============================================================================== The ASCII version of my guide is divided into two files: GUIDE1.TXT contains everything except the list of library connections; GUIDE2.TXT contains only the Internet library list. ============================================================================== A GUIDE TO INTERNET/BITNET Dana Noonan June 1992 A Metro Library User Network Guide Metropolitan State University Distributed by Metronet (The contents of this guide may be freely distributed and copied provided the above credits are included. If you have comments and suggestions, please forward them to noonan@msus1.msus.edu.) Table of Contents INTRODUCTION SYSTEM COMMANDS E-MAIL MAILING LISTS ELECTRONIC JOURNALS AND NEWSLETTERS EXPLORING THE NETS: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES INTERNET BULLETIN BOARDS COMMUNITY COMPUTING SYSTEMS CAMPUS-WIDE COMPUTING SYSTEMS COMMERCIAL DATABASES SELECTED INTERNET DATABASES FILE ARCHIVES AND FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL INTERNET LIBRARIES (GUIDE2.TXT) GLOSSARY ADDITIONAL RESOURCES INTRODUCTION* Over twenty years ago the Department of Defense established an electronic network for researchers known as ARPANET. Today, a loose collection of networks, the Internet, provides high-speed electronic links for scientists and researchers in educational, government, and commercial establishments. Some of these networks focus on a research topic or an academic discipline; others serve regional groups of institutions. The oldest educational network is BITNET (Because It's Time Network), which specializes in "store and forward" message and file transmission. Internet provides direct access to remote computer sites along with message and file transfer. The federally subsidized NSFnet serves a the backbone for network interconnectivity in the United States linking CREN (BITNET and CSnet), the Internet, and other noncommercial academic and research networks together for electronic mail, file transfer, news and other services. Over 100,000 computer sites form the "backfence" over which neighbors in this electronic global village exchange data and gossip. The most popular uses of Internet/BITNET are sending and receiving electronic mail, participating in special interest groups, reading and writing for electronic digests and journals, searching online library catalogs around the world, and acquiring text and program files from remote computers. SYSTEM COMMANDS Logging on the system To use e-mail, Internet, or BITNET you have to logon the campus (corporation or institution) computer system. Contact your local computer center to set up an account and learn the location of terminals or telephone numbers for remote access. If your campus computer system is set up for remote access, you can use a microcomputer from your home or office to logon to the system. Your account will include two identifying codes: username and password. The username is your local system e-mail mailbox and will be a part of your Internet or BITNET address. Once you have an account you must logon to the system from a terminal or simply dial the campus computer from your microcomputer. Usually logging on to the system includes the following steps. Metro State University CSC C .MSUS1 ALEX username username password password Your password will not show on the screen. If you get a user authorization failure message, re-enter your username and password. VAX COMMANDS DELETE Delete a file or files. $ del filename.txt;2 $ del jan*.*;* DIRECTORY Display the names of the files in a directory. $ dir $ dir /size/date $ dir/since EDIT Create and/or edit a file. FTP File transfer protocol to send/receive files from remote archive. HELP Display help files $ Help $ Help FTP * KERMIT Upload or download a file using the KERMIT transfer protocol. LOGOFF Leave the system. $ LO MAIL Send/read messages to/from other users. $ MAIL RECEIVE Receive a file that has been sent by LISTSERV $ Receive * RENAME Rename a file. $ Rename file1.txt file2.txt SEARCH Look for a string of text in a file or set of files. $ search filename "text you are searching for" SET DEFAULT Change system defaults. $ Set default PUBLIC$DISK:[bitnet.bitnic.listserv] TELNET Connect to an Internet Library. $ TELNET LIAS.PSU.EDU CONNECT TO PENN STATE LIBRARY TYPE Display the contents of a file. $ type listfile.txt $ type memo.*;* CTRL-C Quit this process. CTRL-Y Interrupt this process. CTRL-Z Save and quit. E-MAIL One of the most useful facilities on Internet is the ability to send messages to network users in the next town or across the globe rapidly and without transmission errors. To send e-mail you need to know the recipient's username and Internet or Bitnet system address. Computer network addresses are a bit like telephone numbers, in some instances an extension will be sufficient, but in others you need area codes and even country codes. Local network username noonan Metro State VAX Remote user local_address@domain username@internet_address dnoonan@alex.stkate.edu INTERNET user@indycms.bitnet BITNET In the above example noonan is the mailbox or user name, msus1 a sub- domain, and msus.edu the top-level domain. Internet domains end with designations indicating the type of site: edu educational institution mil military site com commercial organization net network center gov government agency org all other organizations Mail is sent to a network address that contains the username and network location of the recipient. Local mail requires only the correct username. To send local mail you invoke the MAIL program and type SEND, the recipients username, subject, and message. Network mail must be sent to the full address using the following format: in%"username@network_address." Local Mail MAIL> Send To: noonan Metro State VAX Subject: Just testing Network mail MAIL> Send To: in%"noonan@alex.stkate.edu" CSC VAX Subject: Just testing again Messages can be as long as needed, but remember that every network user has a limited amount of space available in his or her account. The VAX editor is hard to use effectively with a microcomputer. Long messages can be written on a word processor, saved as an ASCII file, and uploaded to the VAX. Short messages can be composed on the fly, but remember to use the left arrow key instead of the backspace key to erase text. Do not send messages in all capitals letters; they are too hard to read and have the impact of shouting at the recipient. Messages are placed in folders(directories) depending on their status. New messages are placed in the NEWMAIL folder until you have read them, then they can be found in the MAIL folder. Messages you delete will be placed in the WASTEBASKET folder until you EXIT the MAIL utility using the CTRL-Z command. HOW TO FIND EMAIL ADDRESSES Although some network directories exist, it is may be necessary to ask people for their e-mail addresses. One of the easiest to use and most comprehensive network address directories is the University of Colorado's NETFIND Server. Given a bit of basic information, such as lastname and organization/institution, the server will search for information about the person. In some cases it will be able to retrieve not only the correct network address, but also mailing address and telephone numbers. Be sure to read the help file when you logon for a more complete description of how the program works. NETFIND - University of Colorado TELNET BRUNO.CS.COLORADO.EDU or TELNET 128.138.243.151 LOGON: type netfind LOGOFF: type Q A similar service called the Paradise Directory is also available. Paradise Directory TELNET HYPATIA.UMDC.UMU.SE or TELNET 130.239.16.15 LOGON: type di LOGOFF: type Q MAIL COMMANDS BACK Display last message or directory screen. MAIL> Back COPY Copy message to another folder without deleting it from current folder. MAIL> Copy folder-name MAIL> Copy/ALL folder-name CURRENT Display beginning of current message. MAIL> Current DELETE Delete a message or messages. MAIL> Del 7-12 MAIL> Delete/ALL DIRECTORY Display the names of the files in a directory. MAIL> DIR MAIL> Directory folder-name Mail> dir/folder EDIT Use the VAX editor to compose message. MAIL> Edit filename EXIT Empty wastebasket and exits MAIL. EXTRACT Move a message to a file in the root directory. /APPEND Copy message to the end of a file in the root directory. MAIL> Extract edtech-memo MAIL> Ext/ALL todays mail MAIL> ext/app history FORWARD Send a copy of the message you just read to another user. See SEND. HELP Display mail help files MAIL> Help extract MAIL Send/read messages to/from other users. See SEND. MOVE Move message to another folder. MAIL> Move opus1 NEXT Skip to next message. QUIT Exit MAIL without erasing deleted messages. READ Read messages. MAIL> Read 13 MAIL> 13 MAIL> MAIL> READ/NEW REPLY Respond to a message you have just read. /SUBJECT= Change topic of message but reply to same e-mail address. MAIL> REPLY To: dnoonan Subj: RE: your message to me Enter message..... Press