************************** BurmaNet ************************** "Appropriate Information Technologies, Practical Strategies" ************************************************************** The BurmaNet News: Saturday, January 28, 1995 Issue #102 QUOTE OF THE DAY: Myanmar's economy will not take off until it is properly managed, and there is no evidence that the junta has the know-how or the courage to take the tough decisions necessary....Apologists for authoritarianism often argue that undemocratic governments can take tough economic decisions. Myanmar does not support the case. The Economist ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Contents: *****************KAREN STATE/KOWTHOOLEI*********************** 1 NATION: BURMESE ARMY SET TO CAPTURE DESERTED KAREN HEADQUARTERS 2 NATION: KACHIN URGE HALT TO SLORC OFFENSIVE ON KAREN REBELS *************************INSIDE BURMA************************* 3 NATION: HOPES RAISED BY RANGOON TALKS BEGIN TO FADE AWAY 4 ECONOMIST: MYANMAR--NOT QUITE INDONESIA 5 ECONOMIST: THE PRISONER OF UNIVERSITY AVENUE 6 BKK POST: RANGOON REASSURES HOTELIERS ***************************THAILAND*************************** 7 BKK POST: HOUSE PANEL PRESSES FOR REVIEW OF BURMA POLICY 8 BKK POST: GOVT TO RETAIN 'SAFE AREA' FOR REFUGEE YOUTHS 9 BKK POST: ONCB ASKS GOVT TO STRIP THAI CITIZENSHIP OF TEN KHUN SA MEN 10 BKK POST: HOUSE TEAM CONFIRMS 'MASSACRE' OF TREES ************************************************************** The BurmaNet News is an ********************************* electronic newspaper * * covering Burma. 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Tel/Fax: (in Thailand) (66)2 234-6674 By snailmail: Attention to BurmaNet, care of Burma Issues PO Box 1076, Silom Post Office, Bangkok 10504 Thailand By email: burmanet@igc.apc.org *****************KAREN STATE/KOWTHOOLEI*********************** NATION: BURMESE ARMY SET TO CAPTURE DESERTED KAREN HEADQUARTERS 27 January 1995 The heavily besieged command headquarters of the karen guerrillas is only "a few days away" from falling to the Burmese army and has been deserted by the separatist movement's political leaders, border sources said yesterday. The fall of Manerplaw would be a major military and political blow to the ethnic minority and democratic movements in Burma, observers agreed. Only die-hard battle commanders are holding out, directing the final defence of Manerplaw by about 1,000 lightly armed Karen troops who are facing at least 2,700 and possibly 3,600 advancing Burmese troops, fully supplied with heavy artillery and ammunition. Thai border authorities and dissident Burmese sources described the situation as "critical" and said the fall of Manerplaw was "only a few days away". The Burmese army's lighting breach of the Karen frontline is attributed to the assistance, collaboration and guidance of a group of 400 Karen Buddhist mutineers, who defected in December after religious conflict let to clashes with the main body of the Christian-led Karen National Union (KNU). Exploiting the internal chaos within the kNU, the Burmese army broke its self-declared unilateral ceasefire, attacking and capturing a number of KNU frontline bases and the dissidents' camp at Dawn Gwin on the Salween River. Government troops renewed their offensive on Jan 20 with simultaneous attacks from the north, south and west, bringing ground troops and heavy artillery against Manerplaw, the KNU headquarters on the Moei River. A Kyodo report from Rangoon yesterday quoted a senior Burmese military officer at the Defence Ministry as confirming the clashes were occurring. The officer, however, claimed that the Burmese were only assisting the break away Buddhist Karen group, known as the Democratic Kayin Buddhist Organization, in fighting the KNU. Thai border authorities and dissident Burmese sources yesterday agreed that the Burmese objective is to capture the Karen headquarters and no just to lay siege to it, to pressure the kNU leaders to enter peace talks under the junta's terms. The seizure of Manerplaw would be a serious blow politically and military to the KNU and to other ethnic and democratic movements which had established their opposition bases there, they agreed. The sources said about 300 Burmese troops assisted and guided by KNU defectors had already crossed the Salween River to attack the KNU frontline near Naw Day Hill and White Elephant Hill, only seven km from Manerplaw. The troops were equipped with 81-mm mortars and were engaging KNU forces in the area. "The situation is not very good, but the KNU is still defending the fronlines," said one source. Yesterday, artillery shelling and ground fighting was intense on all fronts: the Naw Hta area in the south; around Haw Ma Daw and Sleeping Dog Hill on the west bank of the Salween; and at Naw Day hill and White elephant hill on the east bank, where the junta's troops had crossed the river, only only seven km from Manerplaw. Thousands of karen have fled across the Moei and Salween rivers into