USAMHI Ethnic - Blacks - CW RefBranch js Feb 90, Jul 93 BLACK SOLDIERS, US ARMY, 1862-65 A Bibliography of MHI Sources Contents Gen/Overview..............................p.1 Recruiting................................p.3 Organization & Training...................p.4 Officers/Command..........................p.5 Racial Relations & Justice................p.5 Campaigning...............................p.6 Ft Pillow Massacre........................p.9 GENERAL/MISCELLANEOUS Abbott, Abial R. "The Negro in the War of the Rebellion." Military Essays and Recollections. Vol 3. Chicago: Dial, 1899. pp. 373-384. E464M565. Akers, Frank H., Jr. "They Fought for the Union and Equality: Blacks in the Civil War." Army 25 (Mar 1975): pp. 47-51. Per. Armstrong, William H. "The Negro as a Soldier." War Papers.... Indianapolis, IN: Mil Order of Loyal Legion, Indiana Commandery, 1898. pp. 316-333. E464M642v1. Brown, William W. The Negro in the American Rebellion; His Heroism and His Fidelity. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1867. 380 p. E540N3B88. Cruden, Robert. The War That Never Ended: The American Civil War. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983. 208 p. E468.9C93. See Chap V. Fleetwood, Christian A. The Negro As A Soldier. Wash, DC: Howard UP, 1895. 19 p. E173P18no240. By Civil War black veteran. Furness, William E. "The Negro as a Soldier." Military Essays and Recollections. Vol 2. Chicago: McClurg, 1894. pp. 457-487. E464M565v2. Black Soldiers p.2 Gladstone, Wm. Collection of materials re various black soldiers & units. Arch. Glatthaar, Joseph T. "Black Glory: The African-American Role in Union Victory." Why the Confederacy Lost. NY: Oxford UP, 1992. pp. 133-78. E464W48. Greeley, Horace. The American Conflict.... 2 vols. Hartford, CT: Case, 1866. E468G78. See index. Guthrie, James M. Camp-Fires of the Afro-American.... Phila: Afro-American Pub, 1899. 710 p. E185.63G98. See Chaps 20-37. Hallowell, Norwood P. The Negro as a Soldier in the War of the Rebellion. Boston: Little, Brown, 1897. 29 p. E540N3H2. Hargrove, Hondon B. Black Union Soldiers in the Civil War. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1988. 250 p. E540N3H35. Harper, C.W. "The Black Soldier During the U.S. Civil War: From Pariah to Trusted Comrade in Arms." Army 38 (Sep 1988): pp. 54-58 & 61. Per. Johnson, Robert, and Buel, Clarence, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. NY: Century, 1887-1888. E470B344. See index, "Colored Troops," Vol 4. Lincoln, Abraham. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. 8 vols. Ed by Roy P. Basler. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1953-1955. E457.91. See index. Matson, Dan. "The Colored Man in the Civil War." War Sketches and Incidents.... Vol 2. Des Moines, IA: Kenyon, 1898. pp. 236- 254. E464M581v2. Mays, Joe H. Black Americans and Their Contributions Toward Union Victory in the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Lanham, MD: UP of America, 1984. 161 p. E540N3M39. Nicolay, John G., and Hay, John. Abraham Lincoln: A History. 10 vols. NY: Century, 1904. E457N654. See index and esp Chaps 20-21 of Vol 6. Black Soldiers p.3 Norton, Henry A. "Colored Troops in the War of the Rebellion." Glimpses of the Nation's Struggle. Vol 5. St Paul, MN: Review Pub, 1903. pp. 59-73. E464M639. Randall, J.G., and Donald, David. The Civil War and Reconstruction. Boston: Heath, 1961. 820 p. E468R15. See pp. 391-395. Rhodes, James F. History of the United States From the Compromise of 1850. Vol 4. NY: Macmillan, 1900. E179R47v4. See pp. 332-336. U.S. Army War College. Hist Sec. "The Colored Soldier in the United States Army." Wash, DC: n.p., 1942. E185.63U5. See Chap 2 and App 1-5. Westwood, Howard C. Black Troops, White Officers, and Freedmen During the Civil War. Carbondale: So IL UP, 1992. 