CTRL-Z when complete or CTRL-C to quit. MAIL> REPLY/SUBJECT="new topic" SEARCH Search for the first occurrence of a string of text in mail folder. MAIL> Search textstring MAIL> Search distance education SELECT Choose a mail folder. MAIL> Select folder-name SEND Send a message to another user. /SUBJECT= Include a new message topic on the send line. LOCAL NETWORK ADDRESSES MAIL> SEND To: noonan Subject: Testing Enter message..... Press CTRL-Z when complete or CTRL-C to quit. BITNET ADDRESSES: MAIL> SEND To: in%"listserv@indycms.bitnet" Subject: Enter message..... Press CTRL-Z when complete or CTRL-C to quit. INTERNET ADDRESSES: MAIL> SEND To: in%"DNOONAN@ALEX.STKATE.EDU" Subject: Testing Enter message..... Press CTRL-Z when complete or CTRL-C to quit. Note: Remote network addresses must be in quotes. Send a file to another user. MAIL> SEND filename To: dnoonan Subject: Grant proposal draft MAIL> send quotes.txt To: in%"dnoonan@alex.stkate.edu" INTERNET ADDRESS Subj: quotes MAILING LISTS Over 400 special interest groups or mailing lists are open to subscription on Internet. They are all free and most are open to anyone interested in the topic under consideration. Some lists have little message traffic on them; others are so active you can be inundated with messages. Lists seem to take on the characteristics of the folks who use them. Most are serious and mannerly, but some revel in humor, controversy, or sheer pedantry (most list users are academics). The anonymity of e-mail has given rise to a peculiar form of behavior known as flaming. Flaming occurs when normally polite individuals use e-mail to insult other list members, groups of individuals, or whole nations. Some of the "flames" are unintentional and may reflect ignorance or inexperience, others are simply nasty, racist, or bigoted diatribes. Although world and national events give rise to a fair amount of flaming, the worst appears to be reserved to the "my software/hardware is better than yours" type of invective. MAC and IBM users occasionally succumb to quasi-religious fervor. To participate in the mailing list world you first need to find an interesting list in this guide or on the List of Lists (see additional resources at the end of this guide). You can also search mailing list database at INTGROUP@NDSUVM1 for topics of interest. Each mailing list is based at a specific network node or LISTSERV address which runs a program called the Mailing Lists Manager. This program functions as archivist, file server, and mailing list distributor. Most network or list servers accept commands either directly or via e-mail. Once you know the name and address of a mailing list you can send a command to the LISTSERV address asking to subscribe to the list. For example, if you want to subscribe to the Public Access Computer Systems Forum (PACS-L) mailing list , you would send the following message from the MAIL directory: MAIL> Send TO: in%"listserv@uhupvm1.bitnet" Subject: (leave blank) Enter message followed by Control-Z: sub pacs-l yourfirstname yourlastname CONTROL-Z To leave a list you must send the following message: MAIL> Send TO: in%"listserv@uhupvm1.bitnet" Subject: (leave blank) Enter message followed by Control-Z: unsub pacs-l CONTROL-Z Note: some systems permit users to issue LISTSERV commands directly from the $ or root directory, such as: $ send listserv@uhupvm1 "sub pacs-l firstname lastname" SEARCHING A MAILING LIST ARCHIVE All list messages are maintained in archive form by the mailing list's LISTSERV. While it is possible to obtain the entire contents of these archives by sending the appropriate "get filename" command, this can result in receiving quantities of information which may be dated or simply of little interest. By sending a simple e-mail message you can search the archives of a mailing list for material related to a specific topic. For example, the following e-mail message sent to the PACS-L list will retrieve an index to the messages on that list containing references to the term "internet." // JOB Echo=No Database Search DD=Rules //Rules DD * Search Internet in pacs-l since 90/10/1 Index /* Note: any term or list or date can be substituted in the above example. The LISTSERV will send either an email message or network file in response. If a file is sent, type receive * from the $ prompt then type filename to read the file. The index file will note the date, time, size and subject of list entries related to the search term. A second message to the mailing list's LISTSERV requests the fulltext of selected messages from that index file. // JOB Echo=No Database Search DD=Rules //Rules DD * Search Internet in pacs-l since 90/10/1 Print all of 2668 2760 2769 /* Searching the INTGROUP Database If you have a topic and want to find a matching mail list, search the INTGROUP database. This list is intended for database searching not for subscription. $ mail MAIL> send To: in%"listserv@ndsuvm1.bitnet" Subj: Enter your message below. Press CTRL/Z when complete, or CTRL/C to quit: // JOB Echo=No Database Search DD=Rules //Rules DD * Search library or libraries in intgroup Index /* CTRL-Z *EXIT* MAIL> (MSUS1) - Received network file DATABASE.OUTPUT from LISTSERV@NDSUVM1 $ receive * Copied NETDATA file from: DATABASE.OUTPUT;1 to: MTSU$DISK:[NOONAN]DATABASE.OUTPUT;1 $ type database.output > Search library or libraries in intgroup --> Database INTGROUP, 28 hits. (Note: edited example) > INDEX Item # Date Time Recs Subject ------ ---- ---- ---- ------- 000016 91/05/24 00:00 20 ADVANC-L on LISTSERV@IDBSU.BITNET 000026 91/05/24 00:00 36 AIDSNEWS%RUTVM1.BITNET@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU 000071 91/05/24 00:00 40 BI-L%BINGVMB.BITNET@VM1.NODAK.EDU 000087 91/05/24 00:00 19 BRS-L%USCVM.BITNET@VM1.NODAK.EDU 000101 91/05/24 00:00 36 CDROMLAN on LISTSERV@IDBSU.BITNET 000107 91/05/24 00:00 20 CIRCPLUS on LISTSERV@IDBSU.BITNET 000141 91/05/24 00:00 24 CWIS-L%WUVMD.BITNET@VM1.NODAK.EDU 000147 91/05/24 00:00 34 DBASE-L%TECMTYVM.BITNET@VM1.NODAK.EDU 000375 91/05/24 00:00 51 LIBADMIN on LISTSERV@UMAB 000377 91/05/24 00:00 53 LibRef-L on LISTSERV@KENTVM Discussion 000378 91/05/24 00:00 61 LIBRES on LISTSERV@KENTVM Library and 000403 91/05/24 00:00 71 MCLR Midwest Consortium for Latino+ 000409 91/05/24 00:00 25 MEDLIB-L - Medical Libraries Discus 000421 91/05/24 00:00 34 MLA-L%IUBVM.BITNET@VM1.NODAK.EDU 000469 91/05/24 00:00 29 PACS-L%UHUPVM1.BITNET@VM1.NODAK.EDU 000644 91/05/24 00:00 27 VTLSLIST - Virginia Tech Library+ $ mail MAIL> send To: in%"listserv@ndsuvm1.bitnet" Subj: Enter your message below. Press CTRL/Z when complete, or CTRL/C to quit: // JOB Echo=No Database Search DD=Rules //Rules DD * Search library or libraries in intgroup print all of 16,101,409,421,644 /* CTRL-Z *EXIT* The LISTSERV response will include a description of the special interest group and subscription directions. LISTSERV COMMANDS GET Obtain a file from a list archive. $ SEND LISTSERV@location "get filename" INDEX Get a list of archive files. $ SEND LISTSERV@location "index listname" RECEIVE Adds a file sent by a LISTSERV to local directory. Use the TYPE filename command to read the file contents. $ RECEIVE * REVIEW Review the contents of a list including membership. $ SEND LISTSERV@location "review listname" SEARCH Search the contents of a list archive by sending a message to the listserv Original database search request format: // JOB Echo=No Database Search DD=Rules //Rules DD * Search search-term in listname Index /* Subsequent database search request format: // JOB Echo=No Database Search DD=Rules //Rules DD * Search search-term in listname Print all of message-number(s) /* The LISTSERV will send a file or e-mail message listing the message numbers that meet each of the search requirements. SUBSCRIBE Subscribe to an open list. SIGNUP $ SEND LISTSERV@location "sub listname Firstname Lastname" $ send listserv@finhutc "sub japan Dana Noonan" UNSUBSCRIBE Remove yourself from a list. SIGNOFF $ SEND LISTSERV@location "unsub listname" SELECTED SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP LISTS AIDSNEWS AIDSNEWS@RUTVM1 AIDS Treatment News ALTLEARN ALTLEARN@SJUVM Alternative Approaches to Learning Discussion AMLIT-L AMLIT-L@UMCVMB American Literature Discussion Group AMNESTY AMNESTY@JHUVM Amnesty International list AMWEST-H AMWEST-H@USCVM AmWest-H - American West History ANCIEN-L ANCIEN-L@ULKYVM History of the Ancient Mediterranean ANTHRO-L ANTHRO-L@UBVM General Anthropology Bulletin Board APASD-L APASD-L@VTVM2 APA Research Psychology Network APNET-L APNET-L@JPNSUT00 Asia Pacific Network ARCH-L ARCH-L@DGOGWDG1 Archaeology List ARTCRIT ARTCRIT@YORKVM1 Art Criticism Discussion Forum ASEH-L ASEH-L@TTUVM1 American Society Of Environmental AUTORACE AUTORACE@INDYCMS AUTORACE a Discussion of Auto Racing Historians AVIATION AVIATION@BRUFPB General Aviation List BEER-L BEER-L@UA1VM Homebrew Digest Redistribution List BELIEF-L BELIEF-L@BROWNVM Personal Ideologies Discussion List BEVPUB-L BEVPUB-L@VTVM1 Blacksburg