books, 1991. Searle, John R. _Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Shakespeare, William. _Hamlet_. ed. Harold Jenkins. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1982. _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. If an article is re-published elsewhere it must include a statement that it was originally published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture. 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The message must read: GET EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS Use this file to identify particular articles or sections then send e-mail to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU with the command: GET where is the name of the article or section (e.g., author name) and is the V#N# of that issue of EJVC The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 YEAMAN V2N1 CYBORGS ARE US Andrew R. J. Yeaman Yeaman & Associates ayeaman@cudnvr.denver.colorado.edu ABSTRACT Cyborg stories, although imaginary, can be informative. The transition from the machine to the cyborg corresponds to the movement from modern to postmodern society. Cyborgs reflect the reality of people and computers being blurred together. This article shows the aesthetics of criticism can bring about awareness of cyborg fictions as a cultural anaesthetic. Another purpose of this article is to use writing as a way of exploring the social reality of cyborgs. ALL MY TEACHERS WERE CYBORGS [1] Cyborg stories, although imaginary, can be informative. The transition from the machine to the cyborg corresponds to the movement from modern to postmodern society. Cyborgs reflect the reality of people and computers being blurred together. This electronic article shows the aesthetics of criticism can bring about awareness of cyborg fictions as a cultural anaesthetic. Another purpose of this article is to use writing as a way of exploring the social reality of cyborgs. [2] When I was a child all my teachers were cyborgs. Ability and character were not what they seemed. They were the result of hardware implants and softpsych programming but I did not learn about that till much later. Looking back from an augmented perspective, I can see that my teachers' personalities matched up with standardized profiles and that the components and softpsych were mostly repurposed stuff. By the time I was in eighth grade I could sometimes tell something was fitting incorrectly but I did not scan interactions then the way I do now. [3] Teachers who were cyborgized with military surplus parts, for instance, needed to be spoken to in just the right way or else they would fall apart. They also had to have everyone in line with no talking, had to have assignments in on time, and had to have everyone responsible for everyone else. They made speeches about increasing national pride because the country was under attack though no war had been declared. [4] There were other common types of cyborg teachers: * The commercial models droned on day after day about the need for investing in yourself, marketing yourself, and studying towards a good career that would pay off. I remember how they emphasized knowing the basics but, I realize as I look back, they did not explain why they knew certain facts and skills were the basics nor did they explain what the basics were not. It seemed the basics reached to infinity and we would turn 28 before we were allowed to graduate and fight with the oldies for McJobs. * The teachers with factory reconditioned units organized us into work groups or quality circles. We had to memorize the school district's organizational chart even though it meant nothing to us. They gave us just in time training by showing the class how to solve problems immediately before we took national standard tests. Grades were heavily based on punctuality, attendance, and participation. * Corporate retreads were similar in that they often talked about work. Learning was work and we produced a product. There were quality control measures. They did not like for us to work together. "Do your own work," they would say. We were preparing for a future of work. We were exhorted to learn all we could so we could compete successfully in the workplace. [5] The softpsych of all these cyborgs was nearly always downloaded at night. Most of the time the lessons were fine: just the usual sort of stuff everyone has to do in school. Once in a while cyborg teachers would start to ramble on about obscure topics, especially if the previous evening there had been a power outage. This also happened to a cyborg principal who lost control while giving a motivational lecture in a school assembly. I can still remember the phrase: "Much more can be expected from wetware" being repeated over and over. Some parents and guardians responded by threatening to jack their kids out of the matrix. [6] When I was older I understood that the cyborg teachers returned to college in the summer for system updates. At the time their comments about theory and practice were beyond my comprehension, but theory and practice seemed to be the cause of their anguish. It also accounts for why they usually tried new things in the fall semester. [7] Most of the cyborgization took place before teachers were allowed into a classroom. Student teaching was for fine tuning. Any defective teachers were supposed to be detected beforehand and sent to recycling. [8] One day our regular cyborg teacher left us in the charge of a new student teacher. Later, I heard that instead of a math coprocessor a random number generator had been installed. Things went smoothly for the first two days and then .... DO MOTHERBOARDS BAKE APPLE PIES? [9] All My Teachers Were Cyborgs is a familiar beginning to a typical story about the distinctions between people and machines becoming blurred. Named by science fiction writers, cyborgs have become a new species. Here is an example from Twenty Evocations (Sterling, 1992): When Nikolai Leng was a child, his teacher was a cybernetic system with a holographic interface. The holo took the form of a young Shaper woman. Its "personality" was an interactive composite expert system manufactured by Shaper psychotechs. Nikolai loved it. (p.154) [10] Cyborg stories provoke analysis and can be informative. Although imaginary, cyborg stories tell people about themselves. They tell more about the present and the past than the future. As part of popular culture this branch of science fiction reflects the reality of people and machines joining together. Earlier, in 18th century France, the laws of mechanics were first applied to human physiology, society, and consciousness (Huyssen, 1986). In consequence, "The determination of social life by metaphysical legitimations of power was replaced by the determination through the laws of nature. The age of modern technology and its legitimatory apparatus had begun." (p. 69). The analogy diffused widely and was reinforced by the experimental creation of many human automata for public exhibition. By 1818 Romantic speculations on the evolutionary theorizing of Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles Darwin) brought about a popular extension of the ghost story in Frankenstein (Shelley, 1990, p. 9). The distancing of science and machines from traditional, patriarchal values continued to mirror the negative effects of industrial society. In a time when world war and workers' revolts were ordinary, Capek's 1921 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) originated robots "from the Czech robota, meaning heavy labor" (Kussi, 1990, p.33). Similarly, Fritz Lang's early 1920s motion picture Metropolis, from the novel (von Harbou, 1963), revolves around the development of a robot designed to replace human workers (Huyssen, 1986, pp.68-69). The subsequent transition in science fiction from the robot to the cyborg corresponds to the movement from modern to postmodern society. In a world where machines express desire (Deleuze & Guattari, 1983) and intention is attributed to systems (Gardner, 1985) there is little solidarity for the cyberpunk (Hafner & Markoff, 1991; Leary, 1991) and the interface cowboy earns money for replacement body parts while taking pleasure in cybersleaze (Gibson, 1984). [11] The history of television science fiction programs catalogs the extent of technological media's service in cultural mythmaking about technology and progress ( Banks & Tankel, 1990). In an examination of Star Trek, and its spin offs, Banks & Tankel's alternate readings demonstrate that the physical sciences of the future are valued over behavioral and social sciences, which are shown to have not progressed. The commentary makes clear that television, as a technology, advocates a future where, "The scientific method continues to structure social inquiry to the exclusion of alternative interpretations of social interaction." (p. 34). [12] Haraway's cyborg manifesto investigates the feminist and socialist ironies of science fiction novels (1991). As much as definitions are problematic, here is Haraway's definition of a cyborg: A cyborg is a cybernetic organism, a hybrid of machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction. Social reality is lived social relations, our most important political construction, a world-changing fiction. (p.149). [13] The cyborgs of science fiction represent the postmodern present. It is as if many hardwired meat puppets are unconscious of the programs that are running them. The surface differences between people, machines, and computers are deceptive. Unlike the tales of robots, androids, and cyborgs, real life issues cannot be settled by revealing that cyborgized postmoderns are truly people with gender, sexuality, reproductive capacity, and love. Technoscience appears to be degrading people of all classes into peripheral devices for computers and it is out of the ordinary for this electronic article's technological medium, computer delivered text, to be questioning science, technology, and itself. Therefore this article is intended to show that the aesthetics of criticism can bring about awareness of cyborg fictions as a cultural anaesthetic. Another purpose here is to explore the social reality of cyborgs through creative writing. Motherboards have more responsibility for baking apple pies than there seems at first glance. TECHNOLOGY, LANGUAGE, AND THOUGHT [14] Metaphors comparing people with computers reconstruct people as cyborgs. The widespread use of new objects and processes, such as computers and computing, means they will be added to the cultural symbol system. The symbol system then changes. Concomitantly, what people think and the way they think changes (Turkle, 1984). Marx noted in The Machine in the Garden that the meaning of industry had shifted from a personal activity to an impersonal method of production (1964, p.166). Postman observes in Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology: "New technologies alter the structure of our interests: the things we think about. They alter the character of our symbols: the things we think with. And they alter the nature of community: the arena in which thoughts develop." (1992, p.20). [15] This influence of technologies on language and ideas is apparent in everyday sayings (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, pp.27-28): * We're still trying to grind out the solution to this equation. * My mind just isn't operating today. * Boy, the wheels are turning now! * I'm a little rusty today. * We've been working on this problem all day and now we're running out of stream.. * He broke down. * He cracked up. [16] Whereas Lakoff and Johnson reported minds being thought of as hardware: "My mind just isn't operating today." (1980, p. 28), a change from modern mechanical imagery to postmodern electronic imagery can be observed in the use of idiomatic metaphors. Fifty years ago people said, "So and so has a cog missing" but today the following example does not seem out of the ordinary: "It was like going to the Addam's Family home. You'd go in there, and all of them have a computer chip missing." [17] Robots are used to represent physical bodies as machines but computers distinctly represent minds. The connection of both metaphors to cyborgization will be made clear by further considering the involvement of language and media in constraining thought and actions. Body and mind are literally enlarged by all forms of media: "Whereas mechanical forms extend the limbs and organs, electric technologies beginning with the telegraph extend the nervous system and the conscious and unconscious in one or another manner and degree." (McLuhan & McLuhan, 1988, p.117). These current technology idioms collected from colleagues have been sorted into three lists: [18] Mechanical metaphors * So and so turns me on. * So and so has become unhinged, maybe has a screw loose. * So and so is asleep at the wheel. * So and so lost control. * Let the air out of so and so's tires. * Gotta get myself cranked around. * I'm functioning in low gear today. * Maybe the problem is the loose nut behind the wheel. * We need a mechanism for dealing with that. * This office runs like a well-oiled machine. [19] Electromechanical metaphors * So and so knows how to push my buttons. * That cup of coffee has got me wired. * Sorry, I just blew a fuse. * My circuits are jammed. * We got our wires crossed. * My mind is overloaded right now. [20] Computer metaphors * This project is important: We need to get someone online immediately. * Getting out of bed earlier for daylight savings time means I have to reprogram myself. * I have NOT lost my mind; it's backed up on disk. * The information in your databank needs updating. * Would you repeat that? My mind was looping. * Just a moment; I have to reboot. * I'm so tired; I've got to crash. * There's a bug in your logic. * Get with the program! * Don't worry, you're in the computer! [21] Postman's formulation is accurate: Images of technology in daily language are ubiquitous and influential (1992). The chronological progression of mechanical, electromechanical, and computer technologies corresponds not only to the words people use but also to what they do and how they think. Cyborg culture is the reciprocal product of technology, language and thought. THREE CASES OF CYBORGIZATION [22] This article continues with three case studies documenting real life instances of cyborg behavior and thinking. CASE ONE [23] The first example of cyborgization is provided by the student teacher who insisted to me, the professor, that "forth grade" was spelled correctly: "I ran my lesson plan through the spelling checker in my word processor. It accepted 'forth grade' with no problem." [24] Weekly assignments showed that the student was a poor speller who relied heavily on a spell checker when writing. However, spell checking was not improving the student's spelling. The student did not want to learn to spell correctly and was satisfied that delegating the proofreading task to the machine was enough. The student disclaimed responsibility for any misspellings when turning in lesson plans. It became clear when we talked that the student did not understand homophones, that different words can sound the same and be spelled in their own way, as in forth and fourth. [25] It is important to ask if such a codependent relationship between people and computers is wise. The result in this case was a real class of fourth graders being taught by a student teacher who could not spell the name of the class' grade level and whose error was reinforced by a computer. When a person, like the student teacher described here, gives self control over to a computer and accepts the default options without question, that person has become a cyborg. CASE TWO [26] I went to a university library and asked at the reference desk for help. I had heard in a casual conversation that computers and electronic mail played a part in uncovering the Watergate scandal. I wanted to find out more. The librarian looked away, typed into a terminal, grunted, pressed a few more keys, and then said, "Ah-hah, this must be what you want." Next, the screen was turned towards me so I could read it for myself. In glowing green letters there was an abstract of a news item about Ross Perot. It became clear that Perot was in the computer business and Richard Nixon was also present at the event. The meaning of my original question had been forgotten after the librarian had reduced it to two search terms: Nixon and computers. [27] I gently protested this was not what I was seeking. The cyborg librarian saved face by saying I had been given a demonstration of how to do an electronic search. The librarian led me over to a bank of CD-ROMs where I wasted another 10 minutes with the Nixon and computers search strategy by myself. I did not learn anything more than I knew from looking up Watergate in the electronic encyclopedia, which I had done before going to the reference desk. I wondered if the librarian was reacting to computerization by deliberately behaving as if deskilled. [28] At this point I resorted to what experience had taught me would probably work. This technique is laborious and old fashioned but usually effective. I went to the stacks and tackled the shelves of Nixon books. The books about Watergate were easy to spot and I hunted in the index of each one for computers, electronic mail, and electronic data processing. After five minutes I had authoritative information about a computerized bibliographic database built to handle the overwhelming quantity of subpoenaed paper from the Nixon re-election archives (Dash, 1976, pp. 135-140, 223, 247). I crossed the library floor to the computers in society books and soon learned that witnesses' lies in the Watergate affair were uncovered due to accessing computer files (Burnham, 1983, pp. 41-42). Two reporters obtained credit card records that showed a person had been traveling. Another journalist obtained telephone bills that showed people had made calls. [29] Alexandrian techniques such as going through every book are seldom used today. This was confirmed more recently by another reference librarian's response that I would have to wait until the station for the MLA Bibliography CD-ROM was free. No mention was made about the index still being available in the library in printed volumes. Unfortunately the superficial answers of cyborg librarians to information requests are being accepted. CASE THREE [30] I remember fixing a misplaced comma after lunch one day, nearly 12 years ago. The job did not take long. I merely edited, then printed the page again, and left for the copy center seven minutes later. [31] While I stood in line at the copy center I realized that most of those minutes could have been saved by using correction fluid and a repro black office pen. Perhaps prior experiences with these more mechanical writing tools had been forgotten. I had become caught up in the computer process and had neglected my purpose. [32] As I waited for the copies to be made I jotted down these insights in my notebook: Word processing is no substitute for thinking. The new writing technology cannot be accepted without caution. Tools may shape thinking but thinking should first direct the shape of the tools and their manner of use. [33] The first three paragraphs of this tale about myself, the author of this essay, becoming cyborgized also came at a cost. Written several years back, they were dropped from later drafts of a paper. I spent 45 minutes going through 400K single sided Macintosh disks searching for the original essay with those paragraphs. Then I remembered that I had typed it with WordStar on my defunct Osborne computer and the easiest thing to do would be to find the print out in my files. I located the paper in the correct bankers' box in three minutes. Within another 10 minutes the text was retyped and smoothed by some revisions. However, I was feeling more humility than I expected when I first thought of reporting this case. ANALYSIS OF THE CASES [34] Each of the three cases shows that the habitual reliance on computers for making decisions is transforming people into cyborgs. In the first case, it appears that when educators call computers and computer education TECHNOLOGY, the power of these objects is increased to the level where they are to be accepted no matter what. In the second case, it appears that if the answer to an information need is not available via computer then it is regarded as not existing or not worth knowing. In the third case, it appears that the psychological and social effects of word processors, as writing tools, may be redefining how people think, when engaged in the task of writing, in ways that are not always helpful. In sum, three fallacies have been exposed that allow people to train themselves, or others, into becoming cyborgs. ANALYSIS OF FEELINGS [35] My feelings of unease started to surface when I chose to rewrite the first two case studies to match the first person point of view of the third. Drawing upon converging experiences, the observations selected as the three cases were meant to build a particular interpretation. The details are reported accurately and the assessment is a fair account of cyborgization. There is plenty of support here for thinking that computerizing causes cyborgs but, having brought in my subjectivity, I could not see why this should happen. [36] A feeling of oversimplification came over me. While not endorsing the myth of technological progress, I wondered that if ways of doing things change, then so what! I suspected I had substituted tidy descriptions for explanation. [37] I remembered first encountering a similar feeling when I taught Computer Science 101. That was in Maine ten years ago. Many students had thought before we met that I should be a straightforward computer evangelist. Most soon let go of that assumption. The puzzlement remaining in a few students came together with my own restless feelings. [38] I was influenced in my approach to computer education by Weizenbaum (1976). My continual insistence on contextualizing, questioning of social benefits, commentaries about inadvertent side effects and unfulfilled promises, identification of inefficiently designed hardware and software, critiques of ineffective instructional materials, and reminders that history showed that technological solutions often brought about new problems, were enabling most students to complete the class with skills and knowledge beyond the ability to blindly follow procedures. Nevertheless, I felt the same sort of intellectual dissatisfaction brought out by writing up the case studies: I feared I had neglected the need for a theoretical framework. [39] In Maine this changed when, in one of the texts I had chosen for the class, I found a particularly evocative passage. It was the tale of Tzu-Gung from The New Alchemists (Hanson, 1982, p.322). Tzu-Gung meets an old man who is watering a vegetable garden with a bucket. They talk and Tzu-Gung explains a vastly more efficient way of drawing water out of the well and into the irrigation ditch. However, he is rebuked by the old man who says he knows of the technique but people who use machines grow to depend on them and become like them. [40] When I went to teach my class I asked what this story was all about. I heard these opinions volunteered: * The old guy is resistant to technology. * The old guy does not want to learn anything new. * It's more difficult to learn when you're older. (That's not true.) * The old guy knows about this draw-well stuff already. * The old guy knows what he wants to do. * The old guy resents the young guy for meddling. * Tzu-Gung is from away. Maybe New Hampshire. (Laughter.) * Be that as it may, I would listen to Tzu-Gung's advice and try it out. * The old man is just a foolish old man, of course you can do things better with machines. * It says here the old man talks about his teacher and I guess the story means that religion and science and technology just don't mix. * Well, the book says: "There is no doubting it: machines are wonderful. Unlike the gardener along the river Han, most of us are unwilling to live without them, and for good reason." (Hanson, 1982, p. 322). [41] Then I shifted back to lecturing and introduced a theory of technological assessment. I presented Ihde's view of the non-neutrality of computer technology (1979, pp. 53-65). I chalked the jargon on the board: "amplification-reduction." I paraphrased, that technologies amplify some sorts of experiences and reduce other sorts of experiences. Usually so much attention is paid to a technology doing what is needed (amplification) that it is easy to neglect how other experiences are changed (reduction). Next, I gave examples. Ihde relates what it is like to try writing by dipping a pen into an inkwell after writing with a typewriter (p. 43 and p. 57). Ihde thinks the slowness of the old fashioned pen inclines the writing style towards longer, better thought out sentences whereas the speed of typing inclines the writing style towards shorter, clipped sentences. Similarly, Ihde analyzes how computerized registration on campus affects the roles of faculty, administration, and students, and influences power relations between them. [42] With the amplification-reduction framework in place I returned to the tale of Tzu-Gung. I asked what does mechanical irrigation amplify and what does it reduce? Insightful answers came from the students about larger crops at the price of more ditches to dig, more equipment to maintain, and the dangers of land erosion. Details were then provided about related innovations in the local agricultural community which had produced unforeseen consequences. Without prompting, the class began making connections to our previous weeks of study, demonstrations, and lab practice in the computer room. [43] The minority of students, the ones who saw me in the role of a fundamental believer in technology, were still uncertain. They said my judgment of Tzu-Gung's situation was required. This was not hard for me as the dose of theory had relieved my own headache. [44] I said that I probably did not exactly agree with anyone else's understanding but it seemed to me the old man is pretty much right, that technology inclines people towards acting and thinking in a particular way. There is irony here, too. From using a bucket, the old man lacks the self-awareness that he acts like a bucket, speaks like a bucket, and thinks like a bucket. Further, Tzu- Gung is the same way in having his thinking, behavior, and speech distorted by hydraulic engineering. He gushes out his sales pitch for new and improved technology, sees no alternative to the flow of its promised amplification, and fails to assess its reductive capacity for eroding the ground. [45] Over the terms I taught the class I gathered more examples. One I called the fallacy of functionalism. I outlined Rogers' list of factors affecting the success of technological innovation: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability (1983, pp. 15-16). There is an emphasis on action in Roger's model of diffusion but a disregard of understanding about outcomes, other than those benefiting the planners. [46] I would also share another instance of bucket- headedness, the condition where people imprudently allow their tools to take over their thinking and become cyborgian. For perspective, I asked the students to estimate the original date of this quotation, from Marvin Minsky an AI scientist, reported by Roszak (1986, p. 122): In from three to eight years, we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being. I mean a machine that will be able to read Shakespeare, grease a car, play office politics, tell a joke, have a fight. At that point, the machine will begin to educate itself with fantastic speed. In a few months after that, it will be at genius level, and a few months after that, its power will be incalculable. MY LOVE, MY COMPUTER [47] Remembering these emotions from teaching Computer Science 101 informed me about my reaction to the case studies and the subject of this text. Cyborgization goes beyond the habitual reliance on computers for making decisions. Social functions play a part, too, Their causal effects may be circular but they cannot be accepted as self-legitimating accounts. That is the obfuscation of metanarratives (Lyotard, 1984). Perhaps I have not gone Alternately, I might be as far as Berman in engaging with the texts observing an economic of my own writing and restructuring through thinking in a way that computerization as produces a 'common sense' of the narratological reading "the managerial and whereby human agents technological elite" deliberately cause the (1989, p. 29). effects I am studying. [48] In response, the title of this article was chosen to defuse a suggestion of intentionality. It comes from the last sentence of an exciting article on feminism which instructed me by saddening and aggravating me (Halberstam,1991): "Both Turing's apple and the female cyborg threaten our ability to differentiate between our natural selves and our machine selves; the images suggest that perhaps already cyborgs are us." ( p. 458). [49] I already knew a modest amount about Turing, the computer pioneer, including his suffering cyborgization from hormone injections judicially prescribed to destroy his homosexuality, but I had not known exactly how he died. I was saddenned by reading it was from eating a poisoned apple. At first I wondered if, having been pricked by a needle like Sleeping Beauty, he next mimicked Snow White: "Turing ended his life in 1954 by eating an apple dipped in cyanide." (Halberstam, 1991, p. 445). In the subsequent paragraph, I read this action "bizarrely prefigures the Apple computer logo" and I considered if this is why the Apple Computer apple is blue at the bottom? The spectrum of a rainbow is given as seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The Apple Computer apple is striped in six colors: green, yellow, orange, red, violet, and blue. Does cyanide make an apple blue? [50] Halberstam presents feminist arguments for equal access to computer time: "the Apple logo's byte no longer proves fatal." (1991, p. 458). Those aggravating liberal arguments will change nothing. Machinery and technical know-how are designed with patriarchal interests in mind: technological objects convey those values when they are used (Cockburn, 1988). The apple was poisoned in the design office, the board room, and the factory. Halberstam does not realize that most computer classes are to make people computer-friendly, that my teaching was not and is not typical, that most computer classes will not encounter any overt social theorizing, that most computer classes either fit students to the machines by teaching them to be docile in selecting commands from onscreen menus or fit students to the machines, as extensions, by teaching them to assemble algorithms for practice programs further conveying the hardware and software designers' ideologies. [51] I looked for a place of resistance where questioning the presence, the value, the amplifying and reducing results of computers and of cyborgization, still had a point. More than just bodies against machines, "Resistance that succeeds is a testament to the interpretive power of individuals to make sense of their lives. " (Wahl, 1993). In the background remained a warning that computers continue to isolate people as individuals and "their creation, forms, interpretations, and uses encode and reproduce sexist biases" (Damarin, 1993, p. 184). I thought about multiple needs: to wake up from the ideological programming and increase subjectivity yet remain connected. I remembered Damarin's platform for group identity: "The demand is for an education that demystifies mathematics, science, and technology." (1991, p.19). Like computerists who only see the good side of cyborgization, I had mystically focussed on the bad side. There is both amplification and reduction. there are no clear distinctions. We are inherently cyborgs. Acknowledging that assists in decoding cultural symbol systems, reasserting values, and determining direction. Beyond metaphor, we learn to live and operate in our cyborg culture. I reread Halberstam's concluding lines (1991, p. 458) and felt there may be hope through interpreting cyborgs as a new species: a resistant strain. PEOPLE AS COMPONENTS AND COMPONENTS AS PEOPLE [52] Cyborgs symbolize the fusion of artificial minds, and sometimes bodies, with human minds and bodies. People can be seen as machines from their repetitive movements made in eating, walking, washing, talking, and sex. Mumford conjectured the technology of ritual behavior was the precedent of the technology of language and the technology of thought (1966, pp.60-63). It may be that cyborgization is not only the combining of humans with machines and computers, but also that machines and computers were developed in the images of human conformity and mass culture. [53] The standardization of people as components may stem, in turn, from the standardization of components as if they were people. Religious worship, warfare, the daily labors of productive work, the repetition of sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, sleeping, and eating, each contribute to machine and computer functioning. The motions and rhythms of dance, music, speech-even these written lines-are the cultural and biological basis of mechanization, systematization, and computerization. [54] It appears that the goal of being technological is to make interaction and communication more alike. People interact with machines whereas people communicate with each other. Technology is not just artefacts. All technology is part of social technology and much of social technology deals with issues of social control. Technology is design "that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome." (Rogers, 1983, p. 12). This modern faith in technoscience as a social technology is unintentionally producing cyborgs by two strategies: * Making hardware more like people. * Making people more like hardware. [55] Cyborgization should not be viewed only as negative, as a technology with solely reductive effects. As in the familiar process of automaticity, cyborgization can be a strength. It is extremely beneficial to be able to sound notes and sequences of phrases without effort as part of playing music; to be able to read any English text without consciously trying; and to be able to shape these letters and space these words as part of expressing an idea like this by writing in a notebook. Automaticity makes these things possible, although people are inconvenienced by tending to do something the old way despite the creation of a new routine. [56] This suggests that cyborgization is inevitable and, to a degree, is acceptable. Individuals and groups retain some ability to decide how to apply their cyborg capacities. Progressive examples of the subtleties of cyborgization are presented in these two lists. Each list ranges from harmless to potentially destructive: [57] PHYSICAL CYBORGIZATION 1. Wearing clothes and shoes. 