Subject: WWII-L Digest - 18 Apr 1993 to 19 Apr 1993

From: Automatic digest processor <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1993 00:00:29 -0400

There are 18 messages totalling 1667 lines in this issue.

Topics of the day:

  1. USAAF 17 APR 43
  2. USAAF 18 APR 43
  3. USAAF 19 APR 43
  4. DISCOVERY CHAN
  5. US Cemetery
  6. IRELAND
  7. WEAP: Luftwaffe losses to B-17's (2)
  8. US Cemetery -- Huertgen
  9. REF: U.S. Army in WWII (2)
 10. Addr: US CEMETERY--HUERTGEN
 11. Terms with Hitler
 12. U505 & radio intercepts
 13. CEMETERIES
 14. HUERTGEN FOREST
 15. 1938-'41 Chronology
 16. Addr: Huertgen

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 07:16:46 -0400
From:    [email-masked]
Subject: USAAF 17 APR 43

COMBAT CHRONOLOGY OF THE US ARMY AIR FORCES
SATURDAY, 17 APRIL 1943
FTP SITES
  1. ftp.rutgers.edu in directory pub/wwii/usaf
  2. byrd.mu.wvnet.edu (129.71.32.152) in pub/history/military/wwii/usaaf

AIRCRAFT MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT:
  A-20, Douglas Havoc
  B-17, Boeing Flying Fortress
  B-24, Consolidated Liberator
  B-25, North American Mitchell
  Blenheim, Bristol (RAF)
  F-5, Lockheed Lightning
  Liberator, Consolidated (RAF)
  P-38, Lockheed Lightning
  P-40, Curtiss
  Wellington, Vickers (RAF)

AMERICAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Eleventh Air Force)
  In the Aleutians, 7 B-24's bomb and score 8 direct hits on the runway and
gun emplacements at Attu. One B-24 and 2 F-5A's abort due to weather. 4
B-25's, 31 P-38's, and 14 P-40's hit Kiska 9 times, bombing installations
and strafing gun emplacements and 3 parked airplanes.

CHINA-BURMA-INDIA THEATER OF OPERATIONS

  BURMA-INDIA (Tenth Air Force)
    In Burma, 7 B-25's bomb the Myitnge bridge, scoring 4 damaging hits.
Ten others hit the Myitnge railroad works. Sixteen P-40's damage the bridge
at Kamaing, attack the town of Nanyaseik, and score hits on the N approach
to the bridge at Namti. Six B-24's damage the S approach to the Pazundaung
railroad bridge.

EUROPEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Eighth Air Force)
  VIII Bomber Command Mission Number 52: 115 B-17's are dispatched against
the Focke-Wulf factory at Bremen, Germany the Eighth Air Force's largest
mission to date. A mass of fighters attacks during bomb run, shooting down
15 while flak claims another. We claim 63-15-17 Luftwaffe aircraft; 39
B-17's are damaged; casualties are 2 KIA, 4 WIA and 159 MIA.
  The Commanding General, VIII Fighter Command, expresses the need for 20
fighter groups to neutralize growing German fighter opposition to the
Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO).

MEDITERRANEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS

  EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN (Ninth Air Force)
    In Sicily, B-24's (including Liberator Mk II's of the RAF 178 Squadron,
under operational control of the IX Bomber Command) bomb Catania.
    In Tunisia, P-40's fly sweeps, sea patrol, and fighter-bomber missions.
    HQ 340th Bombardment Group (Medium) and it's 486th and 487th
Bombardment Squadrons (Medium) with B-25's and the 434th Bombardment
Squadron (Medium), 12th Bombardment Group (Medium) with B-25's transfer
from Medenine, Tunisia to Sfax, Tunisia.

  WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN (Northwest African Air Force)
    In Sicily, B-17's bomb shipping and docks at Palermo.
    In Tunisia during the night of 16/17 April, Northwest African Stragegic
Air Force (NASAF) Wellington's bomb the N quay in Bizerte harbor. Shortly
after noon, B-17's bomb shipping and docks at Ferryville. B-25's hit  the
town area and marshaling yard at Mateur. Fighters provide escort. Northwest
African Tactical Air Force (NATAF) Blenheims bomb La Sebala Airfield and
A-20's hit Ksar Tyr and concentrations NE of Grich el Oued. Fighters fly
escort and reconnaissance missions. Northwest African Coastal Air Force
(NACAF) airplanes fly sea patrol and reconnaissance and attack shipping in
the Strait of Sicily.

SOUTH PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Thirteenth Air Force)
  In the Solomons, B-l7's during the night of 16/17 Apr again fly a strike
against Kahili Airfield.
  HQ 18th Fighter Group transfers from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal.

SOUTHWEST PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Fifth Air Force)
  In the Moluccas, B-24's bomb Amboina.
  In New Guinea, a single B-24 scores hits on the NW shore of Hollandia
Bay.

SOURCES:
AIR FORCE COMBAT UNITS OF WORLD WAR II, Office of Air Force History,
  Headquarters USAF, 1961, ISBN 0-912799-02-1
COMBAT SQUADRONS OF THE AIR FORCE, WORLD WAR II, Office of Air Force
  History, Headquarters USAF 1982
THE ARMY AIR FORCES IN WORLD WAR II: COMBAT CHRONOLOGY, 1941-1945 by the
  Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF, 1973
THE MIGHTY EIGHTH WAR DIARY by Roger A. Freeman, ISBN 1-85409-071-2

Jack McKillop
USAF (Airways and Air Communications Service)
1955-59

----------------------------------------------------------------------
|  Jack McKillop      |  Those who have long enjoyed such privileges |
|  Bellcore           |  as we enjoy forget in time that men have    |
|  Piscataway, NJ     |  died to win them.     FDR                   |
|  USA                |  [email-masked]                        |
----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 07:20:38 -0400
From:    [email-masked]
Subject: USAAF 18 APR 43

COMBAT CHRONOLOGY OF THE US ARMY AIR FORCES
SUNDAY, 18 APRIL 1943
FTP SITES
  1. ftp.rutgers.edu in directory pub/wwii/usaf
  2. byrd.mu.wvnet.edu (129.71.32.152) in pub/history/military/wwii/usaaf

AIRCRAFT MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT:
  B-17, Boeing Flying Fortress
  B-24, Consolidated Liberator
  B-25, North American Mitchell
  Beaufighter, Bristol
  Beaufort, Bristol
  Betty, Mitsubishi G4M, Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber
  Bf 109, Messerschmitt
  Bf 110, Messerschmitt
  Ju 52/3m, Junkers
  Mc 202, Macchi Folgore (Thunderbolt)
  P-38, Lockheed Lightning
  P-40, Curtiss
  P-70, Douglas
  Spitfire, Vickers Supermarine
  Wellington, Vickers
  Zeke, Mitsubishi A6M, Navy Type 0 Carrier Fighter

AMERICAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Eleventh Air Force)
  In the Aleutians, 22 P-38's (some flown by Royal Canadian Air Force
pilots) and 37 P-40's hit Kiska 9 times. The submarine base and gun
emplacments on North Head are bombed and gun emplacements near the
submarine base are silenced.

CENTRAL PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Seventh Air Force)
  In the Ellice Islands, the 371st and 372d Bombardment Squadrons (Heavy),
307th Bombardment Group (Heavy) based at Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii
with B-24's begin operating from Funafuti.