Electronic Village BGRASS-L BGRASS-L@UKCC Bluegrass music discussion. BIRDCNTR BIRDCNTR@ARIZVM1 National Birding Hotline Cooperative (Central) BLIND-L BLIND-L@UAFSYSB Computer Use by and for the Blind BUDDHIST BUDDHIST@JPNTOHOK Forum on Indian and Buddhist Studies C+HEALTH C+HEALTH@IUBVM Computing and Health CANADA-L CANADA-L@MCGILL1 Canadian Issues Forum CCNEWS CCNEWS@BITNIC Campus Computing Newsletter Editors CENTAM-L CENTAM-L@UBVM Central America Discussion CGE CGE@MARIST Computer Graphics Education Newsletter CHEMED-L CHEMED-L@UWF Chemistry Education Discussion CHESS-L CHESS-L@GREARN The Chess Discussion List CHILE-L CHILE-L@PURCCVM Discussion regarding Chile CHINANET CHINANET@TAMVM1 CHINANET: Networking In China CINEMA-L CINEMA-L@AUVM Discussions on all forms of Cinema CJUST-L CJUST-L@IUBVM Criminal Justice Discussion CLASSM-L CLASSM-L@BROWNVM Classical Music List CNIDIR-L CNIDIR-L@UNMVMA Coalition for Networked Information COMICS-L COMICS-L@UNLVM COMICS Discussion List COMLAW-L COMLAW-L@UALTAVM Computers and Legal Education COMMDIS COMMDIS@RPIECS Speech disorders COMMED COMMED@RPIECS Communication education CSA-DATA CSA-DATA@UICVM Chinese Statistical Archive CWIS-L CWIS-L@WUVMD Campus-Wide Info Systems DAIRY-L DAIRY-L@UMDD Dairy Discussion List DANCE-L DANCE-L@HEARN International folkdance and traditional dance DESIGN-L DESIGN-L@PSUVM Basic Design DEVEL-L DEVEL-L@AUVM Technology Transfer in International Development DIABETES DIABETES@IRLEARN International Research Project DJ-L DJ-L@NDSUVM1 DJ-L Campus Radio Disk Jockey DOROTHYL DOROTHYL@KENTVM Mystery Discussion DRUGABUS DRUGABUS@UMAB Drug Abuse Education EARLYM-L EARLYM-L@AEARN Early Music Discussion List EAT-L EAT-L@VTVM2 FoodLore/Recipe Exchange EC EC@INDYCMS European Community ECOLOG-L ECOLOG-L@UMDD Ecological Society of America ECONED-L ECONED-L@UTDALLAS Research in Economic Education ECONOMY ECONOMY@TECMTYVM Economic Problems in Less Developed Countries EDINFO-L EDINFO-L@IUBVM Educational Information list EDTECH EDTECH@OHSTVMA Educational Technology EDUCOM-W EDUCOM-W@BITNIC EDUCOM Women & Information Technology EDUTEL EDUTEL@RPIECS Education and information technologies EJCREC EJCREC@RPIECS Electronic Journal of Communication EMERG-L EMERG-L@MARIST Emergency Services Discussion List EMUSIC-D EMUSIC-D@AUVM Electronic Music Digest ENERGY-L ENERGY-L@TAUNIVM Energy List ENVBEH-L ENVBEH-L@POLYGRAF Forum on Environment and Human Behavior EQUINE-L EQUINE-L@PCCVM Discussion forum for Horse fanciers ESPER-L ESPER-L@TREARN Esperanto List ETHICS-L ETHICS-L@MARIST Discussion of Ethics in Computing ETHMUS-L ETHMUS-L@UMDD EthnoFORUM, global ethnomusicology ETHOLOGY ETHOLOGY@FINHUTC Ethology FAMCOMM FAMCOMM@RPIECS Marital/family & relational communication FAMILY-L FAMILY-L@UMCVMB Delivery of Family Practice and Clinical Medicine FAMLYSCI FAMLYSCI@UKCC Family Science Network FELINE-L FELINE-L@PCCVM Discussion forum for Cat fanciers FICINO FICINO@UTORONTO Renaissance & Reformation FILM-L FILM-L@VMTECMEX Film making and reviews list FINE-ART FINE-ART@RUTVM1 Fine-Art Forum FLYFISH FLYFISH@UMAB Fly Fishing Digest FOLKLORE FOLKLORE@TAMVM1 Folklore Discussion List FWAKE-L FWAKE-L@IRLEARN Finnegans Wake (by James Joyce) GAELIC-L GAELIC-L@IRLEARN GAELIC Language Bulletin Board GARDENS GARDENS@UKCC Gardens & Gardening GENDER GENDER@RPIECS Communication and gender GEODESIC GEODESIC@UBVM Discussion of Buckminster Fuller GEOGRAPH GEOGRAPH@FINHUTC Geography GEOLOGY GEOLOGY@PTEARN Geology Discussion List GERINET GERINET@UBVM Geriatric Health Care GRANOLA GRANOLA@GITVM1 GRANOLA: Vegetarian Discussion GREEN GREEN@INDYCMS Green movements list GUTNBERG GUTNBERG@UIUCVMD Project Gutenberg Email List HEALTH-L HEALTH-L@IRLEARN International Discussion on Health Research HEGEL HEGEL@VILLVM Discussion list for HEGEL society HELLAS HELLAS@AUVM The Hellenic Discussion List HELP-NET HELP-NET@TEMPLEVM Bitnet/Internet Help Resource HERB HERB@TREARN Medicinal and Aromatic Plants HISLAW-L HISLAW-L@ULKYVM History of Law (Feudal, Common, Canon) HISTORY HISTORY@FINHUTC History List HIT HIT@UFRJ Highly Imaginative Technologies HORROR HORROR@PACEVM Horror HPSST-L HPSST-L@QUCDN History and Philosophy of Science HRD-L HRD-L@UMCVMB Human Resource Development HUMANIST HUMANIST@BROWNVM HUMANIST Discussion HYPERCRD HYPERCRD@PURCCVM Hypercard Discussion List IDFORUM IDFORUM@YORKVM1 Industrial Design Forum INDIA INDIA@PCCVM The India List INGRAFX INGRAFX@PSUVM Information Graphics INT-LAW INT-LAW@UMINN1 Foreign and International Law Issues IOOB-L IOOB-L@UGA Industrial Psychology IOUDAIOS IOUDAIOS@YORKVM1 First Century Judaism INTERPER INTERPER@RPIECS Interpersonal/small group communication ISAGA-L ISAGA-L@UHCCVM Int'l Simulation & Gaming Assn. Forum JAPAN JAPAN@FINHUTC Info-Japan JAZZ-L JAZZ-L@TEMPLEVM Jazz Lovers' List JDOCS-DB JDOCS-DB@TEMPLEVM Journalism/Mass Comm Documents JOURNET JOURNET@QUCDN Journalism Education JUGGLING JUGGLING@INDYCMS For Jugglers of all abilities KIDCAFE KIDCAFE@NDSUVM1 KIDCAFE Youth Dialog KIDS-92 KIDS-92@NDSUVM1 KIDS-92 Project List KIDS-93 KIDS-93@NDSUVM1 KIDS-93 Project List L-CHA L-CHA@UQAM Canadian Hist. Association L-ETHO L-ETHO@UQAM Ethologistes/Ethologists LABOR-L LABOR-L@YORKVM1 Labor in the North American Economy LAIDOFF LAIDOFF@ARIZVM1 So, you've been laidoff? LANTRA-L LANTRA-L@FINHUTC Interpreting (and) translation LAWSCH-L LAWSCH-L@AUVM Law School Discussion List LGA-L LGA-L@UREGINA1 Local Government Administration List LINGUIST LINGUIST@TAMVM1 LINGUIST LITERARY LITERARY@UCF1VM Discussions about Literature LIVE-EYE LIVE-EYE@YORKVM1 Color and Vision Discussion LLTI LLTI@DARTCMS1 Language Learning and Technology Intl. LORE LORE@NDSUVM1 LORE - Folklore List MAGAZINE MAGAZINE@RPIECS Magazines MARKET-L MARKET-L@UCF1VM For marketing academics and practitioners MASSCOMM MASSCOMM@RPIECS Mass comm. and new technologies MBA-L MBA-L@MARIST MBA Student ciriculum discussion MEDIA-L MEDIA-L@BINGVMB Media in Education METHODS METHODS@IRLEARN BIOSCI Methods-and-Reagents MEXICO MEXICO@VMTECMEX Lista de distribucion "Mexico" MEXICO-L MEXICO-L@TECMTYVM Knowing Mexico: people, places, culture MIDEUR-L MIDEUR-L@UBVM Discussion of Middle Europe MINCON MINCON@UKCC Minority Recruitment and Retention MMEDIA-L MMEDIA-L@VMTECMEX Multimedia discussion list MORTAR-L MORTAR-L@UMCVMB Mortar Board, Inc. Discussion MOUNT-L MOUNT-L@TRMETU Mountaineering Discussion List MUSEUM- MUSEUM-L@UNMVMA MUSEUM-L - MUSEUM discussion MUSIC MUSIC@FINHUTC Music-Research MUSIC-ED MUSIC-ED@UMINN1 MUSIC-ED Music Education MUSLIMS MUSLIMS@ASUACAD Muslim News Network NATIVE-L NATIVE-L@TAMVM1 NATIVE-L Issues Pertaining to Aboriginal People NBEA NBEA-L@AKRONVM National Business Education Assn. Disc. NCS-L NCS-L@UMDD National Crime Survey NEW-LIST NEW-LIST@NDSUVM1 NEW-LIST - New List Announcements NEWBOOKS NEWBOOKS@RPIECS New Books in Communication NEWCROPS NEWCROPS@PURCCVM Discussion list for New Crops NMUSIC-L NMUSIC-L@NCSUVM New Music Discussion List NSP-L NSP-L@RPIECS Noble Savage Philosphers NUTEPI NUTEPI@DB0TUI11 Nutritional epidemiology NUTWORKS NUTWORKS@TCSVM NutWorks Distribution list ORGCOMM ORGCOMM@RPIECS Communication in organizations OUTDOR-L OUTDOR-L@ULKYVM Outdoor Discussion Group PA_NET PA_NET@SUVM1 Public Administration Network PACARC-L PACARC-L@WSUVM1 Pacific Rim Archaeology PAGEMAKR PAGEMAKR@INDYCMS PageMaker for Desktop Publishers PANET-L PANET-L@YALEVM Medical Education and Health PHILCOMM PHILCOMM@RPIECS Philosophy of communication PHILOSOP PHILOSOP@YORKVM1 Philosophy Discussion Forum PHOTO-L PHOTO-L@BUACCA Photography Phorum PHOTOSYN PHOTOSYN@TAUNIVM Photosynthesis Researchers' PHYS-L PHYS-L@UCF1VM Forum for Physics Teachers PHYSIC-L PHYSIC-L@TAUNIVM Physics List POD-L POD-L@TAMVM1 Professional Organizational & Development Disc. POLAND-L POLAND-L@UBVM Discussion of Polish Culture POLCOMM POLCOMM@RPIECS Political communication POLI-SCI POLI-SCI@RUTVM1 Political Science Digest POLITICS POLITICS@UCF1VM Discussion of Politics POP-BIO POP-BIO@IRLEARN BIOSCI Population Biology PRO-CITE PRO-CITE@IUBVM Personal Bibliographic Software PROTEINS PROTEINS@IRLEARN BIOSCI Protein-Analysis PSI-L PSI-L@RPIECS Parapsychology Discussion Forum PSRT-L PSRT-L@UMCVMB Political Science Research & Teaching PSTAT-L PSTAT-L@IRLEARN Discussion of Stats and Programming PURTOPOI PURTOPOI@PURCCVM Rhetoric, Language, Prof. Writing QNTEVA-L QNTEVA-L@PSUVM Quantitative Methods: Theory & Design QUAKE-L QUAKE-L@NDSUVM1 QUAKE-L Discussion List QUALRS-L QUALRS-L@UGA Qualitative Research for the Human Sciences RAILROAD RAILROAD@PCCVM The Railroad List RE-FORUM RE-FORUM@UTARLVM1 Real Estate Forum RECYCLE RECYCLE@UMAB Recycling in Practice REED-L REED-L@UTORONTO Records of Early English Drama REGS-L REGS-L@ALBNYDH2 Title 10 Rules and Regulations RELIGCOM RELIGCOM@UKCC RELIGCOM --A Discussion forum REMOTE-L REMOTE-L@SUVM Discussion of Remote Control Hobbies RENAIS-L RENAIS-L@ULKYVM Early Modern History - Renaissance REVIEW-L REVIEW-L@UOTTAWA Electronic Journal Reviews Discussion RHETORIC