MILITARY SERVICE #3b Contents Conscription & Civil War...................p.2 US Citizens in Foreign Mil Service, WWI....p.8 Grover C. Bergdoll, WWI Draft Evader.......p.9 ....p.10 See also: milsrv3, -3a, 3c USAMHI Mil Service-Conscription RefBranch dv Mar 89; Feb 91; Sep 92 CONSCRIPTION & THE CIVIL WAR, 1862-65 A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources Contents General/Miscellaneous.......................p.1 Legal Aspects...............................p.2 Administration..............................p.2 - Federal.................................p.2 - State...................................p.3 Contemporaneous Commentary..................p.4 New York City Draft Riot, 1863..............p.4 Other Disturbances..........................p.6 GENERAL/MISCELLANEOUS Brooks, R.P. "Conscription in the Confederate States of America, 1862-1865." Mil Hist Economist (Oct 1916): pp. 419-43. Per. Fish, Carl R. "Conscription in the Civil War." Amer Hist Review, 21 (Oct 1915): pp. 100-103. Per. Draft law not to substitute for volunteer system but to stimulate volunteering. Geary, James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review." Civil War Hist 32 (Sep 1986): pp. 208-28. Per. _________. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War. Dekalb, IL: No IL UP, 1991. 264 p. E491G42. Kimmons, Neil C. "Federal Draft Exemptions 1863-1865." Mil Affairs XV (Spring 1951): pp. 25-33. Per. Kreidberg, Marvin A., and Henry, Merton G. History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army. Dept of Army Pam 20- 212, Nov 1955, reprinted by CMH, 1984, with index added. Chap IV. UA913K73. Leach, Jack F. Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. Rutland, VT: Tuttle, 1952. 501 p. UB343L4. CW Conscription p.2 Moore, Albert B. Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy. NY: Macmillan, 1924. 367 p. E545M82. Murdock, Eugene. Patriotism Limited, 1862-1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System. n.p.: Kent State Press, 1967. 270 p. UB343M8. Upton, Emory. The Military Policy of the United States. Wash, DC: GPO, 1907. 495 p. UA23U755. See Chap 31 on Confed conscript law. Wright, Edward. Conscientious Objectors in the Civil War. Phila: UP of PA, 1931. 274 p. UB353W93. LEGAL ASPECTS Mitchell, Memory F. Legal Aspects of Conscription and Exemption in North Carolina 1861-1865. Chapel Hill, NC: Up of NC, 1965. 103 p. UB344N8M5. U.S. Congress. Congressional Globe, 36th-38th Cong. RareBk. U.S. Laws, statutes, etc. Enrollment Acts, 1863-64. 54 p. UB323A381-1861/4. Incls 3 Mar 1863 and 24 Feb 1864 draft acts. _________. The United States Conscription Law or National Militia Act Approved March 2d, 1863. NY: Fortune, 1863. 32 p. UB323A38. ADMINISTRATION - FEDERAL U.S. President, 1861-65. Calls for Troops Made by the President During the Years 1861, 1862, 1863, and 1864. Wash, DC: Provost Marshal General's Office, 1864. 27 p. UB323A381-a. U.S. War Dept. Adjutant General's Office. Statement of Number of Men Called for by the President of the United States. Wash, DC, 1880. 8 p. UB323A382. Conscription & the Civil War, 1862-65 p.3 _________. Provost Marshal General. Final Report of the Provost Marshal General, 1863-1866. 2 pts. Wash, DC: GPO, 1866. 1125 p. E491U5825. U.S. War Dept. Provost Marshal General. Provost Marshal General's Bureau. Circulars of the Provost Marshal General's Bureau of 1863, 1864, 1865. Wash, DC: AGO, 1870. 245 p. UB823A25. _________. Regulations for the Government of the Bureau of the Provost Marshal General of the United States. Wash, DC: GPO, 1863. 57 p. UB823A2. Bound with 1864 revised regs, 84 p. U.S. War Dept. Secretary of War Reports, 1863-1865. Wash, DC, GPO, 1863-1866. UA24A1. _________. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records. 128 vols. Wash, DC: GPO, 1880-1901. E464U6. See esp Vols 3 and 4, Series III. STATE ADMINISTRATION New York (County). Board of Supervisors. Report of the Committee on Substitutes and Relief of the Board of Supervisors. NY: Harrison, 1863. 