Thailand. Thai border sources confirmed that KNU leaders, representatives of dissident Burmese groups and Manerplaw civilians have already deserted the headquarters and are taking shelter in unidentified locations. Dr Naing Aung, leader of the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF), said yesterday that the seizure of Manerplaw would deny the ethnic and democratic alliance a stable base to carry out their political activities. "If Manerplaw falls, the KNU will be under pressure to hold talks with the Slorc and we (democratic movements) will face difficulties," he said. (TN) *****************KAREN STATE/KOWTHOOLEI*********************** NATION: KACHIN URGE HALT TO SLORC OFFENSIVE ON KAREN REBELS 27 January 1995 The Kachin Independence Organization, which signed a truce deal with Rangoon early last year, has urged the Burmese junta to immediately halt its military offensive against the ethnics Karen guerrillas. In a strongly-worded statement released late on Wednesday night, the ethnic Kachin group said it was watching "with alarm and concern, the current deterioration in the military confrontation" between the Slorc and the KNU, "particularly the determined efforts of the Burma Army to capture Manerplaw," the KNU headquarters on the Moei River. The Kachin independence Organization (KIO), a former close ally of the KNU which broke a united ethnic front to negotiate and strike a ceasefire agreement with Slorc, said the Burmese operation against the Karen "is a regression to the past' which was "determintal to the long year of building faith in the peaceful solution to all discontent," and "inhibits the further exploring of the negotiation process with the KNU and others". The KIO said it adhered to the principle of peaceful negotiations and stood "ready to contribute to the participation of all in its process until genuine and lasting peace can be realized". The KIO added that it shared the views of Burma's neighbouring countries that "a degree of stability is perceptible" in the country today. "The pressure on Manerplaw, as indeed any military or political pressure, is a regression to the past... Manerplaw has no strategic military value per se for the defence of the Burma's territorial integrity or sovereignty," it added. "Therefore in the interest of peace and national reconciliation, the KIO urges the Slorc to use their utmost restraint in the use of force and desist from the army's onslaught against the KNU immediately,"said the statement. Although the current Burmese offensive against the Karen guerrilla is not as intensive or as heavy as in early 1992, when about 10,000 Burmese troops and heavy artillery and war equipment were mobilized to attack and capture Manerplaw, the Christian-led KNU this time is facing extreme hardship in defending its stronghold as its western frontline was weakened after an internal mutiny and defection. Exploiting the KNU internal strife, Slorc broke its April 1993 unilateral ceasefire against armed ethnic movements, including the Karen, to launch lightning attacks against the Karen. It captured several KNU frontline outposts and moved closer to Manerplaw, which is also the headquarters of dissident Burmese students. (TN & BP) *************************INSIDE BURMA************************* NATION: HOPES RAISED BY RANGOON TALKS BEGIN TO FADE AWAY 27 January 1995 Talks between Burma's military rulers and leading opposition figure Aung San Suu Kyi appear to have stalled, with no real progress towards meaningful dialogue, analysts said earlier this week. In a statement released Monday by her husband on his arrival in Bangkok from Rangoon, Aung San Suu Kyi indicated she would not agree to talks in isolation but that substantive negotiations must include other pro-democracy leaders as well. The junta has so far given no sign it was ready to talk to any other political opponent - whether jailed, in exile or at liberty - but, under international pressure, had trumpeted the meeting with Aung San Suu kyi, who is now in her six years of house arrest. Her carefully phrased message stressed there would be "no secret deals" with the junta, officially known as the Slorc, and that the goal remained the establishment of a "truly democratic political system in Burma. A source familiar with both sides said that contact to date amounted to little more than a reaffirmation of their respective positions, with the Slorc defending its stressing democratic principles. If there were to be no progress or no further meetings, the junta could face increased international pressure rather than the increased access to international aid and acceptance it has been seeking, analysts said. But the Slorc might forestall an outcry by allowing the International Committee for the Red Cross to visit political detainees at Insein Prison - an attractive option, some analysts suggested, as such visits are by definition confidential, and no reports are made public. An informed foreign source acknowledged this would be a "a low-cost