RHETORIC@RPIECS Rhetoric, social movements, persuasion ROOTS-L ROOTS-L@NDSUVM1 ROOTS-L Genealogy List RURALDEV RURALDEV@KSUVM Community & Rural Economic Development RUSSIA RUSSIA@INDYCMS Russia and her neighbors list SBSWE-L SBSWE-L@SBCCVM Society of Women Engineers SCREEN-L SCREEN-L@UA1VM Film and TV Studies Discussion SCIFRAUD SCIFRAUD@ALBNYVM1 Discussion of Fraud in Science SFLOVERS SFLOVERS@RUTVM1 SF-Lovers List SHAKER SHAKER@UKCC Shaker - A forum SHAKSPER SHAKSPER@UTORONTO Shakespeare Electronic Conference SKEPTIC SKEPTIC@YORKVM1 Skeptic Discussion Group SLART-L SLART-L@PSUVM Second Language Acquisition SLOVAK-L SLOVAK-L@UBVM Discussion of Slovak issues SM-RUM SM-RUM@ICNUCEVM Small Ruminant Discussion List SOCORG-K SOCORG-K@UTORONTO Social Organization of Knowledge SOCWORK SOCWORK@UMAB Social Work Discussion List SOS-DATA SOS-DATA@UNCVM1 Social Science Data List SPORTPSY SPORTPSY@TEMPLEVM Exercise and Sports Psychology SPSSX-L SPSSX-L@MARIST SPSSX(r) Discussion SSREL-L SSREL-L@UTKVM1 Scientific Study of Religion STAT-GEO STAT-GEO@UFRJ Quantitative Methods in Geosciences STAT-L STAT-L@MCGILL1 Statistical Consulting STATEPOL STATEPOL@UMAB Politics in the American States STATLG-L STATLG-L@SBCCVM Baseball League and Sports Disc. STLHE-L STLHE-L@UNBVM1 Teaching & Learning in Higher Educ. STOPRAPE STOPRAPE@BROWNVM Sexual Assault Activist List STORM-L STORM-L@UIUCVMD STORM-L Storms and weather STREK-L STREK-L@PCCVM Star Trek Fan Club STUTT-L STUTT-L@TEMPLEVM Stuttering: Research & Clinical Practice SWL-L SWL-L@CUVMA Short Wave Listener's List TEACHEFT TEACHEFT@WCU Teaching Effectiveness TESL-L TESL-L@CUNYVM TESL-L: Teachers of English to ... TEXTILES TEXTILES@TREARN Textiles & Clothing Studies THEATRE THEATRE@GREARN The Theatre Discussion List TOLKIEN TOLKIEN@JHUVM J.R.R.Tolkien's books TOOLB-L TOOLB-L@UAFSYSB Asymetrix "Toolbook" product TRANSIT TRANSIT@GITVM1 Transit Issues Discussion List TRAVEL-L TRAVEL-L@TREARN Tourism Discussions TRDEV-L TRDEV-L@PSUVM Training and Development List TWAIN-L TWAIN-L@YORKVM1 Mark Twain Forum TYPO-L TYPO-L@IRLEARN Discussion of Typography TV-L TV-L@TREARN TV Discussions UN UN@INDYCMS United Nations URBAN-L URBAN-L@TREARN Urban Planning Discussion List URBANET URBANET@MSU Urban Planning Student Network VAMPYRES VAMPYRES@GUVM Vampiric lore, fact and fiction VETMED-L VETMED-L@UGA Veterinary Medicine VIDNET-L VIDNET-L@UGA Video Network Discussion List VIRTU-L VIRTU-L@UIUCVMD VR / sci.virtual-worlds VPIEJ-L VPIEJ-L@VTVM1 Publishing E-Journals VOLCANO VOLCANO@ASUACAD VOLCANO WIN3-L WIN3-L@UICVM Microsoft Windows Version 3 WMST-L WMST-L@UMDD Women's Studies List WOODWORK WOODWORK@IPFWVM Woodworking Discussions WORLD-L WORLD-L@UBVM Forum on non-Eurocentric world history WORDS-L WORDS-L@YALEVM English Language Discussion WP51-L WP50-L@OTTAWA WordPerfect Corp. Products WRITENG WRITENG@NDSUVM1 WRITENG Writing in Engineering XCULT-L XCULT-L@PSUVM Intl Intercultural Newsletter SELECTED LIBRARY AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT LISTS ALA ALA@UICVM ALA Filelist ALACOUN ALACOUN@UICVM ALA Council ALALEGIS ALALEGIS@UICVM ALA Legislative Assembly ALAMEMB ALAMEMB@UICVM ALA Membership Committee ALCTS ALCTS@UICVM ALCTS List ALF-L ALF-L@YORKVM1 Academic Librarian's Forum ARCHIVES ARCHIVES@INDYCMS Archives & Archivists list ARLIS-L ARLIS-L@UKCC Arts Libraries Discussion List ASISAH ASISAH@GWUVM ASIS Discussion List AUTOCAT AUTOCAT@UVMVM Library cataloging & authorities disc. BI-L BI-L@BINGVMB Bibliographic Instruction Discussion BRS-L BRS-L@USCVM BRS/Search Full Text Retrieval Software Discussion BSRUSERS BSRUSERS@PUCC BSR Software discussion list BUSLIB BUSLIB-L@IDBSU Issues related to business libraries CARL-L CARL-L@UHCCVM CARL User's Information List CARLS CARLS@UMAB Colorado Alliance Of Research Libraries CDROM-L CDROM-L@UCCVMA CD-ROM CIRCPLUS CIRCPLUS@IDBSU Library Circulation Issues CIRLNET CIRLNET@RUTVM1 Industrial Relations Librarians DOEXP DOEXP@USCVM Electronic Library Consortium Requests ELDNET-L ELDNET-L@UIUCVMD Engineering Libraries Division Network EXLIBRIS EXLIBRIS@RUTVM1 Rare Books and Special Collections FEDSIG-L FEDSIG-L@WVNVM Federal Electronic Data GEONET-L GEONET-L@IUBVM GEONET-L Geoscience Librarians GOVDOC-L GOVDOC-L@PSUVM Government Documents Issues HULINTRO HULINTRO@HARVARDA Harvard University Library Intro ILL-L ILL-L@UVMVM ILL-L: Interlibrary Loan INFO+REF INFO+REF@INDYCMS Information + Referral list IR-L IR-L@UCCVMA Information Retrieval List LALA LALA-L@UGA Latin Americanist Librarians' Ann. LAMA-L LAMA-L@UMAB Library Administration & Management LAW-LIB LAW-LIB@UCDAVIS.EDU Law Librarians (send email to join) LIBER LIBER@UVMVM Libraries/Media Services Communication LIBPLN-L LIBPLN-L@QUCDN University Library Planning LIBREF-L LIBREF-L@KENTVM Library Reference Issues LIBADMIN LIBADMIN@UMAB Library Administration & Management LIBRARY LIBRARY@INDYCMS Libraries & Librarians LIBRES LIBRES@KENTVM Library & Information Science Research LIBSUP-L LIBSUP-L@PSUVM Library Support Staff Network LISRBC1L LISRBC1L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Researh - Bibl. Control LISRBC2L LISRBC2L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Researh - Bibl. Control LISRCM-L LISRCM-L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Reseach - Collection Management LISRES-L LISRES-L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Research - Expert Systems LISRLE1L LISRLE1L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Research - Library Effectiveness 1 LISRLE2L LISRLE2L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Research - Library Effectiveness 2 LISRSC-L LISRSC-L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Research - Scholarly Communication LISRUU-L LISRUU-L@NMSUVM1 ACRL Research - Understanding The User MAPS-L MAPS-L@UGA Maps & Air Photo System Forum MEDINF-L MEDINF-L@YALEVM Biomedical Informatics MEDLIB-L MEDLIB-L@UBVM Medical Libraries Discussion MLA-L MLA-L@IUBVM Music Library Association NOTIS-L NOTIS-L@TCSVM NOTIS/DOBIS discussion group NOTISACQ NOTISACQ@ULKYVM NOTIS Acquisitions Disucssion NOTMUS-L NOTMUS-L@UBVM NOTIS Music Library List NOTRBCAT NOTRBCAT@INDYCMS Rare Book And Special Collections OFFCAMP OFFCAMP@WAYNEST1 Off-Campus Library Services PACS-L PACS-L@UHUPVM1 Public-Access Computer Systems PACS-P PACS-P@UHUPVM1 PACS Publications SERCITES SERCITES@MITVMA Citations for Serial Literature SERIALST SERIALST@UVMVM SERIALST: SERIALS in libraries SPILIB-L SPILIB-L@SUVM SPIRES Library Discussion SPIRES-L SPIRES-L@BITNIC SPIRES Conference TESLA TESLA@NERVM Technical Standards for Library Automation VIRTUAL VIRTUAL@INDYCMS Library of the Future ELECTRONIC JOURNALS AND NEWSLETTERS Electronic digests and journals are also available from some LISTSERV sites. Some of these are refereed; many are not. Some are sponsored by professional associations or commercial publishers, but a great many are the online equivalent of desktop or copy-shop self-publishing efforts. One unusual characteristic of electronic journals is that they often contain only brief abstracts of articles that can be requested from the LISTSERV address. [Much of the following is adapted from Strangelove's list. See References.] ALCTS NETWORK NEWS (AN2) AN2 aims to provide timely and comprehensive coverage of items of concern to librarians engaged in collection management, acquisitions, cataloging, serials, preservation, and the reproduction of library materials. Send message to: listserv@uicvm.bitnet Message contents: subscribe alcts your name AUTOMATOME Newsletter of the American Association of Law Libraries, Automation and Scientific Development Special Interest Section. Send message to: law-req@ucdavos.edu Message contents: ask to join the Law Librarian's Computer Conference CCNEWS - CAMPUS COMPUTING NEWSLETTER CCNEWS consists of a biweekly newsletter focusing on writing, editing, design, and production of campus computing publications, and an Articles Abstracts -- published on alternating weeks -- describing new contributions to the Articles Archive. Send message to: listserv@bitnic Message contents: subscribe ccnews your name institution CURRENT CITES Current Cites is a monthly publication of the Library Technology Watch Program -- The Library, University of California at Berkeley. Over 30 journals in librarianship and computer technology are scanned for selected articles on optical disk technologies, computer networks and networking, information transfer, expert systems and artificial intelligence,and hypermedia and multimedia. Brief annotations accompany many of the citations. Current Cites is available electronically through the Melvyl catalog (melvyl.ucop.edu, 31.1.0.1, 31.0.0.11, 31.0.0.13, 31.1.0.11) by giving the command "show current cites". DEVELOPNET NEWS Monthly newsletter on technology transfer in international development. Send message to: vita@gmuvax or vita@gmuvax.gmu.edu Message contents: note requesting subscription DISASTER RESEARCH Electronic newsletter dealing with hazards and