CHINA-BURMA-INDIA THEATER OF OPERATIONS

  CHINA (Fourteenth Air Force)
    In China, P-40's strafe an enemy-held supply village SE of Tengchung.

MEDITERRANEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS

  EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN (Ninth Air Force)
    Off Cap Bon, 46 P-40F's of the 57th Fighter Group's three squadrons
(64th, 65th and 66th Fighter Squadrons) and the attached 314th Fighter
Squadron, 324th Fighter Group, plus 11 Spitfires of the RAF 92 Squadron
flying top cover, take off to patrol. At approximately 1800 hours, they spot
2 Bf 109's and an armada of 65 Ju 52/3m transports heading back to Sicily
for more supplies. The transports are in three great vees, covered by 16 Bf
109's and Mc 202's and 5 Bf 110's. The 64th Figher Squadron and the RAF
Spitfires stay high; the remaining 3 squadrons of P-40's attack the
Luftwaffe formation and down 24 Ju 53/3m's and 16 fighters; another 35 Ju
52/3m's crash along the coast.
    In Sicily, B-24's attack Catania.
    In Tunisia, P-40's fly sweeps, armored reconnaissance, escort, and
fighter-bomber missions. B-25's hit landing grounds.

  WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN (Northwest African Air Force)
    In Tunisia during the night of 17/18 Ap, RAF Wellingtons bomb the Tunis
docks and marshaling yard. Northwest African Tactical Air Force (NATAF)
Blenehims hit the La Marsa landing ground while fighter fly reconnaissance
and scramble missions. Northwest African Coastal Air Force (NACAF) fighters
fly reconnaissance and patrols, attacking vessels, troop columns, and truck
in the Tunisian coastal area,
    In Sicily, over 75 B-17's, escorted by P-38's, attack Boccadifalco
Airfield and the Palermo Marshaling Yard.
    In Sardinia, B-25's, escorted by P-38's, hit the Alghero-Fertilia
Airfield and shipping at Porto Torres while Beaufighters attack the
Decimomannu Airfield.

SOUTH PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Thirteenth Air Force)
  In the Solomons, Major John W Mitchell leads a flight of 16 P-38's (2
others abort) on a low-level, circuitous, over-water trip from Guadalcanal
to a spot up the Bougainville coast from Kahili to intercept the fight of
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, head of the Imperial Japanese Navy, who, according
to US intelligence, is on an inspection trip in the S Pacific and is due in
Ballale at 0945 local. Admiral Yamamoto'a well-known punctuality is
calculated to allow the interception to take place at 0935 local at a point
35 mi (56 km) from Kahili. Two hours and 15 minutes after takeoff at 0725
local, as the P-38's streak toward Bougainville at almost sea level, a
flight of 2 Betty bombers and 6 Zekes appears just ahead. The 4-aircraft
attack section under Captain Thomas G. Lanphier, Jr bores in. The Zekes spot
the attacking P-38's at about 1 mi (0.6 km) and try in vain to cut off the
attack as the bombers attempt to escape. In the air battle, Captain Lanphier
and First Lieutenant Rex T. Barber shoot down the bomber carrying Yamamoto.

SOUTHWEST PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Fifth Air Force)
  In Timor, B-25's bomb the airfield at Penfoei.
  In New Guinea, single B-24's hit the Finschhafen and Saidor areas.
  A detachment of the 6th Night Fighter Squadron, 15th Fighter Group based
at Kipapa, Territory of Hawaii begins operating from New Guinea with P-70's.

SOURCES:
AIR FORCE COMBAT UNITS OF WORLD WAR II, Office of Air Force History,
  Headquarters USAF, 1961, ISBN 0-912799-02-1
COMBAT SQUADRONS OF THE AIR FORCE, WORLD WAR II, Office of Air Force
  History, Headquarters USAF 1982
THE ARMY AIR FORCES IN WORLD WAR II: COMBAT CHRONOLOGY, 1941-1945 by the
  Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF, 1973
THE MIGHTY EIGHTH WAR DIARY by Roger A. Freeman, ISBN 1-85409-071-2

Jack McKillop
USAF (Airways and Air Communications Service)
1955-59

----------------------------------------------------------------------
|  Jack McKillop      |  Those who have long enjoyed such privileges |
|  Bellcore           |  as we enjoy forget in time that men have    |
|  Piscataway, NJ     |  died to win them.     FDR                   |
|  USA                |  [email-masked]                        |
----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 07:22:42 -0400
From:    [email-masked]
Subject: USAAF 19 APR 43

COMBAT CHRONOLOGY OF THE US ARMY AIR FORCES
MONDAY, 19 APRIL 1943
FTP SITES
  1. ftp.rutgers.edu in directory pub/wwii/usaf
  2. byrd.mu.wvnet.edu (129.71.32.152) in pub/history/military/wwii/usaaf

AIRCRAFT MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT:
  A-20, Douglas Havoc
  B-17, Boeing Flying Fortress
  B-24, Consolidated Liberator
  B-25, North American Mitchell
  Blenheim, Bristol
  P-38, Lockheed Lightning
  P-40, Curtiss

AMERICAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Eleventh Air Force)
  In the Aleutians, 9 missions involving 14 B-24's, 12 B-25's, 32 P-40's,
and 23 P-38's are flown to Kiska. The first mission is weathered out of
the primary target, Attu, and directed to Kiska. Bombing and strafing
concentrates on 4 grounded ships and the submarine base area where fires
are started. One ship, believed to serve as a power station, is set afire.

CHINA-BURMA-INDIA THEATER OF OPERATIONS

  BURMA-INDIA (Tenth Air Force)
    P-40's hit bridges in Burma, seriously damaging the Namti railroad
bridge between Mogaung and Myitkyina. Nine B-24's bomb Rangoon's main
railroad station.

MEDITERRANEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS

  EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN (Ninth Air Force)
    In Tunisia, B-25's hit landing grounds and defensive positions, and
P-40's escort bombers and fly fighter sweeps as the British Eighth Army
opens an assault on Enfidaville positions.

  WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN (Northwest African Air Force)
    In Tunisia during the night of 18/19 Apr, Northwest African Tactical
Air Force (NATAF) Blenheims bomb La Marsa landing ground and roads
nearby, and attack activity on beach at Reyville. During the day,
Northwest African Strategic Air Force (NASAF) B-17's bomb shipping at
Tunis. B-25's and A -20's raid the La Sebala Airfield. Fighter-bombers
attack tanks in the battle area. Northwest African Coastal Air Force
(NACAF) maintains sea reconnaissance and patrols as far as Sardinia and
sea approaches to Naples. NAAF aircraft claim over 100 aircraft destroyed
during the day.

SOUTHWEST PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS (Fifth Air Force)
  Single medium or heavy bombers bomb airfields at Hollandia and Lae, New
Guinea and Cape Gloucester and Gasmata in the Bismarck Archipelago.