2. Women putting permanent waves in their hair. 3. Men shaving beard hair off their faces everyday. 4. Using an automatic teller machine (ATM) for banking. 5. Mechanized transportation by cars and jet planes. 6. Eating diet food and drinking artificially sweetened drinks. 7. Addictions such as smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, and using drugs. 8. Unnecessary cosmetic surgery. 9. Carrying a gun. 10. Accepting the convenience of Depo Provera contraceptive injections despite advertisements indicating extreme health risks and compromises. See, for example, Upjohn Company (1994). (There is a link here to paragraphs 13 and 49.) [58] MENTAL CYBORGIZATION 1. Memorizing multiplication tables. 2. Reading People magazine every week to ease making small talk in social and business situations. 3. Consistently favoring one communication medium and preferring, for example, either speech or writing over the other. 4. Regularly reading a newspaper and habitually watching the same television programs. 5. Believing in authority whereby people in positions of power always mean well and are invariably correct in what they say and do. 6. Belief in thinking only in ways that produce functional, pragmatic, and expedient results. 7. Using computers as a social mirror for what it means to be human (Turkle, 1984). 8. Fusing the terminology of AI and cognitive psychology together (Minsky, 1986). 9. Reporting to a computer instead of a human supervisor (Zuboff, 1988). 10. Applying the telephone metaphor for communication from Shannon & Weaver (1949). [59] This last point is not obvious and requires a long explanatory note. Fortunately, it can serve double duty as readers may appreciate it as a preface to The Cyborg Dinner. [60] The introductory textbooks in educational technology stress the Shannon-Weaver model where it abstracts communication between people to the linear transmission of information (Yeaman, 1994). The model first appeared in Shannon & Weaver's book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, which is about telecommunication apparatus (1949). [61] According to Shannon & Weaver there are five parts to a communication system (1949). These are the information source, the transmitter, the channel, the receiver and the destination. The illustrative figure shows a message originating at the box labeled INFORMATION SOURCE next to the left margin. An arrow connects to a second box, labeled TRANSMITTER. The SIGNAL is transmitted across the middle of the page by a long line running left to right. This line indicates the channel: RIt may be a pair of wires, a coaxial cable, a band of radio frequencies, a beam of light, etc.S (p. 5). The signal is received at the RECEIVER box. It is sent on by another arrow to the DESTINATION box, next to the right margin. Each pair of boxes is situated over the same word: MESSAGE. A fifth box, equal in size with the others, is in the middle of the page a half inch below the transmission line. This box is the NOISE SOURCE. Noise is anything that RperturbsS the signal after it has left the transmitter. This perturbation is shown by a vertical line rising from the noise box to a sixth box, much smaller than the others and located in the center of the page. The signal flows into this unnamed box from the left. Noise is added and the signal flows out on the right as the RECEIVED SIGNAL, although it has not yet arrived at the receiver. [62] Besides the common sense that people do communicate, although no one knows precisely how or what, the line of boxes linked by arrows flowing left to right builds a legend of neutrality. Not only are students and trainees transformed into components, but also the readers of educational technology textbooks-and their students-are transformed into components. All data are to be processed, without subtlety or deviation, until the right answer is found. By Haraway's definition: "a hybrid of machine and organism" (1991, p. 149), the social reality of mainstream educational technology creates cyborgs. Cyborgization is foundational to the modern practice, systems theorizing, and reductionist research of educational technology. THE CYBORG DINNER [63] I was eating at a conference with four colleagues. We were discussing our research on educational technology through semiotics and postmodernism. We spoke about power and the authority of the author. Then the conversation split into two dialogues, as often happens on informal occasions. I spoke about how the telephone model of communication, as a basic assumption underlying educational technology, was right-serving in giving power to the author and to authority. [64] After a few minutes, someone in the parallel conversation said something about the uses of power. It sounded related to what my conversation partner was talking about. I tried to listen but the other conversation was seemed difficult to follow. (Was there some noise?) I hoped the table would come back together as we were all planning chapters for the same book. Then one person clearly said that using the power book had been quite helpful in drafting a chapter outline. I picked up the cue. "Which one are you reading? Foucault's Power/Knowledge or Cherryholmes' Power and Criticism?" [65] It turned out that those on the other side of the table were talking about a portable computer. A CYBORG JOKE [66] Contemporary humor portrays acceptance of the new in terms of the old: Question: How do cyborgs have digital sex? Answer: They hold hands. CYBORG GRIEF [67] As I observed the struggle between my intellect and my emotions about cyborgization. I wrote journal entries to work out what I was feeling. Later, I organized those writings into the stages of grieving. DENIAL [68] There are clear distinctions apparent between people and tools, machines, and computers. The idea of cyborgs is a fiction without resemblance to anything that actually exists. Whether technologies function for better or worse, people are defined independently of technologies. Cyborg stories are mere science fiction entertainment. [69] The appearance of the Fitts list in 1951, and its revision as machines developed, maintains these distinctions-as quoted by Fuld (1993, p. 23): Humans appear to surpass present-day machines with respect to the following: 1. Ability to detect small amounts of visual or acoustic energy. 2. Ability to perceive patterns of light or sound. 3. Ability to improvise and use flexible procedures. 4. Ability to store very large amounts of information for long periods and to recall relevant facts at the appropriate time. 5. Ability to reason inductively. 6. Ability to exercise judgment. Present-day machines appear to surpass humans with respect to the following: 1. Ability to respond quickly to control signals, and to apply great force smoothly and precisely. 2. Ability to perform repetitive, routine tasks. 3. Ability to store information briefly and then to erase it completely. 4. Ability to reason deductively, including computational ability. 5. Ability to handle highly complex operations, i.e., to do many different things at once. ANGER [70] The sense of self is eroded by dependence on things. This dependence can be physical, mental, or economic, for example. It is disappointing to discover that artefacts are essential and that they cannot be discarded without great inconvenience. This anger is turned towards an object which functions awkwardly because of designers who did not bother to learn how it should be used. This anger is turned towards the people who sell the object with hyperbole, price it too high, and provide desultory follow up service. BARGAINING [71] Let us look on the bright side: this stuff is useful. The problem is really caused by the information overload. It is clear evidence of progress that I can operate appliances from across the room with a remote control. It has been years since I had to tune a television channel. GRIEF OR DEPRESSION [72] The computer has a virus or is broken in some way and I cannot do my work. My friend was arrested by mistake from having a supposedly unique identification (SUID) that was similar to someone else's SUID. The telephone may ring in the night from a person dialing a wrong number but I must leave it connected to catch my early morning call about the car pool. Who is in charge here; us or the machines? [73] Why is anyone certain that machines improve the quality of life for everyone? Where are the research findings to support that? There is no one type of technology that is better for people than another, except in obvious instances. Computers are supposed to work for people, not the other way around. ACCEPTANCE [74] It is true there is no grand plan of progress or technological deployment. The technology evangelists have no idea of where they are going or what they are doing. There are many unanticipated side effects and some of them are dangerously destructive to the global environment and to humane standards for human social conduct. [75] What can I do except try to point this out and lead my own life as sensibly as I can without losing perspective. As a cyborg I demand my right to a peaceful life. I refuse unnecessary X-rays in the dentist's office, do not smoke, drive defensively, and hope to die not in a hospital but with dignity. I ask for planning in organizational changes that includes everyone, reverse compatibility of new systems so that old knowledge and skills are not lost, and caution about dependence on computers. [76] Cyborg stories are true: technologies as metaphors both focus and limit social vision. The future is not dependent on biological evolution but on cultural evolution. For example, instead of testing a prototype with colleagues and clerical staff around the office it is known to be more effective to include the people who will use the product and involve them from the beginning in a collaboration (Greenbaum & Kyng, 1991). [77] It is still possible to shape what is to come; including ourselves. Technology, language, thought, and action are interwoven. Therefore, "The goal of science and the arts and education for the next generation must be to decipher not the genetic but the perceptual code." (McLuhan & McLuhan, 1988, p.239). CONCLUSION [78] From this field of differences, replete with the promises and terrors of cyborg embodiments and situated knowledges, there is no exit. Anthropologists of possible selves, we are technicians of realizable futures. Science is culture. (Haraway, 1991, p. 230) [79] More thoughtful decisions about computers and society are needed from the humanities point of view. That cyborgs come from science fiction does not preclude critical interrogation of that literary genre's social functioning. These themes can be explored by expository narratives or fictions or, like this electronic essay, by writing both. As "the disc jockeys of an advanced technocracy" (Spivak, 1985, p.28) readers should admit that the biological and cultural consequences of science and technology are vastly influential. Technoscience metaphors of language, technoscience models of thinking, and the technoscience subjectivity of virtualities drag readers towards a technoscientific instrumental rationality that deserves postmodern humanistic resistance. [80] CONCLUDING SUMMERY: A VIRTUAL IDYLL It is sunny And the sky is blue. A cooling breeze Flutters the gilded leaves of The last Tree of K n o w l e d g e. In the heat The industrious machines I d l e. But in the postmodern shade The cyborgs laze And quote Early cyborg poetry. REFERENCES Banks, J., & Tankel, J. D. (1990). Science as fiction: Technology in prime time television. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 24-36. Berman, B. (1989). The computer metaphor: Bureaucratizing the mind. Science as Culture, 7, 7-42. Burnham, D. (1983). The rise of the computer state. New York: Random House. Cherryholmes, C. H. (1988). Power and criticism: Poststructural investigations in education. New York: Teachers College Press. Cockburn, C. (1988). 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McCaffery (Ed.), Storming the reality studio: A casebook of cyberpunk and postmodern science fiction (pp. 154- 161). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Turkle, S. (1984). The second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster. Upjohn Company. (1994, January). Have you ever been away for the weekend and realized you forgot your birth control pills? [Advertisement]. Ladies Home Journal (pp. 68-70). von Harbou, T. (1963). Metropolis. New York: Ace Books. (Original work published circa 1920.) Wahl, W. (1993). Bodies and technologies: Dora, Neuromancer, and strategies of resistance. Postmodern Culture, 3 (2). Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. Yeaman, A. R. J. (1994, February). Deconstructing modern educational technology. Educational Technology, 15- 24. [Special issue on critical theory, cultural analysis and the ethics of educational technology as social responsibility. Edited by A.R.J. Yeaman.] Zuboff, S. (1988). In the age of the smart machine: The future of work and power. New York: Basic Books. JAY LEMKE. City University of New York. BITNET: JLLBC@CUNYVM INTERNET: JLLBC@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. If an article is re-published elsewhere it must include a statement that it was originally published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture. The EJVC Editors reserve the right to maintain permanent archival copies of all submissions and to provide print copies to appropriate indexing services for for indexing and microforming. _________________________________ _________________________________ _THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ON VIRTUAL CULTURE_ ISSN 1068-5327 Ermel Stepp, Marshall University, Editor-in-Chief M034050@Marshall.wvnet.edu Diane (Di) Kovacs, Kent State University, Co-Editor DKOVACS@Kentvm.Kent.edu ____________________________ GOPHER Instructions ____________________________ GOPHER to gopher.cic.net 70 ____________________________ Anonymous FTP Instructions ____________________________ ftp byrd.mu.wvnet.edu login anonymous password: users' electronic address cd /pub/ejvc type EJVC.INDEX.FTP get filename (where filename = exact name of file in INDEX) quit LISTSERV Retrieval Instructions _______________________________ Send e-mail addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM (Bitnet) or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU Leave the subject line empty. The message must read: GET EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS Use this file to identify particular articles or sections then send e-mail to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU with the command: GET where is the name of the article or section (e.g., author name) and is the V#N# of that issue of EJVC The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 SQARV2N1 HART THE RATE OF CHANGE OF THE RATE OF CHANGE March, 1994 UseNet Indicators Are 7 Times As High in Jan, 1994 as Jan, 1993 7215703 Jan94 >> 1142783 Jan93 by Michael Hart Just in case you hadn't heard some real, if not HARD statistics about the uses of the various networks. . .here are the smaller indicators of UseNet usage. . .in a completely inaccurate file, because I used different methods to create each file, and thus, I am afraid I introduced about up to 2% of "rounding error" and I am sure the original data files contained some duplications. However, you will get the general idea, and can verify these in your own manner by getting the raw materials yourself via FTP: pit-manager.mit.edu The first three files are collections of the names of everyone? who posted a note to UseNet in that year. Stats for 91 are for only the second half of the year, hence the .ext = 912, and for later files, as well, the same convention is used. You will note that the file for 93 is about double that of 92-- and that given extrapolation from the divisions I made form 93, that 92 is likely to have been even more than double of 91, for the second half of the year tends to have double the first half of the year, at the current growth rate. 1993 29782185 1992 15595354 1991 3899620 [Second half of year] 1993 14352115 This is for the last 4 months 1993 16025196 This is for the first 8 /note "rounding error" Below are approximations of the files for individual months of these years, with approximations of the uncompressed filesizes based on a 58% compression rate. Uncompress Compressed [Estimate] 285774 165749 Jul91.Z 345243 200241 Aug91.Z 456233 264615 Sep91.Z 704064 408357 Oct91.Z 446322 258867 Nov91.Z 651498 377869 Dec91.Z 227312 160841 Jan92.Z 596709 346091 Feb92.Z 933222 541269 Mar92.Z 901270 522737 Apr92.Z 943770 547387 May92.Z 763898 443061 Jun92.Z 872612 506115 Jul92.Z 935081 542347 Aug92.Z 851193 493692 Sep92.Z 1091862 633280 Oct92.Z 1246548 722998 Nov92.Z 1024374 594137 Dec92.Z 1142783 Jan93 The following were not compressed. 1407400 Feb93 2708383 Mar93 2528709 Apr93 2647954 May93 1505801 Jun93 1032938 Jul93 2740408 Aug93 2795697 Sep93 3315065 Oct93 3849593 Nov93 4107454 Dec93 7215703 Jan94 3778435 Feb94 [first half of the month] You will note that January, 1994 is between double and triple of the average month of 1993, and is nearly 7 times! the size of January, 1993. *** I am not just throwing this information out there for reasons unknown and unstated. . .the purpose of this entire series of The Rate of Change of the Rate of Change is to encourage your individual participation in a rapidly changing virtual world. There are now about 20 million computers on the Internet, and perhaps 40 million people you can send email to; those of you who were on the Nets before 1993 are now old-timers for a new generation counting as 84% of the current Net population if a person is to believe the numbers above. Those numbers are even equal to those currently given by the media, who say the Net population is increasing by 20%/month, which would equal an increase to 7.43 times as many Netters a year, so there just might be some truth to these estimates. What does this mean to you. . .it means that next year, those of you who have been here only a month or so will be in those who are among the 10% most experienced Netters! As with any rapidly growing enterprise, there are those whose thoughts run to a personal agenda of taking over. It is against this kind of thing that I wish to warn you. The Nets are Yours, paid for with Your Tax Dollars, and these people have no right to be heard any more than you have, even if they managed to get here first. I was on the Nets first in 1971, which does NOT give me legal power to impose my will on you, OR on those who would impose, these words are all I have to encourage your own self-defense . . .and believe me, the day will come when you realize these impositions on the Nets will require your self-defense in the same manner that your need to defend yourself against network television and the like. This is a new medium, new to 88% of the people on the Nets in the last year, to 99% of the people over the past two years. As in any New Medium, the form as well as the content are put up for grabs, not necessarily intentionally, but there were a very few who even considered computers as in a communications context more than a brief moment ago, and thus they were only barely prepared to use the medium at all, much less to try to control that medium in the manner in which previous media had been controlled by monopolistic networks--in fact a "network" had a terribly bad connotation during the television heyday-- and only began to reappear in a positive light when networked women's groups recently coined the term "networking." Is The Glass Half Empty or Is It Half Full? Of course, some of the greatest advantages of our network are also some of the greatest disadvantages, too. Not only are there teen-age computer wizards on the networks, helping millions of new people get used to things, but also a group of political wizards are also working the Nets, in some manner akin to this, but on those other side of the coins, at least some of the time. I have been witness to 23-year-olds coming fresh out of grad- school and riding a shooting star to Net fame, and perhaps to fortune, as well. Why? As I said, some of the greatest advantages of our network are also some of the greatest disadvantages, too. With basically everyone as a "new user" on the Nets, it takes only a brief moment to establish oneself as a "personality"-- no one knows you are only a 23 year-old with one year of grad school. . .and this supports both the best and worst of these network conditions. The easiest way to become accepted anywhere, including a "New Media" situation, is to look and act like everyone else. The new graduate often acted in a manner as formally conservative as the oldest, most powerful tenured professor. "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery" and therefore a "New Medium" always has to fight for its independence against those who would rather use the new medium merely to copy from the old. [An interesting point for someone to make with only a single claim to fame of copying books onto the Nets. True, I am hoping that Electronic Books will be better than paper-- but, still, the irony is NOT lost on me.] What we have is a spectrum of people, most of whom are so new to the nets that they don't comment much about what goes on-- but some of which have instantly realized that this is one of the "opportunities of a lifetime" to take over a new medium-- on the ground floor. The trouble is, they want to build the ground floor to be for just exactly the same purpose as the old ground floor--which, if you will just look at the old ground floors, is monopoly. --The Single Greatest Feature of the Nets is Anti-Monopoly-- 1. There is no way to interrupt anyone via email. 2. Once something is written on the Nets there is no reason everyone should not be able to have a copy, unless those who wrote it don't want unlimited distribution. Some people support these as the great values of Net Society. Other people try to deny this in a variety of ways. 1. There are those who would rather "pound a gavel" in some discussion group, rather than simply press "delete" when they see a message they don't like, or rather than point out some opposing point of view; I have rarely, if ever, seen a discussion group not go through this period on an early anniversary of its founding. Someone always tries to take control of an "electronic gavel". . .not just to stop themselves from hearing something they don't like-- but to try to insure total censorship of the whole list. 2. I would guess a majority of public domain materials that are created on the nets are never posted for distributed access outside a small group for "Insider Trading." You put in a copy of Chaucer, I put in a copy of Milton, and we trade amongst our little group, keeping the expertise and access to expertise in limited distribution. There is something basically fundamental about this process, something I don't really understand enough to describe it to you clearly, but there is something wrong when public domain material is kept secret, protected by a limited distribution contract or user agreement, and circulated by mailing disks, tapes, and CDROMs around the world at great expense, when it would be so much easier to post on FTP, Gopher, WAIS, WWW or Mosaic, etc. Of course, that is only half the story; for every example of this kind of restrictive effort, there is an example of some effort that is just the opposite. Just as there are four of the major archives that promote Limited Distribution, so too are there four sources promoting Unlimited Distribution, and there will/are probably be more any day now. For every person who tries to pick up and wield electrons in the form of a gavel, there is someone to say [as in a Wizard of OZ scenario] Pay No Attention To The Little Person Behind The Curtain! For every person who wants to keep the Shakespeares, Miltons and Chaucers of the world hidden away in the vest of English Professor, there is a person, sometimes an English Professor with a tenured position, who says "No! Everyone should have Shakespeare, Milton and Chaucer. . .and all the rest! The same is true for electronic copies of art masterpieces-- musical masterpieces--and a variety of other masterpieces. What is the most interesting, is that most of the support of Unlimited Distribution comes from those who make their lives from Limited Distribution. Most of the support comes from those who distribute Etext in a commercial environment, while most of the restriction from those who are not in the commercial environment, those whose position which, if medical doctors, would be in violation of the Hippocratic Oath. It amazes me that I can get materials from World Library who makes Library the Future, and from Grolier Encyclopedia, and from a variety of other commercial sources and even get cash donations from them for the creation and distribution of the electronic books that are in the public domain. On the other hand, it also amazes me that I cannot get other sources of information as easily, without ridiculous charges and restrictions on redistribution, from those who are in an enterprise that is non-commercial in nature. Am I saying there are Hypocrites out there on the Nets? Yes I am. Am I saying there are just the opposite, too? Yes, I am. The cup is both half empty AND half full. . . . And I would like to point out that even in most of the close to the vest producers of electronic books that some of their books are released to the general public, at least after the application of some gentle prodding. . .so I am presuming it will be the case that these glasses may also be capable of a future of becoming more full to the public than empty. ===================================================== Thank you for your time and consideration, Michael S. Hart, Professor of Electronic Text Executive Director of Project Gutenberg Etext Illinois Benedictine College, Lisle, IL 60532 No official connection to U of Illinois--UIUC hart @uiucvmd.bitnet or hart@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu THIS MESSAGE IS A PRIVATE COMMUNICATION, INTENDED ONLY TO BE READ BY THE PEOPLE TO WHOM IT IS ADDRESSED. RECIPIENTS OF THIS MESSAGE MAY NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE IT IN WHOLE OR IN PART WITHOUT MICHAEL HART'S WRITTEN PERMISSION, OTHER THAN TO REPLY. COPYRIGHT 1994 PROF. MICHAEL S. HART, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS MESSAGE MAY NOT BE COPIED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. If an article is re-published elsewhere it must include a statement that it was originally published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture. The EJVC Editors reserve the right to maintain permanent archival copies of all submissions and to provide print copies to appropriate indexing services for for indexing and microforming. _________________________________ _________________________________ _THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ON VIRTUAL CULTURE_ ISSN 1068-5327 Ermel Stepp, Marshall University, Editor-in-Chief M034050@Marshall.wvnet.edu Diane (Di) Kovacs, Kent State University, Co-Editor DKOVACS@Kentvm.Kent.edu ____________________________ GOPHER Instructions ____________________________ GOPHER to gopher.cic.net 70 ____________________________ Anonymous FTP Instructions ____________________________ ftp byrd.mu.wvnet.edu login anonymous password: users' electronic address cd /pub/ejvc type EJVC.INDEX.FTP get filename (where filename = exact name of file in INDEX) quit LISTSERV Retrieval Instructions _______________________________ Send e-mail addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM (Bitnet) or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU Leave the subject line empty. The message must read: GET EJVCV2N1 CONTENTS Use this file to identify particular articles or sections then send e-mail to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU with the command: GET where is the name of the article or section (e.g., author name) and is the V#N# of that issue of EJVC The Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture __________________________________________________________________ ISSN 1068-5723 February 28, 1994 Volume 2 Issue 1 EJVCV2N1 MONITOR THE CYBERSPACE MONITOR ====================== ///////////////////// / TABLE OF CONTENTS / ///////////////////// SPECIAL INTERNET CONNECTIONS Scott Yanoff INFORMATION SOURCES John A. December INTERNET SERVICES FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Version 1.7 - 4 February, 1994 Kevin Savetz ______________________________________________________________ SPECIAL INTERNET CONNECTIONS Scott Yanoff * SPECIAL INTERNET CONNECTIONS: Last Update: 2/16/94 * * Compiled By: Scott Yanoff - yanoff@csd4.csd.uwm.edu * * A + by an entry designates new entries/changes since last update * * Type "finger yanoff@csd4.csd.uwm.edu" to find ways to receive this list! -Agricultural Info., telnet psupen.psu.edu or telnet 128.118.36.5 Family Issues, PENpages (Login: Enter your two-letter state abbrev.) Food & Nutrition, telnet caticsuf.csufresno.edu or telnet 129.8.100.15 and Environment CSU Fresno ATI-NET (Login: super) telnet eureka.clemson.edu or telnet 130.127.8.3 CUFAN (Clemson U Forestry & Ag. Net.) (Login: PUBLIC) telnet empire.cce.cornell.edu or telnet 132.236.89.2 CENET (Cornell Extension NETwork) (Login: guest) ftp ftp.sura.net (get file pub/nic/agricultural.list, it contains agricultural email lists & services.) telnet idea.ag.uiuc.edu (Login: flood) See FLOOD Below offers: Agricultural info (livestock reports, current market prices, etc.) -Almanac mail servers mail almanac@esusda.gov or mail almanac@ecn.purdue.edu mail almanac@oes.orst.edu or mail almanac@ces.ncsu.edu mail almanac@silo.ucdavis.edu or almanac@joe.uwex.edu mail almanac@empire.cce.cornell.edu mail almanac@acenet.auburn.edu offers: USDA market news, articles about use of computer in agricultural science, and Extension Computing Technology Newsletters. In body of letter: send guide Other cmds: send catalog, send help haylist -Almanac of Events finger copi@oddjob.uchicago.edu mail geiser@pictel.com to join the mailing list! offers: Daily list of events and b-days in history, and sports schedules. -Am. Philos. Assoc. gopher apa.oxy.edu offers: BBS for philosophers. -Amateur Radio mail info@arrl.org or ftp world.std.com (pub/hamradio) offers: Ascii files about Amateur Radio and electronics. In Body of letter: help, info, send or quit (ie send prospect) -Archeological Dbase telnet cast.uark.edu or telnet 130.184.71.44 offers: National Arch. Database information management system. (Login: nadb) *AVIATION--------------------------------------------------------------------- -Aviation Gophers gopher av.eecs.nwu.edu gopher gopher.unomaha.edu (Select UNO Student Org...) offers: Acts as a repository for things on rec.aviation. (pics, stories...) -DUATS telnet duat.gtefsd.com or telnet 131.131.7.105 telnet duats.gtefsd.com or telnet 131.131.7.106 offers: Aviation weather, flight planning. (Login: ) The first address is for certified pilots, the second for uncertified. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Career Centers Online gopher gopher.msen.com mail occ-info@mail.msen.com offers: Jobs database, resume listing service, search by location/keyword H.E.A.R.T. telnet career.com or telnet 157.151.160.1 offers: Search for jobs by company, position, or state. -CARL telnet pac.carl.org or 192.54.81.128 offers: Online database, book reviews, magazine fax delivery service. *COMPUTERS-------------------------------------------------------------------- -Amiga User Area gopher gopher.unomaha.edu (Select UNO Student Org...) offers: Lots of useful information for Amiga owners. -Macintosh Usergroup telnet amdalinz.