190 p. E540N3W47. Whitman, Walt. Walt Whitman's Civil War: Compiled & Edited from Published Sources. Ed by Walter Lowenfels. NY: Da Capo, 1981; reprint of 1961 ed. 335 p. PS3204L68. See Chap 19 for his impressions of a black unit. Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldiers of the United States in the Wars of 1775-1812, 1861- '65. Hartford, CT: Amer Pub, 1892. 528 p. E185.6W82. See also: - "Blacks & Medal of Honor" (Awards-) RECRUITING Berry, Mary Frances. "The Negro Soldier Movement and the Adoption of National Conscription 1652-1865." PhD dss, Univ of MI, 1966. 219 p. E185.63B4. Attitudes and practices in Mass and Louisiana, with emphasis on Civil War. Blassingame, John W. "The Recruitment of Colored Troops in Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri, 1863-1865." Reprinted from The Historian 29 (Aug 1967): pp. 533-545. MiscFile. Black Soldiers p.4 Butler, Benjamin F. Butler's Book. Boston: Thayer, 1892. 1154 p. E467.1B87B9. See pp. 491-500 on organizing black units in LA. Chase, Salmon P. Inside Lincoln's Cabinet. Ed by David Donald. NY: Longmans, Green, 1954. 342 p. E415.9C4A3. See index for political machinations over the issue of arming Negroes, as recorded by Lincoln's Secretary of Treasury. Connor, Selden. "The Colored Troops." War Papers. Vol 3. Portland, Maine: LeFavor-Tower, 1908. pp. 61-82. E464M583. Incls account of Hamlin's influence on Lincoln's policy towards armed Negroes. Haller, John S. "Civil War Anthropometry: The Making of a Racial Ideology." Civil War History 16 (Dec 1970): pp. 309-324. Per. Body measurements taken by US Sanitary Commission provided anthropological basis for late 19th cent institutional racism. Hunter, David. Report of the Military Services of Gen. David Hunter, U.S.A.... NY: Van Nostrand, 1873. 55 p. E467.1H9A2. See pp. 22-27 on Hunter's report on arming Negroes. Parson, B.W. Letter to A.A. Shafer, 24 Mar 1863, camp near Murfreesboro, TN. Photocopy. 4 p. Featherstone Coll in CWTI Coll. Arch. Parson camplained of copperhead propaganda deluging86th Indiana, considering it treasonous. "...We have but very few men who are now unwilling to enroll Negroes in the service." Pierce, Edward L. "The Freedmen at Port Royal." Atlantic Monthly 12 (Sep 1863): pp. 291-315. Per. Freedmen on SC Sea Islands, many of whom were recruited in 1862. Scovel, James M. New Jersey for the Union: Speech of Hon. James M. Scovel, Senator from Camden.... Trenton, NJ: Murphy & Bechtel, 1864. 16 p. E521S358. Scovel opposed a bill before the state legislature that would have prohibited enlistment of Negro troops in NJ. U.S. War Dept. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records.... 128 vols. Wash, DC: GPO, 1880-1901. E464U6. See Series III, Vol 5, pp. 654-62. Black Soldiers p.5 Voegeli, V. Jacque. Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro During the Civil War. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1967. 215 p. E185.9V6. On prevalent racism in Midwest and its effect on enlisting Negro units. See esp pp. 98-112. ORGANIZATION & TRAINING Bahney, Robert S. "Generals and Negroes: Education of Negroes by the Union Army, 1861-1865." PhD dss, Univ of MI, 1965. 301 p. Microfilm D-B47. Redkey, Edwin S. "Black Chaplains in the Union Army." Civil War History XXXIII (Dec 1987): pp. 331-350. Per. U.S. War Dept. U.S. Infantry Tactics...for the Use of the Colored Troops of the United States Infantry. NY: Van Nostrand, 1863. 445 p. UD160A3. Wert, Jeffrey D. "Camp William Penn and the Black Soldier." PA Hist XLVI (Oct 1979): pp. 335-346. Per. OFFICERS/COMMAND Adams, Julius W. Letter to the Honorable Secretary of War, on the Examination of Field Officers for Colored Troops. n.p., 1863. UC693A21.98710. Beatty, John. The Citizen-Soldier; or, Memoirs of a Volunteer. Cincinnati: Wilstach, Baldwin, 1879. 401 p. E601B43. His diary for Aug 1863 incl comments on board established to examine applicants for commissions in black rgts. Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. NY: Macmillan, 1990. 