SOURCES:
AIR FORCE COMBAT UNITS OF WORLD WAR II, Office of Air Force History,
  Headquarters USAF, 1961, ISBN 0-912799-02-1
COMBAT SQUADRONS OF THE AIR FORCE, WORLD WAR II, Office of Air Force
  History, Headquarters USAF 1982
THE ARMY AIR FORCES IN WORLD WAR II: COMBAT CHRONOLOGY, 1941-1945 by the
  Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF, 1973
THE MIGHTY EIGHTH WAR DIARY by Roger A. Freeman, ISBN 1-85409-071-2

Jack McKillop
USAF (Airways and Air Communications Service)
1955-59

----------------------------------------------------------------------
|  Jack McKillop      |  Those who have long enjoyed such privileges |
|  Bellcore           |  as we enjoy forget in time that men have    |
|  Piscataway, NJ     |  died to win them.     FDR                   |
|  USA                |  [email-masked]                        |
----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 07:26:57 -0400
From:    [email-masked]
Subject: DISCOVERY CHAN

*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************
**                                                               **
**               MAY, 1993 DISCOVERY CHANNEL SCHEDULE            **
**                                                               **
** Cable TV's Discovery Channel received in Canada and the U.S.  **
** that may of interest to the aviation, military, etc minded    **
** community.                                                    **
**                                                               **
**         All times are Eastern Daylight Time (EDT)             **
**                                                               **
*******************************************************************
*******************************************************************

ASSIGNMENT DISCOVERY
--------------------
Episode 231 (Wright's 1st fligth, 17 Dec 03)
  Mon, Apr 26 0900-1000

B-17 FLYING FORTRESS-A TRIBUTE (YEAH!!!!!!)
-------------------------------------------
  Sun, May 23 1700-1730

CHALLENGE
---------
Test Pilot
  Sat, May 22 2000-2100
  Sat, May 22 2300-2400

DISCOVERY SHOWCASE
------------------
Pearl Harbor (7 Dec 41)
  Mon, May 31 2100-2200
  Tue, Jun 1 0000-0100

DISCOVERY SUNDAY
----------------
Alaska at War (WWII)
  Sun, May 23 2100-2200
  Mon, May 24 0000-0100

FIREPOWER
---------
Armored Force (armored units)
  Thu, May 27 2100-2130
  Fri, May 28 0000-0030
Clash of Armor (tanks)
  Thu, May 6 2100-2130
  Fri, May 7 0000-0030
Eject (ejection seats)
  Thu, Apr 29 2100-2130
  Fri, Apr 30 0000-0030
Guided Bomb
  Thu, May 13 2100-2130
  Fri, May 14 0000-0030
The Silent War (nuke boats)
  Thu, May 20 2100-2130
  Fri, May 21 0000-0030

FRONTIERS OF FLIGHT
-------------------
Golden Age Frontiers (20's & 30's of Earhart, Hughes, Post, etc.)
  Sat, May 1 2100-2200
  Sun, May 2 0000-0100
Jet Power (in WWII)
  Sat, May 15 2100-2200
  Sun, May 16 0000-0100
Rocket Power (German V-2, et al.)
  Sat, May 8 2100-2200
  Sun, May 9 0000-0100
The Sound Barrier (Chuck Yeager)
  Sat, May 22 2100-2200
  Sun, May 23 0000-0100

GI DIARY
--------
Americans in Paris (25 Aug 44)
  Thu, Apr 29 2130-2200
  Fri, Apr 30 0030-0100
Iwo Jima-Eight Square Miles of Hell
  Thu, May 13 2130-2200
  Fri, May 14 0030-0100
Okinawa-At the Emperor's Doorstep
  Thu, May 20 2130-2200
  Fri, May 21 0030-0100
Peleliu-The Killing Ground (1944)
  Thu, May 6 2130-2200
  Fri, May 7 0030-0100
The Last Barrier-Crossing the Rhine
  Thu, May 27 2130-2200
  Fri, May 28 0030-0100

MONSTER-A PORTRAIT OF STALIN IN BLOOD
-------------------------------------
Stalin and the War
  Tue, May 4 2200-2300
  Wed, May 5 0100-0200
  Sat, May 8 1600-1700
Stalin's Secret Police
  Tue, May 11 2200-2300
  Wed, May 12 0100-0200
  Sat, May 15 1600-1700
Stalin and Mind Control
  Tue, May 25 2200-2300
  Wed, May 26 0100-0200
  Sat, May 29 1600-1700

SECRETS OF THE DEEP
-------------------
Mysteries of the Monitor (USS Monitor off Cape Haterras)
  Wed, May 12 2000-2100
  Wed, May 12 2300-2400

SKYBOUND
--------
Dogfighters (demands of)
  Fri, Apr 30 2130-2200
  Sat, May 1 0030-0100
Flight Crazy (Oshkosh)
  Fri, May 7 2130-2200
  Sat, May 8 0030-0100
Propliners
  Fri, May 21 2130-2200
  Sat, May 22 0030-0100
Smooth Sailing (balloons)
  Fri, May 14 2130-2200
  Sat, May 15 0030-0100

THE ADVENTURERS
---------------
Episode 30 (USN Damage Control & para-rescue)
  Thu, Apr 29 2200-2230
  Fri, Apr 30 0100-0130
Episode 31 (US Forest Service smoke jumpers)
  Thu, May 6 2200-2230
  Fri, May 7 0100-0130
Episode 32 (Afghan rebels)
  Thu, May 13 2200-2230
  Fri, May 14 0100-0130
Episode 33 (USN SEALs)
  Thu, May 27 2200-2230
  Fri, May 28 0100-0130

WINGS
-----
A-4, Douglas Sky Hawk
  Sat, May 29 1300-1400
  Sun, May 30 1800-1900
B-26, Martin Marauder
  Wed, May 12 2100-2200
  Thu, May 13 0000-0100
Boeing 707/C-135
  Sat, May 15 1300-1400
  Sun, May 16 1800-1900
Boeing 747
  Wed, Apr 28 2100-2200
  Thu, Apr 29 0000-0100
C-130, Lockheed Hercules
  Wed, May 5 2100-2200
  Thu, May 6 0000-0100
DC-3/C-47, Douglas (a REAL airplane)
  Sat, May 1 1300-1400
  Sun, May 2 1800-1900
F-84, Republic Thunderjet
  Sat, May 22 1300-1400
  Sun, May 23 1800-1900
  May 23
F-100, North American Super Sabre
  Sat, May 8 1300-1400
  Sun, May 9 1800-1900
F-105, Republic Thunderchief
  Wed, May 19 2100-2200
  Thu, May 20 0000-0100
P-51, North American Mustang
  Wed, May 26 2100-2200
  Thu, May 27 0000-0100

WORLD OF VALOR
--------------
FBI
  Fri, May 7 2100-2130
  Sat, May 8 0000-0030
  Sun, May 9 1730-1800
French Foreign Legion
  Fri, May 14 2100-2130
  Sat, May 15 0000-0030
  Sun, May 16 1730-1800
Israeli Defense Forces
  Fri, Apr 30 2100-2130
  Sat, May 1 0000-0030
  Sun, May 2 1730-1800
U.S. Army Special Forces
  Fri, May 21 2100-2130
  Sat, May 22 0000-0030
  Sun, May 23 1730-1800

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 13:27:00 CET
From:    Peter de Lange <[email-masked]>
Subject: US Cemetery

John,
     the big American Cemetery in the Netherlands is in Margraten.
This is about 10 km E of Maastricht and very close to Aachen and
the Huerten Forest.
In 44 and 45 the Allieds killed there in the neighbourhood were buried
there and years after the war they reburied a lot of Americans on
that place.
Peter de Lange, Leiden
[email-masked]

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 08:14:19 -0400
From:    [email-masked]
Subject: IRELAND

Larry Jewell's list indicating the country of origin of the WWII
subscribers indicates that there is one in the Republic of Ireland.
I was wondering if that individual has any information concerning
U.S. aircraft that crashed in Ireland during WWII.  I know that
General Smith, Eisenhower's Chief of Staff, went down in Ireland in
1944 (?) but I am looking for information on any other aircraft
that crashed anywhere in the Republic.