option" for the Slorc, which has already promised such visits "soon." The source declined to link the two issues directly, however, saying the prison visits "will happen in any case" and would have to be considered "a step forward." Junta spokesmen from the Directorate of defence Services Intelligence were to available for comment. Foreign diplomats and other analysts contacted in Rangoon Tuesday all agreed that the whole process would take time. "Given the personalities involved and their diametrically opposed positions, it will take a lot more than two formal meetings to resolve their differences. The dialogue is yet to be engaged," one commented. Another remarked that both sides would have to make concessions, and it would take some adjustment before they could be "comfortable with what they have agreed." meanwhile, the junta has backed away from releasing the 49-year-old Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and has created some confusion over the legal basis for her detention as well as the maximum period of detention allowed. The Slorc tried to "excuse their behavior and dress it up in legal garb," but appeared to have abandoned the effort now, a Rangoon-based diplomat said. "After a certain point you start to look ridiculous," another foreign observer commented. Instead of getting involved in convoluted "legal shenanigans," the Slorc might as well "just take the heat" for its actions, he added. Analysts agreed that Aung San Suu Kyi's release would be a political decision and not a legal one. The charismatic dissident has been kept under guard at her lakeside home in Rangoon since July 1989 by the Slorc, which took power after nationwide pro-democracy demonstration the previous year. The protests were brutally suppressed, but the Slorc allowed elections to be organized in 1990 that overwhelmingly backed Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD). The Slorc, however, refused to hand over power and again cracked down on the opposition. While her key political advisors are in jail, remnants of the NLD are taking part inn the junta's national assembly to outline a new constitution. NLD members have said they do not know what is happening in the junta's talks with the party's co-founder but would continue to push previously defined polities focusing on demands for democracy. (TN) *************************INSIDE BURMA************************* ECONOMIST: MYANMAR--NOT QUITE INDONESIA Week of January 28-Feb. 3, 1995 Stroll through the night market in Mandalay and you can see the beginnings of a vibrant private economy. Cheap T-shirts and electrical goods from china are piled high onthe stalls; doubful- looking medicines and tribal artefacts are spread out on blankets and tables. Mandalay is the crossroads for trade between Myanmar and China, and so is prosperous. But two hours farther north, the hill town of Maymyo also boasts a well-stocked market and new brick houses on the outskirts of town. Bustling markets would be unremarkable elsewhere in South-East Asia. But in Myanmar, which spent a generation searching for the "Burmese road to socialism", even small-scale private enterprise is a novelty. The military junta running the country abandoned socialist autarky and proclaimed an "open door" policy in 1988. Few foreigners, however were inclined to walk in. The change in economic direction coincided with political turmoil which saw thousands of pro-democracy demonstrators killed and imprisoned, and election results unfavourable t the soldiers ignored. Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of the victorious National League for Democracy, was arrested in 1989. Myanmar, already one of the world's poorest countries, went backwards economically. Five years later, Miss Suu Kyi is still under house arrest. But foregin businessmen, particularly Singaporeans, Thais and Koreans, are beginning to appear in the capital, Yangon. Hotels boasting international direct-dialing, an exotic rarity a year ago, are now open for business. Independent economists in Yangon think the economy grew by over 5% last year. The beginnings of economic growth are being hailed by Myanmar's Asian neighbours, which have long insisted that the Wests's isolation of Myanmar is wrong-headed. They compare Myanmar to Indonesia 30 years ago. The bloodletting in Indonesia in the mid-1960s claimed hundreds of thousands of victims. But under military rule, Indonesia has averaged growth of 6-7% a year-- enough to qualify for junior membership of the Asian miracle club. The Indonesian comparison has certainly occurred to Myanmar's junta. It is now bent on imposing a new constitution whcih, like Indonesia's, would also exclude from high political office anyone who has lived abroad for long--a provision that is clearly aimed at Miss Suu Kyi. Proponents fo the "Asian way" see all this as the unfortunate but necessary price of creating the political stabitility needed for economic growth. But there are grounds for doubting if Myanmar can