disasters. Includes articles on recent events and policy developments, ongoing research, upcoming meetings - as well as queries, responses, and ongoing discussion among readers. Send message to: hazards@vaxf.colorado.edu Message contents: note requesting subscription EFFECTOR ONLINE - THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, INC. EFFector Online will present news, information, and discussion about the world of computer-based communications media that constitute the electronic frontier. It will cover issues such as freedom of speech in digital media, privacy rights, censorship, Standards of responsibility for users and operators of computer systems, policy issues such as the development of national information infrastructure, and intellectual property. Send message to: eff-request@eff.org Message contents: note requesting subscription EJOURNAL An electronic journal concerned with the implications of electronic documents and networks. Send message to: listserv@albnyvm1.bitnet Message contents: sub ejrnl your name THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION/LA REVUE ELECTRONIQUE DE COMMUNICATION (EJC/REC) The EJC/REC is a quarterly, bilingual (English and French) journal in academic publication in the communication field. It is devoted to the study of communication theory, research, practice, and policy. Send message to: Comserve@Rpiecs (Bitnet) or Comserve@Vm.Ecs.Rpi.Edu (Internet) Message contents: join ejcrec subscriber's name EROFILE _Erofile_ is a free electronic newsletter that provides reviews of the latest books associated with French and Italian studies. This includes the following areas: literary criticism, cultural studies, film studies, pedagogy, and software. Send message to: erofile@ucsbuxa.bitnet or erofile@ucsbuxa.ucsb.edu Message contents: note requesting subscription FINE ART, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEWS (F.A.S.T. NEWS) FAST News is published on behalf of the International Society for Art Science and Technology. F.A.S.T. is a collection of bulletin boards which act as a database of resources in art, science and technology. Included in the bulletin boards are Space Art News, Holography Hotline, Directory of Art and Technology Organizations and Resources, Email Directory of Users, Job listings, and Bibliographies and Abstracts. These bulletin boards are posted on The Well and MCI conferencing systems. Send message to: isast@garnet.berkeley.edu or isast@ucbgarne.bitnet Message contents: note requesting subscription HOT OFF THE TREE (HOTT) HOTT is an electronic newsletter from the UCSD Library's Technology Watch Information Group (TWIG). HOTT contains excerpts and abstracts of articles from trade journals, popular periodicals, online news services and electronic bulletin boards. The featured articles cover topics relating to developments and issues in computer technology, networking, information transfer and retrieval and issues surrounding the providing of those services. HOTT Current Cites is available electronically through the Melvyl catalog (melvyl.ucop.edu, 31.1.0.1, 31.0.0.11, 31.0.0.13, 31.1.0.11) by giving the command "show hott". Journal of Technology Education The JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION, launched three years ago as a refereed scholarly print journal, has initiated simultaneous publication of an electronic edition with its first issue of 1992. The new publication includes graphics -- one of the first electronic scholarly journals to do so. JTE, as the journal is known, is co-sponsored by the International Technology Education Association and the Council on Technology Teacher Education. The electronic version is published with the cooperation of Virginia Tech's Scholarly Communications Project, which earlier this year initiated the publication of an electronic version of the 20-year-old print journal CATALYST. Send message to: listserv@vtvm1 Message contents: sub jte-l your name NETWEAVER - THE NEWSLETTER OF THE ELECTRONIC NETWORKING ASSOCIATION NETWEAVER is an electronic publication of the Electronic Networking Association. Send message to: comserve@rpiecs (bitnet) or comserve@vm.ecs.rpi.edu (internet) Message contents: send netweave winter91 NETWORK NEWS Network News is a occasional newsletter that updates this guide. Send message to: noonan@msus1.msus.edu Message contents: note requesting subscription NEWSLETTER ON SERIALS PRICING ISSUES Scope of newsletter is pricing of library serials. Contributions include examples of titles considered to be overpriced, as well as of Publishers' actions to keep prices down; strategies for coping with serials price increases; information about libraries' evaluation and cancellation policies and procedures; announcements of relevant meetings; reports from relevant meetings; and other news of serials prices. Send message to: tuttle@unc.bitnet Message contents: note requesting subscription PSYCOLOQUY PSYCOLOQUY is a refereed electronic journal which is intended to implement *peer review* on the networks in psychology and its related fields (cognitive science, neuroscience, behavioral biology, linguistics, philosophy). Send message to: listserv@pucc.bitnet Message contents: subscribe psyc your name QUANTA - Science, Fact, and Fiction Quanta (ISSN 1053-8496) is the electronically distributed journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy. As such, each issue contains fiction by amateur authors as well as articles, reviews etc... Quanta is published in two formats, Ascii and PostScript* (for PostScript compatible laser-printers). Send message to: quanta+requests-postscript@andrew.cmu.edu or quanta+requests-ascii@andrew.cmu.edu Message contents: note requesting subscription REACH: Research and Educational Applications of Computers in the Humanities, an electronic newsletter Send message to: listserv@ucsbvm.bitnet Message contents: subscribe reach your name SENSE OF PLACE Sense of Place is an electronic environmentalist's magazine. The magazine is produced twice a month in HyperCard and incorporates graphics, text, and sound in an easy-to-use format to present information about environmental concerns that are significant to Dartmouth students. Issues are mailed out to Dartmouth students over the campus electronic mail system. Send message to: sop@dartmouth.edu Message contents: note requesting subscription EXPLORING THE NETS - TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES The sheer quantity and variety of information available on the Internet can overwhelm both newcomers and seasoned network explorers. As new links are connected, new databases established, and new uses found for the network resources, the task of finding what you need or want becomes more complex. Navigating the networks in search of useful material can be either a frustrating or exhilarating task, but a several innovative mechanisms exist to help deal with the online version of information overload. Warning: Not all the guides, servers, and databases mentioned in this and the following sections of this guide are kept up-to-date. Be sure to check file or archive dates concluding that you have found the latest information of a topic. Network Resource Guides There are a number of useful guides to network resources. Some are general like this one; others specialize in network resources by academic discipline or type of resource. Several of these guides are mentioned in the list of resources at the end of this guide. Gopher and WAIS Gopher and WAIS are distributed document delivery services using a client-server model. Both systems make it easier for users to find, search, and retrieve documents from remote sites. Once connected to a Gopher server you can connect to other information servers without being bothered by most of the details of Telnet or FTP protocols and addresses. Gopher employs a hierarchical outline to make browsing and searching local and remote sources of information easy and uncomplicated. The Gopher model (and the freely available software that supports it) has been very popular on the networks. There are dozens of Gophers currently available, but the original Internet Gopher resides in the Gopher state - Minnesota (native pride showing). GOPHER INTERNET DIALUP: (612) 626-2400 TELNET CONSULTANT.MICRO.UMN.EDU CONSULTANT.MICRO.UMN.EDU TELNET 134.84.132.4 LOGON: Type gopher LOGON: Type gopher Terminal: VT100 Terminal: VT100 LOGOFF: Q LOGOFF: Q then type EXIT Gopher software is available via anonymous FTP from boombox.micro.umn.edu. WAIS (the wide area information server) helps users search multiple Internet sites at one time. Over 240 sites are searchable from the WAIS operated by Thinking Machines (the source of the software). WAIS searches are fast and the results can be scanned online or mailed to your network address. There is a limit to the number of "hits" that WAIS reports, but each is assigned a relevancy score that can be useful in choosing which sources to examine. Note that not all WAIS databases are