Crumb, George - references Adler, Samuel. The Study of Orchestration. 2nd Ed. WW Norton and Co., 1989. A general orchestration book intended as a teaching text. To explain orchestrational techniques, Adler includes excerpts from composers works. George Crumb is included in this text regarding texture, color, and rhythm. Anderson, Ruth. Contemporary American Composers: A Biographical Dictionary. Boston: Hall and Co., 1976. Arnold, Denis, ed. New Oxford Companion to Music. NY: Oxford University Press, 1983. Baker, Theodore. Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Edited by Nicholas Slonimsky. NY: Schirmer, 7th ed., 1984. Baron, Johm. Chamber Music: A Research and Information Guide. NY: Garland Publications, 1987. Similar to the reference book written by Duckles. General subject headings contain numerous annotated entries. Bedford, Frances and Robert Conant. Twentieth Century Harpsichord Music. Hackensack, NJ: Joseph Bronin, Inc., 1974. A listing of music composed for the harpsichord since 1900. Some incipits and rhythmic listings are included. Most entries are annotated regarding the style, level of difficulty, and the performance medium if other than solo. Berger, Melvin. Guide to Chamber Music. NY: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1985. Annotated lists of chamber works from the Baroque to 1980. In reference to this paper, some of the widely known 20th century composers are listed, including George Crumb. A better reference for string, piano and woodwind players interested in chamber music before 1900. Bohle, Bruce. The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians.NY: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1985. Borroff, Edith . Music in Europe and the United States: A History. 2nd Ed. NY: Arfsley House, 1990. A general period history covering Western European, Asian, African, and Central American music's development and impact on music in the United States. Some 20th century composers are included, notably, Mr. Crumb. British Broadcasting Company Music Library. Chamber Music Catalogue. London: BBC, 1965. Bull, Storm. Index to Bibliographies of Contemporary Composers. 1987. Burbank, Richard. Twentieth Century Music. NY: Facts on File, 1984. A listing of music performances, locations, performers, and other pertinent items relating to music and its performance since 1933. Butterworth, Neil, ed. A Dictionary of American Composers. NY: Garland Publications, 1984. Cattell, Jaques, ed. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Biographical Dictionary. NY: RR Bowker, 1980. Chase, Gilbert. America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present. 3rd Ed. NY: McGraw- Hill, 1987. Intended as a general history of American music. The focus is United States music traditions and the formations of strictly American compositions. Claghorn, Charles. Biographical Dictionary of American Music. West Nyack, NY: Parker Publishing, 1973. Cummins, David and Denis McIntire. International Who's Who in Music and Musicians Directory. 12th ed. Cambridge, England: International Who's Who, 1991. Current Biographical Yearbook. NY: , 1974. Daniels, David, ed. Orchestral Music. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1982. Frank, Gerhart and J. Altman. Kurzgefasstes tonkunstler-lexikon. Wilhelmshaven: Heinrichshofen Verlag, 1974. Gilder, Eric. The Dictionary of Composers and Their Works. NY: Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1986. Gleason, Harold and Warren Becker. 20th Century American Composers, Music Literature Outlines. ser. iv., 2nd Ed. Bloomington, IN: Frangipani Press, 1980. Reference lists to other sources of information on 20th century United States composers and the publishers of their works. Greene, Frank. Composers on Record. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1985. Reference lists to other sources of information on 20th century United States composers and the publishers of their works. Grout, Donald. A History of Western Music. 3rd Ed. NY: WW Norton and Co., 1980. A general period history of the development of "Western Music" (music in the United States). This text has a heavy slant toward vocal music, especially during the Classic and Romantic periods. Twentieth century United States composers are included in regard to significant compositions and/or styles. Hall, Charles, ed. A Twentieth Century Music Chronicle: Events 1900-1988. NY: Greenwood Press, 1989. Hamm, Charles. Music in the New World. NY: WW Norton and Co., 1983. Similar to Gilbert Chase's book in scope. Major focus is on the development of Music in the United States. Heintze, James. American Music Studies: A Classified Bibliography of Masters Theses. Detroit, MI: Information Coordinators, Inc., 1984. Hitchcock, Hugh. Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction. 