emulate Indonesia. Before Indonesia took off, it had in place two preconditions for sustained economic growth: low inflation and a convertable currency. Myanmar has neither. Infaltion, fuelled by wasteful military spending and commodity shortages, is running at close to 40%. The currency is an obstacle to both trade and investment. The official exchange rate is about six kyat to the dollar: the unofficial rate is 106. Foreigners can repatriate earnings only if they agree to buy local goods such as pulses or fish and sell them oversas. Export industries can earn income in dollars. But they then find they are expected to pay for electricy and water in kyat converted at the official rate. Such foreign investment as there is goes mainly into building new hotels. Tourism brings in some hard currency, but Myanmar has little of the manufacturing industry that has powered other Asian economies. Allowing more leeway to private traders, and swapping gems and timber for Chinese consumer goods whill take the economy only so far. Myanmar's economy will not take off until it is properly managed, and there is no evidence that the junta has the know-how or the courage to take the tough decisions necessary. The Indonesian army, which never had the chastening experience of overwhelming rejection by the electorate, had the confidence and the sense to employ civilian technocrats to run the economy. They took the tough decisions. In Myanmar, the management of the economy is still in the hands of soldiers. Brigadier-General Win Tin, the finance minister, says that a convertible currency cannot be established just yet. He is worried that it would mean more inflation. At present even mid- level civil servants and army officers are paid salaries of just 1,600 kyat a month--roughly $15 at the market rate. Many get by because they are provided with subsidised goods such as petrol or building materials, which they can resell on the black market. These subsidies are disguised because goods imported by the state are systematically under-valued at the official exchange rate. Abolish that official rate of exchange and the subsidies would go with them. The junta fears the effect on civil servants and army officers. Apologists for authoritarianism often argue that undemocratic governments can take tough economic decisions. Myanmar does not support the case. *************************INSIDE BURMA************************* ECONOMIST: THE PRISONER OF UNIVERSITY AVENUE Week of January 28-Feb. 3, 1995 The only glimpse the people of Myanmar have had of Aung San Suu Kyi over the past 5-1/2 years came in October last year. The official media, for whom the imprisoned Nobel prize winner is usually a non-person, suddenly showed pictures of a smiling Miss Suu Kyi meeting the leaders of the junta. At the time there was much speculation that Miss Sii Kyi was about to be released. But no further meetings have followed. In a statement issues this week through Michael Aris, her husband, Miss Suu Kyi stated that "no secret deals" had been done to secure her release. She confirmed her determination to secure a "truly democratic system" in Myanmar and to take part actively in politics. Neither idea is likely to appeal to Myanmar's generals and so, for the foreseeable future, Miss Suu Kyi is likely to remain imprisoned. Yet, though the junta can keep Miss Suu Kyi out of sight, it is difficult to keep her out of mind. Her house and prison is in University Avenue, one of Yangon's most prominent boulevards. The students who formed the core of the pro-democracy movement in 1988 wasl past her house gates every day on their way to classes. In the past year the junta has withdrawn the armed guards who used to stand outside the house. But plenty of troops lurk behind the yellow and green picket fence which separates Miss Suu Kyi from the world. Anyone loitering too long outside the gates is quickly observed and followed by one of the men lounging around on the grass verge on the other side of the road. Miss Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy polled around 60% of the votes in the 1990 election and there seems little doubt that she retains her place in the hearts of the people. At stalls in Yangon and Mandalay which specialise in selling pectures of famous Buddhist monks, one popular item is a photograph of Aung San, the leader of the Burmese independence movement, with his family. Dandled on Aung San's knee is his baby daughter, Suu. With a bit of prompting, the stall-holders will also sell photographs of Aung San Suu Kyi as a grown up; these are kept under the counter. It would take considerable bravery for anyone to risk a more open expression of support. Last October the junta imprisoned four people associated witht eh iopposition for terms ranging from seven to 15 years. One foreign resident of Yangon says the junta is "very carefully picking off people wh meet diplomats and foreign journalist and talk about what's going on in this country." *************************INSIDE