really comprehensive, many are still experimental and incomplete. WAIS - Wide Area Information Server TELNET QUAKE.THINK.COM TELNET 192.31.181.1 LOGON: type wais Terminal: vt100 LOGOFF: q While WAIS is easy to use, you should look at the help file. To learn more about the WAIS concept and software itself select the WAIS information servers (ALT.WAIS, WAIS documentation, etc.) and search for help. Gateway Programs There are programs that serve as gateways to internet resources that can be reached by logging into a remote computer via the TELNET protocol. Most of these began as attempts to make the connection to remote library systems easier for local users. As a more varied group of network resources became available, these gateway programs grew to include access to bulletin boards, databases of all sorts, online games (for example, GO and Chess), and more. Two of the most useful gateway programs are: HYTELNET produced by Peter Scott and Earl Fogel at the University of Saskatchewan and LIBS.COM by Mark Resner at Sonoma State University. While these programs can be run from individual accounts, it makes more sense to make these programs available to all users on a system. These programs are available for both Unix and VMS systems. Both programs are made available to remote users for demonstration via the connections below. If you intend to use these programs regularly, obtain copies of them for your own account or encourage your computer center gurus to make them available on your local system. HYTELNET Available via anonymous ftp from TELNET ACCESS.USASK.CA or ftp.access.usask.ca in the TELNET 128.233.3.1 pub/hytelnet directory LOGON: Login: type hytelnet LOGOFF: Type q Note: automatic remote connection is not available with the demo account LIBS.COM Available via anonymous ftp from TELNET VAX.SONOMA.EDU or ftp.sonoma.edu in the pub TELNET 130.157.2.3 directory LOGON: Username: type OPAC LOGOFF: Select Exit from main menu Updates to the HYTELNET program are posted regularly to a moderated list - LIB_HYTELNET. Subscribe to the list by sending request to lib_hytelnet@sask.usask.ca. This list is probably the best way to keep current on new TELNET services available on the Internet even if you don't use the software. INTERNET BULLETIN BOARDS Many BBS systems exist on the Internet and are accessible via TELNET. They vary greatly in functionality and amount of usage. Please keep in mind that BBSs go up and down quite often so this list may be soon obsolete. The following list includes some of the best Internet BBSs. APA American Philisophical Association TELNET 130.150.102.33 Login: APA BUBL Bulletin Board for Libraries TELNET SUN.NSF.AC.UK or TELNET 128.86.8.7 Logon: janet Host: uk.ac.gla.bubl E-MATH American Mathematical Society TELNET E-MATH.AMS.COM or TELNET 130.44.1.100 Logon: e-math Password: e-math HISTORY Glasgow History News TELNET SUN.NSF.AC.UK or TELNET 128.86.8.7 Logon: janet Host: uk.ac.gla.hist.new HUMBUL Humbul BBS (Humanities Communication) TELNET SUN.NSF.AC.UK or TELNET 128.86.8.7 Logon: janet Host: uk.ac.humbul IDS IDS World Network TELNET IDSVAX.IDS.RISC.NET or TELNET 155.212.1.2 Logon: as GUEST ISAAC Information System for Advanced Academic Computing TELNET ISAAC.ENGR.WASHINGTON.EDU or TELNET 128.95.32.61 Logon: type access code or register LAWLIB Washington & Lee University: Law Library Guest Site TELNET LIBERTY.UC.WLU.EDU or TELNET 137.113.10.35 Logon: LAWLIB Logoff: x QUARTZ Rutgers University TELNET QUARTZ.RUTGERS.EDU or TELNET 128.6.60.6 Logon: BBS Terminal type: vt100 SAMBA University of North Carolina TELNET BBS.OIT.UNC.EDU or TELNET 152.2.22.80 Logon: BBS SPACEmet University of Massachusetts, Amherst TELNET SPACEMET.PHAST.UMASS.EDU or TELNET 128.119.50.48 COMMUNITY COMPUTING SYSTEMS Internet also provides a gateway to a number of community based computing systems that offer email, library access, special interest group forums, fulltext databases, etc. CLEVELAND FREENET Cleveland, Ohio TELNET FREENET-IN-A.CWRU.EDU (or 129.22.8.82) or TELNET FREENET-IN-B.CWRU.EDU (or 129.22.8.75) or TELNET FREENET-IN-C.CWRU.EDU (or 129.22.8.76) Logon: visitor HEARTLAND FREENET Peoria, Illinois TELNET HEARTLAND.BRADLEY.EDU or TELNET 136.176.5.114 Logon: bbguest TRI-STATE FREENET Cincinnati, Ohio TELNET TSO.UC.EDU or TELNET 129.137.100.1 Logon: Visitor YOUNGSTOWN FREENET Youngstown, Ohio TELNET YFN.YSU.EDU or TELNET 192.55.234.27 Logon: Visitor CAMPUS-WIDE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Most campus-wide information systems serve the needs of the local campus community, but a few offer valuable services that may interest a wider audience. Note: most off these services can be reached via Gopher, LIBS.COM, or Hytelnet. MIT TechInfo TELNET TECHINFO.MIT.EDU or TELNET 18.72.1.146 LOGOFF: Type QUIT Good selection of library and internet related information files Rutgers University TELNET INFO.RUTGERS.EDU or TELNET 128.6.26.25 LOGOFF: Type Q Usual CWIS features plus news and reference materials Reference section includes: Searchable Koran, Book of Mormon, Bible, Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford Thesaurus, Oxford Dictionary of Familiar Quotations, and CIA World Factbook University of Maryland TELNET INFO.UMD.EDU or TELNET 128.8.10.29 LOGON: Type Info Terminal: vt100 LOGOFF: Q from menu Information/files on government, economic data, computers, newsletters FTP transfers of files to users accounts University of Minnesota INFO DIALUP: (612) 626-2400 TELNET VX.ACS.UMN.EDU or VX.ACS.UMN.EDU TELNET 128.101.63.1 LOGON: Type info LOGON: type info Terminal: VT100 Terminal: VT100 LOGOFF: Q LOGOFF: Q then type EXIT University calendar and information Access to ARCHIE, WAIS and GOPHER INTERNET University of North Carolina TELNET INFO.OIT.UNC.EDU or TELNET 128.109.15.7.1 LOGON: Username: type INFO LOGOFF: Quit from main menu Grants database in Research section University of Pennsylvania - PENNINFO TELNET PENNINFO.UPENN.EDU or TELNET 128.91.254.116 LOGOFF: type Q Massive collection of information on the university, libraries, networks, computing resources, electronic texts, and MEDINFO database All files available via anonymous FTP from penninfo-srv.upenn.edu University of North Texas - Gopher-based CWIS TELNET GOPHER.UNT.EDU or TELNET 129.120.1.42 LOGON: Login: type gopher Password: hit return LOGOFF: Hit Q Very well-organized gopher system FEE-BASED INFORMATION SERVICES Commercial databases require registration and charge fees for use of the database and/or connect time. Data Research Associates - Library of Congress Catalog TELNET DRA.COM or TELNET 192.65.218.43 LOGOFF: Type EX Contact: catalog@dra.com Vendor offers limited free access via the Internet Database Consortium on Latin America (DCLA) provides access to: INFO-SOUTH (University of Miami) Latin America Data Base (University of New Mexico) Hispanic American Periodicals Index (UCLA) Available via University of New Mexico's Technet For access and price information, call 800-472-0888 DIALOG Information Service TELNET DIALOG.COM or TELNET 192.132.3.254 Contact: 1-800-3-DIALOG Requires account Offers a large and varied selection of databases Cost: telecommunication charge $3 per connect hour plus additional and often substantial database access fees Document delivery available for a fee Institute for Global Communication TELNET IGC.ORG or TELNET 192.82.108.1 LOGON: Login: type userid or new Password: hit RETURN Online home of PeaceNet and EcoNet Contact: econet@igc.org LEXIS/NEXIS TELNET LEXIS.MEADDATA.COM Contact: (800) 543-6862 Requires authorization code Offers a number of legal and news databases OCLC TELNET EPIC.PROD.OCLC.ORG or TELNET 134.174.100.2 Contact: (800) 848-5800 Requires authorization code Offers a number of databases Physics Information Network (PINET) TELNET PINET.AIP.ORG or TELNET 192.58.150.2 LOGON: Login: type new Password: type new LOGOFF: From main menu Follow the above login sequence to obtain information about services and fees Research Libraries Information Network TELNET RLIN.STANFORD.EDU - full-duplex TELNET RLG.STANFORD.EDU - half-duplex Note: You must have an account to use RLIN. Call (800) 537-RLIN or send e-mail to bl.ric@rlg.stanford.edu for more information The WELL TELNET WELL.SF.CA.US or TELNET 192.132.30.2 LOGON: Type userid or newuser to register Commercial teleconferencing system SELECTED DATABASES There are dozens of databases available on the internet. Some are just collections of ASCII files that can be easily searched via Gopher or WAIS, others are available as adjuncts to online library catalogs or campus wide information services, other are fulltext archives that are maintained by government and research institutions. The following list is just a sample of the specialized database available. Advanced Technology Information Network- California State University at Fresno TELNET CATUCSUF.CSUFRESNO.EDU or TELNET 129.8.100.15 LOGON: Type PUBLIC LOGOFF: Type 0 Gateway to California Supernet Agriculture and Export Info System Conversational