370 p. E540N3G53. Scroggs, Joseph J. Diary (photocopied typescript). CWTI Coll. Arch. LT, 5th Inf, USCT. See entries of 19 & 31 Oct and 6 & 9 Nov 1863, which pertain to his examiniation before the Cincinnati Board of Examiners. Black Soldiers p.6 Taggart, John H. Free Military School for Applicants for Command of Colored Troops. Phila: King and Baird, 1864. 43 p. E540N3P5. Incls roster of students. Also 1863 ed (12 p.). U.S. War Dept. General Order 144, 22 May 1863. GO. Required applicant for commission in USCT to possess "good moral character and standing in the community" and to submit to "a fair but rigorous examination" of fitness to command troops. Wilson, Keith. "Thomas Webster and the Free Military School for Applicants for Command of Colored Troops." CW Times Illus 29 (Jun 1983): pp. 101-22. Per. RACIAL RELATIONS & JUSTICE Berry, Mary Frances. Military Necessity and Civil Rights Policy: Black Citizenship and the Constitution, 1861-1868. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1977. 132 p. E453B47. "Fighting on Two Fronts: The Struggle for Equal Pay." Prologue 14 (Fall 1982): pp. 131-139. Per. Scharnhorst, Gary. "From Soldier to Saint: Robert Gould Shaw and the Rhetoric of Racial Justice." Civil War History 34 (Dec 1988): pp. 308-322. Per. Sturges, Eben. Letters of 26 May & 24 Aug 1863 to his parents (photocopy). 6 p. CWTI Coll. Arch. Lt Sturges, Btry M, 1st Ohio Light Arty Rgt, commented on black impressment by Army of Cumberland near Murfreesboro. In the latter letter he commented favorably on black units, opining that white soldiers were losing their prejudices. Westwood, Howard C. "The Cause and Consequence of a Union Black Soldier's Mutiny and Execution." Civil War History XXXI (Sep 1985): pp. 222-236. Per. _________. "Generals David Hunter and Rufus Saxton and Black Soldiers." South Carolina Hist Mag 86 (Jul 1985): pp. 165-181. Per. Black Soldiers p.7 Woodruff, William. Two letters to sister & brother, 15 Oct 1862 and 3 Apr 1863, Camp Jackson & Memphis, TN. Lowry Hinch Papers. Arch. Pvt Woodruff, 63d IL, expressed strong opposition to "this Negro war." He implied anti-Negro sentiment was rife around him. See also: - Photos of black soldiers executed at Petersburg, VA, 1864. MOLLUS #1413 (Vol 29) & #2172 (Vol 44). PhotoArch. CAMPAIGNING Andrews, C.C. History of the Campaign of Mobile: Including the Cooperative Operations of Gen. Wilson's Cavalry in Alabama. NY: Van Nostrand, 1889. 276 p. E477.94A57. See index under "Hawkins' Division (Colored)." See esp pp. 193-202, assault on Blakely, 9 Apr 1865. Bouton, Edward. Events of the Civil War. Los Angeles: Kingsley, Moles and Collins, n.d. 115 p. E601B78. Incls recounting of his use of black troops in battles of Tupelo and Brices Crossroads, MS, 1864. Also incls panegyrics on Bouton's service by officers of black rgts. Butler, Benjamin. Butler's Book. Boston: Thayer, 1892. 1154 p. E467.1B87B9. See Chap 16 on black troops in his Army of the James. _________. Major Gen. Butler at Home. n.p., n.d. 38 p. E467.1B87A3. About Butler's welcome home after the war. Incls his remarks on experiences with blacks. Carter, Solon A. "Fourteen Months' Service with Colored Troops." Civil War Papers. Vol 1. Boston: Military Order of Loyal Legion, MA Commandery, 1900. pp. 155-179. E464M61v1. Served in Hincks' Division of colored troops, 1864, VA. Black Soldiers p.8 Clark, Peter H. The Black Brigade of Cincinnati: Being a Report of its Labors and a Muster-Roll of its Members.... Cincinnati: Boyd, 1864. 30 p. E173P18no227. Dana, Charles A. Recollections of the Civil War. NY: Appleton, 1902. 296 p. E470D176. See pp. 86 & 220 concerning black bravery at Milliken's Bend and Petersburg. Davis, Burke. To Appomattox: Nine April Days, 1865. NY: Rinehart, 1959. 433 p. E477.67D3. See index, "Negro Troops." Davis, Oliver W. Life of David Bell Birney, Major-General United States Volunteers. Phila: King & Baird, 1867. 