Any information would be greatly appreciated.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
|  Jack McKillop      |  Those who have long enjoyed such privileges |
|  Bellcore           |  as we enjoy forget in time that men have    |
|  Piscataway, NJ     |  died to win them.           FDR             |
|  USA                |  [email-masked]                        |
----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 10:03:52 CDT
From:    "Robert J. Granvin" <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re: WEAP: Luftwaffe losses to B-17's

> > From: Timothy Torres, CIC
> >
> > Today (Sat) on Discovery WINGS, the narrator claimed that more Luftwaffe
> > fighters were shot down by US daytime bombers than US fighters.  Is this
> > true?  I always thought that the bombers had a terrible time dealing with
> > fighters until the long-range US fighters arrived.
> >
> > Anybody have any references that cover this?
>
>   We have a copy of the Strategic Bombing Survey here. I will dig into it
> tommorrow when I go to the library and see what they claim there.

Just thinking wildly without using any evidence whatsoever, I wouldn't be
surprised if this were true.

The long-range fighters didn't come into play until basically 1944.  By that
time, the U.S. bombers had been flying daytime missions for more than two
years, essentially unescorted.  A lot of fighters (and bombers) went down
during that time.

By the time late 1944 ran around, the Axis was finding it harder and harder
to get aircraft into the air, so much of the infrastructure had been
demolished (though an amazing amount remained ... But when the Me-262 came
out, the aircraft was towed around by cows because all the horses had been
killed and fuel was too valuable to waste on tugs...)

I'll wait to see if evidence supports this at all.  :-)

--
Robert J. Granvin                                    Southern Minnesota Wing
[email-masked]                                       Confederate Air Force
  You know you've made a gear-up landing when it takes full power to taxi.

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 10:29:47 CDT
From:    Mike Seningen <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re: US Cemetery -- Huertgen

I am nearly finished reading a book about the
Huertgen Forrest.  In general the book is not very good.
It has some facts, but relies strongly on the opinions of the
author and his will to express his opinion on the reader.
The author does a very good job of depressing you by describing in
excrutiating detail about the conditions of the battle and the ineptitude
of higher officials.  I'll dig the exact name and author up and post tomorrow.

I believe the numbers this author presented were 5000 combat casualties
a week and a like number of non-combat casualties.  Several divisions
suffered nearly 100% casualties, one or two suffered > 100% as green
troops were "blooded" in the Death Factory.  A total combat casualty
figure of 90000 was presented.

mike

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 11:11:26 EST
From:    Larry Jewell <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re: REF: U.S. Army in WWII

>
>How about a hyper-card type work?  The first hyper-card program I saw was a
>CD-Rom covering the assassination of JFK.  It began as a documentary with
>icons next to specific people and places.  You could click onto Gov. Connally,
>Jackie, or even the secret service agent climbing onto the back of the limo.
>You would then be given an explanation of who they were, and what was happening
>to them.
>Imagine a program like that about Pearl Harbor or Midway?  Click onto the
>Arizona and find out its history, who the commander was and his background, the
>ship's armaments, propulsion etc.  That would make an ideal learning tool.
>
>                                         Richard Kaplan
>                                         [email-masked]
>

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 11:30:34 EST
From:    Larry Jewell <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re: REF: U.S. Army in WWII

>
>How about a hyper-card type work?  The first hyper-card program I saw was a
>CD-Rom covering the assassination of JFK.  It began as a documentary with
>icons next to specific people and places.  You could click onto Gov. Connally,
>Jackie, or even the secret service agent climbing onto the back of the limo.
>You would then be given an explanation of who they were, and what was happening
>to them.
>Imagine a program like that about Pearl Harbor or Midway?  Click onto the
>Arizona and find out its history, who the commander was and his background, the
>ship's armaments, propulsion etc.  That would make an ideal learning tool.
>
>                                         Richard Kaplan
>                                         [email-masked]

It's just this kind of interactive system that is beginning to become avail-
able to the general public.  Creative minds working with computers will be
the next serious advance in the educational world.  Getting the information
on disk will be the greatest challenge, but I'm looking at ways to make this
happen, starting with public domain documents such as Department of State
documents and Military History files which have been "produced at the public
expense."

I have a major problem with "digested" histories.  I like to read the original
document myself and not get someone else's edited (and sometimes highly
opinionated) version of the same.  Having the documents on a cd-rom where
I can search for a word, phrase, name or date will be my idea of heaven.

Larry J

BTW, sorry about the null message earlier.

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 11:40:09 EDT
From:    RICHARD KING <[email-masked]>
Subject: Addr: US CEMETERY--HUERTGEN

Since the Huertgen Forest battle is being discussed, I
thought I'd mention that an excellent article concerning
the Hertgen Forest TODAY appeared as the cover story of
AFTER THE BATTLE. This is an outstanding periodical about
WWII events as they geographically appear in the present time.
One interesting aspect is that photographs of WWII events
appear side by side with recent photographs (i.e., two young
lovers reclining on the same steps in 1992 that Hitler was
photographed walking down in 1942). Maybe everyone already
knows about this publication, but I find it extremely
interesting and thought I'd pass it along.
**********************************************************
Richard L. King, Reference Librarian, Vincennes (IN) Univ.
[email-masked]

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 15:25:47 EST
From:    GLAB000 <[email-masked]>
Subject: Terms with Hitler

IRT the railway car in which WW I was ended, I had always understood
that it was transported to a museum in Munich and later destroyed
in an allied bombing attack.  It would be interesting to find
out wht really happened to it.

Dale Lally
St. Lawrence University
Canton NY
dlally@stlawu

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 15:50:44 EST
From:    GLAB000 <[email-masked]>
Subject: U505 & radio intercepts

IRT the capture of U 505 and the ENIGMA machine, I understand that the
Germans always assumed that such a machine would fall into enemy hands.
However, since they regularly changed cipher keys, they assumed that
all info gained via a captured machine would be stale before it would
ever be decripted.  However, (ta daa) the big computers installed at
Bletchly Park and in the US were able to crack the German ciphers
within hours rather than the days or months that the Germans were
counting on.  I think the biggest problem for our side was in believing
that the traffic they were getting was really genuine.