Hypertext Access Technology (CHAT) TELNET DEBRA.DOC.CA or TELNET 192.16.212.15 LOGON: Login: type chat LOGOFF: Type quit Natural language access to information on AIDS and Canadian department of communications Clemson University Forestry and Agricultural Network (CUFAN) TELNET EUREKA.CLEMSON.EDU or TELNET 130.127.8.3 LOGON: Login: public Emulate a VT100 (Hit PF2 or F2 to get list of commands) LOGOFF: PF1. (Hit PF1 or F1 key followed by a period) Contains information on: Weather, agricultural and home economics, plants and animals, engineering, nutrition and health Dartmouth Dante Project TELNET LIB.DARTMOUTH.EDU or TELNET 129.170.16.11 LOGON: Type connect dante Terminal: VT100 LOGOFF: Type Q then END Database contains 600 years of commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy Distance Education Database TELNET SUN.NSF.AC.UK or TELNET 128.86.8.7 LOGON: Login: type janet Host: type uk.ac.open.acs.vax Username: type ICDL LOGOFF: Select end from main menu Covers courses, institutions, and literature FEDIX, Federal Information Service MOLIS, the Minority On-Line Information Service TELNET FEDIX.FIE.COM or TELNET 192.111.228.1 LOGON: Type FEDIX or MOLIS LOGOFF: From main menu Institute for Research in Social Science TN3270 UNCVM1.OIT.UNC.EDU or TN3270 152.2.21.5 LOGON: Username: type IRSS1 Password: type IRSS LOGOFF: Select from main menu IRSS Data Holdings Catalog, IRSS Public Opinion Item Index, North Carolina Information System Strong public opinion database holdings NASA SPACELINK TELNET SPACELINK.MSFC.NASA.GOV or TELNET 128.158.13.250 LOGON: Username: NEWUSER Password: NEWUSER LOGOFF: Select from main menu NASA's database for teachers Network Information Center On-Line (NICOL) TELNET NICOL.JVNC.NET or TELNET 128.121.50.7 LOGON: Login: Type nicol LOGOF: From main menu Lots of Internet information (unfortunately often dated) Meckler electronic publishing indexes, catalogs, and fulltext files NISSPAC TELNET SUN.NSF.AC.UK or TELNET 128.86.8.7.23 LOGON: Login: type janet Host: type uk.ac.niss.pac At the . prompt: type LOGON NISSCAT LOGOFF: Type 99 then y to confirm Catalog of text-based data collections Pennsylvania State PENpages TELNET PSUPEN.PSU.EDU or TELNET 128.118.36.5 LOGON: User: type pnotpa LOGOFF: CTRL-E then logoff from menu Ag/Ext database Stanford University's Bookstore Catalog TELNET FORSYTHETN.STANFORD.EDU or TELNET 34.54.0.12 LOGON: Login: type socrates Terminal: VT100 Type Select and page through options until you locate the bookstore listing Select option # for bookstore LOGOFF: Type END Outstanding searchable bookstore catalog Although you cannot order books via Internet, you can call the bookstore during normal business hours and place an order. Order desk (800) 533-2670; fax (415) 322-1936 Washington & Lee University Law Library - Guest Site TELNET LIBERTY.UC.WLU.EDU or TELNET 137.113.10.35 LOGON: Login: type lawlib LOGOFF: Type x Files related to law libraries and internet resources FILE ARCHIVE AND FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) Anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) transfers files from one Internet computer to another. You can obtain public files by logging on to another Internet host computer using "anonymous" as your username and either "guest" or your network address as the password. Passwords are not displayed. Type "exit" or "quit" to logoff the remote system. To see a directory of files available on the remote system, type "dir." You can change directories by using the "CD subdirectory" command. Use the "put" and "get" commands to send and receive files. Anonymous FTP should only be used after business hours and on weekends. Using ARCHIE The ARCHIE servers at McGill University and other sites around the world maintain a searchable list of the contents of hundreds of FTP sites. If you are looking for specific file, ARCHIE will help you locate an FTP site that has it. TELNET archie.mcgill.ca (Canada) or archie.rutgers.edu (USA) or archie.au (Australia) or archie.doc.ic.ac.uk (UK) LOGON: login: type archie search: type prog search_terms LOGOFF: type quit If you wanted to locate a site that has copies of LIBS.COM (a VAX library gateway program), you would issue the following command: prog libs.com The last time I did this search ARCHIE found five sites that had copies of this program. Unfortunately the results of this search show one of the flaws of ARCHIE. The primary archive site for LIBS.COM is sonoma.edu and ARCHIE doesn't include this site in its database. Also none of the sites ARCHIE found had copies of the current version of LIBS.COM. One caveat about searching ARCHIE: avoid using common terms such as "print" or you will be overwhelmed by the number of "hits" that ARCHIE will report. ARCHIE also has a searchable "Software Description Database." If you want to know more about a program called "msort", you could querry ARCHIE's whatis database by issuing the following command: whatis msort ARCHIE will respond with a short description of this PERL sort program. If you search for just the term "sort", ARCHIE will list descriptions for a number of sort programs but would also list files with the words "sorta" and "consortium". Although ARCHIE was created to accomplish very specific tasks, one other possible use would be tracking the spread of ideas (in the shape of FTPable files) across cyperspace. An interesting study of the diffusion of information could be based on a time series of ARCHIE searches for selected files such as "Zen and the Art of the Internet." FTP Example In the example below I logged on to a remote computer system using anonymous FTP and copied a text file to my own directory on the CSC VAX. The commands I used are underlined. $ ftp ftp.eff.org --------------- ALEX.STKATE.EDU MultiNet FTP user process 3.0(102) Connection opened (Assuming 8-bit connections) user anonymous -------------- cd pub/docs ----------- dir --- get open.road ------------- To local file: openroad.txt ------------ quit ---- $ The file OPENROAD.TXT can now be read online using the type openroad.txt command or downloaded using Kermit. ----------------- Some remote computers maintain archives of public domain and shareware programs for IBM and Macintosh microcomputers. In order to transfer binary (program) files to your VAX directory you must issue an additional command to the remote system: set type image. In the example below I logged on to the system at Indiana University and copied or downloaded a file from the subdirectory holding utility files for the Microsoft Windows 3.0 program. This file was ZIPped or compressed to save space. Compressed Macintosh archives end with a SIT extension. Archived files must be unarchived before they can be used. $ ftp cica.cica.indiana.edu ------------------------- ALEX.STKATE.EDU MultiNet FTP user process 3.0(102) Connection opened (Assuming 8-bit connections) user anonymous -------------- cd /pub/pc/win3/util -------------------- dir --- type image ---------- (Note: on MSUS1 the command would be: set type image.) Type: Image, Structure: File, Mode: Stream CICA.CICA.INDIANA.EDU>get updown.zip -------------- To local file: updown.zip ---------- quit ---- send updown.zip --------------- Set communications program to receive a Kermit file. KERMIT-32>quit ---- $ Although downloading files from remote mainframe computers using FTP usually takes very little time, using Kermit to transfer files to a microcomputer is a tedious process. If a program is available on a local computer bulletin board, there is no reason to waste your time using FTP and Kermit to download files. Most IBM users have better local sources, but MAC users will find the SUMEX-AIM.STANFORD.EDU site worth checking. FTP COMMANDS CD Change subdirectory on remote host FTP> cd subdirectoryname DIR List files on remote host. FTP> dir GET Transfer a file from remote host to local system. FTP> get filename MGET Transfer a group of files from remote host to local system using a wildcard. FTP> mget *.txt PUT Transfer a file from local system to remote host. FTP> put filename MPUT Transfer a group of files from local system to remote host. FTP> mget *.txt SET TYPE Required for transferring binary files. FTP> set type image Metro State VAX FTP> type image CSC VAX SELECTED FILE ARCHIVES Academic BITNET lists ksuvxa.kent.edu library ALA documents ftp.eff.org pub/academic/library American Mathematical Society e-math.ams.com ams Biology ftp.bio.indiana.edu ncbi.nlm.nih.gov repository genbank.bio.net pub/db Coombs Archive coombs.anu.edu.au coombspapers Electronic Frontier Foundation ftp.eff.org pub/eff EASI (disability info) um.ccumich.edu easi Econet & Peacenet info igc.org pub FTP lists pilot.njin.net GAO reports cu.nih.gov Genealogy hallc1.cebaf.gov genealogy rainbow.cse.nau.edu geo/genealogy History archive ra.msstate.edu pub/docs/history kuhub.cc.ukans.edu DUA9:[MALIN.GENERAL] Internet library guides ariel.unm.edu library ftp.unt.edu pub/library hydra.uwo.ca libsoft Internet library programs access.usask.ca