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at or 140.78.5.55 offers: Austrian Mac group. UserID/Password (hit return). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Consumer Access Serv. telnet columbia.ilc.com or 38.145.77.221 (Login: cas) telnet holonet.net or telnet 157.151.0.1 (Login: cdc) telnet books.com or telnet 192.148.240.9 (press return) telnet netmark.com or telnet 192.246.101.1 telnet orders.sales.digital.com or 192.208.36.2 telnet cio.cisco.com or 131.108.89.33 (Login: cio) telnet utcbooks.com (Login/password: utc) gopher florist.com telnet ora.com or telnet 140.186.65.25 (Login: gopher) finger info@cdrom.com / mail orders@cdrom.com gopher world.std.com (Select "Shops of the World") gopher gopher.cdpublishing.com mail catalog@mailer.extremebooks.com mail info@clbooks.com mail sun-more@clark.net (Sunglasses and Shavers!) offers: Search for/buy CDs, books, software, and video tapes online! -Dartmouth Library telnet library.dartmouth.edu or 129.170.16.11 offers: Divine Comedy and reviews. (connect dante) Read/Find passages in the King James Bible (select file bible) Read/Find passages in Shakespeare's plays (select file s plays) Read/Find passages in Shakespeare's sonnets (select file s sonnets) -DataBase Via Finger finger help@dir.su.oz.au offers: Query databases, find newsgroups, access archie, etc., via finger. -ECHO telnet echo.lu or telnet 158.64.1.36 or 158.64.1.51 offers: European Commission Host Organization, free databases! (Login: echo) *ECONOMICS/BUSINESS----------------------------------------------------------- -Econ. Working Papers telnet netec.mcc.ac.uk (Login: netec) -Economic BBS telnet infopath.ucsd.edu or gopher infopath.ucsd.edu Choose: News & Services | Economic Bulletin Board (Login: infopath) -Stock Market Reports telnet a2i.rahul.net or telnet 192.160.13.1 offers: Select n, "Menu: Current Info", then "Market Report" (Login: guest) Vienna Stock Exchange telnet fiivs01.tu-graz.ac.at (Login: BOERSE) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *EDUCATION/TEACHING/LEARNING-------------------------------------------------- -Distance Ed. Dbase telnet acsvax.open.ac.uk or telnet 137.108.48.24 (Username: ICDL Account Code: USA Password: aaa) -Education Gophers gopher ernest.ccs.carleton.ca 419 (Canada's SchoolNet) gopher gopher.ed.gov (U.S. Dept. of Education) gopher chronicle.merit.edu (Merit Computer Network) Empire Schoolhouse telnet nysernet.org or 192.77.173.2 (Login: empire) offers: Provides K-12 resources, discussion groups, etc. -FEDIX/MOLIS/HERO telnet fedix.fie.com or telnet 192.111.228.33 offers: info. on scholarships, minority assistance, etc. -IKE telnet isaac.engr.washington.edu or 128.95.32.61 offers: IBM Kiosk for Education User Discussion Forums. (Login: register) -Internat'l Ed. BBS telnet nis.calstate.edu or telnet 130.150.102.39 offers: Program listings, resources, government information. (Login: intl) -KidLink Gopher telnet kids.ccit.duq.edu or telnet 165.190.8.35 offers: Telecomm. project aimed at 10-15 year olds. (Login: gopher) -Learning Link telnet sierra.fwl.edu or telnet 198.49.171.2 offers: Electronic info. & communication service (Login/password: newuser) -MicroMUSE telnet michael.ai.mit.edu or telnet 128.89.2.153 MariMUSE telnet pc2.pc.maricopa.edu 4228 or 140.198.16.12 4228 offers: Educational Multi-User Simulated Environments. (Login: guest). -Nat'l Education BBS telnet nebbs.nersc.gov or telnet 128.55.128.90 offers: A limited-access system for NESP educators. (Login: new) -Nanaimo SchoolsNET telnet crc.sd68.nanaimo.bc.ca or telnet 134.87.120.1 offers: Education-based BBS (Login: GUEST) (See also: NICOL) -Newton telnet newton.dep.anl.gov or telnet 130.202.92.50 offers: BBS for those teaching/studying sci., CS, math. (Login: bbs) +QUERRI telnet exnet.iastate.edu or telnet 129.186.20.200 offers: Questions on Univ. Extension. Regional Research Info (Login: querri) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Fax via Internet mail info@awa.com ("HELP" in body of message) ftp ftp.pandora.sf.ca.us (get pub/elvis/faxgate.help) -Finger via Telnet telnet site 79 (example: telnet csd4.csd.uwm.edu 79) "site" is the place you are fingering. Once connected, type the username. via Mail mail b.liddicott@ic.ac.uk w/ subj. "#finger user@site" mail jfesler@netcom.com w/ subj: "#finger user@site" *FTP-------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Archie telnet archie.au or 139.130.4.6 (Aussie) telnet archie.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at or 140.78.3.8 telnet archie.univie.ac.at or 131.130.1.23 (Austria) telnet archie.funet.fi or 128.214.6.102 (Finland) telnet archie.th-darmstadt.de or 130.83.128.111 (Ger.) telnet archie.kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp or 130.54.20.1 (Japan) telnet archie.sogang.ac.kr or 163.239.1.11 (Korea) telnet archie.nz or telnet 130.195.9.4 (New Zealand) telnet archie.inesc.pt or 146.193.0.153 (Portugal) telnet archie.luth.se or telnet 130.240.18.4 (Sweden) telnet archie.ncu.edu.tw or telnet 140.115.19.24 (TWN) telnet archie.doc.ic.ac.uk or 146.169.11.3 (UK/Ireland) telnet archie.hensa.ac.uk or 129.12.21.25 (UK/Ireland) telnet archie.sura.net or 128.167.254.194 (USA [MD]) telnet archie.unl.edu or 129.93.1.14 (USA [NE]) telnet archie.ans.net or 147.225.1.10 (USA [NY]) telnet archie.rutgers.edu or 128.6.18.15 (USA [NJ]) telnet ds.internic.net or 198.49.45.10 (AT&T) offers: Searches all ftp sites for any program you want. (Login: archie) -Archie Mail Servers mail archie@ Subject: help offers: alterative Archie access to those w/o ftp or telnet. -FTP via EMail mail ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com mail bitftp@pucc.princeton.edu mail bitftp@dearn or to bitftp@vm.gmd.de (Europe only) mail ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de mail ftpmail@grasp.insa-lyon.fr mail bitftp@plearn.edu.pl or bitftp@plearn (Europe) mail ftpmail@doc.ic.ak.uk Body-of-letter: help or ftplist for a list of anon. ftp sites. -FTP Sites/Archives ftp ocf.berkeley.edu or ftp 128.32.184.254 offers: cd /pub/Library for great lib. of docs, bible, lyrics, etc. ftp wuarchive.wustl.edu or ftp sunset.cse.nau.edu offers: Gifs, Sights, & Sounds! ftp sounds.sdsu.edu for the sounds archive ftp ftp.uu.net or ftp rtfm.mit.edu offers: You name it, it's here! (Archives, FAQs, how-to's, etc.) ftp archive.umich.edu or sumex-aim.stanford.edu offers: Software for MS-Dos computers, Mac, Amiga, Apple2, Apollo... ftp oak.oakland.edu offers: A huge software archive for PCs and UNIX. ftp ftp.sura.net (/pub/nic) or ftp quartz.rutgers.edu offers: How-to's about internet (email, ftp, telnet, etc.) (/pub/internet) ftp quartz.rutgers.edu or ftp cathouse.org offers: All the text/humor files you'd want (tv, sex..) cd pub/humor -FTP via Telnet telnet grind.isca.uiowa.edu or telnet 128.255.200.3 offers: Access UIowa's huge FTP site via telnet! ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *GAMES/RECRETATIONAL/FUN/CHAT------------------------------------------------- -Backgammon Servers telnet fraggel65.mdstud.chalmers.se 4321 (Login: guest) mail ldb-help@midnight.wpi.edu w/ subject "help" -Bridge Server telnet 140.117.11.33 (Login: okbridge) -Bolo Tracker telnet gwis.circ.gwu.edu 1234 or 128.164.140.37 1234 offers: Location of current bolo games. -Chat Clients ftp ftp.santafe.edu (4M Chat Service: /pub/SIG/4m) ftp csd4.csd.uwm.edu (ICB Chat Service: cd pub/tjk) ftp cs.bu.edu (IRC Chat Service: cd /irc/clients) Get chat client program from ftp sites, compile program (make) and execute. telnet sci.dixie.edu 1 | sh or 144.38.16.2 1 | sh telnet rush.cc.edu 1 | sh NEW! The above gets AND compiles automagically an IRC client for UNIX. -Chat Servers - IRC telnet sci.dixie.edu 6677 or telnet 144.38.16.2 6677 telnet exuokmax.ecn.uoknor.edu 6677 or 129.15.20.11 telnet caen.fr.eu.undernet.org 6677 or 192.93.101.16 telnet caen.fr.eu.undernet.org 7766 (For dumb terminal) telnet obelix.wu-wien.ac.at 6996 or 137.208.8.6 6996 telnet irc.tuzvo.sk 6668 or telnet 192.108.157.3 6668 telnet irc.nsysu.edu.tw (Login: irc) TRY compiling own client rather than using these. (See above) (Login: irc) -Chat Services telnet english-server.hss.cmu.edu telnet explorer.clark.net 1420 Somewhere telnet 129.118.41.9 2010 FootHills telnet marble.bu.edu 2010 or telnet 128.197.10.75 2010 The Coffee House telnet 128.198.1.116 2525 Olohof's BBS telnet morra.et.tudelft.nl 2993 DS9 telnet 128.8.11.201 3000 Mansion II telnet 163.200.97.1 4000 Elec. Night Club telnet 129.215.162.64 4001 (Evenings Only) CyberEden telnet rivendel.slip.umd.edu 5000 or 128.8.11.201 5000 Virtual Campus telnet indigo.lut.ac.uk 5000 or 158.125.102.4 5000 Davenport Beach telnet 129.74.80.116 7777 Tele-Chat telnet speedway.net 7777 -Chess Server telnet rafael.metiu.ucsb.edu 5000 or 128.111.246.2 5000 -Chinese Chess telnet coolidge.harvard.edu 5555 or 128.103.28.15 5555 telnet hippolytos.ud.chalmers.se 5555 or 129.16.79.39 -Cookie Server telnet astro.temple.edu 12345 or telnet 129.32.1.100 telnet argo.temple.edu 12345 or telnet 129.32.32.102 offers: Funny quote or saying everytime you telnet there. -Crossword Server telnet next7.cas.muohio.edu 8888 or 134.53.14.117 8888 offers: Internet server devoted to crossword games such as Scrabble. -Cyber-Sleaze Report finger hotlist or adam@mtv.com (Also: gopher mtv.com) offers: Daily reports on entertainers and such. -Diplomacy mail judge@morrolan.eff.org or judge@dipvax.dsto.gov.au mail judge@shrike.und.ac.za or judge@u.washington.edu offers: Play the Avalon Hill game Diplomacy via email. Body-of-letter: help Note: No new games are forming on the u.washington Judge, but substitute players are still needed. -Fingers for Fun finger info or graph@drink.csh.rit.edu finger coke@cs.cmu.edu offers: Status of drink and candy machines for fun. finger franklin@ug.cs.dal.ca offers: Random Star Trek/TNG quotes, and Almanac Information. finger cyndiw@magnus1.com or cyndiw@198.242.50.4 offers: Weekly Trivia -Game Server telnet castor.tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de offers: Tetris, Moria, Nethack, MUDs, Text Adventures, etc. (Login: GAMES) -GO Server telnet hellspark.wharton.upenn.edu 6969 -Othello/Reversi telnet faust.uni-paderborn.de 5000 or 131.234.28.29 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *GEOPHYSICAL/GEOGRAPHICAL/GEOLOGICAL------------------------------------------ -Earthquake Info. finger quake@geophys.washington.edu or 128.95.16.50 telnet geophys.washington.edu (Login/password: quake) telnet bison.cc.buffalo.edu (select INDX 4 Bib. server) offers: Recent quake info (location, time, magnitude, etc.) -Geographic Server telnet martini.eecs.umich.edu 3000 or 141.212.99.9 3000 offers: Info by city or area code (Population, Lat./Long., Elevation, etc). -Global Land Info Sys telnet glis.cr.usgs.gov or telnet 152.61.192.54 offers:Land use maps of U.S., graphs/data of geological info (Login: guest) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Gopher telnet consultant.micro.umn.edu or telnet 134.84.132.4 telnet seymour.md.gov or telnet 128.8.10.46 telnet gopher.msu.edu or telnet 35.8.2.61 telnet twosocks.ces.ncsu.edu or telnet 152.1.45.21 telnet cat.ohiolink.edu or telnet 130.108.120.25 ?telnet ENVIROLINK.hss.cmu.edu (Password: envirolink) telnet wsuaix.csc.wsu.edu / 134.121.1.40(Logn: wsuinfo) telnet telnet.wiscinfo.wisc.edu (Login: wiscinfo) telnet infoslug.ucsc.edu or 128.114.143.25 (INFOSLUG) telnet infopath.ucsd.edu (Login: infopath) telnet sunsite.unc.edu or telnet 152.2.22.81 telnet ux1.cso.uiuc.edu or telnet 128.174.5.59 telnet panda.uiowa.edu or telnet 128.255.40.201 telnet inform.umd.edu or telnet 128.8.10.29 +telnet solar.rtd.utk.edu or telnet 128.169.112.24 telnet grits.valdosta.peachnet.edu or 131.144.8.206 telnet gopher.virginia.edu / 128.143.22.36(Login: gwis) telnet ecosys.drdr.virginia.edu or 128.143.86.233 telnet nicol.jvnc.net or 128.121.50.2 (Login: NICOL) telnet finfo.tu-graz.ac.at or 129.27.2.4 (Login: info) telnet info.anu.edu.au or 150.203.84.20 (Login: info) telnet tolten.puc.cl or telnet 146.155.1.16 (Chile) telnet gopher.denet.dk or telnet 129.142.6.66 (Denmark) telnet gopher.th-darmstadt.de or telnet 130.83.55.75 telnet ecnet.ec or telnet 157.100.45.2 (Ecuador) telnet gopher.uv.es or telnet 147.156.1.12 (Spain) telnet gopher.isnet.is or telnet 130.208.165.63 (Iclnd) telnet siam.mi.cnr.it or telnet 155.253.1.40 (Italy) telnet gopher.torun.edu.pl or 158.75.2.5 (Poland) telnet info.sunet.se or telnet 192.36.125.10 (Sweden) telnet gopher.chalmers.se or 129.16.221.40 (Sweden) telnet hugin.ub2.lu.se or telnet 130.235.162.12(Sweden) telnet gopher.brad.ac.uk or 143.53.2.5 (Login: info) offers: Access to other services, gophers, documents, etc. (Login: gopher) -Gopher gopher english-server.hss.cmu.edu offers: Most comprehensive gopher I've seen so far, it gets its own entry! gopher cns.cscns.com offers: ASCII Clip Art, USA Today, UPI News, Commerce Biz Daily, Classifieds -GopherMail mail gophermail@ncc.go.jp or mail gophermail@calvin.edu offers: Email access to gopher for those with mail-only access to Internet. -Ham Radio Callbooks telnet callsign.cs.buffalo.edu 2000 / 128.205.32.2 2000 telnet ns.risc.net or 155.212.2.2 (Login: hamradio) offers: National ham radio call-sign callbook. (Also: Amateur Radio above) -History Databases telnet ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu or telnet 129.237.33.1 offers: History databases (Login: history) and CIS info (Login: ex-ussr) ftp byrd.mu.wvnet.edu / ftp 129.71.32.152(/pub/history) telnet clus1.ulcc.ac.uk or telnet 192.12.72.60 offers: Docs, archives, comprehensive history server(Login/Password: ihr-uk) -HP Calculator BBS telnet hpcvbbs.cv.hp.com or telnet 15.255.72.16 offers: BBS for HP Calc. users, with chat mode. (Login: new) -Hpcwire telnet hpcwire.ans.net or telnet 147.225.1.51 offers: Excellent menu-driven information searches. (Login: hpcwire) -Hytelnet Server telnet access.usask.ca or telnet 128.233.3.1 telnet info.ccit.arizona.edu or 129.196.76.201 telnet laguna.epcc.edu or 192.94.29.3 (Login: library) telnet info.anu.edu.au or 150.203.84.20 (Login:library) telnet library.adelaide.edu.au (Login: access) telnet nctuccca.edu.tw or 140.111.1.10 (TAIWAN) telnet info.mcc.ac.uk or telnet 130.88.200.15 telnet rsl.ox.ac.uk or telnet 129.67.16.31 offers: univ. & library catalogues around the world. (Login: hytelnet) -IEEE SPAsystem telnet stdsbbs.ieee.org or telnet 140.98.1.11 offers: Standards Process Automation System. (Login: guest) -Internet Guides/Docs gopher una.hh.lib.umich.edu (Select: inetdirs) -InterNIC telnet rs.internic.net or telnet 198.41.0.5 offers: Gopher, WAIS, Whois, finger, TONS of Internet info, book orders, etc -IP Address Resolver mail resolve@cs.widener.edu mail dns@grasp.insa-lyon.fr (body of letter: help) usage: in body-of-letter: site
Mails you IP address of site. *LAW-------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Access telnet access.uhcc.hawaii.edu or telnet 128.171.7.167 offers: Legislative Info. Service, Hawaii State Legislature. -Gopher LAW Servers telnet fatty.LAW.cornell.edu or telnet 132.236.108.5 telnet gopher.LAW.csuohio.edu or telnet 137.148.22.51 telnet acc.wuacc.edu or 192.104.1.2 (Login: washlaw) offers: Law info. via gopher. (Login: gopher) -Law Library telnet liberty.uc.wlu.edu or telnet 137.113.10.35 ftp sulaw.law.su.oz.au (cd /pub/law) offers: Law libraries and legal research. (Login: lawlib) Offers copies of laws for each state/computer laws, and more! -LawNet telnet lawnet.law.columbia.edu or telnet 128.59.176.83 offers: Law/Judicial info and catalogs access. (Login: lawnet) -Supreme Court Rulings ftp ftp.cwru.edu offers: ASCII files of Supreme Court rulings in directory /hermes -WWW Law Servers telnet www.LAW.indiana.edu or telnet 129.79.131.170 telnet fatty.LAW.cornell.edu or telnet 132.236.108.5 offers: Hypertext access to legal documents (Login: www) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Library Catalogs ftp dla.ucop.edu (pub/internet/libcat-guide) offers: "Library Catalogs on the Internet: Strategies for Selection and Use" document (how, but not where; also get one of the following). ftp ftp.unt.edu (library/libraries.txt) offers: "Accessing Bibliographic Databases" document. ftp ariel.unm.edu (library/internet.library) offers: "Internet-Accessible Catalogs and Databases" document. -LIBS telnet info.anu.edu.au or telnet 150.203.84.20 telnet nessie.cc.wwu.edu or telnet 140.160.240.11 telnet garam.kreonet.re.kr or 134.75.30.11 (Login: nic) offers: Access to nearly all online services seen in this list.(Login: LIBS) -List of Lists ftp crvax.sri.com or ftp 128.18.30.65 offers: List of interest groups/email lists in /netinfo/interest-groups. *MEDICAL/HEALTH/BIOLOGY/GENETICS---------------------------------------------- -Anesthesiology Gopher gopher eja.anes.hscsyr.edu offers: Lots of medical info, archives, and positions. -Biological Services mail grail@ornl.gov ("help" in body of message) offers: Service predicting intron-exon splice sites in vertebrate genes. telnet atcc.nih.gov or telnet 156.40.144.248 offers: American Type Culture Collection (Login: search Password: common) gopher life.anu.edu.au offers: Access to lots of biological sciences information. -CancerNets mail cancernet@icicb.nci.nih.gov offers: Cancer info. statements thru email. Body-of-letter:help or spanish gopher gopher.nih.gov (Health & Clinical Information/) gopher gan.ncc.go.jp telnet txcancer.mda.uth.tmc.edu or telnet 129.106.60.97 offers: Texas Cancer Data Center. (Login: TCDC) (See also: NICOL) -CHAT telnet debra.dgbt.doc.ca or telnet 142.92.36.15 offers:Interactive AIDS & Epilepsy docs,simulated conversation(Login: chat) -Educational Tech Net telnet etnet.nlm.nih.gov or telnet 130.14.10.123 offers:Forums and discussion groups on medical tech. and edu.(Login: etnet) -Genetics Banks mail gene-server@bchs.uh.edu mail retrieve@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov mail blast@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ("help" in body of message) mail genmark@ford.gatech.edu mail blocks@howard.fhcrc.org mail cbrg@inf.ethz.ch ("help" in body of message) mail QUICK@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE mail NETSERV@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE Subject: help offers: genetic database/nucleic acid/protein sequence. -Genomic Database telnet morgan.jax.org or telnet 192.43.249.17 offers: Genomic Database of the Mouse. (Login: guest) -Handicap/Med. Sites ftp handicap.shel.isc-br.com or ftp 129.189.4.184 offers: anonymous ftp of software and medical info. telnet bongo.cc.utexas.edu or telnet 128.83.186.13 offers: Aids user in finding disability assist. equip. & serv.(Login: tatp) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Monochrome telnet mono.city.ac.uk or telnet 138.40.17.1 offers: Multi-user messaging system (w/ chat) (Login/Password: mono) -Movie Database Reqest movie@ibmpcug.co.uk with "HELP" in body of message offers: Info on actors, directors, movies, etc. *MUSIC------------------------------------------------------------------------ -Billboard Charts finger buckmr@rpi.edu offers: U.S. Top Pop singles for the week. -Guitar Chords/TAB ftp ftp.nevada.edu or ftp 131.216.1.11 offers: Tablature/Chords for guitar in /pub/guitar. Also at ftp.uu.net -Lyric/Music Server ftp ftp.uwp.edu offers: Lyrics, chords/tablature, and music pictures. (/pub/music/...) -Music & Brain D-base telnet mila.ps.uci.edu or telnet 128.200.29.81 offers: Research on music related to behavior.(Login: mbi Password: nammbi) -Music Newsletter mail listserv@vm.marist.edu (internet) or mail listserv@marist (bitnet) Body-of-letter: SUBSCRIBE UPNEWS offers: Reviews, intviews -Sid's Music Server mail mwilkenf@silver.ucs.indiana.edu Subject: BOOTHELP offers: Lists of rare live recordings, cd's for sale. -Used Music Server mail used-music-server@wang.com w/ subject: help offers: Users can buy/sell/trade CDs/LPs/Tapes or subscribe to the list. -Music List of Lists mail mlol-request@wariat.org (music list of lists) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *NEWS------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Electronic Journals gopher gopher.cic.net or gopher 192.131.22.5 telnet enews.com or telnet 192.215.1.51 (Login: gopher) offers: Access to MANY electronic journals (Select Elec. Serials) -Global News Navig. URL for http://nearnet.gnn.com/GNN-ORA.html offers: O'Reilly's GNN, accessable with URL above via Mosaic or Lynx. -List-Periodic Posts finger nichol@stavanger.sgp.slb.com offers: Listing of all FAQs, lists, and periodic postings to Usenet news. -News Mail Servers mail news-group-name@cs.utexas.edu mail news.group.name.usenet@decwrl.dec.com offers: Post to Usenet news via email. -NNTP Server List finger lesikar@tigger.stcloud.msus.edu offers: A list of publicly accessable NNTP news servers. -NNTP Usenet News telnet kufacts.cc.ukans.edu or 129.237.33.1 Select: Reference Shelf (Login: kufacts) (See Also: UNC BBS, Panda Gopher) -Russia/America News telnet solar.rtd.utk.edu or telnet 128.169.112.24 offers: Provides news, weather, geog., etc for each nation. (Login: friends) -UPI News Index gopher cns.cscns.com (Select: CNS/ | News- UPI News/) -USA Today telnet freenet-in-[a,b,c].cwru.edu or 129.22.8.51 telnet yfn.ysu.edu or 192.55.234.27 (Login: visitor) gopher cns.cscns.com (Select: CNS/ | News- USA Today/) offers: USA Today Headline News, Sports, etc... ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Nielsen TV Ratings finger normg@halcyon.halcyon.com offers: Weekly TV ratings according to the Nielsen rating system. -Oracle mail oracle@cs.indiana.edu w/ subject: help offers: The Usenet Oracle answers all your questions! *POLITICS/GOVERNMENT---------------------------------------------------------- -Air Pollution BBS telnet ttnbbs.rtpnc.epa.gov or telnet 134.67.208.177 offers: Various BBS' that cover a wide range of Air Pollution information -ACE mail info@ace.esusda.gov w/ "send help" in body of msg offers: Americans Communicating Electronically. (Gov't docs via email) -Congress Email/FTP mail congress@hr.house.gov and ftp ftp.senate.gov -FedWorld Gateway telnet fedworld.doc.gov or telnet 192.239.92.201 offers: Access to lots of gov't databases, files, libraries, etc. -Government Gophers gopher wiretap.spies.com (Also see: cns.cscns.com) telnet/gopher iitf.doc.gov (Login: gopher) offers: The latter is the Information Infrastructure Task Force gopher. -Iowa Polit. Stk Mkt telnet iem.biz.uiowa.edu or 128.255.44.2 offers: Buy & sell shares in political candidates and other stuff. -Library of Congress telnet locis.loc.gov or telnet 140.147.254.3 offers: Library of Congress Information System (LOCIS) Offers access to lib. of congress, legislative info, and copyright info. telnet marvel.loc.gov or telnet 140.147.2.15 offers: LOC gopher, with access to lots of gov't docs. (Login: marvel) -White House Releases mail Clinton-Info@Campaign92.Org with the subject: Help offers: Subscribe to White House press releases (news, speeches, etc.) -White House Summaries mail almanac@esusda.gov (in msg: subscribe wh-summary) offers: Daily mailing of summary of White House press releases. -Window on Gov't telnet window.texas.gov or telnet 192.198.66.186 offers: Government-related info, and lots of info on state of Texas. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Project Gutenberg ftp mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu or ftp 128.174.201.12 offers: Many books in print and almanac files. cd pub/etext -Psychology Gopher gopher panda1.uottawa.ca 4010 offers: Psychology-related gopher. -Public-Access Unix telnet nyx.cs.du.edu or 130.253.192.68 offers: Free account, with access to various UNIX features. (login: new) -Public-Access Unix telnet hermes.merit.edu or telnet 35.1.48.150 telnet m-net.ann-arbor.mi.us or telnet 35.208.17.4 (Which host: um-m-net Enter 'g' for guest. login: newuser) -Queer Resource Dir. telnet/gopher/ftp vector.intercon.com (Login: gopher) offers: AIDS info/gay rights info. Recommend get file: README ( cd pub/QRD ) -Recipe Archives ftp gatekeeper.dec.com (cd pub/recipes) ftp mthvax.cs.miami.edu (cd pub/recipes) ftp ftp.neosoft.com (cd pub/rec.food/recipes) ftp cs.ubc.ca (cd pub/local/RECIPES) offers: Anonymous ftp site for MANY food recipes. *RELIGION/BIBLE-RELATED------------------------------------------------------- -Gabriel's Horn telnet 138.26.65.78 7777 (Also see Dartmouth above) offers: Returns a Bible verse from the Old or New Testament -Israel Info. Service gopher israel-info.gov.il offers: Latest developments in Israel, gov't info., peace relations, maps. -JewishNet telnet vms.huji.ac.il or telnet 128.139.4.3 offers: WWW w/ info. on mailing lists, restaurants, etc. (Login: JEWISHNET) -NY-Israel Gopher gopher israel.nysernet.org 71 offers: Jewish libraries, lists, projects, holocaust info, etc. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *SCIENCE/MATH/STATISTICS------------------------------------------------------ -ASCinfo telnet asc.harvard.edu or telnet 128.103.41.101 offers: Info. relating to Advanced XRay Astrophy. Facility (Login: ascinfo) -E-Math telnet e-math.ams.com or 130.44.1.100 offers:Am. Math. Soc. bbs w/ software and reviews. (Login/Password: e-math) -GAMS telnet gams.nist.gov or telnet 129.6.80.11 offers: NIST Guide to Available Mathematical Software. (Login: gams) -Math Gopher gopher archives.math.utk.edu offers: Math archives (software, teaching materials, other gophers) -NetLib mail netlib@ornl.gov or mail netlib@uunet.uu.net offers:Math (usually Fortran) programs via email Body-of-letter: send index -Nuclear Data Center telnet bnlnd2.dne.bnl.gov or telnet 130.199.112.132 offers: National nuclear data. (Login: nndc) -Particle Information telnet muse.lbl.gov or telnet 131.243.48.11 offers: Lookup information on any particle! (Login: pdg_public) -Periodic Table telnet camms2.caos.kun.nl 2034 or 131.174.82.239 2034 offers: electronic periodic table of elements. -StatLib Server mail statlib@lib.stat.cmu.edu Mail with line: send index. offers:Prgms, Datasets, etc. for statisticians. -STIS telnet stis.nsf.gov or 128.150.195.40 offers: Science & Technology Information System. (Login: public) -The Scientist ftp ds.internic.net (cd pub/the-scientist) offers: Biweekly paper targeted at science professionals ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -SERVICES telnet library.wustl.edu or telnet 128.252.173.4 offers: Access to nearly every listed service! (Login: hit return) -SFI BBS telnet bbs.santafe.edu (login: bbs) offers: Research BBS provides access to info. on Complex Systems. *SOFTWARE/Information SERVERS------------------------------------------------- -Info/Software Server telnet rusinfo.rus.uni-stuttgart.de or 129.69.1.12 offers: journals, unix stuff, recipes, online cookbook, etc. login: info -Software Server(ASK) telnet askhp.ask.uni-karlsruhe.de or 129.13.200.33 offers: On-line software search. (Login/password: ask) -ZIB Electronic Libr. telnet elib.zib-berlin.de or telnet 130.73.108.11 offers: Library of software, links to other libraries. (Login: elib) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *SPACE/ASTRONOMY-------------------------------------------------------------- -EnviroNet telnet envnet.gsfc.nasa.gov or telnet 128.183.104.16 offers: Space environment resource. (Login: envnet Password: henniker) -Europe Space Agency telnet esrin.esa.it or telnet 192.106.252.1 offers: Access ESA PID (Prototype Info Dir) & ESIS (Eur. Space Info System) -FIFE telnet pldsg3.gsfc.nasa.gov or telnet 128.183.36.16 offers: Science, etc. databases from satellites, etc. (Login: FIFEUSER) -Lunar/Planet Instit. telnet lpi.jsc.nasa.gov or telnet 192.101.147.11 offers: Resources on Geology, Geophys, Astron., Astrophys. (Login: lpi) -NASA Headline News finger nasanews@space.mit.edu offers: Recent press releases from NASA. (See also SpaceNews) -NASA SpaceLink telnet spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov or telnet 192.149.89.61 offers: Latest NASA news, including shuttle launches and satellite updates. -NASDA telnet nsaeoc.eoc.nasda.go.jp or telnet 133.56.72.1 offers: National Space Development Agency of Japan (Login: nasdadir) -NED telnet ned.ipac.caltech.edu or telnet 134.4.10.118 offers: NASA Extragalactic Database. Bibbliographies, info. (Login: ned) -NODIS telnet nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov or telnet 128.183.36.25 telnet nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov or telnet 128.183.36.23 offers:Menu-driven access to Nat'l Space Science Data Center (Login: nodis) -SDDAS telnet espsun.space.swri.edu 540 or 129.162.150.99 540 offers: SW Research Data Display & Analysis Center. -SEDS Gopher telnet/gopher seds.lpl.arizona.edu or 128.196.64.66 offers: Images, software, satellite elements, etc. (Login/passwrd: gopher) -SpaceMet telnet spacemet.phast.umass.edu or 128.119.50.48 offers: Science/space bbs about space exploration w/ info from NASA. -SpaceNews finger magliaco@pilot.njin.net offers: Weekly publication of space news. (See also Nasa Headline News) -STInfo telnet stinfo.hq.eso.org Also: gopher stsci.edu offers: Reports about Hubble Telescope, press releases (Login: stinfo) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *SPORTS----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Sports Schedules NBA:telnet culine.colorado.edu 859 / 128.138.129.83 859 NHL: telnet culine.colorado.edu 860 / 128.138.129.83 860 MLB: telnet culine.colorado.edu 862 / 128.138.129.83 862 NFL: telnet culine.colorado.edu 863 / 128.138.129.83 863 finger copi@oddjob.uchicago.edu for sports schedules offers: Sports schedules on-line. help for help, return for today's games. -NFL Scores/Standings finger nfl@spam.wicat.com or nfl@192.150.148.62 finger nflline@spam.wicat.com (NFL Line Spreads) offers: Football scores, standings, and next weeks schedule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- *TRAVEL----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Subway Navigator telnet metro.jussieu.fr 10000 or 134.157.0.132 10000 offers: Search subway routes of major cities, in French or English. -Travel Info. Library ftp ftp.cc.umanitoba.ca or ftp 130.179.16.24 offers: Travelogues, guides, FAQs. cd to the directory "rec-travel" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -UNC BBS telnet launchpad.unc.edu or telnet 152.2.22.80 offers: Usenet News, Lib. of Congress, nationwide libs. (Login: launch) *USER LOOKUP SERVICES/WHOIS SERVICES------------------------------------------ -Mail Srvr/Usr Lookup mail mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu in body of mail message: send usenet-addresses/[name searching for] -Netfind User Lookup telnet bruno.cs.colorado.edu or telnet 128.138.243.151 telnet cobber.cord.edu or telnet 138.129.1.32 telnet pascal.sjsu.edu or telnet 130.65.86.15 telnet mudhoney.micro.umn.edu or telnet 134.84.132.7 telnet redmont.cis.uab.edu or telnet 138.26.64.4 telnet athe.wustl.edu or telnet 128.252.122.173 telnet ds.internic.net or telnet 198.49.45.10 telnet netfind.oc.com or telnet 192.82.215.88 telnet archie.au or telnet 139.130.4.6 telnet netfind.anu.edu.au or telnet 150.203.2.14 telnet netfind.if.usp.br or telnet 143.107.249.132 telnet netfind.ee.mcgill.ca or 132.206.62.30 telnet malloco.ing.puc.cl or telnet 146.155.1.43 telnet netfind.vslib.cz or telnet 147.230.16.1 telnet nic.nm.kr or telnet 143.248.1.100 telnet lincoln.technet.sg or telnet 192.169.33.6 telnet nic.uakom.sk or telnet 192.108.131.12 telnet monolith.cc.ic.ac.uk or telnet 155.198.5.3 telnet lust.mrrl.lut.ac.uk or telnet 158.125.220.7 telnet dino.conicit.ve or telnet 150.188.1.10 offers: Given a name and org./school, finds a user for you (login: netfind) -Whois Services telnet rs.internic.net or telnet 198.41.0.5 mail service@rs.internic.net (w/ subject: help OR send RFC-xxxx.TXT, with xxxx being the RFC number) telnet info.cnri.reston.va.us 185 (Knowbot Info Serv.) telnet garam.kreonet.re.kr or 134.75.30.11 (Login: nic) telnet paradise.ulcc.ac.uk or 128.86.8.56 (Login: dua) ftp sipb.mit.edu (pub/whois/whois-servers.list) offers: Way to find internet address given a keyword. To access type: whois ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -UUCP map entries by mail: mail dns@grasp.insa-lyon.fr (body: help) usage: in body-of-letter: uucp uucp_site Mails you UUCP map entry -WAIStation telnet quake.think.com or telnet 192.31.181.1 telnet wais.com or telnet 192.216.46.98 telnet swais.cwis.uci.edu or 128.200.15.2 telnet sunsite.unc.edu or telnet 152.2.22.81 telnet info.funet.fi or 128.214.6.100 (Login: info) telnet wais.nis.garr.it or 192.12.192.10 (Login: wais) offers: Wide Area Info. Service. (Login: swais) *WEATHER/ATMOSPHERIC/OCEANIC-------------------------------------------------- -Auroral/Solar Report finger aurora@xi.uleth.ca or finger aurora@142.66.3.29 finger solar@xi.uleth.ca or finger solar@142.66.3.29 finger daily@xi.uleth.ca or finger daily@142.66.3.29 offers: Auroral activity warnings/watches/sightings, updated hourly. Solar = 3-Hourly solar & Geophysical report, daily is the daily one -Avalanche Forecast mail snowfall@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk with a blank message -Emergency Info. telnet oes1.oes.ca.gov 5501 or 134.186.127.1 5501 offers: State of Cali. - Governor's Office of Emergency Services gopher vita.org offers: Disaster Information Center with disaster reports and data. -Flood Gopher/Info telnet idea.ag.uiuc.edu or telnet 128.174.123.126 telnet exnet.iastate.edu or telnet 129.186.20.200 offers: Tons of files for coping with floods and hurricanes (Login: flood) -NOAA telnet esdim1.nodc.noaa.gov or telnet 140.90.235.168 offers: Nat'l Oceanic and Atmos. Admin. Lots of data! (Login: noaadir) -Oceanic Info. Center telnet delocn.udel.edu or telnet 128.175.24.1 (Login: info) -Tropicl Strm Forecst finger forecast@typhoon.atmos.colostate.edu offers: Seasonal forecast for Atl. Ocn. Also: finger forecast@129.82.107.24 -Weather Account telnet aeolus.rap.ucar.edu or telnet 128.117.192.73 offers: (Login: weather Password: orknot type: weather or man weather) -Weather Services telnet downwind.sprl.umich.edu 3000 or 141.212.196.177 telnet wind.atmos.uah.edu 3000 or 146.229.8.2 3000 telnet nevado.SRCC.lsu.edu (Login: srcc) gopher wx.atmos.uiuc.edu or gopher 128.174.80.10 mail jfesler@netcom.com w/ subj: "#weather {code}" offers: City/State forecasts, ski conditions, earthquake reports, etc. telnet vicbeta.vic.bom.gov.au 55555 or 134.178.130.2 offers: Weather service for Australia. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Dictionary Servers telnet cs.indiana.edu 2627 or 129.79.254.191 2627 telnet chem.ucsd.edu or 132.239.68.1 (login: webster) gopher wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk mail jfesler@netcom.com w/ subj: "#webster {word}" offers: Dictionary/Spelling service. Type "HELP" for info. (ALL CAPS!) -World-Wide Web telnet www.njit.edu or telnet 128.235.163.2 (USA [NJ]) telnet ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu or 129.237.1.30 (USA[KA]) telnet www.twi.tudelft.nl (Login: lynx) (NETHERLANDS) telnet millbrook.lib.rmit.edu.au (Login: lynx) (AUSSIE) telnet info.cern.ch or telnet 128.141.201.74 (SWISS) telnet vms.huji.ac.il or telnet 128.139.4.3 (ISRAEL) telnet sun.uakom.sk or telnet 192.108.131.11 (SLOVAKIA) telnet www.edu.tw or telnet 192.83.166.10 (TAIWAN) offers: Access to various documents, lists, and services. (Login: www) * NOTE: NO LOGIN NAMES OR PASSWORDS ARE REQUIRED UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE! * NOTE: FOR FTP SITES, LOGIN AS anonymous, Password is your email address. * Copyright 1994 Scott Yanoff. No CHANGES are to be made to this document without the author's written consent. Reproduction/distribution without my permission IS ALLOWABLE so long as it is for non-profit purposes. INFORMATION SOURCES John December ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Information Sources: the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication =============================================================================== AUTHOR: John December (decemj@rpi.edu) DATE: 11 Feb 94; Release 3.25 COPYRIGHT: (c) 1994 by John December (decemj@rpi.edu). You may use this document for any personal or educational purpose. For-profit use requires my permission. DISCLAIMER: Provided "as is" without expressed or implied warranty. PURPOSE: to list pointers to information describing the Internet, computer networks, and issues related to computer-mediated communication (CMC). Topics include the technical, social, cognitive, and psychological aspects. AUDIENCE: those getting started in understanding the Internet and CMC; for those experienced, it collects sources of information. ASSUMPTION: you have access to and know how to use finger, ftp, gopher, telnet, email, World Wide Web, WAIS, or Usenet newsgroups. NOTES: 1. Respect access privileges. (See Net Etiquette Guide, below.) 2. This information changes quite a bit; additions/comments welcome. 3. Use Archie to find a file if it is not at the site given here. 4. Learn to use Gopher, Veronica, WAIS, WWW, to find more information. CONTENTS: Section -0- HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT Section -1- THE INTERNET AND SERVICES Section -2- INFORMATION SERVICES/ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS Section -3- SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS Section -4- NEWSGROUPS Section -5- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Section -6- DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Extended Table of Contents =============================================================================== * Section -0- HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT * Section -1- THE INTERNET AND SERVICES o INTERNET DESCRIPTIONS - NEW USER INTRODUCTION/MOTIVATION - COMPREHENSIVE GUIDES - SPECIALIZED GUIDES OF GENERAL INTEREST - EXPLORING - TRAINING - ADMINISTRATIVE/TECHNICAL/HISTORY o INFO REPOSITORIES - COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTIONS - NETWORK INFO CENTER - DOCUMENT SERIES - INTERNET HOME PAGES - SOURCES OF NETWORKING, COMPUTING AND RELATED INFORMATION o SERVICES AND TOOLS - INFORMATION AND SERVICES LISTS - LISTS OF TOOLS - WEB SEARCHING TOOLS - TOOLS - SERVICES o NETWORKING - ACCESSING NETWORKS - SOME COMMERCIAL SERVICE (Online, Internet, Public-access) PROVIDERS - SOME FREENETS (tm) / COMMUNITY NETWORKS o INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND DISSEMINATION o DIRECTORIES o COMMUNICATION - AUDIO - HYPER/Virtual/MULTIMEDIA - MASS COMMUNICATION - GROUP COMMUNICATION - EMAIL o LANGUAGE/CULTURE/COMMUNITY/SOCIETY o EDUCATION/ACADEMIA - CMC/MEDIA/TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS o GOVERNMENT/PUBLIC POLICY * Section -2- INFORMATION SERVICES/ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS o INFORMATION SERVERS o DISCUSSION LISTS o JOURNALS/NEWSLETTERS * Section -3- SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS o NON-PROFIT/ACADEMIC o COMMERCIAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS/CONSULTING/PUBLISHERS * Section -4- NEWSGROUPS * Section -5- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY o ONLINE BIBLIOGRAPHIES/SYLLABI o SPECIAL ISSUES/JOURNALS ON NETWORKS/CMC o BOOKS: a selected listing of particularly useful books. - BIBLIOGRAPHIES - THE INTERNET - COMPUTER NETWORKS - COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION * Section -6- DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Section -0- HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT =============================================================================== This document is formatted so that it stays within 80 columns. See the readme file for information on different formats for this document. The first character in a column tells what information is on that line. * precedes Section titles o precedes Subsection titles -- precedes Sub-subsection titles = precedes a divider - precedes a divider All network-accessible items (not preceded by one of the above symbols) are of the form: ITEM_NAME | ACCESS_METHOD | PARAMETERS | Names that are too wide for their columns are continued in the next row. ITEM_NAME = a short name describing the information or service. ACCESS_METHOD = one of {email, finger, ftp, gopher, http, phone, telnet, unix, Usenet news, wais}. PARAMETERS = further access information depending on ACCESS_METHOD: ACCESS_METHOD PARAMETERS ------------- ----------------------------------------------------- email address "letter-body" finger address port# ftp host path-to-directory/file-name gopher host http host path-to-directory/file-name news newsgroup-name phone phone# telnet host port# `login-name' unix command wais host path ------------- ----------------------------------------------------- If any of the parameters are not on the line, they are not needed. All ftp access uses login-name `anonymous,' unless stated otherwise. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INFORMATION ABOUT UPDATES OF THIS DOCUMENT: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Internet-cmc informati|ftp |ftp.rpi.edu |pub/communications/inte| on | | |rnet-cmc.readme | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Internet-cmc tips |ftp |ftp.rpi.edu |pub/communications/inte| | | |rnet-cmc.use | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Section -1- THE INTERNET AND SERVICES =============================================================================== This section lists information about the Internet, services available on it, and topics related to computer networking. o INTERNET DESCRIPTIONS-------------------------------------------------------+ - NEW USER INTRODUCTION/MOTIVATION--------------------+-----------------------+ Gold in Networks! |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/fyi_10.tx| | | |t | Hitchikers Guide |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/rfc1118.t| | | |xt | Internet Index |ftp |crl.dec.com |pub/misc/internet-index| | | |.txt | New User's Questions |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/fyi_04.tx| | | |t | Surfing the Internet |ftp |nysernet.org |pub/resources/guides/su| | | |rfing.2.0.3.txt | What is the Internet? |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/fyi_20.tx| | | |t | Internet Services FAQ |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| | | |/internet-services/faq | - COMPREHENSIVE GUIDES+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ AARNet Guide |ftp |aarnet.edu.au |pub/resource-guide/ | AARNet User Guide |ftp |aarnet.edu.au |pub/user-guide/ | Big Dummy's Guide |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/Net_info/Big_Dummy/| Big Dummy Web |http |alpha.acast.nova.edu |bigdummy/bdg_toc.html | Big Dummy Search |http |alpha.acast.nova.edu |cgi-bin/srch.cgi/search| | | |/bigdummy/mylist | CERFNet Guide |ftp |nic.cerf.net |cerfnet/cerfnet_info/ | Desktop Internet |ftp |ftp.uwp.edu |pub/msdos/dir/ | De Presno Guide |ftp |ftp.eunet.no |pub/text/ | DDN New User Guide |ftp |nic.ddn.mil |netinfo/nug.doc | Infopop |ftp |ftp.gmu.edu |pub/library/readme | Internet Companion(par|ftp |world.std.com |OBS/The.Internet.Compan| ts) | | |ion/ | Internet Guide |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |libsoft/guide1.txt | Meng's |http |ccat.sas.upenn.edu |mengwong/guide.html | NSF Resource Guide |ftp |ds.internic.net |resource-guide/overview| NWNet Internet Guide |ftp |ftphost.nwnet.net |user-docs/nusirg/README| | | |.nusirg | NYSERNet Internet Guid|ftp |nysernet.org |pub/guides/Guide.V.2.2.| e | | |text | SURANet Internet Guide|ftp |ftp.sura.net |pub/nic/ | SURFnet Guide |ftp |ftp.nic.surfnet.nl |surfnet/user-support/do| | | |cs/training/ | Zen / Art of Internet |ftp |csn.org |pub/net/zen/ | - SPECIALIZED GUIDES OF GENERAL INTEREST--------------+-----------------------+ Agricultural Guide |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |libsoft/agguide.dos | Electric Mystics Guide|ftp |panda1.uottawa.ca |pub/religion/electric-m| | | |ystics-guide* | Library Resources |ftp |dla.ucop.edu |pub/internet/libcat-gui| | | |de | BUBL |gopher |bubl.bath.ac.uk | | - EXPLORING-----------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ The Dos Internet Kit |ftp |tbone.biol.scarolina.ed|pub/kit/ | | |u | | Internet Beginner |ftp |oak.oakland.edu |pub/msdos/info/bgi12.zi| | | |p | Internet Cruise |ftp |nic.merit.edu |resources/ | Internet Explorer's Ki|ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| t | | |libsoft/explorer.doc | Internet Hunt |ftp |ftp.cni.org |pub/net-guides/i-hunt/ | Internet Hunt Gopher |gopher |gopher.cic.net | | Internet Navigating |ftp |ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu |navigate/ | Internet Mining |ftp |ftp.ucdavis.edu |ucd.netdocs/mining/mini| | | |ng_readme | Internet Safari |ftp |nic.cerf.net |cerfnet/cerfnet_k12_pro| | | |grams/cerf_n_safari/saf| | | |ari_guide/safari-guide.| | | |txt | - TRAINING------------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Competencies |mail |listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu|"GET CORBIN PRV4N6" | Gopherin |ftp |ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu |gophern/ | HWGUIDE |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |libsoft/hwguide.txt | LeJeune Course |ftp |pilot.njin.net |pub/Internet-course/ | Milles |ftp |sluaxa.slu.edu |pub/millesjg/interlaw.t| | | |xt | Monsarrat |ftp |wilma.cs.brown.edu |pub/internet_course.tar| | | |.Z | Navigating |ftp |ftp.sura.net |pub/nic/training/ | Newcastle/Tyne |ftp |mailbase.ac.uk |pub/lists/itti-networks| | | |/files/tms-list.txt | Schneider Bib |ftp |alexia.lis.uiuc.edu |pub/training.bib | Start |ftp |sluaxa.slu.edu |pub/millesjg/newusers.f| | | |aq | Syracuse Courses |http |eryx.syr.edu |bmis/bmis.html | Trainmat |gopher |trainmat.ncl.ac.uk | | Trainpack |ftp |tuda.ncl.ac.uk |pub/network-training/RE| | | |ADME | Wheeler |ftp |s850.mwc.edu |nettrain/nettrain.00rea| | | |dme | Unix tutorials |gopher |jake.esu.edu |11/Help/Tutorials | Unix Help |http |alpha.acast.nova.edu |Unixhelp/TOP_.html | Usenet and trn |ftp |cs1.presby.edu |pub/trn-intro/ | VAX/VMS Networking |ftp |ftp.temple.edu |pub/info/help-net/vms-m| | | |ail.guide | - ADMINISTRATIVE/TECHNICAL/HISTORY--------------------+-----------------------+ Internet Growth |ftp |tic.com |matrix/growth/internet/| Internet History |ftp |umcc.umich.edu |/pub/users/seraphim/doc| | | |/nethist8.txt | Internet Monthly Repor|ftp |nic.merit.edu |internet/newsletters/in| t | | |ternet.monthly.report/ | Internet Maps (Europe)|ftp |eunet.fi |nic/pub/netinfo/maps/ | Internet Maps (Many) |ftp |ftp.uu.net |inet/maps/ | Internet Maps (NSFNET)|ftp |nic.merit.edu |maps/ | Internet Maps (SuraNet|ftp |ftp.sura.net |pub/maps/ | ) | | | | Internet Size |ftp |ftp.nisc.sri.com |pub/zone/ | Internet Statistics |ftp |nic.merit.edu |nsfnet/statistics/ | Web country maps |http |www.tue.nl |maps.html | o INFO REPOSITORIES-----------------------------------------------------------+ - COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTIONS---+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Merit |ftp |nic.merit.edu |READ.ME | Merit Gopher |gopher |nic.merit.edu | | NIC/DDN |ftp |nic.ddn.mil | | - NETWORK INFO CENTER-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ InterNic Telnet |telnet |ds.internic.net |`guest' | InterNIC Ftp |ftp |ds.internic.net |pub/InterNIC-info/inter| | | |nic.info | InternNIC via email |mail |mailserv@internic.net |"help" | InterNIC Gopher |gopher |rs.internic.net | | InterNIC Home Page |http |www.internic.net |internic.html | InterNIC Database Serv|ftp |ds.internic.net | | ices | | | | InterNIC Reg Services |ftp |rs.internic.net |netinfo/ | InterNIC Info Sources |ftp |is.internic.net |infosource/infosource-c| | | |ontents | - DOCUMENT SERIES-----+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ For Your Information |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/INDEX.fyi| Internet Standards |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/std/INDEX.std| Request for Comments |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/INDEX.rfc| - INTERNET HOME PAGES-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Duke's NetCom |http |porter.netcom.duke.edu | | Internet Web Text |http |www.rpi.edu |Internet/Guides/decemj/| | | |text.html | Italian Net Tools |http |www.mi.cnr.it |NIR-IT/NIR-map.html | GNN's Internet |http |nearnet.gnn.com |wic/internet.toc.html | Nova Links |http |alpha.acast.nova.edu |start.html | Stanford |http |med-www.stanford.edu |hypertext/net/Net.html | NCIH |http |www.cnidr.org |welcome.html 5050 | NOSC Page |http |white.nosc.mil |internet.html | Yale |http |www.cs.yale.edu |HTML/WorldWideWebTop.ht| | | |ml | Worldwide WWW Info |http |wings.buffalo.edu |world | - SOURCES OF NETWORKING, COMPUTING AND RELATED INFORMATION--------------------+ ACM Gopher |gopher |acm.org | | ACM WWW Home Page |http |info.acm.org | | ALAWON archive |mail |listserv@uicvm.uic.edu |"send ala-wo filelist" | CNI Gopher |gopher |gopher.cni.org | | CNI search |telnet |gopher.cni.org |`brsuser' | CPSR Gopher |gopher |gopher.cpsr.org | | Communications Res Cen|http |debra.dgbt.doc.ca |index.html | CERN |http |www1.cern.ch | | EARN Gopher |gopher |gopher.earn.net | | EFF Gopher |gopher |gopher.eff.org | | Hacking and Phreaking |http |www.ugcs.caltech.edu |~phd | HCI ftp site |ftp |archive.cis.ohio-state.|pub/hcibib/ | | |edu | | HCI Launching Pad |http |hydra.bgsu.edu |HCI/ | HPCC Office Web Page |http |www.hpcc.gov | | ICSI |http |http://http.icsi.berkel| | | |ey.edu | | IEEE Gopher |gopher |info.ieee.org | | IEEE Tech |mail |info.new.tech@ieee.org |"anything" | ISOC Gopher |gopher |ietf.CNRI.Reston.vA.us | | HelpNet Archives |ftp |ftp.temple.edu |pub/info/help-net | HPCWire |telnet |hpcwire.ans.net | | Introducing the Intern|ftp |nic.merit.edu |introducing.the.interne| et | | |t/ | Library of Congress |ftp |seq1.loc.gov |pub/iug/index | LIT |http |litsun.epfl.ch |80 | Mem U of Newfoundland |gopher |cwis.ucs.mun.ca |11/Venturing%20into%20t| | | |he%20Internet | MetaCenter |http |www.ncsa.uiuc.edu |General/MetaCenter/Meta| | | |CenterHome.html | Meta Net Gopher |gopher |tmn.com | | MSU Net and DB |gopher |burrow.cl.msu.edu | | MSEN Gopher |gopher |gopher.msen.com | | NEARnet |ftp |nic.near.net |docs/ | NIST Web Page |http |www.nist.gov |welcome.html | NIST Gopher |gopher |gopher-server.nist.gov | | NYSERnet |ftp |nysernet.org |pub/resources/guides/ | OPTOLINK |ftp |mom.spie.org |00README.ACCESS | PSGnet/RAINet |gopher |gopher.psg.com | | RIPE Gopher |gopher |gopher.ripe.net | | Singapore DMC |http |king.ncb.gov.sg | | Software Tool and Die |gopher |world.std.com | | SRI's Network Info |ftp |sri.com |netinfo/ | SURAnet |ftp |ftp.sura.net |pub/README | SWITCHinfo |ftp |nic.switch.ch |info_service/ | Telecomm Archives |ftp |lcs.mit.edu |telecom-archives/ | UNC's Sunsite |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| USENET Repository |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/ | USENET Periodic Postin|ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| gs | | |/periodic-postings/ | UUNET archive |ftp |ftp.uu.net |uunet-info/ | UWO's NIC |ftp |julian.uwo.ca |nic/ | Washington and Lee |gopher |liberty.uc.wlu.edu | | WATERS |http |www.cs.odu.edu |WATERS/WATERS-GS.html | o SERVICES AND TOOLS----------------------------------------------------------+ - INFORMATION AND SERVICES LISTS----------------------+-----------------------+ Cyberpoet Guide |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/Net_info/Cyber/cybe| | | |rpoet.gvc | Freeside FAQ |http |www.seas.upenn.edu |~mengwong/fsfaq.html | Gopher Jewels |gopher |cwis.usc.edu |11/Other_Gophers_and_In| | | |formation_Resources/Gop| | | |her-Jewels | Gopher Jewels Web |http |galaxy.einet.net |GJ/index.html | Gopher Jewels |ftp |usc.edu |pub/gopher/ | Gopher Jewels |http |galaxy.einet.net |GJ/index.html | Gopher Jewels Index |mail |ftpmail@tpis.cactus.org|"get gj-index.txt" | Hypermedia/Internet |http |life.anu.edu.au |education/hypermedia.ht| | | |ml | Internet Handbook |ftp |sri.com |netinfo/internet-techno| | | |logy-handbook-contents | Information Sources |ftp |ftp.rpi.edu |pub/communications/inte| | | |rnet-cmc.readme | Internet Meta-Index |http |www.ncsa.uiuc.edu |SDG/Software/Mosaic/Met| | | |aIndex.html | Internet Reviews |gopher |jupiter.willamette.edu |11/library/reviews | Joel's List |http |www.cen.uiuc.edu |~jj9544/index.html | MaasInfo Indexes |ftp |ftp.unt.edu |pub/articles/maas/maasi| | | |nfo.files | May List |ftp |aug3.augsburg.edu |files/bbs_lists/nal006.| | | |txt | Must Have List |ftp |pilot.njin.net |pub/Internet-course/mus| | | |thave-list.txt | Networking Overview |http |web.doc.ic.ac.uk |bySubject/Networking.ht| | | |ml 80 | Planet Earth |http |white.nosc.mil |info.html | Smith's BigFun List |ftp |owl.nstn.ns.ca |pub/netinfo/bigfun.txt | Stanford WWW Links |http |www.stanford.edu |otherLinks.html | ThesisNet FAQ |http |www.seas.upenn.edu |~mengwong/thesisfaq.htm| | | |l#ftp | Yale Overview |http |www.cs.yale.edu |HTML/WorldWideWebTop.ht| | | |ml | Yanoff's Services List|ftp |csd4.csd.uwm.edu |pub/inet.services.txt | Yanoff List HTML |ftp |csd4.csd.uwm.edu |pub/inet.services.html | WWW Pages |http |www.cs.colorado.edu |homes/mcbryan/public_ht| | | |ml/bb/summary.html | - LISTS OF TOOLS------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Best of Web |http |wings.buffalo.edu |contest | Internet Browsers |http |life.anu.edu.au |links/syslib.html | Internet Tools EARN |ftp |ns.ripe.net |earn/earn-resource-tool| | | |-guide.txt | Internet Tools NIR |ftp |mailbase.ac.uk |pub/lists/nir/files/nir| | | |.status.report | Internet Tools/Decembe|http |www.rpi.edu |Internet/Guides/interne| r HTML | | |t-tools.html | Internet Tools/Decembe|ftp |ftp.rpi.edu |pub/communications/inte| r | | |rnet-tools | Internet Systems UNITE|ftp |mailbase.ac.uk |pub/lists/unite/files/s| | | |ystems-list.txt | - WEB SEARCHING TOOLS-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Archie via Web |http |hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu |archie.html | Gopher Jewels Search |http |galaxy.einet.net |gopher/gopher.html | GNA Meta-Library |http |uu-nna.mit.edu |uu-nna/meta-library/ind| | | |ex.html 8001 | JumpStation |http |www.stir.ac.uk |jsbin/js | NorthStar |http |comics.scs.unr.edu |top.html? 7000 | SUSI |http |web.nexor.co.uk |susi/susi.html | WWW Catalog |http |cui_www.unige.ch |w3catalog | - TOOLS---------------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ For a list of tools and related documentation, see the Internet Tools Summary/D ecember, listed above. - SERVICES------------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Anonymous post |mail |anonymus+ping@tygra.mic|"help" | | |higan.com | | Anonymous post |mail |help@anon.penet.fi |"help" | Anonymous remail |mail |remail@tamsun.tamu.edu |Subject: remail help | BITFTP |mail |Bitftp@PUCC.Princeton.e|"help 13-Dec-93" | | |du | | CARL Systems |telnet |database.carl.org | | Correct Time/NBS |telnet |india.colorado.edu |13 | ENewsstand |telnet |enews.com |`enews' | ENewsstand gopher |gopher |gopher.internet.com | | Email FTP |mail |ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com |"help" | Email Gopher |mail |gophermail@ncc.go.jp |"help" | Email Gopher |mail |gophermail@calvin.edu |"help" | Email WWW |mail |listserv@info.cern.ch |"www URL" | Email Usenet |mail |hierarchy-group-name@cs|Subject: Your Subject "| | |.utexas.edu |Your Contents" | FAXNET |mail |info@awa.com |"help" | Finger database |finger |help@dir.su.oz.au | | Hytelnet |telnet |telnet | | Internet Marketing |mail |market@internet.com |"send market info"" | Knowbot |telnet |info.cnri.reston.va.us |185 | Mail name server |mail |dns@grasp.insa-lyon.fr |"help" | Softlock |mail |Info@SoftLock.COM |"send info" | WorldWindow |telnet |library.wustl.edu | | o NETWORKING------------------------------------------------------------------+ BITNET intro |mail |listserv@bitnic.educom.|"send BITNET INTRO" | | |edu | | CERT |ftp |cert.org |pub/ | FidoNet News |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/comp.org.fid| | | |onet/ | FidoNet Nodes |ftp |genome.wi.mit.edu |wais-sources/fidonet-no| | | |delist.src | FidoNet Gateway |ftp |csn.org |pub/mail/internet.fidon| | | |et | INET 93 |ftp |mordor.stanford.edu |pub/inet93/ | International Connect |ftp |ftp.cs.wisc.edu |connectivity_table/ | Internet Country Codes|ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| | | |/mail/country-codes | Internet Domain Names |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/rfc1394.t| | | |xt | Internet Root Domain |ftp |ftp.rs.internic.net |domain/ | Internet Security |ftp |nic.merit.edu |cise/gao8957.txt | InterNetwork Mail |ftp |csd4.csd.uwm.edu |pub/internetwork-mail-g| | | |uide | Intro TCP/IP |ftp |nic.merit.edu |introducing.the.interne| | | |t/intro.to.ip | List of FTP Sites |ftp |ftp.gsfc.nasa.gov |pub/ftp-list | PSGnet/RAINet info |gopher |rain.psg.com | | NREN Information |ftp |nic.merit.edu |nren/INDEX.nren | NREN Recompetition |ftp |nic.merit.edu |cise/recompete/INDEX.re| | | |compete | SDSC Appl Net Res Grou|ftp |ftp.sdsc.edu |pub/sdsc/anr/README | p | | | | Sprintlink |ftp |ftp.sprintlink.net | | Sprintlink Gopher |gopher |ftp.sprintlink.net | | USENET Maps |ftp |gatekeeper.dec.com |pub/maps/ | - ACCESSING NETWORKS--+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ BBS Internet List |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |libsoft/internet_bbs.tx| | | |t | Community Networks |ftp |netcom.com |pub/amcgee/community/co| | | |mmunet.msg | Connecting to Internet|ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/fyi_16.tx| | | |t | Freenet papers |ftp |alfred.carleton.ca |/pub/freenet/working.pa| | | |pers/ | FSLIST |ftp |freedom.nmsu.edu |/pub/docs/fslist/ | Global Networks |ftp |dhvx20.csudh.edu |global_net.dir/readme.t| | | |xt | Internet Access Guide |ftp |nic.merit.edu |introducing.the.interne| | | |t/access.guide | Internet Access |ftp |sluaxa.slu.edu |pub/millesjg/internet.a| | | |ccess | Internet Modem |ftp |dla.ucop.edu |pub/internet/dial-acces| | | |s | Internet Providers |ftp |sri.com |netinfo/internet-access| | | |-providers-alphabetical| | | |-listing.txt | Internet Providers Non|ftp |sri.com |netinfo/internet-access| -US | | |-providers-non-us.txt | K12 Access |ftp |ftp.cc.berkeley.edu |k12/README | NII |http |sunsite.unc.edu |nii | Network Startup |ftp |ftp.psg.com |README | PDIAL |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| | | |/pdial | NIXPUB |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/alt.bbs/Nixp| | | |ub_Posting_(Long) | Registering on the Net|ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/rfc1400.t| | | |xt | Rural Nets |mail |rjacot@cic.net | | Rural Datafication |gopher |gopher.cic.net |11/cicnet-gophers/rural| | | |data-project | SEA Community Network |ftp |atlas.ce.washington.edu|pub/seattle-community-n| | | |etwork/ | - SOME COMMERCIAL SERVICE (Online, Internet, Public-access) PROVIDERS---------+ America Online |phone |800-827-6364 | | BIX |phone |800-695-4775 | | CONNECT |phone |408-973-0110 | | Compuserve |phone |800-848-8990 | | Delphi |phone |800-695-4005 | | Dialog |phone |800-334-2564 | | Dow Jones |phone |800-522-3567 | | GEnie |phone |800-638-9636 | | MCI Mail |phone |800-444-6245 | | Netcom |mail |info@netcom.com | | PC-LINK |phone |800-827-8532 | | PSI |phone |703-620-6651 | | Pipline |mail |infobot@pipeline.com |"help" | Prodigy |phone |800-766-3449 | | TMN |mail |info@tmn.com | | The WELL |mail |support@well.sf.ca.us | | The World |gopher |world.std.com | | - SOME FREENETS (tm) / COMMUNITY NETWORKS-------------+-----------------------+ Free-Net List |gopher |gopher.tamu.edu |11/.dir/freenet.dir | M-Net |telnet |m-net.ann-arbor.mi.us |`newuser' | Cleveland |telnet |freenet-in-a.cwru.edu |`new' | Digital City |telnet |dds.hacktic.nl | | Nyx |telnet |nyx.cs.du.edu |`new' | NCF |telnet |freenet.carleton.ca |`guest' | NS*CAN |http |www.cs.dal.ca |mcnp/Home.html | Toledo |telnet |fnet.cc.utoledo.edu |`visitor' | Youngstown |telnet |yfn.ysu.edu |`visitor' | o INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND DISSEMINATION-------------------------------------+ Cataloging Internet Re|mail |listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu|"get caplan prv4n2" | s | | | | CHAT |ftp |debra.dgbt.doc.ca |pub/chat/ | CHAT |telnet |debra.doc.ca | | CNI |ftp |ftp.cni.org |CNI/ | Doc Center |http |doccenter.com |doccenter/home.html | DIMUND |gopher |dimund.umd.edu | | DIMUND FTP |ftp |dimund.umd.edu |pub/ | CNI TopNode Project |ftp |ftp.cni.org |CNI/projects/topnode/ | CNI Gopher |gopher |gopher.cni.org | | CNIDR Gopher |gopher |gopher.cnidr.org | | CNIDR Web Page |http |cnidr.org |welcome.html | IAFA |ftp |archive.cc.mcgill.ca |pub/Network/iafa/charte| | | |r | Library Special |ftp |vm1.nodak.edu |nnews/nnews.1993-10 | NIR Archives |ftp |mailbase.ac.uk |pub/lists/nir/ | NIR Gopher |gopher |mailbase.ac.uk | | OCLC Research |ftp |ftp.rsch.oclc.org |pub/internet_resources_| | | |project/report/ | Retrieval success |ftp |mailbase.ac.uk |pub/lists/unite/files/i| | | |nternet-stories.txt | Uniform Resources |ftp |info.cern.ch |pub/ietf/url3.txt | UNITE Archive |ftp |mailbase.ac.uk |pub/lists/unite/ | URI Archive |ftp |archives.cc.mcgill.ca |pub/mailing-lists/uri-a| | | |rchive | UWI |http |zapruder.pds.med.umich.|uwi/uwi-info.html | | |edu | | o DIRECTORIES-----------------------------------------------------------------+ CSOIRG Home Page |http |http2.sils.umich.edu |~lou/chome.html | Dartmouth Merged SIGL |ftp |dartcms1.dartmouth.edu |siglists/ | Electronic Conferences|ftp |ksuvxa.kent.edu |library/acadlist.readme| Electronic Zines/Jrl |http |www.acns.nwu.edu |ezines | Electronic Journals |ftp |ftp.cni.org |pub/net-guides/strangel| | | |ove/ | Electronic Magazines |ftp |etext.archive.umich.edu|pub/Zines/ | EZines List |ftp |netcom.com |pub/johnl/zines/e-zine-| | | |list | EZines Web |ftp |netcom.com |pub/johnl/zines/e-zine-| | | |list.html | EINet Galaxy |http |galaxy.einet.net |galaxy.html | Finding Lists |mail |listserv@vm1.nodak.edu |"get NEW-LIST wouters" | Free Databases |ftp |idiom.berkeley.ca.us |pub/free-databases | Interest Groups List |ftp |sri.com |netinfo/interest-groups| Library Access Script |ftp |sonoma.edu |pub/libs.tar | Library Guide |ftp |ftp.utdallas.edu |pub/staff/billy/libguid| | | |e | Library Catalogs Noona|ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| n | | |libsoft/guide2.txt | Library Catalogs St Ge|ftp |nic.cerf.net |internet/resources/libr| o | | |ary_catalog/ | Online books |http |www.cs.cmu.edu |Web/books.html 8001 | Online bibs |http |www.cs.cmu.edu |Web/bibliographies.html| | | | 8001 | Online journals |http |www.cs.cmu.edu |Web/journals.html 8001 | Online libraries |http |www.cs.cmu.edu |Web/e-libraries.html 80| | | |01 | Subject Guides |ftp |una.hh.lib.umich.edu |inetdirs/ | Subject Guides |gopher |una.hh.lib.umich.edu |11/inetdirs | Subject Guides |http |www.lib.umich.edu |chhome.html | Technical Reports |ftp |daneel.rdt.monash.edu.a|pub/techreports/ | | |u | | Virtual Tourist |http |wings.buffalo.edu |world | WAIS sources |ftp |kirk.bond.edu.au |pub/Bond_Uni/doc/wais/r| | | |eadme | o COMMUNICATION---------------------------------------------------------------+ - AUDIO---------------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Berklee |gopher |gopher.berklee.edu | | CERL |http |datura.cerl.uiuc.edu | | Internet Sound |ftp |ftp.cwi.nl |pub/audio/INDEX | Internet Talk Radio |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/talk-radio/ITRintro| | | |.readme | Internet Multicasting |mail |info@radio.com |"send FAQ" | FAQ | | | | Internet Multicasting |http |www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil |radio/radio.html | WWW | | | | Internet Talk Radio si|mail |sites@radio.com |"send SITES" | tes | | | | Multicast Backbone |ftp |venera.isi.edu |mbone/faq.txt | Music Resources |http |www.music.indiana.edu |misc/music_resources.ht| | | |ml | Say |http |utis179.cs.utwente.nl |say/form/ 8001 | - HYPER/Virtual/MULTIMEDIA----+-----------------------+-----------------------+ CGU (Manchester, UK) |http |info.mcc.ac.uk |CGU/CGU-research.html | GA Tech Graphics |http |www.gatech.edu |gvu/gvutop.html | Multimedia Index |http |cui_www.unige.ch |OSG/MultimediaInfo | Multimedia Survey |ftp |ftp.ed.ac.uk |pub/mmsurvey/mmsurvey.t| | | |xt | Multimedia Lab BU |http |spiderman.bu.edu | | MIT Media Lab |ftp |media-lab.media.mit.edu|access/ | MIT Telemedia |http |tns-www.lcs.mit.edu |tns-www-home.html | Scientific Visualizati|http |www.nas.nasa.gov |RNR/Visualization/annot| on | | |atedURLs.html | TX A+M Media Lab |ftp |bush.cs.tamu.edu |pub/home.html | VSR |http |nfhsg3.rus.uni-stuttgar|Virtual/index.html | | |t.de | | - MASS COMMUNICATION--+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ CBC Home Page |http |debra.dgbt.doc.ca |cbc/cbc.html | CBC Gopher |gopher |debra.dgbt.doc.ca | | ClariNet |mail |info@clarinet.com | | College Newspapers |gopher |blick.journ.latech.edu | | Cyberspace Report |http |www.ics.uci.edu |~ejw/csr/cyber.html | Media BBS |mail |listserv@ulkyvm.louisvi|"GET MEDIA BBSLIST" | | |lle.edu | | MTV |http |mtv.com | | NBC News |mail |nightly@nbc.com | | NPR Weekend Ed |mail |wesun@cap.gwu.edu |"Please send info." | NPR Talk/Nation |mail |totn@aol.com |"Please send info." | NPR Science Friday |mail |scifri@aol.com |"Please send info." | Palo Alto Weekly |http |www.service.com |PAW/home.html | PWN |mail |pwn-info@igc.apc.org | | Journalism |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| | | |/journalism-net-resourc| | | |es | Satellite |http |itre.uncecs.edu |misc/sat.html | TV Schedules |http |white.nosc.mil |television.html | VOA |ftp |ftp.voa.gov | | - GROUP COMMUNICATION-+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Computer Network Conf |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/rfc1324.t| | | |xt | Hypermedia/Internet |http |life.anu.edu.au |education/hypermedia.ht| | | |ml | Interactive Geo |http |www.hcc.hawaii.edu |htbin/plotd | Internet Relay Chat(IR|ftp |cs.bu.edu |irc/support/ | C) | | | | IRC FAQ |http |www.kei.com |irc.html | Free for All |http |south.ncsa.uiuc.edu |Free.html | Multiple User Dialogue|ftp |ftp.math.okstate.edu |pub/muds/misc/mud-faq/ | (MUD) | | | | MUD Lists |ftp |caisr2.caisr.cwru.edu |pub/mud/ | MUD Page |http |math.okstate.edu |mud.html 8001 | LISTSERV managing |mail |listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu|"get kovacs prv2n1" | LISTSERV searching |mail |listserv@ulkyvm.bitnet |"get database search" | LISTSERV tips |mail |listserv@bitnic.bitnet |"get listserv tips" | - EMAIL---------------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Email Services |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |libsoft/email_services.