BURMA************************* BKK POST: RANGOON REASSURES HOTELIERS January 27, 1995 The Burmese government has issued a statement reassuring small hotel owners that they are free to continue their business as normal after rumours that some licences might be revoked. The statement from the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism said entrepreneurs were allowed to open and operate hotels, motels and guest houses and to engage in other tourist related business in accordance with existing laws. Published in the state-run media on Wednesday, the statement ws apparently issued in response to rumours that hotel and guest houses with less than 15 rooms would have their licences revoked. Rumours of the withdrawal of licences were unfounded, it said. The ministry said that up to the end of 1994 it had issued 195 licences to hotels and other lodging places, 247 for travel agents, 613 for tourist coaches and 468 for tour guides. The tourist sector has been one of the fastest growing sectors since the military government introduced economic reforms in late 1988. In another development, the central bank of Burma has issued a licence to banque Francaise du Commerce Exterieur to open a representative office in Rangoon, official newspapers reported yesterday. A total of 20 foreign banks now have licences for representative offices in Burma. (BP) ***************************THAILAND*************************** BKK POST: HOUSE PANEL PRESSES FOR REVIEW OF BURMA POLICY 27 January 1995 The House Committee on Foreign Affairs called on the Foreign Ministry yesterday to review its policy toward Burma in order to encourage the democratisation process in the military ruled country. The committee suupports the Government's so-called constructive engagement polcy but it unhappy with the peace of efforts to promote individual rights. "The constructive engagement policy pursued by the Government and Association of Southeast Asian Nations has elements which help promote democracy in Burma and will help conclude ceasefire agreements between the government and the minorities," according to a committee statement. "But the promotion of democracy in Burma has not r3eceived due attention. The Foreign Ministry should adjust its policy to further strengthen the procress of democratisation and encourange the freedom of the Burmese people." The statement was issued yesterday following the weekly meeting of officials from the Foreign Ministry, National Intelligence Agency. The agenda included an analysis of the implivations of Burma's presence s a "guest of the host (Thailand)" for the first time at the annual ASEAN foreign ministers meting in Bang- kok last July. Burmese Foreign Minister U Ohn Gyaw attened the opening of the meeting. A Burmese observer, Chayachoke Chulasiriwongs of Chulalongkorn Univertsity's Faculty of Political Science, welcomed the call for a policy review even though he thought it had come too late now that Burma is enjoying improverd relations with countries in the region. Mr Chayachoke said the Foreign Ministry should be more active in calling on Burmese leaders to improve the situation in their country. He said he supported the constructive engagement policy as it kept the door open for dialogue with Burma, but its implementation should be revised. "We (Thailand) almost never make suggestions to the Burmese government on how to improve political conditions for fear of souring relations and causing dissatisfaction among Burmese leaders," he said. Changes in the implementation of the policy began with Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai calling last July for the release of dissident leader Aung San Suu Kyi when the Burmese foreign minister called on him while in Bangkok for the ASEAN foreign ministers meet- ing, he said. Mr Chayachoke said the committee's recommendations would help improve Thailand's image in the eyes of some Western countries. (BP) ***************************THAILAND*************************** BKK POST: GOVT TO RETAIN 'SAFE AREA' FOR REFUGEE YOUTHS 27 January 1995 Thailand has no plans to close the "safe area" for Burmese students in Ratchaburi Province but will keep a tighter rein on their political activities, according to an Interior Ministry official yesterday. The official said the ministry had decided against closing Maneeloy Safe Area in Pak Tho District as a demonstration of Thailand's sincerity in allowing Burmese students to remain in the country. The Foreign Ministry and other agencies back the decision, he said. The Interior Ministry has no plans to take legal action and deport Burmese students who stage political activities on Thai soil, but authorities will keep a close watch on the stu- dents to prevent them using Thailand to protest the Rangoon government. Interior officials are concerned about 2,000 students who refuse to re-enter the safe area and will take action to ensure they abide by Thai law, according to the source . About 180 students are now staying at Maneeloy. The