427 p. E523N7. _________. Report of Special Committee on Volunteering.... NY: Harrison, 1864. 931 p. E523N72. _________. Report of the Special Committee on Volunteering.... 2 vols. NY: NY Print, 1866. E523N74. _________. Reports of the Special Committee on Volunteering...., 1864-1865-1866. NY: NY Print, 1866. 258 p. E523N741. U.S. Provost Marshal of Rhode Island. Report. Providence: Anthony, 1863. 7 p. E173P18no288. Conscription & The Civil War, 1862-65 p.4 CONTEMPORANEOUS COMMENTARY American Annual Cyclopedia, 1863 & 1864. NY: Appleton, 1864-1865. AE5A5AE5A7. Baker, L.C. History of the United States Secret Service. Phila: Baker, 1865. 704 p. E608B16. See esp Chaps 30-33 on bounty jumping. Congressional Globe, 37th and 38th Cong. RareBk. Leland, Charles G. "Ana of the War." US Service Mag IV (Dec 1865): pp. 512-520. Per. Misc anecdotes, etc. Vallandigham, Clement L. The Record of Hon. C.L. Vallandigham.... Cincinnati: Walter, 1863. 248 p. E458V17. See Speech #11, "The Conscription Bill." NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOT, 1863 Atkins, Thomas, and Oliver, John. Yonkers in the Rebellion of 1861- 1865. n.p.: Yonkers Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Assn., 1892. 262 p. E523.97Y65A84 See pp. 55-61. Barnes, David M. The Draft Riots in New York: July, 1863: The Metropolitan Policy, Their Services During Riot Week, Their Honorable Record. NY: Baker & Godwin, 1863. 117 p. HV648N5B37 Articles from New York Times. The Bloody Week! Riot, Murder, and Arson.... 2d ed. NY: Coutant & Baker, 1863. 32 p. HV6483N5B56 Based on reports of eyewitnesses. Brummer, Sidney. Political History of New York State During the Period of the Civil War. NY: Columbia, 1911. 251 p. N31C7 See esp Chaps 11 and 12. Coakley, Robert W. The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders 1789-1878. Wash, DC: CMH, 1988. 372 p. UA25C6. See Chap 12. Conscription & The Civil War, 1862-65 p.5 Fields, Thomas C. Speech of Hon. Thomas C. Fields, of New York, Delivered...February 10th and 11th, 1864. n.p.: Comstock & Cassidy, 1864. 19 p. E173P18no223. Defended Gov Seymour's actions during riot, pp. 4-7. Fry, James B. New York and the Conscription of 1863: A Chapter in the History of the Civil War. NY: Putnam's, 1885. 85 p. E523F94. Headley, J.T. Pen and Pencil Sketches of the Great Riots.... Miami, FL: Mnemosyne, 1969; orig pub 1882. 560 p. HV6477H52. See Chaps 10-20. Leach, Jack. Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. Rutland, VT: Tuttle, 1952. 501 p. UB343L4. See pp. 130-469. Leonard, Ellen. "Three Days of Terror." Harper's New Monthly Mag 34 (Jan 1865): pp. 225-233. Per. By eyewitness. McCague, James. The Second Rebellion: The Story of the New York City Draft Riots of 1863. NY: Dial, 1868. 210 p. HV648N5M3. Milton, George. Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column. Wash, DC: Inf Jrnl, 1943. 247 p. E4588M662. See Chap 7. Murdock, Eugene C. Patriotism Limited, 1862-1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System. n.p.: Kent State UP, 1967. 270 p. UB343M8. See Chap 4. New York. Adjutant General. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York. Vol 1. Albany, NY: Comstock & Cassidy, 1864. UA43N7. See pp. 25-27. New York City. Committee of Merchants. Report of the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People, Suffering from the Late Riots in the City of New York. NY: Whitehorne, 1863. 48 p. HV6483N5M47. Similar to the annual New York Times Christmas report on the 10 neediest families. Seymour, Vallandigham, and the Riots of 1863. n.d., n.p. 4 p. E173P18no222. Claims Seymour and Confederate spies instigated the riots. Conscription & The Civil War, 1862-65 p.6 Smalley, George W. Anglo-American Memories. NY: Putnam's, 1911. 441 p. E415S63(1911). Chap 17 contains eyewitness report. Thayer, George A. The Draft Riots of 1863: A Historical Study Read at the Meeting of the Ohio Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, April 5, 1916. n.p., n.d. 13 p. HV6483N5T52. The Volcano Under the City. NY: Fords, Howard and Hulbert, 1887. 