Dale Lally  CAPT/USNR
dlally@stlawu

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 21:51:16 +0200
From:    JOHN AUSLAND <[email-masked]>
Subject: CEMETERIES

  Oslo, April 19.  Thanks to Peter de Lange for the information about
the US military cemetery near Maastricht.  Thus, there is one in
Luxembourg and one in Holland.  Does anyone know if there is also
one in Belgium?  Regards, John Ausland, Oslo, Norway

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 22:20:29 +0200
From:    JOHN AUSLAND <[email-masked]>
Subject: HUERTGEN FOREST

  Oslo, April 19.  There have been two messages about the Huertgen
Forest, one from Mike Seningen and the other from Richard King.  My
interest springs from having been there with the 4th Infantry Division,
having just published my memoirs about my experiences during World
War II, including a chapter on the Huertgen, and having just
revisited the Huertgen.
  I would be interested in knowing what book Mike Seningen is reading.
The best book I know on the subject is THE BATTLE OF THE HUERTGEN
FOREST by Charles B. MacDonald, who also wrote the volume in the
US Army series which covered the battle.  It was as close to hell
as I want to get and was a terrible mistake.  As MacDonald said,
"Those in the Huertgen Forest fought a misconceived and basically
fruitless battle that could have, and should have, been avoided."
  I can add that after the war the Command and General Staff
College used it for awhile as an example of how a battle should
not be fought.
  During a visit to the museum at Diekirch, Luxembourg, I first
heard of the publication AFTER THE BATTLE, but it does not seem to
be available here in Norway.  Would it be possible to send me a copy
of the article on the Huertgen?  If it is not too long, perhaps it
could be faxed.  My fax number is +47 22 16 30 92.  My mailing
address is: Sondreveien 4 Entry 2, 0378 Oslo, Norway.
  Regards, John Ausland

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 15:56:22 EST
From:    Larry Jewell <[email-masked]>
Subject: 1938-'41 Chronology

I thought some of you might find this interesting or useful.

Larry J

CHRONOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS, MARCH 1938 TO DECEMBER 1941,
ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DECEMBER 18,1941

(Department of State, Bulletin, December 27, 1941, p. 590)

1938

March 11
German troops crossed Austrian frontier.
The Times (London) March 12, 1938, p. 12

March 13
Austro-German Union proclaimed at Vienna: "Austria is a state
(land) of the German Reich."  Text of Anschluss law, Department
of State PRESS RELEASES, March 19, 1938, Vol. XIX, p 374.

April 16
British-Italian agreement signed, whereby Great Britain
recognized the conquest of Ethiopia and Italy promised to
withdraw all troops from Spain at the conclusion of the civil war.
Great Britain, Foreign Office TREATY SERIES, No. 31 (1938)

April 27-29
Three day Anglo-French conference at London.  Arrangement
concluded whereby the British and French general staffs would
collaborate more closely henceforth in military and naval defense.
New York Times, April 29, 1938, p. 1; April 30, p. 1.

July 21
Chaco Peace Pact signed, ending the long conflict between
Bolivia and Paraguay.
Department of State PRESS RELEASES, July 23, 1938, Vol. XIX, p. 44.

September 15
Chamberlain-Hitler talks at Berchtesgaden.
New York Times, September 16, 1938, p. 1.

September 22-23
Chamberlain-Hitler talks at Godesberg.
New York Times, September 23, 1938, p. 1.; September 24, 1938, p. 1.

September 26
President Roosevelt appealed for peace directly to Hitler and
President Benes.
Department of State PRESS RELEASES, October 1, 1938, Vol. XIX, p 219.

September 29
Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini signed Munich Pact.
Great Britain, Cmd. 5848, FURTHER DOCUMENTS RESPECTING
CZECHOSLOVAKIA, INCLUDING THE AGREEMENT CONCLUDED AT MUNICH ON
SEPTEMBER 29, 1938, Miscellaneous No. 8 (1938)

September 30
Chamberlain-Hitler peace declaration signed.
Great Britain, House of Commons PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, Vol. 339,
col. 49.

October 1-10
Sudeten areas occupied by Germany.
See Great Britain, Cmd. 5848.

October 1
Czechoslovakia yielded to Poland.
New York Times, October 2, 1938, p. 1.

October 2
Polish troops occupied the Teschen area.
New York Times, October 3, 1938, p 1.

December 6
Franco-German peace declaration signed.
New York Times, December 7, 1938, p. 1.

1939

March 14
German, Hungarian, and Rumanian troops invaded Czechoslovakia.
Slovakia proclaimed independence.
New York Times, March 15, 1939, p. 1.

March 16
German Government officially proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia
protectorates:  Decree of March 16 of the Government of the
Reich on the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
Department of State PRESS RELEASES, March 25, 1939, Vol. XX, p. 220.

Slovakia taken over as a protectorate by Germany.
New York Times, March 17, 1939, p. 1.

Hungary announced annexation of Carpatho-Ukraine.
New York Times, March 17, 1939, p. 1.

March 22
Memel ceded to Germany by Lithuania: Reunion complete with the
signature at Berlin of a five-point non-aggression pact.
New York Times, March 23, 1939, p. 4.

March 31
Prime Minister Chamberlain in the House of Commons announced a
British and French pledge to come to the assistance of Poland
with all the power at their command "in the event of any action
which clearly threatened Polish independence and which the
Polish Government accordingly considered it vital to resist with
their national forces..."
Great Britain, House of Commons PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, Vol.
345, col. 2415.

April 1
Spanish civil war ended: "After having made prisoner and
disarmed the Red Army, the National troops have attained their
final military objective.  In consequence, the civil war is
over."  Communiqui by General Franco.
The Times (London), April 3, 1939, p. 13.

April 6
Prime Minister Chamberlain announced in the House of Commons a
Polish-British agreement, bringing into existence a triple
alliance - France, Great Britain, and Poland.  The agreement was
a provisional mutual-aid pact, pending the elaboration of a
formal treaty of alliance.
Great Britain, House of Commons PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, Vol. 345,
col. 2996.

April 7
Italian troops invaded Albania.
Great Britain, House of Commons PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, Vol. 346,
col. 6

April 13
Prime Minister Chamberlain made statement in House of Commons
which guaranteed borders of Rumania and Greece: "...in the event
of any action being taken which clearly threatened the
independence of Greece or Rumania...His Majesty's Government
would feel themselves bound at once to lend...all the support in
their power."  Similar assurances were given by France.
Great Britain, House of Commons PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, Vol. 346,
col. 13.

April 14
Communication of President Roosevelt to Chancellor Hitler and
Premier Mussolini: Plea for 10-year guaranty of peace.
Department of State PRESS RELEASES, April 15, 1939, Vol. XX, p. 527

April 28
German note notified Great Britain of denunciation of the Naval
Agreement of June 18, 1935.
New York Times, April 29, 1939, p. 6.

German note to Poland denounced the 10-year non-aggression
treaty of January 26, 1934 between the two countries and
requested the return of Danzig as well as an extraterritorial
railway and highway connection to East Prussia.
New York Times, April 29, 1939, p. 7.

July 26
United States gave notice of intention to abrogate its
commercial treaty of 1911 with Japan in note from the Secretary
of State to the Japanese Ambassador.
Department of State BULLETIN, July 29, 1939, Vol. I, p. 81

August 23
German-U.S.S.R. non-aggression pact signed.
Department of State BULLETIN, August 26, 1939, Vol. I, p. 172.

August 24
President Roosevelt sent appeals for peace to Chancellor Hitler,
President Moscicki, and King Victor Emmanuel.
Department of State BULLETIN, August 26, 1939, Vol. I, pp. 157-
159

August 25
Great Britain and Poland signed formal treaty of mutual
assistance.
Great Britain, Cmd. 6101, AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE POLISH GOVERNMENT, LONDON, August 25,
1939, Poland No. 1 (1939).