Government wants all Burmese students who escaped political suppression in Burma to stay in the safe area provided by the Tnterior Ministry, other wise they will be treated as illegal immigrants. The official said interior officials also felt uneasy about the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees which they claim is secretly providing funds to 2,450 students. Each student is said to be receiving 2,500 baht rather than the official rate of 800 baht the UNHCR offers, he said. The ministry also pays each student at the centre 33 baht per day, three baht higher than the money the UNHCR gives refugees in other camps. The official said the Interior Ministry hoped the UN agency would cooperate with the ministry. (BP) ***************************THAILAND*************************** BKK POST: ONCB ASKS GOVT TO STRIP THAI CITIZENSHIP OF 10 KHUN SA MEN 27 January 1995 Office of the Narcotics Control Board secretary-general Pol Gen Chavalit Yodmanee has asked the Governmet to withdraw the Thai citizenship of 10 alleged lieutenants of drug warlord Khun Sa. The request for the revocation of any citizenship granted through the naturalisation process comes at the initiative of the United States Drug Enforcement Administration. The 10 were arrested last November in sperate raids in Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son and Bangkok. They are among 14 suspects Washington has asked Thailand to arrest and extradite to the US. A Government House source said the move was taken because of US fears it would be difficult to take full legal action against the suspects if they hold Thai nationality. Plo Gen Chavalit's request was made in a letter dated January 16 to Deputy Prime Minister Banyat Bantadtan. Mr Banyat is in charge of the ONCB. If the suspects are Thai by birth, legal action against them could be taken against them in Thailand and the US would send documents and related evidence under a 1992 law on international cooperation on criminal matters; * If the suspects are naturalised Thais, they could have their Thai nationality withdrawn and be sent to the US under the Thai-US extradition treaty of 1983; and * If the suspects are not Thai nationals, they could be extradited to the US right away under the same treaty. Pol Gen Chavalit said the DEA would like the Government to withdraw the citizenship of any of the 10 suspects found to be naturalised Thais. Mr Banyat has replied that it will take some time before the Government can respond to the request because it has to check wether any of the 10 are Thai by birth or through naturalistion. (BP) ***************************THAILAND*************************** BKK POST: HOUSE TEAM CONFIRMS 'MASSACRE' OF TREES 27 January 1995 The House Local Administration Committee yesterday confirmed that a large number of trees in reserve forests along the Thai-Burmese border have been killed intentionally so that applications can be made to log them legally. Committee chairman Krit Kongpetch said after nine members of the panel inspected the area in Mae Ramad and Tha Song Yang district that this might have been the handiwork of "influential people" in the area. Chart Pattana MP Sopon Petchsawang recently brought the matter to the attention of the committee, charging that the Forest Industry Organization (FIO) was proposing to log the trees after the influential figures killed them. The trees were girdled with cuts around their base to cause them to die standing up. According to the Forestry Police survey in February last year, some 10,719 trees have been girdled over an area of 400 rai. Mr Krit said that hilltribe people and Burmese refugees were apparently involved in gir- dling the trees because they wanted land for farming and wanted to sell the wood. "but I'm sure influential figures were behind them. As for whether the FIO should be allowed to fell the trees, that's a decision for the government," Mr Krit said. He said the dead trees would be an economic loss if they were left standing there. If they are to be felled then measures will have to be taken to prevent a recurrence in other areas. But if the government wants to preserve border forests then it will have to give up making economic use of the trees in them. (BP) ************************************************************** NEWS SOURCES REGULARLY COVERED/ABBREVIATIONS USED BY BURMANET: AP: ASSOCIATED PRESS AFP: AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE AW: ASIAWEEK AWSJ: ASIAN WALL STREET JOURNAL Bt.: THAI BAHT; 25 Bt.3 DUS$1 (APPROX), BBC: BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION BI: BURMA ISSUES BKK POST: BANGKOK POST (DAILY NEWSPAPER, BANGKOK) BRC-CM: BURMESE RELIEF CENTER-CHIANG MAI BRC-J: BURMESE RELIEF CENTER-JAPAN CPPSM: C'TEE FOR PUBLICITY OF THE PEOPLE'S STRUGGLE IN MONLAND FEER: FAR EAST ECONOMIC REVIEW IRRAWADDY: NEWSLETTER PUBLISHED BY BURMA INFORMATION GROUP JIR: JANE'S INTELLIGENCE REVIEW KHRG: KAREN HUMAN RIGHTS GROUP Kt. 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