418 p. E467.1B6D2. Birney praised black troops after 2d Deep Bottom. Freeman, Henry V. "A Colored Brigade in the Campaign and Battle of Nashville." Military Essays and Recollections. Vol 2. Chicago: McClurg, 1894. pp. 399-421. E464M578v2. Hayne, Paul Hamilton. "The Defense of Fort Wagner." Reprinted from Southern Bivouac (Feb 1886): pp. 599-608. E481W2H42. Kautz, August V. "Reminiscences of the Civil War." Typescript, Jul 1936. 114 p. E601K16. References to blacks during the Petersburg campaign: p. 95 -Butler told Kautz he regreted dismounting Negroes to provide horses for whites; p. 101 - Ord heard deceased Negro troops were being buried without coffins; p. 102 - Kautz was given command of a Negro unit, 1st Div, 25th Corps; pp. 104-108 -activities of the 1st Div; p. 108 - 7,000 Negro troops marched down a Richmond street singing "John Brown's Body." Knox, Thomas W. Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field.... NY: Blelock, 1865. 524 p. E601K74. Chap 41 concerns Milliken Bend blacks as soldiers. Knox reported the war along Miss R for NY Herald. Longacre, Edward G. "Black Troops in the Army of the James, 1863- 65." Mil Affairs XLV (Feb 1981): pp. 1-8. Per. McGregor, Frank. Letters to family and Susie. Papers. Arch. Scottish immigrant, 83d Ohio Inf, commented favorably on Negro fighting ability after th Battle of Milliken's Ben. He also recorded critical remarks made by others. Black Soldiers p.9 Meyer, Michael H. "The Attitudes and Adaptations of Negros [sic] to Military Service During the War of the Rebellion." Report, Butler Univ, Indianapolis, NC, 20 Dec 1972. 21 p. E540N3M4. Rampp, Lary C. "Negro Troop Activity in Indian Territory." Reprinted from Chronicles of Oklahoma 47 (Spring 1969): pp. 531-559. MiscFile. Romeyn, Henry. "With Colored Troops in the Army of the Cumberland." Mil Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Commandery of the District of Columbia. Paper #51. n.p., 1904. 26 p. E464M574. Brief history of black contribution to Tennessee campaigns. Seraile, William. "New York's Black Regiments During the Civil War." PhD dss, City Univ of NY, 1977. 273 p. E540N3S4. Turner, John Wesley. Letters to his father. Turner Papers. Arch. While serving as Chief of Staff, Dept of South, during siege of Charleston, he spoke disparagingly of the use of black troops. Turner was later offered commission in 39th Inf (USCT). Winkelman, Williams. Letter to parents, 2 Dec 1864. Winkleman Papers. Arch. Served in Co C, 200th PA Vols and commented on service of blacks at Petersburg. FT PILLOW MASSACRE, 12 APR 1864 Castel, Albert. "The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence." Civil War History 4 (Mar 1958): pp. 37-50. Per. Cimprich, John, and Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. "The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note." Journal of Amer Hist 76 (Dec 1989): pp. 830-37. Per. Examined indiv service records of involved soldier and conclude that 50% casualties occurred--either in a desparate defense or a massacre. Macaluso, Gregory J. The Fort Pillow MassacreL The Reason Why. NY: Vantage, 1989. 116 p. E476.17M36. Incls 9-p. bib. Black Soldiers p.10 Manes, Lonnie E. "The Fort Pillow Massacre: Fact or Fiction." Tennessee Historical Quarterly XLV (Winter 1986): pp. 287-315. Per. Fiction, he concludes. U.S. Congress. Joint Committee on Conduct of War. Fort Pillow Massacre. 38th Cong, 1st sess, Senate Rep Comm No 63, 1864. 128 p. E476.17U512. _________. Report of the Committee...on the Attack on Petersburg, on the 30th Day of July, 1864. 38th Cong, 2d sess, 1864. 272 p. E481P4A3. Williams, Edward F., ed. Confederate Victories at Fort Pillow. Memphis: Nathan Bedford Forrest Trail Committee, 1973. 48 p. E476.17W54. Wyeth, John. Life of Lieutenant-General Nathan Bedford Forrest. NY: Harper, 1908. 668 p. E467.1F72W92. See Chap XIV. See also: - "Black Units, USA, 1862-65" (Ethnic-Blacks-CW)