> > Un peth arall, sut y gwneir yn Gymraeg y gwrthgyferbyniad sydd yn yr > enghreifftiau Seisnig isod? > > My friend, who lives in Syracuse, ... > My friend who lives in Syracuse ... My (limited) experience of reading standard literary prose suggests that you can make the defining/non-defining relative distinction just as in English, e.g ... fy nghyfaill, sydd yn byw yn Syracuse, ... vs ... fy nghyfaill sydd yn byw yn Syracuse ... But I have noticed what appears to be a tendency, in a non-defining relative (i.e. the one with a comma -- sorry, I don't know if you're a linguist or not), to repeat or echo the antecedent. So perhaps the former might alternatively be: ... fy nghyfaill, ef sydd yn byw yn Syracuse, ... Real-life examples (from J. Davies, HANES CYMRU, (1990)): Yr enwocaf o olion yr Uwch-Balaeolithig yw 'Dynes Goch Paviland', ysgerbwd y credai Buckland, a'i darganfu yn 1823 ... (non-defining relative; no repetition of antecedent) Yn yr Oes Fesolithig, oes a barodd ym Mhrydain o tua 5500 i tua 4500 CC ... (non-defining relative; repetition of antecedent) Of course, we can have this repetition in English too ("in the Mesolithic period, a period which lasted ..."). But my impression is that it may be more frequent in Welsh. I've been struck by the absence from any Welsh grammar I've come across of any discussion of this. It would be interesting to hear the views of native speakers. ************************ Nigel Love Linguistics Cape Town NLOVE@BEATTIE.UCT.AC.ZA ************************