pub/hytelnet sonoma.edu pub Liberal-Judaism israel.nysernet.org mail.liberal-judaism/ digests Library software archive hydra.uwo.ca libsoft MAASINFO documents niord.shsu.edu maasinfo Network Information nic.ddn.mil nis.nsf.net nnsc.nsf.net ftp.sura.net pub/nic Project Gutenberg (fulltext) mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu pub/etext Software: MAC sumex-aim.stanford.edu info-mac Software: MAC ftp.apple.com Software: MSDOS, MAC, UNIX wsmr-simtel20.army.mil pd1: Software: PC - MS Windows cica.cica.indiana.edu pub/pc/win3 Software: PC wuarchive.wustl.edu US Senate Bibliographies ncsuvm.cc.ncsu.edu senate US Supreme Court Opinions ftp.cwru.edu hermes Technical reports daneel.rdt.monash.edu.au pub/techreports Weather and drought info 129.8.100.15 ========================================================================== NOTE: Internet Libraries are covered in part 2 of this guide. ========================================================================== GLOSSARY (Based on Malkin, G., Marine, A., Reynolds, J. "FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet User" Questions." RFC-1177, SRI, August 1990.) address An electronic mail address is the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. BITNET Because It's Time Network BITNET has about 2,500 host computers, primarily at universities, in many countries. It is managed by EDUCOM, which provides administrative support and information services. CREN The Corporation for Research and Educational Networking: BITNET and CSNET have recently merged to form CREN. FTP File Transfer Protocol: The Internet standard high-level protocol for transferring files from one computer to another. gateway A special-purpose dedicated computer that attaches to two or more networks and routes packets from one network to the other. In particular, an Internet gateway routes IP datagrams among the networks it connects. Gateways route packets to other gateways until they can be delivered to the final destination directly across one physical network. Internet The global collection of interconnected regional and wide-area networks which use IP as the network layer protocol. internet address An assigned number which identifies a host in an internet. It has two or three parts: network number, optional subnet number, and host number. MILNET A network used for unclassified military production applications part of Internet. NSFNET National Science Foundation Network: A high-speed internet that spans the country, and is intended for research applications. It is made up of the NSFnet Backbone and the NSFnet regional networks. It is part of the Internet. protocol The message formats and rules two computers must follow to exchange information. RFC The Internet's Request for Comments documents series. server A computer that shares its resources, such as printers and files, with other computers on the network. Telnet The Internet standard protocol for remote terminal connection service. Telnet allows a user at one site to interact with a remote timesharing system at another site as if the user's terminal was connected directly to the remote computer. "The NIC" The Defense Data Network, Network Information Center (DDN NIC) at SRI International is a network information center which holds a primary repository for RFCs and Internet drafts. The host name is NIC.DDN.MIL. WHOIS An Internet program which allows users to query a database of people and other Internet entities, such as domains, networks, and hosts, kept at the NIC. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES "Accessing the SIMTEL20 archives from BITNET." Electronic file available: send e-mail to LISTSERV@RPIECS.BITNET and in the body put GET PDGET HELP. Arms, Caroline R. "Using the National Networks: BITNET and the Internet." Online (Vol. 14, No. 5) September 1990: 24-29. Bailey, Charles W. Jr. Library Conferences. Available via anonymous FTP from HYDRA.UWO.CA in LIBSOFT directory. Barron, Bill. "UNT's Accessing On-line Bibliographic Databases." 1991. Available via anonymous FTP from FTP FTP.UNT.EDU and GET LIBRARIES.TXT. Bowers, K., T. LaQuey, J. Reynolds, K. Roubicek, M. Stahl, and A. Yuan. "Where to Start - A Bibliography of General Internetworking Information." RFC 1175, August 1990. Available via anonymous FTP from FTP NIC.DDN.MIL as RF:RFC1175.TXT CCNEWS. Electronic monthly magazine for computer centers. Excellent source of network and computing information. To subscribe: SEND LISTSERV@BITNIC "sub ccnews Firstname Lastname" Ciolek, Dr. T. Matthew. Internet Voyager (a.k.a Electronic Voyager Guidebook) Social Scientist's Guidebook to AARNET/Internet Online Information Services. Available via anonymous FTP from coombs.anu.edu.au in coombspapers/coombswork/coombs-computing directory as internet-voyager.txt. Condon, Christopher. "BITNET Userhelp," and "BITNET Servers." Electronic files available: SEND LISTSERV@MARIST "get BITNET Userhelp" or SEND LISTSERV@MARIST "get BITNET Servers" Coursey, David. "Riding the Internet: The Mystery of this Vast Collection of Networks." Infoworld, (Vol. 13, Issue 05), February 4, 1991. Farley, Laine (editor). Library Resources on the Internet: Strategies for Selection and Use. ALA. August 1991. Available via anonymous FTP from FTP.UNT.EDU. Fisher, Sharon. "Just Who Owns the Internet?" Infoworld, (Vol. 13, Issue 05), February 4, 1991. Frey, Donnalyn and Adams, Rick. !%@:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks. Second Edition. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, 1990. Granrose, Jon. "List of Anonymous FTP Sites." Available via anonymous FTP from PILOT.NJIN.NET in directory pub/ftp-list. Hallman, Judy. List of Public CWIS Services. Available via anonymous FTP from FTP.OIT.UNC.EDU. Kalin, Sally W. and Tennant, Roy. "Beyond OPACS...the Wealth of Information Resources on the Internet." Database (Vol. 14, No.4) August 1991. Kehoe, Brendan. Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide to the Internet. Available via anonymous FTP from FTP.CS.WIDENER.EDU in directory pub/zen. (No ASCII version available at the time this guide was updated.) Kovacs, Diane, editor. A List of Academic Discussion and Interest Groups. Available via anonymous FTP from KSUVXA.KENT.EDU in library directory. Krol, E. "The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet", RFC 1118, University of Illinois Urbana, September 1989. Available via anonymous FTP from FTP NIC.DDN.MIL as RF:RFC1118.TXT "Lists of Lists." Electronic file available: SEND LISTSERV@BITNIC "List Global" Lynch, Clifford A., and Preston, Cecilia M. "Internet Access to Information Resources." In Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 26 (1990): 263-312. Malkin, G., Marine, A., Reynolds, J. "FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet User" Questions." RFC-1177, SRI, August 1990. Available via anonymous FTP from FTP NIC.DDN.MIL as RF:RFC1177.TXT Netmonth. Electronic monthly magazine about BITNET. To subscribe: SEND LISTSERV@MARIST "sub netmonth Firstname Lastname" Nielsen, Brian. "Finding It On The Internet: The Next Challenge For Librarianship." Database (Vol. 13), October, 1990. Quarterman, John S. The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide. Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1990. Scientific American Special Issue on Communication, Computers and Networks. September 1991. St. George, Art and Larsen, Ron. "Internet-Accessible Library Catalogs and Databases." University of New Mexico and University of Maryland, Albuquerque, NM, December 1989. Available via anonymous FTP from ARIEL.UNM.EDU in library directory. Stanton, Deidre E. (Deidre Esta). "Using Networked Information Resources: a Bibliography". Western Australia, 1992. Available for anonymous ftp from HYDRA.UWO.CA in libsoft directory or from FTP.INFOLIB.MURDOCH.EDU.AU in the pub/bib directory. Stoll, Clifford. The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy through the Maze of Computer Espionage. NY: Doubleday, 1989. Strangelove, Michael (compiler). Directory of Electronic Journals and Newsletters. Electronic file available: SEND LISTSERV@UOTTAWA "get Ejournl1 Directory" and "get Ejournl2 Directory" as two separate messages. Also available in print from Association of Research Libraries. Updegrove, Daniel A., Muffo, John A., and Dunn, John A., Jr. "New Tools for University Administrators." CAUSE/EFFECT, Volume 13, Spring 1990, pp.41-48. Electronic file available: SEND LISTSERV@BITNIC " get EMAILNET UPDEGR_D" ========================================================================== DISCLAIMERS AND LEGALESE *The contents of this guide were developed under a grant from the U.S. Department of Education. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. The system and mail commands discussed in this guide work on the Metropolitan State University VAX. If these commands do not work on your system, contact your local computer center staff. ==========================================================================