| | | |txt | Email Understanding |ftp |ftp.cso.uiuc.edu |doc/net/uiucnet/vol3no2| | | |.txt | Email 101 |ftp |mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu |etext/etext93/email025.| | | |txt | College Email addresse|ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/soc.college/| s | | | | Finding Email addresse|ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| s | | |libsoft/email_address.t| | | |xt | MetaMail |ftp |thumper.bellcore.com |pub/nsb/README | MIME |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/rfc1341.t| | | |xt | MIME overview |ftp |thumper.bellcore.com |pub/nsb/MIME-overview.t| | | |xt | Pine email |ftp |ftp.cac.washington.edu |pine/pine.blurb | PGP Mail |ftp |ftp.uu.net |pub/security/pgp/ | PEM |ftp |ftp.tis.com |pub/PEM/FAQ | o LANGUAGE/CULTURE/COMMUNITY/SOCIETY------------------------------------------+ Activism |ftp |netcom.com |pub/amcgee/activism | Anonymity FAQ |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| | | |/net-anonymity/ | African |ftp |netcom.com |pub/amcgee/african | APC |ftp |igc.apc.org |pub/orgs-on-igc | Artwork |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/multimedia/pictures| | | |/OTIS/ | ASCII Art |ftp |genesis.mcs.com |mcsnet.users/jorn/ascii| | | |faq.us | BABEL 94 |ftp |ftp.temple.edu |pub/info/help-net/babel| | | |94a.txt | Baylor etexts |ftp |ftp.byu.edu |pub/next/Literature/ | Bordeaux and Prague |http |mailbox.cdtl.umn.edu | | CTI |mail |ctitext@vax.ox.ac.uk | | Community Nets |ftp |ftp.apple.com |alug/ | Community Nets |gopher |gopher.well.sf.ca.us |11s/Community/communets| | | |/net.com 70 | Computer Jargon search|http |www.vifp.monash.edu.au |jargon 8000 | Computer Jargon |ftp |aeneas.mit.edu |pub/gnu/jargon-README | CMC Glossary |gopher |sjumusic.stjohns.edu |11/%40uni%3acmc.glossar| | | |y 1070 | Computer Underground |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/cud/papers/meyer | Computing Dictionary |gopher |wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk | | Coombs Papers |gopher |coombs.anu.edu.au | | CPET |ftp |guvax.georgetown.edu |cpet_projects_in_electr| | | |onic_text/ | Cyber Papers |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/Net_info/Cyber/ | Cyberspace/Law |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/cud/papers/cyberspa| | | |ce | Cyberpunk FAQ |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| | | |/cyberpunk-faq | Encyclopedia Britannic|ftp |eb.com |pub/ | a | | | | EStyle |ftp |aultnis.rutgers.edu |litext | Electronic Text |ftp |guvax.georgetown.edu |cpet_projects_in_electr| | | |onic_text/ | Electronic Word |ftp |press-gopher.uchicago.e|pub/Excerpts/lanham.txt| | |du | | English Server |http |english-server.hss.cmu.| | | |ed | | FineArt Forum |ftp |ra.msstate.edu |pub/archives/fineart_on| | | |line | Friends + Partners |http |solar.rtd.utk.edu |friends/home.html | FreeNet93 |ftp |alfred.carleton.ca |pub/freenet/93conferenc| | | |e/ | Future Culture |mail |future-request@nyx.cs.d|Subject: send faq | | |u.edu | | Gender |ftp |netcom.com |pub/amcgee/gender/ | Gender Issues |ftp |alfred.carleton.ca |pub/freenet/93conferenc| | | |e/leslie_regan_shade.tx| | | |t | Gutenberg Project Text|ftp |quake.think.com" |pub/etext/ | s | | | | Gutenberg Web Page |http |med-amsa.bu.edu |Gutenberg/Welcome.html | Humanities |mail |rre-request@weber.ucsd.|Subject: archive send h| | |edu |umanities | Indigenous |ftp |netcom.com |pub/amcgee/indigenous/ | Internet demographics |ftp |ftp.tic.com |survey/ | Internet Glossary |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/fyi_18.tx| | | |t | Internet Wiretap |ftp |wiretap.spies.com |About/FEATURES | Internet Wiretap Gophe|gopher |wiretap.Spies.COM | | r | | | | Internet Town Hall |ftp |town.hall.org | | IRC Community |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/cud/papers/electrop| | | |olis | Latin |ftp |netcom.com |pub/amcgee/latin/ | MTV |http |mtv.com | | Net Rights |ftp |ftp.american.edu |au/brrec.text | Net Ethics |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/rfc1087.t| | | |xt | Net Etiquette Guide |ftp |ftp.sura.net |pub/nic/internet.litera| | | |ture/netiquette.txt | Netizen Anthology |ftp |wuarchive.wustl.edu |doc/misc/acn/netbook | Netizen Paper |ftp |wuarchive.wustl.edu |doc/misc/acn/papers/net| | | |izens.Z | Networking |mail |rre-request@weber.ucsd.|Subject: archive send n| | |edu |etwork | Online Book Initiative|ftp |world.std.com |obi/README | Oxford Archive |ftp |black.ox.ac.uk |ota/ | Post-Gutenberg Galaxy |ftp |infolib.murdoch.edu.au |pub/jnl/harnad.jnl | Privacy |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/alt.privacy/| Reasons for NII |ftp |ftp.cni.org |CNI/documents/farnet/RE| | | |ADME | Smiley Dictionary |ftp |ftp.gsfc.nasa.gov |pub/smiley-dictionary | Smileys |ftp |ftp.uu.net |usenet/comp.sources.mis| | | |c/volume23/smiley/part0| | | |1.Z | Togethernet |gopher |gopher.together.uvm.edu| | Tribe |mail |listserv@lists.colorado|"info tribe" | | |.edu | | Usenet |ftp |ftp.eff.org |cud/papers/leviathan | Virtual Community |ftp |ra.msstate.edu |pub/docs/words-l/Net-St| | | |uff/slice.of.life | Taking/Web |http |minnie.cs.su.oz.au |writ/start.html | The WELL |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/Net_info/Cyber/town| | | |-on-internet-highway | UWI Cultural Play |http |zapruder.pds.med.umich.|uwi.html | | |edu | | Writer's Resources |ftp |rtfm.mit.edu |pub/usenet/news.answers| | | |/writing/resources | o EDUCATION/ACADEMIA----------------------------------------------------------+ AskERIC |ftp |ericir.syr.edu |pub/ | AskERIC Gopher |gopher |ericir.syr.edu | | AskERIC Cows |http |eryx.syr.edu |COWSHome.html | Bell-TCI |ftp |ba.com |pub/BASIC_ED_CONNECTION| | | |/ | Bell Atlantic |ftp |ba.com | | CAF FTP Archive |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/caf | CAF Web Page |http |www.eff.org |CAF/cafhome.html | CAUSE gopher |gopher |cause-gopher.Colorado.E| | | |DU | | CWIS List |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |cwis/cwis-l | CWIS Paper |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |cwis/hallman.txt | Cyberion City |telnet |michael.ai.mit.edu |`guest' | Distance Ed |ftp |una.hh.lib.umich.edu |inetdirsstacks/disted:e| | | |llsworth | Distance Ed DB |telnet |acsvax.open.ac.uk | | Diversity U |telnet |erau.db.erau.edu |8888 | Education Gopher |gopher |sci-ed.fit.edu | | Educator's Email |ftp |nic.umass.edu |pub/ednet/educatrs.lst | Educator's USENET |ftp |nic.umass.edu |pub/ednet/edusenet.gde | Empire Schoolhouse |telnet |nysernet.org |`empire' | Electronic Academical |http |jefferson.village.virgi|iath/iath_pamphlet.html| Village | |nia.edu | | High school/Internet |ftp |sci-ed.fit.edu |pub/Internet/study/ | IAT |mail |INFO.IAT@mhs.unc.edu |"send help" | IAT archive |ftp |gandalf.iat.unc.edu |user/home/anonftp/guide| | | |s/ | IKE |gopher |ike.engr.washington.edu| | Incomplete Guide K12 |ftp |ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu |Education/Education_Res| | | |ources/Incomplete_Guide| | | |/ | Internet and Ed |ftp |ftp.msu.edu |pub/education/ | IRD/Educators |ftp |tcet.unt.edu |pub/user-supported/hors| | | |ehorse/K-12NREN1.1 pub/| | | |telecomputing-info/IRD | KidLink |gopher |kids.ccit.duq.edu | | K-12 NREN |ftp |ftp.u.washington.edu |pub/user-supported/hors| | | |ehorse/K-12NREN1.1 | Learning V |mail |tmg@nptn.org | | Marcopia |http |hakatai.mcli.dist.maric| | | |opa.edu | | MEU BBS |telnet |bbs.meu.edu | | Networking |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"send Profess Network" | NPTN |ftp |nptn.org |pub/info.nptn/basic.gui| | | |de.txt | Online LC |gopher |pringle.mta.ca | | Scholarly Communicatio|ftp |borg.lib.vt.edu |pub/vpiej-l/reports | n | | | | Scholary Comm Project |http |borg.lib.vt.edu |z-borg/www/scholar.html| | | | 80 | Scholarly Comm/Librari|ftp |ftp.cni.org |ARL/mellon/ | es | | | | Scholarly Publishing |ftp |sunsite.unc.edu |pub/docs/about-the-net/| | | |trln-copyright-paper | SME |mail |jbharris@tenet.edu |"Please send Subject Ma| | | |tter Experts info" | Tech/Schools |ftp |ftp.u.washington.edu |pub/user-supported/hors| | | |ehorse/refuse_1.4 | US Dept of Ed |gopher |gopher.ed.gov | | USENET University |ftp |nic.funet.fi |pub/doc/uu/FAQ | - CMC/MEDIA/TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS-----------------------+-----------------------+ Annenberg |http |www-penninfo.upenn.edu |1962/penninfo-srv.upenn| | | |.edu/9000/11817.html | Michigan Tech |gopher |gilligan.hu.mtu.edu |11 | Syracuse |gopher |cwis.syr.edu |1/othergophers/ist | UC-Irvine |http |www.ics.uci.edu |ICShome.html | o GOVERNMENT/PUBLIC POLICY----------------------------------------------------+ ACE |gopher |cyfer.esusda.gov |11/ace | Clinton Information |ftp |ftp.cpsr.org |cpsr/clinton/ | Federal Info Resources|ftp |nic.merit.edu |omb/INDEX.omb | Federal Information |ftp |ftp.nwnet.net |user-docs/government/ke| | | |ller-gov-guide.txt | Fedworld |telnet |fedworld.doc.gov | | Fedworld Feasibility |ftp |ftp.nwnet.net |user-docs/government/fe| | | |dline.txt | GILS |ftp |ftp.cni.org |pub/docs/gils/ | Govt/Citizenship Infor|gopher |eryx.syr.edu | | mation | | | | Govt Agencies |ftp |is.internic.net |infosource/internet-inf| | | |o-for-everybody/governm| | | |ent-agencies | Govt Information |ftp |ftp.nwnet.net |user-docs/government/gu| | | |mprecht-guide.txt | Economic BB |telnet |ebb.stat-usa.gov |`trial' | Electronic Records |ftp |ftp.cu.nih.gov |nara_electronic/ | Humanities Intitiative|mail |chhenry@vassar.edu | | Info Policy |mail |listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu|"GET GOODYEAR PRV4N6" | Internet Accounting |ftp |ftp.sdsc.edu |pub/sdsc/anr/papers/acc| | | |ting.sg.ps.Z | Internet Economics |ftp |gopher.econ.lsa.umich.e|pub/Papers/Economics_of| | |du |_Internet.txt | Internet Policy |ftp |nic.merit.edu |pub/documents/rfc/rfc15| | | |27.txt | Internet Pricing |ftp |gopher.econ.lsa.umich.e|pub/Papers/Pricing_the_| | |du |Internet.txt | Internet Public Subsid|ftp |ssugopher.sonoma.edu |pub/schickele.txt | y | | | | Library of Congress |telnet |marvel.loc.gov |`marvel' | NII FTP |ftp |ftp.ntia.doc.gov |pub/niiagenda.asc | NII BBS |telnet |iitf.doc.gov |`gopher' | NII Gopher |gopher |iitf.doc.gov | | NII Dialup |phone |1-202-501-1920 | | Open Platform |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/EFF/papers/Open_Pla| | | |tform/ | US Fed Govt |ftp |nevada.edu |liaison/ | US Senate |gopher |gopher.senate.gov |70 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Section -2- INFORMATION SERVICES/ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS =============================================================================== This section lists sources of information devoted to the study of CMC, the Internet or computer network technology. Below the description of the services, newsletters, and journals are tables describing online access when available. o INFORMATION SERVERS---------------------------------------------------------+ ALMANAC |mail |almanac@oes.orst.edu |"send guide" | CCITT Doc Retriev |mail |teledoc@itu.arcom.ch |"help" | Comserve |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"send Comserve Helpfile| | | |" | Concise |http |info.cern.ch |hypertext/DataSources/C| | | |ONCISE/UserGuide/Overvi| | | |ew.html 80 | HCIBIB |mail |hcibib@bellcore.com |"query:" | RFCs via mail |mail |rfc-info@isi.edu |"help: ways_to_get_rfcs| | | |" | Virtual Work BBS |telnet |ctp.org |`lewisnts' | o DISCUSSION LISTS------------------------------------------------------------+ CBNVEE |mail |listserv@mcmuse.mc.mari|"sub CBNVEE YOUR NAME" | | |copa.edu | | CMC |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"join CMC YOUR NAME" | Cypherpunks |ftp |soda.berkeley.edu |pub/cypherpunks/ | Cypherwonks |mail |Majordomo@Lists.EUnet.f|"sub cypherwonks YOUR N| | |i |AME" | EduTel |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"join edutel YOUR NAME"| EDTECH |mail |listserv@msu.bitnet |"subscribe EDTECH YOUR | | | |NAME" | Interpedia |mail |interpedia-request@tele|"subscribe YOUR EMAIL A| | |rama.lm.com |DDRESS" | IAMCRNet |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"join IAMCRNet YOUR NAM| | | |E" | CNI-DIRECTORIES |mail |listproc@cni.org |"sub CNI-DIRECTORIES YO| | | |UR NAME" | FUTUREC |mail |futurec@uafsysb.uark.ed|"sub FUTUREC YOUR NAME"| | |u | | HELP-NET |mail |listserv@templevm.bitne|"sub HELP-NET YOUR NAME| | |t |" | HYTEL-L |mail |listserv@kentvm.kent.ed|"sub HYTEL-L YOUR NAME"| | |u | | InterNIC Announce |mail |listserv@is.internic.ne|"sub announce YOUR NAME| | |t |" | InterNIC Net Resources|mail |listserv@is.internic.ne|"sub net-resources YOUR| | |t | NAME" | InterNIC NICS |mail |listserv@is.internic.ne|"sub YOUR_EMAIL_ADR nic| | |t |s" | InterNIC Net Happening|mail |listserv@is.internic.ne|"sub net-happenings YOU| s | |t |R NAME" | Interpedia |mail |interpedia-request@tele|"sub YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS| | |rama.lm.com |" | IPCT-L |mail |listserv@guvm.georgetow|"sub IPCT-L YOUR NAME" | | |n.edu | | IPCT Gopher |gopher |guvm.ccf.georgetown.edu| | IRVC-L |mail |listserv@byrd.mu.wvnet.|"sub IRVC-L YOUR NAME" | | |edu | | LM_NET |mail | |"sub LM_NET YOUR NAME" | MEDIA-L |mail |listserv@bingvmb.bitnet|"subscribe MEDIA-L YOUR| | | | NAME" | NETTRAIN |mail |listserv@ubvm.cc.buffal|"sub NETTRAIN YOUR NAME| | |o.edu |" | Net Happenings Archive|telnet |gopher.cni.org |`brsuser' | NEW-LIST |mail |listserv@ndsuvm1.bitnet|"sub NEW-LIST YOUR NAME| | | |" | NewJour-L |mail |listserv@e-math.ams.org|"sub NewJour-L YOUR NAM| | | |E" | NewNIR-L |mail |listserv@itocsivm.csi.i|"sub NEWNIR-L YOUR NAME| | |t |" | NII Regional |mail |majordomo@rain.org |"subscribe niiregional-| | | |l" | NIR |mail |mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk|"sub NIR YOUR NAME" | OCLC-JOURNALS |mail |listserv@oclc.org |"sub OCLC-JOURNALS YOUR| | | | NAME" | Online-news |mail |Majordomo@marketplace.c|"subscribe online-news | | |om |YOUR BIO STATEMENT" | UNITE |mail |mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk|"join UNITE YOUR NAME" | RESODLAA |mail |Listserver@usq.edu.au |"sub RESODLAA YOUR NAME| | | |" | RITIM-L |mail |listserv@uriacc.uri.edu|"sub RITIM-L YOUR NAME"| SCHOLAR |mail |listserv@cunyvm.cuny.ed|"sub SCHOLAR YOUR NAME"| | |u | | TECHNET |mail |listserv@acadvm1.uottaw|"subscribe TECHNET YOUR| | |a.ca | NAME" | Technomads |mail |technomads-request@ucsd|"sub technomads YOUR NA| | |.edu |ME" | TEI |ftp |sgml1.ex.ac.uk |tei/ | ThesisNet |mail |thesisnet-request@seas.|"sub THESISNET YOUR NAM| | |upenn.edu |E" | TIPSHEET |mail |listserv@wsuvm1.csc.wsu|"subscribe TIPSHEET" | | |.edu | | VPIEJ-L |mail |listserv@vtvm1.cc.vt.ed|"sub VPIEJ-L YOUR NAME"| | |u | | WWW courseware |mail |www-courseware-request@|"sub YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS| | |eit.com |" | WWW literature |mail |www-literature-request@|"sub YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS| | |eit.com |" | o JOURNALS/NEWSLETTERS--------------------------------------------------------+ ALAWON |mail |listserv@uicvm.uic.edu |"sub ALA-WO YOUR NAME" | Bits and Bytes |mail |listserv@acad1.dana.edu|"SUBSCRIBE bits-n-bytes| | | |" | Bits and Bytes archive|ftp |ftp.dana.edu |periodic/ | Boardwatch |phone |1-303-973-6038 | | CETH Newsletter |mail |ceth@zodiac.rutgers.edu| | Chaos Corner |mail |chaos-request@pelican.c|"sub YOUR NAME" | | |it.cornell.edu | | Chaos Corner Archive |ftp |pelican.cit.cornell.edu|pub/ | Chaos Digest |mail |tk0jut2@mvs.cso.niu.edu|"sub YOUR NAME" | Chaos Digest Archive |ftp |kragar.eff.org |pub/cud/chaos/ | Cook Report($) |mail |cook@path.net |"Please send Cook Repor| | | |t info." | CPU |mail |listserv@cpsr.org |"sub CPSR-CPU YOUR NAME| | | |" | CPU Archives |ftp |etext.archive.umich.edu|pub/CPSR/work/ | Cu-Digest |mail |tk0jut2@mvs.cso.niu.edu|"sub YOUR NAME" | Cu-Digest Archive |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/cud/cud/ | Current Cites |ftp |ftp.lib.berkeley.edu |pub/Current.Cites/ | DECNEWS |mail |listserv@ubvm.cc.buffal|"sub DECNEWS YOUR NAME"| | |o.edu | | EDUPAGE |mail |listserv@bitnic.educom.|"sub EDUPAGE YOUR NAME"| | |edu | | Effector Online |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/EFF/newsletters/Ind| | | |ex | EJC/REC |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"join EJCREC YOUR NAME"| EPIN |mail |epin@access.digex.com |"Please send EPIN info.| | | |" | EJournal |mail |listserv@albany.bitnet |"sub EJRNL YOUR NAME" | EJournal Archive |ftp |ftp.hanover.edu |pub/ejournal | EJVC |mail |listserv@kentvm.kent.ed|"sub EJVC-L YOUR NAME" | | |u | | EJVC Archive |ftp |byrd.mu.wvnet.edu |pub/ejvc/ | Fed Comm Law J |http |www.law.indiana.edu |fclj/fclj.html 80 | GNN |mail |info@gnn.com |"Please send GNN info."| GNN News |http |nearnet.gnn.com |gnn/news/home/news.html| HOTT-LIST |mail | |"SUBSCRIBE HOTT-LIST" | HPC SELECT NEWS |mail |sub@hpcwire.ans.net |"Select 601" | INFOBITS |mail |listserv@gibbs.oit.unc.|"sub INFOBITS YOUR NAME| | |edu |" | INFOSYS |mail |listserv@american.edu |"sub INFOSYS YOUR NAME"| InterText |ftp |network.ucsd.edu |intertext/ | InterText Web Page |http |network.ucsd.edu |intertext/other_formats| | | |/HTML/ITtoc.html | JASBITS |mail |jsquires@cerf.net |Subject: JASBITS SUBSCR| | | |IBE "YOUR NAME how you | | | |knew" | Netweaver |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"send Netweave Winter91| | | |" | Nets and Comm |mail |samsam@vm1.yorku.ca | | DISTED |mail |listserv@uwavm.bitnet |"sub DISTED YOUR NAME" | ConneXions |mail |ole@csli.stanford.edu" |"Please send ConneXions| | | | info." | IBJ |ftp |nstn.ns.ca |pub/internet-business-j| | | |ournal/ | Internet Business Repo|http |www.doc.ic.ac.uk |gnn/mkt/cmp/ibr.html | rt | | | | Internet Letter |http |mtv.com |commercial_resources/in| | | |ternet_letter/index.htm| | | |l | Internet Review |gopher |gopher.msen.com | | Internet World |mail |meckler@jvnc.net |"Please send Internet W| | | |orld info." | Legion of Doom Tech J |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/cud/lod | Link Letter |ftp |nic.merit.edu |newsletters/linkletter | LITA Newsletter |ftp |dartcms1.dartmouth.edu |litanews/ | Matrix News |mail |mids@tic.com |"Please send Matrix New| | | |s info." | Matrix News some issue|ftp |quake.think.com |pub/mids/matrix_news | s | | | | MC Journal |mail |listserv@ubvm.cc.buffal|"sub MCJRNL YOUR NAME" | | |o.edu | | Meta |ftp |ftp.netcom.com |pub/mlinksva | NETNEWS |mail |listserv@ndsuvm1.bitnet|"sub NNEWS YOUR NAME" | NETNEWS Archive |ftp |vm1.nodak.edu |nnews | PACSR |mail |listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu|"sub PACS-P YOUR NAME" | PACSR Index |mail |listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu|"get index pr f=mail" | REACH |ftp |ucsbuxa.ucsb.edu |/hcf/ | Red Rock Eater |mail |rre-request@weber.ucsd.|Subject: subscribe YOUR| | |edu | NAME | Surfpunk Technical Jou|http |www.acns.nwu.edu |surfpunk/ | rnal | | | | TNS |ftp |ftp.netcom.com |pub/ror/ | TidBITS |mail |listserv@ricevm1.rice.e|"sub TIDBITS YOUR NAME"| | |du | | Voices |ftp |etext.archive.umich.edu|pub/Zines/Voices/ | Voorhees Reports |mail |markvoor@phantom.com |"Please send Voorhees R| | | |eports info." | The WELL |gopher |gopher.well.sf.ca.us | | Wired |mail |infobot@wired.com |"get index" | Wired Gopher |gopher |wired.com | | Wired Web |http |wired.com | | 3W |mail |3W@ukartnet.demon.co.uk|"Please send 3W info." | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Section -3- SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS =============================================================================== o NON-PROFIT/ACADEMIC---------------------------------------------------------+ ACM SIGCOMM |http |gatekeeper.dec.com |pub/doc/sigcomm/ccr/ove| | | |rview.html | ASIS |mail |asis@cni.org | | CCN |mail |ccn@civicnet.org | | CCN Archive |ftp |world.std.com |ftp/amo/civicnet/ | CIOS |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"help topics associates| | | |" | CIX |ftp |cix.org |cix/README | CME |mail |cme@access.digex.net |Subject: "CME Sub" | CNI |ftp |ftp.cni.org |CNI/ | CNRI |gopher |ietf.cnri.Reston.va.us | | CoSN |mail |cosn@bitnic.bitnet |"Please send CoSN info.| | | |" | CPSR |ftp |ftp.cpsr.org |cpsr/ | CPSR Gopher |gopher |cpsr.org | | CREN |gopher |info.educom.edu | | EARN |ftp |ftp.earn.net | | ECHO |telnet |echo.lu |`echo' | EDUCOM |mail |inquiry@educom.edu |"Please send EDUCOM inf| | | |o." | EDUCOM Gopher |gopher |educom.edu | | EFF |ftp |ftp.eff.org |pub/EFF/about-eff | EFF Web Page |http |www.eff.org | | ENA |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"send Netweave Winter91| | | |" | FARNET |ftp |farnet.org |farnet/farnet_info/ | GNA |http |uu-gna.mit.edu |uu-gna/index.html 8001 | HPCC Office |gopher |www.hpcc.gov | | IETF |ftp |cnri.reston.va.us |ietf/ | IGC |ftp |igc.org |README | IRVC |ftp |byrd.mu.wvnet.edu |pub/estepp/IRVC | ISOC |ftp |nri.reston.va.us |isoc/ | ITU |gopher |info.itu.ch | | MCNC |http |www.interpath.net |MCNC.html | NIIT |http |www.esi.com |niit/niit_top.html | OSF |http |www.osf.org |index.html 8001 | RARE |ftp |ftp.rare.nl |rare/ | RIPE |ftp |ftp.ripe.net |ripe/ | WAENA |mail |jwmilton@waena.portal.c| | | |om | | SEA |gopher |gopher.panix.com | | o COMMERCIAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS/CONSULTING/PUBLISHERS-------------------------+ AT+T Web Page |http |www.research.att.com | | Bell Atlantic |ftp |ba.com |pub/ | Book Stacks Unlimited |telnet |books.com | | Branch |http |branch.com |1080 | Career Connections |telnet |career.com | | CityScape |http |www.cityscape.co.uk | | Consensus |ftp |netcom.com |pub/consensus/www/Conse| | | |nsusFrontDoor.html | Cyberspace Development|mail |development@marketplace| | | |.com | | DEC |ftp |gatekeeper.dec.com |info.html | D3 Electric Catalog |http |www.service.com |D3/home.html | EIT |http |www.eit.com | | EINet |http |galaxy.einet.net |galaxy.html | GEMS |http |www.gems.com | | GNN Marketplace |http |nearnet.gnn.com |gnn/mkt/mkt.intro.html | InterMart |http |kudzu.cnidr.org |InterMart/front_door.ht| | | |ml 80 | Internet Dist Svs |http |www.service.com |home.html | MailCom |ftp |netcom1.netcom.com |pub/mailcom/README | MarketBase Gopher |gopher |mb.com | | Maxwell |http |inept.scubed.com |8001 | MIDS |ftp |ftp.tic.com |tic/TIC | MIDS Gopher |gopher |gopher.tic.com | | NOMA |mail |natbbs-request@echonyc.| | | |com | | Novell |http |www.novell.com | | O'Reilly and Assoc. |telnet |ora.com |`gopher' | O'Reilly Resource Cent|http |nearnet.gnn.com |mkt/ora/center.html | er | | | | Oslonett |http |www.oslonett.no | | Oslonett Marketplace |http |www.oslonett.no |html/ON-market.html | PIPEX |http |www.pipex.net | | QMS |http |www.qms.com |www/QMS1.html | Internet.COM |mail |info@internet.com |"Please send Internet.c| | | |om info" | Internet.COM Gopher |gopher |gopher.internet.com | | MecklerMedia |phone |800-MECKLER | | MecklerMedia email |mail |meckler@jvnc.net | | MeckerlMedia gopher |gopher |r2d2.jvnc.net |Publishers%20Online/Mec| | | |kler%20Publishing%20Com| | | |pany | NTT Web Page |http |www.ntt.jp |index.html | Online Career Center |gopher |garnet.msen.com |9062 | SCO Web Page |http |www.sco.com |index.html | VTLS Web Page |http |www.vtls.com | | Wavefront |http |wavefront.wti.com | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Section -4- NEWSGROUPS =============================================================================== Newsgroups are sometimes a rich source of information about the Internet, networks, and CMC issues. This section lists newsgroups in which topics related to networks, the Internet, or CMC are discussed. Watch for (FAQ) = periodic posting of Frequently Asked Questions. Beginners |news |news.announce.newusers | | Computer Archives |news |comp.archives | | Computer BBS |news |comp.bbs.misc | | Cu-Digest |news |comp.society.cu-digest | | Cyberpunk |news |alt.cyberpunk | | Email |news |comp.mail.misc | | FAQs |news |news.answers | | Gopher |news |comp.infosystems.gopher| | Groupware (CSCW) |news |comp.groupware | | Hackers |news |alt.hackers | | ISDN |news |comp.dcom.isdn | | Information Systems |news |comp.infosystems | | Info Sys (new) |news |comp.infosystems.announ| | | |ce | | Internet Access |news |alt.internet.access.wan| | | |ted | | Internet BBS |news |alt.bbs.internet | | Internet Best |news |alt.best.of.internet | | Internet Culture |news |alt.culture.internet | | Internet Library |news |comp.internet.library | | Internet Protocols |news |comp.protocols.tcp-ip | | Internet Relay Chat |news |alt.irc | | Internet Services |news |alt.internet.services | | Internet Talk Radio |news |alt.internet.talk-radio| | Lists of Information |news |news.lists | | MUDS |news |rec.games.mud.announce | | New Newsgroups |news |news.announce.newgroups| | Newsgroups |news |news.groups | | PostScript Net Maps |news |news.lists.ps-maps | | Technical Reports |news |comp.doc.techreports | | Telecomm |news |clari.nb.telecom | | Telecomm |news |comp.dcom.telecom | | Undernet |news |alt.irc.undernet | | USENET Culture |news |alt.culture.usenet | | USENET Humor |news |alt.humor.best-of-usene| | | |t | | USENET Recovery |news |alt.usenet.recovery | | USENET University |news |alt.uu.future | | WAIS |news |comp.infosystems.wais | | World Wide Web |news |comp.infosystems.www | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Section -5- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY =============================================================================== This section lists useful information sources. For the sake of compactness, the book list here is short. For longer lists, see the online or paper bibliographies available. I've prepared a list of many books and article readings in CMC and computer networking. That file is the CMC December bibliography, listed below. o ONLINE BIBLIOGRAPHIES/SYLLABI-----------------------------------------------+ CMC December |ftp |ftp.rpi.edu |pub/communications/inte| | | |rnet-cmc.bib | CMC Hacker |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get compumed biblio" | CMC Parker |mail |listserv@cmuvm.csv.cmic|"send netstart info" | | |h.edu | | CMC Shedletsky |ftp |tcet.unt.edu |pub/telecomputing-info/| | | |cmc-bibliography.txt | CMC |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get compunet biblio" | CMC Stephen |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get compumed syllabus"| CMC ED Higgins |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get rescmc syllabus" | CMC ED Paulsen |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get disted2 biblio" | CMC ED Rice |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get cmced biblio" | CMC Study Review |ftp |tcet.unt.edu |pub/telecomputing-info/| | | |cmc-study-review.txt | CSCW Bibliography |ftp |ftp.cpsc.ucalgary.ca |pub/CSCWbibliography/RE| | | |ADME | Ed Tech/England |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get EdTel biblio" | Electronic Serials |ftp |infolib.murdoch.edu.au |pub/bib/bailey.bib | Email 1/Thelen |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get email 1 biblio" | Email 2/Thelen |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get email 2 biblio" | FYI Bibliography |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/fyi_03.tx| | | |t | IAT Internet Bib |ftp |gandalf.iat.unc.edu |user/home/anonftp/guide| | | |s/irg-14.txt | Info Nets/Newby |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get InfoNet Syllabus" | Information Soc |ftp |etext.archive.umich.edu|pub/CuD/cud/cud5.68 | Internet Bks Review |mail |listserv@ubvm.cc.buffal|"GET NETTRAIN REVIEWS N| | |o.edu |ETTRAIN" | Internet Bks Quarterma|ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/rfc/rfc1432.t| n | | |xt | Internet/NREN Pugh |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get internet biblio" | Intro Internetworking |ftp |nic.merit.edu |documents/fyi/fyi_19.tx| | | |t | Network Reading List |ftp |ftp.utexas.edu |pub/netinfo/reading-lis| | | |t/net-read.txt | Networked Info Bib |ftp |infolib.murdoch.edu.au |pub/bib/stanton.bib | New User's Bib |mail |listserv@ubvm.cc.buffal|"GET NEWUSERS FAQ NETTR| | |o.edu |AIN" | New User's Bib (ftp) |ftp |sluaxa.slu.edu |pub/millesjg/newusers.f| | | |aq | Telecom/Newby |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"get Telecomm Syllabus"| WAIS Bibliography |ftp |infolib.murdoch.edu.au |pub/bib/lincoln.bib | WWW Bib |http |info.cern.ch |hypertext/WWW/Bibliogra| | | |phy.html 80 | o SPECIAL ISSUES/JOURNALS ON NETWORKS/CMC-------------------------------------+ Communications of the ACM (1991) Collaborative computing issue. Volume 34, numb er 12, December. Communication Research (1987) Special issue on Theories of Organizations and In formation Technology. Volume 14, number 5, October. Communication Yearbook (1989) Issues and Concepts in Research on Computer-Media ted Communication Systems. Volume 12, chapter 8. EJC/REC V3N2 |mail |comserve@vm.its.rpi.edu|"send EJCTOC V3N293" | Internet Business Journal (1993) Special Issue on Internet Advertising. Volume 1, numbers 3/4, September/October 1993. Journal of Communication (1989) Issue on computer communication affecting socia l power distribution. Volume 39, number 3. Online Access (1993) Issue on the Internet. October. The Serials Librarian (1991) Issue on technology and information for serials. V olume 21, numbers 2/3. Serials Review (1992) Issue on Economic Models for Networked Information. Volum e 18, numbers 1-2. Scientific American (1991) Issue on computer networks. Volume 265, number 3, Se ptember 1991. The South Atlantic Quarterly (1993) Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture. Volume 92, number 4, Fall 1993. Wall Street Journal (1993) A Report on Technology. Volume CCXXII, number 96, No vember 15, 1993. Section R. Written Communication (1991) Issue on computers, language, and writing. Volume 8, number 1, January. o BOOKS: a selected listing of particularly useful books.---------------------+ - BIBLIOGRAPHIES------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Burge, Elizabeth (1992) Computer Mediated Communication and Education: A Select ed Bibliography. Toronto, Ontario: Distance Learning Office, Ontario Instit ute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor St W, Romiszowski, A. J. (1992) Computer-mediated communication: a selected bibliogra phy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. - THE INTERNET--------+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Cronin, Mary J. (1993) Doing business on the Internet: how the electronic highw ay is transforming American companies. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Braun, Eric. (1994) The Internet Directory. New York: Fawcett Columbine. Dern, Daniel P. (1994) The Internet Guide for New Users. New York: McGraw-Hill. Estrada, Susan (1993) Connecting to the Internet: An O'Reilly Buyer's Guide. Se bastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates. Falk, Bennett. (1994) The Internet Roadmap. San Francisco: Sybex. Glister, Paul A. (1993) The Internet navigator: a new user's guide to network e xploration. New York: Wiley. Hahn, Harley and Rick Stout (1994) The Internet Complete Reference. New York: O sborne McGraw-Hill. Hahn, Harley (1993) A Student's Guide to Unix. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hardie, Edward T. L. and Vivian Neou (1993) Internet: mailing lists. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kehoe, Brendan (1994) Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Krol, Ed (1992) The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog. Sebastopol, CA: O' Reilly and Associates. Lambert, Steve and Howe, Walt. (1994) Internet Basics: Your Online Access to th e Global Electronic Superhighway. New York: Random House. Lane, Elizabeth S. and Craig Summerhill (1992) An Internet primer for informati on professionals: a basic guide to Internet networking technology. Westport , CT: Meckler. LaQuey, Tracy with Jeanne C. Ryer. Foreword by Al Gore. (1992) The Internet com panion: a beginner's guide to global networking. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesle y. Lynch, Daniel C. and Marshall T. Rose., Eds. (1993) Internet System Handbook. R eading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Malamud, Carl. (1993) Exploring the Internet: a Technical Travelogue. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Rose, Marshall T. (1993) The Internet Message: Closing the Book with Electronic Mail. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PTR Prentice Hall. Fisher, Sharon (1993) Riding the Internet Highway. Carmel, IN: New Riders. Smith, Richard and Mark Gibbs (1993) Navigating the Internet. SAMS Publishing. Tennant, Roy, John Ober, and Anne G. Lipow (1993) Crossing the Internet Thresho ld: An Instructional Handbook. Berkeley, CA: Library Solutions Press. Quarterman, John (1994) The Internet connection: system connectivity and config uration. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. - COMPUTER NETWORKS---+-------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Adams, Rick and Frey, Donnalyn. (1993) !%@:: A Directory of Mail Addressing and Networks, 3rd Ed. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates. Kessler, Gary C. (1990) ISDN: concepts, facilities, and services. New York: McG raw-Hill. LaQuey, Tracy L., ed. (1990) The User's Directory of Computer Networks. Bedford , MA: Digital Press. Li, Xia and Nancy B. Crane. (1993) Electronic style: a guide to citing electron ic information. Westport, CT: Meckler. McClure, Charles R., Ann P. Bishop, Philip Doty, and Howard Rosenbaum. (1991) T he National Research and Education Network (NREN): Research and Policy Pers pectives. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Motorola Codex. (1992) The Basics Book of Information Networking. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Quarterman, John S. (1990) The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Syste ms Worldwide. Bedford, MA: Digital Press. - COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION---------------------+-----------------------+ Chesebro, James W. and Donald G. Bonsall. (1989) Computer-mediated communicatio n: human relationships in a computerized world. Tuscaloosa: University of A labama Press. Dunlop, Charles and Rob Kling, eds. (1991) Computerization and Controversy: Val ue Conflicts and Social Choices. Academic Press. Gattiker, U. E., ed. (1992) Technology-mediated communication. Berlin; New York : W. de Gruyter. Harasim, Linda M. (1993) Global networks: computers and international communica tion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hiltz, Starr Roxanne and Murray Turoff. (1993) The Networked Nation: Human Comm unication via Computer. Rev. Ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Lea, Martin, ed. (1992) Contexts of computer-mediated communication. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Mason, Robin and Anthony Kaye., eds. (1989) Mindweave: Communication, Computers , and Distance Education. New York: Pergamon Press. Rapaport, Matthew. (1991) Computer mediated communications : bulletin boards, c omputer conferencing, electronic mail, and information retrieval. New York: Wiley. Rheingold, Howard. (1993) The Virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Sproull, Lee and Sara Kiesler. (1991) Connections: New Ways of Working in the N etworked Organization. MIT Press. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Section -6- DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS =============================================================================== Internet-cmc informatidescribes the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communicatio n list Internet-cmc tips.....describes tips for using the Internet and Computer-Mediat ed Communication list Gold in Networks!.....a description of gold nuggets in the network, by J. Marti n Hitchikers Guide......describes the Internet (circa September 1989), by Ed Krol Internet Index........The Internet Index [Inspired by `Harper's Index'], by Win Treese New User's Questions..answers questions commonly asked by new users, by Malkin and Marine Surfing the Internet..a narrative of what the Internet has to offer, by Jean Ar mour Polly What is the Internet?.by Krol and Hoffman Internet Services FAQ.The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) list for alt.interne t.services Usenet newsgroup AARNet Guide..........Australian Network Sites and Resources Guide AARNet User Guide.....Australian Network User's Guide Big Dummy's Guide.....written by Adam Gaffin for the Electronic Frontier Founda tion Big Dummy Web.........Big Dummy's Guide in HTML Big Dummy Search......search the Big Dummy Guide CERFNet Guide.........by the California Education and Research Federation Netwo rk Desktop Internet......a DOS hypertext reference to the Internet. De Presno Guide.......a shareware book, `The Online World' (long) DDN New User Guide....Defense Data Network guide for new users Infopop...............a WINHELP (hypertext) guide to the Internet, Compuserve, BBS systems, and more Internet Companion(parA Beginner's Guide to Global Networking by Tracey LaQuey Internet Guide........A guide to Internet/Bitnet, by Dana Noonan Meng's................Holistic Guide to the Internet NSF Resource Guide....National Science Foundation Guide to Internet Resources NWNet Internet Guide..NorthWestNet's User Service Internet Resource Guide NYSERNet Internet GuidNew York State Education and Research Network Guide to th e Internet SURANet Internet Guideupdated as infoguide.MM-YR.txt SURFnet Guide.........SURFnet is the Dutch academic network Agricultural Guide....Not Just Cows, by Wilfred Drew Library Resources.....Strategies for Selection and use, Ed. Laine Farley BUBL..................The Bulletin Board for Libraries The Dos Internet Kit..public domain programs that enable Ethernet or serially-c onnected PCs to access Internet services, by Dean Pentche ff Internet Beginner.....The Beginner's Guide to the Internet, a DOS-based tutoria l, by Pat Suarez Internet Cruise.......A Cruise of the Internet, computer-based tutorial for Int ernet navigators, DOS or Mac formats Internet Explorer's Kia hypertext system about the Internet for DOS, by Ernest Perez Internet Hunt.........a game for learning about Internet resources Internet Hunt Gopher..Hunt Questions, Results, and Comments Internet Navigating...Navigating the Internet Workshop List, by Richard J. Smit h Internet Mining.......workshops and electronic event Internet Safari.......A Classroom User's Guide to the Internet, by Yvonne Marie Andres Competencies..........Competencies for Electronic Information Services, by John Corbin Gopherin..............a course for cyberspace HWGUIDE...............A hypertext version of Noonan's Guide to Internet/Bitnet LeJeune Course........course materials and files, by Urban A. LeJeune Milles................An Introduction to Using the Internet at St. Louis Univer sity School of Law Monsarrat.............Internet Course for Basic or Serious Level Navigating............an interactive workshop, by Richard J. Smith Newcastle/Tyne........Network Training Materials and Related Documentation Schneider Bib.........A bibliography of Internet Training Materials, by Karen S chneider Start.................Where to Start for New Internet Users, by James Milles Trainmat..............Training Materials Gopher Trainpack.............repository of training and training-related materials Wheeler...............Internet Training handouts written by Bill Wheeler Unix Help.............Novalinks's Unixhelp for users VAX/VMS Networking....Beginner's Guide to Networking on the VAX/VMS, by Lucia R uedenberg Internet Growth.......charts showing the Internet's past and projected growth, by Texas Internet Consulting Internet History......Master's Thesis, Henry Edward Hardy Internet Monthly Repormonthly communications to the Internet Research Group Internet Statistics...NSF Statistics about Internet use Merit.................network information center Merit Gopher..........network information center NIC/DDN...............Network Information Center/Defense Data Network InterNic Telnet.......Directory and Database Services Telnet Interface InterNIC Ftp..........ftp archives for InterNIC InternNIC via email...Mail service InterNIC Gopher.......information server for Internet Network Information Cente r Internet Web Text.....an index to the Internet's resources, John December GNN's Internet........Internet information from Global Network Navigator Nova Links............Nova Southeastern University, in Ft. Lauderdale Florida Stanford..............Stanford Medical School Internet Page NCIH..................North Carolina Information Highway NOSC Page.............list of Internet-related sources, by Richard Bocker Yale..................General Overview of Worldwide Internet Resources ACM Gopher............Association of Computing Machinery's information server ALAWON archive........files from American Library Association CNI Gopher............Coalition for Networked Information, promotes creation of and access to information resources in networked environ ments CNI search............Coalition for Networked Information search server Communications Res CenCommunications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada CERN..................European Laboratory for Particle Physics, Geneva, Switzer land, (and birthplace of the World-Wide Web) EFF Gopher............A gopher information server for the Electronic Frontier F oundation HCI ftp site..........Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) bibliography repository HCI Launching Pad.....Human-Computer Interaction HPCC Office Web Page..the National Coordination Office (NCO) for High Performan ce Computing and Communications ICSI..................The International Computer Science Institute IEEE Gopher...........Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer's inform ation server IEEE Tech.............Portfolio of Emerging Technologies ISOC Gopher...........the Internet Society's Information server HelpNet Archives......reference base for new users to the Internet HPCWire...............The High-Performance Computing news and information servi ce, covering workstations through supercomputers Introducing the InternMerit's Directory of miscellaneous introductory Internet information Library of Congress...a directory of Internet User Guides LIT...................Laboratoire d'Informatique Technique Mem U of Newfoundland.Venturing into the Internet collection MetaCenter............National MetaCenter for Computational Science and Enginee ring Meta Net Gopher.......support for groups and individuals who use The Meta Netwo rk MSU Net and DB........Network and Database Resources (CWIS, gopher, electronic info.) MSEN Gopher...........MSEN offers Usenet and Internet Connectivity NEARnet...............New England Academic and Research Network NIST Web Page.........National Institute of Standards and Technology WWW Home P age NIST Gopher...........National Institute of Standards and Technology Gopher NYSERnet..............New York State Education and Research Network OPTOLINK..............an expanding set of online services offered to the scient ific and engineering communities by The International Soc iety for Optical Engineering (SPIE) PSGnet/RAINet.........networking in the developing world, low-cost networking t ools, computer networking in general Singapore DMC.........Digital Media Centre (DMC) Mosaic Home Page Software Tool and Die.The World, online service for dialup access to the Intern et SRI's Network Info....SRI International SURAnet...............Southeastern Universities Research Association Network SWITCHinfo............Swiss Network Telecomm Archives.....files about telecommunications, from the Usenet group com p.dcom.telecom UNC's Sunsite.........Univ of North Carolina's collection USENET Repository.....collection of FAQ's and files from Usenet newsgroups USENET Periodic Postinlist of Usenet periodic postings UUNET archive.........UUNET Communications Services collection UWO's NIC.............Univ of Western Ontario's Network Information Centre Washington and Lee....Explore Internet Resources WATERS................Wide Area Technical Report Service Cyberpoet Guide.......cyberpoet's Guide to Virtual culture---a multipart guide to the electronic frontier, by John Frost Freeside FAQ..........Meng surfs the Internet Gopher Jewels.........subject-oriented gopher list Gopher Jewels..........links format Gopher Jewels Index...lists of files available about Gopher Jewels Hypermedia/Internet...Hypermedia and the Internet, by David Green Internet Handbook.....a list of RFCs by subject and category Information Sources...the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication Internet Meta-Index...Internet Resources Meta-Index, by Marc Andreessen Internet Reviews......reviews of Internet resources Joel's List...........Joel's Hierarchical Subject Index MaasInfo Indexes......The index of indexs of Internet online files, by Robert E lton Maas May List..............lists telnet sites/services, by CC May Must Have List........List of five `must have' Internet Resources Networking Overview...Overview of information available Planet Earth..........planet earth home page, a list of things on the Internet, by Richard Bocker Smith's BigFun List...telnet, ftp, and other sites, by Jeremy Smith ThesisNet FAQ.........a summary of academic resources pertaining to cyberspace Yale Overview.........General Overview of Worldwide Internet Resources Yanoff's Services ListSpecial Internet Connects, by Scott Yanoff Yanoff List HTML......Hyptertext markup language version of Yanoff's list WWW Pages.............A collection of WWW Home pages, by Oliver McBryan Best of Web...........will contain a gallery of best of Web Award Winnters Internet Browsers.....Sources for Internet Browsers and Client Software Internet Tools EARN...guide to network resource tools, by European Academic Res earch Network Association Internet Tools NIR....A status report on networked information retrieval tools and groups, by Joint IETF/RARE/CNI Networked Information Retrieval Working Group Internet Tools/DecembeHTML version of a list summarizing Internet tools and for ums, by John December Internet Tools/Decembea list summarizing Internet tools and forums, by John Dec ember Internet Systems UNITEa list of Internet tools and systems, by User Network Int erface To Everything Gopher Jewels Search..Search the Gopher Jewels JumpStation...........referencing the information available on the World Wide W eb NorthStar.............search indexes the headers of World Wide Web documents SUSI..................Simplified Universal Search Interface BITFTP................obtain files via anonymous ftp on Bitnet CARL Systems..........databases for article access and delivery Correct Time/NBS......tells National Bureau of Standards correct time ENewsstand............information provided by U.S.magazine publishers ENewsstand gopher.....information provided by U.S.magazine publishers Email FTP.............get files at anonymous ftp sites via email. Email Gopher..........use a gopher via email Email Gopher..........use a gopher via email Email WWW.............obtain a web file (e.g., http) via email; URL = Uniform r esource locator Email Usenet..........post to newsgroup via email FAXNET................FAX's via email ($) Finger database.......Access to a database facility via finger Hytelnet..............assists users in reaching Internet libraries, Free-nets, CWISs, BBSs, and other information sites by telnet Internet Marketing....by the Internet Company Knowbot...............provides a uniform user interface to heterogeneous remote information services Mail name server......gives email information about many email names (e.g. IP a ddress given name) Softlock..............selling freely-copyable computer programs and documents WorldWindow...........a service of the Washington University Libraries CERT..................Computer Emergency Response Team at Carnegie Mellon Univ. FidoNet News..........archives of the newsgroup comp.org.fidonet FidoNet Nodes.........a list of systems with FidoNet FidoNet Gateway.......How to use the UUCP/Fido-Net Gateway INET 93...............Proceedings of the INET '93 conference International Connect.International Connectivity Table, by Larry Landweber Internet Country CodesFAQ about country codes Internet Domain Names.Relationship of Telex Answerback Codes to Internet Domain s Internet Root Domain..lists of Internet hosts Internet Security.....GAO report on Computer Security (June 1989) InterNetwork Mail.....methods of sending mail from one network to another, by J ohn Chew and Scott Yanoff Intro TCP/IP..........describes the Internet protocols List of FTP Sites.....list of Internet sites accepting anonymous ftp (December 1991), by Jon Granrose PSGnet/RAINet info....networking in developing world, low-cost tools, networkin g in general NREN Information......Merit's directory of National Research and Education Netw ork information NREN Recompetition....contains information about the recompetition of the NSFNE T backbone project SDSC Appl Net Res Grouactivities of the San Diego Supercomputer Center Applied Network Research group. Sprintlink............FTP site for Sprint's networking activities Sprintlink Gopher.....Sprint's internetworking activities and networking inform ation USENET Maps...........Maps of Usenet news feeds/backbones BBS Internet List.....Zamfield's Wonderfully Incomplete, Complete Internet BBS List Community Networks....information about community networks, by Arthur R. McGee Connecting to InternetWhat Connecting Institutions Should Anticipate Freenet papers........papers about network public access FSLIST................the Forgotten Sites List of public access Internet sites, by Louis Raphael Global Networks.......an archive for documents to bring the network to lesser-d eveloped areas of the world Internet Access Guide.Access Guide to introducing.the.internet, by Ellen Hoffma n Internet Access.......Individual access to Internet, by James Milles Internet Modem........Internet service providers in the US accessible through d ial-up connections from a personal computer, by Genevieve Engel Internet Providers....All Providers Alphabetically Internet Providers NonNon-US Internet Providers K12 Access............documents of California Education Network (CENet) Technic al Planning Committee NII...................National Information Infrastructure Network Startup.......NSF-sponsored Network Startup Resource Center PDIAL.................The Public Dialup Internet Access List, by Peter Kaminski NIXPUB................Public/Open Access UNIX, by Bux Technical Services Registering on the NetTransition and Modernization of the Internet Registration Service, by S. Williamson Rural Nets............Rural Datafication Project SEA Community Network.Seattle's community networks PSI...................Performance Systems International, dial-up Internet acces s Pipline...............NYC-based Internet gateway TMN...................The Meta Network The World.............public access Unix M-Net.................Michigan Freenet Cleveland.............the Cleveland Free-net Digital City..........de Digitale Stad, Amsterdam, Netherlands Nyx...................The Spirit of the Night NCF...................National Capital (Canada) Freenet NS*CAN................Nova Scotia, Canada Cataloging Internet Reexplores how to catalog electronic information, by Prisci lla Caplan CHAT..................Conversational Hypertext Access Technology, natural-langu age interface CHAT..................natural language interface to information CNI...................Coalition for Networked Information Doc Center............Document Center, a hard copy document delivery service fo r government and industry specifications and standards DIMUND................Document Understanding Information and Resources DIMUND FTP............Document Understanding FTP Archives CNI TopNode Project...part of CNI's Directories and Resource Information Servic es Working Group CNI Gopher............Coalition for Networked Information Gopher CNIDR Gopher..........Coalition for Networked Information Discovery and Retriev al Gopher CNIDR Web Page........Coalition for Networked Information Discovery and Retriev al Home Page IAFA..................Internet Anonymous FTP Archives Working Group Library Special.......Library special collections on the internet NIR Archives..........Networked Information Retieval NIR Gopher............Networked Information Retrieval Gopher OCLC Research.........Toward Providing Library Services for CMC Retrieval success.....successful stories of using the Internet for reference, b y Karen Schneider UNITE Archive.........User Network Interface To Everything URI Archive...........transcript of Uniform Resource discussion list UWI...................UnderWorld Industries, nodes that wish to share informati on with other UWI nodes CSOIRG Home Page......The Clearinghouse for Subject-Oriented Internet Resource Guides Dartmouth Merged SIGL.Special Interest Group Lists Electronic ConferencesDirectory of Scholarly Electronic Conferences, by Diane K . Kovacs Electronic Zines/Jrl..An Index to Electronic Journals and Zines Electronic Journals...Directory of Electronic Journals and Newsletters, by Mic hael Strangelove Electronic Magazines..an archive of various electronic magazines EZines List...........summary of electronically-accessible zines, by John Labov itz EZines Web............summary of electronic zines by John Labovitz EINet Galaxy..........a guide to world-wide information and services Finding Lists.........how to find LISTSERV lists Free Databases........a catalog databases that are available without payment Interest Groups List..The Lists of Lists, a listing of special interest group m ailing lists available on the Interne Library Access Script.a script to login to online card catalogs Library Guide.........Accessing on-line Bibliographic Databases, by Billy Barro n and Marie-Christine Mahe Library Catalogs Noonaa list of academic and public library catalogs online, by Dana Noonan Library Catalogs St GeInternet - Accessible Library Catalogs and Databases, Art St. George and Ron Larsen Online books..........On-line books Online bibs...........On-line Bibliographies and Journal Contents Online journals.......On-line Journals Subject Guides........subject-specific Internet Resource Guides collected by UM ich Subject Guides........UMich collection via gopher Subject Guides........UMich's collection via WWW Technical Reports.....technical reports archive Virtual Tourist.......geographical directory of WWW Information Services WAIS sources..........a brief description of the content of many WAIS sources o n the Internet, grouped into relevant categories Berklee...............College of Music CERL..................The CERL Sound Group (U of IL) Internet Sound........various documents and programs having to do with sound Internet Talk Radio...by Carl Malamud Internet Multicasting FAQ for the Internet Multicasting Service Internet Multicasting Home page for the Internet Multicasting Service Multicast Backbone....live audio and video multicast Virtual network on top of Internet Say...................Text->Audio (translate text to sound) CGU (Manchester, UK)..The Computer Graphics Unit - Research GA Tech Graphics......Georgia Institute of Technology's Graphics, Visualization , + Usability Center Multimedia Index......Multimedia Information Sources, by Simon Gibbs Multimedia Survey.....A Survey of Distributed Multimedia Research, Standards an d Products, by RARE Multimedia Lab BU.....Multimedia Laboratory at Boston University MIT Media Lab.........access to Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media L ab MIT Telemedia.........Telemedia, Networks, and Systems Group Scientific VisualizatiAnnotated Scientific Visualization URL Bibliography TX A+M Media Lab......Texas A and M Hypermedia Research Lab VSR...................Virtual Shared Reality Project CBC Home Page.........Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC Gopher............Canadian Broadcasting Corporation gopher ClariNet..............complete electronic newspaper delivered via net nets Cyberspace Report.....a public affairs radio show aired on KUCI, 88.9 FM in Irv ine, California Media BBS.............Media BBS List, broadcasting/journalism BBS list, by Mark S. Leff MTV...................Adam Curry's server of Music information and news NBC News..............NBC nightly news comments/questions NPR Weekend Ed........US National Public Radio Weekend Edition -- Weekend and S unday ONLY NPR Talk/Nation.......US National Public Radio Talk of the Nation NPR Science Friday....US National Public Radio Science Friday Program PWN...................PeaceNet World News Service Journalism............Journalism List of Internet Resources, by John S. Makulow ich Satellite.............The Satellite TV Page VOA...................Voice of America (USA) Computer Network Conf.A Discussion on Computer Network Conferencing, by D. Reed Hypermedia/Internet...Hypermedia and the Internet Interactive Geo.......Interactive Geographical Index, a way for people to mark where they are Internet Relay Chat(IRreal-time, many-many text discussion divided into channel s Free for All..........an experiment in a networked hypermedia group bulletin bo ard Multiple User Dialoguereal-time interaction usually for social role-playing MUD Lists.............The Totally Unofficial List of Internet Muds MUD Page..............Experimental MUD WWW Page, by Russ Smith LISTSERV managing.....How to Start and Manage a BITNET LISTSERV Discussion Grou p, by Kovacs, McCarty, and Kovacs LISTSERV searching....Quick Start Guide to Searching the CARR-L Archives LISTSERV tips.........List Management Tips for LISTSERV Postmasters and List Ow ners, by Lisa M. Covi Email Services........a list of serves available via email, by David DeSimone Email Understanding...special issue of Univ of IL newsletter describing electro nic mail Email 101.............describes how to use email as well as other Internet feat ures, by John Goodwin College Email addresseinformation on email addresses at colleges Finding Email addressehow do I find someone's email address? MetaMail..............multimedia MIME..................Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIME overview.........Internet Multimedia Mail with MIME, Emerging Standards fo r Interoperability, by Nathaniel S. Borenstein Pine email............a Program for Internet News and Email PGP Mail..............Pretty Good Privacy, a public key encryption package PEM...................Privacy Enhanced Email Activism..............a collection of various online resources about activism Anonymity FAQ.........Anonymity on the Internet African...............a collection of various online resources about African is sues APC...................Association for Progressive Communications Artwork...............OTIS project to collect online art ASCII Art.............A FAQ about ASCII art, by Jorn Barger BABEL 94..............a listing of computer-orientated abbreviations and acrony ms, by Irving Kind Bordeaux and Prague...illustrated fictions of both an artistic and a theoretica l nature CTI...................Centre for Textual Studies, Oxford Community Nets........collection of papers about Community Computer Networks ri ghts and access Community Nets........weekly report attempts to follow the changing nature of c ommunity based and oriented activities on the internet Computer Jargon searchsearch the jargon file on WWW Computer Jargon.......The Jargon File (the definitive compendium of hacker slan g) Computer Underground..The Social Organization of the Computer Underground, an M S Thesis by Gordon R. Meyer Computing Dictionary..The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing Coombs Papers.........science and humanities papers, bibliographies, directorie s, theses abstracts and other high-grade research materia l CPET..................Catalogue of Projects in Electronic Text Cyber Papers..........EFF's collection of cyberspace-related papers Cyberpunk FAQ.........from the Usenet newsgroup alt.cyberpunk EStyle................review of the book *Electronic Style* by Xia Li and Nancy Crane, by Peter Graham Electronic Text.......Catalogue of projects in electronic text, Center for Text and Technology Electronic Word.......Democracy, Technology, and the Arts, by Richard A. Lanham English Server........examine the possibilities of collaborative, community-run communications FineArt Forum.........a newsletter about online art Friends + Partners....USA and Russia information and communication FreeNet93.............international conference on community networking August 1 8 and 19, 1993, in Ottawa Future Culture........FutureCulture FAQ, or Cyberography, is maintained by Andy Hawks Gender................a collection of various online resources about gender iss ues Gender Issues.........Gender Issues in Computer Networking, by Leslie Regan Sha de Humanities............Ad Hoc Steering Committee of the National Initiative for Humanities and Arts Computing Indigenous............a collection of various online resources about indigenous peoples issues Internet demographics.a survey by Texas Internet Consulting Internet Glossary.....Internet-specific terms defined Internet Wiretap......electronic books and information Internet Wiretap Gopheelectronic books and information Latin.................a collection of various online resources about Latin issu es MTV...................music-oriented information server run by Adam Curry Net Rights............Bill of Rights and Responsibilities for the Electronic Co mmunity of Learners Net Ethics............Ethics and the Internet Net Etiquette Guide...by Arlene H. Rinaldi Netizen Anthology.....The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net--an antho logy, Ronda Hauben, Micahel Hauben Netizen Paper.........by Michael Hauben, The Net and Netizens Networking............Networking on the Network, by Phil Agre Oxford Archive........Oxford Text Archive Post-Gutenberg Galaxy.The Fourth Revolution in the Means of Production of Knowl edge, by Steven Harnad Privacy...............archive about network privacy, from usenet group alt.priv acy Reasons for NII.......Federation of American Research Networks (FARNet) Network Stories for 51 Reasons to Build the National Information Infrastructure Smiley Dictionary.....unofficial list of smilies Smileys...............a smiley server by David W. Sanderson Togethernet...........on-line information and communication network for sustain able planetary future Tribe.................an email list for no purpose but for gathering people tog ether Usenet................Searching for the Leviathan in Usenet, by Rich MacKinnon Virtual Community.....A Slice of Life in My Virtual Community, by Howard Rheing old Taking/Web............Taking Over the Web, An agenda for re-colonizing the Inte rnet with the general population The WELL..............Small Town on the Internet Highway UWI Cultural Play.....UWI's Web's Edge/UnderWorld Industries' Cultural Playgrou nd Writer's Resources....Internet Writer Resources, Compiled/Edited/Maintained by L. Detweiler AskERIC...............automated information outlet for ERIC system AskERIC Cows..........web server for ERIC educational resources Bell-TCI..............Bell Atlantic-TCI project Bell Atlantic.........Bell Atlantic gopher CAF FTP Archive.......Computers and Academic Freedom Archive CAF Web Page..........Computers and Academic Freedom Web Page CAUSE gopher..........association for managing and using information technology in higher education CWIS List.............Campus-Wide Info Systems list CWIS Paper............Campus-Wide Info Systems by Judy Hallman Cyberion City.........Virtual environment built by schoolchildren Distance Ed DB........A database from the International Centre for Distance Lea rning at the UK Open University Diversity U...........Diversity University, an experiment in interactive learni ng through internet Education Gopher......Florida Tech's collection of educational resources Educator's Email......An Educator's Guide to E-Mail Lists Educator's USENET.....Ednet Guide to Usenet Newsgroups Empire Schoolhouse....Empire Internet Schoolhouse, a selection of K-12 resource s, projects and discussion groups High school/Internet..a case study of an east central Florida high school, by M ichael Anthony Gallos to the internet IAT...................Institute for Academic technology (IBM and UNC) IAT archive...........Institute for Academic technology ftp site IKE...................IBM Kiosk for Education Incomplete Guide K12..Internet and other telecommunications opportunities for k -12 Internet and Ed.......by Noel Estabrook IRD/Educators.........Internet Resource Directory for Educators KidLink...............gopher aimed at 10-15 year olds K-12 NREN.............Equity, Access, and a Trojan Horse Learning V............Learning Village, Internet access to schools, by National Public Telecomputing Network and Ameritech Marcopia..............Center for Learning and Instruction MEU BBS...............Mind Extension University Bulletin Board System Networking............Networking on the Network, an essay by Phil Agre NPTN..................National Public Telecomputing Network Online LC.............Mount Allison University's Online Learning Centre--tele-e ducation Scholarly CommunicatioQuarterly Technical Reports Scholary Comm Project.Scholar -- WWW Scholarly Comm/LibrariPublished by The Association of Research Libraries for Th e Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Scholarly Publishing..Model University Policy Regarding Faculty Publication in Scientific and Technical Scholarly Journals A Background Paper and Review of the Issues SME...................Subject Matter Experts -- Opportunity for Online Teaching and Learning Tech/Schools..........Technology Refusal and the Organizational Culture of Scho ols, by Steven Hodas US Dept of Ed.........United States Department of Education USENET University.....an online a society of people interested in learning, tea ching or tutoring Annenberg.............Annenberg School for Communication at the University of P ennsylvania Michigan Tech.........CCLI (Center for Computer-assisted Language Instruction) Syracuse..............School of Information Studies UC-Irvine.............Information and Computer Science ACE...................Americans Communicating Electronically Clinton Information...a collection of presidential and government information Federal Info Resourcesdocuments from the Information Policy Branch, Office of I nformation and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management a nd Budget of the U.S. government Federal Information...Federal