September 1
German troops invade Poland; Danzig joined Germany.
New York Times, September 1, 1939, p. 1.

September 3
Great Britain declared a state of war existed with Germany.
Great Britain, Cmd. 6106, DOCUMENTS CONCERNING GERMAN-POLISH
RELATIONS AND THE OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN
AND GERMANY ON SEPTEMBER 3, 1939, MISCELLANEOUS No. 9, (1939),
pp. 175, 178.

France declared a state of war existed with Germany.
JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE, LOIS ET DECRETS,
September 4, 1939, p 11086.

September 16
Soviet troops invaded Poland.
New York Times, September 17, 1939, p. 1.

September 28
German-U.S.S.R. border and friendship treaty signed, resulting
in partitioning of Poland.
New York Times, September 29, 1939, p. 1.

Estonian-U.S.S.R. 10-year mutual assistance pact signed at
Moscow:  Gave U.S.S.R. bases for aviation and artillery.
Department of State BULLETIN, November 11, 1939, Vol. I, p. 543.

October 3
Declaration of Panama signed.
Department of State BULLETIN, October 7, 1939, Vol. I, p. 331.

October 5
Latvian-U.S.S.R. 10-year mutual-assistance pact signed at Moscow.
Department of State BULLETIN, November 11, 1939, Vol. I, p. 542.

October 10
Lithuanian-U.S.S.R. 15-year mutual-assistance treaty signed at Moscow.
Department of State BULLETIN, December 16, 1939, Vol. I, p. 705

October 19
Anglo-French-Turkish 15-year mutual-assistance pact signed at Ankara.
Department of State BULLETIN, November 11, 1939, Vol. I, p. 544

November 1
Polish Corridor, Posen, and Upper Silesia annexed by Germany.
Department of State BULLETIN, November 4, 1939, p. 458

November 3
U.S.S.R. incorporated Polish Western Ukraine and Western White
Russia.
New York Times, November 4, 1939, p. 5.

November 4
United States Neutrality Act of 1939 approved.
U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 54, pt. 1., p. 4.

November 21
German-Slovak treaty signed at Berlin, ceding to Slovakia 225
square miles of territory annexed by Poland in 1920, 1924, and 1938.
New York Times, November 22, 1939, p. 8.

November 30
Soviet troops invaded Finland.
Department of State BULLETIN, December 2, 1939, Vol. I, p. 610

1940

March 12
Soviet-Finnish peace treaty and protocol signed at Moscow.
Department of State BULLETIN, April 27, 1940, Vol. II, p. 453.

April 8
Great Britain and France announced that three areas of Norwegian
waters had been mined in the attempt to prevent shipment of
Scandinavian ore to Germany.
New York Times, April 8, 1940, p. 1

April 9
German troops invade Denmark.
Department of State BULLETIN, April 13, 1940, Vol. II, p. 374.

Germany attacked Norway.
Department of State BULLETIN, April 13, 1940, Vol. II, p. 374.

April 17
Secretary of State Hull issued a formal statement declaring any
change in status quo "would be prejudicial to the cause of
stability, peace and security" in entire Pacific area.
Department of State BULLETIN, April 20, 1940, Vol. II, p.411.

May 9-10
Germany invaded Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
Department of State BULLETIN, May 11, 1940, Vol. II, p.485.

May 10
Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Great Britain
following resignation of Neville Chamberlain.
New York Times, May 11, 1940, p. 1.

British occupation of Iceland announced in London.
New York Times, May 10, 1940, p. 1.

May 15
The Netherlands Army surrendered.
New York Times, May 15, 1940, p. 1.

May 19
Chancellor Hitler issued a proclamation decreeing the re-
incorporation into the Reich of Eupen, Malmedy, and Moresnet.
New York Times, May 20, 1940, p. 1.

May 28
Belgian Army under King Leopold surrendered.
New York Times, May 29, 1940, p. 1.

June 9
Norwegian high command ordered army to cease hostilities at
midnight.
New York Times, June 11, 1940, p. 16.

June 10
Italy declared war on Great Britain and France.
New York Times, June 11, 1940, p. 2.

June 14
German troops enter Paris.
New York Times, June 15, 1940, p. 1.

June 15
Soviet troops marched into Lithuania.
New York Times, June 16, 1940, p. 1.

June 17
U.S.S.R. announced Estonia and Latvia had agreed to free passage
of troops and to formation of new governments.
New York Times, June 17, 1940, p. 1.

June 22
Franco-German armistice signed.
New York Times, June 26, 1940, p. 4.

June 24
Franco-Italian armistice signed.
New York Times, June 25, 1940, p. 1.

June 27
Rumania agreed to cede Bessarabia to U.S.S.R.
New York Times, June 28, 1940, p. 1.

June 28
British Government recognizes Gen. Charles de Gaulle as leader
of group to maintain French resistance.
New York Times, June 29, 1940, p. 9.

July 3
British sank or seized major part of French fleet.
Great Britain, House of Commons PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, Vol. 362,
col. 1043.

July 5
French Government of Marshal Petain broke off diplomatic
relations with Great Britain as result of British attack on
French warships at Oran.
New York Times, July 6, 1940, p. 1.

July 18
British Prime Minister announced terms of a temporary agreement
for stoppage of war supplies to China through Burma and Hong Kong.
Great Britain, House of Commons PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES, Vol. 363,
col. 399.

August 25
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania ratified U.S.S.R. incorporation.
New York Times, August 27, 1940, p. 4.

September 2
United States-British note on lease of British bases in return
for 50 United States destroyers.
Department of State BULLETIN, September 7, 1940, Vol. III, p.
199; March 29, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 387.

September 7
Bulgarian-Rumanian agreement ceding the Dobrudja to Bulgaria
signed at Craiova, Bulgaria.
New York Times, September 8, 1940, p. 45.

September 22
Japanese-French agreement regarding concessions in Indochina to
Japan.
New York Times, September 23, 1940, p. 1.

September 27
German-Italian-Japanese 10-year military-economic alliance pact
signed at Berlin.
New York Times, September 28, 1940, p. 3.

October 28
Italy attacked Greece prior to expiration of ultimatum, creating
state of war.
New York Times, October 29, 1940, p. 1; Department of State
BULLETIN, March 1, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 224;November 16 , 1940,
Vol. III, p. 426

November 4
Spanish incorporation of international zone of Tangier.
New York Times, November 5, 1940, p. 7.

November 20
Hungary signed protocol of adherence to Axis tripartite pact at
Vienna.
New York Times, November 21, 1940, p. 6.

November 23
Rumania signed protocol of adherence to Axis tripartite pact at
Vienna.
New York Times, November 24, 1940, p. 2.

November 24
Slovakia signed protocol of adherence to Axis tripartite pact at
Berlin.
New York Times, November 25, 1940, p. 1.

November 26
Governor-General of Belgian Congo declared state of war with Italy.
New York Times, November 27, 1940, p. 4.

November 30
Japanese peace treaty signed with the Wang Ching-wei regime at
Nanking, China.
New York Times, December 1, 1940, p. 5.; China Weekly Review
(Shanghai), December 7, 1940, pp. 8, 24.

December 6
Japanese-Thai pact of amity signed.
New York Times, December 12, 1940, p. 10.