3rd Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988. Like Hamm, Chase, Borroff and others, the main focus is regarding influences on musical development in the United States. Hitchcock does, however, explain the developments leading to effecting American Music. Hitchcock, Wiley and Stanley Sadie, eds. The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. 4 Vols. London: Macmillan Press, 1986. Howe, Hubert. Electronic Music Synthesis. NY: WW Norton and Co., 1975. Jacobi, Hugh. Contemporary American Composers Based at American Colleges or Universities. Paradise, CA: Paradise Arts Publications, 1975. Kamien, Roger. Music: An Appreciation. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1988. As in the Politosky, Galway and O'Brien, this is a general text on the recognized period histories in music. The section on 20th century music focuses on American contributions to sound, texture, and innovations. Kay, Ernest, ed. International Who's Who in Music. 11th ed. Cambridge, England: Melrose Press, 1988. Kennan, Kent and Donald Grantham. The Technique of Orchestration. 4th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990. As with Adler and Blatter's texts, the intent of this book is for classroom use in the teaching of orchestration. Crumb's music is listed for its contributions to color, rhythm, texture, and effects in notation. Machlis, Joseph. The Enjoyment of Music. 5th Ed. NY: WW Norton and Co., 1984. As in the Politosky, Galway and O'Brien, this is a general text on the recognized period histories in music. The section on 20th century music focuses on American contributions to sound, texture, and innovations. Mead, Rita. Doctoral Dissertations in America; A Classified Bibliography. Borrklyn: Institute for Studies in American Music, 1974. Moore, Douglas. A Guide to Musical Styles. N: WW Norton and Co., 1985. Form and analytical techniques are discussed in this text. While the primary focus is on the classic forms, some 20th century techniques are included. Morehead, Philip. The New American Dictionary of Music. NY: Dutton, 1991. Similar to the New harvard Dictionary, Morehead's book includes terms and musical examples. In addition, some brief biographies of composers are listed. Morton, Brian and Pamela Collins, eds. Contemporary Composers. Chicago: St. James Press, 1992. Brief biographies of composers from 1900 - 1991. Myers, Kevin. Index to Record Reviews Based on Material Originally Publishd in Notes: The Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association Between 1949 and 1977. Boston: GK Hall, 1978. The annotation is precisely listed in the title. O'Brien, James. The Listening Experience. NY: Schirmer Books, 1987. As in the Politosky, Galway and O'Brien, this is a general text on the recognized period histories in music. The section on 20th century music focuses on American contributions to sound, texture, and innovations. Pavlakis, Christopher. The American Music Handbook. NY: Free Press, 1974. Politoske, Daniel. Music. 4th Ed. Englewood Cilffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988. As in the Kamien, Galway and O'Brien, this is a general text on the recognized period histories in music. The section on 20th century music focuses on American contributions to sound, texture, and innovations. Press, Jaques, ed. Who's Who in American Music. 2nd Ed. NY: RR Bowker Co., 1985. Sadie, Stanley, ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vols. London: MacMillan, 1980. Salzman, Eric. Twentieth Century Music: An Introduction. 3rd Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988. Designed for use in a music appreciation classroom, Kerman briefly touches on the outstanding figures in each music period. The 20th century includes recordings of Ancient Voices of Children by George Crumb. Slonimsky, Nicholas . Supplement to Music Since 1900. NY: Scribner's Sons, 1971. Slonimsky, Nicholas, ed. Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. 8th ed. NY: MacMillan, 1991. Stolba, K Marie. The Development of Western Music. Englewood Cilffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1990. An outline history of music. As in Grout's text, Stolba defines history through the recognized periods. Stolba goes further to separate each period into instrumental and vocal sections. Her approach includes more information on 20th century composition. Stone, Kurt. Music Notation in the Twentieth-Century. NY: WW Norton and Co., 1983. Similar to the sections in Adler and Blatter regarding notation. Thompson, Oscar. The International Cyclopedia if Music and Musicians. 11th Ed. NY: Dodd, Mead, 1985. Vinton, John, ed. Dictionary of Contemporary Music. NY: Duton and Co., 1974. Warfield, Gerald. Writings on Contemporary Music Notation: An Annotated Bibliography. Ann Arbor, MI: Music Library Association, 1976. A comprehensive bibliography covering material from 1950-1975, and selected listings back to 1900. Zalkind, Ronald. Contemporary Music Almanac 1980-81. NY: Schirmer Books, 1980. Zuck, Barbara. A History of Musical Americanism. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1980. 4/93