Information and the Internet by Anna Keller Fedworld..............a system for government information Fedworld Feasibility..a report on government-wide information locator system by NTIS GILS..................Government Information Locator Service Govt Agencies.........government agencies on the internet Govt Information......Internet Sources of Government Information by Blake Gumpr echt Economic BB...........Commerce Department's Economic Bulletin Board (EBB) Electronic Records....U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Humanities IntitiativeNational Initiative for Humanities and Arts Computing Info Policy...........Information Policy for Electronic Information Resources, by Mary Lou Goodyear Internet Economics....Some Economics of the Internet by Jeffrey K. MacKie-M ason Internet Policy.......What Should We Plan Given the Dilemma of the Network?, by G. Cook Internet Pricing......Pricing the Internet by MacKie-Mason and Varian Internet Public SubsidThe Economic Case for Public Subsidy of the Internet, by Sandra Schickele Library of Congress...Marvel (Machine-Assisted Realization of the Virtual Elect ronic Library) NII FTP...............National Information Infrastructure NII BBS...............The White House Information Infrastructure Task Force BBS NII Gopher............The White House Information Infrastructure Task Force BBS NII Dialup............The White House Information Infrastructure Task Force BBS Open Platform.........Public Policy for the Information Age, EFF US Fed Govt...........Internet resources for U.S. Federal Government Informatio n, by Maggie Parhamovich ALMANAC...............A service for multi-media document and information delive ry and database functions Comserve..............online service for human communication research Concise...............database about networks, networking tools and projects HCIBIB................A mail-based retrieval system interface to a database rel ated to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). RFCs via mail.........Request For Comments--documents about various issues for discussion, covering a broad range of networking issues. Virtual Work BBS......Virtual Workplace Bulletin Board CBNVEE................educational environments using networked Virtual reality software CMC...................Computer-Mediated Communication Comserve Hotline Cypherpunks...........mailing list archive--encryption, remailers, etc. Cypherwonks...........general cutting-edge `cyberspatial development' projects such as in cryptography, digital cash, and `electronic de mocracy' EduTel................Comserve Hotline use of computers in education EDTECH................Educational Technology Interpedia............a public-domain Internet encylopedia IAMCRNet..............Comserve Hotline International Association for Mass Comm unication Research Network CNI-DIRECTORIES.......Coalition for Networked Information Directories. FUTUREC...............FutureCulture e-list HELP-NET..............For people new to the Internet HYTEL-L...............announcements of new versions of the popular HYTELNET pro gram InterNIC Announce.....announcements list for Internet Network Information Cente r InterNIC Net Resourcesresources only, low volume InterNIC NICS.........Internet Network Information Center Network Information C enters list InterNIC Net Happeningconferences, publications, political news, resources, new sletters, etc. Interpedia............an online Internet encyclopedia IPCT-L................The Interpersonal Computing and Technology List, issues i n education, especially networking and computing. IRVC-L................foster, ecourage, advance, and communicate research on vi rtual culture LM_NET................A World-Wide Discussion Group For School Library Media Pe ople MEDIA-L...............Media in Education NETTRAIN..............a discussion list about training/support of others in usi ng the resources available on Bitnet and Internet. Net Happenings Archivesearch net-happenings mailing list archive NEW-LIST..............discusses new LISTSERV mailing lists. NewJour-L.............new electronic journals/newsletters NewNIR-L..............announcements of new Network Information Retrieval and On line Public Access Catalogue Services NII Regional..........National Information Infrastructure (USA) Regional Projec t Development NIR...................Network Information Retrieval. List dedicated to studyin g networked information retrieval tools and processes. OCLC-JOURNALS.........OCLC electronic journal publishing Online-news...........online newspapers and magazines UNITE.................interface to all network services.ng. theme RESODLAA..............distance education and open learning research RITIM-L...............Research Institute for Telecommunications and Information Marketing discussion list SCHOLAR...............text analysis and natural language processing, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation TECHNET...............Technical Support for Education and Research Technomads............wireless, mobile data comm networks TEI...................Text Encoding Initiative, issues relating to text encodin g and SGML ThesisNet.............criticism of works-in-progress related to all aspects of human interaction with and within cyberspace VPIEJ-L...............Electronic publishing issues, especially Scholarly Electr onic Journals WWW courseware........new or existing educational applications of the World-Wid e Web WWW literature........new or existing literary resources/works on the World-Wid e Web ALAWON................American Library Association (ALA) Online Newsletter Bits and Bytes........a weekly electronic newsletter about miscellaneous high-t ech issues Boardwatch............Boardwatch Magaine BBS, voice line for information CETH Newsletter.......Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities, Princeton and Rutgers Chaos Corner..........Dr. Chaos's random and interesting things about computers , networks, and other things Chaos Digest..........frauds, hacking, swapping, legislation Cook Report($)........a monthly newsletter on NREN, National Information Infras tructure, and Internet commercialization CPU...................electronic journal for computer industry workers Cu-Digest.............technical, social, ethical, legalekly electronic journal/ newsletter devoted to many computing issues Current Cites.........A journal which provides citations and brief annotations for articles from 30 journals in networks and information and computer technology DECNEWS...............from Digital Equipment Corporation's Education Business U nit for the education and research communities worldwide EDUPAGE...............summary of information technology news Effector Online.......Electronic Frontier Foundation Newsletter EJC/REC...............Electronic Journal of Communication/La Revue Electronique de Communication Covers communication theory, research, practice, and policy EPIN..................Electronic Public Information Newsletter EJournal..............Concerned with implications of electronic networks and te xts EJournal Archive......back issues of EJournal EJVC..................Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture, communicate schola rly thought on aspects of Virtual [CMC] culture. Fed Comm Law J........Federal Communications Law Journal Web Page GNN...................Global Network Navigator HOTT-LIST.............(Hot Off The Tree) advances in computer, communications, and electronics technology HPC SELECT NEWS.......The Electronic News Magazine for High-Performance Computi ng INFOBITS..............electronic service of the Institute for Academic Technolo gy's Information Resources Group INFOSYS...............The Electronic Newsletter for Information Systems InterText.............an electronically distributed magazine of fiction JASBITS...............A newsletter of miscellaneous net information, editor Jam es A. Squires Netweaver.............The Newsletter of the Electronic Networking Association Nets and Comm.........Networks and Community, a newsletter of FUTURE DATA DISTED................Online Journal of Distance Education and Communication ConneXions............Newsletter on information on networking IBJ...................Internet Business Journal Internet Review.......An `irregular and on-line journal of new and interesting stuff on the net' Internet World........a paper journal from MecklerMedia Link Letter...........Merit/NSFNET newsletter. LITA Newsletter.......Library and Information Technology Association Matrix News...........(monthly online newsletter, $) Covers crossnetwork issues . MC Journal............The Journal of Academic Media Librarianship Meta..................net community interests--cryptograhy, electronic publishi ng, free software, internet, privacy NETNEWS...............newsletter for network resources by Metronet (St. Paul, M N) PACSR.................The Public-Access Computer Systems Review PACSR Index...........The Public-Access Computer Systems Review Index REACH.................Research and Education Applications of Computers in the H umanities Newsletter Red Rock Eater........Red Rock Eater News Service, Phil Agre's periodic message s about Internet Surfpunk Technical Jou`a dangerous multinational hacker zine originating near B ARRNET in the fashionable western arm of the northern Cal ifornia matrix' TNS...................Telelearning Network Synthesizer, Edited by Tom Copley TidBITS...............a free weekly electronic publication that reports on inte resting products and events in the computer industry Voices................Voices from the Net Magazine Voorhees Reports......court and regulatory developments involving telecommunica tions, intellectual property, and information The WELL..............The Whole Earth Electronic Magazine Wired.................a magazine of cyberspace and technology 3W....................World Wide Web Newsletter ACM SIGCOMM...........Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interes t Group on Communications ASIS..................American Society for Information Science CCN...................The Center for Civic Networking, applying information inf rastructure to the broad public good CIOS..................Communication Institute for Online Scholarship, a non-pro fit organization for online communication scholarship CIX...................Commercial Internet eXchange Association, non-profit trad e association promoting communications services. CME...................Center for Media Education, promotes democratic potential of electronic media. CNI...................Coalition for Networked Information, promotes creation of and access to information resources in networked environ ments CNRI..................Corporation for National Research Initiatives, develop in formation processing technology CoSN..................Consortium for School Networking, helps educators and stu dents access information and communications resources CPSR..................Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, allianc e of computer professionals who discuss the impact of com puter technology on society. CPSR Gopher...........Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, allianc e of computer professionals who discuss the impact of com puter technology on society. CREN..................supports low-cost access to worldwide electronic networki ng for education and research EARN..................European Academic Research Network ECHO..................European Commission Host Organisation EDUCOM................dedicated to the study and access of information technolo gy in higher education and integrating technology into le arning and research EFF...................public interest organization to educate public about comp uter and communication technologies. EFF Web Page..........Electronic Frontier Foundation Web Page ENA...................Electronic Networking Association, promotes electronic ne tworking FARNET................non-profit corporation to advance the use of computer net works for research and education. GNA...................Globewide Network Academy, a non-profit corporation, affi liated with the Usenet University, goal is create an full y accredited online university HPCC Office...........the National Coordination Office (NCO) for High Performan ce Computing and Communications IETF..................Internet Engineering Task Force IGC...................Institute for Global Communications, improving global net work communication and information exchange IRVC..................Institute for Research on Virtual culture ISOC..................The Internet Society, supports the development of the Int ernet and promotes education and applications. ITU...................International Telecommunication Union, a United Nations a gency which coordinates telecommunications MCNC..................electronic and information technologies, private/non-prof it, formerly the Micro-electronics Center of North Caroli na NIIT..................National Information Infrastructure Testbed OSF...................Open Software Foundation RARE..................Reseaux Associes pour la Recherche Europeenne, European n etworking organizations RIPE..................Reseaux IP Europeen, ensures coordination to operate a pa n-European IP network. WAENA.................WideArea Educational Network SEA...................Society for Electronic Access AT+T Web Page.........Web server for AT+T Bell Laboratories Bell Atlantic.........Bell Atlantic FTP site Book Stacks Unlimited.on-line Bookstore and Readers' Conference System Branch................Branch Information Services, advertising and marketing fo r the Intenret Career Connections....recruiting, advertising, and career searching tool CityScape.............CityScape Internet Services, Ltd. Consensus.............software support for collaboration, including groupware Cyberspace Developmentconsulting in building an Internet storefront DEC...................Digital Equipment Corporation, Marketing Home Page D3 Electric Catalog...pc products EIT...................Enterprise Integration Technologies EINet.................a commercial provider of network communication and inform ation services GEMS..................Global Electronic Marketing Service GNN Marketplace.......Global Network Navigator (GNN) Marketplace InterMart.............Mac/PC/Unix software, books, magazines Internet Dist Svs.....electronic publishing and distribution of catalogs and pr oduct information MailCom...............a telecommunications publishing and training firm located in Oakland, California. MarketBase Gopher.....on-line catalog of goods and services MIDS..................Matrix Information and Directory Services, a private cons ulting partnership based in Austin, Texas. NOMA..................National Online Media Association O'Reilly and Assoc....publisher of books for UNIX, open systems, and networking . O'Reilly Resource CentO'Reilly and Associates, Inc. Oslonett..............a Norwegian company providing Internet and Unix services PIPEX.................The Public IP Exchange QMS...................imaging solutions in the area of electronic publishing, a dvanced imaging, office automation Internet.COM..........The Internet Company, consulting in network access and co mmercial use of the Internet MecklerMedia..........publishers of Internet books and conferences NTT Web Page..........Nippon Telegraph and Telephone SCO Web Page..........The Santa Cruz Operation VTLS Web Page.........automation solutions for libraries and other information centers worldwide Wavefront.............graphics for animation Beginners.............for people new to USENET Cu-Digest.............Computer Underground Digest Cyberpunk.............cyberpunk/cyberspace culture and literature FAQs..................Frequently Asked Questions (and answers) Info Sys (new)........Information systems new resources MUDS..................Multiple User Dialogues Undernet..............an alternative to the current EFNet IRC system CMC December..........bibliography of selected readings in CMC and networking, by John December CMC Hacker............CMC bibliography, by Kenneth L. Hacker CMC...................communication CMC Stephen...........description of a CMC course CMC Study Review......Ed CMC, a field study of recent research Ed Tech/England.......for a course, Introduction to Educational Telecommunicati ons Email 1/Thelen........email in social contexts (A-H) Email 2/Thelen........email in social contexts (I-Z) Info Nets/Newby.......course outline and bibliography for a course `Information Networking' Information Soc.......bibliography by Rob Kling Internet Bks Review...reviews of Internet books, from NETTRAIN list Internet/NREN Pugh....an annotated bibliography of the Internet and NREN by Pug h New User's Bib........a short bibliography for new users, from NETTRAIN list Telecom/Newby.........course outline and bibliography for a course entitled `Te lecommunications' WWW Bib...............Bibliography for the World Wide Web EJC/REC V3N2..........Electronic Journal of Communication special issue on CMC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INTERNET SERVICES FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Version 1.7 - 4 February, 1994 Kevin Savetz INTERNET SERVICES FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Version 1.7 - 4 February, 1994 *** WANTED - YOUR FREQUENTLY ASKED INTERNET QUESTIONS AND FREQUENTLY ANSWERED ANSWERS! I have been publishing this FAQ list for seeming eons, and it became clear to me very early on that I need to be very selective as to what questions can be answered herein, lest this document become a 600-page book. Well, Sams publishing has agreed to make it a 600-page book which will be able to cover hundreds of common questions with more thorough answers. For information on how to submit your question for possible inclusion in this book, or if you would like your answer to a FAQ (attributed to you, of course) considered for publication, send e-mail to "faq-book-info@northcoast.net" (message subject/body unimportant). *** CHANGES IN THIS VERSION: 2.7: Clearer info on finding the misc.invest FAQ 2.7: Info on receiving daily stock updates ** 3.4: Updated info on the List of Lists 3.5: Updated info on Internet Business Journal 3.5: added Boardwatch magazine. Dunno why it wasn't there before. *** COPYRIGHT NOTICE This document is Copyright 1993-4 by Kevin M. Savetz. All rights reserved. Permission for non-commercial distribution is hereby granted, provided that this file is distributed intact, including this copyright notice and the version information above. Permission for commercial distribution may be obtained from the editor. SHARE THIS INFORMATION FREELY AND IN GOOD FAITH. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THIS DOCUMENT. *** HOW AM I DRIVING? This document is constantly in transition. If you notice that a frequently asked question is missing, or information herein needs updating, please contact the editor. Text in [square brackets] indicates unanswered questions and problems in this document. If you know the answer or have a comment, e-mail the editor. Please help me out and send it answers to some unanswered questions - for this FAQ, the best answers are _brief_ ones followed by information on where to go for more detailed information. *** TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 0: THE BASICS 0.1: What is the purpose of this document? 0.2: What is alt.internet.services? 0.3: I'm new to the Internet. Where do I start? 0.4: What kind of information is on the Internet? Why isn't there an encyclopedia on the Internet? SECTION 1: WHAT IS...? 1.1: What is Telnet? 1.2: What is anonymous FTP? 1.3: What is Usenet? 1.4: What is finger? 1.5: What is IRC? 1.6: What is Alex/Archie/Gopher/Hytelnet/Netfind/Prospero/ Veronica/WAIS/WHOIS/WWW/X.500? 1.7: What is MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSE, etc.? SECTION 2: HOW DO I...? 2.1: How do I send mail from the Internet to another network? 2.2: How do I access other systems from the Internet? 2.3: How do I contact a service provider? 2.4: How do I find out someone's e-mail address? 2.5: How do I get a name resolved? 2.6: How do I send e-mail to the White House? 2.7: How do I get stock market information? 2.8: How do I access the Library of Congress? SECTION 3: I NEED INFORMATION ABOUT... 3.1: Where can I get Internet access in my area? 3.2: I need a BBS (on the Internet or in my area)! 3.3: Is there a list of all the Internet services? 3.4: How do I get information about the Internet online? 3.5: Are there any magazines about the Internet? 3.6: What's a good book to read for more information about the Internet? SECTION 0: THE BASICS *** 0.1: WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT? The Internet Services Frequently Asked Questions and Answers List (FAQ) is intended to help reduce the number of often asked questions that appear on the newsgroup "alt.internet.services". It helps users with questions by providing instant access to their answers; it helps other readers of the newsgroup, who will have to read fewer of the questions they see over and over again; it helps everyone by (hopefully) reducing bandwidth utilization. This document should help you find answers to frequently asked questions. Usually, the answers are already available on the Net in one or more detailed documents. In these cases, this document will tell the reader where to find the information in question. Thus, when possible, this document will only point you to another document - that one may have the information you need, or it may point you somewhere else. (This may seem annoying at first, but offers multiple benefits. First, it reduces duplicated work. Second, it increases your chances of finding the most current, reliable information. Most importantly, it shows _how_ to find the information you need rather than simply giving you answers. "Teach a man to fish...") This FAQ is purely a volunteer effort. Although every effort has been made to insure that answers are as accurate as possible, no guarantee is implied or intended. The editor and contributors have developed this FAQ as a service to the Internet community. We hope you find it useful. While the editor tries to keep this document current, remember that the Internet is constantly changing, so don't be surprised if you happen across statements which are obsolete. If you do, please send corrections to the editor. Corrections, questions, and comments should be sent to Kevin Savetz at "Savetz@rahul.net" (Internet) or "Savetz" (America Online.) Please indicate what version of this document you are referring to. This file is posted weekly to the newsgroup "alt.internet.services" (on the 5th, 12th, 19th and 26th of each month) and posted twice monthly to "alt.online.services", "news.newuser.questions", "news.answers", "alt.answers" (on the 5th and 19th.) It is also available via anonymous FTP: rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/internet-services/faq This means to use FTP to open a connection to "rtfm.mit.edu", login as "anonymous", and use your e-mail address as the password. Then, "cd" to the directory "/pub/usenet/news.answers/internet-services" and get the file "faq". This notation is used when appropriate throughout this document. If you do not have FTP access, you can obtain it via email by sending an email message to "mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu" with a line in the body of the message reading "send usenet/news.answers/internet-services/faq". A program at that address will read your mail, process your request, and reply with mail containing the FAQ. You can also receive each new edition of this document automatically via electronic mail. I would prefer to keep this list on the short side, so priority is given to those who run Internet information servers (gopher/FTP/WWW/whatever) who want to keep their server info up-to-date. *** 0.2: WHAT IS ALT.INTERNET.SERVICES? The following is excerpted from Scott McMahn's (mcmahn@cs.unca.edu) "Welcome to alt.internet.services" charter. [Where on the Net is the full charter available?] The newsgroup "alt.internet.services" was created to handle information about services available on the Internet, for people who have Internet accounts and want to explore beyond their local computers, to take advantage of the wealth of information and services on the net. Services for discussion include: * things you can telnet to (weather, databases, library catalogs...) * things you can FTP (pictures, sounds, programs, data...) * clients/servers (like MUDs, IRC, Archie...) "alt.internet.services" isn't for: * discussion of utility programs like telnet, FTP, mail, and uudecode. * basic new user questions. * pleas for Internet access. (Use alt.internet.access.wanted for this.) This is *NOT* alt.internet.access.wanted or alt.internet.new-users. Before asking a question here: * Ask someone locally! Try the guy sitting next to you, your professor, or the system administrator. 9 times out of 10 you won't have to post your question. * Read the Usenet groups "news.newusers.questions" and "news.announce.newusers". * Look through your .newsrc file for a more appropriate group. Questions about mail can go to "comp.mail.misc". Questions about access can go to "alt.internet.access.wanted". And so on. alt.internet.services is *not* some kind of default group to go to if you can't find any others. * Ask yourself: Is this question about a service I can access through the Internet? If so, post. *** 0.3: I'M NEW TO THE INTERNET. WHERE DO I START? Welcome to the wonderful world of the Internet. Although this document may answer some of your basic questions, the Usenet newsgroup "alt.internet.services" isn't the place for questions like "How do I use telnet on my system?" or "How do I send electronic mail?" If you have access to the Usenet, read the newsgroups "news.newusers.questions" and "news.answers". If you have access to FTP, get copies of the introduction to the Internet documents mentioned at the end of this file. If you have access to users around you, ask them to show you the basics. For a comprehensive overview of what the Internet is, how it works and the future of the Internet, read "FYI: What is the Internet?" (This file is available via anonymous FTP, and is listed in the final section of this document.) *** 0.4: WHAT KIND OF INFORMATION IS ON THE INTERNET? (And, WHY ISN'T THERE AN ENCYCLOPEDIA ON THE INTERNET?) The type of information you're likely to find on the Internet is free information, such as government documents, works with expired copyrights, works that are in the public domain, and works that authors are making available to the Internet community on an experimental basis. Conversely, some types of information you are not likely to find on the Internet, most notably, commercial works which are protected by copyright law. For instance, there is no publicly-available Internet encyclopedia. There are indeed encyclopedias on the net, but they all are closed systems available only to students at a specific university, or employees at a certain company. The reason for this is about what you'd expect: the companies that make encyclopedias are in business to stay in business, and you don't stay in business by giving away your product. So, while the Internet does contain a vast array of Good Stuff, it can't always replace a trip to a decent library. If you can't find an online encyclopedia that's available to you, try the following: Ask your own library to make sure they don't have one. Use the encyclopedias on CompuServe, Prodigy, AOL, etc. Use a (gasp!) regular encyclopedia, or one on CD-ROM. Section 1: What is... *** 1.1: WHAT IS TELNET? Telnet is a program that allows you to login to another computer to run software there. Typically, you login either to access a "shell" command environment or some other utility, like a weather server or game. To telnet to a computer, you need to know it's name. This can either be in words, like "steer.sdsu.edu" or as a numeric address, like "130.191.1.11". Some services require you to connect to a specific "port" on the remote computer. Type the port number, if there is one, after the Internet address. (For example, "telnet nri.reston.va.us 185".) For more information, anonymous FTP to ftp.sura.net:/pub/nic/network.service.guides ftp.sura.net:/pub/nic/how.to.telnet.guide *** 1.2: WHAT IS ANONYMOUS FTP? FTP stands for file transfer protocol. FTP allows you to copy files from a remote computer to your local host. Thousands of sites provide anonymous FTP service, allowing you to download everything from online books, to satellite pictures of the weather, to public-domain utilities and games for your personal computer. Unless your computer is directly connected to the Internet (that is, if you are connected through an intermediary remote host) software for use on your home computer needs to be FTPed to your local host, then downloaded to your PC using Xmodem, Zmodem, Kermit or some other system -- a two-step process.) There is an FTP primer (and lots of other good information) in the "alt.bbs.internet" FAQ, which is posted periodically on "alt.bbs.internet" and "news.answers". The following files are available on the Net to teach the basics of FTP. If you don't know how to use FTP to receive them, try asking someone else at your site. For more information, use anonymous FTP to get ftp.sura.net:/pub/nic/network.service.guides/how.to.ftp.guide The document "FYI: Searching for Treasure" (listed at the end of this file) lists some of the best FTP sites to find Macintosh, IBM, UNIX and other software. Sites maintaining anti-viral software are also covered. *** 1.3: WHAT IS USENET? The Usenet is a global bulletin board, of sorts, in which millions of people exchange public information on every conceivable topic. For more, FTP to: rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/what-is-usenet/part1.Z The file is also posted regularly to the Usenet newsgroup "news.answers.newusers". *** 1.4: WHAT IS FINGER? Finger is a program that returns information about a registered user on a computer. Typing "finger" alone will show the users logged into the system you are using. "finger @host.domain.foo" may show you who's currently using some other computer. Certain computers have variations on finger support, where "finger ron" will show info on ron at your site, and "finger ron@hal.gnu.ai.mit.edu" will show you all the Rons with accounts on a certain computer at MIT. Note that some finger programs don't take arguments, some will accept only a userid (the exact login name of a user,) and still others will search using a first or last name. If your system has manual pages installed, type "man finger" for more information. If your system has Internet access but not finger, there are several freely distributable versions, including GNU finger and BSD finger. *** 1.5: WHAT IS IRC? IRC is the Internet Relay Chat, a service where users can "talk" via typing to people around the world. See Scott Yanoff's "Internet Services" list for public IRC clients, or find out if your own system has the client installed. There are newsgroups specifically devoted to IRC, including: alt.irc Internet Relay Chat material. alt.irc.bot Discussion of creating IRC bots. alt.irc.ircii Discussion of the IRC II client program. alt.irc.recovery For those recovering from IRC addiction. alt.irc.corruption Is nowhere safe? alt.irc.sleaze Internet Relay Chat flamage. For more information, anonymous FTP to: cs.bu.edu:/irc/support/tutorial* *** 1.6: WHAT IS ALEX/ARCHIE/GOPHER/HYTELNET/NETFIND/PROSPERO/VERONICA/ WAIS/WHOIS/WWW/X.500? These are all part of a new generation of network information resources. For complete information, check John December's "internet-tools" list, available via anonymous FTP to ftp.rpi.edu:/pub/communications/internet-tools That document will point you to detailed information about each of these services. EARN publishes an thorough guide on network tools. It contains information on Gopher, Veronica, WWW, WAIS, Astra, Archie, WHOIS, Netserv, Trickle, BitFTP, Usenet and listservs. To receive this file, send e-mail to "listserv@earncc.bitnet" with a message body of "send nettools memo" or "send nettools ps" (for PostScript format.) You may also anonymous FTP to: ds.internic.net:/pub/internet-doc/EARN.nettools.txt Scott Yanoff's "Internet Services List" list will tell you how to access these services. Most feature on-line help and information. *** 1.7: WHAT IS MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSE (etc.)