December 12
Hungarian-Yugoslav treaty of friendship signed.
New York Times, December 13, 1940, p. 5.

January 10
German-Soviet agreements on barter and border matters signed at
Moscow.
New York Times, January 11, 1941, p. 8.

January 30
French Indochinese-Thai armistice signed at Saigon.
New York Times, February 3, 1941, p. 5.

February 10
Great Britain severed diplomatic relations with Rumania.
New York Times, February 11, 1941, p. 1.

February 17
Bulgarian-Turkish declaration of non-aggression signed at Ankara.
New York Times, February 18, 1941, p. 4.

March 1,
Bulgaria signed protocol of adherence to Axis tripartite pact at
Vienna; German troops occupied Bulgaria.
New York Times, March 2, 1941, p. 38.

March 5
Great Britain severed diplomatic relations with Bulgaria.
New York Times, March 6, 1941, p. 2.

March 11
Lend-Lease Act approved by U.S. President, Public Law 11, 77th
Congress.

March 12
Thai-Soviet exchange of notes establishing diplomatic relations.
New York Times, March 13, 1941, p. 6.

March 24
Turkish-Soviet communiqui promising neutrality if either should
be attacked.
New York Times, March 25, 1941, p. 5.

March 25
Yugoslavia signed protocol of adherence to the Axis tripartite
pact at Vienna.
New York Times, March 26, 1941, p. 3.

German war zone extended beyond Iceland.
New York Times, March 26, 1941, p. 1.

March 27
Anti-Axis coup d'itat in Yugoslavia.
New York Times, March 28, 1941, pp. 1, 6.

April 3
Pro-Nazi coup d'itat in Iraq.
New York Times, April 5, 1941, p. 2.

April 5
Yugoslav-Soviet treaty of friendship and non-aggression signed
at Moscow.
New York Times, April 6, 1941, pp. 1, 25.

April 6
Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece; Hitler declared war on
Yugoslavia.
New York Times, April 6, 1941, pp. 1, 26.

April 7
Great Britain severed diplomatic relations with Hungary
New York Times, April 8, 1941, p. 1.

April 9
United States-Danish agreement relating to defense of Greenland
by the United States.
Department of State BULLETIN, April 12, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 443,
445.

April 10
President Roosevelt's proclamation modifying the Red Sea combat
zone.

April 13
Japanese-Soviet five-year neutrality pact signed at Moscow,
together with joint declaration regarding the frontiers of the
Japanese protectorate at Manchukuo.
New York Times, April 14, 1941, p. 8.

April 15
Bulgaria severed diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
New York Times, April 16, 1941, p. 3.

April 17
Yugoslav army surrendered.
New York Times, April 18, 1941, p. 1.

April 23
Greece severed diplomatic relations with Bulgaria following
invasion with latter.
New York Times, April 24, 1941, p. 3.

April 24
Bulgarian declaration of a state of war in its occupied areas of
Greece and Yugoslavia.
New York Times, April 25, 1941, p. 5.

April 27
German troops occupied Athens.
New York Times, April 28, 1941, p. 1.

May 2
British-Iraqi fighting began in Iraq.
New York Times, May 3, 1941, p. 1;May 4, 1941, p. 46.

May 6
Joseph Stalin became Soviet Premier.
New York Times, May 7, 1941, p. 1.

May 9
French Indochinese-Thai peace treaty signed at Tokyo, with
Japanese guaranty of new borders.
New York Times, May 9, 1941, p. 8.

May 14
German proclamation of Red Sea danger zone.
New York Times, May 14, 1941, p. 1.

May 15
Italian communiqui on the Croatian monarchy.
New York Times, May 16, 1941, p. 6.

Marshal Petain at Vichy announce replacement of Franco-German
armistice agreement by a new collaboration scheme.
New York Times, May 16, 1941, p. 1.

May 16
Iceland severed personal union with Denmark.
New York Times, May 20, 1941, p. 11; May 21. p. 2.

Iraqi-Soviet exchange of notes at Ankara establishing diplomatic
relations, etc.
New York Times, May 18, 1941, p. 6.

May 21
United States announcement o f German request that foreign
diplomatic agents in Paris evacuate by June 10.
New York Times, May 22, 1941, p. 1.

Sinking of the S.S. Robin Moor, by German submarine in Atlantic
Ocean.
Department of State BULLETIN, June 21, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 741.

May 27
President Roosevelt's proclamation of unlimited national
emergency.
Department of State BULLETIN, May 31, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 654.

May 31
British-Iraqi armistice signed at Baghdad.
New York Times, June 1, 1941, p. 1.

June 2
United States statement of policy respecting French possession
in the Western Hemisphere.
Department of State BULLETIN, June 14, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 720.

June 6
Act authorizing acquisition of idle foreign merchant ships by
the United States approved.
Department of State BULLETIN, June 7, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 701.

June 8
British and Free French troops entered French Syria and Lebanon.
New York Times, June 8, 1941, p. 1; June 9, p. 4.

June 15
Croatia signed Axis protocol respecting its interests.
New York Times, June 16, 1941, p. 3.

June 18
German-Turkish 10-year friendship pact signed at Ankara.
New York Times, June 19, 1941, p. 4.

June 19
Germany and Italy requested United States consular staffs to
evacuate territories under their control by July 15, following
United States request of June 16 for German consular evacuation
by July 10.
New York Times, June 20, 1941, p. 1, 6; Department of State
BULLETIN, June 21, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 743.

June 22
Germany invaded Soviet Union; the latter raided Finland;
Hitler's speech and Ribbentrop's statement on declaration of war
against Soviet Union.
New York Times, June 23, 1941, p. 1, 4.

Italy declared war on Soviet Union.
New York Times, June 23, 1941, p. 5.

Rumanians entered Bessarabia to regain it.
New York Times, June 23, 1941, p. 7.

Slovakia severed diplomatic relations with Soviet Union.
New York Times, June 23, 1941, p. 5.

June 26
Finland announced state of war with Soviet Union.
New York Times, June 27, 1941, p. 1.

June 27
Denmark severed diplomatic relations with Soviet Union.
New York Times, June 28, 1941, p. 2.

Hungary declared war on Soviet Union following latter's air raids.
New York Times, June 28, 1941, p. 2.

June 28
Albania announced state of war with Soviet Union.
New York Times, June 29, 1941, p. 3.

June 30
France (Vichy) severed diplomatic relations with Soviet Union.
New York Times, July 1, 1941, p. 6.

July 1
Icelandic-United States exchange of letter respecting defense of
Iceland.
Department of State BULLETIN, July 12, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 16-18.

July 3
Denmark announced request for United States consular staffs to
evacuate by July 15.
New York Times, July 4, 1941, p. 4.

July 12
British-Soviet mutual-assistance agreement signed at Moscow
Department of State BULLETIN, September 27, 1941, Vol. IV,
p.240.

July 14
British-French Syria-Lebanon armistice signed at Acre,
Palestine.
New York Times, July 16, 1941, p. 4: July 17, p. 3.

July 26
British notice of denunciation of commercial agreements with
Japan.
New York Times, July 27, 1941, p. 13.

July 30
Polish-Soviet agreement of cooperation signed at London.
New York Times, July 31, 1941, p. 4.