350 p. F12847S86. Werstein, Irving. July, 1863. NY: Messner, 1957. 252 p. F12844W4. OTHER DISTURBANCES Hanna, Wm F. "The Boston Draft Riot." Civil War Hist (Sep 1990): pp. 262-73. Per. 14 Jul 1863; better quelled than in NYC. Larsen, Lawrence H. "Draft Riot in Wisconsin, 1862." Civ War Hist (Dec 1961): pp. 421-27. Per. USAMHI Mil Serv - Conscription RefBranch dv 84 SELECTIVE SERVICE & U.S. CITIZENS ALREADY SERVING IN FOREIGN ARMIES, WWI. The Selective Service Law, approved 18 May 1917, prescribed military service for "the existing emergency unless sooner discharged." This omnibus law covered the entire military establishment with the same obligation. Draftees, enlistees and officers served for the duration of the war. See: U.S. War Department. Bulletin 32, 24 May 1917. 13 p. LevA. The SS Act. See esp Section I, Para 2; Sec 3; Sec 7. _________. Bulletin 49, 22 Aug 1917. pp. 4-5. LevA. Opinion of the Judge Advocate General on the effect of the SS Act on previous enlistments and discharge dates. A U.S. citizen already in foreign service when this act was passed would have had to register with his local draft board before he could have been selected for possible induction. However, selective service registration for Americans residing abroad was voluntary, not obligatory. See Section 56, Selective Service Regulations, 1917 (UB343U56.1917). See also Paragraph I(j) of the Compiled Rulings of the Provost Marshal General, dated 4 September 1917 (bound with Selective Service Rules..., 1917, Vol. 1; (UB343.U56). The Army's Provost Marshal General, who administered the draft system, ruled in September that registrants called by a local board who failed to report for their physical examination were technically in default and automatically inducted into U.S. military service. It is uncertain whether or not the ruling was meant to pertain to Americans who were in foreign armies before the passage of the Selective Service law, because those men would have been already residing overseas. The ruling, no doubt, covered men who joined foreign armies after the act became law. Keep in mind, the number of American volunteers in the military service of an allied nation may not have been large enough to warrant much attention by the Selective Service System. In any case, many of the Americans in that status were voluntarily accepted by the American Expeditionary Forces in France. (See bibs on American Field Service in France and on American pilots in the British and French air services.) No information was found here concerning military records of foreign-serving Americans. I suppose, if registered, they would appear in SSS records and perhaps military service records. USAMHI MilService-Conscription RefBranch js 82; Nov 87 NOTE: GROVER C. BERGDOLL, NOTED DRAFT EVADER, WWI Some considered Bergdoll to be the "No. 1 draft dodger" of the First World War. He was the son of Louis Bergdoll, a wealthy Phila brewer. With the assistance of his mother, Grover (then 23) hid from Army authorities and evaded them successfully until 1920. Subsequently convicted, he served six months of his sentence, then escaped and fled to Eberbach, Germany, his mother's hometown. He returned to the U.S. in 1939, at which time the government returned to him 80% of the $535,000 worth of property seized earlier, and then sentenced him to three years at the disciplinary barracks, Fort Leavenworth, KS. In addition, the four-year term from his previous conviction remained. In Feb 1944, he returned to his 260-acre farm outside Downington, PA. See: Davis, Edward. Memoir. Arch. See pp. 447-48. New York Times (4 Feb 1944): p. 17. Microfilm. And 5 Dec 1944, p. 38. U.S. Congress. House. Investigation of Escape of Grover Cleveland Bergdoll from U.S. Disciplinary Barracks. Report, 87th Cong, 1st sess, 1921. 911 p. UB789U4.