? These are multi-user, text based, virtual reality games. According to the MUD FAQ: "A MUD (Multi-User Dungeon) is a computer program which users can log into and explore. Each user takes control of a computerized persona/avatar/incarnation/character. You can walk around, chat with other characters, explore dangerous monster-infested areas, solve puzzles, and even create your very own rooms, descriptions and items." There are an astounding number of variations on the MUD theme. Please see rec.games.mud for more information about them -- there are several very good FAQ postings there that detail MUDs, MUD clients and servers, and offer a complete, current MUD-list. The most recent versions of the MUD FAQs are archived as: ftp.math.okstate.edu:/pub/muds/misc/mud-faq/* rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/alt.mud/* [rec.games.mud]:_FAQ_#2_3:_MUD_Clients_and_Servers [rec.games.mud]:_FAQ_#3_3:_RWHO_and__mudwho_ [rec.games.mud]:_FAQ_#1_3:_MUDs_and_MUDding A few of the newsgroups out there related to muds: rec.games.mud.announce Informational articles about MUDs. (Moderated) rec.games.mud.diku All about DikuMuds. rec.games.mud.lp Discussions of LPMUD rec.games.mud.misc Various aspects of multiuser computer games. rec.games.mud.tiny Discussion of Tiny muds, IE MUSH, MUSE and MOO alt.mud.bsx BSX VR system. alt.mud.german For German-speaking MUD-er's. rec.games.mud.admin Administrative issues of multiuser dungeons. SECTION 2: HOW DO I...? *** 2.1: HOW DO I SEND ELECTRONIC MAIL FROM THE INTERNET TO ANOTHER NETWORK? To learn the basics of e-mail on the Internet, FTP to: ftp.sura.net:/pub/nic/network.service.guides/how.to.email.guide In the best of worlds, our "global village" of electronic mail would be linked by one main street. Alas, it is actually composed of hundreds of small networks linked using "gateways." One main street is the Internet, but jutting off of it are dozens of side roads leading to other networks. It's always simplest to send mail to a recipient on the same online service as yourself - say, from your America Online account to another - but sometimes you may need to send mail to someone who doesn't have an account on the system you use. While it's usually possible to mail from one network to another, you need to know the right route to navigate. In order to send any mail, you need to know the online service your recipient uses, and her name (or username) on that service. For a more complete listing of how to send mail from any random network to any other random network, read the "Inter-Network Mail Guide" edited by Scott Yanoff (formerly edited by John J. Chew.) It also tells how to mail from networks other than the Internet - which is beyond the scope of this document. You can fetch this guide by anonymous FTP in: csd4.csd.uwm.edu:/pub/internetwork-mail-guide AMERICA ONLINE: "user@aol.com" Use all lower case and remove spaces. For example, "Savetz@aol.com". AOL splits long Internet e-mail messages into chunks under 27K. (In the past the America Online gateway software truncated incoming files at 27K, which put a damper on receiving long text files BinHexed programs.) Users of the DOS-based PC/AOL software are limited to a maximum mail size of 8Kb. For all AOL users, funky characters are replaced with spaces: use printable ASCII only. APPLELINK: "user@applelink.apple.com". AppleLink charges its users 50 cents per message sent to and from the Internet. AT&T MAIL: "user@attmail.com" BITNET: "user@host.BITNET" (Note that the bitnet hostname is not necessarily the same as the Internet host name.) If this fails, try directing your mail through a gateway such as "cunyvm.cuny.edu", "pucc.princeton.edu", or "wuvmd.wustl.edu". The address would be as follows: "user%domain.BITNET@pucc.princeton.edu" (or cunyvm or wuvmd). This should help those with SMTP servers that are not quite up to date. BIX: "user@bix.com" COMPUSERVE: "userid@compuserve.com". Use the numeric CompuServe identification number, but use a period instead of a comma to separate the number sets. For example, to send mail to CompuServe user 17770,101 - mail to "17770.101@compuserve.com". CONNECT: "user@dcjcon.das.net" DELPHI: "user@delphi.com" FIDONET: "firstname.lastname@p#.f#.n#.z#.fidonet.org". To send mail to a FidoNet user, you not only need the name, but the exact FidoNet address s/he uses. FidoNet addresses are broken down into zones, net, nodes, and (optionally) points. For example, the address of one Fido BBS is "1:102/834". The zone is 1, the net is 102, the node is 834. A user's address could include a point as well: "1:102/834.1" - the final 1 is the point. So, to send mail to "John Smith" at Fido address "1:102/834", e-mail to "John.Smith@f834.n102.z1.fidonet.org". To send mail to that user at Fido address "1:102/834.1", e-mail to "John.Smith@p1.f834.n102.z1.fidonet.org". GENIE: "user@genie.geis.com" where "user" is their mail address. If a user tells you their mail address is "xyz12345" or something similar, it isn't. It usually looks like "A.BEEBER42" where A is their first initial, BEEBER is their last name, and 42 is a number distinguishing them from all other A.BEEBER's. INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS (IGC, or "PEACENET"): "user@igc.org" INTERNET: send mail to "user@domain", where user is the recipient's login name, and domain is the full name and location of the computer where s/he receives e-mail. Examples are "Savetz@rahul.net" and "an017@cleveland.freenet.edu". MCI MAIL: send your mail to "user@mcimail.com". "User" can be a numeric identification (which is always 7 digits long, or 3 zeroes followed by 7 digits,) their account name (which is one word) or first and last names separated with an underline. (E.g. "1234567@mcimail.com", "123- 4567@mcimail.com", or "John_Edward_Doe@mcimail.com".) PC LINK: "user@aol.com". Incoming mail is limited to 27K. (There is no pclink.com domain. All mail to the America Online, Inc. owned systems goes to aol.com.) PRODIGY: Prodigy's e-mail gateway is finally active! To address mail to a PRODIGY service member, use "abcd12a@prodigy.com" where "abcd12a" is the member's PRODIGY service ID. If you experience mail delivery problems that may require action by the administrators of this system, write to "admin@prodigy.com". It costs the Prodigy member 10 cents for each 6K of mail, coming and going. The Prodigy member has to specifically sign up for an Internet link, using Prodigy's Mail Manager. Otherwise s/he won't be able to get Internet mail. QuantumLink: "Q-Link", a Commodore 64/128-based service offered by America Online, Inc., is not on the Internet for technical reasons. WELL: "user@well.sf.ca.us" WWIVnet: You must have the user number or username of the person you want to send mail to. as well as his/her WWIVnet node number. WWIVnet addressing looks similar to: "1@9010" or: "DAN Q@9010". First replace the "@" with a dash: "1-9010". If you use the username as the recipient, replace the spaces with an underscore: "DAN_Q-9010". Take that address and use it as the account name in one of the following examples: "wwiv!1-9010@tweekco.uucp" or "1-9010%wwiv@tweekco.uucp". Of course, replace "1-9010" with your recipient's address. *** 2.2: HOW DO I ACCESS OTHER SYSTEMS FROM THE INTERNET? AMERICA ONLINE: You can't use AOL from the Internet due to the special graphics software. BIX: telnet "x25.bix.com". At the "username" prompt, enter "bix". COMPUSERVE: CompuServe is accessible from the Internet through the Merit system, but it is quite expensive. CompuServe does not distinguish logins from MERIT from other SprintNet logins. Merit is a service local to Michigan residents so all connections will be Eastern Standard Time regardless of where in the world you access Merit from. Pricing for using Merit: From 7PM - 8AM EST: $1.70/hour. From 8AM - 7PM EST: $11.70/hour. These prices are in addition to your normal CompuServe prices. The billing is all be handled by CompuServe. For further info about this service, contact : CompuServe (1-800-848-8199), SprintNet (1- 800-877-5045), or Merit, Inc.: (1-313-764-9430). DELPHI: telnet delphi.com DIALOG: telnet dialog.com GENIE: telnet hermes.merit.edu, at the "Which host?" prompt, enter "sprintnet-313171". SprintNet communication surcharges will apply. This is not guaranteed to work for file transfers or any other 8-bit transfers due to the nature of the telnet protocol. This is therefore not supported by GEnie. INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL COMMUNICATION (IGC, or "PEACENET"): telnet igc.org MCI MAIL: Cannot be accessed via the Internet. The only way users can currently access MCI mail is by dialing in via SprintNet/Tymnet or MCI Mail's own numbers. A tech support rep said that letting people check their MCI mail accounts from Internet isn't a high priority for now. NEXIS/LEXIS: telnet lexis.meaddata.com or telnet 192.73.216.20 or telnet 192.73.216.21. terminal type = .vt100a If characters do not echo back, set your terminal to "local" echo or "half duplex." You can also connect through Merit. PC LINK: Can't be accessed due to the special graphics software. PRODIGY: Can't be accessed due to the special graphics software. QuantumLink: "Q-Link", a Commodore 64/128-based service offered by America Online, Inc., is not on the Internet for technical reasons. WELL: telnet well.sf.ca.us *** 2.3: HOW DO I CONTACT A SERVICE PROVIDER? AMERICA ONLINE: (800) 827-6364 voice BIX: (800) 695-4882 modem, (800) 695-4775 voice. CONNECT: (408) 973-0110 voice COMPUSERVE: (800) 848-8990 voice DELPHI: (800) 695-4005 voice DIALOG: (800) 334-2564 voice DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL: (800) 522-3567 voice GENIE: (800) 638-9636 voice INSTITUTE FOR GLOCAL COMMUNICATIONS: (415) 923-0220 voice NEXIS/LEXIS: (800) 227-9597 voice. Government Customers: 513-865-7223 MCI MAIL: (800) 444-6245 voice PC-LINK (800) 827-8532 voice. PRODIGY: New account information (800) 766-3449 voice Membership services (800) 759-8000 voice WELL: (415) 332-4335) voice. E-mail: support@well.sf.ca.us *** 2.4: HOW DO I FIND OUT SOMEONE'S E-MAIL ADDRESS? With so many computer systems and users in the world, it is impossible to keep a complete "white pages" of the Internet. The problem is compounded because people come and go from the net all the time. (Students are notorious for this.) Storing and updating that much information would be an impossible, daunting task. But, it's not impossible to find people on the net. Programs exist that, given some amount of information about your associate, can help you track down his or her e-mail address. These tools include Netfind, X.500, rtfm's usenet-addresses search, and WHOIS. The more information you know about your associate - name, place of business or school, and so on - the better your chances are. For a very complete answer to this question, read: "FAQ: How to find people's E-mail addresses", available from mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu by sending "send usenet/news.answers/finding-addresses". This document is posted regularly to the Usenet group "news.answers". There is another long document specifically for finding college students' e-mail addresses. It is also posted to "news.answers". You can also get the file by anonymous ftp as: rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/soc.college/Student_Email_Addresses or by sending a mail message to "mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu" with a message body of "send usenet/soc.college/Student_Email_Addresses". *** 2.5: HOW DO I GET A NAME RESOLVED? There should be a name resolver on your system. On UNIX, look for a program called "nslookup". Failing that, send an electronic message to "resolve@cs.widener.edu". In the body of the message, include a line like "site foo.bar.baz", where foo.bar.baz is the name of the site in question. You'll receive a mail message with the IP (Internet Protocol) address for the site. *** 2.6: HOW DO I SEND E-MAIL TO THE WHITE HOUSE? The official Party Line: "The White House e-mail system is under construction. This is a new project and suffers from all of the problems common to a startup operation. The Communications office is currently working on defining what this system will do, as well as trying to come up with equipment and staffing to make sure that it works. E-mail messages are currently being printed out and responses are being sent out via US Mail. "Nobody wants this new venture to work more than the staff that has devoted so many hours to getting it up and running. But much time and effort will be required before the system is truly interactive. In the mean time, they will need a little patience from the electronic community. If you send a message to the White House, please include a US Post office address for replies." On the Internet, send to: president@whitehouse.gov or vice.president@whitehouse.gov *** 2.7: HOW DO I GET STOCK MARKET INFORMATION? Scott Yanoff's "Internet Services" list tells you how, but this question comes up so often its worth mentioning here. If you use a terminal with VT100, ANSI, or some other full-screen terminal emulation, "telnet rahul.net" and log on as "guest". Request the full-screen guest menu; request system information; request the market report. Note that this system, a2i Communications, sells full UNIX accounts with Internet access - the stock service is a feature for guests and paying users, and isn't guaranteed to be reliable. Martin Wong sends out end-of-the-day stock reports along with other useful business information. These files are available via FTP to dg- rtp.dg.com (see below) and via e-mail. If you would like to receive the daily quote mailings, send a request to "Martin.Wong@eng.sun.com". Your e-mail will be read by a human, not a machine, so be nice. Wong requests "that people send me timely information on company earnings, products, or industry news for inclusion in the distribution. I also want to know if anyone gets rich from the information." For historical stock information, FTP to dg-rtp.dg.com [128.222.1.2] and look in the directory "/pub/misc.invest". There's lots of good stuff there (including historical stock, mutual fund, etc.) but I haven't had time to throughly examine it. More complete information is available from the misc.invest FAQ, which you can find on the Usenet: posted monthly to misc.invest, misc.answers and news.answers; via anonymous ftp as: rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/investment-faq/general/* or by sending e-mail to "mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu" with a message body of "send usenet/news.answers/investment-faq/general/*" *** 2.8: HOW DO I ACCESS THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS? (Thanks to Kathryn D. Ellis (kell@seq1.loc.gov) for the following info.) Library of Congress Online Search: Telnet to "locis.loc.gov" (140.147.254.3). This will connect you to LOCIS (Library Of Congress Information System). You will see a menu for the Library of Congress Catalog Files, Federal Legislation, Copyright Information, Foreign Law, Braille and Audio Files, and a file of selected Organizations. This system is available Monday through Friday, 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m.; Saturday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.; and Sunday, 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. (all times USA, Eastern Time). Searching manuals are available by anonymous FTP and for sale. LOCIS accepts both 3270 and VT100 modes, but 3270 works better. Library of Congress MARVEL: Telnet to "marvel.loc.gov" (140.147.2.15), login as "marvel", or point your gopher client to "marvel.loc.gov", port 70. LC MARVEL is a gopher-based campus wide information system that presents information about the Library of Congress such as facilities and services, reading rooms, copyright, services to libraries and publishers, etc., as well as many electronic resources accessible through the Internet. Library of Congress Anonymous FTP site: FTP to "seq1.loc.gov" (140.147.3.12), login as "anonymous", send your email address as a password, "cd /pub" to get to the public directory. From the public directory, you can access several subdirectories such as online exhibits, information about the Library of Congress, information from the Federal Library and Information Center Committee (FLICC), etc. SECTION 3: I NEED INFORMATION ABOUT... *** 3.1: WHERE CAN I GET INTERNET ACCESS IN MY AREA? Check out PDIAL, a list of public access service providers offering dialup access to Internet connections. PDIAL lists both free and pay services all around the world. The PDIAL list is posted semi-regularly to alt.internet.access.wanted, alt.bbs.lists, ba.internet, and news.answers. To receive PDIAL via e-mail, send mail with a subject line of "Send PDIAL" to "info-deli-server@netcom.com". To receive future editions as they are published, send email with the subject "Subscribe PDIAL" to the same address. The most recent PDIAL is also available by sending mail with a message body of "send usenet/news.answers/pdial" to "mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu". To get PDIAL via FTP: ftp.netcom.com:/pub/info-deli/public-access/pdial rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/alt.internet.access.wanted/P_D_I_A_L_(P) For more information about service providers and getting on the Internet, read "FYI: Searching for Treasure" (FTP info at the end of this document.) Another list of service providers, and tips on getting Internet access, is provided in the "alt.bbs.internet" FAQ, available via FTP as rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/inet-bbs-faq.Z Access provider information from the book "Internet: Getting Started," (detailed in the final section of this document) is available via anonymous FTP as ftp.nisc.sri.com:/netinfo/internet-access-providers-us.txt ftp.nisc.sri.com:/netinfo/internet-access-providers-non-us.txt If you are a college student or faculty, check with your campus computer center to learn about the online facilities available to you. Many schools offer free accounts to students and staff. Next, turn to the Usenet community for assistance. Find out if there is a local newsgroup for your area or state. For instance, Columbus, Ohio users can check on the "oh.general" and "cmh.general" newsgroups. Many other areas have regional newsgroups. Ask the locals questions about the area - who better to know the answers? If all else fails, post your plea on the Usenet newsgroup "alt.internet.access.wanted". Note that such requests aren't looked kindly upon if posted elsewhere. *** 3.2: I NEED A BBS (ON THE INTERNET OR IN MY AREA)! This is covered extensively in the "alt.bbs.internet" FAQ, available on the Usenet group "alt.bbs.internet" or via FTP as rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/inet-bbs-faq.Z Also look for information on the Usenet newsgroups "alt.internet.access.wanted" and "alt.internet.services". Get the PDIAL list, mentioned at the end of this document. Also available is NIXPUB, a listing of over 100 free and pay-for-play accessible systems. It is posted regularly to the Usenet newsgroups "comp.misc", "comp.bbs.misc", and "alt.bbs". Retrieval information near the end of this document. More information is available from: vector.intercon.com:/pub/BBS/US.Canada vector.intercon.com:/pub/BBS/International vector.intercon.com:/pub/BBS/Other But wait, there's more! Anonymous ftp to: aug3.augsburg.edu:/files/bbs_lists Also, for BBS information for your area code or specific interest, FTP to: wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/bbslists *** 3.3: IS THERE A LIST OF ALL INTERNET SERVICES? No. There are just too many computers and too many services for anyone to accurately maintain a complete list. However, Scott Yanoff edits a great list of Internet services: the "Special Internet Connections List" is updated biweekly and is posted periodically to alt.internet.services and elsewhere. His list is as comprehensive as any list could ever be. It includes everything from where to FTP pictures from space, how to find agricultural information, public UNIX, online books and dictionaries, you name it. Check this list before posting the question "Where can I get online?" - chances are, it's in there. Finger "yanoff@csd4.csd.uwm.edu" to find ways to receive this list. There's also John December's "internet-cmc" list, which serves as a pointer to a slew of resources. Its purpose is to list pointers to information describing the Internet, computer networks, and issues related to computer-mediated communication. It points to Internet documents for new users, comprehensive Internet guides, as well as specialized and technical information (for instance, Internet growth studies, maps, and statistics.) It also lists electronic journals and tons of other good things. (FTP info at the end of this document.) *** 3.4: HOW DO I GET INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERNET ONLINE? Once you have an account, several good texts are available via FTP: "FYI: New Internet User Questions" (RFC-1325) is FTPable as: nic.merit.edu:/documents/fyi/fyi_04.txt "FYI: Experienced Internet User Questions" (RFC-1207) is FTPable as: nic.merit.edu:/documents/fyi/fyi_07.txt This file is dated February 1991, and some of the information may be out of date. Many of the Q&As are of a technical nature. Covers the Domain Name System, SLIP & PPP, network management, routing and the like. "FYI: Searching for Treasure" is FTPable as: nic.merit.edu:/documents/fyi/fyi_10.txt This document (dated January 1993) presents some of the "gold nuggets" of information and file repositories on the network. Very useful. "FYI: Internet Users' Glossary" (RFC-1392) is FTPable as: nic.merit.edu:/documents/fyi/fyi_18.txt This is a comprehensive glossary concentrating mostly on terms specific to the Internet. "FYI: What is the Internet?" is FTPable as: nic.merit.edu:/documents/fyi/fyi_20.txt This comprehensive paper covers the Internet's definition, history, administration, protocols, financing, and current issues such as growth, commercialization, and privatization. (May 1993.) "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet" (RFC-1118) will interest users who are more into the technical bits of the Internet. This document, also written by Ed Krol, explains how Internet addresses work and discusses issues such as trust and carrying capacity of the Internet. It is pretty much out of date, but people keep asking for it. The "Guide," as well as other useful texts for new users, is available at wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/EFF/internet-info/* "Internet Basics" is available by FTP as: nnsc.nsf.net:/nsfnet/internet-basics.eric-digest "Internet-cmc list", by John December, is a pointer to a slew of resources. Its purpose is to list pointers to information describing the Internet, computer networks, and issues related to computer-mediated communication. It points to Internet documents for new users, comprehensive Internet guides, as well as specialized and technical information (for instance, Internet growth studies, maps, and statistics.) It also lists electronic journals and tons of other good things. It is available via anonymous FTP as: ftp.rpi.edu:/pub/communications/internet-cmc To connect via WWW, use the URL: ftp://ftp.rpi.edu/pub/communications/internet-cmc.html This information is also available in Postscript, 80-column text, Tex, dvi, and .html formats -for more information, read: ftp.rpi.edu:/pub/communications/internet-cmc.readme "The Internet Companion" a beginner's guide to the net, is available by FTP. This is part 1 of the Tracy LaQuey book mentioned in the previous section. world.std.com:/OBS/The.Internet.Companion "Internet Services Frequently Asked Questions and Answers". That's the file you're looking at now. For the most recent version, FTP to: rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/internet-services/faq or send an email message to "mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu" with a line in the body of the message reading "send usenet/news.answers/internet- services/faq". "Internet-tools list", by John December, contains information about a variety of network tools and information resources (such as Archie, Gopher, Netfind, WWW and so on.) It is available at: ftp.rpi.edu:/pub/communications/internet-tools To connect via WWW, use the URL: ftp://ftp.rpi.edu/pub/communications/internet-tools.html This information is also available in Postscript, 80-column text, Tex, dvi, and .html formats -for more information, read: ftp.rpi.edu:/pub/communications/internet-tools.readme "Inter-Network Mail Guide", contains a possibly-complete listing of how to send mail from any random network to any other random network. It also tells how to mail from networks other than the Internet - which is beyond the scope of this document. You can fetch this guide by anonymous FTP in: csd4.csd.uwm.edu:/pub/internetwork-mail-guide "List of Lists". For a list of some of the currently available electronic mail mailing lists, FTP to: ftp.sri.com:/netinfo.dir/interest-groups It has not been updated since June 14, 1993, and no updates are in sight. "NIXPUB" is available via anonymous FTP as: vfl.paramax.com:/pub/pubnet/nixpub.long vfl.paramax.com:/pub/pubnet/nixpub.short Or, you can receive it via e-mail. Send mail to "nixpub@access.digex.com" (subject/message body unimportant.) "PDIAL", a list of public access service providers offering dialup access to Internet connections. PDIAL is posted semi-regularly to alt.internet.access.wanted, alt.bbs.lists, and news.answers. To receive PDIAL via e-mail, send mail with a subject line of "Send PDIAL" to "info-deli-server@netcom.com". To get it, FTP to either: ftp.netcom.com:/pub/info-deli/public-access/pdial rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/alt.internet.access.wanted/P_D_I_A_L_(P) "Special Internet Connections List", edited by Scott Yanoff, is updated monthly and is posted periodically to alt.internet.services and elsewhere. It includes everything from where to FTP pictures from space, how to find agricultural information, public UNIX, online books and dictionaries, you name it. Check this list before posting the question "Where can I get online?" - chances are, it's in there. Finger "yanoff@csd4.csd.uwm.edu" to find ways to receive this list. "Surfing the Internet" is available as: nysernet.org:/pub/guides/surfing.2.0.2.txt "Zen and the Art of Internet" is the first edition of Kehoe's Book, detailed in the final section. The book is much longer, updated and improved over this online version. It is available as: world.std.com:/obi/Internet/zen-1.0/zen-1.0.txt.Z ftp.uu.net:/doc/internet/zen-1.0.txt.Z If you have Usenet access, read some of the many newsgroups for new users and frequently asked questions: "news.answers", "comp.answers" and "news.newusers.questions". *** 3.5: ARE THERE ANY MAGAZINES ABOUT THE INTERNET? Sure. (All prices in US dollars.) "3W - A global networking newsletter." 3W is published bi-monthly. For all European countries the 3W costs UKSterling #24 for an annual subscription and UKSterling #4 for an individual copy including postage. Outside Europe 3W costs UKSterling #30 (US$45) for an annual subscription including airmail postage. Individual issues cost UKSterling #5 (US$7.5) including airmail postage. For more information, contact "3W@ukartnet.demon.co.uk" "Boardwatch." $36 for 12 monthly issues. (800) 933-6038. E-mail: "jack.rickard@boardwatch.com". Focus includes bulletin board systems, legal aspects of the online world and the Internet. "Internet Business Journal" Strangelove Press. E-mail: mstrange@fonorola.net or phone: (613) 565-0982. $149 ($179 Canadian) 12 issues annually; $75 ($89 Canadian) for educational institutions and small businesses. Sample copies are available on request or by gopher to "gopher.fonorola.net" "Internet World" (Previously Electronic Networking: Research, Applications, and Policy.) Meckler Corp. E-mail: meckler@jvnc.net. Phone: (800)-MECKLER. The cost for a one-year subscription is $24.95. A two-year subscription is $37.00. Outside the U.S., add $18.00. "Matrix News" (Matrix Information and Directory Services.) Published in online and paper editions. Online edition is $25 for 12 monthly issues ($15 for students.) E-mail: mids@tic.com "Online Access" (Chicago Fine Print.) Subscription is $19.80 for 8 issues. E-mail: 70324.343@compuserve.com *** 3.6: WHAT'S A GOOD BOOK TO READ FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERNET? (All prices in U.S. dollars.) "Connecting to the Internet" by Susan Estrada. O'Reilly & Associates. This small book focuses on choosing the best type of network connection for your personal, school or business needs, and how to get the best price for the type of access you require. Explains the differences between SLIP, PPP, ISDN, X.25 and other options. Includes an extensive list of Internet service providers. ISBN: 1-56592-061-9. 1993. $15.95. "Crossing the Internet Threshold: an Instructional Handbook" by Roy Tennant, John Ober and Anne Lipow. Library Solutions Press, 1993. (510) 841-2636. An instructional package for librarians teaching Internet basics. $45. FTP for info: simsc.si.edu:/networks/crossing.ad "Exploring the Internet: a Technical Travelogue" by Carl Malamud. Prentice-Hall Publishers. (515) 284-6751. "The Internet Companion, A Beginner's Guide To Global Networking" by Tracy LaQuey with Jeanne C. Ryer (Addison-Wesley Publishing.) The Companion includes a detailed history of the Internet, a discussion on "netiquette" (network etiquette), and how to find resources on the net. Useful for the computer-literate Internet novice. ISBN: 0-201-62224-6. 1993. $10.95. "Internet: Getting Started." Authors: Marine, Kirkpatrick, Neou, Ward. SRI Internet Information Services, PTR Prentice Hall. Published by PTR Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Explains how to join the Internet, the various types of Internet access, and procedures for obtaining a unique IP address and domain name. An extensive list of Internet access providers of all types is provided, including access outside of the United States. The guide explains many concepts essential to the Internet, such as the Domain Name System, IP addressing, protocols, and electronic mail. ISBN: 0-13-327933-2. 1993. Paperback, 360 pages. $28.00. "The Internet Guide for New Users," by Daniel P Dern. A very complete introduction to the world of the Internet. Along with the obligatory topics such as telnet, FTP and Archie, the book suggests how to get an Internet account and teaches enough UNIX to survive on the net. McGraw- Hill, Oct. 1993. 570 pages. Paperback $27.95 ISBN: 0-07-016511. Hardcover $40.00: ISBN# 0-07-016510-6. "Internet: Mailing Lists 1993 Edition." Franklin F. Kuo, Series Editor. SRI Internet Information Services. Published by PTR Prentice Hall, New Jersey. ISBN: 0-13-327941-3. Copyright 1993. Paperback, 356 pages. (Note that a current "list of lists" is also available online, both via Usenet and FTP. See the final section.) "The Internet Navigator" by Paul Gilster, distributed by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., $24.95, ISBN 0-471-59782-1. "The Internet Passport: NorthWestNet's Guide to Our World Online,4th ed.". This is published by NorthWestNet and the Northwest Academic Computing Consortium, Inc. It is 516 pages and covers everything from net etiquette to supercomputers; very comprehensive. It costs $39.95 but schools and not-for-profit organizations can buy it for $19.95 plus shipping. NorthWestNet, 15400 SE 30th Place, Suite 202, Bellevue, WA 98007. (206) 562-3000. E-mail for info: "passport@nwnet.net". "Internet Primer for Information Professionals: A Basic Guide to Internet Networking Technology". By Elizabeth Lang and Craig Summerhill, Meckler Publishing. ISBN: 0-88736-831-X. 1993. $37.50. "The Internet Starter Kit for the Macintosh" by Adam Engst, ISBN 1- 56830-064-6. Published by Hayden Books. This terrific book (with a floppy disk) gives Macintosh users the complete scoop on getting connected to the Internet using PPP, SLIP, etc. $29.95. "Internet System Handbook" by Danial Lynch and Marshall Rose. Addison- Wesley Publishing, 1993. $54.95. "Mac Internet Tour Guide" by Michael Fraase. Published by Ventana Press. ISBN 1-56604-062-0. $27.95. This book (with floppy disk) for Macintosh users helps newcomers get online and get acquainted with graphical Internet software "Fetch" and "Eudora". "Using UUCP and Usenet" by Grade Todino and Dale Dougherty. 194 pages. O'Reilly & Associates. 1991. "The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog" by Ed Krol (published by O'Reilly & Associates.) This book covers the basic utilities used to access the network and then guides users through the Internet's "databases of databases" to access the millions of files and thousands of archives available. It includes a resource index that covers a broad selection of approximately 300 important resources available on the Internet. ISBN: 1-56592-025-2. 1992. 400 pages. $24.95. "Zen & the Art of Internet" by Brendan Kehoe. Published by Prentice Hall. This guide should give you a reference to consult if you're curious about what can be done with the Internet. It also presents the fundamental topics that are all too often assumed and considered trivial by many network users. It covers the basic utilities and information reaching other networks. An earlier, much less comprehensive version is available via FTP; see previous section. ISBN: 0-13-010778-6. 112 pages. 1993. $22.00. ### End of document ### _____ Articles and Sections of this issue of the _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ may be retrieved via anonymous ftp to byrd.mu.wvnet.edu or via e-mail message addressed to LISTSERV@KENTVM or LISTSERV@KENTVM.KENT.EDU (instructions below) Papers may be submitted at anytime by email or send/file to: Ermel Stepp - Editor-in-Chief, _Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture_ M034050@MARSHALL.WVNET.EDU _________________________________ *Copyright Declaration* Copyright of articles published by Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture is held by the author of a given article. 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