United States recognized Czechoslovak government-in-exile at
London.
Department of State BULLETIN, August 2, 1941, Vol. IV, p.88.

August 2
United States-Soviet exchange of notes respecting economic
assistance.
Department of State BULLETIN, August 9, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 109,
115.

August 12
British-Soviet declaration of aid to Turkey if attacked by
European power.
New York Times, August 13, 1941, p. 1, 3.

August 14
Joint declaration by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister
Churchill i Atlantic Charter.
Department of State Bulletin, August 16, 1941,Vol. V, p. 125.

August 25
British-Soviet troops invaded Iran.
New York Times, Aug. 26,1941, pp. 1,4.

September 9
Iran accepted British-Soviet armistice.
New York Times, September 10, 1941, p. 8.

September 11
President Roosevelt announced shoot-on-sight order to United
States Navy in America defense waters, following U.S.S. Greer
incident of September 4.
Department of State Bulletin, September 13, 1941, Vol. V, p 193.

September 14
Iran ordered departure of Axis diplomats.
New York Times, September 15, 1941, p. 8.

October 16
Successful conclusion of Manchukuo-Outer Mongolia border talks
at Harbin.
New York Times, November 3, 1941, p. 5.

October 19
Afghanistan consented to British-Soviet request for ejection of
Axis nationals.
New York Times, October 20, 1941, p. 6.

November 17
Joint resolution to repeal sections 2, 3, and 6 of the
Neutrality Act of 1939 approved.

November 24
United States announced occupation of Dutch Guiana (Surinam) in
agreement with the Netherlands and Brazil.
Department of State Bulletin, November 29, 1941, Vol. V, p. 425.
United States revocation of export licenses to French North
Africa, Spain, and Tangier.
New York Times, November 27, 1941, pp. 1,7.

November 25
Renewal for five years of the Anti-Comintern Pact of November
25, 1936 at Berlin, by Germany, Japan, Italy, Hungary, Spain,
Manchukuo, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Rumania,
Slovakia, and the Nanking regime in China.
New York Times, November 26, 1941, p. 12.

December 1
Reaffirmation by Marshals Petain and Goering of Franco-German
collaboration at St. Florentine.
New York Times, December 2, 1941, p. 1.

December 6
President Roosevelt's message to the Japanese Emperor on the
Pacific conversations.
New York Times, December 8, 1941, p. 8.

British declaration of war against Finland, Hungary, and Rumania.
New York Times, December 7, 1941, p. 19.

December 7 (Dec. 8, 6 A.M. Tokyo time)
Japan attacked the United States and Great Britain and occupied
the International Settlement at Shanghai.
New York Times, December 8, 1941, p. 1, 4; December 9, p. 14.

December 7
Japanese reply rejecting United States note of November 26,
delivered at Washington.
New York Times, December 8, 1941, p. 6.

Japan declared a state of war with the United States and Great
Britain.
New York Times, December 9, 1941, p. 28.

Declaration of war by Netherlands East Indies and Canada against
Japan.
New York Times, December 8, 1941, p. 1;(late edition) p. 14.

December 8
British declared war against Japan.
New York Times, December 9, 1941, p. 14.

United States declared by joint resolution a state of war with
Japan.
New York Times, December 9, 1941, p. 5.

Japan invaded Thailand, which capitulated.
New York Times, December 9, 1941, p. 10.

Declarations of war against Japan by Nicaragua, Honduras, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the
Netherlands, the Free French, and Panama.
New York Times, December 9, 1941, p. 18, 22; December 10, p. 13

Severance of diplomatic relations with Japan by Mexico,
Colombia, Belgium, and Egypt.
New York Times, December 9, 1941, pp. 18, 22.

December 9
Declarations of war against Japan announced by Australia, South
Africa, and New Zealand; also against Japan, Germany, and Italy
by China.
New York Times (late edition), December 10, 1941, pp. 4, 8.

Costa Rica declared war against Japan.
Department of State BULLETIN, December 13, 1941, Vol. V, p.490.

December 10
Cuba declared war against Japan.
New York Times (late edition), December 11, 1941, p. 13.

December 11
Germany and Italy declared a state of war with the United States.
New York Times, December 12, 1941, p. 1.

United States declared by joint resolutions a state of war with
Germany and Italy.
New York Times, December 12, 1941, p. 1.

Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and the Dominican
Republic declared war against Germany and Italy.
Department of State BULLETIN, December 13, 1941, Vol. V, pp.
485-504 passim; New York Times, December 12, 1941, p. 9.

Poland declared a state of war with Japan.
Department of State BULLETIN, December 13, 1941, Vol. IV, p.507.

Mexico severed diplomatic relations with Germany and Italy.
New York Times, December 12, 1941, p. 9.

December 12
Haiti, Panama, and Honduras declared war against Germany and
Italy.
Department of State BULLETIN, December 13 , 1941, Vol. V, pp.
495-504 passim.

Rumania declared a state of war with the United States.
Ibid., p. 483.

December 13
El Salvador declared war against Germany and Italy.
Ibid., p. 493.

Hungary declared a state of war with the United States.
Ibid., p. 482.

Bulgaria declared a state of war against the United States and
the United Kingdom.
Ibid., p. 483.

Transcribed and edited by
Larry W. Jewell
[email-masked]

------------------------------

Date:    Mon, 19 Apr 1993 17:14:22 EDT
From:    RICHARD KING <[email-masked]>
Subject: Addr: Huertgen

John:
I'll try to find the article and mail it to you. If someone
else at the library has checked that issue of AFTER THE BATTLE
out, it may take a while, but I'll see what I can do.
**********************************************************
Richard L. King, Reference Librarian, Vincennes (IN) Univ.
[email-masked]

------------------------------

Date:    Tue, 20 Apr 1993 02:45:58 +0200
From:    Emmanuel Gustin <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re: WEAP: Luftwaffe losses to B-17's

On Sat, 17 Apr 1993, Larry Jewell wrote:

> > Today (Sat) on Discovery WINGS, the narrator claimed that more Luftwaffe
> > fighters were shot down by US daytime bombers than US fighters.  Is this
> > true?  I always thought that the bombers had a terrible time dealing with
> > fighters until the long-range US fighters arrived.

I remember that there is/was some outrageous claim that B-17s shot down 23
German aircraft in 1000 missions, the number being only 3 for the
fighters. Victories claimed by the bombers were always highly exaggerated,
simply because a lot of gunners were shooting at one German aircraft and
they all claimed it... Maybe also because they had worse visibility than a
fighter pilot, and were seldom able to check if the aircraft actually went
down.

It is impossible to determine how many Luftwaffe fighters were hit by
bomber gunners and how many by fighters. You would have to build a
reliable link between claims of the crews and the official Luftwaffe
figures known -- numbers that are completely different.

The chances of of bomber gunner to score a good hit on a passing fighter
are not that high, and are very bad for the manually-held waist guns of
the B-17 and B-24. It is not unlikely that the own aircraft, or neighbour
aircraft in the combat box, were hit more often than the Luftwaffe
fighters...  At the end of the war the efficiency of defensive armament on
bombers was so much in doubt that it was removed on the later B-29
versions, soon disappearing almost entirely after the war (except for tail
guns).

Emmanuel Gustin

------------------------------

End of WWII-L Digest - 18 Apr 1993 to 19 Apr 1993
*************************************************